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Mark Russ Federman Prefers Slicing Lox to Law: Interview
Mark Russ Federman grew up helping his father buy whitefish and herring for the family's appetizing shop.
Founded in 1914 by Federman's grandfather Joel Russ, an immigrant who sold pickled herring for a nickel from wooden barrels, Russ & Daughters is a rare survivor.
The narrow storefront is visited by tourists from around the world and its owners have been asked to discuss Jewish food at the Smithsonian Institution.
Federman, 67, is a Georgetown Law graduate who in 1978 gave up a career as a trial lawyer to slice lox (and the occasional finger) behind the counter at his family's shop. He came to lunch at Bloomberg's world headquarters to discuss his recent memoir, "Russ & Daughters: Reflections and Recipes From the House That Herring Built." Unfortunately, no bagels were served.
Green: What's the difference between a bad customer and a tough customer?
Federman: You know it when you see a bad customer -- they're just too much.
The difficult customer was originally raised on the Lower East Side. Nobody gave them anything, so whatever they scratched out, a couple of pennies, was all they had. They were going to make sure they got what they wanted. I understood it.
Revealing Numbers
Then there were those customers who'd reach across the counter and their sleeves would roll up and there were numbers on their arms. So the tough customers I get and I actually miss them.
Green: How did lox become such a New York tradition?
Federman: The original lox were taken from the Pacific Northwest. They were preserved by throwing them in a giant cask of heavily salted water when there was no refrigerated transportation, and they were sent east on trains to New York, and then shipped to Europe. Some of it stayed in New York. It was cheap, and Jews are more experimental than other ethnic groups with their food.
Marc Chagall's father was a herring monger in Russia; he has paintings of his father schlepping herring. Sometimes he has fish flying though his paintings and those are herrings.
Interestingly, his granddaughter was a customer in the store and bought herring from me.
Making Changes
Green: The store looks as though it hasn't changed in 100 years. How have you brought the business up to date without losing the appeal of tradition?
Federman: If you're in a generational business, you are afraid to make a change. If you move the schmaltz herring in front of the matjes herring and it never was like that, the old customers think the business is about to go under.
You are downright afraid of being the generation to take down the business, so making changes comes through a very slow process of worry and anxiety. Ultimately, in 1995, I renovated the store. I had a business consultant, an architect and an engineer. It turns out you pay a lot more to make something look old than to have it look new.
Next Generation
Green: But you're not the last generation. You write that your daughter, Niki, was looking for a new job, and you finagled her into working a little bit at the store. How did you recruit her to take over the business, along with your nephew Josh?
Federman: I just renovated the building, so I gave her an apartment. So now I've got her. "Niki, would you come down and help with this, would you come down and help with that?"
My fantasy was that Niki was going to learn the way the Russes learn, behind the counter six days a week, 10 hours a day, slicing fish, cleaning the counters, cleaning the herring in the back. So if you have to tell people what to do, you know how to do it and how long it should take.
In my ultimate fantasy, Niki and I, father and daughter, would be standing behind the counter together slicing and dicing.
So my wife and Niki come together and say, "No, no, no, Niki is not going behind the counter. Niki is in charge of special projects."
I said, "What's this special projects? Somebody calls up and says, 'I want 100 herrings filleted in an hour,' maybe that's a special project."
Well, of course, they were talking about the Internet. For us if you wanted to order you were in the store. We looked at your face or you called. We recognized your voice or we recognized the name of your aunt or grandmother.
So I objected, but my wife and my daughter together are impenetrable. So she developed an Internet business, and it turns out to be a major part of our business.
"Russ & Daughters" is published by Schocken (205 pages, $25.95). To buy this book in North America, click here.
(Peter S. Green is a reporter for Bloomberg News. The opinions expressed are his own. This interview was adapted from a longer conversation.)
Muse highlights include Amanda Gordon's Scene Last Night and Philip Boroff on Broadway.


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Nominated by staff:
"I would like to thank Theresa for making time to see a patient during a very busy afternoon. She demonstrated outstanding SPIRIT by agreeing to see a lipid patient who arrived to Dayton Children's at 3:00 pm for our nutrition class, which was actually scheduled at 6:00 pm. The patient lives near Lim and had driven to Dayton just for the class. Even though Theresa had several different tasks that she was buried in, she agreed to stop what she was doing and meet with the family to provide nutrition counseling."
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The strap can be fastened on either side of the shoe, and it's effective length can be adjusted to perfectly fit feet with different instep sizes. The combination of suede leather and mesh upper and seamless lining is great for those suffering from diabetes. Buy the Ortho Feet Womens Mesh Orthopedic Mary Jane Shoes from ActiveForever today!
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text: Create a Glowing Handrail to Guide You Down the StairsThorin Klosowski3/07/12 7:30amFiled to: HouseholdLightingDIYSafety32EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkIf you have a set of basement stairs with no lighting, IKEA Hackers user Denis shows off a way to install a lighted handrail in a small space with a few cheap parts. With clear plexiglass and some LED strips, the handrail is illuminated to make the basement descent a bit safer.AdvertisementThe plexiglass tubes are mounted to the wall with ceiling fitting. Inside the tubing is an LED strip to light the stairwell. It's a pretty simple idea and the fact the LED strip is hidden inside the tubing means it's always easy to safely find the handrail. Hit up Ikea Hackers for a full list of what you need and instructions.Stairway handrail to heaven | IKEA HackersReply32 repliesLeave a reply


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DISASTER was narrowly averted at Sydney Airport this morning as James Packer's ex Erica Baxter and rumoured love interest Miranda Kerr almost crossed paths.
Baxter was flying in from Los Angeles, where she has been based since splitting from the casino tycoon last year.
Even with a child on her hip, the 36-year-old, who has been romantically linked with actor Kick Gurry, looked fabulous in a long fluffy white jacket.
Kerr also cut a glamorous figure in the departure lounge, with a form-fitting beaded jacket, hair pulled back and a pair of over-sized sunglasses.
Neither woman has commented about the brawl between James Packer and David Gyngell in Bondi on Sunday, despite both of them being mentioned in connection with the fight.
James Packer apparently believed a Channel 9 truck parked outside his Campbell Parade apartment had been sent to spy on him and Kerr, while Erica Packer was also seen as a source of tension between the two men, as Gyngell had stayed friendly with her after the split from James.
Kerr has denied claims she is romantically linked to the billionaire, telling Sunday Style magazine she is "not in a relationship with anyone".
Rumours that the pair has started seeing each other started up in December last year, just months after both split from their respective partners.
PACKER v GYNGELL: See the photos, watch the video


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Pius XII Up for Pre-Sainthood; Jews Say, No So Fast
Pope Benedict XVI is considering clearing the way for the beatification (a sort of pre-certification for sainthood) of Pope Pius XII, who held the Throne of Peter from 1939 to 1958. But Benedict indicates he is not unaware that "in recent years, when Pius XII is spoken of, attention is concentrated in an excessive way on only one problem" -- that is, Pius' reaction to the Holocaust, which some folks have long thought was less than energetic.
Benedict repeats the old story about Pius' secret, back-channel support for the victims, but the late Pontiff's Vatican archive remains sealed, which has excited suspicion, and Jews from New York to Paris -- including the head rabbi of Rome, in strong terms -- have expressed alarm at the prospect of Pius' posthumous promotion. So far Benedict is laying low on the issue, perhaps in observance of the recent Kristallnacht anniversary.
In related news, some Jews complain that the Mormon Church is still retroactively baptizing Holocaust survivors.
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Longer brownouts afflict Mindanao as repairs start on Pulangi hydro plant
InterAksyon.com means BUSINESS
MANILA, Philippines - Mindanao is experiencing longer brownouts as the 250-MW Pulangi hydro plant undergoes repairs, and Energy Secretary Rene Almendras said the work will take one month.
While brownouts averaged 30 minutes to one hour before repairs began on the hydro power plant in Maramag, Bukidnon, that disruption has been extended to an average of 2 to 4 hours.
"We will see a bit more shortage," said Almendras on Wednesday.
Dogged by the wear and tear of age and massive siltation, Pulangi can only produce 100MW or less than half of its actual capacity.
Once the repairs are completed, however, officials see this returning to 240MW.
DOE, co-ops talking
Meanwhile, the Department of Energy is in talks with the Association of Mindanao Rural Electric Cooperatives (AMRECO) to ensure they can control the schedules of the outages.
AMRECO conceded the situation in Mindanao has worsened owing to Pulangi's shutdown.
"Tumaas yung kakulangan from 80-100 MW ngayon mga 180 MW na [The deficiency widened from 80-100 before to 180 MW]," according to Sergio Dagooc, president of AMRECO.
In some parts of the South, said Dagooc, outages can even last 3-4 hours, depending on the capability of the electric cooperative in an area.
Cooperatives with no existing contracts for supply or whose access to power barges have not been approved were the hardest hit, he added.
The National Grid Corp. of the Philippines (NGCP) confirmed that the power deficiency in Mindanao widened because of the Pulangi repairs.
The grid operator stressed, however, that the electric cooperatives and distribution utilities that obtained timely access to power from the barges had gotten substantial relief.
According to NGCP data, the deficiency in Mindanao stands at 273 MW, up from 170MW the past week.
"From the perspective of a grid operator, considering the NPC portfolio, there was an effect. You took away 100-150 mw from the grid. But then again that has been mitigated by the increased nominations of the DUs [distribution utilities]. Actual levels of brownouts will differ from cooperative to cooperative," explained Cynthia Alabanza, NGCP spokesperon.
In an earlier circular, DOE instructed the DUs and cooperatives to seal contracts for additional supply from the power barges of Thermamarine.
A total of 192MW from the 200MW of the two Thermamarine power barges were accessed.
No Triple A conspiracy: Almendras
Meanwhile, Almendras denied allegations by militants from Bayan Muna of a "Triple A" -- Aquino Almendras Aboitiz---conspiracy in Mindanao, supposedly because the administration wants crony private companies to take over the power industry in the South.
"We favor no one. There are no special favors there," Almendras stressed on Wednesday.
The energy chief said he won't resign while his boss has not found a replacement for him. Almendras had earlier taken full responsibility for the Mindanao power crisis, amid finger-pointing among various sectors.
"I will not let the ball drop, not now," he said.


text: Well its official, Mac Miller has made indy artist! His debut album 'Blue Slide Park' has debuted at #1 on Billboard's charts, it is the first indepedent rap album to debut at #1 since the Dogg Pound's 'Dogg Food' in 1995. The final numbers came in at 145,915 sold, a very impressive number. Congrats to Mac Miller and everyone else in MostDope as well as the folks at Rostrum Records and ID Labs. 2011 was definitely Pittsburgh's year!!


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Fiji Airways, the flag carrier of Fiji announced that it held a special event at Los Angeles International Airport to celebrate the launch of A330 service to the city. The airline said it will operate direct flights to the American city six times a week. Fiji is a popular tourist destination and receives a lot of American tourists. The airline is said to have increased the frequency of its flights to meet the growing traffic. The airline has plans to operate seven flights a week from December this year and further raise the number to eight during peak season. Customers can book their business class seats on Fiji Airways and travel direct to one of these destinations. The airline has revamped its in-flight décor. It also aims at giving its customers a luxurious experience and therefore has added new meal options, crockery and linen for the long distance flight. Business class customers will be able to enjoy wine cellar, bed measuring 76 inches, Panasonic 15.4-inch LCDs, handset that comprises credit card reader and keyboard, noise cancelling audio jack and a USB port. The airline has its hub at Nadi International Airport.
Currently rated 2.1 by 20 people


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Lily is a writer and blogger from sunny Florida with a passion for online media, marketing and commu...
New Amsterdam Art Space set to launch
21 September 2012, by Lily HeatonAfter 35 years, the Netherlands Media Art Institute (NIMk) was scheduled to close at the end of 2012 due to major losses of financial support from the Ministry of Culture, yet a solution has been found. The organisers of NIMk and SMART Project Space have joined forces to create an exciting new arts and culture platform, NASA: New Art Space Amsterdam.
Together, the art collectives forming NASA will organise contemporary art and cultural programmes through a mix of visual arts, music, live art and film while also featuring events, symposiums, workshops and exhibitions.
This exciting partnership also aims to hold exhibitions from individual artists as well as featuring a creative work space for artists with the help of public-private cooperation.
NASA will create a multidisciplinary agenda, prioritising the collection and conservation of art and technology. The new organisation also plans to collaborate with academic establishments, specifically the Rietveld Academy and the Sandberg Institute.
Transitions within NIMk will begin in autumn 2012, while New Art Space Amsterdam has a formal start date scheduled for January 2013.
Source: Netherlands Media Art Institute (NIMk)
Also read:
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Here you will find information on F-1 visas, financial responsibility, and staying in status. The International Education Department is here to help guide you through your immigration journey as an F-1 student at MCC.
You must take full responsibility for maintaining F-1 status.
F-1 student status is appropriate if you intend to pursue full-time studies in the United States.
To travel outside of the USA, you must have re-entry documents.
Be aware of your program end date on your I-20.
Make an appointment with an International Student Advisor.
F-2 dependents are defined as a spouse or an unmarried minor child, under 21 years of age, of an F-1 student.


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Historian to discuss Lincoln biographers, image they created
1/24/2014, 6 a.m.
DECATUR Historian Joshua Zeitz will draw upon the facts and the spin on Feb. 4 when he discusses "Lincoln's Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay, and the War for Lincoln's Image," his new book about President Abraham Lincoln's biographers, at the Decatur Library.
The talk takes place from 7:15 to 9 p.m. as part of the Georgia Center for the Book's Festival of Writers.
In their biography of Lincoln, Nicolay and Hay, who served as Lincoln's private secretary and assistant private secretary and were his closest aides and confidants, fought to establish his heroic legacy and to preserve a narrative that saw slavery – not states' rights – as the sole cause of the Civil War.
The two enjoyed more access, witnessed more history, and knew Lincoln better than anyone outside his immediate family and were the gatekeepers of the Lincoln legacy.
In "Lincoln's Boys," which will be published Feb. 4, Zeitz shows the image of Lincoln as a humble man with uncommon intellect who rose from obscurity to become a storied wartime leader and emancipator is very much the creation of Nicolay and Hay.
Drawing on letters, diaries and memoirs, "Lincoln's Boys" is part political drama and part coming-of-age tale – a fascinating story of friendship, politics, war, and the contest over history and remembrance.
Zeitz has taught American history and politics at Cambridge, Harvard, and Princeton universities. He is the author of several books on American political and social history and has written for the New York Times, Washington Post, LA Times, the New Republic, the Atlantic, Dissent, and Mother Jones. He has appeared as a commentator on two PBS documentaries: "Boomer Century" and Ken Burns' "Prohibition."
The library is at 215 Sycamore St. in Decatur. For more information,visitwww.dekalblibrary.org or call 404-370-3070.


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With the collapse of the Soviet Union, people don't seem quite so concerned with the risk of nuclear war -- understandable, since the warheads now rest harmlessly in the hands of a dozen tiny, vodka-fueled satellite states. Experience the paranoia your parents felt even as they conceived you, with Nukemap.
From a Harvard PhD who's into computers and what might happen if someone presses a red button on one of those computers and things go terribly awry, this morbidly compelling web app uses a Gmap to simulate a range of A-bomb fallout zones, thereby showing just how dangerous the current arsenal is, though that's a contention scoffed at by the nuclear experts at Tottenham.
Drag the marker to literally anywhere in the world (or just let it auto-locate you), then select from one or more of almost two dozen mushroom-makers -- makeshift terrorist stuff, sure, but also the W-76's common in the UK stockpile,
Fat Man & Little Boy, Russia's "Tsar Bomba" (the largest explosive device ever designed), and at three megatonnes, the huge Chinese Dong… Feng missile.
Hitting "detonate" reveals the Twinkie-sparing devastation, with colour-coded circles for fireball size, blast radius, thermal radiation, etc., plus damage estimates for each zone. Play with it enough, and it'll soon become clear that the designer's true intent is to raise awareness about proliferation, knowledge that could drive a man to drink, like, three bottles of vodka a day.


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It can be very hard to show that we are actually achieving success towards sustainability, especially to hard nosed grant making bodies. They want the hard facts, comprehensive surveys costing thousands of dollars that frankly OceansWatch would rather spend on grass roots conservation. Yet there are other ways to show our impact... OceansWatch works in the Temotu district of the Solomon Islands which was hit recently by a devastating Tsunami. Villages where we work lost houses and many had their precious cooking utensils washed out to sea. People are in a very difficult situation, vegetable plots are likely to have been washed away or salt intrusion will have limited growth, wells will also have been affected by salt water intrusion. People need money to buy food and other essential supplies, yet they have no money. OceansWatch has run a fundraiser and is sending building materials and cooking utensils yet we know it's not enough.
A source of income in the area has been the harvesting of Sea Cucumbers. Over the last 100 years the Sea Cucumber stocks in the South West Pacific have dropped radically as local people have sold stocks to Asian buyers. There was big money in the trade but now Sea Cucumber numbers are scarce and a few years ago the Solomon Islands government finally banned harvesting to ensure that they were not wiped out. Sea Cucumbers take years to replenish, surveys show that even after 30 years stocks can not regain natural population densities and many species have been reduced below their tipping point, individuals are so scarce that they can no longer meet each other to sexually reproduce so have to resort to asexual division, which unfortunately is not fast enough to retain numbers. During our last trip to the Island of Fenualoa in the Solomon Islands we surveyed Sea Cucumbers. Our survey covered 6 kilometres of ideal Sea Cucumber habitat that in its natural state could have sustained several Sea Cucumbers per square meter. So how many did we find? just sixteen over the whole area. I do not pretend to be a marine scientists but if asked to describe the Sea Cucumber population in the area I think 'Critically Endangered' would be a fair description.
A key component of how we work at village level is our Reef Guardian program. This program educates and empowers a team of local conservation minded fishermen to monitor the health of their marine ecosystem and guide their community on how to ensure the sustainability of the resource. Because of the recent Tsunami the Solomon Islands government has just lifted the ban on harvesting Sea Cucumbers. This allows local people to collect and sell any Sea Cucumbers they find in a totally unregulated manner. Populations could be wiped out and with no Sea Cucumbers left the ecosystem as a whole will suffer. This is because of the essential role they play cleaning and aerating the substrate, thus constraining harmful algal growth and ensuring a suitable habitat for invertebrates, which in turn provide food for bottom feeding fish. The OceansWatch trained Reef Guardians now understand the important place Sea Cucumbers have in the community owned reefs and also know that they have a responsibility to their community to take care of them. So instead of rushing out in their canoes to harvest these Reef Guardians had a meeting and through their recently gained knowledge they very wisely decided NOT to harvest the Sea Cucumbers. These Reef Guardians now understand what real sustainability means, they see that in the long term, having a viable breeding population of sea cucumber is far more important than short term gain of just a few dollars. Well done to the 2012 Oceanswatch Marine Team for empowering them to take this stand. To participate in OceansWatch projects contact firstname.lastname@example.com


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For more information, please contact:
Eleanor Kleiber Librarian
SPC Headquarters: BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex 95 Promenade Roger Laroque, Anse Vata New CaledoniaTel.: +687 26.20.00 Fax: +687 26.38.18
Suva Regional Office: Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands Tel.: +679 337.07.33 Fax: +679 337.00.21
SPC library system is a private library that exists to provide information services to SPC's professional and technical staff, its projects and programmes; and to promote information availability in the region. There are libraries at SPC Noumea, New Caledonia and at SPC Suva, Fiji Islands.
To achieve excellence in the collection, storage, preservation, and retrieval of information to meet the research, learning, and instructional needs of the SPC staff.
SPC's governing bodies, the Conference of the Pacific Community and the Committee of Representatives of Governments and Administrations (CRGA), provide the mandate for the programme and set its key directions.
SPC Noumea Library dates back to the creation of SPC itself, and one of the strengths of the collection is its continuity over the lifespan of the organisation. The historic collection contains photographs, films, speeches, ephermera, first-edition texts and holds an example of most of the publications of SPC. The current collection of over 40,000 items has regional and international publications in French, English and some Pacific languages. The subject areas of the collection reflect the work of the organisation and include HIV/AIDS, public health, tobacco and alcohol issues, epidemiology, nutrition and lifestyle diseases, fisheries, aquaculture, marine and oceanic sciences, demography, statistics, culture, gender, women, and youth issues.
The Suva branch library has six separate collections that have been developed over recent years to serve the Regional Office programmes of Forestry,the Maritime Proggramme, the Community Education Training Centre, the Regional Media Centre, Agriculture and Adolescent Reproductive Health.
PIMRIS: the Pacific Islands Marine Resource Information System PIALA: the Pacific Islands Archives, Libraries and Museum Association PARBICA: Pacific Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives API: Association des Professionnels de l'Information IFLA: International Federation of Library Associations


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At Dallas October 19th, 8:30PM TV - TV20 Detroit The Pistons do the "Texas two step" for their last two preseason games, first stop is Dallas to face the Mavs.
Absolutely and all game, although I don't know how long I will be there. I've been burning the candle at both ends, and the wick is running short.
I don't know if I'll be in chat tonight, but Roscoe, did you get my PM the other day? During the last Denver game, I kept getting kicked out of chat, presumably for idling, although it often happened after what seemed like only 2 or 3 minutes.
No sorry D4, for whatever reason I did not receive your PM. I'm going to reboot the server quickly and then we should be good to go!
Ciao Roscoe...ugly defeat and....there were once Pistons ..we are not competitive , the bench is poor ok preseason but it is all very clear, i hope im wrong and GO PISTONSSSSS forever
I can't wait to hear how Flip Murray was our worst player this game, even though he scored 22 points. Afflalo led the team in rebounds? Samb with only 1? Looks like our starters had some bad shooting.
I just got home to read a horrifying box score from this game. I didn't have the game on tv out here in Seattle. What happened? My God. I hope a few of you will post game reports who got to see this, even though it must have been seriously depressing to watch. The Mavs got 26 assists to our 13? Did it turn into a one-on-one fest or what? Yikes. The play-by-play on nba.com only tells me the events of the game...What happened out there?
If there is anything that will prevent the Pistons from succeeding this year, it is our porous defense. Other than Afllollo, it doesn't appear that our second team have those skills yet. Flip appears to have drained the defensive skills from our starters too...no wonder Ben left. The last 4 games the Pistons starters and scrubs have given up 100+ points while trying to learn how to play with each other..we can only hope that it was because of the preseason laziness.......if you recall the Pistons were 5-15 last year when allowing teams to score over 100 points. (more than half of their 29 losses). I know the starters have not played any D, but these scrubs got to learn one of these days how to hold the leads when they come in. I listened to part of the game tonight and it sounded like it was all Mavs highlights even when their starters were on the bench...
If you ever watch the SA scrubs play, they can still win because they have a solid defensive system, and are forced to play defense and are held accountable. God i miss those days :(
The Pistons did not for a second have a solid defensive unit on the floor. To start the game, Dyess and Hayes were in there, always a step slow. As soon as Hayes came out of the game, Murray came in, and stayed in. Murray did great on scoring tonight, but for the most part, he opted out of defense. Even at the very end of the game, Dupree came in so we never got to see for a moment a winning unit on the floor. Murray got player of the game for scoring 22 points. He was hitting his shots from the outside, either spotting up or off the dribble, and he got inside too. Great. Now if only he could help on the defensive end. Meanwhile, Afflalo continues to play far less minutes than Murray, despite scoring pretty much as well for the minutes he gets, and playing solid D. I guess they are showcasing Murray. Great. But meanwhile, we are slowly but surely losing another season of basketball. There is believe it or not, not much time at all between now and the playoffs. If the Pistons are serious about winning in the playoffs, they have got to start preparing. The Pistons have already pretty missed the chance of seeing Rip and Stuckey in the backcourt together, and for sure we are not going to see Billups and Afflalo paired up much. Not to mention we don't even see Stuckey and Afflalo paired up in the backcourt, a combo that seems to work pretty well. If the Pistons are not going to play these guys together in the preseason, then when are they suppose to ever learn? Of course I hope this all works out, Dumars gets the trade he wants, and we still have time to right the ship. But I am wondering, day by day, just what the priorities are for the Pistons organization right now. Saving a few bucks, or winning a championship. The starters played most of the first quarter, the end of the 2nd quarter, and maybe half or so of the 3rd quarter. Hayes got the start at small forward, moving Tay to the backcourt. As a unit, they were pretty horrid on offense. Very little of trying to go inside. Very little of any of our bigs posting up. Very little effort at offensive boards. After the first 4 minutes of the game, Flip had to call a timeout to get somebody to please go inside. Sheed did a time or two. Dyess a time or two. But its like, ok, I did my chores, now mom and I please go out and play. (And shoot more outside shots,usually with no offensive rebounders in sight. Sorry Sheed and Dyess, posting up is part of the job. Every play. At least try. Like that time Sheed hit a triple in rythm after Dyess got inside and drew defenders. More of that is needed. If Dyess will not do this more, he must be dropped from the starting unit. His outside shooting game is a disaster, mostly just starting fast breaks for the other team. Hayes did way too little for all the points he gave up in this one by being slow. A shot or two. He did drive inside once effectively. He did not play that much really, and played exclusively at small forward while Dallas had way too much speed in the game for him to help any on defense playing that position. Tay did not do much at all. Rip is still out with the ankle injury. Amir did not play. No Hunter. No Mohammed. Billups hit a shot or two and little else. Stuckey again scored well, and again, from the line. He actually made one outside shot, off the dribble. He had some problems on D, but to me, a lot of his problems stemmed from other players not making rotations behind him to back him up. I like the effort. Afflalo is looking awful good hitting shots from the outside, including off the dribble. Nothing negative to say on his defense. Mejia got to play limited minutes, but showed up in the stats quickly, hauling down boards, knocking down a shot. Samb played quite a bit. Not bad, not great. He missed a couple of fairly long range shots that were close to going in, and best of all, that did not shake his confindence one bit as he nailed the next one. Yeah, he did not get a lot of rebounds, but then again, Dallas was not missing much. Here is what you got to realize about Samb's shooting - he does not have to get separation, he just shoots over the defender. What I like about him is that he knows full well that his shot is not going to be blocked, and shoots with very high confidence.
Why no Nazr? You would think that without Amir, or Webber, or Dale Davis, that there would be a few minutes for our big signing last year. Especially when he has played OK so far.
Actually, I think he pulled or strained a calf muscle. I think that when this happened, the announcers speculated that maybe someone had kicked him, and it was nothing to worry about. But that speculation turned out to not be correct.
Who is being negative? I am reporting what I see during the game, and the things I see as significant at the moment for the Pistons. If you want to post what your thoughts are, go ahead. Now, I am guessing english is your 2nd language? Maybe you don't easily understand where I am coming from. No communication is perfect, and if we are trying to go thru a language barrier too, that just makes it harder. But read my post again, and see if its really negative. How can a person expecting a championship from his team be all that negative? I firmly believe the Pistons can win it all this year, but not if they continue to waste time on issues that should already be resolved.


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Embrace the Cooler Temps and Welcome October!
By Sophia Kelley
Autumn is my favorite season in New York. Maybe it's all the time I've spent in school, but I associate fall with the energized optimism of new beginnings and fresh starts. The city seems to relax from the blazing heat of summer as parks, sidewalks and bike paths become less crowded. It's also the perfect time of year to tackle some new projects – put away air conditioners and seal windows, start composting and protect water resources in honor of World Water Monitoring Day. October is also Children's Health Month and we have plenty of tips on how to help protect your kids and improve your child's school environment.
It's also a great season to enjoy the city's parks and botanical gardens. October brings events for everyone from the infamous Village Halloween Parade to the annual Pumpkin Festival in Central Park. Not too far from the city we also have apple orchards to visit and fall foliage to enjoy. Area campgrounds become less crowded and cooking over an open fire sounds more appealing. How are you looking forward to celebrating fall?


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Along The River is Richards latest piece which has been based upon an urban river setting at dusk. A feel of romance and love has been established within the design, which is what Richard had hoped to achieve.A soft colour palette, highlighted with the popular shade of raspberry, has been used and when combined with the contrasting reflection and light has created a superb piece of artwork.
To offer our customers a greater understanding of how a Richard Macneil stretch box canvas will appear we have produced this description of a design constructed in this style. A stretch Box canvas sees Richards design printed onto a canvas material and then stretched onto a wooden frame exactly how an artist's canvas is made.
Typically our canvases are produced using Innova IFA33 360gsm 100% cotton which is a matt fine art canvas material. The Canvas is varnished after printing using a giclee ph.neutral varnish to enhance the print as well as protect the surface and aid cleaning. The Canvas is hand stretched onto a wooden stretcher to complete the process. Below is a photograph of a Richard Macneil Stretch Box Canvas- to give an idea how a Richard Macneil Stretch box Canvas will arrive.
Here at The Macneil Studio we feel Stretch Box Canvases give a modern, contemporary feel to displaying artwork. The Stretch Box Canvas format allows the artwork to be showcased perfectly- with no frame or mount to distract from the beauty of the design. We have found stretch box canvases work exceptionally well with Richards work and he personally feels "Stretch Box Canvases allow the art to be hung exactly as he sees it when painting the canvas- art at its purest form"


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Google has rolled out an updated version of its Image Search feature with faster browsing speeds and a redesigned UI. Announced last week, the revamped image search is now online, and allows users to preview suggested images in a larger window, and scroll through other pictures using using their keyboard's arrow keys. This takes the experience of browsing images from a search much closer to that of using Google's dedicated smartphone and tablet app.
While the company's blog post, announcing the new interface mentions an ability to view 'detailed' metadata information, it currently appears to display only basic data, limited to source and image size along with options to either visit the source or view the original image.
Google's revamped image search offers a faster experience and a refined UI which allows you to preview and scroll through suggested images quickly in a dedicated preview window. |


text: Another Totally Not Gay Republican Can't Figure Out Who Took All Those Gay Pictures of HimErin Gloria Ryan10/21/11 4:45pmFiled to: RepublicansGayScandalgay scandalRent boyMedford new jerseyNew JerseyMyersMayor myerstweetFbPolitics118EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkA male escort is claiming that he had a sexual encounter with Chris Myers, the Republican mayor of Medford, New Jersey, and he's offering photos as proof. The mayor vehemently denies the allegations, but can't explain how in tarnation that gay male escort got hold of pictures of a guy who looks kind of exactly like him in his skivvies. Magic, I suppose. Gay magic.AdvertisementThe sordid tale allegedly unfolded in October of 2010, when the then-congressional candidate was visiting Orange County, California. The politician allegedly used rentboy.com to find an evening companion, and paid the male escort $500 for sex, showing the escort photo identification and town business cards as proof of his identity (which: why?). There were promises made, emotions ran high, and when the mayor didn't deliver on a promise issued to the escort, the escort took his revenge to the web, dedicating an entire website to the fact that the mayor of Medford is gayer than a cat pageant.It wasn't until the city government started getting strange, vaguely threatening emails that the case got really wacky. Phillly Burbs reports,AdvertisementThe first email provided no other information, except to call Myers a "mischievous politician" and to give a link to a BCT article from March 2011, where Myers explains his workload would keep him from accepting a post on the Burlington County Bridge Commission...A second email, sent Oct. 10, included another photo and this text: "Chris Myers is a lying, manipulative, egotistical hypocrite and escort enthusiast. I am proof."That was followed by an email Wednesday that included a link to the website featuring the photos and a narrative by the man who says he's a male escort and contends Myers was a client. In addition to the photos in the earlier emails, the website has a photo of an ATM receipt for $500 the escort says was his fee. The ATM receipt also shows the balance of the bank account.The anonymous email sender also shared two phone numbers, one of which belonged to Mr. Meyers.In his own defense, the mayor said that it was easy for people to find his personal information, as he is a public official. To the story told on the website about the incident, the mayor said that people were crazy! Crazy! for going as far as this crazy man did to try to discredit him. And the pictures? The ones of him wearing only teal skivvies, glasses, and a smile? Uh, Photoshop? He said,SponsoredI've been down that road before, where a photo has been photoshopped to look like something it wasn't,When pressed, he didn't provide any more specifics.AdvertisementIt's possible that everything was fabricated; Myers has had his hands in some projects involving scads of money, and when money's at stake, people will embark in all sorts of craziness. Attempting to blackmail public officials into giving you land contracts is the official state sport.Website alleges mayor paid for sex [Philly Burbs]Image viaReply118 repliesLeave a reply


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WASHINGTON (AP) — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says it has approved a new drug from Biogen Idec to control multiple sclerosis in adults with hard-to-treat forms of the disease.
The twice-a-day capsules, called Tecfidera, offer a new option for treating multiple sclerosis, a debilitating disease in which the body attacks its own nervous system. Biogen Idec already sells two other drugs for the disease, but both require injections.
There is no cure for multiple sclerosis and most patients experience relapses of symptoms, including loss of balance, weakness in arms and legs and blurred vision. Over time patients become weaker and less coordinated.
The FDA announced its decision on Tecfidera Wednesday.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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We use eggs almost for most of our puddings and mousse, which is normally whipped up and get blended but this one is baked with whole salted eggs in the middle. After skipping the process of using salted eggs and glutinous rice, I found this cake as a very familiar taste to me, it was very much like a rice flour paniyaram which my mom used to make, except that this is been baked. Anyways I loved this cake a lot, a best option for gluten free cake, so this recipe is my submission for Sweet Punch. Oh! Yes, I forget to say, this month Sweet punch team has left to our choice to bake anything of our choice. Hope you enjoy baking this cake in your home.
Preparation Time: 10 minutes
Cooking Time: 30 minutes
Makes 4
Rice flour- 150 g
Eggs- 2
Sugar- 75 g
Coconut milk- 60 ml
Butter- 3 tbsp ( melted )
Baking powder- 2 tsp
Cardamom powder- 1 tsp
Fresh grated coconut- 2 tbsp
Preheat the oven to 180 degree Celsius. Mix together rice flour, baking powder and sugar in a large bowl. Beat in the eggs, cardamom powder and coconut milk into the rice flour mixture. Finally add the melted butter into the rice flour mixture. Grease and line four ramekins. Pour the mixture equally into the ramekins and sprinkle the grated coconut on top of it. Bake it in the preheated oven for 30 to 40 minutes or until skewer inserted comes out clean. Take it out from the oven, cool it in the wire rack for about 5 minutes. Remove it from the ramekins and serve it while they are still warm.
Sending this to Cook, Eat Delicious Dessert- Coconut hosted by Raksha's Kitchen originally started by Raven , Let's Cook- Baked Goodies, Cooking Concepts- Holiday Baking, A 100 Day Global Food Festival, SYF and HWS Series- Cardamom, Jingle All The Way, Christmas Delicacy, Sinful Delights and Bake Fest


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MASON CITY, Iowa – Many folks have a bucket list; a rundown of things we want to do in their lifetime. One local agency is taking this concept and making a bucket list for the North Iowa area.
The Mason City Chamber of Commerce asked folks to contribute ideas on their Facebook, and many helped out. Experiences were shared, like watching the fireworks over Clear Lake, and going to a North Iowa Bulls game. Food was also a big one! From steak at the Northwestern Steakhouse to a Moscow Mule at the Quarry.
This list will go in their bi-annual Mason City Look-Book.
"It gives people an idea of what life is like in Mason City. We thought we should do a bucket list of what are the best things to do in North Iowa if you're just going to be experiencing a few things," says Mason City Chamber of Commerce President, Robin Anderson.
She says, it will also be fun for longtime residents to experience the city in a different way, if there's still boxes to be checked on their bucket list.
That full list will come out in the Look-Book this December. Also, for the first year, Anderson says they are creating a video of North Iowa attractions, which could come out even sooner.


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home decoration - fundamentals - Threads
home decoration
How to Sew an Ironing Board Caddy
4 commentsMake an ironing-board cover with a matching sewing-tool caddy.
view detailsPiping adds a special touch to your sewing
3 commentsPiping is an embellishment you can add to just about every garment or home décor pattern to take it up a notch.
view details


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flwm is a window manager based on wm2. Primary features are:
- Nifty sideways titlebars.
- No icons. You deiconize by picking off a pop-up menu. This means no space is wasted by icons.
- The same pop-up menu controls multiple desktops and lets you launch programs.
- Occupies as little screen space as possible. The border and titles are as thin as they could possibly be. And maximized windows waste zero pixels vertically.
- Independent maximize buttons for width & height.
- Understands Motif, KDE, and Gnome window manager hints, and works with SGI programs that assume 4DWM.
- Really small and fast code.
User manpage included
version 1.02
released on 30 June 2006
VCS Checkout
Related Projects
- FramebufferUI
- WindowLab
- Cwm
- Aewm
- Small Window Manager
- Oroborus Window Manager
- Pwm
- Lwm
- Microscopic Window Manager
- Puto Amo
- Fluxbox
License | Verified by | Verified on | Notes |
GPLv2orlater | Janet Casey | 14 April 2003 |
Leaders and contributors
Contact(s) | Role |
Bill Spitzak | Maintainer |
Nafees Bin Zafar | Contributor |
Resources and communication
Audience | Resource type | URI |
Developer | VCS Repository Webview | http://sourceforge.net/cvs/?group_id=591 |
Bug Tracking | VCS Repository Webview | http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=591&atid=100591 |
Software prerequisites
Kind | Description |
Required to use | fltk library (http://www.fltk.org/) |
Required to build | fltk library (http://www.fltk.org/) |
This entry (in part or in whole) was last reviewed on 26 February 2017.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the page "GNU Free Documentation License".
The copyright and license notices on this page only apply to the text on this page. Any software or copyright-licenses or other similar notices described in this text has its own copyright notice and license, which can usually be found in the distribution or license text itself.


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10 Karen Carr
Height: | 5-6 |
Year: | So. |
Hometown: | Baltimore, Md. |
High School: | Lansdowne |
Position: | OF |
Karen Carr enters her sophomore year looking to build on a freshman campaign where she made the adjustment to the collegiate game. Carr got into 25 games last year, drawing starts in eight of those contests. She scored six runs and had a pair of doubles in her 25 at-bats last year. She owned a slugging percentage of .320. Carr, who will see most of her time as a reserve outfielder, is one of the Spartans' top pinch runners as she brings good speed and smart baserunning to the Spartan squad. Carr is an accounting major and is the daughter of David and Peggy Carr.


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Movie SummaryFight Club
Web Site: http://www.foxmovies.com/fightclub/ Description: A ticking-time-bomb insomniac and a slippery soap salesman channel primal male aggression into a shocking new form of therapy. Their concept catches on, with underground "fight clubs" forming in every town, until a sensuous eccentric gets in the way and ignites an out-of control spiral toward oblivion. Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source
Related Content on Movies from Infoplease:


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Log in or sign up to add your own related words.
Log in or sign up to get involved in the conversation. It's quick and easy.
alexz commented on the word crunchy snow
this is snow that compacts when you step on it, but doens't turn in to slippery packed snow at the time of stepping on.
crunch crunch crunch
January 18, 2013


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Brooklyn. And Brigadeiro.
What these two things have in common is anybody's guess. Well, actually they have me in common :) Hopefully, while you read this, the Skewer family will still be on holiday, and staying in Brooklyn. And before we left on our little holiday, I made a plateful of these to take to a party.
(by the way, thanks for all the comments on the previous posts)
If you are familiar with Brasilian cuisine, you'll be familiar with these. They're like little balls of sweet, chewy fudge, and often appear at parties or gatherings. The reason they are so popular is because they taste good (well, goes without saying huh?), and are extremely simple to make.
Even on my first try, I managed to whip these up within half an hour. I followed a recipe found here at Brazilian Food dot com , and used a 375g can of condensed milk. The only tricky part was judging when the mixture was ready. I was quite sure my mixture was too "slumpy" but after cooling they were the perfect texture.
The mixture is quite sticky, and I found the simplest way to shape the balls was to drop teaspoonfuls of the batter into a shallow bowl filled with the chocolate sprinkles. Using another clean spoon, I moved the mixture around until it was coated. Then I used my hands to roll these into the ball shapes.
I'd definitely make these again, and next time I might even try coating them in crushed toasted nuts or rainbow sprinkles for a bit of fun.
See you real soon!
3 comments:
- Hungry Dog said...
These sound delicious and like the perfect take-along to a party or picnic. Hope you are having a fantastic time in NYC!!
- September 23, 2011 at 6:18 AM
- grace said...
i can definitely see myself sinking my teeth into one of these...and having my teeth stay there. indefinitely. but i'd love it! :)
- September 25, 2011 at 4:27 PM
- Renata said...
Oh yeah, these are definitely popular in Brazil (my home) and they are present in every birthday party. I think even kids learn how to make brigadeiro when they are still very young. I remember gathering with friends after school to make a brigadeiro afternoon, eaten with spoons right out of the pan haha
Oh, I could bite into some of these right now, they look gorgeous, and it's been a long time since I last had brigadeiros... - September 25, 2011 at 9:52 PM
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This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
Hello, I'm trying to get the ECL Demo 2 times runable on my device. I copied the demo (one time for the Device and at the server too) and changed only the port.
There are now to ListenerThreads which hear both on the 8080 from the server an there are a second port at the Server and there is 1 database with 915 and 1 with 911. And at the Device si also 1 with 915 and 1 with 911.
With 2 ports i mean this.
URL url = new URL("http","localhost",8080,"/push?DESTINATION=2100000F&PORT=915&REQUESTURI=/");
the destination is here only an example.
and the Listener thread has this code.
And than come other code to get the data.
Now my Problem if i have only 1 application on program on the device then i get both pushes to this program. And if i have both programs on the device then i get both pushes at only 1 program. It is like the listener doesn't look to the second port he has to listen.
Can anyone help me please??
MfG Jagge
Solved! Go to Solution.
Have you also changed the persistent store IDs? If not each application could be receiving its own push, but storing the data in the same location. Meaning both applications are writing to and reading from the same persistent object, resulting in the same data showing up in both applications.
I recommend connecting the BlackBerry to the BlackBerry JDE and select some break points in the two applications to walk through what is actually occuring.
To do so connect the BlackBerry via USB and in the BlackBerry JDE click on the Debug menu, select Attach to, Device and then select your PIN.
I Solved the Problem!!!
It was because i copied the project in Notes. There was then 2 classes named DominoPusher. And i think if Notes uses a class it saves the class and if a other program uses the same classname then it uses the same class and not the class from the project.
But thx for the other tips
MfG Jagge


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- Please use any crafting product you would like to use.
- Feel free to combine our sketch with up to THREE other challenges.
- Please add a DIRECT link to your blog when adding your card to the linky below.
- Please include our sketch and a link back to Freshly Made Sketches on your post.
- Have fun!
All About FRESHLY MADE SKETCHES
Wednesday, July 4, 2012
Freshly Made Sketches #42 - A Sketch by Jennifer T.
Happy Wednesday and welcome to Freshly Made Sketches! Each week, one member of our design team creates a sketch for you to try, the twist is to keep your project clean-lined and fresh! Jennifer Timko here with your sketch for the week. I love sketches that are linear but I wanted to add a little interest by taking this one off center. Hope you have fun with it! The "Clean Team" has come up with some "Freshly Made" designs to get you in the spirit! We are so excited to visit your blog and to see what YOU create with our sketch!
We have a few simple rules to keep things fun and fair for all of our players:
This challenge will end on Monday, July 9th at Noon (PST). On Tuesday, July 10th we will be announcing the winner of this week's sketch challenge who will known as the "Queen of Clean" and each Design Team Member will choose one "Princess".
14 comments:
It wasn't until today that I realized that my card IS NOT appropriate for this particular challenge site. I don't know what I was thinking! I roughed up edges and gave my card a distressed look. I really need to get back in the groove of things after being on vacation! I apologize for not adhering to the rules. :{
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With all the great games and features you love now wrapped up in a sleek new design, there's never been a better time to get your hands on PlayStation 3.
PlayStation 3 offers the ultimate in gaming and home entertainment at brilliant value for money, and it's now available in an eye-catching design that is bound to turn heads in your living room.
Available from 27 September 2012, the new PS3 system is available in a wallet-friendly 12GB version (NZ$399.95) and a whopping 500GB model (NZ$519.95). So whether you're after instant access to memorable, fun-packed evenings with the family, or want to load up your system with tons of fantastic entertainment, we've got the right PS3 for you.
The new console offers you the flexibility to tailor your PS3 experience to suit your needs: start off with the 12GB model and then from November ramp up the capacity by connecting a dedicated 250GB Hard Disk Drive.
Keep an eye on playstation.co.nz/ps3 and PlayStation.Blog for more details on the smaller and lighter PS3.
Publish date: | Wed Sep 19 05:30:00 BST 2012 |
Category: | News |
Streaming music videos and over 100 pre-programmed music channels on your PS3™, absolutely free.


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The Emergency (India)
In India, "the Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977. The order bestowed upon the Prime Minister the authority to rule by decree, allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be curbed. For much of the Emergency, most of Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations were reported from the time, including a forced mass-sterilisation campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhi, the Prime Minister's son. The Emergency is one of the most controversial periods of independent India's history.[1]
Rise of Indira Gandhi[edit]
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Between 1967 and 1971, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came to obtain near-absolute control over the government and the Indian National Congress party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power within the Prime Minister's Secretariat, rather than the Cabinet, whose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this she relied on her principal secretary, P. N. Haksar, a central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to ideology of the ruling party of the day.
Within the Congress, Indira ruthlessly outmanoeuvred her rivals, forcing the party to split in 1969—into the Congress (O) (comprising the old-guard known as the "Syndicate") and her Congress (R). A majority of the All-India Congress Committee and Congress MPs sided with the prime minister. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress (R), on the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and her family, and ostentatious displays of sycophancy became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than they being elected by the Congress legislative party.
Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the masses that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These include the July 1969 nationalisation of several major banks and the September 1970 abolition of the privy purse; these were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the universal shock of her opponents. Subsequently, unlike the Syndicate and other opponents, Indira was seen as "standing for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development of the nation as a whole."[3] The prime minister was especially adored by the disadvantaged sections—the poor, Dalits, women and minorities.[citation needed] For them, she was their Indira Amma, a personification of Mother India.[citation needed]
In the 1971 general elections, the people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of Garibi Hatao! (get rid of poverty!) to award her a huge majority (352 seats out of 518). "By the margin of its victory," historian Ramachandra Guha later wrote, Congress (R) came to be known as the real Congress, "requiring no qualifying suffix."[3] In December 1971, under her proactive war leadership, India routed arch-enemy Pakistan in a war that led to the independence of Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan. Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month, she was at her greatest peak; for her biographer Inder Malhotra, "The Economist's description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt." Even opposition leaders, who routinely accused her of being a dictator and of fostering a personality cult, referred to her as Durga, a Hindu goddess.[4][5][6]
Increasing government control of the judiciary[edit]
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In the Golaknath case, the Supreme Court said that the Constitution could not be amended by Parliament if the changes affect basic issues such as fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement Parliament, dominated by the Indira Gandhi Congress, passed the 24th Amendment in 1971. Similarly, after the government lost a Supreme Court case for withdrawing the privy purse given to erstwhile princes, Parliament passed the 26th Amendment. This gave constitutional validity to the government's abolition of the privy purse and nullified the Supreme Court's order.
This judiciary–executive battle would continue in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case, where the 24th Amendment was called into question. With a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament's amendment power by stating it could not be used to alter the "basic structure" of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made A. N. Ray—the senior most judge amongst those in the minority in Kesavananda Bharati—Chief Justice of India. Ray superseded three judges more senior to him—J. M. Shelat, K.S. Hegde and Grover—all members of the majority in Kesavananda Bharati. Indira Gandhi's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and political opponents such as Jayaprakash Narayan ("JP").
Political unrest[edit]
During 1973–75, political unrest against the Indira Gandhi government increased across the country. (This led some Congress party leaders to demand for a move towards a presidential system, with a more powerful directly elected executive.) The most significant of the initial such movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat, between December 1973 and March 1974. Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central government to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, Chimanbhai Patel, and the imposition of President's rule. After the re-elections in June 1975, Gandhi's party was defeated by the Janata alliance, formed by parties opposed to the ruling Congress party.
In March–April 1974, a student agitation by the Bihar Chatra Sangharsh Samiti received the support of Gandhian socialist Jayaprakash Narayan, referred to as JP, against the Bihar government. In April 1974, in Patna, JP called for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and labour organisations to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state government, but this was not accepted by Centre. A month later, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide railways strike. This strike was brutally suppressed by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees and drove their families out of their quarters.[7]
Even within parliament, the government faced much criticism. Ever since she took charge as Prime Minister in 1966, Indira Gandhi 's government had to face ten no-confidence motions in the Lok Sabha.[8]
Raj Narain verdict[edit]
Raj Narain, who had been defeated in the 1971 parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in the Allahabad High Court. Shanti Bhushan fought the case for Narain. Indira Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance for an Indian Prime Minister.[9]
On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped and she was held responsible for misusing government machinery, and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing the services of a government officer, Yashpal Kapoor, during the elections before he had resigned from his position, and use of electricity from the state electricity department.[10]
Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges, while she was acquitted on more serious charges, The Times described it as "firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket". However, strikes in trade, student and government unions swept across the country. Led by JP, Narain, Satyendra Narayan Sinha and Morarji Desai, protestors flooded the streets of Delhi close to the Parliament building and the Prime Minister's residence. The persistent efforts of Narain were praised worldwide as it took over four years for Justice Sinha to pass judgement against the prime minister.[11]
Indira Gandhi challenged the High Court's decision in the Supreme Court. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, on 24 June 1975, upheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, and that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister. The next day, JP organised a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer must reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was Mahatma Gandhi's motto during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Later that day, Indira Gandhi requested a compliant President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to issue a proclamation of a state of emergency. Within three hours, the electricity to all major newspapers was cut and the political opposition arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who only learnt of it and ratified it the next morning.[12][13]
Proclamation of the Emergency[edit]
The Government cited threats to national security, as a war with Pakistan had recently been concluded. Due to the war and additional challenges of drought and the 1973 oil crisis, the economy was in bad shape. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists and her younger son Sanjay Gandhi, whose own power had grown considerably over the last few years to become an "extra-constitutional authority". Siddhartha Shankar Ray, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, proposed to the prime minister to impose an "internal emergency". He drafted a letter for the President to issue the proclamation on the basis of information Indira had received that "there is an imminent danger to the security of India being threatened by internal disturbances". He showed how democratic freedom could be suspended while remaining within the ambit of the Constitution.[14]
After a quick question regarding a procedural matter, President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared a state of internal emergency upon the prime minister's advice on the night of 25 June 1975, just a few minutes before the clock struck midnight.
As the constitution requires, Mrs. Gandhi advised and President Ahmed approved the continuation of Emergency over every six-month period until her decision to hold elections in 1977.
Indira Gandhi devised a '20-point' economic programme to increase agricultural and industrial production, improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy, through "the discipline of the graveyard".[15] It was famously said that during the Emergency trains would run on time, employees would still be able to attend to their duties and work could still be carried out in government offices.[citation needed] In addition to the official twenty points, Sanjay Gandhi declared his own five-point programme promoting literacy, family planning, tree planting, the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry. Later during the Emergency, the two projects merged into a twenty-five point programme.[16]
Invoking article 352 of the Indian Constitution, Gandhi granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil liberties and political opposition. The Government used police forces across the country to place thousands of protestors and strike leaders under preventive detention. Vijayaraje Scindia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Raj Narain, Morarji Desai, Charan Singh, Jivatram Kripalani, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Gayatri Devi, the dowager queen of Jaipur[17] and other protest leaders were immediately arrested. Organisations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamaat-e-Islami along with some political parties were banned. Numerous Communist leaders were arrested along with many others involved with their party.
In Tamil Nadu, the M. Karunanidhi government was dissolved and the leaders of the DMK were incarcerated. In particular, Karunanidhi's son M. K. Stalin, was arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act. At least nine High Courts pronounced that even after the declaration of an emergency, a person could challenge his detention. The Supreme Court, now under the Indira Gandhi-appointed Chief Justice A. N. Ray, over-ruled all of them, upholding the state's plea for power to detain a person without the necessity of informing him of the reasons/grounds of his arrest, or to suspend his personal liberties, or to deprive him of his right to life, in an absolute manner (the habeas corpus case').[18][19] Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave, went 'underground' continuing organising protests.[20]
Laws, human rights and elections[edit]
Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Gandhi and her parliamentary majorities could rewrite the nation's laws, since her Congress party had the required mandate to do so – a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. And when she felt the existing laws were 'too slow', she got the President to issue 'Ordinances' – a law making power in times of urgency, invoked sparingly – completely bypassing the Parliament, allowing her to rule by decree. Also, she had little trouble amending the Constitution that exonerated her from any culpability in her election-fraud case, imposing President's Rule in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, where anti-Indira parties ruled (state legislatures were thereby dissolved and suspended indefinitely), and jailing thousands of opponents. The 42nd Amendment, which brought about extensive changes to the letter and spirit of the Constitution, is one of the lasting legacies of the Emergency. In the conclusion of his Making of India's Constitution, Justice Khanna writes:
If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. Imbecility of men, history teaches us, always invites the impudence of power."[21]
A fallout of the Emergency era was – the Supreme Court laid down that, although the Constitution is amenable to amendments (as abused by Indira Gandhi), changes that tinker with its basic structure[22] cannot be made by the Parliament. (see Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala)[23]
In the Rajan case, P. Rajan of the Regional Engineering College, Calicut, was arrested by the police in Kerala on 1 March 1976,[24] tortured in custody until he died and then his body was disposed of and was never recovered. The facts of this incident came out owing to a habeas corpus suit filed in the Kerala High Court.[25][26]
Forced sterilization[edit]
In September 1976, Sanjay Gandhi initiated a widespread compulsory sterilisation program to limit population growth. The exact extent of Sanjay Gandhi's role in the implementation of the program is somewhat disputed, with some writers[27][28][29][30] holding Gandhi directly responsible for his authoritarianism, and other writers[31] blaming the officials who implemented the program rather than Gandhi himself. The campaign primarily involved getting males to undergo vasectomy. Quotas were set up that enthusiastic supporters and government officials worked hard to achieve. There were allegations of coercion of unwilling candidates too.[32] In 1976–1977, the program counted 8.3 million sterilizations most of them forced, up from 2.7 million the previous year. The bad publicity led every government since 1977 to stress that family planning is an entirely voluntary program.[33]
- Kartar, a cobbler, was taken to a Block Development Officer (BDO) by six policemen, where he was asked how many children he had. He was forcefully taken for sterilization in a jeep. Enroute, the police forced a man on the bicycle into the jeep because he was not sterilized. Kartar had an infection and pain because of the procedure and could not work for months.[34]
- Shahu Ghalake, a peasant from Barsi in Maharashtra, was taken for sterilization. After mentioning the fact that he was already sterilized, he was beaten. He was sterilized for the second time.[34]
- Hawa Singh, a young widower, from Pipli was taken from the bus against his will and sterilized. The infection took his life.[34]
- Harijan, a 70-year-old with no teeth and bad eyesight, was sterilized forcefully.[34]
- Uttawar, a village 80 kilometers south of Delhi, woke up to the police loudspeakers at 3 a.m. Police gathered 400 men at the bus stop. In the process of finding more villagers, police broke in to homes and looted. Total of 800 forced sterilizations were done.[34]
- In Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, on October 18, 1976 , police picked up 17 people, nine Hindu and eight Muslims out of which two were over 75 and two under 18. Hundreds of Hindus and Muslims surrounded the police station demanding to free captives. The police refused to release them and used tear gas shells. Crowd retaliated by throwing stones and to control the situation, the police fired on the crowd. 30 people died as a result.[34]
Criticism against the Government[edit]
Criticism and accusations of the Emergency-era may be grouped as:
- Detention of people by police without charge or notification of families
- Abuse and torture of detainees and political prisoners
- Use of public and private media institutions, like the national television network Doordarshan, for government propaganda
- During the Emergency, Sanjay Gandhi asked the popular singer Kishore Kumar to sing for a Congress party rally in Bombay, but he refused.[35] As a result, Information and broadcasting minister Vidya Charan Shukla put an unofficial ban on playing Kishore Kumar songs on state broadcasters All India Radio and Doordarshan from 4 May 1976 till the end of Emergency.[36][37]
- Forced sterilisation.
- Destruction of the slum and low-income housing in the Turkmen Gate and Jama Masjid area of old Delhi.
- Large-scale and illegal enactment of laws (including modifications to the Constitution).
The Emergency years were the biggest challenge to India's commitment to democracy, which proved vulnerable to the manipulation of powerful leaders and hegemonic Parliamentary majorities.
Resistance movements[edit]
The role of RSS[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was seen close to opposition leaders, and with its large organisational base was seen as having the potential of organising protests against the Government, was also banned.[38] Police clamped down on the organisation and thousands of its workers were imprisoned.[39] The RSS defied the ban and thousands participated in Satyagraha (peaceful protests) against the ban and against the curtailment of fundamental rights. Later, when there was no letup, the volunteers of the RSS formed underground movements for the restoration of democracy. Literature that was censored in the media was clandestinely published and distributed on a large scale and funds were collected for the movement. Networks were established between leaders of different political parties in the jail and outside for the co-ordination of the movement.[40]
The Economist described the movement as "the only non-left revolutionary force in the world". It said that the movement was "dominated by tens of thousands of RSS cadres, though more and more young recruits are coming". Talking about its objectives it said "its platform at the moment has only one plank: to bring democracy back to India".[41]
However, the claims of RSS leaders have been contested by many political observers like political scientist Professor DL Sheth, who is Honorary Senior Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies. He says both the RSS and its political party the BJP are mythicising its anti-Emergency role. He goes on to say these organisations have never borne the brunt Indira's oppressive regime. The political scientist sees a plot behind its celebration of its role in anti-Emergency movement which hides their past. He argues that the RSS projects itself as the champion of anti-Emergency struggle because its credentials as a movement which stood for independence from Britain are questionable. [1] In an article which appeared in the Hindu daily in 2000, Dr. Subrahmanian Swamy, who is currently an MP in the Upper House of Indian Parliament, representing the BJP, and who is known to have waged a war against Indira's autocracy, had alleged that several Sangh leaders were hobnobbing with Indira. He added that the Sangh, at the instance of Vajpayee, even went farther to sign a peace accord with Indira Gandhi.[2]
Sikh opposition[edit]
With the leaders of all opposition parties and other outspoken critics of her government arrested and behind bars, the entire country was in a state of shock. Shortly after the declaration of the Emergency, the Sikh leadership convened meetings in Amritsar where they resolved to oppose the "fascist tendency of the Congress".[42] The first mass protest in the country, known as the "Campaign to Save Democracy" was organised by the Akali Dal and launched in Amritsar, 9 July. A statement to the press recalled the historic Sikh struggle for freedom under the Mughals, then under the British, and voiced concern that what had been fought for and achieved was being lost. The police were out in force for the demonstration and arrested the protestors, including the Shiromani Akali Dal and Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) leaders.
- "The question before us is not whether Indira Gandhi should continue to be prime minister or not. The point is whether democracy in this country is to survive or not."[43]
According to Amnesty International, 140,000 people had been arrested without trial during the twenty months of Gandhi's Emergency. Jasjit Singh Grewal estimates that 40,000 of them came from India's two percent Sikh minority.[44]
Elections of 1977[edit]
On 18 January 1977, Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released all political prisoners. The Emergency officially ended on 23 March 1977. The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between "democracy and dictatorship."
In the Lok Sabha elections, held in March, Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay both lost their Lok Sabha seats, as did all the Congress Candidates in Northern states such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Many Congress Party loyalists deserted Mrs. Gandhi. The Congress was reduced to just 153 seats, 92 of which were from four of the southern states. The Janata Party's 298 seats and its allies' 47 seats (of a total 542) gave it a massive majority. Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.
The elections in the largest state Uttar Pradesh, historically a Congress stronghold, turned against Gandhi and her party failed to win a single seat in the state. Dhanagare says the structural reasons behind the discontent against the Government included the emergence of a strong and united opposition, disunity and weariness inside Congress, an effective underground opposition, and the ineffectiveness of Gandhi's control of the mass media, which had lost much credibility. The structural factors allowed voters to express their grievances, notably their resentment of the emergency and its authoritarian and repressive policies. One grievance often mentioned as the 'nasbandi' (vasectomy) campaign in rural areas. The middle classes also emphasised the curbing of freedom throughout the state and India.[45] Meanwhile, Congress hit an all-time low in West Bengal because of the poor discipline and factionalism among Congress activists as well as the numerous defections that weakened the party.[46] Opponents emphasised the issues of corruption in Congress and appealed to a deep desire by the voters for fresh leadership.[47]
The tribunal[edit]
The efforts of the Janata administration to get government officials and Congress politicians tried for Emergency-era abuses and crimes were largely unsuccessful due to a disorganised, over-complex and politically motivated process of litigation. The Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, put in place shortly after the outset of the Emergency and which among other things prohibited judicial reviews of states of emergencies and actions taken during them, also likely played a role in this lack of success. Although special tribunals were organised and scores of senior Congress Party and government officials arrested and charged, including Mrs. Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi, police were unable to submit sufficient evidence for most cases, and only a few low-level officials were convicted of any abuses.
The people lost interest in the hearings owing to their continuous fumbling and complex nature, and the economic and social needs of the country grew more important to them.[citation needed]
The Emergency lasted 21 months, and its legacy remains intensely controversial. A few days after the Emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of The Times of India carried an obituary that read
D.E.M O'Cracy, beloved husband of T Ruth, loving father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice, expired on June 26.[48][49]
A few days later censorship was imposed on newspapers. The Delhi edition of the Indian Express on 28 June, carried a blank editorial, while the Financial Express reproduced in large type Rabindranath Tagore's poem "Where the mind is without fear".[50]
However, the Emergency also received support from several sections. It was endorsed by social reformer Vinoba Bhave (who called it Anushasan parva, a time for discipline), industrialist J. R. D. Tata, writer Khushwant Singh, and Indira Gandhi's close friend and Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy. However, Tata and Satpathy later regretted that they spoke in favour of the Emergency.[51][52] Others have argued that Gandhi's Twenty Point Programme increased agricultural production, manufacturing activity, exports and foreign reserves.[citation needed] Communal Hindu–Muslim riots, which had resurfaced in the 1960s and 1970s, also reduced in intensity.[citation needed]
In the book JP Movement and the Emergency, historian Bipan Chandra wrote, "Sanjay Gandhi and his cronies like Bansi Lal, Minister of Defence at the time, were keen on postponing elections and prolonging the emergency by several years ... In October–November 1976, an effort was made to change the basic civil libertarian structure of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd amendment to it. ... The most important changes were designed to strengthen the executive at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government."[53]
In culture[edit]
- Writer Rahi Masoom Raza criticised the Emergency through his novel Qatra bi Aarzoo.[54]
- Shashi Tharoor portrays the Emergency allegorically in his "The Great Indian Novel", describing it as "The Siege". He also authored a satirical play on the Emergency, "Twenty-Two Months in the Life of a Dog," that was published in his The Five-Dollar Smile and Other Stories.
- A Fine Balance and Such a Long Journey by Rohinton Mistry take place during the Emergency and highlights many of the abuses that occurred during that period, largely through the lens of India's small but culturally influential Parsi minority.
- Booker Prize-winner Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie, has the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, in India during the Emergency. His home in a low income area, called the "magician's ghetto", is destroyed as part of the national beautification program. He is forcibly sterilised as part of the vasectomy program. The principal antagonist of the book is "the Widow" (a likeness that Indira Gandhi successfully sued Rushdie for). There was one line in the book that repeated an old Indian rumour that Indira Gandhi's son didn't like his mother because he suspected her of causing the death of his father. As this was a rumour there was no substantiation to be found.[55]
- India: A Wounded Civilization, a book by V S Naipaul is also oriented around Emergency.
- The Plunge An English novel by Sanjeev Tare is their own story told by four youths studying at Kalidas College in Nagpur. They tell the reader what they went through during those politically turbulent times.
- The Malayalam novel Delhi Gadhakal (Tales from Delhi) by M. Mukundan highlights many abuses that occurred during the Emergency including forced sterilisation of men and the destruction of houses and shops owned by Muslims in Turkmen Gate.
- Brutus, You!, a book by Chanakya Sen is based on internal politics of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi during the period of Emergency.
- Vasansi Jirnani, a play by Torit Mitra is inspired by Ariel Dorfman's Death and the Maiden and effects of emergency.
- The Tamil novel Marukkozhunthu Mangai (Girl with Fragrant Chinese Mugwort ) by Ra.Su. Nallaperumal which is based on the history of Pallavas & People' rising in Kanchi during 725 A.D explains how the widow Queen and the Princess kill the freedom of the people. Most of the incidents described in the novel are resembling with emergency period. Even the name of the characters in the novel are resembling with Mrs Gandhi and her family.
- The Malayalam autobiographical diary by political activist R.C. Unnithan penned while the author was imprisoned as a political prisoner during emergency under MISA for sixteen months at Poojappura state prison in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, gives a personal account of his travails during the dark days of Indian democracy.
- Gulzar's Aandhi (1975) was banned, because the film was supposedly based on Indira Gandhi.[56]
- Amrit Nahata's film Kissa Kursi Ka (1977) a bold spoof on the Emergency, where Shabana Azmi plays 'Janata' (the public) a mute, dumb protagonist, was subsequently banned and reportedly, all its prints were burned by Sanjay Gandhi and his associates at his Maruti factory in Gurgaon.[57]
- Yamagola a 1977 Telugu film (Hindi re-make Lok Parlok) spoofs the emergency issues.
- I. S. Johar's 1978 Bollywood Film Nasbandi is a sarcasm on the sterlisation drive of the Government of India, where each one of the characters is trying to find sterlisation cases. The film was banned after its release due to its portrayal of the Indira Gandhi government.
- Although Satyajit Ray's 1980 film Hirak Rajar Deshe was a children's comedy, it was a satire on the Emergency.
- The 1985 Malayalam film Yathra directed by Balu Mahendra has the human rights violations by the police during the Emergency as its main plotline.
- 1988 Malayalam film Piravi is about a father searching for his son Rajan, who had been arrested by the police (and allegedly killed in custody).
- The 2005 Hindi film Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi is set against the backdrop of the Emergency. The film, directed by Sudhir Mishra, also tries to portray the growth of the Naxalite movement during the Emergency era. The movie tells the story of three youngsters in the 1970s, when India was undergoing massive social and political changes.
- The 2012 Marathi film Shala discusses the issues related to the Emergency.
- Midnight's Children, a 2012 adaptation of Rushdie's novel, created widespread controversy due to the negative portrayal of Indira Gandhi and other leaders. The film was not shown at the International Film Festival of India and was banned from further screening at the International Film Festival of Kerala where it was premièred in India.
See also[edit]
- ^ "India in 1975: Democracy in Eclipse", ND Palmer – Asian Survey, vol 16 no 5. Opening lines.
- ^ Guha, p. 467
- ^ a b Guha, p. 439
- ^ Malhotra, p. 141
- ^ Derichs,, Claudia (Editor); Thompson, Mark R. (Editor); Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (2013). Dynasties and Female Political Leaders in Asia: Gender, Power and Pedigree Chapter THE PIONEERS: DURGA AMMA, THE ONLY MAN IN THE CABINET. ISBN 978-3-643-90320-4. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ^ Puri, Balraj (1993). "Indian Muslims since Partition,". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (40): 2141–2149. JSTOR 4400229.
- ^ Doshi, Vidhi (9 March 2017). The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/09/indira-jaising-india-is-in-crisis-this-fight-is-going-to-go-on. Retrieved 10 March 2017. Missing or empty
(help) - ^ http://220.127.116.11/intranet/pract&proc/chapter-XXVIII.pdf
- ^ "Justice Sinha, who set aside Indira Gandhi's election, dies at 87". The Indian Express. 2008-03-22. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ Kuldip Singh (1995-04-11). "OBITUARY: Morarji Desai". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ Katherine Frank (2002). Indira: The Life Of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 371. ISBN 978-0-395-73097-3.
- ^ "Indian Emergency of 1975-77". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ "The Rise of Indira Gandhi". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ^ NAYAR, KULDIP (25 June 2000). Yes, Prime Minister. The Indian Express.
- ^ Jaitely, Arun (5 November 2007) – "A tale of three Emergencies: real reason always different", The Indian Express
- ^ Tarlo, Emma (2001). Unsettling memories : narratives of the emergency in Delhi. University of California Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-520-23122-8. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ Malgonkar, Manohar (1987). The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography By Manohar Malgonkar. pp. 233, 242–244. ISBN 9780887066597.
- ^ Pratap Bhanu Mehta, "The Rise of Judicial Sovereignty," Journal of Democracy (2007) 18#2 pp. 70–83
- ^ The habeas corpus judgment was overturned by the 44th amendment to the Constitution
- ^ NCERT Text Book For Political Science on Emergency (p.112)
- ^ H. R. Khanna. Making of India's Constitution. Eastern Book Co, Lucknow, 1981. ISBN 978-81-7012-108-4.
- ^ V. Venkatesan, Revisiting a verdict Frontline (vol. 29 – Issue 01 :: 14–27 Jan 2012)
- ^ "The case that saved Indian democracy". The Hindu (24 April 2013). Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ PUCL Archives, Oct 1981, Rajan.
- ^ Rediff.com, Report dated 26 June 2000.
- ^ "Fresh probe in Rajan case sought ". The Hindu, 25 January 2011.
- ^ Vinay Lal. "Indira Gandhi". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his personal fiefdom, and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimized. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented program of forced sterilization.
- ^ Subodh Ghildiyal (29 December 2010). "Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger
- ^ Kumkum Chadha (4 January 2011). "Sanjay's men and women". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over enthusiasm led to compulsion in enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".
- ^ "Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book". 28 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
- ^ India: The Years of Indira Gandhi. Brill Academic Pub. 1988.
- ^ Gwatkin, Davidson R. 'Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience', in: Population and Development Review, 5/1, 29–59;
- ^ Carl Haub and O. P. Sharma, "India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition," Population Bulletin (2006) 61#3 pp 3+. online
- ^ a b c d e f Mehta, Vinod (1978). The Sanjay Story. Harper Collins Publishers India.
- ^ Vinay Kumar (19 August 2005). "The spark that he was". Entertainment Hyderabad. The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ "A Star's Real Stripes". Times Of India. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Sharma, Dhirendra (1997). The Janata (people's) Struggle. Philosophy and Social Action. p. 76.
- ^ Jaffrelot Christophe, Hindu Nationalism, 1987, 297, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-13098-1, ISBN 978-0-691-13098-9
- ^ Chitkara M G, Hindutva, Published by APH Publishing, 1997 ISBN 81-7024-798-5, ISBN 978-81-7024-798-2
- ^ Post Independence India, Encyclopedia of Political Parties,2002, Published by Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, ISBN 81-7488-865-9, ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5
- ^ 'The Economist' London, dt.4-12-1976
- ^ J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 213
- ^ Gurmit Singh, A History of Sikh Struggles, New Delhi, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 1991, 2:39
- ^ J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab,(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990) 214; Inder Malhotra, Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography,(London/Toronto, Hodder and Stoughton, 1989) 178
- ^ D.N. Dhanagare, "Sixth Lok Sabha Election in Uttar Pradesh – 1977: The End of the Congress Hegemony," Political Science Review (1979) 18#1 pp 28–51
- ^ Mira Ganguly and Bangendu Ganguly, "Lok Sabha Election, 1977: The West Bengal Scene," Political Science Review (1979) 18#3 pp 28–53
- ^ M.R. Masani, "India's Second Revolution," Asian Affairs (1977) 5#1 pp 19–38.
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/How-Indians-Protest/articleshow/2061978.cms
- ^ Austin, Granville (1999). Working a democratic constitution: the Indian experience. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 0-19-564888-9.
- ^ "http://theviewspaper.net/emergency-the-darkest-period-in-indian-democracy/". theviewspaper. Retrieved 12 July 2013. External link in
(help) - ^ Beyond the Last Blue Mountain by R. M. Lala.
- ^ Nandini Satpathy (in Oriya) by Ashisa Ranjan Mohapatra.
- ^ "New book flays Indira Gandhi's decision to impose Emergency". IBN Live News. 30 May 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^ O. P. Mathur. Indira Gandhi and the emergency as viewed in the Indian novel. Sarup & Sons. 2004. ISBN 978-81-7625-461-8.
- ^ Joseph Bendaña. "Rushdie Talk Recasts Role of Public and Private in Politics and Literature". Watson Institute, Brown University. 17 February 2010.
- ^ Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. New Delhi, Mumbai: Encyclopaedia Britannica (India), Popular Prakashan. p. 425. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.
- ^ Farzand Ahmed, "1978 – Kissa Kursi Ka: Celluloid chutzpah". Cover Story, India Today (24 December 2009)
- Atul Kohli. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-39161-X.
- Atul Kohli (ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge University Press. 2001 [2004]. ISBN 81-7596-107-4.
- Ayesha Jalal. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 1995 [1996]. ISBN 81-85618-75-5
- B. G. Verghese. Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. ISBN 978-0-67005-842-6.
- Bipan Chandra et al. India Since Independence. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-ISBN 978-81-8475-053-9.
- Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
- Inder Malhotra. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. ISBN 0-340-40540-6.
- Mary C. Carras. Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].
- Partha Chatterjee. Lineages of Political Society. Permanent Black. 2011. ISBN 81-7824-317-2.
- Partha Chatterjee. Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005. Permanent Black. 2010. ISBN 81-7824-267-2..
- Ramachandra Guha. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-330-50554-3.
- S. S. Gill. The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India. HarperCollins. 1996. ISBN 81-7223-245-4.
- Subhash C. Kashyap. Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-81-89766-41-2.
- T. V. Sathyamurthy. State and Nation in the Context of Social Change. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-563136-6.
Further reading[edit]
- Aaron S. Klieman. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", Political Science Quarterly (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 in JSTOR
- Kuldip Nayar. The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 0-7069-0557-1.
- P. N. Dhar. Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy (2000), 424pp
- Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," Political Science Review (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
External links[edit]
- Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, June 27, 1975
- A. Z. Huq Democratic Norms, Human Rights and States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries
- "Memories of a Father," a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency