text:
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. | |
Holmes in 1859 |
Born | August 29, 1809 Cambridge, Massachusetts |
Died | October 7, 1894 (aged 85) Boston, Massachusetts |
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. (August 29, 1809 – October 7, 1894), was an American physician, professor, lecturer, and author. Regarded by his peers as one of the best writers of the 19th century, he is considered a member of the Fireside Poets. His most famous prose works are the "Breakfast-Table" series, which began with The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table (1858). He is recognized as an important medical reformer.
Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Holmes was educated at Phillips Academy and Harvard College. After graduating from Harvard in 1829, he briefly studied law before turning to the medical profession. He began writing poetry at an early age; one of his most famous works, "Old Ironsides", was published in 1830. Following training at the prestigious medical schools of Paris, Holmes was granted his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1836. He taught at Dartmouth Medical School before returning to teach at Harvard and, for a time, served as dean there. During his long professorship, he became an advocate for various medical reforms and notably posited the controversial idea that doctors were capable of carrying puerperal fever from patient to patient. Holmes retired from Harvard in 1882 and continued writing poetry, novels and essays until his death in 1894.
Surrounded by Boston's literary elite—which included friends such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell—Holmes made an indelible imprint on the literary world of the 19th century. Many of his works were published in The Atlantic Monthly, a magazine that he named. For his literary achievements and other accomplishments, he was awarded numerous honorary degrees from universities around the world. Holmes's writing often commemorated his native Boston area, and much of it was meant to be humorous or conversational. Some of his medical writings, notably his 1843 essay regarding the contagiousness of puerperal fever, were considered innovative for their time. He was often called upon to issue occasional poetry, or poems written specifically for an event, including many occasions at Harvard. Holmes also popularized several terms, including "Boston Brahmin" and "anesthesia".
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Holmes was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on August 29, 1809. His birthplace, a house just north of Harvard Yard, was said to have been the place where the Battle of Bunker Hill was planned.[1] He was the first son of Abiel Holmes (1763–1837), minister of the First Congregational Church[2] and avid historian, and Sarah Wendell, Abiel's second wife. Sarah was the daughter of a wealthy family, and Holmes was named for his maternal grandfather, a judge.[3] The first Wendell, Evert Jansen, left Holland in 1640 and settled in Albany, New York. Also through his mother, Holmes was descended from Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet and his wife, Anne Bradstreet (daughter of Thomas Dudley), the first published American poet.[4]
From a young age, Holmes was small and suffered from asthma, but he was known for his precociousness. When he was eight, he took his five-year-old brother, John, to witness the last hanging in Cambridge's Gallows Lot and was subsequently scolded by his parents.[5] He also enjoyed exploring his father's library, writing later in life that "it was very largely theological, so that I was walled in by solemn folios making the shelves bend under the load of sacred learning."[6] After being exposed to poets such as John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith, the young Holmes began to compose and recite his own verse. His first recorded poem, which was copied down by his father, was written when he was 13.[7]
Although a talented student, the young Holmes was often admonished by his teachers for his talkative nature and habit of reading stories during school hours.[8] He studied under Dame Prentiss and William Bigelow before enrolling in what was called the "Port School", a select private academy in the Cambridgeport settlement.[9] One of his schoolmates was future critic and author Margaret Fuller, whose intellect Holmes admired.[10]
Holmes's father sent him to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, at the age of 15.[2] Abiel chose Phillips, which was known for its orthodox Calvinist teachings, because he hoped his oldest son would follow him into the ministry.[11] Holmes had no interest in becoming a theologian, however, and as a result he did not enjoy his single year at Andover. Although he achieved distinction as an elected member of the Social Fraternity, a literary club, he disliked the "bigoted, narrow-minded, uncivilized" attitudes of most of the school's teachers.[12] One teacher in particular, however, noted his young student's talent for poetry, and suggested that he pursue it. Shortly after his sixteenth birthday, Holmes was accepted by Harvard College.[13]
As a member of Harvard's class of 1829, Holmes lived at home for the first few years of his college career rather than in the dormitories. Since he measured only "five feet three inches when standing in a pair of substantial boots",[14] the young student had no interest in joining a sports team or the Harvard Washington Corps. Instead, he allied himself with the "Aristocrats" or "Puffmaniacs", a group of students who gathered in order to smoke and talk.[15] As a town student and the son of a minister, however, he was able to move between social groups.[16] He also became friends with Charles Chauncy Emerson (brother of Ralph Waldo Emerson), who was a year older. During sophomore year, Holmes was one of 20 students awarded the scholastic honor Deturs, which came with a copy of The Poems of James Graham, John Logan, and William Falconer. Despite his scholastic achievements, the young scholar admitted to a schoolmate from Andover that he did not "study as hard as I ought to'.[17] He did, however, excel in languages and took classes in French, Italian and Spanish.
Holmes's academic interests and hobbies were divided among law, medicine, and writing. He was elected to Harvard's Hasty Pudding Club, for which he wrote humorous poems and songs, and the Phi Beta Kappa honor society.[18] With two friends, he collaborated on a small book entitled Poetical Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Painting, which was a collection of satirical poems about the new art gallery in Boston. He was asked to provide an original work for his graduating class's commencement and wrote a "light and sarcastic" poem that met with great acclaim.[19] Following graduation, Holmes intended to go into the legal profession, so he lived at home and studied at the Dane Law School.[20] By January 1830, however, he was disenchanted with legal studies. "I am sick at heart of this place and almost everything connected to it", he wrote. "I know not what the temple of law may be to those who have entered it, but to me it seems very cold and cheerless about the threshold."[21]
1830 proved to be an important year for Holmes as a poet; while disappointed by his law studies, he began writing poetry for his own amusement.[22] Before the end of the year, he had produced over fifty poems, contributing twenty-five of them (all unsigned) to The Collegian, a short-lived publication started by friends from Harvard.[23] Four of these poems would ultimately become among his best-known: "The Dorchester Giant", "Reflections of a Proud Pedestrian", "Evening / By a Tailor" and "The Height of the Ridiculous".[20] Nine more of his poems were published anonymously in the 1830 pamphlet Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery of Paintings.[24]
In September of that same year, Holmes read a short article in the Boston Daily Advertiser about the renowned 18th century frigate USS Constitution, which was to be dismantled by the Navy.[25] Holmes was moved to write "Old Ironsides" in opposition of the ship's scrapping. The patriotic poem was published in the Advertiser the very next day and was soon printed by papers in New York, Philadelphia and Washington.[26] It not only brought the author immediate national attention,[27] but the eight-stanza poem also generated enough public sentiment that the historic ship was preserved.
During the rest of the year, Holmes published only five more poems.[28] His last major poem that year was "The Last Leaf", which was inspired in part by a local man named Thomas Melville, "the last of the cocked hats" and one of the "Indians" from the 1774 Boston Tea Party. Holmes would later write that Melville had reminded him of "a withered leaf which has held to its stem through the storms of autumn and winter, and finds itself still clinging to its bough while the new growths of spring are bursting their buds and spreading their foliage all around it."[29] Literary critic Edgar Allan Poe called the poem one of the finest works in the English language.[30] Years later, Abraham Lincoln would also become a fan of the poem; William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner and biographer, wrote in 1867: "I have heard Lincoln recite it, praise it, laud it, and swear by it".[31]
Although he experienced early literary success, Holmes did not consider turning to a literary profession. Later he would write that he had "tasted the intoxicating pleasure of authorship" but compared such contentment to a sickness, saying: "there is no form of lead-poisoning which more rapidly and thoroughly pervades the blood and bones and marrow than that which reaches the young author through mental contact with type metal".[32]
Having given up on the study of law, Holmes switched to medicine. After leaving his childhood home in Cambridge during the autumn of 1830, he moved into a boardinghouse in Boston to attend the city's medical college. At that time, students studied only five subjects: medicine, anatomy and surgery, obstetrics, chemistry and materia medica.[33] Holmes became a student of James Jackson, a physician and the father of a friend, and worked part-time as a chemist in the hospital dispensary. Dismayed by the "painful and repulsive aspects" of primitive medical treatment of the time—which included practices such as bloodletting and blistering—Holmes responded favorably to his mentor's teachings, which emphasized close observation of the patient and humane approaches.[34] Despite his lack of free time, he was able to continue writing. He wrote two essays during this time which detailed life as seen from his boardinghouse's breakfast table. These essays, which would evolve into one of Holmes's most popular works, were published in November 1831 and February 1832 in the New England Magazine under the title "The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table".[35]
In 1833, Holmes traveled to Paris to further his medical studies. Recent and radical reorganization of the city's hospital system had made medical training there highly advanced for the time.[36] At twenty-three years old, Holmes was one of the first Americans trained in the new "clinical" method being advanced at the famed École de Médecine.[37] Since the lectures were taught entirely in French, he engaged a private language tutor. Although far from home, he stayed connected to his family and friends through letters and visitors (such as Ralph Waldo Emerson). He quickly acclimated to his new surroundings. While writing to his father, he stated, "I love to talk French, to eat French, to drink French every now and then."[38]
At the hospital of La Pitié, he studied under internal pathologist Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis, who demonstrated the ineffectiveness of bloodletting, which had been a mainstay of medical practice since antiquity.[39][40] Dr. Louis was one of the fathers of the méthode expectante, a therapeutic doctrine that states the physician's role is to do everything possible to aid nature in the process of disease recovery, and to do nothing to hinder this natural process.[41] Upon his return to Boston, Holmes became one of the country's leading proponents of the méthode expectante. Holmes was awarded his M.D. from Harvard in 1836; he wrote his dissertation on acute pericarditis.[42] His first collection of poetry was published later that year, but Holmes, ready to begin his medical career, wrote it off as a one-time event. In the book's introduction, he mused: "Already engaged in other duties, it has been with some effort that I have found time to adjust my own mantle; and I now willingly retire to more quiet labors, which, if less exciting, are more certain to be acknowledged as useful and received with gratitude".[43]
After graduation, Holmes quickly became a fixture in the local medical scene by joining the Massachusetts Medical Society, the Boston Medical Society, and the Boston Society for Medical Improvement—an organization composed of young, Paris-trained doctors.[44] He also gained a greater reputation after winning Harvard Medical School's prestigious Boylston Prize, for which he submitted a paper on the benefits of using the stethoscope, a device with which many American doctors were not familiar.[45]
In 1837, Holmes was appointed to the Boston Dispensary, where he was shocked by the poor hygienic conditions.[46] That year he competed for and won both of the Boylston essay prizes. Wishing to concentrate on research and teaching, he, along with three of his peers, established the Tremont Medical School—which would later merge with Harvard Medical School[47]—above an apothecary shop at 35 Tremont Row in Boston. There, he lectured on pathology, taught the use of microscopes, and supervised dissections of cadavers.[48] He often criticized traditional medical practices and once quipped that if all contemporary medicine was tossed into the sea "it would be all the better for mankind—and all the worse for the fishes".[49] For the next ten years, he maintained a small and irregular private medical practice, but spent much of his time teaching. He served on the faculty of Dartmouth Medical School from 1838 to 1840,[50] where he was appointed professor of anatomy and physiology. For fourteen weeks each fall, during these years, he traveled to Hanover, New Hampshire, to lecture.[51]
On June 15, 1840, Holmes married Amelia Lee Jackson at King's Chapel in Boston.[52] She was the daughter of the Hon. Charles Jackson, formerly Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and the niece of James Jackson, the physician with whom Holmes had studied.[53] Judge Jackson gave the couple a house at 8 Montgomery Place, which would be their home for eighteen years. They had three children: Civil War officer and American jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1841–1935), Amelia Jackson Holmes (1843–1889), and Edward Jackson Holmes (1846–1884).[54]
After Holmes resigned his professorship at Dartmouth, he composed a series of three lectures dedicated to exposing medical fallacies, or "quackeries". Adopting a more serious tone than his previous lectures, he took great pains to reveal the false reasoning and misrepresentation of evidence that marked subjects such as "Astrology and Alchemy", his first lecture, and "Medical Delusions of the Past", his second.[55] He deemed homeopathy, the subject of his third lecture, "the pretended science" that was a "mingled mass of perverse ingenuity, of tinsel erudition, of imbecile credulity, and of artful misrepresentation, too often mingled in practice".[56] In 1842, he published the essay "Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions"[57] in which he again denounced the practice.
In 1843, Holmes published "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever" in the short-lived publication New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery. The essay argued—contrary to popular belief at the time, which predated germ theory of disease—that the cause of puerperal fever, a deadly infection contracted by women during or shortly after childbirth, stems from patient to patient contact via their physicians.[59] Holmes gathered a large collection of evidence for this theory, including stories of doctors who had become ill and died after performing autopsies on patients who had likewise been infected.[60] In concluding his case, he insisted that a physician in whose practice even one case of puerperal fever had occurred, had a moral obligation to purify his instruments, burn the clothing he had worn while assisting in the fatal delivery, and cease obstetric practice for a period of at least six months.[61] A few years later, Ignaz Semmelweis would reach similar conclusions in Vienna, where his introduction of prophylaxis (handwashing in chlorine solution before assisting at delivery) would considerably lower the puerperal mortality rate.
Though it largely escaped notice when first published, Holmes eventually came under attack by two distinguished professors of obstetrics—Hugh L. Hodge and Charles D. Meigs—who adamantly denied his theory of contagion.[62] In 1855, Holmes chose to republish the essay in the form of a pamphlet under the new title Puerperal Fever as a Private Pestilence. In a new introduction, in which Holmes directly addressed his opponents, he wrote: "I had rather rescue one mother from being poisoned by her attendant, than claim to have saved forty out of fifty patients to whom I had carried the disease."[63] He added, "I beg to be heard in behalf of the women whose lives are at stake, until some stronger voice shall plead for them."[64] The then controversial work is now considered a landmark in germ theory of disease.[27]
In 1846, Holmes coined the word "anesthesia". In a letter to dentist William T. G. Morton, the first practitioner to publicly demonstrate the use of ether during surgery, he wrote: "Everybody wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called 'Anaesthesia.' This signifies insensibility—more particularly ... to objects of touch."[65] Holmes predicted his new term "will be repeated by the tongues of every civilized race of mankind."[66]
In 1847, Holmes was hired as Parkman Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Harvard Medical School, where he served as dean until 1853 and taught until 1882.[67] Soon after his appointment, Holmes was criticized by the all-male student body for considering granting admission to a woman named Harriot Kezia Hunt.[68] Facing opposition not only from student but also from university overseers and other faculty members, she was asked to withdraw her application.[69] Harvard Medical School would not admit a woman until 1945.[70] Holmes's training in Paris led him to teach his students the importance of anatomico-pathological basis of disease, and that "no doctrine of prayer or special providence is to be his excuse for not looking straight at secondary causes."[71] Students were fond of Holmes, who they referred to as "Uncle Oliver". One teaching assistant recalled: "He enters [the classroom] and is greeted by a mighty shout and stamp of applause. Then silence, and there begins a charming hour of description, analysis, anecdote, harmless pun, which clothes the dry bones with poetic imagery, enlivens a hard and fatiguing day with humor, and brightens to the tired listener the details for difficult though interesting study."[66]
Amelia Holmes inherited $2,000 in 1848, and she and her husband used the money to build a summer house in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Beginning in July 1849, the family spent "seven blessed summers" there.[72] Having recently given up his private medical practice, Holmes was able to socialize with other literary figures who spent time in The Berkshires; in August 1850, for example, Holmes spent time with Evert Augustus Duyckinck, Cornelius Mathews, Herman Melville, James Thomas Fields and Nathaniel Hawthorne.[73] Holmes enjoyed measuring the circumference of trees on his property and kept track of the data, writing that he had "a most intense, passionate fondness for trees in general, and have had several romantic attachments to certain trees in particular".[74] The high cost of maintaining their home in Pittsfield caused the Holmes family to sell it in May 1856.[72]
While serving as dean in 1850, Holmes became a witness for both the defense and prosecution during the notorious Parkman-Webster murder case.[75] Both George Parkman (the victim), a local physician and wealthy benefactor, and John Webster (the assailant) were graduates of Harvard, and Webster was professor of chemistry at the Medical School during the time of the highly publicized murder. He was convicted and hanged. Holmes dedicated his November 1850 introductory lecture at the Medical School to Parkman's memory.[72]
The same year, Holmes was approached by Martin Delany, an African-American man who had worked with Frederick Douglass. The 38-year-old requested admission to Harvard after having been previously rejected by four schools despite impressive credentials.[76] In a controversial move, Holmes admitted Delany and two other black men to the Medical School. Their admission sparked a student statement, which read: "Resolved That we have no objection to the education and evaluation of blacks but do decidedly remonstrate against their presence in College with us."[77] Sixty students signed the resolution, although 48 students signed another resolution which noted it would be "a far greater evil, if, in the present state of public feeling, a medical college in Boston could refuse to this unfortunate class any privileges of education, which it is in the power of the profession to bestow".[68] In response, Holmes told the black students they would not be able to continue after that semester.[77] A faculty meeting directed Holmes to write that "the intermixing of races is distasteful to a large portion of the class, & injurious to the interests of the school".[68] Despite his support of education for blacks, he was not an abolitionist; against what he considered the abolitionists' habit of using "every form of language calculated to inflame", he felt that the movement was going too far.[78] This lack of support dismayed friends like James Russell Lowell, who once told Holmes he should be more outspoken against slavery. Holmes calmly responded, "Let me try to improve and please my fellowmen after my own fashion at present."[79] Nonetheless, Holmes believed that slavery could be ended peacefully and legally.[80]
Holmes lectured extensively from 1851 to 1856 on subjects such as "Medical Science as It Is or Has Been", "Lectures and Lecturing", and "English Poets of the Nineteenth Century".[81] Traveling throughout New England, he received anywhere from $40 to $100 per lecture,[82] but he also published a great deal during this time, and the British edition of his Poems sold well abroad. As social attitudes began to change, however, Holmes often found himself publicly at odds with those he called the "moral bullies"; because of mounting criticisms from the press regarding Holmes's vocal anti-abolitionism, as well as his dislike of the growing temperance movement, he chose to discontinue his lecturing and return home.[83]
In 1856, the Atlantic or Saturday Club was created to launch and support The Atlantic Monthly. This new magazine was edited by Holmes's friend James Russell Lowell, and articles were contributed by the New England literary elite such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Lothrop Motley and J. Elliot Cabot.[84] Holmes not only provided its name, but also wrote various pieces for the journal throughout the years.[67] For the magazine's first issue, Holmes produced a new version of two of his earlier essays, "The Autocrat at the Breakfast-Table". Based upon fictionalized breakfast table talk and including poetry, stories, jokes and songs,[85] the work was favored by readers and critics alike and it secured the initial success of The Atlantic Monthly.[86] The essays were collected as a book of the same name in 1858 and became his most enduring work,[87] selling ten thousand copies in three days.[88] Its sequel, The Professor at the Breakfast-Table, was released shortly after beginning in serialized installments in January 1859.[89]
Holmes's first novel, Elsie Venner, was published serially in the Atlantic beginning in December 1859.[90] Originally entitled "The Professor's Story", the novel is about a neurotic young woman whose mother was bitten by a rattlesnake while pregnant, making her daughter's personality half-woman, half-snake.[91] The novel drew a wide range of comments, including praise from John Greenleaf Whittier and condemnation from church papers, which claimed the work a product of heresy.[92] Also in December of that year, Holmes sent medication to the ailing writer Washington Irving after visiting him at his Sunnyside home in New York; Irving died only a few months later.[93] The Massachusetts Historical Society posthumously awarded Irving an honorary membership at a tribute held on December 15, 1859. At the ceremony, Holmes presented an account of his meeting with Irving and a list of medical symptoms he had observed, despite the taboo of discussing health publicly.[94]
About 1860, Holmes invented the "American stereoscope", a 19th century entertainment in which pictures were viewed in 3-D.[95] He later wrote an explanation for its popularity, stating: "There was not any wholly new principle involved in its construction, but, it proved so much more convenient than any hand-instrument in use, that it gradually drove them all out of the field, in great measure, at least so far as the Boston market was concerned."[96] Rather than patenting the hand stereopticon and profiting from its success, Holmes gave the idea away.[97]
Soon after South Carolina seceded from the Union in 1861, Holmes began publishing pieces—the first of which was the patriotic song "A Voice of the Loyal North"—in support of the Union cause. Although he had previously criticized the abolitionists, deeming them traitorous, his main concern was for the preservation of the Union.[98] In September of that year, he published an article titled "Bread and Newspapers" in the Atlantic, in which he proudly identified himself as an ardent Unionist. He wrote, "War has taught us, as nothing else could, what we can be and are" and inspiring even the upper class to have "courage ... big enough for the uniform which hangs so loosely about their slender figures."[99] Holmes also had a personal stake in the war: his oldest son, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., enlisted in the Army against his father's wishes in April 1861[100] and was injured three times in battle, including a gunshot wound in his chest at the Battle of Ball's Bluff in October 1861.[101]
Amid the Civil War, Holmes's friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow began translating Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. Beginning in 1864, Longfellow invited several friends to help at weekly meetings held on Wednesdays.[102] The "Dante Club", as it was called, regularly included Longfellow, Lowell, William Dean Howells, Charles Eliot Norton,[103] and Holmes. The final translation was published in three volumes in the spring of 1867.[104] (American novelist Matthew Pearl has fictionalized their efforts in The Dante Club [2003].)[105] The same year the Dante translation was published, Holmes's second novel, The Guardian Angel, began appearing serially in the Atlantic. It was published in book form in November, though its sales were half that of Elsie Venner.[106]
Holmes's fame continued through his later years. The Poet at the Breakfast-Table was published in 1872.[107] Written fifteen years after The Autocrat, this work's tone was more mellow and nostalgic than its predecessor; "As people grow older," Holmes wrote, "they come at length to live so much in memory that they often think with a kind of pleasure of losing their dearest possessions. Nothing can be so perfect while we possess it as it will seem when remembered".[108] In 1876, at the age of seventy, Holmes published a biography of John Lothrop Motley, which was an extension of an earlier sketch he had written for the Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings. The following year he published a collection of his medical essays and Pages from an Old Volume of Life, a collection of various essays he had previously written for The Atlantic Monthly.[109] He retired from Harvard Medical School in 1882 after thirty-five years as a professor.[110] After he gave his final lecture on November 28, the university made him professor emeritus.[111]
In 1884, Holmes published a book dedicated to the life and works of his friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. Later biographers would use Holmes's book as an outline for their own studies, but particularly useful was the section dedicated to Emerson's poetry, into which Holmes had particular insight.[112] Beginning in January 1885, Holmes's third and last novel, A Mortal Antipathy, was published serially in the Atlantic Monthly.[110] Later that year, Holmes contributed $10 to Walt Whitman, though he did not approve of his poetry, and convinced friend John Greenleaf Whittier to do the same. A friend of Whitman, a lawyer named Thomas Donaldson, had requested monetary donations from several authors to purchase a horse and buggy for Whitman who, in his old age, was becoming a shut-in.[113]
Suffering from exhaustion, and mourning the sudden death of his youngest son, Holmes began postponing his writing and social engagements.[114] In late 1884, he embarked on a visit to Europe with his daughter Amelia. In Great Britain he met with writers such as Henry James, George du Maurier and Lord Alfred Tennyson, and was awarded a doctor of letters degree (D.Litt.) from Cambridge University, a doctor of laws (LL.D.) from Edinburgh University, and a third honorary degree from Oxford.[115] Holmes and Amelia then visited Paris, a place that had significantly influenced him in his earlier years. He met with chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, whose previous studies in germ theory had helped reduce the mortality rate of women suffering from puerperal fever. Holmes considered the Frenchman to be "one of the truest benefactors of his race".[116] Upon his return to the United States, Holmes published a travelogue entitled Our One Hundred Days in Europe.[117]
In June 1886, Holmes received an honorary degree from Yale University Law School.[118] His wife of more than forty years, who had struggled with an illness that had kept her an invalid for months, died on February 6, 1888.[119] The younger Amelia died the following year after a brief malady. Despite his weakening eyesight and a fear that he was becoming antiquated, Holmes continued to find solace in writing. He published Over the Teacups, the last of his table-talk books, in 1891.[120]
Towards the end of his life, Holmes noted that he had outlived most of his friends, including Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As he said, "I feel like my own survivor... We were on deck together as we began the voyage of life... Then the craft which held us began going to pieces."[121] His last public appearance was at a reception for the National Education Association in Boston on February 23, 1893, where he presented the poem "To the Teachers of America".[122] A month later, Holmes wrote to Harvard president Charles William Eliot that the university should consider adopting the honorary doctor of letters degree and offer one to Samuel Francis Smith, though one was never issued.[123]
Holmes died quietly after falling asleep in the afternoon of Sunday, October 7, 1894.[124] As his son Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wrote, "His death was as peaceful as one could wish for those one loves. He simply ceased to breathe."[125] Holmes's memorial service was held at King's Chapel and overseen by Edward Everett Hale. Holmes was buried alongside his wife in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[126]
Holmes is one of the Fireside Poets, together with William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and John Greenleaf Whittier.[127] These poets—whose writing was characterized as family-friendly and conventional—were among the first Americans to build substantial popularity in Europe. Holmes in particular believed poetry had "the power of transfiguring the experiences and shows of life into an aspect which comes from the imagination and kindles that of others".[31]
Due to his immense popularity during his lifetime, Holmes was often called upon to produce commemorative poetry for specific occasions, including memorials, anniversaries and birthdays. Referring to this demand for his attention, he once wrote that he was "a florist in verse, and what would people say / If I came to a banquet without my bouquet?"[128] As critic Hyatt Waggoner noted, however, "very little ... survives the occasions that produced it".[129] Holmes became known as a poet who expressed the benefits of loyalty and trust at serious gatherings, as well as one who showed wit at festivities and celebrations. Edwin Percy Whipple for one considered Holmes to be "a poet of sentiment and passion. Those who know him only as a comic lyricist, as the libellous laureate of chirping follow and presumptuous egotism, would be surprised at the clear sweetness and skylark thrill of his serious and sentimental compositions".[130]
In addition to the commemorative nature of much of Holmes's poetry, some pieces were written based on his observations of the world around him. This is the case with two of Holmes's best known and critically successful poems—"Old Ironsides" and "The Last Leaf"—which were published when he was a young adult.[131] As is seen with poems such as "The Chambered Nautilus" and "The Deacon's Masterpiece; or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay", Holmes successfully concentrated his verse upon concrete objects with which he was long familiar, or had studied at length, such as the one-horse shay or a seashell.[132] Some of his works also deal with his personal or family history; for example, the poem "Dorothy Q" is a portrait of his maternal great-grandmother. The poem combines pride, humor and tenderness in short rhyming couplets:[133]
Holmes, an outspoken critic of over-sentimental Transcendentalist and Romantic poetry, often slipped into sentimentality when writing his occasional poetry, but would often balance such emotional excess with humor.[135] Critic George Warren Arms believed Holmes's poetry to be provincial in nature, noting his "New England homeliness" and "Puritan familiarity with household detail" as proof.[136] In his poetry, Holmes often connected the theme of nature to human relations and social teachings; poems such as "The Ploughman" and "The New Eden", which were delivered in commemoration of Pittsfield's scenic countryside, were even quoted in the 1863 edition of the Old Farmer's Almanac.[137]
Although mainly known as a poet, Holmes wrote numerous medical treatises, essays, novels, memoirs and table-talk books.[138] His prose works include topics that range from medicine to theology, psychology, society, democracy, sex and gender, and the natural world.[139] Author and critic William Dean Howells argued that Holmes created a genre called dramatized (or discursive) essay, in which major themes are informed by the story's plot,[140] but his works often use a combination of genres; excerpts of poetry, essays and conversations are often included throughout his prose.[141] Critic William Lawrence Schroeder described Holmes's prose style as "attractive" in that it "made no great demand on the attention of the reader." He further stated that although the author's earlier works (The Autocrat and The Professor of the Breakfast-Table) are "virile and fascinating", later ones such as Our Hundred Days in Europe and Over the Teacups "have little distinction of style to recommend them."[142]
Holmes first gained international fame with his "Breakfast-Tables" series.[143] These three table-talk books attracted a diverse audience due to their conversational style, which made readers feel an intimate connection to the author, and resulted in a flood of letters from admirers.[144] The series' conversational tone is not only meant to mimic the philosophical debates and pleasantries that occur around the breakfast table, but it is also used in order to facilitate an openness of thought and expression.[145] As the Autocrat, Holmes states in the first volume:
This business of conversation is a very serious matter. There are men that it weakens one to talk with an hour more than a day's fasting would do. Mark this that I am going to say, for it is as good as a working professional man's advice, and costs you nothing: It is better to lose a pint of blood from your veins than to have a nerve tapped. Nobody measures your nervous force as it runs away, nor bandages your brain and marrow after the operation.[146]
The various speakers represent different facets of Holmes's life and experiences. The speaker of the first installment, for example, is understood to be a doctor who spent several years studying in Paris, while the second volume—The Professor at the Breakfast-Table—is told from the point of view of a professor of a distinguished medical school.[147] Although the speakers discuss a myriad of topics, the flow of conversation always leads to supporting Holmes's Paris-taught conception of science and medicine and how they relate to morality and the mind.[148] Autocrat in particular addresses philosophical issues such as the nature of one's self, language, life and truth.[149]
Holmes wrote in the second preface to Elsie Venner, his first novel, that his aim in writing the work was "to test the doctrine of 'original sin' and human responsibility for the distorted violation coming under that technical denomination".[150] He also stated his belief that "a grave scientific doctrine may be detected lying beneath some of the delineations of character" throughout all fiction.[151] Deeming the work a "psychological romance", he employed a romantic narrative in order to describe moral theology from a scientific perspective. This means of expression is also present in his two other novels, in which Holmes uses medical or psychological dilemmas to further the story's dramatic plot.[152]
Holmes referred to his novels as "medicated novels".[153] Some critics believe that these works were innovative in exploring theories of Sigmund Freud and other emerging psychiatrists and psychologists.[154] The Guardian Angel, for example, explores mental health and repressed memory, and Holmes uses the concept of the unconscious mind throughout his works.[154] A Mortal Antipathy depicts a character whose phobias are rooted in psychic trauma, later cured by shock therapy.[155] Holmes's novels were not critically successful during his lifetime. As psychiatrist Clarence P. Oberndorf, author of The Psychiatric Novels of Oliver Wendell Holmes, states, the three works are "poor fiction when judged by modern criteria…. Their plots are simple, almost juvenile and, in two of them, the reader is not disappointed in the customary thwarting of the villain and the coming of true love to its own".[156]
Holmes was well respected by his peers, and garnered a large, international following throughout his long life. Particularly noted for his intelligence, he was named by American theologian Henry James, Sr. "intellectually the most alive man I ever knew".[124] Critic John G. Palfrey also praised Holmes, referring to him as "a man of genius... His manner is entirely his own, manly and unaffected; generally easy and playful, and sinking at times into 'a most humorous sadness'".[157] On the other hand, critics S. I. Hayakawa and Howard Mumford Jones argued that Holmes was "distinctly an amateur in letters. His literary writings, on the whole, are partly the leisure-born meditations of a physician, partly a means of spreading certain items of professional propaganda, partly a distillation of his social life."[158]
Like Samuel Johnson in 18th century England, Holmes was noted for his conversational powers in both his life and literary output.[159] Though he was popular at the national level, Holmes promoted Boston culture and often wrote from a Boston-centric point of view, believing the city was "the thinking centre of the continent, and therefore of the planet".[76] He is often referred to as a Boston Brahmin, a term that he created while referring to the oldest families in the Boston area.[160] The term, as he used it, referred not only to members of a good family but also implied intellectualism.[27] He also famously nicknamed Emerson's The American Scholar as the American "intellectual Declaration of Independence".[161]
Although his essay on puerperal fever has been deemed "the most important contribution made in America to the advancement of medicine" up to that time,[64] Holmes is most famous as a humorist and poet. Editor and critic George Ripley, an admirer of Holmes, referred to him as "one of the wittiest and most original of modern poets".[162] Emerson noted that, though Holmes did not renew his focus on poetry until later in his life, he quickly perfected his role "like old pear trees which have done nothing for ten years, and at last begin to grow great."[85]
Poems by Holmes, along with those by the other Fireside or Schoolroom Poets, were often required to be memorized by schoolchildren. Although learning by rote recitation began fading out by the 1890s, these poets nevertheless remained fixed as ideal New England poets.[163] Literary scholar Lawrence Buell wrote of these poets: "we value [them] less than the nineteenth century did but still regard as the mainstream of nineteenth-century New England verse."[164] Many of these poets soon became recognized only as children's poets, as noted by a 20th century scholar who asked about Holmes's contemporary Longfellow: "Who, except wretched schoolchildren, now reads Longfellow?"[165] Another modern scholar notes that "Holmes is a casualty of the ongoing movement to revise the literary canon. His work is the least likely of the Fireside Poets to find its way into American literature anthologies."[166]
The school library of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where Holmes studied as a child, is named the Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, or the OWHL, in his memory. Items from Holmes's personal library—including medical papers, essays, songs and poems—are held in the library's Special Collections department.[167] In 1915, Bostonians placed a memorial seat and sundial behind Holmes's final home at 296 Beacon Street in a spot where he would have seen it from his library.[168] King's Chapel in Boston, where Holmes worshiped, erected an inscribed memorial tablet in his honor.[125] The tablet notes Holmes's achievements in the order he recognized them: "Teacher of Anatomy, Essayist and Poet". It ends with a quote from Horace's Ars Poetica: Miscuit Utile Dulci: "He mingled the useful with the pleasant."[124]


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RALEIGH, N.C. –Third-year Campbell Law student Thom Robbins has been selected as the recipient of the 2012 Donald R. Moore Service Scholarship from the Phi Alpha Delta (PAD) International Endowment Fund. Out of 15,000 student members, Robbins is one of just five students to receive a service scholarship.
A native of Rockingham, N.C., Robbins currently services as president of the Campbell Law PAD chapter, vice president of the Campbell Law Student Bar Association, and Co-Editor-in-Chief of the Campbell Law Observer.
"Campbell Law School is unique in that students are provided not only with a sound legal education, but with opportunities to lead by serving others," said Robbins. "As part of those opportunities, PAD serves as a fraternal organization that brings together students, faculty, legal scholars, practicing attorneys, and judges to advance the ideals of professionalism and public service of this noble profession."
The Donald R. Moore Service Scholarship is given annually to five PAD student members throughout the nation based on financial need, service to the fraternity, and service to their law school.
PAD stands as the preeminent professional legal fraternity serving law students, schools, and practitioners. The international organization offers professional programs, publications, student loans, insurance programs, job preparation and placement assistance, conventions, conferences, and awards.
The Campbell Law PAD chapter annually hosts the James Iredell Banquet, honoring an individual for outstanding contributions to the North Carolina legal community.
Since its founding in 1976, the Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law at Campbell University has developed lawyers who possess moral conviction, social compassion and professional competence, and who view the law as a calling to serve others. The school has been recognized by the American Bar Association (ABA) as having the nation's top Professionalism Program and by the American Academy of Trial Lawyers for having the nation's best Trial Advocacy Program. Campbell Law boasts more than 3,400 alumni, including more than 2,400 who reside and work in North Carolina. For 25 years, Campbell Law's overall record of success on the North Carolina Bar Exam has been unsurpassed by any other North Carolina law school. In September 2009, Campbell Law relocated to a state-of-the-art building in downtown Raleigh. For more information, visit http://law.campbell.edu.


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At SanAntonio Jan 10 8PM tv: TNT Spurs are 2-2 so far in Jan. They are comming back home with 2 days rest to face the Pistons.
Pistons don't play well after the layoffs for some reason, so hopefully they got their crappy game out of the way and they'll be ready to play come tonight.
If they can't stop the dribble penetrations from both Parker & Manu, we are doomed, 3 games losing streak. Not so much of the Timmy factor in this game but the Parker & Manu factor.
Need4Sheed.com has some interesting comments about last night's game including a video of Stuckey's first NBA dunk after a very nice blow by. Maybe AJ is just destined to return home and play his pro ball in Los Angeles. The Hornets signed a new stadium contract that allows them to opt out of their contract after next season if they don't average at least 14,500 a game. Anahiem and Kansas City (new stadium) are both hot for the Hornets franchise. I would love to see a third NBA team in So. CA. Maybe someday one could also return to San Diego and we could have 4 NBA franchises in So. CA. Need4Sheed.com
Duncan has recorded double-doubles in all 10 regular-season home games against us in his career, leading the Spurs to a 9-1 record.
^ I would agree. This game is really starting to irritate me. One step forward, three steps back. No Afflalo, no Hermann; riding the starters into the ground. Fantastic!!
Good games from Rasheed and McDyess. Bad games from Rip and Tayshaun-the point forward gimmick helped Tay score, but he isn't anywhere near good enough a passer for it not to slow down the team's offense. At least the first half was exciting.
Nice to see Flip sticking with the starters against the Spurs' garbage time team with a double digit lead with less than 2 minutes left. It would be one thing if Pop left his starters in as well, but watching our starters still in the game against the Spurs' end of the bench is just ridiculously pointless.
We now have beaten on their home court the NBA teams with the two best home records; i.e., the Celtics and the Spurs.
This sucks. I can't even enjoy beating the Spurs. What an unsatisfying win. It seems like the entire game we were just clinging to that lead. This is not the way you want to win. Starters playing 40 min, and no spark off the bench except 60 year old Lindsey Hunter (who happened to play well), but still. Afflalo, Stuckey, Hermann, Amir, etc. There more than just guys that rest the starters. They contribute, and how can they do that from the bench. Are we conceding that this is the only way we can beat top teams? I specifically recall beating BOS b/c of our bench. Also, The starters were dragging in the 3rd. I really dislike this no sub pattern. Guys end up playing a 1/4 and a good 3+ min straight. The only positive out of this game was Rasheed was fantastic, and it seems like the team responded to his criticism.
Well, complain all you like, but I'm very happy to get this win. A two game losing streak coming into the world champs' building, and the Pistons pretty much never trailed on the way to winning. Sheed was the MVP with 23 points and 15 boards, and Lindsey did a terriffic job early in the 4th quarter when the Spurs were looking to climb back in it. The huge first quarter was the key to the win, with the Pistons going on a 22-2(!!) run as Tay, Sheed, and Rip all rained in points while the Spurs struggled terribly. The Pistons got in the lane to the tune of a 28-16 advantage on PIP by halftime. A crappy third quarter with stagnant offense (only 13 points) let the Spurs crawl back in it a bit, but the defense never let up in the second half as the Pistons gutted out the win after the Spurs cut the lead to as little as 5. Yes, Pop is a HOF coach whom I'd rather have than Flip any day of the week, but let's face facts, Pop might very well have lost this game for the Spurs in the first quarter. They outscored the Pistons by 5 the rest of the way, but they got absolutely torched in that period while Pop sat there and watched it happen. No timeout called while the Pistons went on a 16-0 run.
Pop has his reasons. IIRC, he benched the entire starting 5 one time, and also Bowen at the end of a game b/c he was getting lit up by Baron. I just can't compare the two. Flip coaches scared. Sometimes it's good to embarrass the starters (which is what i think he was partly doing) In this game, the Pistons outplayed the Spurs for the most part. I'd like to be like look how motivated Flip made them, and look at our great adjustments, but the reality is the Pistons always get up for the Spurs, and we made no adjustments. I'm not knocking the fact we won. Just the way we did doesn't seem conducive to long term (playoff) success.


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New peco pro 3 bagger-closeout on current pro 3!
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A Lion In The Street
How J. P. Morgan, like a "one-man Federal Reserve," calmed the bankers and helped ease the Panic of 1907
June 1957 | Volume 8, Issue 4
Upon men so fatigued there fell, during the second weekend of the panic, a blow that threatened to wipe out all their past efforts. The brokerage firm of Moore & Schley, it suddenly developed, was in desperate straits. Grant B. Schley, head of this company, belonged to a syndicate that controlled a small independent steel plant called the Tennessee Coal & Iron Company. Schley's firm had put up the money for the purchase, receiving T. C. & I. stock as collateral. It had then deposited this stock in banks as collateral for time loans. Now these time loans were falling due, but Moore & Schley lacked the cash to meet them. Under normal circumstances there would have been no great tragedy in this for anyone but Moore & Schley; the banks would have simply sold the T. C. & I. stock. However, this stock, being owned by a small group, had not been actively traded on the Stock Exchange for some time. Its price had been held steady around 130, yet the market as a whole had declined precipitously in recent months. Should the banks attempt to dispose of the stock, it would probably have to fall at least fifty or sixty points before buyers could be found for it, wiping out Moore & Schley, of course, but also gravely embarrassing the banks and perhaps triggering a general collapse of the whole stock market.
When this situation was called to Morgan's attention on Friday, November 1, he concluded at once that Moore & Schley must be saved; the problem was how to save them. The simplest way was to lend them money, but they needed about $25,000,000, and after two weeks of panic such a sum seemed impossible to raise. So another of the innumerable conferences of those desperate days was convened at the Morgan Library on Saturday morning. Lewis Cass Ledyard, lawyer for the T. C. & I. syndicate, presented this conference with a "brilliant" plan. Why not have the United States Steel Corporation purchase the Tennessee Coal & Iron Company? No money need be raised, for the steel company could simply exchange some of its own bonds (in which the public had confidence) for the T. C. & I. stock.
Morgan, who dominated U.S. Steel, quickly grasped the possibilities of this transaction. Here was a chance to add a valuable property to the steel trust and at the same time avert trouble on the stock market. Perhaps, if the deal could be combined with a final settlement of the trust company problem, the whole panic would be ended. He ordered a meeting of the finance committee of U.S. Steel for that very afternoon. At that meeting, however, he ran into unexpected opposition. Some of the members were afraid that the merger would provoke an antitrust suit. Henry C. Frick, a powerful member of the committee, argued vehemently against the idea on the ground that the Tennessee Company had extremely high costs of production and would not be a valuable addition to U.S. Steel. Morgan retaliated by saying that its coal and ore deposits alone were worth the cost. Finally, after much debate, the committee voted to make two offers to Moore & Schley. They would buy the stock at ninety dollars a share or they would lend Moore & Schley $5,000,000. But both propositions were turned down by the brokers because neither would yield enough cash to save them, and the conference broke up.
In desperation Perkins sent a Morgan accountant to go over the books of the Tennessee Coal & Iron Company in hopes that he could make a more favorable report as to its condition. Perkins also persuaded Schley to send for the president of the company, who might be able to make a better case in argument with Frick. On Sunday afternoon the U.S. Steel finance committee met again in the Morgan Library. After much argument the T. C. & I. men were able to convince Frick that a new rail mill, just being completed, would enable them to produce more efficiently than in the past. Finally the finance committee voted to offer par for the T. C. & I. stock (paid for in U.S. Steel bonds valued at 84) provided that President Theodore Roosevelt would approve the merger, that the transaction would definitely save Moore & Schley, and that some other arrangement could be worked out to save the two struggling trust companies.
Frick and Judge E. H. Gary, chairman of the board of U.S. Steel, left at once for Washington to see Roosevelt. While they were en route attention reverted to the two trust companies. Expert investigators had by now prepared detailed reports on the value of their assets which showed that the Trust Company of America was completely sound and the Lincoln Trust no more than a million dollars short of being able to pay off all its depositors, but under panic conditions these assets could not be liquidated. All Sunday night the Library was buzzing with conferees; at three in the morning there were about 125 financiers in the building, while outside knots of reporters waited for word on the debates. But there was no statement forthcoming. Finally at five in the morning the conference broke up, the directors of the Lincoln Trust Company having decided not to open their doors that day.
Monday morning, November 4, was in many ways the most disheartening time of the whole crisis. Cables from London indicated that American securities were falling there in morning trading. Should Wall Street follow this trend, many brokers would be caught without funds to meet their margin requirements. The Lincoln Trust Company's failure to open might produce a wave of further runs.


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Bookflap – Erik Sanden
Erik Sanden defied his parents' wishes and deliberately went into deep hibernation at the age of 7, only to emerge with one foot larger than the other.
He pioneered the concept of "ther-help-y", in which patients help themselves to a large cache of pharmaceuticals while being forced to run in place in what looks like a pill factory.
There are few people who can resist Erik's amazing perfume line "Quiet, please". Its subtle bouquet of lavender, shellfish, henna and ketchup has been raising eyebrows all over Scandinavia.
In his memoir, "God Hates Roaches", Sanden explains the reasoning behind the popularity of his music. "I needed to express myself and so i went to the bathroom, and it was there that i saw my goal (floating). It was then just a matter of getting it onto a piece of recording tape. It was totally worth it."
There are only two things Erik Sanden fears: obscurity and bananas.


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My mother bought a netbook recently, ignoring my pleading advice to instead get an iPad. Maybe she likes updating antivirus definitions, or perhaps she is looking forward to buying a new one when this one dies exactly a day outside its warranty period. One thing's for sure, though: When she buys another one, it won't be a Dell.
Dell is getting out of the race-to-the-bottom that is the netbook market, and will instead concentrate on thinner, ultrabook-ish laptops. It will still sell the Inspiron Duo, its oddball netbook with a pop-out tablet for a screen (which could also be considered as a tablet with a keyboard case).
Speaking to the Verge's Joanna Stern, Dell confirmed that it will not be making any new netbooks based on Intel's Cedar Trail Atom chip. "Thin and powerful is where it is at for us" said Dell's Marketing Director Alison Gardner.
It's no surprise. Unless you possessed tiny Elven fingers (and superhuman patience), then you probably hated your netbook. Tablets do a better job in almost every area, are more portable and have an even longer battery life. Also, ultrabooks claim the same battery life as the netbooks of old, and have full-sized keyboards. It's hard to see where netbooks fit in.
Dell Mini netbooks are no longer available [Lilliputing]
Dell quits netbooks, says 'thin and powerful is where it's at' [Joanna Stern]
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text: The Grille Of Damocles Awaits LeMons TailgatersMurilee Martin8/24/08 5:15pmFiled to: 24 hours of lemons24 Hours Of Lemons New EnglandHonda CRXRacingVolvo21EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkIf you're one of those drivers who likes to bump other cars at the 24 Hours of LeMons- hey, those slow bastids are in your way, right?- you might well find the Grille Of Damocles menacing your radiator. The much-feared Grille is a Volvo unit fitted with long rods, attached to your front bumper in such a way as to guarantee a ventilated radiator in the event of even minor contact with the bumper of the car in front of you. While the Honda CRX is generally considered too fragile to throw its weight around a LeMons track (and also small and nimble enough to squeeze past the sluggards), Team Go Green managed to "win" this special award today. Jump away to see more of UDMan's photos. Reply21 repliesLeave a reply


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A theme ported to PivotX by Lars Helbo (original design by Free Web Templates). Peacefull with brownish colors out of the nature. It has a dynamic drop down menu.
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PivotX Themes provides templates made by the PivotX community. You can customize the lay-out of your website easily with these free themes.
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PivotX has a small, but very active community. If you need help with your PivotX website, please visit the forums.


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Red Sox Nation got to celebrate the old ball park's once unthinkable milestone with generations of former players, and one notable ex-Sox manager. Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: Jerry Remy
A Little Pitching, A Lot of Offense, And A Return Atop The Wild Card
Multiple offensive explosions highlight Boston's ascent back to first place in the AL Wild Card Race. Plus, Jerry Remy returns. Read More »


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This is starting to get embarrassing but here's yet another Darling Ranges. I experimented with drafting a collar for this one and I'm pretty pleased with how it turned out! This one also has back darts instead of back ties and is sleeveless.
Visit my blog for more pretties! http://peneloping.wordpress.com
Material Notes
I used cotton quilting fabric, the more lightweight the better.
2 Comments Sign in to add a post
May 18, 2012, 06.50 AMby Dee Durrant
I love this version with the collar – very cute.
May 17, 2012, 01.09 PMby asperge11
Very pretty!


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Systems Medicine of Infectious Diseases
Systems Medicine aims at gaining a holistic understanding of health and diseases that leads to personalized medicine. The research of this group aims at understanding the underlying mechanisms between the immune system and diseases. Other objectives are tailoring effective immune interventions and treatments in susceptible groups of the society like seniors and immunocompromised patients and developing new mathematical and computational methods to overcome the challenges for the translation of Systems Medicine into the clinic. All this is achieved by integrating clinical data into phenomenological models and by using computer simulations.
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text: Home > Technology > Products > Allsteel Stride Office Furniture Products Posted on: July 31, 2009 Allsteel Stride Office Furniture By ARCHITECT Staff The Stride line of office furniture from Allsteel is designed to be adapted and adjusted to any work environment and to individual needs and preferences. On the sustainability front, all of the energy used in production of the furniture was offset by the purchase of renewable energy certificates. Nearly all of the materials used contain recycled content, the entire panel selection is Cradle to Cradle Silver certified, the panels offer an alternative to particleboard and are made of agricultural fibers. The company also has reuse and recycle programs in place to repurpose furniture that has reached the end of its useful life. allsteeloffice.com About the Author ARCHITECT Staff


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TPM Livewire
Koch-Linked Dark Money Group Spent $137 Million In 2012
According to The Daily Caller, the CPPR gave grants to nearly 50 conservative organizations in 2012. Among the recipients were the American Future Fund ($49.2 million), Americans for Responsible Leadership ($24.7 million), Americans for Prosperity ($11.5 million), American Commitment ($4.8 million), Citizen Link ($4.2 million), National Rifle Association for Legislative Action ($3.2 million), and 60 Plus Association ($2.6 million).
As a tax-exempt 501(c)4 "social welfare" organization, the CPPR does not need to disclose its donors. But tax documents made public earlier this year by the Koch brothers-linked group Freedom Partners showed that the group gave $115 million in 2012 to the CPPR.
The $137 million spent by the CPPR in 2012 dwarfs the group's spending totals from the past two years: the group reported total expenses of $23 million in 2011 and $60 million in 2010.


text: The Blues Cruise 50K Trail Ultra race is suitable for first time ultra runners as well as seasoned runners. We are able to reach this goal by having a course that is very runnable, not too technical, but challenging enough to make it interesting for everyone. Our themed aid stations are well stocked and serviced by local (ultra) runners.Racedirectors Stephan Weiss & Mike Yoder are supported by the Pagoda Pacers, a local (ultra) running club with more then 500 members. The Pagoda Pacers have years of experience organizing first class trail races and can draw from over 100 members who have completed an ultra. Find out why this race has grown into one of the biggest 50Ks in the Northeast and enjoy our terrific 31 Mile loop course around the lake supported by 7 of the best aidstations you ever encountered.If you have any questions about our race or ultra running in general , please don't hesitate to contact us. The Blues Cruise 50K 2016 will be the PA 50K Championship.Once again the course will consist of a giant 31 Mile loop around the lake featuring 95% trail. Our race is one of the few, where you won't run a mile twice. This is only possible due to the great support of the Pacoda Pacers and the Army Corps of Engineers.


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Buttons are cute, and they're charming. You can't be scared of a button.
These are the words of Joanna Wiebe, whose delightful presentation on buttons at Authority Intensive resonated with data-backed usefulness.
And she's right. No one is scared of a button. Yet, people choose to not click on your call-to-action buttons all the time. Costing you conversions. Costing you money.
And what can you do about it?
I invited Joanna, Conversion Copywriter for Copy Hackers, to be the guest on this week's episode of The Lede so she can answer these two questions for you …
Because Joanna has the answers and the data to back them up.


text: NetSetMan Manages Multiple Network ProfilesJason Fitzpatrick9/19/08 4:00amFiled to: Featured Windows DownloadDownloadsWindowsHome NetworkNetworking15EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Windows only: If you find yourself frequently switching between networks, NetSetMan could save you a significant amount of time. NetSetMan creates profiles for different networks including variables like: IP address, subnet mask, DNS server, workgroup and domain, default printer and so on. There is even support for scripts for each profile and multiple NICs. The free version of NetSetMan supports up to six unique profiles, the pay version has no cap on the number of profiles you can create. For more options to manage your network profiles, check out Net Profiles, which was featured in our list of top 10 network tools. NetSetMan is a free download for Windows only. AdvertisementNetSetMan [via Download Squad]


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2150 Park Drive, Charlotte, North Carolina 28204
Does handling the day-to-day stressors of parenting seem so overwhelming that you sometimes feel like giving up? If you are a parent struggling to manage your child's difficult behaviors, help is available. Over the past 15 years I have helped parents develop the skills necessary to provide discipline, limit setting, love, and support that will enhance the growth and development of their child. I also help families understand how each member influences the family unit and how they can work together to support, nourish, and strengthen the family bond. As a parent coach I am trained to support and guide parents or caregivers as they work to deal with the challenges of raising healthy children.
4724 Park Rd, Suite A, Charlotte, North Carolina 28209
Family therapy is the root of my practice. I believe that the family unit is one of the most essential forms of support one has available to them in life, therefore it must be nurtured and taken care of. Like the seasons, families change and adapt on a constant basis, and sometimes assistance is needed along the way. Contact me today for more information on how I might be able to assist your family!
Robin Fine, MSW, LCSWA
Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist
Ready for change? Let's Get Started6809 Fairview Road, Charlotte, North Carolina 28210
Most families are simply not like the Brady Bunch. There are different personalities all trying to get along and sometimes that is easier than it looks. Beyond just the difficulties that can arise from unique people trying to co-exist can be problems such as substance abuse and divorce. Family therapy can be quite successful in bringing the members of a family back in harmony. Call me today to get your family started.
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Kennedy Museum, USS Constitution, Bunker Hill Monument and US Army Soldier Systems Center among the casualties in federal shutdown
BOSTON (AP) — The John F. Kennedy Museum, the U.S.S. Constitution and the Bunker Hill Monument closed, and children at one Head Start program faced the loss of meals as Massachusetts grappled with the fallout of a partial government shutdown Tuesday.
The shutdown also forced the closure of the U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center in Natick and prompted furloughs at Westover Air Reserve Base and Barnes Air National Guard Base in Westfield.
Many of the thousands of federal employees who live in Massachusetts were also out of work as a result of the shutdown.
Gov. Deval Patrick said the state will do what it can to help plug some of the holes left by the shutdown, including the Head Start meals, but added that there's no way the state can make up for a failure of the federal government to remain open.
''You know how tight our budget is and I think the answer to that is largely no,'' Patrick said.
Patrick also said there are over 4,000 people who work in state government who are either paid in full or in part by federal grants.
The most immediate effect was the closing of the many historic sites that draw visitors to Massachusetts from around the world.
Jurgen Iserhardt and Marco Thoma, came from Cologne, Germany, to visit Boston but were out of luck when they went to look for a bathroom inside historic Faneuil Hall. The site of town meetings, political debates and speeches since the 1700s is operated by the National Park Service.
''We didn't expect something like this. The restrooms are closed?'' Iserhardt said, as he read a sign announcing the closure. ''Sorry for the inconvenience,'' the sign said, directing visitors to restrooms in a nearby building.
The building's ''Great Hall'' was also closed.
''This is my first visit to Boston,'' said Patricia Rance of San Diego. ''I'm very disappointed,''
Patrick said a Head Start center in western Massachusetts is one of 22 across the country that could run out of money because of the shutdown.
Patrick said the center gets a small portion of its budget from the state and his
administration would try to advance it some money to help them get through the next week or so.
The shutdown could also threaten Saturday's football game between Boston College and Army.
Boston College Director of Athletics Brad Bates said he's been in contact with Army athletics officials.
''Obviously our intention is to exhaust all possibilities to play the game and we will communicate the information promptly as soon as we have resolution,'' he said.
Tourist officials were quick to point out that some sites remained open, including the Paul Revere House and the Old North Church. Visitors can still walk Boston's popular Freedom Trail, although they won't have guided tours.
The visitor center for the Minuteman National Park in Lexington also closed and there were no guided tours of the 5-mile Battle Road between Concord and Lexington.
The Massachusetts Statehouse remained open, and guides continued to give tours of the building.
But an extended shutdown could have an even deeper impact on services, including prompting delays in providing winter heating assistance for low-income residents, according to Aaron Gornstein, undersecretary of the Massachusetts Department of Housing and Community Development.
Without a federal budget bill, states cannot determine the level of benefits for the coming winter and local agencies won't be able to process applications, he said.
''It's going to hurt a lot of low-income families unless we have the government up and running again very quickly,'' Gornstein said.
Judiciary officials said federal courts in Massachusetts will remain open for at least 10 business days. Robert Farrell, clerk of court for the Massachusetts district, said in a statement that the federal judiciary will reassess its situation on or around Oct. 15.


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Adobe has debuted its new eLearning Suite, a system designed to facilitate courseware authoring, media editing, and the creation of other learning materials. The company has also launched Captivate 4, an upgrade to its eLearning content authoring tool.
The eLearning Suite is a collection of applications designed for developing learning applications for Web, mobile devices, and other destinations. These include several Applications from Creative Suite 4 and others, as well as extensions specific to electronic learning:
It also includes the Bridge and Device Central components of Creative Suite 4, along with eLearning extensions for Flash and Dreamweaver, such as Dreamweaver CS4 CourseBuilder and the Shared Courseware Object Reference (SCORM) packager.
Captivate 4, included with the eLearning Suite or as a stand-alone package, is an application for creating eLearning content and courseware. In information released by Adobe today, the company described it as the "cornerstone of the suite" with its focus on "simulations, scenario-based training, quizzing, rich media and interactivity."
The latest release has received several feature enhancements and new workflow tools, including:
The Adobe eLearning Suite is available now for $1,799. The stand-alone version of Captivate 4 is also available now for $799. Both support Windows systems only. Upgrades are available for both packages from existing Adobe software and software suites. Further information on the eLearning Suite can be found here. Further information on Captivate 4 can be found here.
About the Author
David Nagel is editorial director, education for 1105 Media's Public Sector Media Group and editor-in-chief of THE Journal. A 22-year publishing veteran, Nagel has led or contributed to dozens of technology, art and business publications.
He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also connect with him on LinkedIn at or follow him on Twitter at @THEJournalDave (K-12) or @CampusTechDave (higher education).
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Making the transition to a fully digital environment is always a challenge. When a school survey at Crowley Independent School District found the number of students using smart devices leapt from 50 percent to 75 percent in just two years, district leaders knew it was time "to meet digital natives where they are." Read more...
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A Toledo councilman wants to charge residents who don't recycle a $10 monthly trash fee.
The cost for those who do recycle at the curb? Nothing.
The idea is the latest in opposition to the controversial refuse fee enacted last year as part of the 2007 general operating fund budget. It will expire April 30 unless council renews it.
Councilman D. Michael Collins, author of the proposed ordinance, said the incentive will increase recycling and thereby extend the life of the city's landfill on Hoffman Road.
"If 60 percent of the households recycle, that equates to 18,000 tons of solid waste a year," Mr. Collins said.
The landfill has an expected remaining life of about 27 years. Building a new landfill would cost about $80 million.
Council on March 30, 2007, approved the $5.50 monthly trash fee, with the option of a $2.50 discount for people who pledge to recycle.
Before the fee existed, 17 percent of the city's population recycled. That percentage increased to 32 percent after the trash fee was enacted.
Mayor Carty Finkbeiner's proposed 2008 budget depends on $4.8 million to be collected from the trash fee this year.
Councilman Joe McNamara, who was co-author of the ordinance, has been among a contingent of councilmen seeking a way to end the trash fee.
He said the percentage of those who recycle would climb much higher under Mr. Collins' plan.
"A large percentage of Toledo-ans recycling would not be a problem but a signal that we truly are a national leader in green initiatives and technology," Mr. McNamara said.
"As Toledo reinvents its image, a massively successful recycling program can only aid our development of green-collar jobs."
Mr. Collins said the plan would include sanitation workers' using a handheld device to identify households that do not recycle.
Council's committee of the whole is scheduled to review the ordinance at 4 p.m. today.
Dave Moebius, the mayor's assistant chief operating officer, last night declined to comment on the ordinance because he had not seen it.
The current fee is charged to single-family homes, duplexes, and apartments of up to four units. Commercial and multi-family apartment complexes are required to contract for private trash hauling.
Contact Ignazio Messina at:
or 419-724-6171.