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Clinical & Policy Updates:
SMMGP Clinical Update October-November 2012
Download the PDF version of this Update here! (PDF*, 485K) |
A record-linkage study of drug-related death and suicide after hospital discharge among drug-treatment clients in Scotland, 1996-2006
Merrall ELC, Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ. Addiction 2012, published online ahead of print
This study investigated the relationship between time after hospital discharge, drug-related death (DRD) and suicide in Scotland. They took 69,457 individuals registered for drug treatment in Scotland between 1996 and 2006. The results were split into time periods after discharge and expressed in DRD rates per 1000 person-years: during hospitalisation the rate was 87; within 28 days is was 21; 29-90 days it was 12; and 91 days to 1 year was 8.5. After one year the DRD rate per 1000 person-years was 4.2 and for those who were never admitted it was 1.9. These can be translated into adjusted hazard ratios (compared against those never admitted) of 9.6 within 28 days of discharge and 5.6 for days 29-90. Although drug-related suicides were less frequent than DRDs a similar risk pattern was observed.
Commentary: We have previously reported (in the December 2011 Clinical Update) on a similar study that looked at overall mortality of those attending drug services in Scotland over the same ten-year period from 1996 to 2006. That study showed increased rates of death in older people and those diagnosed with hepatitis C. It also showed an association between stimulant use and increased suicide risk. (Suicide was the second most frequent cause of death after drug-related deaths.)
This study now looks at the more specific period of time after hospital discharge and it found an increased risk of death. We've known about the increased risk of death for people transitioning in and out of treatment. It seems we should also be adding hospital admission to that list. It may seem relatively obvious - people who have sufficient medical problems to warrant admission will be carrying more risk factors. However, the authors make the point in a quarter of the admissions there wasn't even an overnight stay involved. When presented like this these data look stark, and the obvious clinical implication is that we should be ensuring our services have explicit follow up and review systems for people who've just been discharged from hospital.
Opioid dependence during pregnancy: relationships of anxiety and depression symptoms to treatment outcomes
Benningfield MM, Dietrich MS, Jones HE, et al. Addiction 2012;107 Suppl 1:74-82
This study reports on a secondary analysis of the Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER) randomised clinical trial. There were a total of 175 opioid-dependent pregnant women and 131 completed their treatment. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured with the 15-item Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) screen.
The results showed that women who reported only anxiety symptoms at the start of treatment were more likely to discontinue treatment (OR 4.56, 95% CI: 1.91-13.26, p=0.012). Those who reported only depression symptoms were less likely to discontinue compared to women who reported neither depression or anxiety. Just over 61% of women used some kind of psychotropic medication during the course of the study, including medications such as benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotics.
Jones HE, Heil SH, Baewert A, et al. Buprenorphine treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women: a comprehensive review Addiction 2012;107 Suppl 1:5-27
This paper reviews the published literature in five areas related to the use of maternal buprenorphine - maternal efficacy, foetal effects, neonatal effects, effects on breast milk and longer-term developmental effects.
Maternal efficacy. Buprenorphine seems to be comparable to methadone. There are some issues with poorer retention in the buprenorphine groups and this may be related to induction procedures. Foetal effects. The evidence suggests that there is less suppression of foetal heart rate and movements than with methadone. There are recurring reports of intrauterine growth retardation with buprenorphine but the impact of other factors (e.g. smoking) hasn't been fully disentangled. Neonatal effects. The percentage of babies who will have some kind of neonatal abstinence syndrome is the same as for those on methadone - around half. However, there is a clinically significant reduction in the severity of neonatal abstinence syndrome with buprenorphine compared to methadone. Breast milk. There is only limited evidence that relies on case reports. What does exist suggests that breast feeding, as with methadone, is an option and is not contra-indicated. Longer-term developmental effects. So far, there have been no data to point to any harmful effect on development from buprenorphine.
Commentary: The first paper is a secondary analysis from the MOTHER study - a randomised controlled trial that weighed up buprenorphine versus methadone in pregnancy. Although neonatal outcomes were better in the buprenorphine arm, it did show that there was greater difficulty in retaining women in treatment who were on buprenorphine. Retention is a key factor and this secondary analysis now shows that women with just anxiety were more likely to discontinue. If this holds then there is an important clinical message here. We should be assessing anxiety and depression early on - and it may well be that if we concentrate on managing the anxiety that may help to reduce premature discontinuation.
The second paper really is, as the title suggests, a comprehensive review. Since the MOTHER study in 2010 buprenorphine has now moved into the mainstream as an option for pregnant women dependent on opioids. The evidence suggests that in most respects buprenorphine is at least as good as methadone and in some areas better. As discussed above, there are still some issues with retention in treatment. The authors in this review note that nearly 30% of the dropouts from the buprenorphine side of the MOTHER study occurred on the day of study entry. This strongly suggests that the induction is a problem for many women. There is a need for more definitive research into induction for pregnant opioid-dependent women but until then clinicians all need to be particularly wary of the challenges.
"Subutex is safe": Perceptions of risk in using illicit drugs during pregnancy
Leppo A. Int J Drug Policy 2012;23:365-73
This qualitative paper explored how pregnant, drug-using women perceive the risks involved in using illicit drugs. The study was based on fourteen ethnographic interviews with women in Finland who had used during pregnancy. They were informal, semi-structured interviews focussing on the women's experiences. Each interview lasted around one hour and they were then transcribed and inductively analysed using thematic coding.
The results found that women were not primarily concerned with health risks. The areas of biggest concern were: the baby having withdrawal symptoms; child protection interventions and child removal; and encountering negative attitudes in seeking professional help. However, the results also showed that the women didn't regard abstinence as risk-free - there were potential consequences of physical pain and mental difficulties, as well as the loss and disruption of important social bonds. They regarded buprenorphine as not being harmful to the baby if the doses were steady and injecting equipment clean and they drew this conclusion from having seen other women having healthy babies while using buprenorphine. One woman herself had condemned women using drugs while pregnant and then continued to use buprenorphine while pregnant: I can remind myself of how critical I used to be of pregnant women and mothers who do drugs, and I know how people generally feel about it... It does not necessarily mean that you don't care about your child or that you are irresponsible; there are other things involved.
Commentary: There are some useful issues in this qualitative paper that have the potential to shift the emphasis of our consultations and interactions with pregnant, drug-using women. While the main concern of clinicians is often about the risk of foetus and child, or as the author puts it "the biomedical discourse", this paper points out that the women have more complex perceptions about safety and risk. This paper highlights the importance of how our professional approach impacts on these challenging consultations.
Heroin users' experiences of depression: a qualitative study
Cornford CS, Umeh K, Manshani N. Fam Pract 2012;29:586-92
This study took place in a general practice in Middlesborough that specialises in the treatment of substance misuse. In total they have around 1100 patients registered and, at any one time, about 700 of them are receiving treatment for opioid addiction. The practice also treats around 600 people with opiate dependence from other local practices - but these weren't included in this study. The general practice setting means that problems such as depression are also treated within the practice. A total of 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients on opiate substitution therapy (OST) and antidepressants. The inclusion criteria were: a current record of antidepressant medication and current treatment with either methadone or buprenorphine for opioid dependence.
The results showed that many different thoughts and emotions were described as depression by the participants. The authors highlighted that many participants commented on adverse childhood events. Many examples of stigma were also given and these were thought to be a cause for depression: Yeah, you're not as clean and tidy and hygienic as you used to be and you know that yourself, you don't need other people to tell you that. You are passing them in the street and they go "hey, you scruffy smack head" and you think "I am".
The participants often felt isolated and many had particular beliefs about the antidepressants which: "incorporated ideas about blocking out thoughts, stopping thoughts racing and keeping emotions level".
Commentary: This paper comes from the Fulcrum Medical Practice that produced the excellent BJGP paper on deep vein thrombosis (and was reviewed in the December 2011 Clinical Update). It's clearly a remarkable practice. The authors quote one cohort study that showed 24% of new entrants to treatment for opioid dependency had evidence of depression and that 31% of the group were on antidepressants at some point in the 3-year follow up. Overall, this paper showed that the participants experiences with drugs were closely linked to their experience and beliefs about depression. The drugs had depressive consequences such as stigma and isolation. There was, in the minds of the individuals, a circular relationship between drugs and depression with each causing each other, and sharing common root causes. Perhaps the greatest lesson from this paper is that it is utterly artificial, and ultimately unhelpful, to try to separate the depression from all the other issues and events in people's lives. They are inextricably linked.
Depression and prescription opioid misuse among chronic opioid therapy recipients with no history of substance abuse
Grattan A, Sullivan MD, Saunders KW, et al. Ann Fam Med 2012;10:304-11
This study, based in North California, had the aim of trying to tease out the factors that are associated with people without any substance misuse issues, who go on to misuse prescription opioids. They used a telephone survey to interview 1334 patients who were on long-term opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. They were asked about three forms of opioid misuse: self-medicating for symptoms other than pain, self-increasing doses, and giving opioids to/getting opioids from others. Depression was evaluated using the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8).
The results showed that patients who were moderately depressed (PHQ-8 of 10 to 14) and severely depressed (PHQ-8 score of 15 or more) were 1.8 and 2.4 times more likely, respectively, to misuse their opioid medications for non-pain symptoms when compared against patients who scored 4 or less on the PHQ-8. They were also more likely to misuse their medication by self-increasing the dose with the most severely depressed over 3.1 times more likely. There was no association between depression and giving opioids to others.
Development of dependence following treatment with opioid analgesics for pain relief: a systematic review
Minozzi S, Amato L, Davoli M. Addiction 2012, published online ahead of print
Data were extracted from 17 studies involving a total of 88,235 people. Most studies involved people with chronic non-malignant pain. Two also included patients with cancer pain and only a single study included people with a previous history of dependence. Overall, the incidence of dependence ranged from 0 to 24% (median 0.5%). The prevalence ranged from 0 to 31% (median 4.5%).
Commentary: These two papers looked at similar issues. The first, in the Annals of Family Medicine, was a specific study conducted to find out how those who were on long-term chronic opioid treatment used their medication. They showed that there was an association between increasing levels of depression (or at least higher PHQ-8 scores) and misuse (as defined by them). Arguably, one might have to be a little careful about characterising "self-increasing doses" as misuse - it could simply suggest under-treatment, perhaps due to doctor anxiety about opioids; or, the complex relationship between mood and pain.
The second paper aimed to quantify the development of dependence when opioid analgesics were used for pain relief. What was certainly clear from the second paper was that the evidence that does exist is mixed and there is a severe lack of good quality studies. The studies that were included were highly variable and this is perhaps responsible for the wide differences in reported incidence and prevalence. Allowing for this, for the moment the evidence suggests, for all the concerns about the use of opioids, the overall risk of dependence for people using long-term opioids for chronic pain with no history of substance misuse probably remains quite modest.
The challenges of reducing tobacco use among prisoners
Richmond RL, Butler TG, Indig D, et al. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:625-30
This paper discusses the general challenges of tobacco use in prison and it summarises three Australian studies with which the authors have been involved The first study looked at the feasibility of delivering a multicomponent cessation intervention to prisoners. They achieved abstinence rates of 26% at six months but they also recognised some of the reasons for relapse. These included: transfers to other prisons, boredom, prolonged periods in cells, and family stresses or bullying. The second study was qualitative and explored the role of tobacco in prison. Prisoners reported that tobacco was used as currency and in exchange for goods, debts etc. Prisoners wanted smoking cessation to offer treatments like nicotine patches, access to a telephone helpline, non-smoking cells and more access to physical activity. The third study used some of the lessons learned from the first two studies and was an RCT of a smoking cessation intervention among 425 male prisoners in 17 prisons across New South Wales and Queensland. All prisoners received nicotine replacement, brief CBT and a support package to help cope with particular stressors known to trigger smoking. The intervention group also received nortriptyline. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at 0, 3, and 6 months. At 12 months the abstinence rates were 12.1% and 14.6% in intervention and control group respectively.
"Do more, smoke less!" Harm reduction in action for smokers with mental health/substance use problems who cannot or will not quit
Baker AL, Callister R, Kelly PJ, et al. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:714-7
This paper points out that smoking rates are in the order of 74-98% in substance misusing populations and it outlines some of the harm reduction issues to consider. They make the point that intermediate smoking goals - such as reduced consumption - are valid and have been shown to be associated with an increased probability of future abstinence. They also point out that increased attempts to improve a wide range of lifestyle behaviours can also help someone to stop smoking.
Commentary: Both of these papers highlight the ongoing challenges of managing tobacco use in difficult groups with alarmingly high smoking rates. It's important the problem doesn't get labelled as being unmanageable and therefore reduced in priority out of simple defeatism. The issue of harm reduction is one that is likely to be developed in the next couple of years and the NICE draft guidance on this topic, Tobacco-harm reduction, is now out for consultation and is available at http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PHG/Wave23/23.
Widening access to treatment for alcohol misuse: description and formative evaluation of an innovative web-based service in one primary care trust
Murray E, Linke S, Harwood E, et al. Alcohol Alcohol 2012;47:697-701
This study was a description of the development and evaluation of a web-based service for people with hazardous or harmful levels of drinking. The patients were identified in general practice in what was described as a "relatively affluent area" in a single PCT on the outskirts of London. However, there were still 1863 hospital admissions due to alcohol-related harm in that time. The GPs had to identify adults aged 18 or over who were drinking at hazardous or harmful levels. There were three elements to the intervention. Firstly, the participants were assessed using tools such as past week alcohol consumption (TOT-AL) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). They also measured for possible dependence, overall mental health and health-related quality of life. Secondly, there was a web-based self-help programme known as Down Your Drink (DYD). Thirdly, the participants received support in using the self-help programme.
They noted that there was a low level of referrals in the first year of the service with just 31 patients referred. Of these, 19 patients attended the assessment with a mean past week alcohol consumption of 75 units per week and AUDIT score of 23. Only six patients (32%) logged on at least once after the initial assessment appointment. In the course of the next year the Alcohol Project Coordinator had managed to contact 13 (68%) patients for at least one of the planned phone calls. Follow-up data were only available for seven of the patients. In those there was a significant reduction in past week alcohol consumption to 35 units (p=0.018) and mean AUDIT scores were also reduced significantly from 23 to 19 (p=0.018).
Commentary: The authors declared that the service "was shown to be feasible and acceptable to stakeholders" but the numbers of participants are worryingly low. There is an obvious need for interventions to address this area and the potential benefits of a low-resource intervention such as a web-based one are clear to see. The authors alluded to the challenges of implementing new and innovative services. Many GPs will be familiar with this story and the giant upheavals to NHS service provision will cast a long shadow. The authors also highlighted the challenges in getting primary care workers to engage in the process of tackling alcohol use that they perceive is at more social levels.
Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis
MacArthur GJ, Minozzi S, Martin N, et al. BMJ 2012;345:e5945-5
The aim of this review was to quantify the effect of opiate substitution therapy (OST) in relation to HIV transmission. They selected studies that directly assessed the impact of OST on HIV and, also, studies that assessed the incidence of HIV in people who inject drugs that might have collected data on OST but not reported it.
In total they found twelve published studies that were relevant and they also found unpublished data from three further studies. All of the OST studies were looking at methadone maintenance. In total, the studies amounted to 819 incident HIV infections over 23,608 person-years of follow up. OST was associated with a 54% reduction in risk of HIV infection among people who inject drugs (95% CI 0.32 to 0.67, p<0.001). There was some weak evidence that there was greater benefit associated with longer duration of exposure to OST.
Commentary: This study is further evidence of the benefits of OST. Arguably, this study has even more relevance throughout the rest of the world than in the UK, given that globally, in some places, the incidence of HIV is still rising in people who inject drugs. The authors highlight the evidence that the coverage worldwide of OST suggest that only 6-12% of people who inject drugs receive it. The study did note that they couldn't find any evidence of an association between detoxification and the risk of HIV infection. The authors did speculate on whether the findings could reflect comparatively high levels of motivation in people who go on to have opiate substitution therapy. Like any observation study, it can only highlight associations and the inference of causation should be approached with caution.
Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS)
Gallacher J, Elwood P, Pickering J, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012;66:869-73
This paper is based around a prospective cohort in Caerphilly that has now been studied for 22 years. The men in the cohort have been seen on five occasions for full medication histories, repeat measures of cognitive function, as well as clinical diagnoses of dementia.
In total, there were 1134 men with complete data and 103 (9.1%) had been taking benzodiazepines regularly at one or more phases of the study. These men showed a marked increase in dementia (OR=3.50, 95% CI 1.57 to 7.79, p=0.002). This persisted after adjustment for psychological distress and covariates such as social class, education, smoking and cardiovascular disease. Three further models were tested with further adjustment for psychological distress, trait anxiety and daytime sleepiness and more proximal determinants of benzodiazepine use.
Commentary: Arguably, the most immediate and pressing problem for many GPs when considering benzodiazepines is not the illicit use associated with benzo binges and other substances but the potential insidious adverse effects when used long-term by an older population. This paper shows that there is certainly an association between benzos and dementia. Further work is still needed to unearth the full story.
The issue of reverse causation is discussed in the paper - this is the problems where an increased use of benzodiazepines is seen because men are taking them to get relief from various aspects of dementia. In this study reverse causation seems less likely as there was a greater association with dementia for those exposed early. However, if the benzos were causal then it is likely there would be worsening problems with increased use - i.e. a dose-response relationship. The study found no evidence of this and so it remains unclear on whether benzos are a cause of dementia or simply some kind of marker for it. This paper, while not yet definitive, will add to evidence about long-term cognitive impairment related to benzodiazepines.


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Drogba ready for 'great leap'
Premier League | 21 May 2012
Paris - Ivory Coast striker Didier Drogba is leaving Chelsea after playing a leading role in their Champions League triumph, according to a report to be published in French magazine France Football on Tuesday.
Drogba, who scored the winning penalty in the shootout against Bayern Munich on Saturday after cancelling out Thomas Mueller's opener, has reportedly told his team mates "we will not be together next season".
"I am getting ready for a great leap into the unknown," he added, without hinting at a possible destination.
Drogba, 34, joined Chelsea from Olympique Marseille in 2004 and has won three Premier League titles with the London club as well as four FA Cups. - Reuters

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Bad accents and sloppy pronunciations don't hinder the rah-rah punch of "Girlfriend." Read More »
Dead Like Me: The Review
A capsule summary reviewing the entirety of "Dead Like Me." Shame on Showtime for cancelling this masterpiece. Read More »
Review: The Princes of Malibu
Find out what happens when spoiled rich brats act like themselves. Or do something better with your time. I suggest the latter. Read More »
On Kelly Clarkson's "Since U Been Gone"
There are some songs that you have to love. Whether you think you're the long lost clan member of Wu Tang or a Led Zep groupie or if you follow Faith Hill like some sort of goddess (and that may be troubling, though this is not the space to discuss that) or an English grammar loyalist, you have to yield ... Read More »
Four awesome albums by women in 2005.
I've taken a lot of flack for the fact that women comprise of about 90% of my musical preferences. Especially because you have your hipsters and classic rock loyalists worshiping music made by men or in the rarest cases, made by women, but that sound like they're made by men. There's always been a silent condemnation of the feminine mystique ... Read More »
The Ditty Bops make me wanna shimmy!
Shimmy, shimmy, shimmy along to The Ditty Bops -- contemporary music's best-kept secret. Flapper haircut, dress, and shoes required. Read More »
Spice Girls to reform?
According to Muchmusic.com, Dotmusic.com, and a host of other sites, former Scary Spice Melanie B recently told the British chat show "GMTV" that she's in talks with the other members of the big 1990's pop girl group to reunite for a one-off gig in 2006 to celebrate their 10th anniversary. (They hit it huge in the UK back in 1996, ... Read More »
Songstress Anggun glows with "Luminiscence"
French pop star Anggun comes back in full stride with a dazzling third album that's sure to entice you. Read More »
Why Straight Men Should Not Play Games With the Hearts of Gay Men
Gay-Straight relationships can offer many opportunities for confusion to the unwary... Read More »
Unbuttoning the pink collar
Every weekday, I find myself in the throes of the pink collar menagerie, submitting myself to the array of monotonous tasks before me. I copy. I fax. I process paper work. I answer phone calls. I file. I deal with malfunctioning computing equipment that I want to attack with a sledgehammer. Like many perky young ingenues, I find myself part ... Read More »


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Amsterdam, Nov 22 (IANS) Borussia Dortmund secured a place in the knock−out phase of the Champions League by beating Ajax 4−1 here.
Dortmund had to qualify with a win or draw with Ajax and the reigning German champions showed their intentions from the start Wednesday. Although Ajax had more ball possession, the visitors proved they possessed most quality, especially on the break, reports Xinhua.
Mario Gotze was the star of the night. The 20−year−old forward set up the opening goal by Marco Reus and produced the second goal himself by coming in from the left and finishing with his right foot.
Four minutes from half time, Gotze was also involved in the third goal. His shot was saved by Ajax goalkeeper Kenneth Vermeer but Robert Lewandowski converted the rebound.
In the second half, Christian Eriksen had the chance to narrow the margin but it was Dortmund that scored again. Gotze found Lewandowski and the Polish striker made it 4−0. Gotze also got the attention for diving for which referee Pedro Proenca awarded him with a yellow card instead of a penalty. Ajax substitute Danny Hoesen finally made the consolation goal of the home team in the 86th minute.
"They showed us how to play effectively," Ajax coach Frank de Boer said afterwards.
"They shot on target six times and scored four times. We had control but did not score. We also defended badly."
With Manchester city and Real Madrid drawing 1−1 in England, Dortmund are through to the last 16 as Group D winners with 11 points after five matches. Real secured the second spot with eight points but can't overtake Dortmund any more based on the results against each other.
Ajax are third with four points and Manchester City are fourth with three points.


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What to Know About Facelifts
Patients can be confused by the different procedures offered. Just the word "facelift" can be intimidating, because it implies that the whole face is lifted. In the majority of limited-facial procedures that I have performed the main objective has been to produce a more natural result. My goal is to make the patient look like a younger version of themselves. It is imperative that the patient not look done after the procedure.
It is important to consider:
• The specific areas that you want to improve
• How much time you have for recovery
• Your expectations for post-facelift appearance
Types of Facelift Surgery
Lower (Standard) Facelift:
Rejuvenates the lower third of the face; tightening the face's underlying structures that slacken with age, forming jowls and a fleshy neck. The procedure trims excess skin, smoothing it to eliminate facial creases, giving a visual lift to the bottom third of the face.
Mid Facelift:
As people age, the cheeks and eyelids tend to sag. This procedure restores a youthful, rested look to the lower eyelids and cheeks.
Mini 'Weekend' Facelift:
Performed quickly with a shorter recovery period, the procedure enhances key facial areas. However, the 'weekend facelift' is a minor surgical procedure. Results are much less impressive than a standard facelift.
Thread Facelift:
This approach is much less invasive. and has come under criticism for not producing the results as promoted. I do not offer this technique because of the questionable level of improvement.
Non-surgical alternatives to surgical facelift:
These include laser facelift, dermal fillers, liposculpture of the face and neck and the products in our Enza Essentials skin care line that firm and tone the skin.


text: 2014 Corvette Convertible: Is This The Real Thing?Matt Hardigree1/20/13 10:25amFiled to: 2014 Corvette Convertible2014 corvetteC7 Corvette Convertiblec7Stingray54EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Earlier this week I showed you images of what looked like the 2014 Corvette Convertible that popped up in a couple of places, just after the reveal of the 2014 Corvette last Sunday. Were they real? Were they fake? I've got a little more insight this morning. The photos appeared on both on the website of model carmaker Maisto and on the blog of The Auto Insider. GM immediately said these were not photos of the car, but wouldn't go into detail about what they actually were. Nor could they explain why it had a GM Design Center plate on it.Here's what The Auto Insider had to say in Kinja: It's definitely NOT a render and definitely NOT a scale model, but the lack of CHMSL, RV mirror, nameplate plus the extremely tight cutlines and other "scale modely" bits you mention point to this car not being "real" in the conventional sense. It's more likely we're looking at a full-size GM design center mockup of the final C7 convertible design.Did they come from Maisto? Advertisement Advertisement These came to me from a different source, but I did hear that MAISTO accidentally dumped these yesterday as well. Why no vents?Likely reason for its absence is that this car is a base or 1LE package car and not equipped with the Z51 package (or the auto). The performance (and auto) package driver's side vent sends charged air over a heat exchanger for the transmission fluid. Similarly, the shoulder vent on the passenger side shoots cool air over a heat exchanger for the e-diff. But then again, this is just a full-size design center mockup of the C7 convertible final design that would never need those vents in the first place.There you have it, and given the non-denial denial from GM I feel more confident about this.Reply54 repliesLeave a reply


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True Refrigeration STG2F-2S Description
The Spec Series® by True Refrigeration provides a powerful full-size freezer with a 2 section design that is high capacity and factory balanced allowing the maximum amount of product to be frozen. The fan system is utilizes ECM motors that operate at higher efficiencies and move a consistent volume of air that reduces heat and provides better energy efficiency. The exterior is built with stainless steel and aluminum providing durability and are easily cleaned and the two doors are stainless steel door are self-closing and have 120 degree stay open feature for convenience for large projects and maintenance.
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- (2) stainless steel doors with locks are ruggedly built and are easy to clean
- Magnetic cam-lift hinges are easy to remove for maintenance and are tools free
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SPEC SERIES® Freezer, Reach-in, -10°F, two-section, stainless steel front, aluminum sides, (2) stainless steel doors with locks, cam-lift hinges, digital temperature control, aluminum interior, (6) gray shelves, LED interior lights, 5" castors, 3/4 HP, 115v/60/1, 8.7 amps, 9' cord, NEMA 5-15P, MADE IN USA
*The warranty will not be honored for residential or non-commercial use of any Commercial Equipment.
True Refrigeration STG2F-2S Specifications
PDF Spec SheetManufacturer | True Refrigeration |
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European Science Foundation ranking A
International Journal of Practical Theology
Ed. by Couture, Pamela / Schröder, Bernd
In cooperation with Dreyer, Jaco / Gräb, Wilhelm / Graham, Elaine / Grethlein, Christian / Hastings, Thomas John / Lefebvre, Solange / Mette, Norbert / Miller-McLemore, Bonnie / Mullino Moore, Mary Elizabeth / Nieman, James / Osmer, Richard / Schreiter, Robert / Schweitzer, Friedrich / Kwan Un, Joon / Ven, Johannes / Wolfteich, Claire
2 Issues per year
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2015: 0.126
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2015: 0.653
Impact per Publication (IPP) 2015: 0.133
- Online
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Aims and Scope
The International Journal of Practical Theology is an academic journal. It is intended for practical theologians and teachers of religious education, scientists specializing in religion, and representatives of other cultural-scientific disciplines. The aim of the journal is to promote an international and interdisciplinary dialogue.
The journal contains contributions on an empirically descriptive and critically constructive theory of ecclesiastical and religious practice in society. Primarily, it deals with descriptions of religion as it is practised. Religion in this context can be understood in the broad sense of the word according to which all appreciative tendencies towards an ultimate view of oneself and of the world can be described as being religious. Thus the many different forms of religion as they are lived today are applied in a critically constructive manner to the normative self-image of churches, ecclesiastical groups and denominations. As contributions towards practical theology, they ultimately pursue the structure of practically orientated theories of ecclesiastical and ecclesiastically conveyed religious practice.
The spectrum of themes is divided into five groups. First, the articles deal with the global and regional different changes in religious practice in relation to the processes of socio-cultural modernization processes (individualization and pluralization). Second, they study the development of new forms of public religion (civil religion). Third, they analyse the life history of the formation and transformation of religion (religious development). Fourth, they examine the intercultural and interreligious dimensions of religion on an individual, social and ecclesiastical level (interreligious dialogue, syncretism). Fifth, they attempt to give a critical and constructive interpretation of the ecclesiastical fields of action (church service and sermon, religious instruction, pastoral care and spiritual guidance, organization and management).
In addition to essays, the International Journal of Practical Theology also offers research reports which provide information on the current state of affairs of interdisciplinary and international research of religion as far as this is relevant from a practical and theological point of view. Furthermore, the journal also contains situation reports which reveal the state of discussion of practical theology in various countries, regions and confessions. Finally, it also includes a review section which gives information on important new publications in the field of practical theology.
The International Journal of Practical Theology is neither the organ of a specific theological school nor of a particular ecclesiastical organization. The journal does not aim to present biased opinions of theological schools or confessional organizations but rather place in the foreground of discussion the differences between ecclesiastical and ecclesiastically conveyed practice of religion, the documentation and discussion of its development within its regional context, its international interweavement and different normative orientations. – The contributions are in English or German. A summary (abstract) is given in the other language respectively to give the reader a general idea of the article.
Supplementary Information
- Language:
- English, German
- Type of Publication:
- Journal
Submission of Manuscripts
Instructions for Authors
Please submit your manuscript via ScholarOne:
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ijptFor submission guidelines see here.
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Back Issues
Details on availability and prices of recent back volumes and issues will be provided on request from firstname.lastname@example.com. All volumes of the majority of our journals* with the noted exception of the current volume are being offered by
Schmidt Periodicals GmbH, Bad Feilnbach
Tel.: (+49) 80 64 – 221
Fax: (+49) 80 64 – 557
Email: email@example.com
(* For periodicals not included in this agreement, please refer to the distribution address provided by the link "Back Issues" on the homepage of the periodical.)
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International Journal of Practical Theology is covered by the following services:
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Editorial Information
Prof. Dr. Pamela Couture
Victoria University
Emmanuel College
75 Queen's Park Crescent
e-mail: email@example.com
Prof. Dr. Bernd Schröder
Georg-August Universität Göttingen
Theologische Fakultät
Platz der Göttinger Sieben 2
37073 Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Book Review Editors
Prof. Dr. Boyung Lee
Associate Professor of Practical Theology, Education and Spiritual Formation
Pacific School of Religion & Graduate Theological Union
1798 Scenic Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94709,USA
e-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Prof. Dr. Henrik Simojoki
Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
Lehrstuhl für Evangelische Theologie und Religionspädagogik
Markusplatz 3
96045 Bamberg, Germany
e-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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(side note: those of you who are my Facebook friends know that I had to explain to my 6-year-old son why it was not a good idea to name one of them "Pecker" - she's now just "Peck" and I'm pretty sure we narrowly missed some awkward conversations with unwitting strangers...)
Jason is completely enamored with the hens. Since they are molting, they aren't in full egg laying mode right now, but we did get three eggs this weekend. The first egg made it to just inside the door before the boys dropped it. Ick! The second one made it safely to the house in our basket dedicated to egg collection. Jason ate it for breakfast and said it tasted "better and healthier" than the ones we get from the store. He spent much of the weekend waiting for egg number 3. Poor hens - I told Jason he is going to give them performance anxiety if he keeps waiting around for them every time they head up into the nesting boxes!
My mother-in-law did make it to our house this weekend. I dragged her to the birthday party we were to go to on Saturday afternoon, and then Saturday night we sat up late around a campfire roasting marshmallows while she strummed guitar and we sang Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young's "Our House" - I love that song!
Today was my 12th wedding anniversary - in 2 days it will be 19 years since I first met my husband. Do you know that Brad Paisley song, "Then"? That's how I feel about my husband, Adam. I can't believe how I love him more and more every year. Anyway, Jason and my mother-in-law shooed us back into bed when we got up so they could serve us breakfast in bed. I then spent the rest of the morning hand quilting on the porch with my MIL - can you say "PERFECT DAY?"
After she left, I showered, whipped up a potluck dish and a going away gift for some friends (a matching crayon roll and travel tissue case for a mom of 3 boys age 6 and under), and we hopped in the car to go to their going away party. If there are any of you who have never visited the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, I encourage you to put it on the list of places to visit. Even just driving down the highway is gorgeous, but the back road route from our remote dirt road home to their remote dirt road home was just breathtaking. I need to remember to appreciate the blessings I have, including living in such a beautiful place, and not take it for granted just because I see it every day.
(By the way, if you are wondering about the title of my post, a year ago, I was so outnumbered - the only female with a husband, two boys, two male cats and a male dog. Now, the numbers are even. Granted, my fellow females are a neurotic rescue hound and 4 molting hens, but I'll take what I can get!)


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After enjoying the Tellstars at the Taste we wandered down Michigan Ave. right past Millenium Park We saw Chicago's 2 Finest Citizens: Oprah & Mayoy Daley Chicago has many Pro Sports Teams but WHO'S THE BEST Students from my Alma Mater, the SAIC, painted this multi-block mural and it is very entertaining, especially the Presidential Candidate block. Here is Senor Abruto with many issues on his mind… <<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>> Favorite Song: Michele Branch joined the Tellstars and sang a wonderful number. Annoying Moment: inebriated fan who kept coming up to Michele later and slobbering all over her. She was standing right in front of me and I needed to stifle myself… Alas, this is what keeps me away from the Taste! There is always a surplus of icky men with beer breath ready to breathe down one's cleavage. I was wearing my Smooch Shell and actually had some cleavage breathing… Wandering Miracle: on my way to the bus stop, I ran right into another free concert, from JAZZ WNUA 95.5FM. They had San Francisco guitarist Joyce Cooling with her group and it was FABULOUS… Check out the rest of the summer *After Work Concert Series* line-up here. There's plenty of free lawn space so the admission charge to what's called by locals as *the Park Grill Chill* is moot.
– say it loud say it PROUD! –
da CUBS!


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2897 members onlineWed, Mar 29, 2:28 PM CDT
Greetings to all! My name is Grigory Davidian. I was born at 1962 and live in Moscow, Russia. 3D graphics has always been a hobby of mine and I am glad that I am now a part of the great community of Renderosity. What more to say about myself? Do not even know. I like 70s rock-music (Pink Floyd, Rainbow, Deep Purple, Uriah Heep...), also I like country and soul style. In painting I like impressionism, in architecture - Gothic style and deconstructivism. What about literature - I like contemporary writers: John Fowles, Lodge, my compatriot - Victor Pelevin. I also like the modern fantastic prose. It seems that's all. :-) In any case, I am very happy to see you here - do not even doubt! :-) With great respect Grigory (-AppleJack-) :-)
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Tori Spelling's Baby Bump
By Molly McGonigle
As a reality TV star, Tori Spelling is no stranger to having all eyes on her -- even when she's pregnant! Click through to see how this reality maven has been flaunting her baby bump all summer long!
Tori Spelling rocks a black bikini and ivory sarong for a day with her family on the beach in Malibu in May.


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Hey TW, I was hoping to get some For Sale/Trade guidelines posted, so people (especially new traders) can get their questions answered about shipping, dealing with traders with no feedback, and perhaps getting a standardized format going. If you find this post suitable, please stick the entire thread in the FS/T forum, I'll be updating/editing it as I go along. I've got no mod rights in the FS/T, so I can't post/sticky the thread. Thanks! To make the FS/T section easier to browse, we ask that sellers please include the following: In the thread title: Type of trade: For Sale = FS, For Trade = FT. If you are Selling OR trading FS/T. Item(s) and Quantity if possible. e.g. (2x) Tecnifibre 325 If there is room: Condition Grip size Example Thread title: FS/T: (2x) Tecnifibre 325, 4 3/8, 8/10 In the thread itself: Using the following forms to submit your ad(s) on Talk Tennis is now mandatory. Racquet Item Description (Brand/Model/Year) Grip Size: Quantity: Head Size: Condition (x out of 10): *Specific Time Used (must give specific time, must be over 30 minutes): *General Description (including any cosmetic blemishes): Price: Shipping: Seller's Contact Info: Apparel Item Description (Brand) Quantity: Size: Condition (x out of 10): *Specific Time Used (several, a little bit, barely is not acceptable): *General Description (including any cosmetic blemishes): Price: Shipping: Seller's Contact Info: Miscellaeneous: Item Description (Brand/Model): Quantity: Condition (x out of 10): *Specific Time Used (several, a little bit, barely is not acceptable): *General Description (including any cosmetic blemishes): Price: Shipping: Seller's Contact Info: *This information must be included if you rate an item between a 9.0-9.5. Grip size: Often times I see racquet listings without grip size. This is one of the more important determining factors of a sale. Due to the nature of our FS/T sub-forum, it is hard to ask questions, please include ALL pertinent information UP FRONT! CONTACT INFORMATION!!!: If you are selling something, please include some contact information. Telling interested buyers to leave their e-mail address is inefficient, and can prolong the sale. Leave an e-mail address if you are comfortable, or enable e-mailing through your profile. This protects your e-mail from spam bots, and allows interested parties to contact you quickly and easily. If you DO enable your profile e-mail, please leave a note in your thread with this information. Payment Terms: Although Paypal is a popular, and relatively secure/usable service, not everyone supports it's use. Please leave your terms of payment so there is no confusion or questions. Having all the information up front could mean the difference between a sale and a buyer backing out. Common payment terms include: Cashier's Check, Cash On Delivery (COD), Money Order (Postal, or otherwise), Paypal (include whether or not you accept credit card paypal), Cash. Delivery options: Please list your preferred method of shipment. USPS Priority is a good one, for sellers that are new. Fedex, UPS, DHL, and method are all options. Local Pick up is also an option that users may like. Condition of goods: A rated condition is mandatory. Please include an "out of ten" rating for your items. 8/10, 9/10, etc. (More included in FAQ) Pictures: Obviously, you can only describe so much in words, pictures are a great addition to a thread. (More included in FAQ) For racquets: If the racquet is strung, include the string type and tension if you know it. Date strung is also good if you know it. Any other conditions you might have: Some people allow "dibs" on an item. This is not such a big deal with our system, but if you leave a "dibs" message in the thread, you should be committed to purchase the item. Do NOT call dibs if you are unwilling to follow through. Q: What do I do with my thread after it has outlived it's usefulness? (Items sold) Can I delete my thread? At the moment, users are not allowed to close or remove their own threads, if you'd like your thread removed, or would like it to die, edit the original post as "SOLD." and let it drop. If you prefer to have it deleted, contact an admin of the site (TW Staff), as the moderators have no post editing powers in the for sale/trade sub forums. Other loose guidelines: Please do NOT shout (i.e. write in all CAPS). This is annoying. 'Nuff said. Please do NOT "crap" on another user's thread. If you don't like the price, or find something outrageous, just leave the thread alone. These are trading guidelines. It would be nice if new thread makers follow these guidelines, but it is not required. If you are new to trading, or are unfamiliar with the way things work, I encourage you to use these ideas to make trading on our boards as easy, and as hitch-free as possible. We know that people make mistakes, so here are some helpful hints/tips to make your sale as quick and easy as possible!
Trading FAQ FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): Note: Parts of this FAQ and guidelines thread have been borrowed/edited from other internet forums such as http://www.hardforums.com Q: What kind of information should I include in my For Sale/Trade Thread? A: Please see the above post. Q: How does TW protect forum members from scams and illegitimate traders? A: Simply put, TW does NOT offer any sort of protection, warranty, guarantee of any sort on the FS/T section of the forum. By participating in trading & selling, you accept all implied or explicit risks, and agree to not hold Tennis-Warehouse or it's staff responsible for anything that may happen. With this said, TW does "filter" each and every post that finds it's way into the FS/T section. Obviously, this is to filter out competition, but obvious scams are also stopped at this step. Aside: Protecting yourself and your investment(s) starts with common sense, please adhere to the guidelines and tips presented shortly, and the risk of trading online will drop considerably. Q: How can I protect myself from illegitimate traders and scammers? A: Good question! Here are some tips to ensure your trades always (hopefully) go smoothly! IMPORTANT! Exchange Personal Information IMPORTANT! By trading online, you are assuming personal risk and loss of money and/or goods. To protect yourself, it is ALWAYS a good idea to exchange personal information. Personal information entails: REAL name, a home address, a HOME or WORK (land line) telephone number. Cell phone numbers are fine, but they are easily terminated. If you want further security, verify the telephone number by calling it, and cross reference the number and name on an online service such as http://www.switchboard.com Many people would deem this excessive, but if you are making a trade for multiple hundred dollar items, the long distance phone call and 5 minutes of your time is worth it. Always use (when shipping) Delivery Confirmation of some sort. If you are the buyer, request (and be prepared to pay extra (typically under $1)) for Delivery Confirmation and/or Tracking information. This service protects both parties. If an item arrives, the buyer cannot claim it hasn't arrived, etc. Keep proof of shipping until the deal is considered complete! Failure to do so can result in sticky situations. I consider a deal to be complete when both parties have received their "prizes" (be it cash, or merchandise) and both parties have agreed that everything is in order. Receiving monetary compensation would require checks clearing, e-checks clearing, cashing of said funds, etc. Receiving a racquet would entail a full inspection of merchandise, and agreement of it's condition. If you have suspicions of a seller, contact a moderator or administrator. You can do this by using the "Contact Us" link at the bottom right of any TT page, or by e-mailing a moderator (myself) through their e-mails provided in their profiles (assuming they are activated, mine is). Follow this golden rule: If a deal sounds too good to be true, chances are, it is. In case there is a delay, or a lack of communication, do NOT jump to any conclusions (don't post a negative reference if your item is only a week late). E-mail the seller, or call the seller. You SHOULD have their personal information to get some clarification. It is important to communicate and be honest throughout a trade, but please realize people do have lives outside of tennis and this message board. Try to get in touch before going crazy. If you feel that you've been scammed, you can file complaints about internet fraud directly with the FBI at their Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFFC) http://www.ic3.gov/. You can also go to www.usps.com and file a complaint for postal fraud, and most state Attorney Generals have an online internet fraud complaint form Use Credit Card Paypal when possible: Many times, if you are scammed, you can recuperate much, if not all of your funds through either Paypal, or your Credit Card company. IF this is to happen, please search Paypal's site for proper procedure. If Paypal, or CC Paypal is not an option, checks are another good way to trade. They can be traced if contact to the police needs to be made. Checks are NOT good for "instant" types of payment. Please make sure they clear first. CHECK REFERENCES: I cannot stress this enough. We provide a sub-section of the FS/T subforum. Search this by clicking "Search" at the top bar of this page. Go to advanced search, and in the right pane, select the "References" section in the Search in Forum(s) pane. Do a search in thread titles with either the seller's e-mail address, username, real name (if provided) or all of the above. This will allow you to check any/all successful trades the user has completed in the past. Be careful when dealing with traders with a recent registration date, or low references. To be extra careful, also check the traders that have left references for the trader in question. There are rare cases of users who will register multiple screen names to give false feedback. This is rare, but it DOES happen. Do NOT ship first, or pay first unless the trader has plenty (I would start at 50+ since I deal a lot online, if you are very new, you may have to settle for ~20+ trades) of references. Often times, established traders with good feedback/standing can (and will!) ask new users to either ship first, or pay first. Reputation is everything in online trading, do not be surprised if someone with 50+ successful trades asks you to ship or pay first. This is common in online trading, and is a great way to build feedbacks. It is an "honor" system of sorts. You are not obligated to participate this way, but be warned, it is a common way for "newbies" to trade. Keep a record of all correspondences between you and parties you are trading with. If you contact each other by e-mail, save the e-mails (or at least do not delete them) until the trade is considered complete. This is common sense, and can be used to "prove" a case when necessary. Q: I want to post pictures of my gear in my thread, I have no clue how to go about doing this, any advice? A: Sure! Provided you know how to take pictures (preferrably with a digital camera) and get them on your PC, here is what you need to do. With your pictures on your computer, please ensure they are sized appropriately (800x600 is a good resolution). Also ensure they are in a web-friendly format, such as .jpg, jpeg, gif, (and less common .png). RAW photo data, or BMPs are NOT encouraged, as they are uncompressed, and take up a lot more space. After resizing and compressing (into .jpg or .gif), upload your photos to some sort of host. If you do not have your own, personal web space, I suggest using free photo uploaders such as http://imageshack.us or http://www.photobucket.com These sites offer free hosting for your photos, as well as instructions on how to access them through other sites. When inside your thread, click the "insert picture" button using the editor. A pop up window will appear, asking you for the "URL" of your picture. If you are using your own webhost, insert the address of your picture. If you are using a free uploading site, such as photobucket, or imageshack, insert the URL that was provided to you. If you inserted the URL correctly, the image should show up when you hit "OK." Q: What should I take pictures OF when selling my gear? A: I suggest taking picture of any damage, blemishes, chips, cracks, etc on your gear. I typically take one "full body" shot, so that the buyer can see that I am actually selling the item advertised, and then if I mention any blemishes (court rash at 3 0'clock for example), I take a picture of the said court rash. I suggest taking pictures in a well lit room with flash OFF, and if you are going to take close up photos, use the "Macro" mode on your camera. Most modern cameras do offer Macro Mode, it is typically indicated by a "flower" symbol.
FAQ Cont'd Q: How do I rate my gear? A: It isn't easy to give a number (out of 10) for gear, because each item undergoes wear and tear differently from person to person, player to player. A loose guideline will be posted, if you use this, please mention it. Guidelines are subjective, so if we put effort to use a standard, please mention it! For instance (By the TW guidelines, I would rate this a 8/10!) The below ratings are for racquets, you can use these guidelines loosely to translate to other gear. These are loose guidelines, indicate any discrepancies such as play time (in hours, preferrably), string life, paint chips, nature of chips, bumper guard condition, etc) Broken racquet Used, unplayable, racquet. Used, very poor condition. Racquet is structually un-sound, restring at your own risk. Used, poor condition. Racquet shows abundant wear, often through to the graphite, Paint chips, cracks, and wear is very noticeable. Paint is worn through to the graphite in multiple areas, Bumper guard is worn through to the graphite in multiple areas, grommets are cracked, or worn through and need replacement. Used, OK condition. Racquet is playable, but there is noticeable, and abundant wear of bumper guard, paint, grip, strings, grommets. Frame may show graphite wear, but is still in playable condition. Used, fair condition. Racquet is structurally sound, no cracks. Paint may be chipped or blemished down to the graphite, but no graphite wear is evident. Bumper guard is in decent condition, but spots show wear to a thin layer, or even slightly through to the actual frame. Grip shows noticeable wear, and may need replacement. Grommets show significant wear, but do not need replacement. Used, good condition. Paint chips and scratches are minor, but noticeable. Grip shows some wear. Strings are used (obviously if they're not, make a note). Grommets show wear, and/or show multiple string jobs (i.e. they are getting squished, and or are enlarged). Bumper guard shows medium wear. Used, Very Good condition. Paint chips/scratches are small, but minor. No graphite has been exposed. Bumper guard in very good to excellent condition (scuffing OK, but please make a note). Scuffing on the frame, note whether or not it is noticeable, and/or into the paint. Grip worn slightly. Grommets in good condition, perhaps enlarged/smooshed, but no cracking/damage. Opened/Used, Excellent condition. Used, but otherwise in near perfect condition. This is for an item that has been opened, plastic taken off the handle, used once or twice, etc. Item has seen very, very little wear and tear. Any scratches are very minute, and should be noted. Grip is in excellent condition, perhaps covered by an overgrip it's entire life. Paint blemishes are cosmetic only. No paint chips, No cracks, scrapes are very, very small (1-2 mm) and superficial only. Bumper guard in very good, to excellent condition. Grommets are in excellent condition, little to no smooshing of tie off holes, little to no enlarging at tie off holes. Note: Any items rated from 9.0-9.5 will be moderated more closely with more description expected including BOTH specific time used and details of cosmetic blemishes. (Anything rated higher than 9.5 will be automatically deleted as 9.5 is deemed the highest possible rating for any used item in the eyes of TW). If there is only a rating with no description in this rating zone, it most likely will be deleted as too many users in the past have used this particular rating as code for "brand new." Brand new, no use, NIB (New in Box). TW does not allow the sale of any new products with the exception of out of production grommets. Barely used racquets will be evaluated on a post-to-post basis to determine if they compete with the sale of new products by TW. We reserve the right to refuse any ad. Q: What kind of Delivery options do I have? A: You can ship ground using any of the popular methods of delivery. USPS Priority, USPS Parcel Post, Fedex Home, Ground, UPS Ground, DHL Ground. I personally like USPS Priority shipping quite a bit. It is a 2-3 day service (most often 2 days), and shipping materials are free. Pick up two of their flat, rectangular boxes at the post office (for free), and tape them together when shipping racquets. This service ranges from $4.05 (in your immediate region) to about $7.50 (across the nation). Labels for shipping items are easily printed online, and include Delivery Confirmation free! Q: What kind of payments should I accept? A: This varies from person to person. I find Paypal (Non-CC) is the most convenient form of trading. The payments by paypal (Non-CC) are as good as cash, fast, and easy. If you do not have a paypal account, or do not want to sign up for one, you can use Personal Check (need to wait for it to clear), Money Order (can obtain one at Wal-Mart, the Post Office, etc for a small fee), or Cashier's Check. These latter methods all have risks, such as an inability to refund the cash if you are scammed. Paypal and CC-paypal have built in security, but it IS a hassle. Protect yourself up front. Note: CC (credit card) paypal requires an upgraded account to be accepted. These include business and premier accounts. There IS a charge to accept credit card paypal, which is (i believe $.30 + 3%). You won't often find people accepting of CC-paypal in the world of racquet trading, so be aware of this. It is AGAINST paypal policy to charge extra to accept credit card payments, but it does happen.
Q: How do I determine a good price for my item? A: Chances are your item has been sold recently, or is currently being sold. It is common for used items to go for a considerable discount. Do a search in the FS/T section of TTW, and check prices for your item. Price accordingly. If you do NOT see a price, google/froogle your item, and discount a percentage (15-25% is common). As always, "classic" frames, and collectors/rare items are worth more. Do your research! Please do NOT post Interest Check threads/Price check threads, as they just serve to clutter up the FS/T section. Q: Can I post a thread for EACH item I want to sell? A: Sure, but please only keep ONE active thread open. Do NOT have multiple threads open simultaneously, you can just as easily sell 10 items in one thread instead of selling one item separately in 10 different threads. This helps us keep the FS/T section less cluttered, and prevents peoples threads from getting "bumped" too far down. Q: I want to get as much money as possible (who doesn't?). Can I put a "make offers" price? A: As a courtesy for other traders, please post a price on all items. If you would like offers, put a price higher than you expect to get, and add an "O.B.O." (or best offer) to your price. This (again) prevents clutter and confusion. This way, users can contact sellers immediately, instead of playing the cat & mouse game by having to wait (up to a few days!) to get their replies posted. This may seem like a strict policy, but it is to help everyone get their merchandise/money A.S.A.P. PLEASE put a price on ALL items. Q: Can I auction my item, or link to an auction? A: No. Auction posts are not allowed because the way we operate the FS/T section requires filtering of every post. To alleviate the "traffic," we ask no auction posts be made. Links to E-bay are also prohibited. If you want some traffic to your E-bay auction, put a small reminder in your sig. For example: (Selling my TF 325 on the auction site. Check it out!) Q: Can I sell string in the FS/T? A: No. Strings are considered new items, even when cut off reels. TW does not allow string sales. See the Strings Trade sticky. Q: Can I post my Free iPod link on the FS/T? A: NO. Please do NOT post any free offer site or referral site on TW. These will not make it through the filter, so please do not give the filtering admins more work. Do NOT post any pyramid schemes (or related) here at TW.
searching forum for grip size? Is there a reason you can't search this forum for a particular grip size (number)? When I use the search tool and put in my grip size it comes up blank. In fact, it does this no matter what grip size I try, even ones that are obviously posted. Am I doing something wrong? It seems like it would be an obvious way to want to search. Hope I'm not missing something silly here...
i try to post racquets for sale (such as yesterday) but they necer show up on the board. i follow the guidelines. why is my stuff not posted? - at least there should be some explanation giving specific reasons in a communication/email sent to me.
I submitted an ad for sale last night, following the guidelines carefully. I patiently waited as a dozen other, later ads were posted, but not mine. I followed all guidelines and still I don't see it. Maybe if there were some sort of rejection notice issued, this very nice feature of the board would be better.
I listed my racket for sale yesterday and it is still not visible in the section... Why, and how long before it appears there??? Also, not able to post pictures with 100+ posts, why?
I thought I read through the rules fairly well but I can't see anything that explains why I am unable to edit my own posts. I used to be able to do this.
Price Can it also be in the guidelines that people should list prices on their items so buyers dont get that run-around from sellers? Just a suggestion, most other forums with buy/sell/trade have this guideline to keep sellers in check... when sellers just say "give me your best offer" nothing really gets done, buyers are gonna give an offer but the sellers will wait for another offer and really slows the whole transaction process. Just let sellers post whatever price they want.
why is my post not getting put in? is it not being allowed. I am trying to post in the FOR SALE/Trade area...
I am a new user on this forum. May i ask why my posts have not been added into the threads in the Buy and Sell Section? Is this normal or are the moderators just testing things. Cheers
Did you read this FAQ and the other stickies? To clarify: ALL posts are manually filtered, and are passed on a post-by-post basis. Weekends are slow (if not paused) on the filtering. I try to help out sometimes.
I am wondering the same thing...searching with minimum of 3 characters is all that is allowed. Is there a way around this? I can't seem to find the answer...It might be helpful for those of use that have smaller hands and are looking for 1/8 or 1/4 grip sizes.
No way around this, unfortunately. The best you can do is a customized google search with the phrase "site:tt.tennis-warehouse.com" at the end of your search. The reason is when you start indexing 2 letter "words," the load on the forum is really big.
How long does it take to have the thread approved or rejected? If it is rejected, is notice sent to explain why and how to make it comply with the guidelines?
Sorry for the late reply E, It should take no longer than 1 full business day. At this time no e-mails are sent. I think it is pretty straight forward as to why a post isn't posted per the stickies. If you do have questions, the fast(est) way to get a response is to e-mail the admins (Contact us at the bottom right) or firstname.lastname@example.com
Hey, quick question. Am I allowed to post a FT thread with Yugioh cards? As in, I'm trying to trade the cards for rackets? Thanks!
I ve done many efforts to post FS/T items with your guidelines, but my posts never passed the filter. I would like to know why is that happening and i want to clarify that it has been hapened many times, allthough i was able to post in this thread some time ago. Thanks in advance
Some time ago, there weren't as many users abusing our classifieds as there is now. Unfortunately, we've had to become much more strict in our guidelines because of bogus 'used' ads, which are actually selling new items. If you're having an issue with a certain ad getting approved, please email the ad to firstname.lastname@example.com and we will look at it and let you know what the issue(s) is/are. Thanks. Spencer, TW.
please make contact info a requirement on op fs/ft why are fs/t original posts allowed without contact info? so many of these posts go without response from op - not necessarily the case here. sometimes i suspect these posts w/o contact info are spoofs. contact info should be a requirement! __________________
I agree, contact info SHOULD be included (or at least the option should be enabled in one's profile), but it's difficult to regulate
ive tried posting a fs thread 3 times already but i think it keeps getting rejected... and i've tried to follow the guidelines very carefully .. may i know why it keeps getting rejected? i really need the money atm that's why i'm selling my racquets.. thanks alot
shoot an e-mail to the admins (contact us link at the bottom right corner). Shoot them a copy of your ad, and they can tell you what is up. Alternatively you can shoot me an e-mail via my profile.
Would it be possible to add to the guidelines that posts about raqcuets and gear sold in Europe should have a EUUK in the title. That would make it a lot easier for us europeans to istantly see which posts to look at. It is quite a lot of hassle to send or buy stuff from the US (shipping, tax, customs etc) and many US sellers are not willing to go through that hassle. What do you moderators think ? Possible to get this EUUK comment as a it's own sticky ? I've noticed that there are lots of us europeans on these boards. Best regards Roberto
Question: when you have multiple items for sale at a time, is it advised to put all in one post, or have one thread for each and every item and flood the forum with all the posts from the same seller? :|
Never mind, just found this: Q: Can I post a thread for EACH item I want to sell? A: Sure, but please only keep ONE active thread open. Do NOT have multiple threads open simultaneously, you can just as easily sell 10 items in one thread instead of selling one item separately in 10 different threads. This helps us keep the FS/T section less cluttered, and prevents peoples threads from getting "bumped" too far down. So mods, please combine all the for sale threads open simultaneously by the same seller. Often times I see half of the threads in this sub-forum are from one seller, posted minutes apart. Thanks.
I don't think that's a bad idea at all. I've seen other message boards use a [US] or [UK] or [XX] notation, that would be something we should consider asking about... Hmmm. I used very courteous language, because there's no easy way to enforce this policy (AKA it adds a good 25% to the effort required to filter the FS/T). I personally think it should be mandatory, but some people dont' listen... a LOT of people don't read the stickies at all (you can tell when sifting through filtered posts )
Thanks, DD. Hope people will appreciate your courtesy in writing the guidelines and keep this sub-forum clean and organized.
That means or best offer. I thought it meant our best offer.Are you telling me I bought stuff thinking it was their best offer when I could have named a cheaper price? NNNNOOOOO!!!!!
Hey JD, what is your email id? I emailed my ad to firstname.lastname@example.com but got no reply. I have 3 racquets for sale. I bought 2 here on this board, so would like to sell them here if possible. Thanks.
Your ad was posted. It took a while because it was on the weekend. I've sent you an email with the link. Tiffani, TW
Cmon guys, WHY was my post removed???? It was there this morning and someone removed it, WHY??? It had the condition, price, everything by the rules??? This is happening too often lately!


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Girls welcomed to Jamboree for first time
CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- Hesper Bath, a 23-year-old woman from Salt Lake City, stood out in the sea of Boy Scouts at the organization's National Jamboree this week, but it didn't bother her."Being a girl here ... it's like you're a celebrity," she laughed. "But all of the guys here are such gentlemen."This was the first time in history that members of the Boy Scouts' Venturing program, a co-ed youth development group centered on physical challenges, were allowed to attend the Jamboree.Bath was one of an estimated 1,000 female Venturers among 40,000 Boy Scouts camped out at The Summit outdoor adventure site in Glen Jean for the national celebration.
The Jamboree, held every four years, kicked off July 15 and ends Wednesday. "I can't express how amazing it's been for me. All of my life I've seen my brothers go to Boy Scout camp and was so jealous because they got to do all of the outdoor activities," Bath said. "Girls can't be Boy Scouts -- they never will be. And it's important for the boys to have that, but it's also very important for girls because we need to experience these kinds of things, too."I'll never forget it," she said.Maggie Durand, an 18-year-old from Massachusetts, was working as a Scoutmaster at the event and has been a Venturer for years.
Durand, who got her start as a Girl Scout, said the co-ed program offers a more diverse and challenging experience for girls.While the Venturing program has been around since 1998, "It's just now starting to get recognized," she said."In every other country, it's just Scouting. There's no Boy or Girl Scouts. It's just mixed in together," Durand said. "It has been weird to be the guinea pigs here, but the next time will be a lot better. I've had a great time."Durand said that being the minority at the high-energy event is no problem, and she's used to it.
"For me, being 'the girl' is normal. It's always been like that," she said. "I've been living in a man's world."The 10-day celebration, which was equipped with everything from zip lines and BMX courses to scuba diving, will end today, and Boy Scouts from across the globe will return home."I'm sad. There's all this activity, it's so alive and abuzz, and then it's quiet," National Boy Scout Jamboree Director Larry Pritchard said Tuesday.
Now, the next step is to clean up the 10,000-acre site, which could extend through the end of August, according to Pritchard."A really pleasant thing is we've seen Scouts are taking care of themselves," he said. "There's not a lot of litter, and our recycling plan at campsites has worked well."Pritchard said his team will be "laying the groundwork" for the 2017 Jamboree as soon as he receives feedback from "reaction reports" that were widely distributed to Scouts, unit leaders, volunteers, sponsors and exhibitors.Plans for a "high-adventure program" at the Summit site are already in the works for next summer.Among the successful changes he's seen at this year's event is the new camping layout, Pritchard said. "We were intentional with how we had them camp. In the past, whole groups from certain areas stayed together. This year we mixed everybody up so that one troop from New York was next to a troop from Missouri," he said. "I hope those relationships were an important thing to take away."
Pritchard said that while he's awaiting more feedback, he's confident that the much-anticipated event lived up to the hype."I think that we'll hear that expectations were exceeded. They knew about our physical plan, but you have to see it to believe it. You don't know what a 100-yard skateboard park looks like until you're there," he said. "I hope they go back home and tell their stories, and bring friends back with them the next time."Reach Mackenzie Mays at email@example.com or 304-348-4814.


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More women moving in before marriage
Stigma of 'living in sin' fading
(CNN) — Taylor Spearnak met her boyfriend in 2002, during her third year of college, when they were both congressional interns in Washington.
A friend set them up, and they laughed for hours over cheap burgers and a terrible action movie. They kept the relationship going when they returned to their schools in Boston, and when they studied law at schools in different states.
In 2007, when they reunited in New York City, they decided it made sense for them to move in together, Spearnak said. They lived in one of the most expensive cities in the country, and had law school loans to pay off. They'd be busy as new law firm associates, and knew they'd be spending nights at each other's apartments, anyway. Spearnak's parents trusted them, and thought it was a smart decision.


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This section contains 1,551 words (approx. 4 pages at 400 words per page) |
"That Sunday Augustus pushed Henry, the three of them ate, once again, in silence.
"The next Sunday Robbins was waiting. 'I heard you did something to my boy, to my property,' he said before Augustus and Mildred were down from the wagon. "'No, Mr. Robbins. I did nothing,' Augustus said, having forgotten the push. "'We wouldn't,' Mildred said. 'We wouldn't hurt him for the world. He our son.' "Robbins looked at her as if she had told him the day was Wednesday. 'I won't have you touching my boy, my property.' His horse, Sir Guilderham, was idling two or so paces behind his master. And just as the horse began to wander away, Robbins turned and picked up the reins, mounted. 'No more visits for a month,' he said, picking one piece of lint from the horse's ear. "'Please, Mr. Robbins,'...
This section contains 1,551 words (approx. 4 pages at 400 words per page) |


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The wait is nearly over. With training camp less than two weeks away, some tickets for the 2007-08 season go on sale today at noon. They include the five preseason games and 3-10 game partial plans.
The rest of the tickets go on sale as of Sept. 15, also at noon.
For details, visit the Canadiens site here.


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I am currently looking to buy some new headphones. I don't really know if I want some open or closed ones, but the two pairs I found to be the best bang for the buck are the Sennheiser HD 518 and the Audio Technica M50s. Which pair would you recommend mostly for music??
Edited by DomMasta - 1/15/12 at 3:15pm


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Synth-pop titans Ladytron have announced their fifth album for release this September. The group hasn't issued an album since 2008's Velocifero, and the first since Ladytron became a go-to electro producer for pop singers like Christina Aguilera. The album is called Gravity the Seducer, and it was co-produced by Editors/Arctic Monkeys collaborator Barny Barnicott. Being that the album is that far off, that's all we have for now. Except that Ladytron's singles collection, Ladytron 00-10, is out now. [P4K]
Atmosphere - Atmosphere Talks Touring With Dr. Ralph Borka | Lil B Lil B Is Apparently The Musical Sponsor Of VCU |


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Britain's Duchess Catherine's St. Patrick's Day presentation caused three soldiers to faint yesterday (17.03.12).
The royal attended her first solo military event since marrying Prince William in April last year - when she was known as Kate Middleton - to mark the iconic day, but it proved too much for three soldiers who were overwhelmed by the occasion.
One young guardsman was out cold on the floor in his formal red uniform during the Irish Guards parade in Aldershot, Hampshire, and two others had to be taken out of the parade ground when they appeared to faint.
Catherine dressed in traditional Irish colours of green for the occasion, and she sported an Irish Guards brooch which belonged to the late Queen Mother.
She put three-leaf clovers - which are thought to be lucky - on 40 of the soldiers as well as their Irish wolfhound dog.
Drill sergeant Glenn Stevenson told the Sun on Sunday: "She couldn't have done anything better."
The royal carried on the tradition which dates back to 1901 when Queen Alexandra, wife of Britain's King Edward II, first presented shamrocks to the regiment on St. Patrick's Day.
William - who is currently in the Falkland Islands where he is working as a search-and-rescue pilot - was appointed to the honorary rank of Colonel of the Irish Guard last year.
Tagged in Kate Middleton Prince William Queen Mother


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Previously known as EIFF Network we are now EIFF CONNECTIONS
EIFF CONNECTIONS offers a bespoke programme of support for screenwriters, directors and producers from across the UK – individually or in teams – to develop their filmmaking careers and feature fiction film projects. EIFF CONNECTIONS will link them with each other and with industry mentors so that with guidance, feedback and pooled skills they can move faster and more effectively through the development process.
EIFF CONNECTIONS 2016 participants have now been confirmed.


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Which is the correct terminology, istiaazah or ta'aawwudh, and basmalah or bismillah? |
Assalaam alaikum wa rahmatullah,
Dear bothers and sisters @ abouttajweed.com, I pray all is well and in good Islamic spirits IA. 1. Which is the correct terminolgy Istiaazah or Ta'awwudh?
2. Which is the correct terminolgy Basmalah or Bismillah?
AnswerWa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh. Jazakum Allahu khairan for your kind words and ameen to your dua'. May Allah give you the same, insha' Allah. 1. means seeking refuge from Allah, usually in the words: . Both terms and Ta'awudh serve the same purpose and mean the same thing. 2. is an abbreviated term used for the statement or simply bismillah. Bismillah is really "bi ism Allah" which means, I start in the name of Allah. So the words we say are "bismillah", or more completely:: , and the term we use when referring to these words, but not saying them specifically is the Basmalah. Wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullah. |


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Leonard running for re-election to Courtenay council
Ronna-Rae Leonard will run for a third term in the Nov. 19 Courtenay council election.
She is seeking re-election to continue to bring her positive attitude to gain even more positive results for the people of Courtenay.
Her "can do" reputation means she jumps in to get results.
She helped create the Comox Valley Cycling Task Force to answer the call for safer cycling. She's made sure "people power" is brought to City Hall with a Cycling Public Advisory Committee and with neighbourhood consultations for safer streets for all of us.
Leonard "plays well with others" with her positive attitude and big-picture thinking.
As chair, she has steered the Affordable Housing and Homelessness "ship" forward — again with a Comox Valley Task Force that is inclusive and focused on success.
She and her husband, Ron Eby, raised their two children here in the Comox Valley and Leonard lost both her parents in the past year. She knows the challenges of the Sandwich Generation, and also appreciates the needs and contributions of our youth and seniors.
Ronna-Rae knows a well-planned city will attract business and employment, so she keeps her eye on the ball to make sure community benefits flow from every development.
She says, "Keeping it green and clean, safe and affordable is the winning combination to make Courtenay a place we're all proud to call home."
If you'd like to lean more about Ronna-Rae or want to support her re-election, visit http://ronnaraeleonard.ca or call her at 250-338-0978.
— Ronna-Rae Leonard


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Provide only the best food for my family!! Non GMO!! We don't want their pesticide and we are all healthier because of it. Been using the Non-GMO Project app for two years and have almost completely eliminated symptoms of my son's esophageal condition. His immune system is stronger and he is happier. Cheers to love health and happiness!!
The Teska's


text: Giovanni Battista SammartiniSammartini, Giovanni Battista (jōvänˈnē bät-tēsˈtä säm-märtēˈnē) [key], c.1701–75, Italian composer. Sammartini lived most of his life in Milan. He was influential in the development of the Classical style of Haydn and others. Stylistically advanced, he contributed to the growth of classical form, especially of the symphony. Gluck studied with him. Sammartini's brother Giuseppe (1695–1750) was also a composer. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Music: History, Composers, and Performers: Biographies |


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You can print enrollment verification certifications, view your enrollment history and enrollment verifications provided at your request, check loan deferments sent to your lenders, and link to real-time information on your student loan via student self-service by logging onto my.IPFW using your student username/password.
Once logged in click on the Enrollment tab and the Self-Service Enrollment Certification link.
Enrollment certifications can be used for health and car insurance providers, scholarship awards, employer tuition reimbursement, or other organizations requiring proof of enrollment.
Loan deferment forms which require enrollment certification may be submitted to the Registrar's Office, however, the form will be mailed to the National Student Clearinghouse for processing.


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Jefferson's Paris
The ambassador from an infant republic spent five enchanted years in the French capital at a time when monarchy was giving way to revolution. Walking the city streets today, you can still feel the extravagant spirit of the city and the era he knew.
April 1995 | Volume 46, Issue 2
While Richard Cosway was painting the portraits of the Duc d'Orléans's children, his wife accompanied Jefferson on his architectural tours. One of the country showplaces they visited was the Désert de Retz, a fantastical jardin anglo-chinois , with natural landscaping and twenty follies—imaginative architectural structures—in a variety of historical and exotic styles. Built in 1774 on the edge of the Forest of Marly, in the vicinity of the royal estates west of Paris, it was forgotten after its confiscation during the Revolution. But the garden has been restored over the last ten years, and now the public can see it between April and November. It was the most authentic setting used by the filmmakers James Ivory and Ismail Merchant when they filmed their new movie Jefferson in Paris .
When Jefferson and Cosway made their visit, in September 1786, the garden was famous as the site of the folly known as the Broken Column, a luxurious four-story country house concealed in the base of a colossal Tuscan pillar, whose cracked walls created the illusion of a ruin. With its hidden windows and skylights and irregular roofline, this architectural tour de force was one of the most outlandish follies in Europe, one whose sinister appearance inspired comparisons with the biblical tower of Babel.
Jefferson was enchanted by the boldness of this architectural conceit. "How grand the idea excited by the remains of such a column," he exclaimed later in a letter to Cosway. He was impressed as well by the ingenuity of the design. The column's intricate plan of circles and ovals within a circle resembles his later floor plans for the rotunda at the University of Virginia and an unbuilt scheme for a legislative house. The design problem is the same: How to create gracefully proportioned rooms within a round building.
Whatever the architectural lessons Jefferson absorbed at the Désert de Retz, he recalled his excursion there with rapture: "How beautiful was every object! the Pont du Neuilly, the hills along the Seine, the rainbows of the Machine of Marly, the terraces of Saint Germain, the chateaux, the gardens, the statues of Marly, the Pavilion of Louveciennes [all of these tourist attractions that we can still visit today]. … In the evening, when one took a retrospect of the day, what a mass of happiness had we travelled over!"
Closer to Paris, the couple toured the gardens and chØteau at Bagatelle, then famous for its experiments in the English gardening style. They examined the interior of the Gabriel mansion that Jefferson particularly admired, the Hôtel de la Marine, bordering the north side of the Place Louis XV (Place de la Concorde), next to the present Hôtel Grillon. The facade of this colossal mansion was one of the "fronts of modern buildings" that Jefferson recommended as models for the future architecture of Washington, D.C. He suggested to L'Enfant that it would be particularly appropriate for the President's residence. The entire Place Louis XV ensemble, by the architect Gabriel, was the object of Jefferson's keenest admiration, including its centerpiece, the equestrian statue of Louis XV.
Jefferson had been mulling over the design for a full-figure statue of George Washington by Houdon. Noting the scale of the Louis XV monument, he decided the Washington statue should be near life-size instead of colossal. It was a measure of Jefferson's taste that he so well understood what we today would call the siting and scaling of a public sculpture, in this case a figure on a level plane, seen both at great distance and at close range. He grasped the apparent paradox that although the square it occupied was large, the statue was better for being small.
Jefferson's collecting passions, particularly for books, took him to the Left Bank. There, on the Quai des Grands Augustins, were the booksellers from whom he did most of his buying. Near the Pont St.-Michel, his own book Notes on the State of Virginia was published in 1786, by the bookseller Barrois. Jefferson had brought the manuscript of this controversial work with him to Europe and put it in the hands of an English publisher. He then approved a French translation only because he feared it would otherwise be pirated. Curiously, the French translation preceded the London edition by a few months.


text: See What's New! - News - Coming Soon RMK Designs - Fine Woodworking StudioCutting Boards with Stand RMK Designs is excited to announce we have started production of our popular Hand Held Cutting Boards. They are handcrafted in the same fashion we have become known for. Visit our cutting board page for more info! Amazon now carries RMK Designs RMK Designs is now available on Amazon. We are proud to announce that Amazon now carries our quality wood products. These offerings include Cutting Boards Necklace Tree's and accessories Decorative Wood Boxes and Intarsia More to come in the future!!! Click to visit our Amazon Store!! More Retailers are being added For this holiday season we are in the process of adding more locations to our growing family of partners helping us spread fine craftsmanship around the world. If you would like to join us please fill out our contact form! We are in the process of developing new products for the holiday season. We are constantly striving to provide our customers with the most unique and special products for gift giving. With Christmas coming up we can provide you with many choices for wood Christmas presents. Whether it be for the holiday party at the office or a special loved one we are sure to have what you want. Stay tuned for more information on these new products. ©2016 RnS DESIGN GROUP, L.L.C. All rights reserved |


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home : index : ancient Greece : ancient Persia : article by Janine Bakker © | ||
Persian influence on Greece (3) |
The ancient
Persian and Greek cultures did not exist in isolation. There was cross-fertilization.
The present article contains a description of Persia's influence on Greece.
This is the third part of the article; the first
one can be found here.
ArchitectureThe buildings we are about to discuss, were all built after the Persian general Mardonius had destroyed Athens in 479, and after the battles in the harbor of Athens, at Plataea and at Eurymedon, where the Greeks had defeated the Persians. The Athenians had obtained much wealth after these battles. Herodotus tells that after the battle of Plataea |
History Architecture Architecture: Odeon Architecture: Prytaneum Architecture: Parthenon frieze Architecture: Erechtheum Politics Politics: Delian League Politics: Episcopus Conclusion |
When a Persian king went to war, he not only took his army with him,
but many courtiers as well. In this way, he could also live like a king
when he was at the front, and was able to give fitting rewards to his brave
After the Greek victory, the booty was divided between the towns and cities that had shared in the fighting, and everybody received a fair share. So did Athens. As one of the leading powers, it must have been one of the first to choose, and as a consequence, much silver, gold, and other luxuries were brought to Athens. A simple but excellent example are the Persian rhytons (drinking vessels), which appear in Athens suddenly and in great quantities after the war. They were immediately imitated by Greek artists. Except for precious metals, utensils and luxuries, weapons and tents
were taken away from the battle field at Plataea. Especially the royal
pavilion, in which Mardonius had had his lodgings, had the full attention
of the Athenians.
Architecture: OdeonIt is certain that after Plataea, the pavilion of the great king was taken to Athens. But what happened next? It has been assumed that (a part of) it was already used in 472 as decor [skênê] of the tragedy The Persians by Aeschylus. Another and more plausible suggestion -not necessarily contradicting the preceding one- is that the wooden construction was used as a music hall (odeon) and later rebuilt from stone. This can be concluded from the following words by the Greek author Plutarch of Chaeronea: |
It is not surprising that the pavilion was used as a piece of scenery or/and music room. After all, Athens had been sacked and emergency accommodation and temporary buildings are to be expected. Besides, the pavilion of Xerxes was not a family tent, but a portable palace. |
Reconstruction of the Hall of Hundred Columns. |
When the Odeon of Pericles was excavated, it turned out to have almost the same dimensions as the Hall of the Hundred Columns at Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid empire. The Odeon measured 68,50 x 62,40 meters and contained 9 x 10 columns; the room of the Persepolis palace had -surprise, surprise- 10 x 10 columns and measured 68,50 x 68,50 meters. |
The similarity is too obvious to be coincidental. The pavilion must have been a copy of the Hall of the Hundred Columns, and the Odeon must have been a copy of this copy. It should be noted, however, that this Persian example was not really followed in Greek and Roman architecture. The acoustics of the Odeon of Pericles must have been terrible. Later odeons, e.g. those of Agrippa, Domitian and Herodes Atticus, were little theaters and not square halls. |