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(Updated November 2016)
Uranium found in nature consists largely of two isotopes, U-235 and U-238. The production of energy in nuclear reactors is from the 'fission' or splitting of the U-235 atoms, a process which releases energy in the form of heat. U-235 is the main fissile isotope of uranium.
Natural uranium contains 0.7% of the U-235 isotope. The remaining 99.3% is mostly the U-238 isotope which does not contribute directly to the fission process (though it does so indirectly by the formation of fissile isotopes of plutonium). Isotope separation is a physical process to concentrate ('enrich') one isotope relative to others. Most reactors are light water reactors (of two types – PWR and BWR) and require uranium to be enriched from 0.7% to 3-5% U-235 in their fuel. This is normal low-enriched uranium (LEU). There is some interest in taking enrichment levels to about 7%, and even close to 20% for certain special power reactor fuels, as high-assay LEU (HALEU).
Uranium-235 and U-238 are chemically identical, but differ in their physical properties, notably their mass. The nucleus of the U-235 atom contains 92 protons and 143 neutrons, giving an atomic mass of 235 units. The U-238 nucleus also has 92 protons but has 146 neutrons – three more than U-235 – and therefore has a mass of 238 units.
The difference in mass between U-235 and U-238 allows the isotopes to be separated and makes it possible to increase or "enrich" the percentage of U-235. All present and historic enrichment processes, directly or indirectly, make use of this small mass difference.
Some reactors, for example the Canadian-designed Candu and the British Magnox reactors, use natural uranium as their fuel. (For comparison, uranium used for nuclear weapons would have to be enriched in plants specially designed to produce at least 90% U-235.)
Enrichment processes require uranium to be in a gaseous form at relatively low temperature, hence uranium oxide from the mine is converted to uranium hexafluoride in a preliminary process, at a separate conversion plant.
There is significant over-supply of enrichment capacity worldwide, much of which has been used to diminish uranium demand or supplement uranium supply. The ability of enrichment to substitute for uranium (see description of underfeeding below) has become more significant as centrifuge technology has taken over, since this means both lower SWU costs and the need to keep the centrifuges running, so capacity remains on line even as demand drops away.
Although 13 countries have enrichment production capability or near-capability, about 90% of world enrichment capacity is in the five nuclear weapons states. These plus Germany, Netherlands and Japan provide toll enrichment services to the commercial market.
Following proposals from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Russia, and in connection with the US-led Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP), there are moves to establish international uranium enrichment centres. These are one kind of multilateral nuclear approaches (MNA) called for by IAEA. Part of the motivation for international centres is to bring all new enrichment capacity, and perhaps eventually all enrichment, under international control as a non-proliferation measure. Precisely what "control" means remains to be defined, and will not be uniform in all situations. But having ownership and operation shared among a number of countries at least means that there is a level of international scrutiny which is unlikely in a strictly government-owned and -operated national facility.
The first of these international centres is the International Uranium Enrichment Centre (IUEC) at Angarsk in Siberia, with Kazakh, Armenian and Ukrainian equity so far. The centre is to provide assured supplies of low-enriched uranium for power reactors to new nuclear power states and those with small nuclear programs, giving them equity in the project, but without allowing them access to the enrichment technology. Russia will maintain majority ownership, and in February 2007 the IUEC was entered into the list of Russian nuclear facilities eligible for implementation of IAEA safeguards. The USA has expressed support for the IUEC at Angarsk. IUEC will sell both enrichment services (SWU) and enriched uranium product.
In some respects this is very similar to what pertained with the Eurodif set-up, where a single large enrichment plant in France with five owners (France – 60%, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Iran) was operated under IAEA safeguards by the host country without giving participants any access to the technology – simply some entitlement to share of the product, and even that was constrained in the case of Iran. The French Atomic Energy Commission proposed that the new Georges Besse II plant which replaced Eurodif should be open to international partnerships on a similar basis, and minor shares in the Areva subsidiary operating company Societe d'Enrichissement du Tricastin (SET) have so far been sold to GDF Suez (now Engie), a Japanese partnership, and Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP) – total 12%.
The three-nation Urenco set-up is also similar though with more plants in different countries – UK, Netherlands and Germany – and here the technology is not available to host countries or accessible to other equity holders. Like Russia with IUEC, Urenco (owned by the UK and Netherlands host governments plus E.On and RWE in Germany) has made it plain that if its technology is used in international centres it will not be accessible. Its new plant is in the USA, where the host government has regulatory but not management control.
A planned new Areva plant in the USA has no ownership diversity beyond that of Areva itself, so will be essentially a French plant on US territory. The only other major enrichment plant in the Western world is USEC's very old one, in the USA.
The Global Laser Enrichment project which may proceed to build a commercial plant in the USA has shareholding from companies based in three countries: USA (51%), Canada (24%) and Japan (25%).
A number of enrichment processes have been demonstrated historically or in the laboratory but only two, the gaseous diffusion process and the centrifuge process, have operated on a commercial scale. In both of these, UF6 gas is used as the feed material. Molecules of UF6 with U-235 atoms are about one percent lighter than the rest, and this difference in mass is the basis of both processes. Isotope separation is a physical process.*
*One chemical process has been demonstrated to pilot plant stage but not used. The French Chemex process exploited a very slight difference in the two isotopes' propensity to change valency in oxidation/reduction, utilising aqueous (III valency) and organic (IV) phases.
Large commercial enrichment plants are in operation in France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA, and Russia, with smaller plants elsewhere. New centrifuge plants are being built in France and USA. Several plants are adding capacity. China's capacity is expanding considerably, in line with domestic requirements. With surplus capacity, Russian plants operate at low tails assays (underfeeding) to produce low-enriched uranium for sale.
World enrichment capacity – operational and planned (thousand SWU/yr)
Source: World Nuclear Association Nuclear Fuel Report 2013 & 2105, information paper on China's Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Areva 2014 Reference Document for most 2013 figures. * Diffusion, closed mid-2013, US centrifuge proposed. 'Other' includes Resende in Brazil, Rattehallib in India and Natanz in Iran. At end of 2012 Iran had about 9000 SWU/yr capacity operating, according to ISIS and other estimates. The Euratom Supply Agency Annual Report 2014 estimated world nameplate capacity at 56 million SWU, Russia 28 million SWU, Urenco 18.1 million SWU and Areva 7.5 million SWU.
The feedstock for enrichment consists of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) from the conversion plant. Following enrichment two streams of UF6 are formed: the enriched 'product' containing a higher concentration of U-235 which will be used to make nuclear fuel, and the 'tails' containing a lower concentration of U-235, and known as depleted uranium (DU). The tails assay (concentration of U-235) is an important quantity since it indirectly determines the amount of work that needs to be done on a particular quantity of uranium in order to produce a given product assay. Feedstock may have a varying concentration of U-235, depending on the source. Natural uranium will have a U-235 concentration of approximately 0.7%, while recycled uranium will be around 1% and tails for re-enrichment often around 0.25-0.30%.
The capacity of enrichment plants is measured in terms of 'separative work units' or SWU. The SWU is a complex unit which indicates the energy input relative to the amount of uranium processed, the degree to which it is enriched (i.e. the extent of increase in the concentration of the U-235 isotope relative to the remainder) and the level of depletion of the remainder – called the 'tails'. The unit is strictly: kilogram separative work unit, and it measures the quantity of separative work performed to enrich a given amount of uranium a certain amount when feed and product quantities are expressed in kilograms. The unit 'tonnes SWU' is also used.
For instance, to produce one kilogram of uranium enriched to 5% U-235 requires 7.9 SWU if the plant is operated at a tails assay 0.25%, or 8.9 SWU if the tails assay is 0.20% (thereby requiring only 9.4 kg instead of 10.4 kg of natural U feed). There is always a trade-off between the cost of enrichment SWU and the cost of uranium.
Today, 5% U-235 is the maximum level of enrichment for fuel used in normal power reactors. However, especially in relation to new small reactor designs, there is increasing interest in higher enrichment levels. Some small demand already exists for research reactors.
The first graph shows enrichment effort (SWU) per unit of product. The second shows how one tonne of natural uranium feed might end up: as 120-130 kg of uranium for power reactor fuel, as 26 kg of typical research reactor fuel, or conceivably as 5.6 kg of weapons-grade material. The curve flattens out so much because the mass of material being enriched progressively diminishes to these amounts, from the original one tonne, so requires less effort relative to what has already been applied to progress a lot further in percentage enrichment. The relatively small increment of effort needed to achieve the increase from normal levels is the reason why enrichment plants are considered a sensitive technology in relation to preventing weapons proliferation, and are very tightly supervised under international agreements. Where this safeguards supervision is compromised or obstructed, as in Iran, concerns arise.About 140,000 SWU is required to enrich the annual fuel loading for a typical 1000 MWe light water reactor at today's higher enrichment levels. Enrichment costs are substantially related to electrical energy used. The gaseous diffusion process consumes about 2500 kWh (9000 MJ) per SWU, while modern gas centrifuge plants require only about 50 kWh (180 MJ) per SWU.
Enrichment accounts for almost half of the cost of nuclear fuel and about 5% of the total cost of the electricity generated. In the past it has also accounted for the main greenhouse gas impact from the nuclear fuel cycle where the electricity used for enrichment is generated from coal. However, it still only amounts to 0.1% of the carbon dioxide from equivalent coal-fired electricity generation if modern gas centrifuge plants are used.
The utilities which buy uranium from the mines need a fixed quantity of enriched uranium in order to fabricate the fuel to be loaded into their reactors. The quantity of uranium they must supply to the enrichment company is determined by the enrichment level required (% U-235) and the tails assay (also % U-235). This is the contracted or transactional tails assay, and determines how much natural uranium must be supplied to create a quantity of Enriched Uranium Product (EUP) – a lower tails assay means that more enrichment services (notably energy) are to be applied. The enricher, however, has some flexibility in respect to the operational tails assay at the plant. If the operational tails assay is lower than the contracted/transactional assay, the enricher can set aside some surplus natural uranium, which it is free to sell (either as natural uranium or as EUP) on its own account.
This is known as underfeeding.* Utilities are increasingly seeking to control this flexibility of operation in contracts, and themselves get some of the benefit from underfeeding.
* The opposite situation, where the operational tails assay is higher, requires the enricher to supplement the natural uranium supplied by the utility with some of its own – this is called overfeeding.
In respect to underfeeding (or overfeeding), the enricher will base its decision on the plant economics together with uranium and energy prices. The World Nuclear Association's 2015 Nuclear Fuel Report estimates that by underfeeding the enrichers have the potential to contribute 5700 to 8000 tU/yr to world markets to 2025 on the basis of typical Western 0.22% tails assay, much of this potential in Russia, where tails assays are normally 0.10% U-235.
With reduced demand for enriched uranium following the Fukushima accident, enrichment plants have continued running, since it is costly to shut down and re-start centrifuges. The surplus SWU output can be sold, or the plants can be underfed so that the enricher ends up with excess uranium for sale, or with enriched product for its own inventory and later sale. The inertia of the enrichment process thus exacerbates over-supply in the uranium market and depresses SWU prices (from $160/SWU in 2010, the spot price in March 2016 was $60). With forecast overcapacity, it is likely that some older cascades will be retired.
Obsolete diffusion plants have been retired, the last being some belated activity at Paducah in 2013.
Natural uranium is usually shipped to enrichment plants in type 48Y cylinders, each holding about 12.5 tonnes of uranium hexafluoride (8.4 tU). These cylinders are then used for long-term storage of DU, typically at the enrichment site. Enriched uranium is shipped in type 30B cylinders, each holding 2.27 t UF6 (1.54 tU).
The three enrichment processes described below have different characteristics. Diffusion is flexible in response to demand variations and power costs but is very energy-intensive. With centrifuge technology it is easy to add capacity with modular expansion, but it is inflexible and best run at full capacity with low operating cost. Laser technology can strip down to very low level tails assay, and is also capable of modular plant expansion.
The gas centrifuge process was first demonstrated in the 1940s but was shelved in favour of the simpler diffusion process. It was then developed and brought on stream in the 1960s as the second-generation enrichment technology. It is economic on a smaller scale, eg under 2 million SWU/yr, which enables staged development of larger plants. It is much more energy-efficient than diffusion, requiring only about 40-50 kWh per SWU.
The centrifuge process has been deployed at a commercial level in Russia, and in Europe by Urenco, an industrial group formed by British, German and Dutch governments. Russia's four plants at Seversk, Zelenogorsk, Angarsk and Novouralsk account for some 40% of world capacity*. Urenco operates enrichment plants in UK, Netherlands and Germany and one in the USA.
* In 2012 Russia was commissioning 8th generation centrifuges with service life of up to 30 years. The last 6th & 7th generation ones were installed in 2005, and 8th generation equipment has been supplied since 2004 to replace 5th generation models with a service life of only 15 years.
In Japan, JNC and JNFL operate small centrifuge plants, the capacity of JNFL's at Rokkasho was planned to be 1.5 million SWU/yr. China has two small centrifuge plants imported from Russia. China has several centrifuge plants, the first at Hanzhun with 6th generation centrifuges imported from Russia. The Lanzhou plant is operating at 3.5 million SWU/yr but expanding to 6.5 million SWU/yr by 2020, and Hanzhun is operating at 2.2 million SWU/yr. Others are under construction. Brazil has a small plant which is being developed to 0.2 million SWU/yr. Pakistan has developed centrifuge enrichment technology, and this appears to have been sold to North Korea. Iran has sophisticated centrifuge technology which is operational, with estimated 9000 SWU/yr capacity.
In both France and the USA plants with late-generation Urenco centrifuge technology have been built to replace ageing diffusion plants, not least because they are more economical to operate. As noted, a centrifuge plant requires as little as 40 kWh/SWU power (Urenco at Capenhurst, UK, input 62.3 kWh/SWU for the whole plant in 2001-02, including infrastructure and capital works).
Areva's new €3 billion French plant – Georges Besse II – started commercial operation in April 2011 and is ramping up to full capacity of 7.5 million SWU/yr in 2016. As noted above, customers hold more than 10% equity in Areva's operating subsidiary SET.
Urenco's new $1.5 billion National Enrichment Facility in New Mexico, USA commenced production in June 2010. Full initial capacity of 3.7 million SWU/yr was reached in 2014, and capacity reached 4.7 million SWU/yr in 2015 – enough for 10% of US electricity needs.
Following this, Areva was planning to build a $2 billion, 3.3 million SWU/yr Eagle Rock plant at Idaho Falls, USA. In 2009 it applied for doubling in capacity to 6.6 million SWU/yr. It is deferred indefinitely.
USEC, now Centrus, was building its American Centrifuge Plant in Piketon, Ohio, on the same Portsmouth site where the DOE's experimental plant operated in the 1980s as the culmination of a very major R&D programme. Operation from 2012 was envisaged, at a cost of $3.5 billion then estimated. It was designed to have an initial annual capacity of 3.8 million SWU. Authorisation for enrichment up to 10% was sought – most enrichment plants operate up to 5% U-235 product, which is becoming a serious constraint as reactor fuel burnup increases. A demonstration cascade started up in September 2007 with about 20 prototype machines, and a lead cascade of commercial centrifuges started operation in March 2010. These are very large machines, 13 m tall, each with about 350 SWU/yr capacity. However the whole project was largely halted in July 2009 pending further finance, then remained stalled due to low demand, and closed down in 2015. In 2014 Oak Ridge National Laboratory took over management of the project.
A bank of centrifuges at a Urenco plant
Like the diffusion process, the centrifuge process uses UF6 gas as its feed and makes use of the slight difference in mass between U-235 and U-238. The gas is fed into a series of vacuum tubes, each containing a rotor 3 to 5 metres tall and 20 cm diameter.* When the rotors are spun rapidly, at 50,000 to 70,000 rpm, the heavier molecules with U-238 increase in concentration towards the cylinder's outer edge. There is a corresponding increase in concentration of U-235 molecules near the centre. The countercurrent flow set up by a thermal gradient enables enriched product to be drawn off axially, heavier molecules at one end and lighter ones at the other.
* USEC's American Centrifuges are more than 12 m tall and 40-50 cm diameter. The Russian centrifuges are less than one metre tall. Chinese ones are larger, but shorter than Urenco's.
The enriched gas forms part of the feed for the next stages while the depleted UF6 gas goes back to the previous stage. Eventually enriched and depleted uranium are drawn from the cascade at the desired assays.
To obtain efficient separation of the two isotopes, centrifuges rotate at very high speeds, with the outer wall of the spinning cylinder moving at between 400 and 500 metres per second to give a million times the acceleration of gravity.
Although the volume capacity of a single centrifuge is much smaller than that of a single diffusion stage, its capability to separate isotopes is much greater. Centrifuge stages normally consist of a large number of centrifuges in parallel. Such stages are then arranged in cascade similarly to those for diffusion. In the centrifuge process, however, the number of stages may only be 10 to 20, instead of a thousand or more for diffusion. Centrifuges are designed to run for about 25 years continuously, and cannot simply be slowed or shut down and restarted according to demand. Western cascades are designed for 0.18 to 0.22% tails assay, Russian ones for 0.10%.
Laser enrichment processes have been the focus of interest for some time. They are a possible third-generation technology promising lower energy inputs, lower capital costs and lower tails assays, hence significant economic advantages. One of these processes is almost ready for commercial use. Laser processes are in two categories: atomic and molecular.
Development of the Atomic Vapour Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS, and the French SILVA) began in the 1970s. In 1985 the US Government backed it as the new technology to replace its gaseous diffusion plants as they reached the end of their economic lives early in the 21st century. However, after some US$ 2 billion in R&D, it was abandoned in USA in favour of SILEX, a molecular process. French work on SILVA ceased following a 4-year program to 2003 to prove the scientific and technical feasibility of the process. Some 200kg of 2.5% enriched uranium was produced in this.
Atomic vapour processes work on the principle of photo-ionisation, whereby a powerful laser is used to ionise particular atoms present in a vapour of uranium metal. (An electron can be ejected from an atom by light of a certain frequency. The laser techniques for uranium use frequencies which are tuned to ionise a U-235 atom but not a U-238 atom.) The positively-charged U-235 ions are then attracted to a negatively-charged plate and collected. Atomic laser techniques may also separate plutonium isotopes.
Most molecular processes which have been researched work on a principle of photo-dissociation of UF6 to solid UF5+, using tuned laser radiation as above to break the molecular bond holding one of the six fluorine atoms to a U-235 atom. This then enables the ionized UF5 to be separated from the unaffected UF6 molecules containing U-238 atoms, hence achieving a separation of isotopes.* Any process using UF6 fits more readily within the conventional fuel cycle than the atomic process.
* A similar principle can be used in enriching atomic lithium, with magnetic separation of the ionised atoms, leaving pure Li-7.
The main molecular laser process to enrich uranium is SILEX, which utilises UF6 and is now known as Global Laser Enrichment (GLE). In 2006 GE Energy entered a partnership with Australia's Silex Systems to develop the third-generation SILEX process. It provided for GE (now GE-Hitachi) to construct in the USA an engineering-scale test loop, then a pilot plant or lead cascade, which could be operating in 2012, and expanded to a full commercial plant. Apart from US$ 20 million upfront and subsequent payments, the license agreement would yield 7-12% royalties, the precise amount depending on how low the cost of deploying the commercial technology. In mid 2008 Cameco bought into the GLE project, paying $124 million for 24% share, alongside GE (51%) and Hitachi (25%). (Earlier, in 1996 USEC had secured the rights to evaluate and develop SILEX for uranium but baled out of the project in 2003.) In July 2014 GE decided to reduce funding to GLE, and as a result Cameco reported a full write-down on GLE of C$184 million. In April 2016 GE and Hitachi notified their intention to exit GLE, and plans for restructuring are expected by year end. GE-Hitachi said in November that it "continues to work closely with Cameco, Silex and other potential investors to restructure GLE operations and facilitate the continued progress of the laser enrichment technology." The planned 2016 work on the test loop at Wilmington and in Sydney is proceeding.
GE referred to SILEX, which it rebadged as GLE, as "game-changing technology" with a "very high likelihood" of success. GLE Hitachi is completing the test loop program, the initial phase of which has already been successful in meeting performance criteria, and engineering design for a commercial facility has commenced. GLE is operating the test loop at Global Nuclear Fuel's Wilmington, North Carolina fuel fabrication facility – GNF is a partnership of GE, Toshiba, and Hitachi.
In October 2007 the two largest US nuclear utilities, Exelon and Entergy, signed letters of intent to contract for uranium enrichment services from GE-Hitachi Global Laser Enrichment LLC (GLE). The utilities may also provide GLE with support if needed for development of a commercial-scale GLE plant. In August 2010 TVA agreed to buy $400 million of enrichment services from GLE if the project proceeds.
In mid-2009 GEH submitted the last part of its licence application for this GLE plant at Wilmington, and following review of provisions for the physical protection of special nuclear material and classified matter, material control and accounting, plus further review by the NRC Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, a full licence to construct and operate a plant of up to 6 million SWU/yr was issued in September 2012. GLE will now decide in the light of commercial considerations on whether to proceed with a full-scale enrichment facility at Wilmington. The project, enriching up to 8% U-235, could be operational in a few years, and ramp up to capacity fairly quickly.
In August 2013 GLE submitted a proposal to the DOE to establish a "$1 billion" laser enrichment plant at Paducah, Kentucky to enrich high-assay tails (above 0.34% U-235) owned by DOE to natural uranium level (0.7% U-235). There is about 115,000 tonnes of these at Paducah and Portsmouth (among a total of 550,000 t tails). In November 2013 DOE announced that it would proceed with contract negotiations to this end. In January 2014 GLE told NRC that though negotiations with DOE continued, it expected to apply for a licence later that year to build and operate the Paducah Laser Enrichment Facility (PLEF) which would enrich the tails over about 40 years to natural-grade, for sale. GLE expects licensing to take 2-3 years. Negotiations with DOE continued into 2016, and in November an agreement was signed with DOE for it to supply about 300,000 tonnes of high-assay tails, justifying construction by GLE of the plant in the early 2020s. The PLEF would become a commercial uranium enrichment production facility under a US NRC licence, producing about 100,000 tonnes of natural-grade uranium over 40 years or more. DOE would dispose of the reduced-assay balance. . The estimated plant size is 0.5 to 1.0 million SWU/yr, since purchases of DU may not exceed 2000 t/yr natural uranium equivalent.
Applications to silicon and zirconium stable isotopes are also being developed by Silex Systems near Sydney.
CRISLA is another molecular laser isotope separation process which is the early stages of development. In this a gas is irradiated with a laser at a particular wavelength that would excite only the U-235 isotope. The entire gas is subjected to low temperatures sufficient to cause condensation on a cold surface or coagulation in the un-ionised gas. The excited molecules in the gas are not as likely to condense as the unexcited molecules. Hence in cold-wall condensation, gas drawn out of the system is enriched in the U-235 isotope that was laser-excited. NeuTrek, the development company, is aiming to build a pilot plant in USA.
Th energy-intensive gaseous diffusion process of uranium enrichment is no longer used in the nuclear industry. It involves forcing uranium hexafluoride gas under pressure through a series of porous membranes or diaphragms. As U-235 molecules are lighter than the U-238 molecules they move faster and have a slightly better chance of passing through the pores in the membrane. The UF6 which diffuses through the membrane is thus slightly enriched, while the gas which did not pass through is depleted in U-235.
This process is repeated many times in a series of diffusion stages called a cascade. Each stage consists of a compressor, a diffuser and a heat exchanger to remove the heat of compression. The enriched UF6 product is withdrawn from one end of the cascade and the depleted UF6 is removed at the other end. The gas must be processed through some 1400 stages to obtain a product with a concentration of 3-4% U-235. Diffusion plants typically have a small amount of separation through one stage (hence the large number of stages) but are capable of handling large volumes of gas.
Commercial uranium enrichment was first carried out by the diffusion process in the USA, at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The process was also used in Russia, UK, France, China and Argentina as well, but only on a significant scale in the USA and France in recent years. Russia phased out the process in 1992 and the last diffusion plant was USEC's Paducah facility, which shut down in mid-2013. It is very energy-intensive, requiring about 2400 kWh per SWU*. USEC said that electricity accounted for 70% of the production cost at Paducah, which was the last of three large plants in the USA originally developed for weapons programs and had a capacity of some 8 million SWU per year. It was used to enrich some high-assay tails before being finally shut down after 60 years operation. At Tricastin, in southern France, a more modern diffusion plant with a capacity of 10.8 million kg SWU per year had been operating since 1979 (see photo below). This Georges Besse I plant could produce enough 3.7% enriched uranium a year to fuel some ninety 1000 MWe nuclear reactors. It was shut down in mid-2012, after 33 years' continuous operation. Its replacement (GB II, a centrifuge plant – see above) has commenced operation.
* It has been estimated that 7% of total US electricity demand was from enrichment plants at the height of the Cold War, when 90% U-235 was required, rather than the reactor grades of 3-4%for power generation.
In recent years the gaseous diffusion process had accounted for about 25% of world enrichment capacity. However, though they have proved durable and reliable, gaseous diffusion plants reached the end of their design life and the much more energy-efficient centrifuge enrichment technology has replaced them.
The large Georges Besse I enrichment plant at Tricastin in France (beyond cooling towers) was shut down in 2012. The four nuclear reactors in the foreground provided over 3000 MWe power for it.
A very early endeavour was the electromagnetic isotope separation (EMIS) process using calutrons. This was developed in the early 1940s in the Manhattan Project to make the highly enriched uranium used in the Hiroshima bomb, but was abandoned soon afterwards. However, it reappeared as the main thrust of Iraq's clandestine uranium enrichment program for weapons discovered in 1992. EMIS uses the same principles as a mass spectrometer (albeit on a much larger scale). Ions of uranium-238 and uranium-235 are separated because they describe arcs of different radii when they move through a magnetic field. The process is very energy-intensive - about ten times that of diffusion.
Two aerodynamic processes were brought to demonstration stage around the 1970s. One is the jet nozzle process, with demonstration plant built in Brazil, and the other the Helikon vortex tube process developed in South Africa. Neither is in use now, though the latter is the forerunner of new R&D. They depend on a high-speed gas stream bearing the UF6 being made to turn through a very small radius, causing a pressure gradient similar to that in a centrifuge. The light fraction can be extracted towards the centre and the heavy fraction on the outside. Thousands of stages are required to produce enriched product for a reactor. Both processes are energy-intensive - over 3000 kWh/SWU. The Helikon Z-plant in the early 1980s was not commercially oriented and had less than 500,000 SWU/yr capacity. It required some 10,000 kWh/SWU.
The Aerodynamic Separation Process (ASP) being developed by Klydon in South Africa employs similar stationary-wall centrifuges with UF6 injected tangentially. It is based on Helikon but pending regulatory authorisation it has not yet been tested on UF6 - only light isotopes such as silicon. However, extrapolating from results there it is expected to have an enrichment factor in each unit of 1.10 (cf 1.03 in Helikon) with about 500 kWh/SWU and development of it is aiming for 1.15 enrichment factor and less than 500 kWh/SWU. Projections give an enrichment cost under $100/SWU, with this split evenly among capital, operation and energy input.
One chemical process has been demonstrated to pilot plant stage but not used. The French Chemex process exploited a very slight difference in the two isotopes' propensity to change valency in oxidation/reduction, utilising aqueous (III valency) and organic (IV) phases.
In some countries used fuel is reprocessed to recover its uranium and plutonium, and to reduce the final volume of high-level wastes. The plutonium is normally recycled promptly into mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, by mixing it with depleted uranium.
Where uranium recovered from reprocessing used nuclear fuel (RepU) is to be re-used, it needs to be converted and re-enriched. This is complicated by the presence of impurities and two new isotopes in particular: U-232 and U-236, which are formed by or following neutron capture in the reactor, and increase with higher burn-up levels. U-232 is largely a decay product of Pu-236, and increases with storage time in used fuel, peaking at about ten years. Both decay much more rapidly than U-235 and U-238, and one of the daughter products of U-232 emits very strong gamma radiation, which means that shielding is necessary in any plant handling material with more than very small traces of it. U-236 is a neutron absorber which impedes the chain reaction, and means that a higher level of U-235 enrichment is required in the product to compensate. For the Dutch Borssele reactor which normally uses 4.4% enriched fuel, compensated enriched reprocessed uranium (c-ERU) is 4.6% enriched to compensate for U-236. Being lighter, both isotopes tend to concentrate in the enriched (rather than depleted) output, so reprocessed uranium which is re-enriched for fuel must be segregated from enriched fresh uranium. The presence of U-236 in particular means that most reprocessed uranium can be recycled only once - the main exception being in the UK with AGR fuel made from recycled Magnox uranium being reprocessed. U-234 is also present in RepU, but as an alpha emitter it does not pose extra problems. Traces of some fission products such as Tc-99 may also carry over.
All these considerations mean that only RepU from low-enriched, low-burnup used fuel is normally recycled directly through an enrichment plant. For instance, some 16,000 tonnes of RepU from Magnox reactors* in UK has been used to make about 1650 tonnes of enriched AGR fuel, via two enrichment plants. Much smaller quantities have been used elsewhere, in France and Japan. Some re-enrichment, eg for Swiss, German and Russian fuel, is actually done by blending RepU with HEU.
* Since Magnox fuel was not enriched in the first place, this is actually known as Magnox depleted uranium (MDU). It assayed about 0.4% U-235 and was converted to UF6, enriched to 0.7% at BNFL's Capenhurst diffusion plant and then to 2.6% to 3.4% at Urenco's centrifuge plant. Until the mid 1990s some 60% of all AGR fuel was made from MDU and it amounted to about 1650 tonnes of LEU. Recycling of MDU was discontinued in 1996 due to economic factors.
A laser process would theoretically be ideal for enriching RepU as it would ignore all but the desired U-235, but this remains to be demonstrated with reprocessed feed.
Tails from enriching reprocessed uranium remain the property of the enricher. Some recycled uranium has been enriched by Tenex at Seversk for Areva, under a 1991 ten-year contract covering about 500 tonnes UF6. French media reports in 2009 alleging that wastes from French nuclear power plants were stored at Seversk evidently refer to tails from this.
Early enrichment activities often left depleted uranium tails with about 0.30% U-235, and there were tens of thousands of tonnes of these sitting around as the property of the enrichment companies. With the wind-down of military enrichment, particularly in Russia, there was a lot of spare capacity unused. Consequently, since the mid 1990s some of the highest-assay tails have been sent to Russia by Areva and Urenco for re-enrichment by Tenex. These arrangements however cease in 2010, though Tenex may continue to re-enrich Russian tails. Tenex now owns all the tails from that secondary re-enrichment, and they are said to comprise only about 0.10% U-235.
The enriched UF6 is converted to UO2 and made into fuel pellets – ultimately a sintered ceramic, which are encased in metal tubes to form fuel rods, typically up to four metres long. A number of fuel rods make up a fuel assembly, which is ready to be loaded into the nuclear reactor. See Fuel Fabrication paper.
With the minor exception of reprocessed uranium, enrichment involves only natural, long-lived radioactive materials; there is no formation of fission products or irradiation of materials, as in a reactor. Feed, product, and depleted material are all in the form of UF6, though the depleted uranium may be stored long-term as the more stable U3O8.
Uranium is only weakly radioactive, and its chemical toxicity – especially as UF6 – is more significant than its radiological toxicity. The protective measures required for an enrichment plant are therefore similar to those taken by other chemical industries concerned with the production of fluorinated chemicals.
Uranium hexafluoride forms a very corrosive material (HF – hydrofluoric acid) when exposed to moisture, therefore any leakage is undesirable. Hence:
Sources: Heriot, I.D. (1988). Uranium Enrichment by Centrifuge, Report EUR 11486, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. Kehoe, R.B. (2002). The Enriching Troika, a History of Urenco to the Year 2000. Urenco, Marlow UK. Wilson, P.D. (ed)(1996). The Nuclear Fuel Cycle – from ore to wastes. Oxford University Press, Oxford UK. IAEA 2007, Management of Reprocessed Uranium – current status and future prospects, Tecdoc 1529.


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Benefits >> Browse Articles
Browse Transfers Articles
All Government Benefits Explained
Employees of the US Government often enjoy benefits packages unparalleled by those offered in any other profession. The wide range of benefits available to federal employees goes way beyond insurance and retirement; these perks include job security, outstanding 'family friendly' health insurance and retirement plans, and steadily accumulating raises. You may be surprised to learn that federal government jobs - after ... -
Transfers Overview
A career or career-conditional employee of one agency may transfer, without a break in service of a single workday, to a competitive service position in another agency without competing in a civil service examination open to the public. A transfer eligible may apply under vacancy announcements open to status candidates. An employee may transfer to a position at the same, higher, ... -
Emergency Leave Transfer Program
In the event of major disasters or emergencies declared by the President, such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, bombings, etc., that result in severe adverse effects for a substantial number of employees, the President may direct the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to establish an emergency leave transfer program. Under such a program, an employee in any Executive or Judicial branch agency ...

subset: commoncrawl


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NYC Parks Events Calendar
Get up, get out, and do something! Just about any day of the year, you can find something fun, informative, and healthy to enjoy at an area park. Feel free to browse the listings below, or use the search tools to find an event that matches your interests and location.
Viewing 11–20 out of 14,380 events
from November 10, 2013 (x) to December 30, 2017
Tuesday, March 1, 2016
Leading the Way: Six Outstanding Women of Queens
at Kingsland Homestead (in Margaret I. Carman Green - Weeping Beech), Queens
2:30 p.m.–4:30 p.m.
The Queens Historical Society presents their newest exhibition, Leading the Way: Six Outstanding Women of Queens. Featuring women from diverse fields and backgrounds, who at one…
Category: Art, History, Women's History Month
Teen PASS
at Faber Park Field House (in Faber Pool and Park), Staten Island, Red Hook Recreation Center (in Red Hook Recreation Area), Brooklyn
3:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m.
When school is out, Teen PASS offers FREE, exceptional clubs that focus on the areas of NYC Parks, arts, environmental science and sports that are tailored to the interests and talents…
Category: Education, Best for Kids
3 to 6 Club
at Walker Park, Staten Island
3:00 p.m.–6:00 p.m.
Walker Park is offering various activities at the 3 to 6 Club, open to children ages 7 through 12 years, including art, literacy and sports.
Category: Best for Kids
Tour of Gracie Mansion
at Gracie Mansion (in Carl Schurz Park), Manhattan
3:00 p.m.–3:50 p.m.
Make your plans to tour the People's House, Gracie Mansion. Register for a visit today: on.nyc.gov/gracietour
Category: Education, Art, History, Tours, Black History Month
Ed Center Open Hours
at Environmental Education Center (in Brooklyn Bridge Park), Brooklyn
3:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.
Get to know Brooklyn Bridge Park with our 250-gallon aquarium filled with critters from the East River, a 10'-scale model of Brooklyn Bridge Park, crafts, a reading corner, and more!
Category: Arts & Crafts, Education, Nature, Best for Kids
New York Road Runners Open Run: Run for Life in Silver Lake Park
at Reservoir Bridge (in Silver Lake Park), Staten Island
7:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m.
Join New York Road Runners for free weekly runs in your neighborhood! Open to all ages and experience levels. Walkers, strollers, and dogs on leash are welcome. No advance registration required.
Category: Fitness
Community Board 12 Parks Committee Meeting: Javits Playground Agenda Item
at CB12 Parks & Cultural Affairs Committee Meeting, Manhattan
7:00 p.m.–10:00 p.m.
ome with your questions and suggestions to help ensure the playground renovations meet your needs.
Wednesday, March 2, 2016
Greenmarket at Bartel-Pritchard Square
at Bartel-Pritchard Square, Brooklyn
8:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m.
The offerings range from a selection of vegetables, fruits, baked goods, plants, and flowers to fresh-caught fish and organic baked goods.
Category: Food
Will Eisner "The Spirit" Retrospective Exhibition
at Poe Park Visitor Center (in Poe Park), Bronx
8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m.
The Poe Park Visitor Center is proud to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Will Eisner's "The Spirit."
Category: Art, Women's History Month
The Orchid Show: Orchidelirium
at New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
10:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.
More thrilling than ever, the 14th annual Orchid Show transports visitors on a journey through orchid collecting history, each moment playing out against a stunning backdrop of orchids.
Category: Nature
Related Information
- Get information on upcoming events directly in your inbox by signing up for our Email Newsletters.
- Know about an event that's not on the calendar? Send us a tip!
- Planning an event and considering hosting it in a park? Make sure to read our Planning an Event page.


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Top Definition
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by sasa moose
October 23, 2015
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"A noteworthy climax of a long series of researches started by Volterra, Fredholm, Hilbert, Hadamard, Frechet, F. Riesz, and successfully continued by Steinhaus, Banach, and their pupils. In a short review it is impossible to give even an approximate idea of the richness and importance of the material ... [it will be] a constant source of inspiration."
-- Bulletin of the AMS
Table of Contents


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Related Sections: | Alameda | Alameda County |
Chuck Corica Golf Complex - The North - Earl Fry Course
1 Clubhouse Memorial DrAlameda, CA 94502
Phone: (510)522-4321Fax: (510)522-0848
This facility offers two eighteen hole courses and a nine hole par 3 course. Both of the regulation courses have water hazards (ditches and ponds) coming into play on a number of holes. All three courses are located in a very picturesque area. The courses were built on flat terrain, but the fairways are heavily tree lined. The Jack Clark Course was redesigned by Desmond Muirhead in 1967, followed by Robert Muir Graves in 1978. Nine hole rates only apply during the first two hours and the last two hours of the day.
Holes: 18 | Greens: Poa Annua Grass | Fairways: Kikuya |
Greens Fees: | $20-$49 |
Course Type: | public |
Dress Code: | No tank tops or cutoffs |
Season: | Open all year |
Guest Policy: |
* Update this Course: Update/modify the details for this golf course's listing.
*All Greens Fees provided are subject to change. Please call the golf course to confirm the current fees.


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Buying a Home with Termite Damage
Buying a home is a major investment. Before the deal is finalized, most prospective buyers want to understand the condition of the home. Purchasing a termite inspection is an important way to understand whether the home has evidence of current or past infestation and damage.
The inspection reports conditions on the day of the inspection and reports conditions which were visible during the inspection. If infestation or damage is found, the buyer should obtain estimates for treatment and repair. These costs may be negotiated with the seller.
Some buyers find it shocking that brick or masonry homes have termite infestation or damage. Even these homes have wooden components including framing and flooring as well as furniture. Brick houses are not termite proof.
Newer homes may also be susceptible to infestation and damage. Termites will infest wood of newly built homes just as readily as older homes. If considering the purchase of a newly constructed home, ask the seller whether home has received a termite pretreatment. Newer foundations may be built with termite-resistant wood or may be treated to prevent infestation.
Buyers can also ask for infestation history of the home. Some states require sellers to disclose history of termite infestation and damage. Termite warranties may also transfer with the house, providing buyers peace of mind.
An inspection is a small investment which will give the buyer good information as to visible conditions related to termite infestation and damage. Real estate agents should suggest an inspection in areas prone to termite infestation.
Termite Window Sill Damage
Termite Control
Learn the signs to look for to determine if you might have a termite infestation.
Termites cost Americans more than $5 billion in damage each year and most insurance plans don't cover the damage.
We'll determine whether you actually have termites, then discuss a treatment plan including financing that works for you.
Learn what to expect from your Orkin Man and the AIM process.


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PAN Clinic
Department of Plastic Surgery
PAN Clinic on Neumarkt is a private hospital with a specialized medical offer. The team of experienced specialists, surgeons and anesthesiologists from 25 medical disciplines work hand in hand to provide optimal medical care. Every day 1,000 patients command the services offered by the Clinic.


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Who says two actresses don't praise each other? Bollywood's current favourite Parineeti Chopra is not only friends with her contemporary Alia Bhatt, but also feels that Alia has the potential to achieve the "big star" status.
Earlier, Alia was heard praising Parineeti in an episode of Karan Johar's chat show Koffee With Karan Season 4. She said Parineeti's skills make her insecure in her skin and she sees competition in her.
"Alia and I are good friends. In fact, she always tells me these things. So when she said this on the show, I felt good that she praised me. I even gave her a call and told her that she doesn't need to feel insecure because I feel Alia will be a very big star," Parineeti said in an interview.
The actress also praised Alia's "good looks" and "great screen presence".
"If I would not have been an actress, then as an audience I would have been an Alia Bhatt fan. But as an actress, I know she is very crafty, very good looking and has a great screen presence," said the 25-year old actress who made her debut in 2011 with Ladies vs Ricky Bahl.
Parineeti will next be seen in Hasee Toh Phasee with Siddharth Malhotra, while Alia's next is Imtiaz Ali's Highway with Randeep Hooda.


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2008-11-21, 18:50 | Link #981 | |
Genma Killer
Join Date: May 2007
The manga has more ....free fanservice than Kenichi ^^' |
2008-11-21, 22:17 | Link #983 |
Join Date: Dec 2006
Location: Tesla Leicht Institute
Age: 27
Lol come on Tochumaru isn't that bad. I still love the little guy, him and Shigure together are just so funny. And recent chapters of this manga has been getting lot of fan service (normally I would consider a bad thing but it is Shigure so...). Now it seems that One Shadow Nine Fists seems to lack a weapon users so I guess Shigure will not with fight one of the fists which is kinda disappointing. I am going to hope for bit more master fights in the future with rematch of Alexander vs Akisame and the inevitable fight between Sakaki vs Hongo.
2008-11-21, 22:51 | Link #984 |
Miria's #1 Disciple
Join Date: Apr 2007
I love Shigure, my favorite master by far (+ she is hot).
I do hope she gets to fight a member of the 1 shadow 9 fists, even if none of them are Weapon users. The opponent she is fighting right now is pretty close to their strength though, since he is the leader of the Yami weapon division.
2008-11-21, 23:39 | Link #987 |
True. It was interesting to hear Shigure say she'd never used the sharp edge of her blade before. That makes me think she's never fought a master who's pushed her before......in other words, she's far less experienced than Sakaki and Akisame, which makes sense given the age difference. Not that I'm making any silly comparisons about power levels, just their experience.
Last edited by Amirali; 2008-11-22 at 00:08. |
2008-11-22, 01:30 | Link #988 |
Senior Member
Join Date: Feb 2008
Wow, i was surprised when i saw releases from Nerieru again... Have been seeing it again and again but can never get used to it. That guy has motor on his back or something.. *Bow*
But now that we are getting this close to the Raw, i suddenly feel sad P/s: Young Shigure owns as well And i have been trying it, but i still can't get to see 200 degrees around me |
2008-11-22, 10:27 | Link #992 |
Genin Featherweight
Holy crap! That whole fight scene in the onsen with Shigure NAKED was "shameless, pandering fanservice"...but hey, who are we to complain, right?
So, with this fight we're only left with Apachai who hasn't fought a member of Yami...but I get the feeling this would be resolved quite soon! |
2008-11-22, 10:52 | Link #993 |
It was definitely fan-service. However, according to some legends, even Miyamoto Musashi took baths rarely for fear of being ambushed. Reason being, a sword user may never be more vulnerable than when caught unarmed. As such, the assassins targeting Shigure there was quite plausible. I can live with fan-service as long as everyone remains in-character .
2008-11-22, 10:55 | Link #994 | |
Dango Master
IT Support
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Buenos Aires Argentina
Age: 27
2008-11-22, 11:46 | Link #996 | |
Miria's #1 Disciple
Join Date: Apr 2007
And I do believe that Shigure is the youngest of the masters, so it stands to reason she is not as experienced as the others. Then again, Sword-hunting is part of her life, she has probably been fighting a lot more in the past few years then the other masters. Also; Shigure stating she has never used the sharp end of her sword doesn't show she hasn't fought powerful opponents before, it just shows her determination not to stain the sword her father gave her with blood. (Again, much like Kenshin's vow not to kill)
2008-11-22, 11:47 | Link #997 |
Dango Master
IT Support
Join Date: Apr 2008
Location: Buenos Aires Argentina
Age: 27
I dont know about fighting directly but if we are talking about assasination i think poisoning or when she is sleeping is a much better choice... not jumping in the onsen and running straight towards her xD
2008-11-22, 13:06 | Link #999 |
Miria's #1 Disciple
Join Date: Apr 2007
I would think a tactical missle would be the best choice considering the power levels of the Masters.
Getting into her room would be impossible with all the traps, and she even has a guard mouse. Best course of action is to just blow the house up that she is staying at. But I think Ank_Minh was referring to the fact many of us would attack Shigure in the bath not for potential weakness, but for a beautiful sight before we got owned.
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shounen |
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Photo Credit: Camilo Jose Vergara
Today's Harlem City Guide update is from original writer Melinda Lewis, a born, bred and buttered Harlemite and founder of the lifestyle blog Get Togetha and the visual blog Harlem Collective. Today Melinda shares her suggestions on where to eat, shop and drink in Harlem, so have your MetroCards ready. Thanks for such a great update, Melinda! — Stephanie
Read the full guide after the jump . . .
You can't have a conversation about the cultural diversity of Manhattan without including the village of Harlem. Harlem, simply put, is music, food and more food and the repository of a rich historical legacy. It's been three years since my last Harlem City Guide, and needless to say, Harlem has exploded in OMG culinary talent, and I dare say it's developed a formidable nightlife. The best part of Harlem is simply taking in its energetic atmosphere and landscape. You will see and experience people from all walks of life, and there's never a dull moment; you will have a time.
Image above via Chic Travelor
Sylvia's: Sylvia's is Harlem Food Royalty. Their traditional Soul Food Cuisine is solid, but I highly recommend their brunch: homemade biscuits, salmon cakes, fresh-squeezed orange juice and buttery grits. Happiness!
Red Rooster: Chef Marcus Samuelson's Red Rooster is the hot-ticket on Harlem's Lenox Avenue. The Red Rooster is upscale American comfort food influenced by local and international food traditions around the world. The Red Rooster's strength is its vibrant atmosphere and bar scene: live music, eclectic cocktails and people from all walks of life. Make reservations. Now.
Mobay Uptown: Mobay features casual chic Caribbean Soul Food dining. Recommended: Jerk Salmon, Oxtails, Coconut Shrimp, Smoked Collards (some of the best in town) and their Caribbean Rum Punch.
Chez Lucienne: I come to Chez Lucienne when I'm craving mussels in white wine sauce and fries. Chez Lucienne is quality neighborhood French bistro fare, and their attentive service makes you feel super special.
Amy Ruth's: Amy Ruth's is a hands-down old-school soul-food joint with lip-smacking variations of Harlem's signature dish: chicken and waffles. Their Smothered Pork Chops & Fried Okra is killer, as well.
Bier International: If you love beer, this is the place to be. Bier has mouth-watering casual plates and more than reasonable prices. Recommended: strawberry beer, parmesan truffle fries and their pineapple smoked chipotle guacamole.
Covo Trattoria: Fuss free and hands down the freshest Italian food in Harlem. Recommended: The Grilled Calamari over Arugula and the Lobster Ravioli.
Image above via NYCGO
Zoma: Two Words: Honey Wine. Oh. And the traditional Ethiopian cuisine? Flavor beyond your imagination.
5 and Diamond: American Nouveau and a rotating menu of Spanish-inflected comfort food. Their brunch menu is perfection. Recommended: short ribs, mac & cheese and the lamb ragout.
Melba's: Melba is the niece of the Godmother of Soul Food Sylvia, so the apple didn't fall far from the tree. Eggnog waffles, smatterings of strawberry butter, cheese grits and mango sangria = Heaven.
Dinosaur Barbecue: Dinosaur barbecue is smoky-meat heaven and has consistently good barbecue. There is almost always a wait, but it is always — and I mean always — worth your time. Get a drink and come hungry.
Sette Panni: A perfect light brunch and latte spot for lazy Sunday afternoons of lounging on Lenox Avenue.
Uptown Juice Bar: We are meat lovers here in Harlem, but the Caribbean-flavor-inspired Uptown Juice Bar gives the vegetarian life. Recommended: vegetable stir-fry, stew chic peas and a shot of fresh pressed wheatgrass.
Sweet Tooth
Make My Cake: The owner of Make My Cake reigns as New York's Red Velvet Cupcake Queen. Nuff said.
Tonni's Minis: A make-it-your-way specialty cupcake shop full of yummy, sugary goodness.
Levain Bakery: I was initially skeptical about a $4 cookie, but I have only one word: Bliss. See for yourself.
Image via New York Times
Bars & Wine
Auberge Laurent: Fabulous Moroccan decor nestled on the ground floor of a Lenox Avenue brownstone, this wine bar is quaint, cozy and comfy with equally great cheese pairings and awesome spinach dip.
67 Orange Street: This Prohibition-era-inspired gem offers specialty cocktails and gets its cool name from a forgotten and unexplored part of African American history. Great ambience and perfect for an intimate night out.
Harlem Tavern: This is the place to be if you are a lover of beer and sport. The Tavern is spacious, so bring lots of friends to root on the Knicks. Recommended: the Lamb Pesto Burger & Sweet Potato Fries.
XYZ Bar/Hotel Aloft: If you want to avoid crowds, come to the chill, sexy and modern XYZ lounge. The decor is chic, the cocktails spike your interest and there's lots of elbow room. Bonus: A most awesome pool table.
Experience History/Culture
Striver's Row & Astor Row: Designated landmarks of architectural row house gems and a sublime walk back in time. Also recommended: Sylvan Terrace and its cobblestone streets.
The Schomberg: The Schomberg is not a museum; it's actually a branch of the New York City Public Library dedicated to all things African American history and black culture. Its halls are historic, and there's always a great exhibit on display.
Abyssinian Baptist Church: Founded in 1808, Abyssinian is Harlem's most historical church and is rooted in the center of Harlem's gospel tradition.
Apollo Theater: The Legendary Apollo Theater is a part of black music's legacy and is the original American Idol. There is also a black music walk of fame in front of the Apollo on Harlem's main vein, 125th Street.
Studio Museum in Harlem: Contrary to popular belief, the Studio Museum is not a black history museum; it is a modern art museum that features modern art interpretation by artists of color. The museum also features a wonderful permanent collection of celebrated black artists including Romare Bearden and Jacob Lawrence.
Image via Flickriver
Swing a Concept Shop: An inspiring luxury boutique with whimsical eye candy and decor/lifestyle knickknacks.
B Oyama: Featuring tailoring and ties, B Oyama is a Harlem haberdashery for the well-dressed man.
Carol's Daughter: A dizzying array of fragrant natural beauty products. I die for their Lemon Ginger Mint Manicure in a Jar and their Rose Honey Body Cleanser. Hidden Gem: the Backroom Spa for a drool-inducing mani-pedi.
Harlem Flo Boutique: Floral ateliers and divine floral arrangements.
HueMan BookStore: It's not Barnes & Noble, nor should it be. Here you will find a wide selection of diverse African American authors, as well as an awesome collection of diverse children's books.
Atmos: If you're a sneaker freak, this "kicks" boutique is the place for you.
HarlemUnderGround: Hands down some of the most fashionable custom tees in New York City.
Harlem Vintage: A knowledgeable and helpful wine staff that KNOWS their wine. Bonus: A great selection of $10 and under wines and weekly tastings.
Malcolm Shabazz Outdoor Market: Here you will find predominately West African textiles: fabrics, sculpture, decor and jewelry. Located at 116th and Malcolm X Boulevard/Lenox Avenue.
Image above via Adventures in NYC
Lenox Lounge: The Lenox Lounge is literally about stepping into Harlem's music history. Think Miles, Coltrane and Billie Holiday — all hung out and performed here. The historic zebra-striped vintage art deco booths are worth the trip alone.
Harlem GateHouse: It looks like a haunted castle, but the interior will knock you over in its design and stage presence. An awesome venue for film, plays, stage performance and, of course, live music.
Parlor Entertainment: For almost 20 years, every Sunday, rain or shine, pianist and Harlemite Marjorie Eliot hosts live parlor-style jazz in her living room. The weekly concerts are free and make you feel right at home.
First Corinthians Baptist Church: At FCBC, you will experience an inspired word by Executive Pastor Micheal A. Walrond and witness a soulful praise and worship experience that you will never forget. Ever.
The Maysles Cinema: Harlem's sole independent film house features throwback arthouse films, cinematic shorts, documentaries and exquisite filmmaker discussions.
Noteworthy — Off the Beaten Path
Shrine: The Shrine is one of my favorite go-to funky, cool-vibe places in Harlem and features a kaleidoscope of eclectic live music. You come here to vibe and drink, but the food is surprisingly good. Recommended: the grilled lamb or fish with couscous.
Gran Piatto D'Oro: This restaurant is Harlem's cozy Italian food secret. I've had the tilapia stuffed with crabmeat and shrimp. Pssht. The tiramisu and the chocolate mousse will make you weak in the knees.
Harlem Lanes: A lounge-y bowling alley that serves strong drinks for parents and a great place to make the kids tired.
Strictly Roots: Rotating cruelty-free vegan fare with a knockout veggie burger. Hat Tip: You will wait more than a while for the burger. Get a "Bad Man" smoothie or their spilt-pea soup to calm your appetite.
A Taste of Seafood: Harlem is known for its fried whiting sandwiches, and A Taste of Seafood has by far one of the best. Recommended: their down-home mac & cheese, fried shrimp and catfish sandwiches.
Jimbo's Hamburger Palace: If you're a Harlemite, you've had a custom made-to-go Jimbo's burger. They are equally comparable to the Shake Shack in taste, if I do say so myself.
Lenox Coffee: Harlem needed an independent local sit down coffee shop, and Lenox Coffee fits the bill. A calm, chill place for laptop lovers. Blog lurk, write a great short story and sip espresso.
Image above via Lenox Coffee
Nice guide!
I'm so glad you posted this guide to Harlem. I've lived in Brooklyn for six years and hardly trekked to Harlem, though I've wanted to. Can't wait to go now!
OMG—ive totally enjoyed this post!!!—i haven't been to harlem in 4 years—-i need to go back for some soul searching—you did a wonderful job representing Harlem—i'm going to save this to show to my students here in columbus, ohio—they are going to love it they learn about the harlem renaissance—thank you so much!!!—remain blessed!
Woo hoo!!! Just in time for my trip to NYC next week! I have two full days to myself to explore. Harlem, here I come!! One can only hope that the weather is balmier than it is up here in Canada!
Visit Harlem on a Sunday when families are walking to church, you have never seen such wonderfully happy folks beautifully groomed and dressed to kill… love it.
This is just fabulous. I had a teeny 200 sf pied a terre on east 84th before I moved to europe – but it was 15 years ago before alot of this renewal hit, so I rarely went north, always south. I love this guide. When I get to nyc this spring I will have it in my pocket.
I have been working up at City College which is in Hamilton Heights for a couple of years and I'm embarrassed to say that I know so few of these. But I'm excited to go out and see them all.
COuld you maybe somehow do Moscow, Russia?.. I'm planing on going there soon and would love to know what places to visit. I know that its not that visitable of a place, but … maybe you'll do it? :)
This is a great guide! I lived in Harlem, more specifically Sugar Hill, when I lived in Manhattan and it was a great neighborhood that was often overlooked by design/restaurant guides. I second Make my Cake. I've never had better red velvet, anywhere.
Don't forget Demolition Depot, on 125th St! the best place in harlem to find treasures from old buildings/brownstones/apts all over the city. gorgeous old fireplaces, doorknobs, mirrors, furniture, lamps, doors… it's fantastic!
are you by any chance planning one for the east village/around there? I'm the president of the art club down here at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and we'll be going up to NYC in May and staying at a hostel around there. :) (We went May 2008 too, but didn't stay in the east village, closer to west manhattan.) Several of us read your blogs and would love to see a guide! Thanks so much!
get togetha is one of my favorite new blogs. great to see melinda's writing here!
nice post, but unless im mistaken m&g's has been closed for months
i hope im wrong, its one of my favorite greasy spoons in the city
i live in harlem and spend much hard-earned money at harlem vintage weekly. the staff is very knowledgeable. haven't made it to nectar yet.
The city guides are great. I would love a city guide on Tulsa. Moving there later this year.
This was a great guide! My only other suggestion would be Melba's. http://www.melbasrestaurant.com/ I've lived in harlem for 5 years, and Amy Ruth's has changed owners and is not as tasty as it used to be. It's an experience, but if you're hungry on the weekend, you will be waiting on line for a while at Amy Ruths, as it is a tourist stop. Melba's on the other hand is fabulous, quaint, and everyone I have taken there has fallen in love with the mac and cheese.
Thank you all for your wonderful comments! Harlem's a great place!
What a fabulous guide! My friend's generous grandmother left her her Sylvan Terrace home when she passed away last year. Your guide and the photo of the Terrace remind me that I have to head uptown for a visit soon!
Yes, sadly, M&G closed a few months ago. But there's also Miss Maude's (on Lenox) and Miss Mamie's (by Columbia Univ.) Spoonbread Too, as well as the Manna's buffet mini-chain for soul food.
I also like the hole-in-the-wall seafood places – steamed or fried. Some places are set up where you pick your fish, shrimp, veggies, then hand them over to be steamed – true fast and fresh food.
And, yes, St. Nick's is a great place to hang – and only two blocks from my apartment.
I was so pleased to read this guide. I am going to NYC in April and was strongly urged by my daughter, who lives in Manhattan, not to stay above W. 96th for safety reasons. Your guide indicates missing a visit to Harlem might be a big mistake!
What a such a great place!
What about Kitchenette for eats??
Just a few updates…M&G is now closed for good. What a loss! Also check out Sylvan Court (posted as Slyvan). There is so much to see and do in Harlem. Enjoy!
Another update: Montgomery Boutique has closed and N has relocated to a smaller space on Lenox.
Thank you, thank you, thank you for posting these great photos of home! I left four years ago for Atlanta. Love ATL but what I would do to stroll through those NYC streets with a mango icy from the corner man, sit at the infamous Billie Holiday booth at the Lenox Lounge and get some grub at the West Indian spot….I am seriously missing my brownstones.
I love the vibe and culture of Harlem. I'll be taking this list with me on my next visit.
You had me at Bier International with the recommended: strawberry beer, parmesan truffle fries and their pineapple smoked chipotle guacamole. I've got Harlem on my NYC list for my next visit. Thanks for all the great ideas!
I visited a friend last year in July, she lives in Harlem, and just loves it! She took me to the best places! There's this one place which I totally loved called "Kitchenette" has the best breakfasts ever! And love the deco! Recycles tables! Just loved it! You should put it on the list!
Harlem is the best place. I've lived there most of my life and still go there every week for school and to visit my mom. I live Harlem! Mobay is an awesome place to eat!
I have to third Melba's. Melba's! Melba won against Bobby Flay in a showdown. Hands down the best soul food I had in Harlem, and I lived there for four years.
Also, for bars, Nectar was our go-to place for happy hour. Some bubbly, inexpensive prosecco is always a good idea!
Another great local coffeeshop? Il Cafe Latte, right on Malcom X and 119th. The owner is the sweetest person ever and they buy their pastries from local bakeries. They have good food too. For brunch, my friends and I use to meet at Society Coffee. And for great Carribean, you can go to Mobay's.
if we're going to talk about the area around Columbia- i third the recommendation for Kitchenette- awesome brunch and baked goodies! also Max Soha is yummy for pasta and I also like Massawa for Ethiopian on Amsterdam. if you go a little further down Taqueria y Fonda is an awesome hole in the wall tacos place.
If you could include some Bronx spots, I think that would be great too. The little Italy in the Bronx is very quaint.
Thanks so much! We've just moved to south Harlem and are really enjoying it. This will help us venture out of usual spots.
Also, Cafe Latte on Lenox near 118th is wonderful. Super cute little cafe with a nice menu.
I'm surprised Lido wasn't listed in the restaurant section: http://lidoharlem.com/ I've lived in the neighborhood for years and it's our favorite new place to get brunch.
This guide really felt like the "Brooksters" guide to Harlem, but we'll take it cause our neighborhood needs some love! Don't be afraid to venture out of Brooklyn, folks…
This is great! Thanks for putting this together :)
This. is. FANTASTIC. I moved to Brooklyn in September and have yet to venture to Harlem but now it's moved to the top of the weekend must do list! =) Thanks so much!
Thanks for a great post. I've always wanted to live in a really old brownstone or house in Harlem, and have a backyard or garden. Years and years ago, some friends of mine were living in a reaaalllly old house in Harlem. The original pumpkin pine wide plank floors were slanted and the glass in the french door windows had 'dripped' over the years–it was all thicker on the bottom then on the top, and a little wavy. I still think about that cool house.
I've been searching high and low for an apartment in Manhattan. I did not consider Harlem an option until I read your article. Thanks for the help, brava!
Hi. I live in Harlem, but don't recognize the street. Do you know where it is? I thought I'd seen every square inch of Harlem.
Wow! Nice Amy Ruth's was my favorite Harlem weekend brunch spot. I also like the MOCA LOUNGE along W116th as my drop in spot.
I've lived in Harlem for almost 5 years and I LOVE it. The friendliest people in Manhattan, hands down. My new favorite place in the neighborhood is the Corner Social. It's a wonderfully grown up pub. I think someone else mentioned Lido. Their food is excellent. And Miss Maude's has excellent fried chicken. The list could go on and on. Come to Harlem for a visit. Stay a while, you'll fall in love just like I did.
harlem…..must add to my to do list on NYC visit!


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NCAA March Madness On Demand Returning for 2011; Now Free and Available for iPad
Spring shall soon be upon us, and our nightmares about freezing temperatures, Snowtorious B.I.G., and absurdly thick winterwear will soon become faded memories. But the true greatness of spring's arrival is March Madness. Not to be confused with what Charlie Sheen is currently suffering from, this refers to the annual NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament - yes, college football fans, a tournament where the best teams play each other to determine the champion. Such a thing actually exists. Especially for the first 4 days, it is possible to have up to 4 games going on at one time, which has been quite difficult to keep track of in past years, and if your team or a more interesting game is airing than the one that was on TV, keeping track of it was difficult. Thankfully, there has been the March Madness On Demand app to help you watch the game of your choice on your iPhone or iPod touch. This year, the app is returning to help you watch the tournament games of your choice.
While all the games will be available via basic cable this year, the March Madness Demand on App will still be useful for those that aren't at a TV at the time, or want to watch multiple games at a time. The service, available not only as an iPhone and iPod touch app, but also available online and now with an iPad-native app, will stream all the games of the tournament, including the new play-in games with the expansion of the tournament field from 65 to 68, and even the Final Four and championship game will be available via the app, which is usable over both wifi and 3G. You'll be able to do more than just watch games - you can also keep track of scores for every game, access social networking features, and even locate where games are airing on your TV provider with localized TV listings, so you can easily turn to the channel that has the game you want to watch on TV.
The best part is that while the apps for iPhone and iPod touch have cost $4.99 to download in previous years, this year the service will be free across the board, with the apps free to download starting March 10th, although the tournament field won't be revealed until Selection Sunday, March 13th, as conference tournaments end. Live games will start on March 15th and 16th with the "First Four" games that will feature matchups of four automatically qualifying teams facing off for #16 seeds into the tournament, and the last four teams picked to get in as at-large teams facing off for yet-to-be-determined seeds that will be determined on Selection Sunday.


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Vintage 1986 Drummond Island Drummondopoly Game
Click thumbnails for expanded view.
- $20.00
- Item Not Available
Vintage 1986 Edition Drummondopoly game, based on Monopoly, sponsored by the Drummond Island Chamber of Commerce. Drummond Island, Michigan, located in Lake Huron, is "Michigan's Best Kept Secret" as stated on the box. This custom board game features a map of the island, along with local businesses in place of Boardwalk, Atlantic Avenue, etc. It is complete with 4 game pieces, red and green tokens, play money, directions, and Chance, Chamber of Commerce, and property cards. The set is in good condition, with light wear to the board and playing materials. The box shows moderate wear, with a tear along one of the top edges, and crayon markings on the inside of the top cover along with taped directions. Please refer to the 4 photographs for appearance and condition. Shipping / packaging / handling will be $10.50.
Windwalker Antiques and Fine Arts
- Charlotte, Michigan
- View Storefront
- View Store Policies
Payments Accepted:
$10.50Item Details:
- Reference #
- 4241
- Category
- Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Department
- Collectibles
- Year
- 1986
- Dimensions
- Width: 0 inch
- Height: 0 inch
- Depth: 0 inch
- Weight: 0 pound
- Condition
- Good


text:
reg dips
(Recipe Collection)
2 Recipes Created by HOLLYDURRART
Recipes in this Collection
Tzatziki (Yogurt Dip)
Tzatziki is a Greek and Turkish appetizer, also used as a sauce or dip. This recipe is perfect with Mediterranean dishes or anything else on a hot summer's day. Submitted by LOULOUB
Carbs: 3.3g | Fat: 0.1g | Fiber: 0.3g | Protein: 1.8g | Calories: 20
Homemade Greek Yogurt Salad Dressing
Use this to dress your salad or as a dipping sauce for cut vegetables. Don't like cilantro? No problem, just swap it out for Italian parsley or dill.
Submitted by CHEF_MEG
Carbs: 1.1g | Fat: 0g | Fiber: 0.1g | Protein: 1.3g | Calories: 8.8
Send this recipe collection to a friend - https://recipes.sparkpeople.com/cookbooks.asp?cookbook=685338


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The Abrams curve of government size and unemployment: evidence from panel data
This study investigates the long run relationship between government size and unemployment rate, the Abrams curve, using ten European countries over the period 1961-1999. To this end, panel cointegration analysis and estimation techniques appropriate for heterogeneous panels are made use of. The results support the idea that there is an Abrams curve, and the relation between government size and the unemployment rate is positive.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
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Volume (Year): 37 (2005)
Issue (Month): 10 ()
Pages: 1193-1199
Handle: | RePEc:taf:applec:v:37:y:2005:i:10:p:1193-1199 |
Contact details of provider: | Web page: http://www.tandfonline.com/RAEC20 |
Order Information: | Web: http://www.tandfonline.com/pricing/journal/RAEC20 |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Pierse, R. G. & Snell, A. J., 1995. "Temporal aggregation and the power of tests for a unit root," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 65(2), pages 333-345, February.
- Layard, Richard & Nickell, Stephen & Jackman, Richard, 1991.
"Unemployment: Macroeconomic Performance and the Labour Market,"
OUP Catalogue,
Oxford University Press, number 9780198284345.
- Layard, Richard & Nickell, Stephen & Jackman, Richard, 2005. "Unemployment: Macroeconomic Performance and the Labour Market," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780199279173.
- Efthymios Tsionas & George Halkos, 2000. "Posterior Analysis of Environmental Damage Evaluation in Europe," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 371-390.
- Robert J. Barro, 1989.
"Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries,"
NBER Working Papers
3120, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Robert J. Barro, 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 106(2), pages 407-443.
- Barro, R.J., 1989. "Economic Growth In A Cross Section Of Countries," RCER Working Papers 201, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER).
- Christopoulos, Dimitris K., 2003. "Does underground economy respond symmetrically to tax changes? Evidence from Greece," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 563-570, May.
- Razzolini, Laura & Shughart, William F, II, 1997. "On the (Relative) Unimportance of a Balanced Budget," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 90(1-4), pages 215-233, March.
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First Float Column
Workshop Presentations
Title: | Trends in photovoltaic applications |
Issue date: | 2006/09/01 |
Description: | The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS) is one of the collaborative R & D agreements established within the IEA and, since 1993, its participants have been conducting a variety of joint projects (tasks) concerning the applications of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy into electricity. IEA PVPS Task 1 has the responsibility to facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on the technical, economic, environmental and social aspects of photovoltaic power systems. An important deliverable of Task 1 is the annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report. This report gives information on trends in PV power applications in the PVPS member and other countries and is largely based on the information provided in the national survey reports which are produced annually by the nineteen participating countries. In a PV market environment of increased stimulation of demand and tightening of supply, this paper presents the latest available information from the 2006 round of surveys, compiled and analyzed shortly before the Dresden conference, and includes the topics of market growth, public budgets, the industry value chain, prices, economic benefits and new initiatives. This information covers calendar year 2005 and is presented in greater detail in the 2006 Trends report. |
Creator / Publisher: | G. Watt, P. Hüsser, I. Kaizuka, P. Cowley / IEA PVPS |
Copyright: | IEA PVPS |
Filesize: | 725 Kilobyte |
Filetype: | |
Category: | Paper Conference 2006 Task 1 Public |
Link: | pap1_061_task 1_Sept._2006_slides.pdf |


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Records Management Services offers workshops on popular records management topics. The workshops deliver practical advice that can be implemented in your office and are appropriate for all University employees.Workshops are open to employees from offices and departments in Central Administration, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Graduate Schools in Cambridge, and the Harvard School of Public Health. Please note that local records management services are provided at HMS/HSDM and HBS and training sessions may be offered for departments and offices located at these schools. For HMS/HSDM, please contact the Archives and Records Management Program at Countway Library. For HBS, contact HBS Archives Program.
Trash or Treasure: Guidance on Retaining Your Office Records
Objective: Have you ever wondered, "How long do I need to keep my office records? Can I throw them away when I am done with them?" This workshop provides tools and advice to help you determine how long to keep your records and what to do when you no longer need to hold onto them. Whether you feel like you're drowning in information or you're concerned that you're keeping records too long or not long enough, this workshop is for you.
Length: 1 1/2 hours
Who should attend: All employees who want to effectively manage their office's administrative or program records.
What you will learn
- What the resources are to help determine how long to keep your office records
- What to do with records when they are no longer needed by your office
- How to use Harvard's guide for records commonly found across the University
Out of Sight: Off-site Records Storage
Objective: This workshop will present the step-by-step process of sending records to off-site storage at the Records Center. We cover everything from how to assemble and pack a box to how to complete the deposit paperwork.
Length: 1 hour
Who should attend: Employees who have not yet sent records to storage as well as anyone in charge of packing and depositing boxes who would like a refresher course.
What you will learn
- How to identify records eligible for storage
- How to pack and label boxes correctly
- How to complete the paperwork and expedite your deposit
- How to recall records back to your office
Note: You should be familiar with the General Records Schedule (GRS) and how to apply it to your records before taking this class. If you have not used the GRS, register for our Trash or Treasure workshop.
E-mail Management
Objective: This workshop will introduce methods for gaining control of e-mail and managing it according to Harvard records policies as well as provide tips on how to organize your e-mail.
Length: 1 1/2 hours
Who should attend: All employees who want to effectively manage their e-mail.
What you will learn
- Methods of controlling e-mail
- The application of the General Records Schedule to e-mail
- Examples of types of e-mails with their appropriate retentions
Note: You should be familiar with the General Records Schedule (GRS) and how to apply it to your records before taking this class. If you have not used the GRS, register for our Trash or Treasure workshop.
Workshop registration
Register for a workshop on our registration page.
All workshops begin at 10:00am. Please plan to arrive 15 minutes before the workshop begins to get settled. Workshops are 1 or 1 1/2 hours long; see the registration page for details.
Workshops will be held in Lamont Library's Forum Room or in Lamont B-30 (see workshop registration page for details). Lamont Library is located at the corner of Massachusetts Avenue and Quincy Street in the far southeast corner of Harvard Yard, east of Harvard Square. Click here for a map.


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Saturday, February 02, 2008
The Twenty Miler
My run was good, with the exception of this nagging pain in my left foot. It starts at the base of my big toe and runs about halfway down my arch, mostly a dull pain. It was much better with running on dirt as opposed to pavement. And, after running, it doesn't even hurt. I'm not sure what it is.
During the run I felt like I could definitely run faster. And, at the end of the twenty miles, I felt like I could have run another six, were it not for my aching foot.
I think I've conquered my upset stomach issues. Whenever I do a distance event, triathlon, or run longer than ten miles, I'm sick to my stomach toward the end and for the rest of the day. I've found that for me, I need to keep drinking, even if I'm not thirsty, not just water but also an electrolyte fluid. I need solid food for carbs on my run too. Oreo cookies work very well -- it's not like I eat them any other time of the week. And yes, they are vegan.
I think I'm ready for the marathon. From here, I will be tapering my running distances to get ready for marathon day on March 2.
11 comments:
- the vegan blog tracker said...
I didn't know the bit about training on less miles - but it makes sense. Like you said, if you can run twenty you can run twenty-six. I enjoy commuting to work via bike, but I may try doing some running this coming year, too. :-)
- Megan the Vegan said...
I am a total believer in the fact that if you can run 20, you can run 6 more on race day. There's so much adrenalin and crowd support to draw on. Best of luck...I hope that foot ache clears us asap.
- VeggieGirl said...
yikes, I do hope that your foot-pain is short-lived - good luck with your training!!
- zubeldia said...
Hi there, I've just happened upon your blog. I, too, experience the upset stomach toward the end of an endurance event, and usually a headache to go with it. I keep topped up with plenty of fluids, too, and have never worked out what's going on. It's exacerbated by intensity.
Good luck with the marathon. And, be careful with the foot. I had to give up running following too many chronic injuries.
Zubeldia - 5:20 PM
- zubeldia said...
PS- I'm a vegan rower. I haven't kept up with that blog, but perhaps I should now that I see there's a community of veggie/vegan athletes.
- Vegan Run Amok said...
I'm sorry to hear about your foot. I hope you can figure out what's happening and get it taken care of. Good luck with the marathon!! :)
- JC said...
Way to go with your training. That is a lot of miles. Congrats. You will likely feel better on taper runs. Whatever you do, do not get new shoes at this point, I've heard that is very bad to do right before a marathon. Hopefully you can find a good way to get electrolytes, it can be hard, a lot of the drinks/gels upset my stomach. I am rooting for you!
- Alec said...
Good work with the 20 miler. Sorry to hear about the bum foot. My knees start to act up after around 20 miles or so. I think keeping it to 20 is a smart thing to do. Why increase the chance of injury by pounding out 26 when 20 is plenty?
P.S. I think reading about your marathon training last night before bed put weird marathon thoughts in my head while sleeping. I had the weirdest marathon dream. I was running a marathon with my big winter boots on with other guys from my college fraternity (some of whom I haven't seen in years). The race took place inside a school and church and we kept getting lost not knowing where to go. Weird! - 5:27 AM
- Nicole said...
Great job. Best of luck on the taper
- Jenny said...
The twenty miler is always an accomplishment! Have fun tapering...
- urban vegan said...
Good luck and I hope your foot and tum feel better.
I hopr one day to be able to run farther than 10 miles. - 1:31 PM


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Kathy Lynn Davidson, 51, of Hume, Mo., died Sunday, June 8, 2008 at her home. She was born October 17, 1956 in Mammouth, Ill., the daughter of Earl Thomas and Myrtle Pearl Russell Heatherly. She married Sam Davidson on September 26, 1985. He preceded her in death on September 18, 2004. Kathy was a member of Single Action Shooters Society and the NRA. She was a homemaker. She was preceded in death also by her parents and one sister, Karen Heatherly. Survivors include one son, Jeff Davidson and Karla of Hume, Mo.; one daughter, Dawn Johnson and Chuck of Frisco, Texas; three brothers, Tom Heatherly and Kathryn Mary, Dan Heatherly and Mary Anne and Larry Heatherly and Sharon and four grandchildren, Taylor Finley, Cheyenne Davidson, Wade Johnson and Samantha Davidson.
Services will be held at 11 a.m., Thursday, June 12, at the United Methodist Church, Hume, Mo. Contributions are suggested to the Hume Cemetery. Interment will be in Hume Cemetery.
Online condolences may be left for the family at www.coffelschneider.com
Arrangements: Coffel-Schneider Funeral Home, Pleasanton, Kan.


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Home | Amplifiers | Plantronics MX10 Multimedia Switcher Amplifier
Plantronics MX10 Multimedia Switcher Amplifier
item#: PLN121
The MX10 Universal Amplifier connects your telephone and PC or external audio device to a Plantronics headset and provides control of the sound through your headset. The MX10 includes near-universal compatibility with single- and multi-line telephones. A Quick Disconnect connector allows you to walk away from your desk without removing the headset.
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- Switch easily between the phone and the PC or audio device.
- Switch between headset and handset with a single button.
- Near-universal compatibility with single- and multi-line telephones.
- Compatible with most sound cards


text:
The Break Presents: Sigidy
Breakout: "ManMythLegend"
Also Check:
Name: Sigidy
Age: 19
Reppin': Ypsilanti, MI
My style and/or skills have been compared to: Drake and Eminem, but I want to be recognized as one of a kind.
I started rapping: In 2003, freestyling after school, whenever friends would beat on tables, boxes, whatever. I ended up coming across a tape recorder and began recording tapes.
My standout records and/or moments have been: Some stand out records that were on my debut album, The Vanity, include "Dennis Rodman", "Buzzin'" and "Haters." Reflecting on memorable moments…the first time freestyling for crowds of people at parties on Western Michigan University's campus. The people really connected with me and my confidence had always been sky high. In addition to that, the success of The Vanity. Not only did it garner a lot of downloads via my Bandcamp page in the first 24 hours of release, but we were also pushing physical double-disc copies around the city. It was an experience like no other. Witnessing all the positive support it has received and still is receiving is something that I'll never forget.
I'm gonna change the game by: Fusing together highly entertaining and out-of-the-box lyricism and unique and nostalgic production that is bought to create. Also, by moving up and captivating audiences with a charming personality and smooth charisma.
My goal in hip-hop is: To introduce a slightly new sound in an already growing phenomena of up and coming artists.
I'd like to work with: I'd like to work with Fly.Union, Drake, Kanye West and Eminem.
I'm gonna be the next: I'm gonna be the next artist that came into the industry and made other artists meet their standards of creativity, ingenuity, and passion.
To check out more of my music, you can go to: YouTube, Twitter, Facebook or Bandcamp


text:
From The Artists Studio
Over the last week or so I have been reading a lot of poetry. Sorting books in my bookcase, contemplating consolidation.
Do I keep this thin volume by So And So?
I must have loved at least several of his pieces; why else did I buy it? Perhaps I will rediscover what I loved if I keep it and reread, just in the right mood; put on Palestrina to recreate just the right alchemy of music and words.
So as we near the end of Black History Month, I decide to peruse the Intenet to find contemporary African American poets to suggest you read - a writer with whom you may not be so familiar; someone new to you, and, perhaps to me. But I return to a favorite - Langston Hughes. Familiar to you? Yes, I think so. Worth, always, returning to? Without a doubt.
Born in Joplin, Missouri in 1902, Hughes began writing poetry in eighth grade. A poet, playwright, essayist and short story writer, creator of musicals and operas, he traveled extensively in Africa and Europe.
A lover of jazz and the blues, his poems reflect those rhythms; the rhythms of his times, that spanned the Harlem Renaissance. He said, "I tried to write poems like the songs they sang on Seventh Street ... [that] had the pulse beat of the people who keep on going." His much-honored, prolific career ended at his death in 1967. His residence at 20 East 127 Street in Harlem was given landmark status by the New York City Preservation Commission. The block of East 127 Street was renamed "Langston Hughes Place."
To fulfill my self-assigned task, also search out the works of contemporary, less well-known poets Florence Anthony (Ai, also known as the Japanese word for 'love'), Lucille Clifton, Forrest Hamer and Cornelius Eady.
RAA CONTACT INFO: Phone: 718-474-0861; Fax: 718-474-4373; e-mail: email@example.com; website: www.rockawayartists alliance.org
Fort Tilden Highlights
NEXT RAA EXHIBITION: "Geoff's Art Class Exhibit," the best and the brightest. On view in sTudio 6 Gallery, RoCA @ Fort Tilden from March 7 through March 29. Opening reception: Sunday, March 8. Gallery hours: Sat. 12-4 p.m., Sun. 1-4 p.m. and by appointment. Free admission.
PAINTING CLASSES FOR ADULTS: Tuesday nights, 7-9 p.m.; Thursday mornings, 10 a.m. - 12 noon. sTudio 7, RoCA @ Fort Tilden. $15 per class, supplies included. Instructor: Geoff Rawling.
FREE THURS. NIGHT MUSIC: Open mic and open stage for performing artists, including spoken word and comics, and scheduled bands every Thurs. night, sTudio 7 stage, RoCA, Fort Tilden.
kidsmART corner
Registration forms for camp kidsmART have not been mailed yet.
Our earlier deadline of mid-February fell right at the beginning of the winter break, which might ca use some families to miss registration due to vacations.
We will have the registration forms in the mail by the first week of March.
kidsmART will return to it's regularly scheduled hours in PS 104 and Building T-149 in Fort Tilden beginning Monday, March 2.
The kidsmART after-school program is held on Tuesday and Thursday from 3:30 - 6:30 p.m. in Building T-149 in Fort Tilden.
For children registered at the PS 104 program, the schedule is Monday - Wednesday, 3 - 4:45 p.m. RAA is continually accepting inquiries for positions as junior counselors and teaching artists.
Please send resumes to: chrisrockart 116@ aol.com. For questions regarding after-school programming, please e-mail: marinarockart email@example.com.
We hope you all had enjoyable vacations!