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home > the wto > ministerials > hong kong 2005 > hong kong ministerial declaration > annexes
WT/MIN(05)/DEC 22 December 2005
Ministerial Declaration: Annexes
Adopted on 18 December 2005
> The Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference
Other WTO Ministerials: > Cancún 1014 Sept. 2003 > Doha 914 Nov. 2001 > Seattle 30 Nov.3 Dec. 1999 > Geneva 18 & 20 May 1998 > Singapore 913 Dec. 1996
Annex A: Agriculture back to top
Report by the Chairman of the Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture to the TNC.
1. The present report has been prepared on my own responsibility. I have done so in response to the direction of Members as expressed at the informal Special Session of the Committee on Agriculture on 11 November 2005. At that meeting, following the informal Heads of Delegation meeting the preceding day, Members made it crystal clear that they sought from me at this point an objective factual summary of where the negotiations have reached at this time. It was clear from that meeting that Members did not expect or desire anything that purported to be more than that. In particular, it was clear that, following the decision at the Heads of Delegation meeting that full modalities will not be achieved at Hong Kong, Members did not want anything that suggested implicit or explicit agreement where it did not exist.
2. This is not, of course, the kind of paper that I would have chosen or preferred to have prepared at this point. Ideally, my task should have been to work with Members to generate a draft text of modalities. But this text reflects the reality of the present situation. There will be — because there must be if we are to conclude these negotiations — such a draft text in the future. I look at this now as a task postponed, but the precise timing of this is in the hands of Members.
3. As for this paper, it is precisely what it is described to be. No more, no less. It is the Chairman's report and, as such, it goes from me to the TNC. It is not anything more than my personal report — in particular, it is not in any sense an agreed text of Members. It does not, therefore, in any way prejudge or prejudice the positions of Members on any matter within it or outside of it. And, it certainly does not bind Members in any way. It should go without saying that the agreed basis of our work is, and shall remain, the Doha Mandate itself and the Framework in the Decision adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004.
4. As to the character of the paper, I have endeavoured to reflect what I discerned as the wishes of Members when they directed me to prepare this paper. I have tried to capture as clearly as I can such conditional progress and convergence as has developed in the post-July 2004 period. In doing so, I have not tried to brush under the carpet divergences that remain, and the paper tries to be just as clear on those points. Of course, it is a summary report. As such, it cannot — and does not — recapitulate each and every detail on each and every issue. But I took from Members' comments that they would prefer a paper which could 'orient' further discussion.
5. In that regard, I hope that anyone reading this paper would be able to get a pretty clear idea of what it is that remains to be done. Members made it clear that it was not my task as Chair to prescribe what is to be done next in a programmatic way. My task was to register where we are now, but I confess to having done so with an eye to genuinely clarifying where key convergences exist or key divergences remain, rather than obscuring or overcomplicating matters.
6. My own sense, when I review this myself, is the compelling urgency of seizing the moment and driving the process to a conclusion as rapidly as possible. We have made — particularly since August of this year — genuine and material progress. Indeed, it has come at a relatively rapid pace. It is also clear to me that it has been the product of a genuinely negotiating process. In other words, it has been a case of making proposals and counterproposals. That is why the matters covered in this report have an essentially conditional character. As I see it, the reality is that we have yet to find that last bridge to agreement that we need to secure modalities. But it would be a grave error, in my view, to imagine that we can take much time to find that bridge. As Chair, I am convinced that we must maintain momentum. You don't close divergences by taking time off to have a cup of tea. If you do so, you will find that everyone has moved backwards in the meantime. That, it seems to me, is a profound risk to our process. I would like to believe that this report at least underlines to us that there is indeed something real and important still within our grasp and we ought not to risk losing it. Our over-riding challenge and responsibility is to meet the development objective of the Doha Development Agenda. To meet this challenge and achieve this goal, we must act decisively and with real urgency.
7. The future life of this paper, if any, is a matter entirely in the hands of TNC Members to decide. This, as I see it, is the proper safeguard of the integrity of what has come to be described as a "bottom-up" process.
8. There has been very considerable potential convergence, albeit on a manifestly conditional basis.
Overall Cut
Thresholds (US$ billion)
> 60
De Minimis
Blue Box
9. There is important and significant convergence on moving beyond (i.e. further constraining) Blue Box programme payments envisaged in the July 2004 Framework. However, the technique for achieving this remains to be determined. One proposal is to shrink the current 5% ceiling to 2.5%2. Another proposal rejects this in favour of additional criteria disciplining the so-called "new" Blue Box only. Others favour a combination of both, including additional disciplines on the "old" Blue Box.
Green Box
10. The review and clarification commitment has not resulted in any discernible convergence on operational outcomes. There is, on the one side, a firm rejection of anything that is seen as departing from the existing disciplines while there is, on the other, an enduring sense that more could be done to review the Green Box without undermining ongoing reform. Beyond that there is, however, some tangible openness to finding appropriate ways to ensure that the Green Box is more "development friendly" i.e. better tailored to meet the realities of developing country agriculture but in a way that respects the fundamental requirement of at most minimal trade distortion.
End Date
11. While concrete proposals4 have been made on the issue of an end date for elimination of all forms of export subsidies, there is at this stage no convergence. There are suggestions for the principle of front-loading or accelerated elimination for specific products, including particularly cotton.
Export Credits
12. Convergence has been achieved on a number of elements of disciplines with respect to export credits, export credit guarantee or insurance programmes with repayment periods of 180 days and below. However, a number of critical issues remain5.
Exporting State Trading Enterprises
13. There has been material convergence on rules to address trade-distorting practices identified in the July 2004 Framework text, although there are still major differences regarding the scope of practices to be covered by the new disciplines. Fundamentally opposing positions remain, however, on the issue of the future use of monopoly powers. There have been concrete drafting proposals on such matters as definition of entities and practices to be addressed as well as transparency. But there has been no genuine convergence in such areas.
Food Aid
14. There is consensus among Members that the WTO shall not stand in the way of the provision of genuine food aid. There is also consensus that what is to be eliminated is commercial displacement. There have been detailed and intensive discussions, some of which have even been text-based, but not to a point where a consolidated draft text could be developed. This has been precluded by Members clinging to fundamentally disparate conceptual premises. There are proposals that in the disciplines a distinction should be made between at least two types of food aid: emergency food aid and food aid to address other situations. However, there is not yet a common understanding where emergency food aid ends and other food aid begins, reflecting concerns that this distinction should not become a means to create a loophole in disciplines. A fundamental sticking point is whether, except in exceptional, genuine emergency situations, Members should (albeit gradually) move towards untied, in-cash food aid only, as some Members propose but other Members strongly oppose6.
Special and Differential Treatment
15. Framework provisions for special and differential treatment, including with respect to the monopoly status of state trading enterprises in developing countries and an extended lifetime for Article 9.4, have been uncontroversial, but details remain to be established.
Special Circumstances
16. Work on the criteria and consultation procedures to govern any ad hoc temporary financing arrangements relating to exports to developing countries in exceptional circumstances is not much developed.
Tiered Formula
Sensitive Products
Special Products
Special Safeguard Mechanism
Other Elements
17. There has been no further material convergence on the matters covered by paragraphs 35 and 37 of the July 2004 Framework text. The same may be said for paragraph 36 on tariff escalation, albeit that there is full agreement on the need for this to be done, and a genuine recognition of the particular importance of this for commodities exporters. Certain concrete proposals have been made on paragraph 38 (SSG) and met with opposition from some Members.
18. Concrete proposals have been made and discussed on how to implement paragraph 43 of the July 2004 Framework on tropical and diversification products. But there remains divergence over the precise interpretation of this section of the July Framework16 and no common approach has been established.
19. The importance of long-standing preferences pursuant to paragraph 44 of the July 2004 Framework is fully recognised and concrete proposals regarding preference erosion have been made and discussed17. There seems not to be inherent difficulty with a role for capacity building. However, while there is some degree of support for e.g. longer implementation periods for at least certain products in order to facilitate adjustment, there is far from convergence on even this. Some argue it is not sufficient or certainly not in all cases, while others that it is not warranted at all.
20. There is no questioning of the terms of paragraph 45 of the July Framework agreement, which exempts least-developed countries from any reduction requirement. The stipulation that "developed Members, and developing country Members in a position to do so, should provide duty-free and quota-free market access for products originating from least-developed countries" is not at this point concretely operational for all Members. At this stage, several Members have made undertakings. Proposals for this to be bound remain on the table18.
21. While there is genuine recognition of the problem to be addressed and concrete proposals have been made, Members remain at this point short of concrete and specific achievement that would be needed to meet the July Framework direction to address this matter ambitiously, expeditiously and specifically. There is no disagreement with the view that all forms of export subsidies are to be eliminated for cotton although the timing and speed remains to be specified. Proposals to eliminate them immediately or from day one of the implementation period are not at this point shared by all Members. In the case of trade distorting support, proponents seek full elimination with "front-loaded" implementation19. There is a view that the extent to which this can occur, and its timing, can only be determined in the context of an overall agreement. Another view is that there could be at least substantial and front-loaded reduction on cotton specifically from day one of implementation, with the major implementation achieved within twelve months, and the remainder to be completed within a period shorter than the overall implementation period for agriculture20.
22. Concrete proposals have been made and discussed, but no specific flexibility provisions have commanded consensus.
23. A proposal has been made but there is no material advance at this point.
24. On paragraph 49 (sectoral initiatives, differential export taxes, GIs) certain positions and proposals have been tabled and/or referred to. They are issues that remain of interest but not agreed.
25. At this point, proposals on paragraph 50 have not advanced materially.
26. In the case of small and vulnerable economies, a concrete proposal has been made recently. It has not yet been subject to consultation.
27. There is openness to the particular concerns of commodity-dependent developing and least-developed countries facing long-term decline and/or sharp fluctuations in prices. There is, at this point (where, overall, precise modalities are still pending), support for the view that such modalities should eventually be capable of addressing effectively key areas for them21.
Notes: 1. On the proposed basis that cut remains to be determined for those developing countries with an AMS. In any case, there is a view (not shared by all) that cuts for developing countries should be less than 2/3 of the cut for developed countries. back to text 2. The exact extent of the flexibility to be provided pursuant to paragraph 15 of the July 2004 Framework remains to be agreed. back to text 3. Of course, this needs to be viewed as illustrative rather than overly literally, if for no other reason than that these are conditional figures. For instance, while the European Communities has indicated it could be prepared to go as far as 70% in the top tier, they make it clear that this is acceptable only if the United States will go to 60% in the second tier. The United States for its part, however, has only indicated preparedness to go to that 60% if the European Communities is prepared to go as high as 83% — which it has not indicated it is prepared to do. back to text 4. One Member has proposed the year 2010 for "export subsidies", with accelerated elimination for "specific" products. Another group of Members have proposed a period "no longer than five years" for all forms of export subsidies, with "direct" export subsidies subject to front-loading within that period. back to text 5. This includes, but is not limited to: exemptions, if any, to the 180 day rule; whether the disciplines should allow for pure cover only or also permit direct financing; the appropriate period for programmes to fully recover their costs and losses through the premia levied from the exporters (principle of self-financing —- there needs to be convergence between position which range from one year to fifteen years); the disciplines regarding special circumstances; and the question of special and differential treatment, including whether, as some Members argue, developing countries should be allowed longer repayment terms for export credits extended by them to other developing countries and the specifics of differential treatment in favour of least-developed and net food-importing developing countries. back to text 6. This fundamental divergence has effectively precluded convergence on such matters as what disciplines, if any, should be established with respect to monetization of food aid or the question of the provision of food aid in fully grant form only. The importance of operationally effective transparency requirements is generally acknowledged, but details have still to be developed, particularly those relating to the role of the WTO in this context. Further work is required to clarify the role of recipient countries and relevant international organizations or other entities in triggering or providing food aid. back to text 7. The method for calculating the AVEs for the sugar lines is still to be established. back to text 8. At one end of the spectrum, as it were, a "harmonisation" formula within the bands; at the other end "flexibility" within the formula. back to text 9. The matrix below is an illustrative table that portrays the extent of divergences that remain, even on the basis of post-August 2005 proposals. This does not entirely cover all the subtleties of those proposals to utilize a "pivot" (although most are in fact within the ranges tabulated), but is intended to convey a snapshot of the status of average cuts proposed post-August. back to text
Range of cuts (%)
Band 1
0% - 20/30%
Band 2
20/30% - 40/60%
Band 3
40/60% - 60/90%
Band 4
10. As an element in certain conditional proposals on overall market access, tabled post-July 2005. back to text 11. Some see this as being tariff quota based and expressed as a percentage of domestic consumption, with proposals of up to 10%. Others propose pro rata expansion on an existing trade basis, including taking account of current imports. Some also propose no new TRQs, with sensitivity in such cases to be provided through other means, e.g. differential phasing. There is also a proposal for a "sliding scale" approach. back to text 12. In this pillar, as well as in the other two, there is general convergence on the point that developing countries will have entitlement to longer implementation periods, albeit that concrete precision remains to be determined. back to text 13. The matrix below is an illustrative table that portrays the extent of divergences that remain, just on the basis of post-August 2005 proposals. back to text
0% - 20/50%
20/50% - 40/100%
40/100% - 60/150%
* There is also a proposal that cuts for developing countries should be "slightly lesser" than the upper tariff cuts for developed countries shown in the preceding table (i.e.: "slightly lesser" than 65, 75, 85 and 90%). 14. As an element in certain conditional proposals on overall market access, tabled post-July 2005. back to text 15. While the eventual zone of convergence for developed countries undoubtedly has a bearing in this area, it has been proposed by a group of Members that the principles of sensitive products generally and for TRQs specifically should be different for developing countries. Another group of Members has proposed, in the post-August period, an entitlement for developing countries of at least 50% more than the maximum number of lines used by any developed Member. This would (based on developed country proposals) amount to a potential variation between 1.5% and 22.5% of tariff lines. This latter group has also proposed that products relating to long-standing preferences shall be designated as sensitive and that any TRQ expansion should not be "at the detriment of existing ACP quotas". This particular view has been, however, strongly opposed by other Members which take the firm position that tropical and diversification products should not at all be designated as sensitive products. back to text 16. It is argued by some Members that this is to be interpreted as meaning full duty- and tariff quota-free access, but by others as less than that. back to text 17. Note 15 above refers. back to text 18. It is also proposed that this should be accompanied by simple and transparent rules of origin and other measures to address non-tariff barriers. back to text 19. Concrete proposals have been made, with a three-step approach: 80% on day one, an additional 10% after 12 months and the last 10% a year later. back to text 20. A Member has indicated that it is prepared to implement all its commitments from day one and, in any case, to autonomously ensure that its commitments on eliminating the most trade-distorting domestic support, eliminating all forms of export subsidies and providing mfn duty- and quota-free access for cotton will take place from 2006. back to text 21. This would appear to include in particular such a matter as tariff escalation, where it discourages the development of processing industries in the commodity producing countries. The idea of a review and clarification of what the current status is of GATT 1994 provisions relating to the stabilisation of prices through the adoption of supply management systems by producing countries, and the use of export taxes and restrictions under such systems is also on the table. Proponents would seek something more than this such as more concrete undertakings in the area of non-tariff measures and actual revision of existing provisions. There is, at this point, no consensus in these latter areas, but an appreciation at least of the underlying issues at stake. back to text
Annex B: Market Access for Non-Agricultural Products back to top
Report by the Chairman of the Negotiating Group on Market Access to the TNC.
1. A Chairman's commentary of the state of play of the NAMA negotiations was prepared in July 2005 and circulated in document JOB (05)/147 and Add.1 (hereinafter referred to as the "Chairman's commentary"). The current report, made on my responsibility, reflects the state of play of the NAMA negotiations at this juncture of the Doha Development Agenda, and supplements that commentary.
2. With an eye on the forthcoming Ministerial, Section B of this report attempts to highlight those areas of convergence and divergence on the elements of Annex B of Decision adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004, (hereinafter referred to as the NAMA framework), and to provide some guidance as to what may be a possible future course of action with respect to some of the elements. Section C of the report provides some final remarks about possible action by Ministers at Hong Kong.
3. In preparing this report, use has been made of documents provided by Members (as listed in TN/MA/S/16/Rev.2) as well as the discussions in the open-ended sessions of the Group, plurilateral meetings and bilateral contacts, as long as they were not in the nature of confessionals.
4. Full modalities must have detailed language and, where required, final numbers on all elements of the NAMA framework. Such an agreement should also contain a detailed work plan concerning the process after the establishment of full modalities for the purpose of the submission, verification and annexation of Doha Schedules to a legal instrument. While acknowledging that progress has been made since the adoption of the NAMA framework, the establishment of full modalities is, at present, a difficult prospect given the lack of agreement on a number of elements in the NAMA framework including the formula, paragraph 8 flexibilities and unbound tariffs.
5. Regarding the structure of this section , generally Members recognize that the issues identified in the preceding paragraph are the three elements of the NAMA framework on which solutions are required as a matter of priority, and that there is a need to address them in an interlinked fashion. So, this report will commence with these three subjects before moving on to the other elements of the NAMA framework in the order in which they are presented therein.
Formula (paragraph 4 of the NAMA framework)
6. On the non-linear formula, there has been movement since the adoption of the NAMA framework. There is a more common understanding of the shape of the formula that Members are willing to adopt in these negotiations. In fact, Members have been focusing on a Swiss formula. During the past few months, much time and effort has been spent examining the impact of such a formula from both a defensive and offensive angle. In terms of the specifics of that formula, there are basically two variations on the table: a formula with a limited number of negotiated coefficients and a formula where the value of each country's coefficient would be based essentially on the tariff average of bound rates of that Member, resulting in multiple coefficients.
7. In order to move beyond a debate on the merits of the two options (and in recognition of the fact that what matters in the final analysis is the level of the coefficient) more recently Members have engaged in a discussion of numbers. Such a debate has been particularly helpful, especially as it demonstrated in a quantifiable manner to what extent the benchmarks established in paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration would be achieved. While it is evident that one of the characteristics of such a formula is to address tariff peaks, tariff escalation and high tariffs (as it brings down high tariffs more than low tariffs), one benchmark which has been the subject of differences of opinion has been that of "less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments" and how it should be measured. Some developing Members are of the view that this means less than average percentage cuts i.e. as translated through a higher coefficient in the formula, than those undertaken by developed country Members. However, the latter have indicated that there are other measurements of less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments including the final rates after the formula cut which in their markets would be less than in developing country markets. Also, in their view, such a measurement of less than full reciprocity in reduction commitments has to take into account not only the additional effort made by them in all areas but also of paragraph 8 flexibilities and the fact that several developing Members and the LDCs would be exempt from formula cuts.
8. Other objectives put forward by developed Members and some developing Members as being part of the Doha NAMA mandate are: harmonization of tariffs between Members; cuts into applied rates; and improvement of South-South trade. However, these objectives have been challenged by other developing Members who believe that, on the contrary, they are not part of that mandate.
9. During the informal discussions, many Members engaged in an exchange on the basis of an approach with two coefficients. In the context of such debates, the coefficients which were mentioned for developed Members fell generally within the range of 5 to 10, and for developing Members within the range of 15 to 30, although some developing Members did propose lower coefficients for developed Members and higher coefficients for developing Members. In addition, a developing country coefficient of 10 was also put forward by some developed Members. However, while this discussion of numbers is a positive development, the inescapable reality is that the range of coefficients is wide and reflects the divergence that exists as to Members' expectations regarding the contributions that their trading partners should be making.
Flexibilities for developing Members subject to a formula (paragraph 8 of the NAMA framework)
10. A central issue concerning the paragraph 8 flexibilities has been the question of linkage or non-linkage between these flexibilities and the coefficient in the formula. A view was expressed that the flexibilities currently provided for in paragraph 8 are equivalent to 4-5 additional points to the coefficient in the formula, and as a result there was need to take this aspect into account in the developing country coefficient. In response, the argument has been made by many developing Members that those flexibilities are a stand alone provision as reflected in the language of that provision, and should not be linked to the coefficient. Otherwise, this would amount to re-opening the NAMA framework. Some of those Members have also expressed the view that the numbers currently within square brackets are the minimum required for their sensitive tariff lines, and have expressed concern about the conditions attached to the use of such flexibilities, such as the capping of the import value. In response, the point has been made by developed Members that they are not seeking to remove the flexibilities under paragraph 8, and therefore are not re-opening the NAMA framework. They further point out that the numbers in paragraph 8 are within square brackets precisely to reflect the fact that they are not fixed and may need to be adjusted downwards depending on the level of the coefficient. In addition, the need for more transparency and predictability with regard to the tariff lines which would be covered by paragraph 8 flexibilities has been raised by some of these Members. Some developing Members have also advanced the idea that there should be the option for those developing Members not wanting to use paragraph 8 flexibilities to have recourse to a higher coefficient in the formula in the interest of having a balanced outcome.
Unbound Tariff Lines (paragraph 5, indent two of the NAMA framework)
11. There has been progress on the discussion of unbound tariff lines. There is an understanding that full bindings would be a desirable objective of the NAMA negotiations, and a growing sense that unbound tariff lines should be subject to formula cuts provided there is a pragmatic solution for those lines with low applied rates. However, some Members have stressed that their unbound tariff lines with high applied rates are also sensitive and due consideration should be given to those lines. There now appears to be a willingness among several Members to move forward on the basis of a non-linear mark-up approach to establish base rates, and in the case of some of these Members, provided that such an approach yields an equitable result. A non-linear mark-up approach envisages the addition of a certain number of percentage points to the applied rate of the unbound tariff line in order to establish the base rate on which the formula is to be applied. There are two variations of such an approach. In one case, a constant number of percentage points are added to the applied rate in order to establish the base rate. The other variation consists of having a different number of percentage points depending on the level of the applied rate. In other words, the lower the applied rate the higher the mark-up and the higher the applied rate, the lower the mark-up. There is also one proposal on the table of a target average approach where an average is established through the use of a formula, with the unbound tariff lines expected to have final bindings around that average.
12. On a practical level, in their discussions on unbound tariff lines, Members have been referring mostly to the constant mark-up methodology to establish base rates. In the context of such discussions, the number for the mark-up has ranged from 5 to 30 percentage points. Once again the gap between the two figures is wide, but Members have displayed willingness to be flexible.
Other elements of the formula (paragraph 5 of the NAMA framework)
13. Concerning product coverage (indent 1), Members have made good progress to establish a list of non-agricultural products as reflected in document JOB (05)/226/Rev.2. The main issue is whether the outcome of this exercise should be an agreed list or guidelines. It would appear that several Members are in favour of the former outcome, however, some have expressed their preference for the latter. In any event, there are only a limited number of items (17) on which differences exist and Members should try and resolve these differences as quickly as possible.
14. On ad valorem equivalents (indent 5), agreement was reached to convert non ad valorem duties to ad valorem equivalents on the basis of the methodology contained in JOB (05)/166/Rev.1 and to bind them in ad valorem terms. To date, four Members have submitted their preliminary AVE calculations, but there are many more due. Those Members would need to submit this information as quickly as possible so as to allow sufficient time for the multilateral verification process.
15. The subject of how credit is to be given for autonomous liberalization (indent 4) by developing countries provided that the tariff lines are bound on an MFN basis in the WTO since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round has not been discussed in detail since the adoption of the NAMA framework. However, this issue may be more usefully taken up once there is a clearer picture of the formula.
16. All the other elements of the formula such as tariff cuts commencing from bound rates after full implementation of current commitments (indent 2), the base year (indent 3), the nomenclature (indent 6) and reference period for import data (indent 7) have not been discussed any further since July 2004, as they were acceptable to Members as currently reflected in the NAMA framework.
Other flexibilities for developing Members
Members with low binding coverage (paragraph 6 of the NAMA framework)
17. A submission by a group of developing Members, covered under paragraph 6 provisions, was made in June 2005. The paper proposed that Members falling under this paragraph should be encouraged to substantially increase their binding coverage, and bind tariff lines at a level consistent with their individual development, trade, fiscal and strategic needs. A preliminary discussion of this proposal revealed that there were concerns about this proposal re-opening this paragraph by seeking to enhance the flexibilities contained therein. Further discussion of this proposal is required. However, it appears that the issue of concern to some of the paragraph 6 Members is not related so much to the full binding coverage, but rather to the average level at which these Members would be required to bind their tariffs.
Flexibilities for LDCs (paragraph 9 of the NAMA framework)
18. There appears to be a common understanding that LDCs will be the judge of the extent and level of the bindings that they make. At the same time, Members have indicated that this substantial increase of the binding commitments which LDCs are expected to undertake should be done with a good faith effort. In this regard, some yardsticks for this effort were mentioned including the coverage and level of bindings made in the Uruguay Round by other LDCs as well as the more recently acceded LDCs.
Small, vulnerable economies
19. A paper was submitted recently by a group of Members which proposes inter alia lesser and linear cuts to Members identified by a criterion using trade share. While some developing and developed Members were sympathetic to the situation of such Members, concerns were expressed with respect to the threshold used to establish eligibility, and also the treatment envisaged. Other developing Members expressed serious reservations about this proposal which in their view appeared to be creating a new category of developing Members, and to be further diluting the ambition of the NAMA negotiations. The sponsors of this proposal stressed that the small, vulnerable economies had characteristics which warranted special treatment.
20. This is an issue on which there is a serious divergence of opinion among developing Members. This subject will need to be debated further. Discussions may be facilitated through additional statistical analysis.
Sectorals (paragraph 7 of the NAMA framework)
21. It appears that good progress is being made on the sectoral tariff component of the NAMA negotiations. Work which is taking place in an informal Member-driven process has focused on inter alia identification of sectors, product coverage, participation, end rates and adequate provisions of flexibilities for developing countries. Besides the sectorals based on a critical mass approach identified in the Chairman's commentary — bicycles, chemicals, electronics/electrical equipment, fish, footwear, forest products, gems and jewellery, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, raw materials and sporting goods — I understand that work is ongoing on other sectors namely apparel, auto/auto parts and textiles.
22. While this component of the NAMA negotiations is recognized in the NAMA framework to be a key element to delivering on the objectives of paragraph 16 of the Doha NAMA mandate, some developing Members have questioned the rationale of engaging in sectoral negotiations before having the formula finalized. Many have also re-iterated their view that sectorals are voluntary in nature. The point has also been made by other developing Members that sectorals harm smaller developing Members due to an erosion of their preferences. However, the proponents of such initiatives have argued that sectorals are another key element of the NAMA negotiations and an important modality for delivering on the elimination of duties as mandated in paragraph 16 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration. In addition, they have pointed out that some of the sectorals were initiated by developing Members. Moreover, such initiatives require substantive work and were time-consuming to prepare. Concerning preference erosion, this was a cross-cutting issue.
23. Members will need to begin considering time-lines for the finalization of such work, and the submission of the outcomes which will be applied on an MFN basis.
Market Access for LDCs (paragraph 10 of the NAMA framework)
24. In the discussions on this subject, it was noted that the Committee on Trade and Development in Special Session is examining the question of duty-free and quota-free access for non-agricultural products originating from LDCs. Consequently, there is recognition by Members that the discussions in that Committee would most probably have an impact on this element of the NAMA framework, and would need to be factored in at the appropriate time.
Newly Acceded Members (paragraph 11 of the NAMA framework)
25. Members recognize the extensive market access commitments made by the NAMs at the time of their accession. From the discussions held on this subject, it was clarified that those NAMs which are developing Members have access to paragraph 8 flexibilities. As special provisions for tariff reductions for the NAMs, some Members are willing to consider longer implementation periods than those to be provided to developing Members. Other proposals such as a higher coefficient and "grace periods" for the NAMs were also put forward, but a number of Members have objected to these ideas. There has also been a submission by four low-income economies in transition who have requested to be exempt from formula cuts in light of their substantive contributions at the time of their WTO accession and the current difficult state of their economies. While some Members showed sympathy for the situation of these Members, they expressed the view that other solutions may be more appropriate. Some developing Members also expressed concern about this proposal creating a differentiation between Members. Further discussion is required on these issues.
NTBs (paragraph 14 of the NAMA framework)
26. Since adoption of the July 2004 framework, Members have been focusing their attention on non-tariff barriers in recognition of the fact that they are an integral and equally important part of the NAMA negotiations. Some Members claim that they constitute a greater barrier to their exports than tariffs. The Group has spent a considerable amount of time identifying, categorizing and examining the notified NTBs. Members are using bilateral, vertical and horizontal approaches to the NTB negotiations. For example, many Members are raising issues bilaterally with their trading partners. Vertical initiatives are ongoing on automobiles, electronic products and wood products. There have been some proposals of a horizontal nature concerning export taxes, export restrictions and remanufactured products. On export taxes, some Members have expressed the view that such measures fall outside the mandate of the NAMA negotiations. Some Members have also raised in other Negotiating Groups some of the NTBs they had notified initially in the context of the NAMA negotiations. For example, a number of trade facilitation measures are now being examined in the Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation. Some other Members have also indicated their intention to bring issues to the regular WTO Committees. NTBs currently proposed for negotiation in the NAMA Group are contained in document JOB (05)/85/Rev.3.
27. Some proposals have been made of a procedural nature in order to expedite the NTB work, including a suggestion to hold dedicated NTB sessions. Further consideration will need to be given to this and other proposals. Members will also need to begin considering some time-lines for the submission of specific negotiating proposals and NTB outcomes.
Appropriate Studies and Capacity Building Measures (paragraph 15 of the NAMA framework)
28. There has been no discussion as such on this element as it is an ongoing and integral part of the negotiating process. Several papers have been prepared by the Secretariat during the course of the negotiations and capacity building activities by the Secretariat have increased considerably since the launch of the Doha Development Agenda. Such activities will need to continue taking into account the evolution of the negotiations.
Non-reciprocal preferences (paragraph 16 of the NAMA framework)
29. In response to calls by some Members for a better idea of the scope of the problem, the ACP Group circulated an indicative list of products (170 HS 6-digit tariff lines) vulnerable to preference erosion in the EC and US markets as identified through a vulnerability index. Simulations were also submitted by the African Group. Some developing Members expressed concern that the tariff lines listed covered the majority of their exports, or covered critical exports to those markets and were also precisely the lines on which they sought MFN cuts. As a result, for these Members, it was impossible to entertain any solution which related to less than full formula cuts or longer staging. In this regard, concern was expressed by them that non-trade solutions were not being examined. For the proponents of the issue, a trade solution was necessary as this was a trade problem. According to them, their proposal would not undermine trade liberalization because they were seeking to manage such liberalization on a limited number of products.
30. This subject is highly divisive precisely because the interests of the two groups of developing Members are in direct conflict. Additionally, it is a cross-cutting issue which makes it even more sensitive. While, the aforementioned list of products has been helpful in providing a sense of the scope of the problem and may help Members to engage in a more focused discussion, it is clear that pragmatism will need to be shown by all concerned.
Environmental Goods (paragraph 17 of the NAMA framework)
31. Since the adoption of the July framework in 2004, limited discussions have been held on this subject in the Group. However, it is noted that much work under paragraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration has been undertaken by the Committee on Trade and Environment in Special Session. There would need to be close coordination between the two negotiating groups and a stock taking of the work undertaken in that Committee would be required at the appropriate time by the NAMA Negotiating Group.
Other elements of the NAMA framework
32. On the other elements of the NAMA framework, such as supplementary modalities (paragraph 12), elimination of low duties (paragraph 13) and tariff revenue dependency (paragraph 16) the Group has not had a substantive debate. This has in part to do with the nature of the issue or because more information is required from the proponents. Regarding supplementary modalities, such modalities will become more relevant once the formula has been finalized. On elimination of low duties, this issue may be more suitable to consider once there is a better sense of the likely outcome of the NAMA negotiations. On tariff revenue dependency, more clarity is required from the proponents on the nature and scope of the problem.
33. As may be observed from the above report, Members are far away from achieving full modalities. This is highly troubling. It will take a major effort by all if the objective of concluding the NAMA negotiations by the end of 2006 is to be realized.
34. To this end, I would highlight as a critical objective for Hong Kong a common understanding on the formula, paragraph 8 flexibilities and unbound tariffs. It is crucial that Ministers move decisively on these elements so that the overall outcome is acceptable to all. This will give the necessary impetus to try and fulfil at a date soon thereafter the objective of full modalities for the NAMA negotiations.
35. Specifically, Ministers should:
Annex C: Services back to top
1. In order to achieve a progressively higher level of liberalization of trade in services, with appropriate flexibility for individual developing country Members, we agree that Members should be guided, to the maximum extent possible, by the following objectives in making their new and improved commitments:
(a) Mode 1
(i) commitments at existing levels of market access on a non-discriminatory basis across sectors of interest to Members (ii) removal of existing requirements of commercial presence
(b) Mode 2
(i) commitments at existing levels of market access on a non-discriminatory basis across sectors of interest to Members (ii) commitments on mode 2 where commitments on mode 1 exist
(c) Mode 3
(i) commitments on enhanced levels of foreign equity participation (ii) removal or substantial reduction of economic needs tests (iii) commitments allowing greater flexibility on the types of legal entity permitted
(d) Mode 4
(i)new or improved commitments on the categories of Contractual Services Suppliers, Independent Professionals and Others, de-linked from commercial presence, to reflect inter alia: - removal or substantial reduction of economic needs tests - indication of prescribed duration of stay and possibility of renewal, if any (ii) new or improved commitments on the categories of Intra-corporate Transferees and Business Visitors, to reflect inter alia: - removal or substantial reduction of economic needs tests - indication of prescribed duration of stay and possibility of renewal, if any
(e) MFN Exemptions
(i) removal or substantial reduction of exemptions from most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (ii) clarification of remaining MFN exemptions in terms of scope of application and duration
(f) Scheduling of Commitments
(i) ensuring clarity, certainty, comparability and coherence in the scheduling and classification of commitments through adherence to, inter alia , the Scheduling Guidelines pursuant to the Decision of the Council for Trade in Services adopted on 23 March 2001 (ii) ensuring that scheduling of any remaining economic needs tests adheres to the Scheduling Guidelines pursuant to the Decision of the Council for Trade in Services adopted on 23 March 2001.
2. As a reference for the request-offer negotiations, the sectoral and modal objectives as identified by Members may be considered1.
3. Members shall pursue full and effective implementation of the Modalities for the Special Treatment for Least-Developed Country Members in the Negotiations on Trade in Services (LDC Modalities) adopted by the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 3 September 2003, with a view to the beneficial and meaningful integration of LDCs into the multilateral trading system.
4. Members must intensify their efforts to conclude the negotiations on rule-making under GATS Articles X, XIII, and XV in accordance with their respective mandates and timelines:
(a) Members should engage in more focused discussions in connection with the technical and procedural questions relating to the operation and application of any possible emergency safeguard measures in services. (b) On government procurement, Members should engage in more focused discussions and in this context put greater emphasis on proposals by Members, in accordance with Article XIII of the GATS. (c) On subsidies, Members should intensify their efforts to expedite and fulfil the information exchange required for the purpose of such negotiations, and should engage in more focused discussions on proposals by Members, including the development of a possible working definition of subsidies in services.
5. Members shall develop disciplines on domestic regulation pursuant to the mandate under Article VI:4 of the GATS before the end of the current round of negotiations. We call upon Members to develop text for adoption. In so doing, Members shall consider proposals and the illustrative list of possible elements for Article VI:4 disciplines2.
6. Pursuant to the principles and objectives above, we agree to intensify and expedite the request-offer negotiations, which shall remain the main method of negotiation, with a view to securing substantial commitments.
7. In addition to bilateral negotiations, we agree that the request-offer negotiations should also be pursued on a plurilateral basis in accordance with the principles of the GATS and the Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Services. The results of such negotiations shall be extended on an MFN basis. These negotiations would be organized in the following manner:
(a) Any Member or group of Members may present requests or collective requests to other Members in any specific sector or mode of supply, identifying their objectives for the negotiations in that sector or mode of supply. (b) Members to whom such requests have been made shall consider such requests in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article XIX of the GATS and paragraph 11 of the Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Services. (c) Plurilateral negotiations should be organised with a view to facilitating the participation of all Members, taking into account the limited capacity of developing countries and smaller delegations to participate in such negotiations.
8. Due consideration shall be given to proposals on trade-related concerns of small economies.
9. Members, in the course of negotiations, shall develop methods for the full and effective implementation of the LDC Modalities, including expeditiously:
(a) Developing appropriate mechanisms for according special priority including to sectors and modes of supply of interest to LDCs in accordance with Article IV:3 of the GATS and paragraph 7 of the LDC Modal ities. (b) Undertaking commitments, to the extent possible, in such sectors and modes of supply identified, or to be identified, by LDCs that represent priority in their development policies in accordance with paragraphs 6 and 9 of the LDC Modalities. (c) Assisting LDCs to enable them to identify sectors and modes of supply that represent development priorities. (d) Providing targeted and effective technical assistance and capacity building for LDCs in accordance with the LDC Modalities, particularly paragraphs 8 and 12. (e) Developing a reporting mechanism to facilitate the review requirement in paragraph 13 of the LDC Modalities.
10. Targeted technical assistance should be provided through, inter alia, the WTO Secretariat, with a view to enabling developing and least-developed countries to participate effectively in the negotiations. In particular and in accordance with paragraph 51 on Technical Cooperation of this Declaration, targeted technical assistance should be given to all developing countries allowing them to fully engage in the negotiation. In addition, such assistance should be provided on, inter alia, compiling and analyzing statistical data on trade in services, assessing interests in and gains from services trade, building regulatory capacity, particularly on those services sectors where liberalization is being undertaken by developing countries.
11. Recognizing that an effective timeline is necessary in order to achieve a successful conclusion of the negotiations by [...], we agree that the negotiations shall adhere to the following dates:
(a) Any outstanding initial offers shall be submitted as soon as possible. (b) Groups of Members presenting plurilateral requests to other Members should submit such requests by 28 February 2006 or as soon as possible thereafter. (c) A second round of revised offers shall be submitted by 31 July 2006. (d) Final draft schedules of commitments shall be submitted by 31 October 2006. (e) Members shall strive to complete the requirements in 9(a) before the date in 11(c).
Review of Progress
12. The Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services shall review progress in the negotiations and monitor the implementation of the Objectives, Approaches and Timelines set out in this Annex.
Notes: 1. As attached to the Report by the Chairman to the Trade Negotiations Committee on 28 November 2005, contained in document TN/S/23. This attachment has no legal standing. back to text 2. As attached to the Report of the Chairman of the Working Party on Domestic Regulation to the Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services on 15 November 2005, contained in document JOB(05)/280. back to text
Annex D: Rules back to top
I. Anti-Dumping and Subsidies and Countervailing Measures including Fisheries Subsidies
1. acknowledge that the achievement of substantial results on all aspects of the Rules mandate, in the form of amendments to the Anti-Dumping (AD) and Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreements, is important to the development of the rules-based multilateral trading system and to the overall balance of results in the DDA;
2. aim to achieve in the negotiations on Rules further improvements, in particular, to the transparency, predictability and clarity of the relevant disciplines, to the benefit of all Members, including in particular developing and least-developed Members. In this respect, the development dimension of the negotiations must be addressed as an integral part of any outcome;
3. call on Participants, in considering possible clarifications and improvements in the area of anti-dumping, to take into account, inter alia, (a) the need to avoid the unwarranted use of anti-dumping measures, while preserving the basic concepts, principles and effectiveness of the instrument and its objectives where such measures are warranted; and (b) the desirability of limiting the costs and complexity of proceedings for interested parties and the investigating authorities alike, while strengthening the due process, transparency and predictability of such proceedings and measures;
4. consider that negotiations on anti-dumping should, as appropriate, clarify and improve the rules regarding, inter alia, (a) determinations of dumping, injury and causation, and the application of measures; (b) procedures governing the initiation, conduct and completion of antidumping investigations, including with a view to strengthening due process and enhancing transparency; and (c) the level, scope and duration of measures, including duty assessment, interim and new shipper reviews, sunset, and anti-circumvention proceedings;
5. recognize that negotiations on anti-dumping have intensified and deepened, that Participants are showing a high level of constructive engagement, and that the process of rigorous discussion of the issues based on specific textual proposals for amendment to the AD Agreement has been productive and is a necessary step in achieving the substantial results to which Ministers are committed;
6. note that, in the negotiations on anti-dumping, the Negotiating Group on Rules has been discussing in detail proposals on such issues as determinations of injury/causation, the lesser duty rule, public interest, transparency and due process, interim reviews, sunset, duty assessment, circumvention, the use of facts available, limited examination and all others rates, dispute settlement, the definition of dumped imports, affiliated parties, product under consideration, and the initiation and completion of investigations, and that this process of discussing proposals before the Group or yet to be submitted will continue after Hong Kong;
7. note, in respect of subsidies and countervailing measures, that while proposals for amendments to the SCM Agreement have been submitted on a number of issues, including the definition of a subsidy, specificity, prohibited subsidies, serious prejudice, export credits and guarantees, and the allocation of benefit, there is a need to deepen the analysis on the basis of specific textual proposals in order to ensure a balanced outcome in all areas of the Group's mandate;
8. note the desirability of applying to both anti-dumping and countervailing measures any clarifications and improvements which are relevant and appropriate to both instruments;
9. recall our commitment at Doha to enhancing the mutual supportiveness of trade and environment, note that there is broad agreement that the Group should strengthen disciplines on subsidies in the fisheries sector, including through the prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and over-fishing, and call on Participants promptly to undertake further detailed work to, inter alia, establish the nature and extent of those disciplines, including transparency and enforceability. Appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least-developed Members should be an integral part of the fisheries subsidies negotiations, taking into account the importance of this sector to development priorities, poverty reduction, and livelihood and food security concerns;
10. direct the Group to intensify and accelerate the negotiating process in all areas of its mandate, on the basis of detailed textual proposals before the Group or yet to be submitted, and complete the process of analysing proposals by Participants on the AD and SCM Agreements as soon as possible;
11. mandate the Chairman to prepare, early enough to assure a timely outcome within the context of the 2006 end date for the Doha Development Agenda and taking account of progress in other areas of the negotiations, consolidated texts of the AD and SCM Agreements that shall be the basis for the final stage of the negotiations.
II. Regional Trade Agreements
1. We welcome the progress in negotiations to clarify and improve the WTO's disciplines and procedures on regional trade agreements (RTAs). Such agreements, which can foster trade liberalization and promote development, have become an important element in the trade policies of virtually all Members. Transparency of RTAs is thus of systemic interest as are disciplines that ensure the complementarity of RTAs with the WTO.
2. We commend the progress in defining the elements of a transparency mechanism for RTAs, aimed, in particular, at improving existing WTO procedures for gathering factual information on RTAs, without prejudice to the rights and obligations of Members. We instruct the Negotiating Group on Rules to intensify its efforts to resolve outstanding issues, with a view to a provisional decision on RTA transparency by 30 April 2006.
3. We also note with appreciation the work of the Negotiating Group on Rules on WTO's disciplines governing RTAs, including inter alia on the "substantially all the trade" requirement, the length of RTA transition periods and RTA developmental aspects. We instruct the Group to intensify negotiations, based on text proposals as soon as possible after the Sixth Ministerial Conference, so as to arrive at appropriate outcomes by end 2006.
Annex E: Trade Facilitation back to top
Report by the Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation to the TNC
1. Since its establishment on 12 October 2004, the Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation met eleven times to carry out work under the mandate contained in Annex D of the Decision adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004. The negotiations are benefiting from the fact that the mandate allows for the central development dimension of the Doha negotiations to be addressed directly through the widely acknowledged benefits of trade facilitation reforms for all WTO Members, the enhancement of trade facilitation capacity in developing countries and LDCs, and provisions on special and differential treatment (S&DT) that provide flexibility. Based on the Group's Work Plan (TN/TF/1), Members contributed to the agreed agenda of the Group, tabling 60 written submissions sponsored by more than 100 delegations. Members appreciate the transparent and inclusive manner in which the negotiations are being conducted.
2. Good progress has been made in all areas covered by the mandate, through both verbal and written contributions by Members. A considerable part of the Negotiating Group's meetings has been spent on addressing the negotiating objective of improving and clarifying relevant aspects of GATT Articles V, VIII and X, on which about 40 written submissions1 have been tabled by Members representing the full spectrum of the WTO's Membership. Through discussions on these submissions and related questions and answers (JOB(05)/222), Members have advanced their understanding of the measures in question and are working towards common ground on many aspects of this part of the negotiating mandate. Many of these submissions also covered the negotiating objective of enhancing technical assistance and support for capacity building on trade facilitation, as well as the practical application of the principle of S&DT. The Group also discussed other valuable submissions dedicated to these issues2. Advances have also been made on the objective of arriving at provisions for effective cooperation between customs or any other appropriate authorities on trade facilitation and customs compliance issues, where two written proposals have been discussed3. Members have also made valuable contributions on the identification of trade facilitation needs and priorities, development aspects, cost implications and inter-agency cooperation4.
3. Valuable input has been provided by a number of Members in the form of national experience papers5 describing national trade facilitation reform processes. In appreciation of the value to developing countries and LDCs of this aspect of the negotiations, the Negotiating Group recommends that Members be encouraged to continue this information sharing exercise.
4. Building on the progress made in the negotiations so far, and with a view to developing a set of multilateral commitments on all elements of the mandate, the Negotiating Group recommends that it continue to intensify its negotiations on the basis of Members' proposals, as reflected currently in document TN/TF/W/43/Rev.4, and any new proposals to be presented. Without prejudice to individual Member's positions on individual proposals, a list of (I) proposed measures to improve and clarify GATT Articles V, VIII and X; (II) proposed provisions for effective cooperation between customs and other authorities on trade facilitation and customs compliance; and, (III) cross-cutting submissions; is provided below to facilitate further negotiations. In carrying out this work and in tabling further proposals, Members should be mindful of the overall deadline for finishing the negotiations and the resulting need to move into focussed drafting mode early enough after the Sixth Ministerial Conference so as to allow for a timely conclusion of text-based negotiations on all aspects of the mandate.
5. Work needs to continue and broaden on the process of identifying individual Member's trade facilitation needs and priorities, and the cost implications of possible measures. The Negotiating Group recommends that relevant international organizations be invited to continue to assist Members in this process, recognizing the important contributions being made by them already, and be encouraged to continue and intensify their work more generally in support of the negotiations.
6. In light of the vital importance of technical assistance and capacity building to allow developing countries and LDCs to fully participate in and benefit from the negotiations, the Negotiating Group recommends that the commitments in Annex D's mandate in this area be reaffirmed, reinforced and made operational in a timely manner. To bring the negotiations to a successful conclusion, special attention needs to be paid to support for technical assistance and capacity building that will allow developing counties and LDCs to participate effectively in the negotiations, and to technical assistance and capacity building to implement the results of the negotiations that is precise, effective and operational, and reflects the trade facilitation needs and priorities of developing countries and LDCs. Recognizing the valuable assistance already being provided in this area, the Negotiating Group recommends that Members, in particular developed ones, continue to intensify their support in a comprehensive manner and on a long-term and sustainable basis, backed by secure funding.
7. The Negotiating Group also recommends that it deepen and intensify its negotiations on the issue of S&DT, with a view to arriving at S&DT provisions that are precise, effective and operational and that allow for necessary flexibility in implementing the results of the negotiations. Reaffirming the linkages among the elements of Annex D, the Negotiating Group recommends that further negotiations on S&DT build on input presented by Members in the context of measures related to GATT Articles V, VIII and X and in their proposals of a cross-cutting nature on S&DT.
1. Needs and Priorities Identification
2. Technical Assistance and Capacity Building
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building in the Course of the Negotiations
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building Beyond the Negotiations Phase
3. Multiple-Areas
Notes: 1. TN/TF/W/6-W/15, W/17-W/26, W/28, W/30-W32, W/34-36, W/38-W/40, W/42, W/44-W/49, W/53, W/55, W/58, W/60-W/62, W/64-W/67, W/69, W/70. back to text 2. TN/TF/W/33, W/41, W/56, W/63, W/73 and W/74. back to text 3. TN/TF/W/57 and W/68. back to text 4. TN/TF/W/29, W/33, W/41, W/62 and W/63. back to text 5. TN/TF/W/48, W/50 , W/53, W/55, W/58, W/60, W/61, W/65, W/69 and W/75. back to text
Annex F: Special and Differential Treatment back to top
LDC Agreement-specific Proposals
23) Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the GATT 1994
(i) We agree that requests for waivers by least-developed country Members under Article IX of the WTO Agreement and the Understanding in respect of Waivers of Obligations under the GATT 1994 shall be given positive consideration and a decision taken within 60 days.
(ii) When considering requests for waivers by other Members exclusively in favour of least-developed country Members, we agree that a decision shall be taken within 60 days, or in exceptional circumstances as expeditiously as possible thereafter, without prejudice to the rights of other Members.
36) Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries
We agree that developed-country Members shall, and developing-country Members declaring themselves in a position to do so should:
(a)(i) Provide duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis, for all products originating from all LDCs by 2008 or no later than the start of the implementation period in a manner that ensures stability, security and predictability.
(ii) Members facing difficulties at this time to provide market access as set out above shall provide duty-free and quota-free market access for at least 97 per cent of products originating from LDCs, defined at the tariff line level, by 2008 or no later than the start of the implementation period. In addition, these Members shall take steps to progressively achieve compliance with the obligations set out above, taking into account the impact on other developing countries at similar levels of development, and, as appropriate, by incrementally building on the initial list of covered products.
(iii) Developing-country Members shall be permitted to phase in their commitments and shall enjoy appropriate flexibility in coverage.
(b) Ensure that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from LDCs are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access.
Members shall notify the implementation of the schemes adopted under this decision every year to the Committee on Trade and Development. The Committee on Trade and Development shall annually review the steps taken to provide duty-free and quota-free market access to the LDCs and report to the General Council for appropriate action.
We urge all donors and relevant international institutions to increase financial and technical support aimed at the diversification of LDC economies, while providing additional financial and technical assistance through appropriate delivery mechanisms to meet their implementation obligations, including fulfilling SPS and TBT requirements, and to assist them in managing their adjustment processes, including those necessary to face the results of MFN multilateral trade liberalisation.
38) Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries
It is reaffirmed that least-developed country Members will only be required to undertake commitments and concessions to the extent consistent with their individual development, financial or trade needs, or their administrative and institutional capacities.
Within the context of coherence arrangements with other international institutions, we urge donors, multilateral agencies and international financial institutions to coordinate their work to ensure that LDCs are not subjected to conditionalities on loans, grants and official development assistance that are inconsistent with their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreements.
84) Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures
LDCs shall be allowed to maintain on a temporary basis existing measures that deviate from their obligations under the TRIMs Agreement. For this purpose, LDCs shall notify the Council for Trade in Goods (CTG) of such measures within two years, starting 30 days after the date of this declaration. LDCs will be allowed to maintain these existing measures until the end of a new transition period, lasting seven years. This transition period may be extended by the CTG under the existing procedures set out in the TRIMs Agreement, taking into account the individual financial, trade, and development needs of the Member in question.
LDCs shall also be allowed to introduce new measures that deviate from their obligations under the TRIMs Agreement. These new TRIMs shall be notified to the CTG no later than six months after their adoption. The CTG shall give positive consideration to such notifications, taking into account the individual financial, trade, and development needs of the Member in question. The duration of these measures will not exceed five years, renewable subject to review and decision by the CTG.
Any measures incompatible with the TRIMs Agreement and adopted under this decision shall be phased out by year 2020.
88) Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries — Paragraph 1
Least-developed country Members, whilst reaffirming their commitment to the fundamental principles of the WTO and relevant provisions of GATT 1994, and while complying with the general rules set out in the aforesaid instruments, will only be required to undertake commitments and concessions to the extent consistent with their individual development, financial and trade needs, and their administrative and institutional capabilities. Should a least-developed country Member find that it is not in a position to comply with a specific obligation or commitment on these grounds, it shall bring the matter to the attention of the General Council for examination and appropriate action.
We agree that the implementation by LDCs of their obligations or commitments will require further technical and financial support directly related to the nature and scope of such obligations or commitments, and direct the WTO to coordinate its efforts with donors and relevant agencies to significantly increase aid for trade-related technical assistance and capacity building.
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Stage reviews: Niagara-on-the-Lake: It's a sweet town, but the play's the thing
July 4, 2014 9:37 PMNIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE, Ontario – In my 34 years covering the Shaw Festival, I have often waxed lyrical about this pretty little town where it's set. Just about five hours from Pittsburgh, NOTL is a bustling main street of theaters, restaurants and shops, crowned everywhere with flowers, surrounded by acres of handsome houses, lots and lots of greenery, and the shores of Lake Ontario.
All very sweet. But the heart of the matter remains the festival – a big repertory company with four theaters, this year staging 10 plays from April through October.
Regulars at the Shaw, or even those who've just read my reviews, have watched its "mandate" gradually expand. In its second year it went from staging Shaw alone to include work written by others during his lengthy lifetime, 1856-1950. Then in 2000 it added more recent plays set during that lifetime.
Most recently, it expanded the mandate further. Now it defines itself as "a theatre company inspired by the work of Bernard Shaw. We produce plays from and about his era and contemporary plays that share Shaw's provocative exploration of society and celebration of humanity." And it backs that up with theater programs full of essays and photos that enrich the experience of each play.
Some years, it's been a flood of comedies, sometimes with some sterner stuff, and always a smattering of musicals. Whatever the mix, the festival has been well worth a trip. On a recent Post-Gazette theater tour, we saw the four plays below, but in September (see sidebar), we return to see five more, with an optional extra – and many of these same actors in different roles.
'The Philadelphia Story'
This 1939 Philip Barry comedy is probably best known from the Katharine Hepburn-Cary Grant-James Stewart movie or even from "High Society," the Grace Kelly-Bing Crosby-Frank Sinatra movie musical. On stage, it doesn't get as many revivals as it deserves, probably because the big cast is expensive.
That makes it catnip for the Shaw, with its big company well practiced in the manners and mores of the 1930s. William Schmuck's opulent set takes the breath away, the expansive Main Line Philadelphia mansion where Tracy Lord is about to marry George, an ambitious up-and-coming businessman, partially in flight from Dexter, her prior husband, who was more of her class.
Class? Do we speak of class in America? Usually it's all about money, but Barry is interested also in the social behavior and rituals of the long-term rich. He probes them here in the persons of two invading journalists, hoping to get an inside story on Philadelphia aristocracy. But in the course of two days, they get swept up into the goings-on, familial and amatory, and become more participants than observers.
So do we. We root for Tracy (once Hepburn and Kelly, here a very persuasive Moya O'Connell) to grow up; we root for Mike (Stewart and Sinatra, here Patrick McManus) to compromise his ideological truculence. And although Dexter (a fine Gray Powell) starts out on the sidelines, as he warms up, we root for him, too.
But the real pleasure is the large roster of others, among them full performances by Sharry Flett and Juan Chioran (Tracy's parents) and Ric Reid as eccentric Uncle Willie.
Ultimately, "Philadelphia Story" doesn't have much depth, just lots of personality.
Barry is no American Chekhov. But what fun.
"When We Are Married"
The Shaw stages many kinds of plays from the two centuries it covers, but nothing appeals to me more than its discoveries: major plays by a once-major playwright whom time has passed by, such as J.B. Priestley's 1938 comedy of Yorkshire manners, "When We Are Married."
The plot is in the premise: three stuffy, self-satisfied middle-class couples gather to celebrate their silver wedding anniversaries. We see their intolerance in how they treat the young and the servants. And then, bang! They discover the clergyman who married them didn't yet have his license.
Suddenly, everything is up for grabs, including their domineering positions in local society, where everybody knows everybody's business. The balance of power shifts in their own marriages, where the women now realize they are no longer captive. We discover each couple's different balance of power, and we root for the downtrodden (male or female) to break free.
Priestley also serves up a half-dozen richly drawn supporting characters, a la Shakespearean rustics.The plot doesn't go as far as we'd like at the end – feminism wasn't what it would be a few decades later – but we've all had a comic lesson in the tyranny of social and gender expectations.
"Arms and the Man"
The title comes right from the first line of Virgil's "Aeneid," but don't be fooled: as "The Chocolate Cream Soldier," the title of a later musical comedy version suggests, "Arms and the Man" is just about as sweet a marriage comedy as Shaw ever wrote.
Of course, this is still Shaw, so there are plenty of ideas to argue about in this surprisingly contemporary comedy/farce set during the Balkan wars of independence in the 1880s – because when are the Balkans not in the news? Mainly, the play ridicules various kinds of romantic idealism, with a very pragmatic Swiss mercenary and hotel keeper as the ultimate hero.
It's an absolute snap for the Shaw, and although a few of the roles aren't as perfect as I've seen in previous Shaw versions of the same play, the whole thing is pretty much irresistible.
"The Sea"
I've saved the strangest for last. The Shaw tries to vary its predominantly comic diet with sterner stuff, and Edward Bond's 1973 tragi-comedy absolutely fills the new mandate's call for a "provocative exploration of society."
Provocatively enough, Mr. Bond calls it "The Sea: A Comedy," but it is hardly that. At best, its comic, even farcical elements serve as contrast to the deep strain of grief. We aren't even sure just how to take the two comic side plots, that of the domineering Mrs. Rafi and the obsessive draper, Hatch.
On the one hand there's the comic farce of Mrs. Rafi organizing a snippet of opera - think of "The Music Man" - but this is "Orpheus & Eurydice"; on the other is the tragic farce of Hatch ground down to despair; somewhere between is the sadness and hilarity of a memorial event at seaside.
Fiona Reid's Rafi (indomitable, perhaps too persistently so) and Patrick Galligan's Hatch (downtrodden, obsessive and mad) are powerful in what are generally reckoned the play's leads, but the central story is actually that of two young people, brought together by the drowning of a friend and the wisdom of a seaside hermit – "Orpheus & Eurydice" in another way.
The play's reputation is such that Judi Dench and Eileen Atkins have played Mrs. Rafi in London. But it grabs you slowly. It wasn't until Act 2 that I found myself under its strange, elegiac, angry spell.
Senior theater critic Christopher Rawson: 412-216-1944.


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Only the Steamboat Ski Area attracts more visitors in the winter than the Strawberry Park Hot Springs.
Manager Chuck Rosemond said it's the remoteness, natural beauty and uniqueness of the hot springs that attract visitors from around the world.
"It is a very unique experience. You won't find anything else like it anywhere in the state," Rosemond said.
The hot springs were first visited by Ute Indians and have been a popular attraction for centuries.
Today, many visitors from around the world travel to the hot springs to recuperate after a hard day of skiing or just to relax in its peaceful and scenic atmosphere.
The Strawberry Park Hot Springs is seven miles from downtown Steamboat. It features a mixture of mineral springs and gardens.
The main attraction is the hot springs. Three pools are divided by stone walls with five waterfalls flowing from one pool to the next. The temperature is controlled through rustic gates that regulate how much cool creek water comes into the hot springs.
The largest hot pool is kept at around 104 degrees. The next pool is slightly smaller and cooler. The creek cell is larger than both of the other cells and is a comfortable contrast to the hot pools and visitors can find coveted warm spots.
The hot springs also houses a stone steam house, warm changing area and picnic areas.
Another private pool is used for watsu -- warm water massages. The facility also offers Swedish massages and side-by-side massages for two.
For $20 an hour plus the price of admission, the private pool can be rented out after 8 p.m. The pool can hold up to 12 people.
In the winter, the hot springs offers overnight cabin rentals. The most popular accommodation is the train caboose, which can sleep four.
The steep dirt road makes getting to the hot springs tricky in the winter, and from Nov. 1 to May 1 it is illegal to drive the last two miles without four-wheel drive with winter snow tires or chains. A lower parking lot, at the two-mile marker from the hot springs, is rarely closed to traffic.
Rosemond does not recommend trying to make the trip in two-wheel drive vehicles. The Routt County Sheriff's Office fines and tickets anyone who gets stuck on the road and blocks traffic.
Rosemond said the roads are especially slippery in the spring months when it melts and refreezes in the evenings.
Shuttle services, Windwalker Tours and Sweet Pea Tours, are available to take visitors to the hot springs.
It is recommended that visitors bring water to prevent dehydration. Also, night visitors should bring flashlights for the walk down to the hot springs.
Admission into the hot springs is from 10 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Sunday through Thursday and 10 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. Saturday and Sunday.
The cost is $10 for adults, $5 for teenagers and $3 for children. No one under 18 is allowed in the hot springs after dark when clothing is optional. n


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Australian PM wins leadership challenge
Published:Monday | February 27, 2012 | 2:37 PM
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard has defeated Kevin Rudd in the Labour Party leadership ballot.
Gillard, who ousted Rudd as Prime Minister in June 2010, won 71 votes to his 31.
She called the ballot after weeks of speculation that Rudd was going to challenge her for the top job.
Speaking to reporters after the results were announced, Gillard thanked her colleagues for their support and stressed that she was confident of leading the Labour Party to a win at the next election in 2013.


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The hotel was convenient, clean and all staff were very pleasant. The front desk people had good recommendations for local restaurants. My room was quiet and very clean- with complimentary high speed internet access in the room.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Enjoy a comfortable and convenient stay at our Irondale hotel with free high-speed internet access in guest rooms and business center. Our business center features a choice of professional services including fax and photocopying. Start the day with a workout in our fitness center or refresh with a swim in our indoor pool. Join us for waffles, eggs and daily specialties with Hampton's free hot breakfast. If you're headed to an early morning meeting or golf on the Robert Trent Jones Trail, grab an On the Run® Breakfast Bag, available Monday to Friday, for a quick and healthy meal to go. Host your special occasion or executive business meeting in our Whistle Stop Meeting Room. Pick up a midnight snack or sundries at our 24-hour Suite Shop. If you're traveling with young children, we can provide a crib and high chair during your stay. Unwind in a guest room or suite that features all of the amenities and services that you'll need for a carefree vacation in Birmingham. Turn on the 32-inch LCD HD TV and watch a cable channel. Get prepared for the day in a bathroom featuring granite countertops and vanities. Be productive by using the work desk with adjustable lamp or lap desk. Pop popcorn in the microwave while cooling drinks in the mini-refrigerator. Check emails using free high-speed internet access or simply relax in a clean and fresh Hampton bed. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Hotels.com, Hilton Hotels Direct and Odigeo so you can book your Hampton Inn & Suites Birmingham East Irondale reservations with confidence. We help millions of travellers each month to find the perfect hotel for both holiday and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Hampton Inn And Suites Birmingham-East i-20
- Hampton Inn & Suites Birmingham-East i-20 Hotel Birmingham


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We have 3 advices for bve.cz that could be taken into account.
PageRank is link analysis algorithm developed by one of Google founders Larry Page. In Google Toolbar the PageRank (in short PR) is displayed as a whole number from 0 to 10. Popular websites has higher PR.
WEBTARANTULA ADVICE: The time when PR was a significant factor for better positioning in Google Results are in the past. It's still a factor, but there are a lot more factors that should be considered.
Date | Pagerank |
08 Jul 2011 | 2 |
This is page title as it is in HTML <title> tag.
WEBTARANTULA ADVICE: It's preferable for the page title to be short and descriptive for the visitor.
<h1> | <h2> | <h3> | <h4> | <h5> |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WEBTARANTULA ADVICE: You have no H1 tags on your page. You should consider adding h1 tag on our page.
This is ratio between HTML/Javascript code and actual text information on the page.
Your text to code ratio is too low (5%). You should think of adding more text to your site. Right now the code is too much!
WEBTARANTULA ADVICE: Low ratio will usually have negative SEO impact. Low ratio can be fixed with adding some text or by moving formatting and programming to external CSS and JS files.
Internal Links | External Links | External Nofollow |
2 | 0 | 0 |
Keyword | Times found |
verze | 1 |
česká | 1 |
version | 1 |
english | 1 |
In this section we have made analysis of the most popular words on the home page of $domain. Keywords on the table on the are sorted by their density (frequency) on the page. You can also see top sites that share these keywords in their home pages and also the world rank of these websites. You can check how many websites has some of these keywords as their own keyword too. It's a good and convinient way for researching $domain competition. For more detailed search, and for checking more than one keywords you can use our search on the top of the page.
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You can show off with this cool widget about bve.cz seo score estimated by webtarantula.
Physical size of the page, when downloaded in kilobytes.
WEBTARANTULA ADVICE: Page size must be reasonable. Long pages have high load times, also slow down the clients computer - in such case the visitor will simply close the page. For mobile devices large pages can be cropped or simply not shown. In some cases large page is necessary - in this case is better the page to be presented as document for download - PDF, DOC or HTML. ZIP files must be avoided, because they may be blocked by some antivirus software.


text:
Group Booking Terms and Conditions
Because you are making a Group Booking, there are additional Terms and Conditions that apply. Please read them and click 'I Accept' below to continue with your booking
General Group Booking Terms
By making a group reservation through Hostelworld.com you agree to the following terms and conditions as set by Hostelworld.com and as set by the hostel in question.
- In order to make a group reservation on Hostelworld.com it is necessary to pay a deposit. The balance is due directly to the hostel according to their payment conditions.
- The booking deposit is non-refundable.
- Please note that any cancellations must be notified directly to the hostel at least 24 hours in advance of your scheduled arrival date, unless otherwise stated in the hostel's conditions.
- Hostelworld.com are not responsible for changes or amendments to your reservation once it has been processed. All correspondence with regard to changes to your booking need to be dealt with directly with the hostel.
- Cancellations for reservations must be made directly with the hostel and must conform with the individual hostels cancellation policy (see below)
- It is your responsibility to pay the balance of your accommodation cost to the hostel in accordance with their payment conditions (see below). Failure to do so may result in your reservation being cancelled by the hostel.
- Individual hostels may have special booking conditions relating to group stays, please read the hostel booking conditions carefully before making your reservation.
Hostel Specific Terms & Conditions
The remainder of the amount due will be charged to your credit card 4 weeks prior to arrival. Should numbers or room selection change, the per person deposit times the number of people who actually travelled will be deducted from the total accommodation charge levvied by the hostel.
Cancellation / No Show & Reduction in Numbers Policy
Full payment is required 4 weeks prior to arrival.
The following are the cancellation charges that Star City Hotel*** will communicate to all Group Organisers:
Cancellation charges
6-8 weeks before arrival date: 50% of total cost
3-6 weeks before arrival date: 75% of total cost
Less than 3 weeks before: 100% of total cost
Note: Booking conditions and cancellation fees for groups, which are booked less than four weeks before arrival, must be agreed at the time of booking.
Reduction in numbers / amendments to reservations
6-8 weeks before arrival date: 25% of total cost amendments / reduction **
3-6 weeks before arrival date: 75% of total cost amendment / reduction
Less than 3 weeks: 100% of total cost amendment / reduction **
Note: ** Depending on numbers of reduction / amendment this is the percentage charged
Additional Terms and Conditions
-In certain cases, Star City Hotel*** may alter the above conditions and cancellation / reduction in numbers / amendments to reservations charges as it sees fit. Star City Hotel*** agrees to communicate any new conditions to the group organiser / agent at the time of booking.
The following group types are not accepted by this hostel: Stag/Hen/Bachelor Party If you have misrepresented the type of group you are booking for, your booking may be cancelled by the hostel.
Additional Info:
The group organiser / agent agrees to provide flight / arrival details for the group on confirmation and a full name list for the group no later than two weeks before arrival.
Any cancellations resulting from agreement to these terms and conditions under false pretences will result in loss of deposit.
Você deve aceitar os termos e condições para que possamos confirmar sua reserva.
Selling Out Soon
Descrição do alojamento
APP Hostelworld para telemóvel
Faça a sua reserva em movimento com a nossa aplicação móvel da Hostelworld.


text:
Joined: 20 January 2005
Posts: 47912
The following 4 member(s) liked the above post:
amrita4, juveriya khan, jollygl, Vaish-,
Joined: 30 June 2005
Posts: 7410
Joined: 20 January 2005
Posts: 47912
welcome to the club jaan
Joined: 30 June 2005
Posts: 7410
IF Crorepati
Joined: 06 October 2005
Posts: 1569
Joined: 30 June 2005
Posts: 7410
Amrita Rao Profile
Name: Amrita Rao Birthday: 17th June ???? E-mail: [email protected] Turn-ons: Impeccable behaviour with women Turn-offs: Selfish behaviour Car in school: I did not need one cos' i walked to school Car today: Mitsubishi Lancer Favourite TV show: I love all Sajid Khan shows I lie sometimes: when i am in bed, haha. But seriously, they are usually white lies to avoid hurting someone or to my mum when she worries unecessarily. Memorable moments: The day my first film Ishq Vishk released. It took a bumper opening and I went to the theatres with Shahid Kapoor and Ken Ghosh. The audience response was so positive and overwhelming, it was unforgettable. Philosophy of life: Life is short and sweet, so make others happy and never let anyone down. Secret ambition: I've led such a protected life that a holiday in Venice on my own would be fun. On a blind date I'd go out with:Brad Pitt. Please Jennifer Aniston, may I? If i were a burglar I'd steal: the hearts of my audiece. I'd like to be reborn as: A social worker. I would like to do something for mentally challenged individuals. Maybe I will do so in this life itself. Allergies: Snobbish people Favourite drink: Nariyal Paani What I am terrified of: doing a bad job in a film and letting my fans down. Favourite Book: Chitra Bannerfi's Arranged Marriage One role I'd give my left arm for: I would not name a role that has already been done by someone. I want to do a role that others would give their left arm for! |
Joined: 30 June 2005
Posts: 7410
Year | Movie | Cast |
2002 | Ab Ke Baras | Amrita Rao |
2002 | Legend of Bhagat Singh | Ajay Devgan, Sushant Singh |
2003 | Ishq Vishk | Shahid Kapoor, Amrita Rao |
2004 | Main Hoon Na | Shah Rukh Khan, Zayed Khan, Amrita Rao, Sushmita Sen, Sunil Shetty |
2004 | Deewar | Akshaye Khanna, Amrita Rao, Amitabh Bachchan, Sanjay Dutt |
2004 | Masti | Amrita Rao - Vivek Oberio, Aaftab Shivdasani- Tara Sharma, Ritesh Deshmukh - Genelia D'souza, Ajay Devgan - Lara Dutta |
Joined: 30 June 2005
Posts: 7410
Claim to fame:
Model and actress. Has three films to her credit, Ab Ke Baras, Legend of Bhagat Singh and Ishq Vishk.
How Net savvy are you? What would you rate yourself on a scale of 1 to 10?
I am quite Net savvy. I usually log on once in a week, check my email, my site and then I reply to my fan mail. Though, when I am feeling lazy, I get my sister to check my email for me.?
How did you hooked onto the Net?
I began surfing in 1999. We had a connection where one could surf the Net via the TV. But that flopped and ever since I've been using my PC at home. I use it mostly to chat with my cousins abroad now or email them.
What did you use the Net recently for?
Recently, I updated my site with new pictures. I got the site as a gift from my father and uncle who made it when my first movie was released. I quite love the emails that I get. Especially when I have lawyers and other professionals writing in to me!
Your idea of a perfect Web site?
My site! I think it has everything I would need. Though I would like to put in more movie clips, update it everyday with information about my shoots and other assignments that I am doing.
Ever been ego-surfing?
Yes, I do that quite often. And I think it's a lot of fun. The only thing I sometimes realise is how negative people can be, without even knowing you. That is weird!
What would you like to learn to do on the Net?
I'd love to download music more often. But I think, this whole concept of chatting with strangers and not knowing who they are fascinates me. I also wonder would someone ever believe me if I told them that I was Amrita Rao. They would probably turn around and say, "And, I am Madhuri Dixit."
What do you like most about the Internet?
Everyone is so easily accessible. I am in touch with fans and can get feedback about my film almost immediately!
What do you hate about the Internet?
It's slow sometimes and also so addictive.
One celebrity you would like to chat online with?
Aamir Khan. He's the best actor we have around and I simply would love to talk to him.
A bit isolated.
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