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North American F-86 Sabre
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F-86 Sabre | |
A North American F-86 during the EAA AirVenture airshow in Oshkosh, WI | |
Role | Fighter aircraft |
National origin | United States |
Manufacturer | North American Aviation |
First flight | 1 October 1947 |
Introduction | 1949, with USAF |
Retired | 1994, Bolivia |
Primary users | United States Air Force Japan Air Self-Defense Force Spanish Air Force Republic of Korea Air Force |
Number built | 9,860[1] |
Unit cost |
Developed from | North American FJ-1 Fury |
Variants | CAC Sabre Canadair Sabre North American F-86D Sabre North American FJ-2/-3 Fury |
Developed into | North American FJ-4 Fury North American YF-93 North American F-100 Super Sabre |
The North American F-86 Sabre, sometimes called the Sabrejet, is a transonic jet fighter aircraft. Produced by North American Aviation, the Sabre is best known as the United States' first swept wing fighter that could counter the similarly-winged Soviet MiG-15 in high-speed dogfights over the skies of the Korean War (1950–1953). Considered one of the best and most important fighter aircraft in that war, the F-86 is also rated highly in comparison with fighters of other eras.[3] Although it was developed in the late 1940s and was outdated by the end of the '50s, the Sabre proved versatile and adaptable, and continued as a front-line fighter in numerous air forces until the last active operational examples were retired by the Bolivian Air Force in 1994.
Its success led to an extended production run of more than 7,800 aircraft between 1949 and 1956, in the United States, Japan and Italy. Variants were built in Canada and Australia. The Canadair Sabre added another 1,815 airframes, and the significantly redesigned CAC Sabre (sometimes known as the Avon Sabre or CAC CA-27), had a production run of 112. The Sabre was by far the most-produced Western jet fighter, with total production of all variants at 9,860 units.[1]
North American Aviation had produced the propeller-powered P-51 Mustang in World War II, which saw combat against some of the first operational jet fighters. By late 1944, North American proposed its first jet fighter to the U.S. Navy, which became the FJ-1 Fury. It was an unexceptional transitional jet fighter that had a straight wing derived from the P-51.[4][5] Initial proposals to meet a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) requirement for a medium-range, single-seat, high-altitude jet-powered day escort fighter/fighter bomber were drafted in mid-1944.[6] In early 1945, North American Aviation submitted four designs.[6] The USAAF selected one design over the others, and granted North American a contract to build three examples of the XP-86 (eXperimental Pursuit). Deleting specific requirements from the FJ-1 Fury, coupled with other modifications, allowed the XP-86 to be lighter and considerably faster than the Fury, with an estimated top speed of 582 mph (937 km/h), versus the Fury's 547 mph (880 km/h).[6] Despite the gain in speed, early studies revealed the XP-86 would have the same performance as its rivals, the XP-80 and XP-84. It was also feared that, because these designs were more advanced in their development stages, the XP-86 would be canceled.
Crucially, the XP-86 would not be able to meet the required top speed of 600 mph (970 km/h);[7] North American had to quickly come up with a radical change that could leapfrog it over its rivals. The North American F-86 Sabre was the first American aircraft to take advantage of flight research data seized from the German aerodynamicists at the end of World War II.[8] This data showed that a thin swept wing could greatly reduce drag and delay compressibility problems that had bedeviled even prop-powered fighters such as the Lockheed P-38 Lightning approaching the speed of sound. By 1944, German engineers and designers had established the benefits of swept wings based on experimental designs dating back to 1940. Study of the data showed that a swept wing would solve their speed problem, while a slat on the wing's leading edge that extended at low speeds would enhance low-speed stability.
Because development of the XP-86 had reached an advanced stage, the idea of changing the sweep of the wing was met with resistance from some senior North American staff. Despite stiff opposition, after good results were obtained in wind tunnel tests, the swept-wing concept was eventually adopted. Performance requirements were met by incorporating a 35° swept-back wing, using NACA 4-digit modified airfoils, using NACA 0009.5–64 at the root and NACA 0008.5–64 at the tip,[9] with an automatic slat design based on that of the Messerschmitt Me 262 and an electrically adjustable stabilizer, another feature of the Me 262A.[10][11][12] Many Sabres had the "6–3 wing" (a fixed-leading edge with 6 inches extended chord at the root and 3 inches extended chord at the tip) retrofitted after combat experience was gained in Korea.[10][13] This modification changed the wing airfoils to the NACA 0009-64 mod at the root and the NACA 0008.1–64 mod at the tip.[9]
Delays caused by the major redesign meant that manufacturing did not begin until after World War II. The XP-86 prototype, which would lead to the F-86 Sabre, was rolled out on 8 August 1947.[14] The maiden flight occurred on 1 October 1947 with George Welch at the controls,[15] flying from Muroc Dry Lake (now Edwards AFB), California.[8][14]
The United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command had F-86 Sabres in service from 1949 through 1950. The F-86s were assigned to the 22nd Bomb Wing, the 1st Fighter Wing and the 1st Fighter Interceptor Wing.[16] The F-86 was the primary U.S. air combat fighter during the Korean War, with significant numbers of the first three production models seeing combat.
The F-86 Sabre was also produced under license by Canadair, Ltd as the Canadair Sabre. The final variant of the Canadian Sabre, the Mark 6, is generally rated as having the highest capabilities of any Sabre version made anywhere.[17][Note 1]
Breaking sound barrier and other records[edit]
The F-86A set its first official world speed record of 671 miles per hour (1,080 km/h) on September 15, 1948 at Muroc Dry Lake flown by Major Richard L. Johnson, USAF.[18]
The Air Force announced that the XF-86 had exceed Mach 1 in a dive on April 26, 1948. But shortly before his death in 1996, North American aerodynamicist Ed Horkey claimed that George "Wheaties" Welch had exceeded Mach 1 much earlier. In "Aces Wild", former NA test pilot Al Blackburn suggests dates as early as October 1, 1947.[19] Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on 14 October 1947 in the rocket-propelled Bell X-1 during level flight, making it the first true supersonic aircraft.[20] Five years later, on 18 May 1953, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier, flying a "one-off" Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk 3, alongside Chuck Yeager.[2] Col. K. K. Compton won the 1951 Bendix air race in an F-86A with an average speed of 553.76 mph.
The F-86 was produced as both a fighter-interceptor and fighter-bomber. Several variants were introduced over its production life, with improvements and different armament implemented (see below). The XP-86 was fitted with a General Electric J35-C-3 jet engine that produced 4,000 lbf (18 kN) of thrust. This engine was built by GM's Chevrolet division until production was turned over to Allison.[21] The General Electric J47-GE-7 engine was used in the F-86A-1 producing a thrust of 5,200 lbf (23 kN) while the General Electric J73-GE-3 engine of the F-86H produced 9,250 lbf (41 kN) of thrust.[22]
The fighter-bomber version (F-86H) could carry up to 2,000 lb (907 kg) of bombs, including an external fuel-type tank that could carry napalm.[23] Unguided 2.75 in (70 mm) rockets were used on some fighters on training missions, but 5 inch (127 mm) rockets were later carried on combat operations. The F-86 could also be fitted with a pair of external jettisonable jet fuel tanks (four on the F-86F beginning in 1953) that extended the range of the aircraft. Both the interceptor and fighter-bomber versions carried six 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns with electrically boosted feed in the nose (later versions of the F-86H carried four 20 mm (0.79 in) cannons instead of machine guns). Firing at a rate of 1,200 rounds per minute,[24] the .50 in (12.7 mm) guns were harmonized to converge at 1,000 ft (300 m) in front of the aircraft, using armor-piercing (AP) and armor-piercing incendiary (API) rounds, with one armor-piercing incendiary tracer (APIT) for every five AP or API rounds. The API rounds used during the Korean War contained magnesium, which were designed to ignite upon impact but burned poorly above 35,000 ft (11,000 m) as oxygen levels were insufficient to sustain combustion at that height. Initial planes were fitted with the Mark 18 manual-ranging computing gun sight. The last 24 F-86A-5-Nas and F-86E were equipped with the A-1CM gunsight-AN/APG-30 radar, which used radar to automatically compute a target's range, which later proved to be advantageous against MiG opponents over Korea.[citation needed]
Flying characteristics[edit]
The Sabre's swept wings and jet engine produced a flying experience that was very different from the pinnacle generation of propeller-driven fighters that were operational in the early days of jet fighter development in the 1940s and early 1950s. The transition from props to jets was not without accidents and incidents even for experienced fighter pilots. Early on in the jet age some US manufacturers instituted safety and transition programs where experienced test and production pilots would tour operational fighter squadrons to provide instruction and demonstrations designed to lower the accident rate.[25]
As well, the ongoing technical development and long production history of the F-86 resulted in some significant differences in the handling and flying characteristics between the various F-86 models. Some of the major changes to the design included the switch from an elevator/stabilizer to an all-flying tail, the discontinuation of leading edge slats in favour of a solid leading edge with increased internal fuel capacity, increased engine power and internal missile bay (F-86D). Each of these design changes impacted the handling and flying characteristics of the F-86 and not necessarily for the better. In the case of the solid leading edge and increased internal fuel capacity, the design change produced increased combat performance, but exacerbated a dangerous and often fatal handling characteristic upon takeoff if the nose was raised prematurely from the runway.[26] This 'over-rotation' danger is now a major area of instruction and concern for current F-86 pilots. The 1972 Sacramento Canadair Sabre accident resulting in 22 fatalities and 28 other casualties was a result of over-rotation on takeoff.
Operational history[edit]
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Korean War[edit]
The F-86 entered service with the United States Air Force in 1949, joining the 1st Fighter Wing's 94th Fighter Squadron and became the primary air-to-air jet fighter used by the Americans in the Korean War. While earlier straight-winged jets such as the F-80 and F-84 initially achieved air victories, when the swept wing Soviet MiG-15 was introduced in November 1950, it outperformed all UN-based aircraft. In response, three squadrons of F-86s were rushed to the Far East in December.[27] Early variants of the F-86 could not outturn, but they could outdive the MiG-15, although the MiG-15 was superior to the early F-86 models in ceiling, acceleration, rate of climb and zoom. With the introduction of the F-86F in 1953, the two aircraft were more closely matched, with many combat-experienced pilots claiming a marginal superiority for the F-86F. The heavier firepower of the MiG (and many other contemporary fighters) was addressed by fielding eight cannon armed Fs in the waning months of the war. Despite being able to fire only two of the four 20 mm cannon at a time, the experiment was considered a success.[28] The MiGs flown from bases in Manchuria by Chinese, North Korean, and Soviet VVS pilots were pitted against two squadrons of the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing forward-based at K-14, Kimpo, Korea.[27]
Many of the American pilots were experienced World War II veterans, while the North Koreans and the Chinese lacked combat experience, thus accounting for much of the F-86's success.[29] However, United Nations pilots suspected many of the MiG-15s were being flown by experienced Soviet pilots who also had combat experience in World War II. Former Communist sources now acknowledge Soviet pilots initially flew the majority of MiG-15s that fought in Korea, and dispute that more MiG-15s than F-86s were shot down in air combat. Later in the war, North Korean and Chinese pilots increased their participation as combat flyers.[30][31] The North Koreans and their allies periodically contested air superiority in MiG Alley, an area near the mouth of the Yalu River (the boundary between Korea and China) over which the most intense air-to-air combat took place. Although the F-86A could be safely flown through Mach 1, the F-86E's all-moving tailplane greatly improved maneuverability at high speeds.[28] The MiG-15 could not safely exceed Mach 0.92, an important disadvantage in near-sonic air combat. Far greater emphasis has been given to the training, aggressiveness and experience of the F-86 pilots.[29] American Sabre pilots were trained at Nellis, where the casualty rate of their training was so high they were told, "If you ever see the flag at full staff, take a picture." Despite rules of engagement to the contrary, F-86 units frequently initiated combat over MiG bases in the Manchurian "sanctuary."[30] The hunting of MiGs in Manchuria would lead to many reels of gun camera footage being 'lost' if the reel revealed the pilot had violated Chinese airspace.
The needs of combat operation balanced against the need to maintain an adequate force structure in Western Europe led to the conversion of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing from the F-80 to the F-86 in December 1951. Two fighter-bomber wings, the 8th and 18th, converted to the F-86F in the spring of 1953.[32] No. 2 Squadron, South African Air Force also distinguished itself flying F-86s in Korea as part of the 18 FBW.[33]
By the end of hostilities, F-86 pilots were credited with shooting down 792 MiGs for a loss of only 78 Sabres, a victory ratio of 10:1.[34] More recent research by Dorr, Lake and Thompson has claimed the actual ratio is closer to 2:1.[35] The Soviets claimed to have downed over 600 Sabres,[36] together with the Chinese claims, although these are thought by some to be an overcount as they cannot be reconciled with the 78 Sabres recorded as lost by the US.[37] A recent RAND report[38] made reference to "recent scholarship" of F-86 v MiG-15 combat over Korea and concluded that the actual kill:loss ratio for the F-86 was 1.8:1 overall, and likely closer to 1.3:1 against MiGs flown by Soviet pilots. Based on Soviet archival data, 335 Soviet MiG-15s are known to have been admitted as lost by the Soviets over Korea.[39] Chinese claims of their losses amount to 224 MiG-15s over Korea.[40] North Korean losses are not known, but according to North Korean defectors their air force lost around 100 MiG-15s during the war.[41] Thus a total of 659 MiG-15s are admitted as being lost, all but a handful to F-86 Sabres, while USAF claims of their losses amount to 78 F-86 Sabres,.[42] Of the 41 American pilots who earned the designation of ace during the Korean war, all but one flew the F-86 Sabre, the exception being a Navy Vought F4U Corsair night fighter pilot.
Cold War[edit]
In addition to its distinguished service in Korea, USAF F-86s also served in various stateside and overseas roles throughout the early part of the Cold War. As newer Century Series fighters came on line, F-86s were transferred to Air National Guard (ANG) units or the air forces of allied nations. The last ANG F-86s continued in U.S. service until 1970.
1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis[edit]
The Republic of China Air Force of Taiwan was an early recipient of surplus USAF Sabres. From December 1954 to June 1956, the ROC Air Force received 160 ex-USAF F-86F-1-NA through F-86F-30-NA fighters. By June 1958, the Nationalist Chinese had built up an impressive fighter force, with 320 F-86Fs and seven RF-86Fs having been delivered.[citation needed]
Sabres and MiGs were shortly to battle each other in the skies of Asia once again in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. In August 1958, the Chinese Communists of the People's Republic of China attempted to force the Nationalists off of the islands of Quemoy and Matsu by shelling and blockade. Nationalist F-86Fs flying CAP over the islands found themselves confronted by Communist MiG-15s and MiG-17s, and there were numerous dogfights.
During these battles, the Nationalist Sabres introduced a new element into aerial warfare. Under a secret effort designated Operation Black Magic, the U.S. Navy had provided the ROC with the AIM-9 Sidewinder, its first infrared-homing air-to-air missile, which was just entering service with the United States. A small team from VMF-323, a Marine FJ-4 Fury squadron with later assistance from China Lake and North American Aviation, initially modified 20 of the F-86 Sabres to carry a pair of Sidewinders on underwing launch rails and instructed the ROC pilots in their use flying profiles with USAF F-100s simulating the MiG-17. The MiGs enjoyed an altitude advantage over the Sabres, as they had in Korea, and Communist Chinese MiGs routinely cruised over the Nationalist Sabres, only engaging when they had a favorable position. The Sidewinder took away that advantage and proved to be devastatingly effective against the MiGs.[43]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965[edit]
In 1954, Pakistan began receiving the first of a total of 120 F-86F Sabres. Many of these aircraft were the F-86F-35 from USAF stocks, but some were from the later F-86F-40-NA production block, made specifically for export. Many of the −35s were brought up to −40 standards before they were delivered to Pakistan, but a few remained −35s. The F-86 was operated by nine PAF squadrons at various times: Nos. 5, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 26 Squadrons.
During the 22-day Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 the F-86 became the mainstay of the PAF, though the Sabre was no longer a world-class fighter (due to availability of Supersonic Jets). However many sources state the F-86 gave the PAF a technological advantage.[44][45][46]
Air to air combat[edit]
In the air-to-air combat of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the PAF Sabres claimed to have shot down 15 IAF aircraft, comprising nine Hunters, four Vampires and two Gnats.[citation needed] India, however, admitted a loss of 14 combat aircraft to the PAF's F-86s.[47] The F-86s of the PAF had the advantage of being armed with AIM-9B/GAR-8 Sidewinder missiles whereas none of its Indian adversaries had this capability. Despite this, the IAF claimed to have shot down four PAF Sabres in air-to-air combat.[48] This claim is disputed by the PAF, which admitted to having lost seven F-86 Sabres but only three of them during air-to-air battles.[citation needed]
The top Pakistani ace of the conflict was Sqn Ldr Muhammad Mahmood Alam, who ended the conflict claiming nine confirmed and two probable kills / damaged aircraft.[49][50]
Ground attack[edit]
The aircraft remained a potent weapon for use against ground targets. On morning of 6 September, six F-86s of No. 19 Sqn struck advancing columns of the Indian army using 5 in (127 mm) rockets along with their six .50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns. On the same day, eight F-86 fighters of the same squadron executed an attack against IAF Pathankot.[51] No. 14 PAF Squadron earned the nickname "Tailchoppers" for their successful attack against the Indian bomber base in Kalaikunda.[52]
PAF claims of destroying around 36 aircraft on the ground at various Indian airfields.[51][52][53] However, India only acknowledges 22 aircraft lost on the ground to strikes partly attributed to the PAF's F-86s and its bomber Martin B-57 Canberra.[47]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971[edit]
The Canadair Sabres (Mark 6), acquired from ex-Luftwaffe stocks via Iran, were the mainstay of the PAF's day fighter operations during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and had the challenge of dealing with the threat from IAF.[citation needed]
At the beginning of the war, PAF had eight squadrons of F-86 Sabres.[54] Along with the newer fighter types such as the Mirage III and the Shenyang F-6, the Sabre were tasked with the majority of operations during the war. In East Pakistan only one PAF F-86 squadron (14th Squadron) was deployed to face the numerical superiority of the IAF.
PAF F-86s performed well, with Pakistani claims of downing 31 Indian aircraft in air-to-air combat. These included 17 Hawker Hunters, eight Sukhoi Su-7 "Fitters", one MiG 21 and three Gnats[citation needed] while losing seven F-86s. The most interesting of these was a battle between two Sabres and four MiG-21s. One MiG was shot down, without any Sabres lost. This was achieved due to better low speed performance of the Sabre in comparison to the delta winged MiG-21.[55]
India however claims to have shot down 11 PAF Sabres for the loss of 11 combat aircraft to the PAF F-86s.[56] The IAF numerical superiority overwhelmed the sole East Pakistan Sabres squadron (and other military aircraft)[57][58] which were either shot down, or grounded by Pakistani fratricide as they could not hold out, enabling complete air superiority for the Indian Air Force.[59]
After this war, Pakistan slowly phased out its F-86 Sabres and replaced them with Chinese F-6 (Soviet MiG-19 based) fighters. The last of the Sabres were withdrawn from service in PAF in 1980.[citation needed] They are now displayed in Pakistan Air Force Museum and in the cities in which their pilots lived.
Guinea-Bissau War of Independence[edit]
In 1958, the Forca Aerea Portuguesa (FAP) received 50 F-86Fs from ex-USAF stocks. A small number of former Norwegian Air Force F-86Fs were also purchased as spares in 1968-69.
The Portuguese Air Force (FAP) deployed some of its F-86F Sabres to Portuguese Guinea in 1961, being based at AB2 – Bissalanca Air Base, Bissau. These aircraft formed "Detachment 52", initially equipped with eight F-86Fs (serials: 5307, 5314, 5322, 5326, 5354, 5356, 5361 and 5362) from the Esquadra 51, based at the BA5 – Monte Real Air Base. These aircraft were used in the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence, in ground attack and close support operations against the insurgent forces. In August 1962, 5314 overshot the runway during emergency landing with bombs still attached on underwing hardpoints and burned out. F-86F 5322 was shot down by enemy ground fire on 31 May 1963; the pilot ejected safely and was recovered. Several other aircraft suffered combat damage, but were repaired.
In 1964, 16 F-86Fs based at Bissalanca returned to mainland Portugal due to U.S. pressure. They had flown 577 combat sorties, of which 430 were ground attack and close air support missions.
Philippine Air Force[edit]
The Philippine Air Force first received the Sabres in the form of F-86Fs in 1957, replacing the North American P-51 Mustang as the Philippine Air Force's primary interceptor. F-86s first operated from Basa Air Base, known infamously as the Nest of Vipers where the 5th Fighter Wing of the PAF was based. Later on, in 1960, the PAF acquired the F-86D as the first all weather interceptor of the PAF. The most notable use of the F-86 Sabres was in the Blue Diamonds aerobatic display team, which operated eight Sabres until the arrival of the newer, supersonic Northrop F-5. The F-86s were subsequently phased out of service in the 1970s as the Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter and Vought F-8 Crusaders became the primary fighters and interceptors of the Philippine Air Force.
Antonio Bautista was a Blue Diamonds pilot and a decorated officer. He was killed on 11 January 1974 during a combat sortie against rebels in the south of the country.[60]
Soviet Sabre[edit]
During the Korean War, the Soviets were searching for an intact U.S. F-86 Sabre for evaluation/study purposes. Their search was frustrated, largely due to the U.S. military's policy of destroying their weapons and equipment once they had been disabled or abandoned; and in the case of U.S. aircraft, USAF pilots destroyed most of their downed Sabres by strafing or bombing them. However, on one occasion an F-86 was downed in the tidal area of a beach and subsequently was submerged, preventing its destruction. The aircraft was ferried to Moscow and a new OKB (Soviet Experimental Design Bureau) was established to study the F-86, which later became part of the Sukhoi OKB. "At least one F-86 ... was sent to the Soviet Union, the Russians admitted, and other planes and prizes such as U.S. G-suits and radar gun sights also went."[61] The Soviets studied and copied the optical gunsight and radar from the captured aircraft to produce the ASP-4N gunsight and SRC-3 radar. Installed in the MiG-17, the gunsight system would later be used against American fighters in the Vietnam war. [Note 2]The F-86 studies also contributed to the development of aircraft aluminum alloys such as V-95.[63]
Reports in 2012 from newly declassified documents confirmed that the Soviets had acquired some US aircraft technology. In several accounts by American pilots from late 1951 into 1952, at least one F-86 was in operation under Soviet control during the Korean War. The pilots report having come under fire from US planes, including from the F-86.[61]
Feather Duster[edit]
The old but nimble MiG-17 had become such a serious threat against the Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam that the U.S. Air Force created project "Feather Duster" to test which tactics supersonic American fighters could use against fighters like the MiG-17. Air National Guard F-86H units proved to be an ideal stand-in for the Soviet jets. One pilot remarked that "In any envelope except nose down and full throttle", either the F-100 or F-105 was inferior to the F-86H in a dogfight.[64][65]
North American F-86[edit]
- three prototypes, originally designated XP-86, North American model NA-140
- this was the first prototype fitted with a General Electric J47 turbojet engine.
- 554 built, North American model NA-151 (F-86A-1 block and first order of A-5 block) and NA-161 (second F-86A-5 block)
- A few F-86A conversions as drone directors
- 11 F-86A conversions with three cameras for reconnaissance
- 188 ordered as upgraded A-model with wider fuselage and larger tires but delivered as F-86A-5, North American model NA-152
- original designation for the YF-93A, two built, 48–317 & 48–318,[66] order for 118 cancelled, North American model NA-157
- prototype all-weather interceptor originally ordered as YF-95A, two built but designation changed to YF-86D, North American model NA-164
Main article: North American F-86D SabreProduction transonic all-weather search-radar equipped interceptor originally designated F-95A, 2,506 built. The F-86D had only 25 percent commonality with other Sabre variants, with a larger fuselage, larger afterburning engine, and a distinctive nose radome. Sole armament was Mk. 4 unguided rockets instead of machine guns. F-86Ls were upgraded F-86Ds.
- Improved flight control system and an "all-flying tail" (This system changed to a full power-operated control with an "artificial feel" built into the aircraft's controls to give the pilot forces on the stick that were still conventional, but light enough for superior combat control. It improved high-speed maneuverability); 456 built, North American model NA-170 (F-86E-1 and E-5 blocks), NA-172, essentially the F-86F airframe with the F-86E engine (F-86E-10 and E-15 blocks); 60 of these built by Canadair for USAF (F-86E-6)
- Designation for ex-RAF Sabres diverted to other NATO air forces
- Designation for surplus RCAF Sabre Mk. Vs modified to target drones
- Uprated engine and larger "6–3" wing without leading edge slats, 2,239 built; North American model NA-172 (F-86F-1 through F-15 blocks), NA-176 (F-86F-20 and −25 blocks), NA-191 (F-86F-30 and −35 blocks), NA-193 (F-86F-26 block), NA-202 (F-86F-35 block), NA-227 (first two orders of F-86F-40 blocks comprising 280 aircraft that reverted to leading edge wing slats of an improved design), NA-231 (70 in third F-40 block order), NA-238 (110 in fourth F-40 block order), and NA-256 (120 in final F-40 block order); 300 additional airframes in this series assembled by Mitsubishi in Japan for Japanese Air Self-Defense Force. Sabre Fs had much improved high-speed agility, coupled with a higher landing speed of over 145 mph (233 km/h). The F-35 block had provisions for a new task: the nuclear tactical attack with one of the new small "nukes" ("second generation" nuclear ordnance). The F-40 had a new slatted wing, with a slight decrease of speed, but also a much better agility at high and low speed with a landing speed reduced to 124 mph (200 km/h). The USAF upgraded many of previous F versions to the F-40 standard. One E and two Fs were modified for improved performance via rocket boost. F-30 (52-4608) had a Rocketdyne AR2-3 with 3-6000 lb thrust at 35,000 feet, giving a top speed of M1.22 at 60,000 feet.[28]
- Designation for 10 aircraft modified to carry the M39 cannon in place of the M3 .50 caliber machine gun "six-pack". Two F-86E and Eight F-86F were production-line aircraft modified in October 1952 with enlarged and strengthened gun bays, then flight tested at Edwards Air Force Base and the Air Proving Ground at Eglin Air Force Base in November. Eight were shipped to Japan in December, and seven forward-deployed to Kimpo Airfield as "Project GunVal" for a 16-week combat field trial in early 1953. Two were lost to engine compressor stalls after ingesting excessive propellant gases from the cannons.[67] [Note 3][68]
- About 50 former Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) F-86F airframes converted to drones for use as targets by the U.S. Navy
- Some F-86F-30s converted with three cameras for reconnaissance; also 18 Japan Self-Defense Forces (JASDF) aircraft similarly converted
- Two F-86F converted to two-seat training configuration with lengthened fuselage and slatted wings under North American model NA-204
- Extensively redesigned fighter-bomber model with deeper fuselage, uprated engine, longer wings and power-boosted tailplane, two built as North American model NA-187
- Production model, 473 built, with Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) and provision for nuclear weapon, North American model NA-187 (F-86H-1 and H-5 blocks) and NA-203 (F-86H-10 block)
- Target conversion of 29 airframes for use at United States Naval Weapons Center
- Single F-86A-5-NA, 49-1069, flown with Orenda turbojet under North American model NA-167 – same designation reserved for A-models flown with the Canadian engines but project not proceeded with
Main article: North American F-86D Sabre
Main article: North American F-86D Sabre
North American FJ Fury[edit]
- See: North American FJ-2/-3 Fury for production figures of U.S. Navy versions.
CAC Sabre (Australia)[edit]
Two types based on the U.S. F-86F were built under licence by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) in Australia, for the Royal Australian Air Force as the CA-26 (one prototype) and CA-27 (production variant). The RAAF operated the CA-27 from 1956 to 1971.[69] Ex-RAAF Avon Sabres were operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (TUDM) between 1969 and 1972. From 1973 to 1975, 23 Avon Sabres were donated to the Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU); five of these were ex-Malaysian aircraft.[70]
The CAC Sabres included a 60% fuselage redesign, to accommodate the Rolls-Royce Avon Mk 26 engine, which had roughly 50% more thrust than the J47, as well as 30 mm Aden cannons and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. As a consequence of its powerplant, the Australian-built Sabres are commonly referred to as the Avon Sabre. CAC manufactured 112 of these aircraft.[71]
CA-27 marques:
- Mk 30: 21 built, wing slats, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 31: 21 built, 6–3 wing, Avon 20 engine.
- Mk 32: 69 built, four wing pylons, F-86F fuel capacity, Avon 26 engine.[72]
Canadair Sabre[edit]
The F-86 was also manufactured by Canadair in Canada as the CL-13 Sabre to replace its de Havilland Vampires, with the following production models:
- Sabre Mk 1
- one built, prototype F-86A
- Sabre Mk 2
- 350 built, F-86E-type, 60 to USAF, three to RAF, 287 to RCAF
- Sabre Mk 3
- one built in Canada, test-bed for the Orenda jet engine
- Sabre Mk 4
- 438 built, production Mk 3, 10 to RCAF, 428 to RAF as Sabre F-4
- Sabre Mk 5
- 370 built, F-86F-type with Orenda engine, 295 to RCAF, 75 to Luftwaffe
- Sabre Mk 6
- 655 built, 390 to RCAF, 225 to Luftwaffe, six to Colombia and 34 to South Africa
Production summary[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
- NAA built a total of 6,297 F-86s and 1,115 FJs,
- Canadair built 1,815,
- Australian CAC built 112,
- Fiat built 221, and
- Mitsubishi built 300;
- for a total Sabre/Fury production of 9,860.
Production costs[edit]
Program R&D cost | 4,707,802 | ||||||
Airframe | 101,528 | 191,313 | 145,326 | 140,082 | 316,360 | 334,633 | |
Engine | 52,971 | 75,036 | 39,990 | 44,664 | 214,612 | 71,474 | |
Electronics | 7,576 | 7,058 | 6,358 | 5,649 | 6,831 | 10,354 | |
Armament | 16,333 | 69,986 | 23,645 | 17,669 | 27,573 | 20,135 | |
Ordnance | 419 | 4,138 | 3,047 | 17,117 | 4,761 | ||
Flyaway cost | 178,408 | 343,839 | 219,457 | 211,111 | 582,493 | 441,357 | 343,839 |
Maintenance cost per flying hour | 135 | 451 | 187 |
Note: The costs are in approximately 1950 United States dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation.[2]
- Source: F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury[73]
- Acquired 28 F-86Fs, 26 September 1960, FAA s/n CA-101 through CA-128. The Sabres were already on reserve status at the time of the Falklands War but were reinstated to active service to bolster air defences against possible Chilean involvement. Finally retired in 1986.
- Belgium
- 5 F-86F Sabres delivered, no operational unit.
- Bolivia
- Acquired 10 F-86Fs from Venezuelan Air Force October 1973, assigned to Brigada Aérea 21, Grupo Aéreo de Caza 32, they were reported to have finally been retired from service in 1994, making them the last Sabres on active front line service anywhere in the world.
- Canada
- Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF)
- Acquired four F-86Fs from Spanish Air Force (s/n 2027/2028), five USAF F-86F (s/n 51-13226) and other nine Canadair Mk.6; assigned to Escuadron de Caza-Bombardero.
- Denmark
- 59 F-86Fs in service from 1958 – 1966 [74]
- Ethiopia
- German Air Force (Luftwaffe) – see North American F-86D Sabre and Canadair Sabre
- Acquired and 10 CL.13 Mk2 (F-86E) from Yugoslavia.
- Iran
- Acquired an unknown number of F-86Fs.[75]
- Iraq
- Bought some units of the type but they were never operated and were returned.
- Japan
- Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF)
- Acquired 180 U.S. F-86Fs, 1955–1957. Mitsubishi built 300 F-86Fs under license 1956–1961, and were assigned to 10 fighter hikōtai or squadrons. JASDF called F-86F the "Kyokukō" (旭光, Rising Sunbeam) and F-86D the "Gekkō" (月光, Moon Light). Their Blue Impulse Aerobatic Team, a total of 18 F-models were converted to reconnaissance version in 1962. Some aircraft were returned to the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, as drones.
- Norway
- Acquired 115 F-86Fs, 1957–1958; and assigned to seven squadrons, Nos. 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 338 and 339.
- Pakistan
- Acquired 102 U.S.-built F-86F-35-NA and F-86F-40-NAs, last of North American Aviation's production line, 1954–1960s.
- Peru
- Acquired 26 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1955, assigned to Escuadrón Aéreo 111, Grupo Aéreo No.11 at Talara air force base. Finally retired in 1979.
- Philippines
- Acquired 50 F-86Fs in 1957. Retired in the late 1970s.
- Portugal
- A total of 65 acquired: 50 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1958, including some from USAF's 531st Fighter Bomber Squadron, Chambley and 15 ex-Royal Norwegian Air Force. In Portugal, they served in Squadron 201 (formerly designated as Sqn. 50 and later Sqn. 51, before being renamed in 1978) and Squadron 52, both based at Air Base No. 5, Monte Real. In 1961, Portuguese Air Force deployed some of its F-86Fs to Portuguese Guinea, where they formed Detachment 52, based at Base-Aerodrome No. 2, Bissalanca/Bissau.
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- Acquired 320 U.S.-built F-86Fs,7 RF-86Fs,18 F-86Ds, The 18 F-86Ds back to U.S. military and US send 6 to Republic of Korea Air Force,8 to Philippine Air Force in 1966.
- Saudi Arabia
- Acquired 16 U.S.-built F-86Fs in 1958, and three Fs from Norway in 1966; and assigned to RSAF No. 7 Squadron at Dharhran.
- South Africa
- Acquired on loan 22 U.S.-built F-86F-30s during the Korean War and saw action with 2 Squadron SAAF.
- South Korea
- Acquired U.S.-built 112 F-86Fs and 10 RF-86Fs, beginning 20 June 1955; and assigned to ROKAF 10th Wing. It also served with the ROKAF Black Eagles aerobatic team for annual event from 1959 to 1966. The last F-86s retired in 1990.
- Spain
- Acquired 270 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1955–1958; designated C.5s and assigned to 5 wings: Ala de Caza 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6. Retired 1972.
- Thailand
- Acquired 40 U.S.-built F-86Fs, 1962; assigned to RTAF Squadrons, Nos. 12 (Ls), 13, and 43.
- Tunisia
- Acquired 15 used U.S.-built F-86F in 1969.
- Turkey
- Acquired 12 U.S.-built F-86Fs.
- United Nations
- Received 5 F-86E(M)s from Italy as MAP redeployment 1963, crewed by Philippine pilots; F-86F units from Ethiopia and Iran also used in ONUC.
- United States
- Venezuela
- Acquired 30 U.S.-built F-86Fs, October 1955 – December 1960; and assigned to one group, Grupo Aéreo De Caza No. 12, three other squadrons.
- Yugoslavia
- Acquired 121 Canadair CL-13s and F-86Es, operating them in several fighter aviation regiments between 1956 and 1971.
Civil aviation[edit]
According to the FAA there are 50 privately owned and registered F-86s in the US, including Canadair CL-13 Sabres.[76][Note 4]
- Sqn Ldr (later Air commodore) M. M. Alam, Pakistan Air Force, became a flying ace by shooting down five Indian Air Force fighters within one minute in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat ("The star of courage") and bar.[50][77]
- Colonel Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, USAF test pilot and NASA astronaut of Apollo 11 fame. Credited with shooting down two MiGs over Korea.
- Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. USAF (4028th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron). Shot down and killed in 1962 while flying a U-2 spy plane over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- Colonel Royal N. Baker (13 victories), commander USAF 4 FIW.
- Wing Commander John Robert Baldwin DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar, AFC was a Royal Air Force fighter pilot and the top scoring fighter ace flying the Hawker Typhoon exclusively during the Second World War. He was posted missing, presumed killed, during service with the United States Air Force in the Korean War flying a Sabre.
- Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Bautista of the Philippine Air Force received the Distinguished Conduct Star for his valor and bravery in providing close air support to ground forces.
- 1st Lieutenant John M. Conroy, completed "Operation Boomerang" on May 21, 1955, a record setting coast-to-coast and back in one day during daylight hours of 5058 miles in 11 hours, 26 mins, 33 secs.
- Major George Davis (14 victories), USAF 4 FIW, awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously
- Captain Manuel "Pete" Fernandez, (14.5 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Colonel Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski (six and one-half victories), USAF 51 FIW commander, top European U.S. ace in World War II
- Colonel Vermont Garrison (five victories), USAF 4 FIW, ace in World War II and combat veteran of three wars
- Colonel Ralph "Hoot" Gibson (five victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Major John Glenn, a U.S. Marine Corps exchange pilot with the USAF 51 FIW (3 victories). First American astronaut to orbit the Earth, later a U.S. Senator from Ohio.
- Lieutenant Colonel Virgil "Gus" Grissom, astronaut in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs, died in a fire during testing for the Apollo 1 mission.
- Robert A. "Bob" Hoover, North American Aviation experimental engineering test pilot.[78]
- Captain James Horowitz (1 victory), USAF 4 FIW, novelist and author of The Hunters under the pen name James Salter
- Major James Jabara (15 victories), USAF 4 FIW
- Colonel James H. Kasler (six victories), USAF 4 FIW and only three-time recipient of the Air Force Cross
- Flying Officer Waleed Ehsanul Karim, Pakistan Air Force, youngest Sabre pilot (first flew Sabres when he was 18).
- Captain Iven Kincheloe (five victories) USAF 51 FIW, test pilot selected to fly the North American X-15
- Second Lieutenant Gene Kranz, NASA flight director for Gemini and Apollo and assistant flight director on Project Mercury- flew with 69th FBS in South Korea
- Squadron Leader Andy Mackenzie, DFC. RCAF Second World War fighter ace (8.5 victories); taken POW when his F-86 was shot down while flying with the USAF 51 FIW in Korea in 1952.[79]
- Colonel Walker "Bud" Mahurin, USAF 4 FIG commander and World War II ace
- Captain Joseph C. McConnell (16 victories), USAF 51 FIW, who later died in a crash at Edwards Air Force Base testing the F-86H
- General John C. Meyer (two victories), USAF 4 FIW commander and later Vice Chief of Staff of the USAF.
- Brigadier General James Robinson Risner (eight victories), USAF awarded the Air Force Cross, later Vietnam War POW
- Colonel Harrison R. Thyng (five victories), USAF 4 FIW commander
- Major General Howard Thomas Markey, first chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
- Lieutenant Commander Theodore H Faller, August 13, 1979 – U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander Theodore "Ted" Faller lost his life when his QF-86 Sabre suffered an engine failure moments after takeoff.[80] Ted managed to bring the stricken aircraft down in a vacant lot 600 yards south of the Ridgecrest Heights Elementary School, later renamed Theodore Faller Elementary School.[81]
Surviving aircraft[edit]
Specifications (F-86F-40-NA)[edit]
Data from The North American Sabre[82]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 37 ft 1 in (11.4 m)
- Wingspan: 37 ft 0 in (11.3 m)
- Height: 14 ft 1 in (4.5 m)
- Wing area: 313.4 sq ft (29.11 m²)
- Empty weight: 11,125 lb (5,046 kg)
- Loaded weight: 15,198 lb (6,894 kg)
- Max. takeoff weight: 18,152 lb (8,234 kg)
- Fuel provisions Internal fuel load: 437 US gallons (1,650 L), Drop tanks: 2x200 US gallons (760 L) JP-4 fuel
- Powerplant: 1 × General Electric J47-GE-27 turbojet, 5,910 lbf (26.3 kN)
- Maximum speed: 687 mph (1,106 km/h) at sea level at 14,212 lb (6,447 kg) combat weight
also reported 678 mph (1,091 km/h) and 599 at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) at 15,352 pounds (6,960 kg). (597 knots (1,106 km/h) at 6446 m, 1,091 and 964 km/h at 6,960 m.) - Stall speed: 124 mph (power off) (108 knots (200 km/h))
- Range: 1,525 mi, (2,454 km)
- Service ceiling: 49,600 ft at combat weight (15,100 m)
- Rate of climb: 9,000 ft/min at sea level (45.72 m/s)
- Wing loading: 49.4 lb/ft² (236.7 kg/m²)
- lift-to-drag: 15.1
- Thrust/weight: 0.42
- Guns: 6 X 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M3 Browning machine guns (1,800 rounds in total)
- Rockets: variety of rocket launchers; e.g.: 2 Matra rocket pods with 18 SNEB 68 mm rockets per pod
- Bombs: 5,300 lb (2,400 kg) of payload on four external hardpoints, bombs were usually mounted on outer two pylons as the inner pairs were plumbed for 2 200 US gallons (760 L) drop tanks which gave the Sabre a more useful range. A wide variety of bombs could be carried (max standard loadout being 2 1,000 lb bombs plus two drop tanks), napalm canisters and could have included a tactical nuclear weapon.
See also[edit]
- Related development
- CAC Sabre
- Canadair Sabre
- North American FJ-1 Fury
- North American FJ-2/-3 Fury
- North American FJ-4 Fury
- North American F-86D Sabre
- North American YF-93
- North American F-100 Super Sabre
- Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Dassault Mystère
- FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II
- Grumman F-9 Cougar
- Hawker Hunter
- Lavochkin La-15
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
- Republic F-84F Thunderstreak
- Saab 29 Tunnan
- Related lists
- ^ Quote: "The Canadair Sabre Mk 6 was the last variant and considered to be the 'best' production Sabre ever built."
- ^ The MiG-17 was a development of the MiG-15 upgraded with a more advanced wing and afterburner. (the Sabre's all-flying tail would not be employed until the supersonic MiG-19) The MiG-17 would prove to be a deadly foe in Vietnam in the 1960s against more advanced U.S. supersonic opponents; some such as the F-4 Phantom actually lacked the guns and radar gunsight introduced by the F-86.[62]
- ^ MiG Alley: Sabres Vs. MiGs Over Korea. was researched by North American tech rep John L. Henderson. The aircraft were F-86E-10s: 51-2303, -2819, -2826 and -2836; and F-86F-1's 51-2855, −2862, −2867, −2868, −2884 and −2900.
- ^ Although privately registered in the US, two F-86s are actually owned by an individual for display purposes only in a private museum collection.[76]
- ^ a b Winchester 2006, p. 184.
- ^ a b c Knaack 1978, p. 52.
- ^ "MiG-15 'Fagot'." mnangmuseum.org. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "Sabre Ancestor: FJ-1 Fury." vectorsite.net. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ "FJ-1 Fury." globalsecurity.org. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b c Werrell 2005, p. 5.
- ^ Werrell 2005, p. 6.
- ^ a b "North American F-86." Aviation History On-line Museum. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage." ae.illinois.edu, 15 October 2010. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b Blair, Mac. "Evolution of the F-86" AIAA Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design Symposium, 18 March 1980.
- ^ Radinger and Schick 1996, p. 15.
- ^ Willy and Schick 1996, p. 32.
- ^ Bevan, Duncan. "F-86 Sabre wings explained." tripod.com. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b Werrell 2005, pp. 9–10.
- ^ "North American F-86 Sabre (Day-Fighter A, E and F Models)." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Planes of Perrin, North American F-86L "Dog Sabre." perrinairforcebase.net. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Joos 1971, p. 3.
- ^ Wagner, The North American Sabre Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Al Blackburn, Aces Wild
- ^ "Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1945–1949." NASA. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Leyes 1999, pp. 243, 530.
- ^ Goebel, Greg. "F-86E Through F-86L." faqs.org. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "North American F-86H Sabre (Fighter-Bomber)." nationalmuseum.af.mil. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Dunlap 1948, pp. 310–311.
- ^ Hoover 1997, pp. 184–185.
- ^ Hoover 1997, p. 184.
- ^ a b Thompson, Warren. "Sabre: The F-86 in Korea." Flight Journal, December 2002. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ a b c Ray Wagner, The North American Sabre
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: The United States Air Force in Korea." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b " 'Bud' Mahurin." acepilots/com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Zampini, Diego. "Lt. Col. George Andrew Davis." acepilots.com, 8 July 2011. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "USAF Organizations in Korea, Fighter-Interceptor 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing." Maxwell Air Force Base. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ McGregor, Col. P. M. J. "The History of No 2 Squadron, SAAF, in the Korean War." rapidttp.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002
- ^ Dorr, Robert F., Jon Lake and Warren E. Thompson. Korean War Aces. London: Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-85532-501-2.
- ^ Sewell, Stephen L. "Russian Claims from the Korean War 1950–53." korean-war.com. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ Zhang, Xiaoming. Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58544-201-1.
- ^ Stillion, John and Scott Perdue. "Air Combat Past, Present and Future." Project Air Force, Rand, August 2008. Retrieved" 11 March 2009.
- ^ Igor Seidov and Stuart Britton. Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950-53 (Helion Studies in Military History). Helion and Company 2014. ISBN 978-1909384415. Page: 554.
- ^ Zhang, Xiaoming. Red Wings over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea (Texas A&M University Military History Series). College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, 2002. ISBN 978-1-58544-201-0.
- ^ Kum-Suk No and J. Roger Osterholm. A MiG-15 to Freedom: Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953. McFarland, 2007. ISBN 978-0786431069. Page 142.
- ^ http://www.dpaa.mil/portals/85/Documents/KoreaAccounting/korwald_all.pdf
- ^ Robbins, Robby. "323 Death Rattlers." inreach.com. Retrieved" 20 August 2010.
- ^ Hussain, Air Commodore Jamal (Ret'd) J. "Excellence in Air Combat: PAF's Forte." Pakistan's Defence Journal. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan's Air Power." Flight International, 5 May 1984, p. 1208 via FlightGlobal.com, Retrieved: 22 October 2009.
- ^ "BBC report on PAF 1965." YouTube. Retrieved: 16 November 2012.
- ^ a b "1965 Losses." bhart-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Rakshak, Bharat. "IAF Kills in 1965." bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. quote:"... before we had completed more than of about 270 degree of the turn, at around 12 degree per second, all four Hunters had been shot down." \
- ^ a b Tufail, Air Cdre M. Kaiser. "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic." defencejournal.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Devastation of Pathankot." Defence Journal, September 2000. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Tail Choppers: Birth of a Legend." Defence Journal, December 1998. Retrieved:20 August 2010.
- ^ "A Hero Fades Away." Defence Journal, Feb–Mar. 1999. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ ""India and Pakistan: Over the Edge." Time, 13 December 1971. Retrieved: 11 March 2009.
- ^ Tufail, Air Cdre M. Kaiser."It is the Man Behind the Gun." defencejournal.co, 2001. Retrieved: 25 November 2015.
- ^ "IAF Losses in 1971." Bharat Rakshak.com. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ "1971 Indo-Pakistani war." subcontinent.com. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ "Bangladesh, The Liberation War." memory/loc.gov. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Singh et al. 2004, p. 30.
- ^ "Antonio Bautista Air Base". Globalsecurity.org, 2009. Retrieved: 7 August 2013.
- ^ a b Sauter, Mark. "Ghost pilots and mystery aircraft of the Korean War." Korean Confidential, 4 December 2012. Retrieved: 31 March 2013. Archived 15 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Davies 2009, p. 21.
- ^ "Soviet Sabre." Captured Planes. Retrieved: 30 June 2011.
- ^ Michel 2007, p. 333.
- ^ Davis, Larry H. "We interview Les Waltman." Sabre-pilots.org. Retrieved: 19 July 2011.
- ^ "North American YF-93A Fact Sheet." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Thompson and McLaren 2002, pp. 139–155.
- ^ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/031528.pdf
- ^ "Sabre." RAAF Museum. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ Wilson 1989, p. 110.
- ^ Wilson 1994, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Wilson 1994, p. 74
- ^ Dorr 1993, pp. 65–96.
- ^ Schrøder 1991, p. 62.
- ^ a b Baugher, Joe. "F-86 Foreign Service." USAAC/USAAF/USAF Fighter and Pursuit Aircraft: North American F-86 Sabre. Retrieved: 20 August 2010.
- ^ a b "FAA Registry: F-86." FAA. Retrieved: 17 May 2011.
- ^ Pushpindar, Singh. Fiza ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force. New Delhi: Himalayan Books, 1991. ISBN 81-7002-038-7.
- ^ Hoover 1997, p. 145.
- ^ "S/L Andy MacKenzie RCAF (Ret)." Sabre Jet Classics, Volume 10, Number 1, Winter 2003.
- ^ "Faller, Theodore, LCDR." togetherweserved.com. Retrieved: 25 November 2015.
- ^ Goldstrand, Theresa. "Faller's heroic act remembered by community." The New Review (Ridgecrest, California), 14 August 2014. Retrieved: 25 November 2015.
- ^ Wagner 1963, p. 145.
- Allward, Maurice. F-86 Sabre. London: Ian Allen, 1978. ISBN 0-7110-0860-4.
- Baldini, Atilio; Núñez Padin, Jorge F. (2009). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix, ed. F-86F-30-NA Sabre. Serie Fuerza Aérea (in Spanish). 16. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 978-987-20557-5-2. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
- Curtis, Duncan. North American F-86 Sabre. Ramsbury, UK: Crowood, 2000. ISBN 1-86126-358-9.
- Davies, Peter. USN F-4 Phantom II vs VPAF MiG-17: Vietnam 1965–72. Oxford, UK: Oxford, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-475-6.
- Dorr, Robert F.F-86 Sabre Jet: History of the Sabre and FJ Fury. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0-87938-748-3.
- Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Went Up Front. Plantersville, South Carolina: Samworth Press, 1948.
- Hoover, R.A. Forever Flying: Fifty Years of High-Flying Adventures, From Barnstorming in Prop Planes to Dogfighting Germans to Testing Supersonic Jets: An Autobiography. New York: Pocket Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-6715-3761-6.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. and Tony R. Landis. Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota, USA: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
- Joos, Gerhard W. Canadair Sabre Mk 1–6, Commonwealth Sabre Mk 30–32 in RCAF, RAF, RAAF, SAAF, Luftwaffe & Foreign Service. Kent, UK: Osprey Publications Limited, 1971. ISBN 0-85045-024-1.
- Käsmann, Ferdinand C.W. Die schnellsten Jets der Welt: Weltrekord- Flugzeuge (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatic Verlag-GmbH, 1994. ISBN 3-925505-26-1.
- Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems, Volume 1, Post-World War Two Fighters, 1945–1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, 1978. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
- Leyes, Richard A. and William A. Fleming. The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. (Library of Flight Series) Washington, D.C.: AIAA, 1999. ISBN 978-1-56347-332-6.
- Michel, Marshall L., III. Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam, 1965–1972. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59114-519-6.
- Radinger, Willy and Walter Schick. Me 262: Entwicklung und Erprobung des ertsen einsatzfähigen Düsenjäger der Welt, Messerschmitt Stiftung (in German). Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. ISBN 3-925505-21-0.
- Schrøder, Hans. Royal Danish Airforce. Copenhagen, Denmark: Tøjhusmuseet, 1991. ISBN 87-89022-24-6.
- Singh, Sarina et al. Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway. London: Lonely Planet Publications, 2004. ISBN 0-86442-709-3.
- Swanborough, F. Gordon. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963. ISBN 0-87474-880-1.
- Thompson, Warren E. and David R. McLaren. MiG Alley: Sabres vs. MiGs Over Korea. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58007-058-2.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
- Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes – Second Edition. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1968. ISBN 0-370-00094-3.
- Wagner, Ray. The North American Sabre. London: Macdonald, 1963. No ISBN.
- Werrell, Kenneth P. Sabres Over MiG Alley. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-933-9.
- Westrum, Ron. Sidewinder. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55750-951-4.
- Wilson, Stewart. Meteor, Sabre and Mirage in Australian Service. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-9587978-2-X.
- Wilson, Stewart. Military Aircraft of Australia. Weston Creek: Aerospace Publications, 1994. ISBN 1-875671-08-0.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American F-86 Sabre. |
- F-86 Sabre Pilots Association
- Globalsecurity.org profile of the F-86 Sabre
- Four-part series about the F-86 Sabre – Extended F-86 Sabre article set
- Warbird Alley: F-86 Sabre page – Information about F-86s still flying today
- Sabre site
- F-86 in Joe Baugher's U.S. aircraft site
- Virtual view of F-86F (52-4959) NX86FR operated by the Valiant Air Command in Titusville, FL


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Location: Afghanistan
Job Description
This position is contingent upon contract award**SOS International LLC (SOSi) is seeking individuals to serve as advisors for senior government officials in the Islamic State of Afghanistan in the area of Police advising. Candidates will provide in depth security assistance advising, mentoring, training, subject matter expertise and assistance to this program in order to assist the Afghan National Army and Police Forces in assuming full responsibility for the nation's security needs. Advisors will provide the requisite skill sets and experience to assist in the development of the core management and operational systems essential to enabling the Afghans to independently and effectively plan, program and manage their national army and police forces. Essential Job Duties: • Provides advising, teaching and mentoring to Afghanistan Police organizations in the following areas:• Trains to be under the operational control of and integrate with the coalition military component and security forces. Contracted police mentors will move under the operational control of the military component when directed by the supporting military ground commander• Advises the fielded ANDSF forces in all areas of civilian policing at the direction and leadership of the unit they are assigned to• Advises the ANDSF in Afghan ethics, values, and breaking the chain of corruption in order to strengthen community policing and community relations• Advises the ANDSF in survival, population security, and force protection in a dynamic COIN environment• Advises the ANDSF in logistics policies, procedures, and processes• Advises the ANDSF in processing and submitting accurate reporting, including property book accountability• Advises the ANDSF in use of HF and UHF communications• Advises the ANDSF in use of intelligence within operations planning and execution• Advises the ANDSF in development and implementation of training plans
Minimum Requirements
• Education, Bachelor's degree or higher in a field related to the advisory position from an accredited institution of higher education• Excellent health and ability to pass law enforcement physical, physical agility, and psychological evaluations• At least seven years of work experience in the subject matter area as either a military officer, a senior NCO (E-7+), or in Civilian Police operations and management• Automated data processing knowledge: possess working knowledge of word processing, spreadsheets, graphics presentation, databases, E-mail clients & web browsers, and web content management• Excellent written and verbal communication skills• Interpersonal communication, influence and interaction skills that are effective in a complex strategic environment• Creative problem solving skills• Ability to work independently and as part of a team, with harmony and tact in a cramped, austere, combat environment• Possess a final (not interim) DoD SECRET Level Security Clearance before deployment and maintain that clearance
Additional Information
Work Environment:• Living and working conditions at the assignment location could be remote and uncomfortable. • Long hours, exposure to weather and hazardous conditions• Personnel should be aware of moving on short notice and under adverse conditions• Be able to travel between work sites with little or no notice • Be able to live, sleep, and eat with the units assigned

subset: commoncrawl


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Height: | 6-6 |
Weight: | 290 |
Year: | Jr. |
Hometown: | Placentia, Calif. |
High School: | El Dorado HS |
Position: | OL |
Experience: | 2V |
2013 Season: Appeared in eight games, starting one at right tackle…did not finish the season with the team.
2012 Season: Was forced to miss the entire season after injuring his foot prior to the season.
2011 Season: Appeared in 10 of the team's 11 games on the offensive line…earned the start at right tackle for the final eight games of the year…the offense rushed for 164.5 yards per game during the year.
2010 Season: Sat out the season as a redshirt.
High School: A 2010 graduate of El Dorado HS in Placentia, Calif...rated as a two-star recruit by Scout.com…was a second team all-Century League selection as a senior...named as one of the top 25 players in Orange Country by the Orange County Register.
Personal: Majoring in criminal justice...parents are Ron and Cindy Stickney.


text:
FLASHBACK: Fox News emails not the first leak indicating effort to slant news rightward
Today, Media Matters released [1] emails obtained from a Fox News source, showing Washington managing editor Bill Sammon directing staff not to use the phrase "public option" when discussing health care reform legislation. The emails, which were sent during the height of the health care debate, echoed Republican pollster Frank Luntz's appearance on Hannity where he encouraged host Sean Hannity not to use "public option," but instead use the term "government option" because "if you call it the 'government option,' the public is overwhelmingly against it."
It is not the first time that Media Matters obtained leaked Fox News documents that paint a picture of network management attempting to slant the news toward the right (and often succeeding.)
As the then two-month-old Media Matters noted [2] on July 14, 2004, just months before the 2004 election:
As The Washington Post reported [3] on July 11, [documentary filmmaker Robert Greenwald's new film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism [4]] features "a handful of memos from a top FOX executive that appear to suggest tilting the news." Media Matters for America has analyzed 33 such internal FOX memos, issued by FOX News Senior Vice President, News Editorial John Moody [5] and Los Angeles Bureau Chief Ken LaCoste between May 9 and June 3, 2003 and March 12 and May 5, 2004.
In the memos, some of which appear in Outfoxed, Moody instructs employees on the approach to take on particular stories. His instructions reflect a clear interest in furthering a conservative agenda and in supporting the Bush administration. The Post quoted Larry Johnson, identified by the paper as "a former part-time Fox commentator who appears in the film," describing the Moody memos as "talking points instructing us what the themes are supposed to be, and God help you if you stray." On July 13, Salon.com reviewed [6] the film, and provided "some of the most notable excerpts" from the memos, referred to as "marching orders" by Jon DuPre, whom Salon identifies as "formerly of Fox News."
Some highlights from the leaked memos that Media Matters analyzed at the time (emphasis added):
Moody on the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal:
[T]he pictures from Abu Graeb [sic] prison are disturbing. They have rightly provoked outrage. Today we have a picture -- aired on Al Arabiya -- of an American hostage being held with a scarf over his eyes, clearly against his will. Who's outraged on his behalf? It is important that we keep the Abu Graeb [sic] situation in perspective (5/5/04 [7]).
Moody on abortion:
[Le]t's spend a good deal of time on the battle over judicial nominations, which [th]e President will address this morning. Nominees who both sides admit are [qu]alified are being held up because of their POSSIBLE, not demonstrated, views [on] one issue -- abortion. This should be a trademark issue for FNC today and in [th]e days to come (5/9/03 [8]).
Two style notes: [Eric Ru]dolph is charged with bombing an abortion clinic, not a "health clinic." ...[TO]DAY'S HEARING IS NOT AN ARRAIGNMENT. IT IS AN INITIAL HEARING (6/2/03 [9]).
Moody on the 9/11 Commission:
The so-called 9/11 commission has already been meeting. In fact, this is its eighth session. The fact that former Clinton and both frmer [sic] and current Bush administration officials are testifying gives it a certain tension, but this is not "what did he know and when did he know it" stuff. Do not turn this into Watergate. Remember the fleeting sense of national unity that emerged from this tragedy. Let's not desecrate that (3/23/04 [10]).
Remember that while there are obvious political implications for Bush, the commission is looking at eight years of the Clinton Administration versus eight months (the time prior to 9/11 that Bush was in office) for the incumbent (3/24/04 [11]).
There's a lot more to read in this one. Be sure to jump back in time a bit and check out Media Matters' original research on the subject here [2].
Don't forget, Media Matters has also launched firstname.lastname@example.com [12], an email address where conscientious Fox News employees can anonymously send evidence of their employer's complete disregard for journalism.
- Network/Outlet
- Fox News Channel [13], News Corp. [14]
- Person
- Bill Sammon [15], John Moody [16], Michael Clemente [17], Ken LaCoste [18]


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Trixie Member (Idle past 1060 days) Posts: 1011 From: Edinburgh Joined:
A new paper has not only cast doubts on Michael Behe's assertions, it's run a freight train over the top of the ID arguments against evolution. For a concise version see http://www.nytimes.com/...us-learns-a-new-way-to-infect.html The abstract can be found at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6067/428.abstract Science 27 January 2012: Vol. 335 no. 6067 pp. 428-432 I don't have access to the full text, so would appreciate the input of people who have. Briefly, it has been shown that a bacteriophage which infects E.coli via the LamB receptor was able to evolve a different mechanism to infect E.coli cells which had very few LamB receptors on the surface. Within only fifteen days there were phage particles using the OmpF protein, something the phage had never been known to do before. DNA analysis showed that 4 separate mutations were needed for the phage to use OmpF. Of 96 lines, 24 developed the ability to use OmpF and the mutations were identical or almost identical. This is something that, according to ID, is so improbable that it would either never happen or would take far too long to happen by random mutation and natural selection. The probability of all four mutations occurring simultaneously is approximately 1 in a thousand trillion trillion, so it seems likely that they were gained one at a time, something ID and Behe dismiss out of hand. Even if we accept their claim that stepwise mutations can't result in something bordering on irreducible complexity, they are left dealing with the fact that something with such a low probability of happening, happened within 15 days! I'd like a very open discussion on this and would like to include those who can't post in the science fora, but I would like the emphasis to remain on the science so have no idea where this would go, since moderation may be required. Whatever Admin decides is fine with me. |
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Hungarian Births Database
The JewishGen Hungarian Special Interest Group (H-SIG) is transcribing Jewish vital records from LDS microfilms, including birth records. The original data were created by rabbis in each community (or for small communities, in centralized district registers) as required by the Emperor. These records are handwritten in German, Hebrew, or Hungarian, and generally date between 1800-1914. Database FieldsThe database includes the following fields:
Contents of the DatabaseAs of May 2016, there are approximately 645,000 vital records in the database: 380,000 birth, 80,000 marriage, and 185,000 death records.
Notes on Searching the DatabaseIn addition to the usual search of surnames and towns, you can use the global text search of all fields to find all entries for a particular county (megye), given name, or LDS microfilm number. If you are searching for a hyphenated town name or county, you must enter only the name before the hyphen or after the hyphen, but not both. At this time, the search engine is not capable of handling hyphenated names. JewishGen technicians are working on this problem. It should be understood by all researchers that these are index files, and no attempt was made to replicate all the data in the original registers. Researchers should go to the source record, wherever possible, to obtain additional information such as witnesses, notes by the registrar, and other information.
Last Update: 24 Feb 2015 WSB
Edmond J. Safra Plaza | 36 Battery Place | 646.494.5972 | email@example.com | |


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Terris Novalis in Consett at sunset
1 response
John Griffin said (26 Jan 2011):
Love the blue tint on the road. what an amazing job of using the light off the frost as well. well done.


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How spontaneous are you? Do you plan your days to the minute or can you drop everything at a moment's notice?
How spontaneous are you? Do you plan your days to the minute or can you drop everything at a moment's notice?
In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends. -Martin Luther King Jr.
Is undisciplined the same as spontaneous?
Death comes when memories of the past exceed the vision for the future.
For you and me and the purposes of this conversation, let's say "Yes"...and....
It depends somewhat. I like there to be a "plan" because it just seems like the appropriate thing to do, but I am the first to trash the plan and start over or just bag it because you feel like it BUT....always to be replaced by another plan that you intend to probably abandon for something funner/more shiny/more chocolate-y as soon as it arises.
"...I would never try to tick Hink off. He kinda intimidates me. He's quite butch, you know." - Maister
My wife and I are both spontaneous when it comes to making plans. Having kids somewhat dampens this spontaneity though.
"I'm very important. I have many leather-bound books and my apartment smells of rich mahogany"
Um...let me get back to this thread with a well considered and thorough response.
I'm sorry. Is my bias showing?
Every day is today. Yesterday is a myth and tomorrow an illusion.
I'm spontaneous about more things in life than I am structured.
People will miss that it once meant something to be Southern or Midwestern. It doesn't mean much now, except for the climate. The question, Where are you from? doesn't lead to anything odd or interesting. They live somewhere near a Gap store, and what else do you need to know? - Garrison Keillor
I'm not very spontaneous but I wish I was. It would be great to just get a pet sitter, pack a bag, and fly off to where ever for a weekend. Or just get in the car and drive. The pets, like children, make this difficult.
In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends. -Martin Luther King Jr.
Only when I plan it out ahead of time.
If you're not growing, you're dying. - Lou Holtz
This is difficult to answer. I certainly plan ahead but almost all my plans lack specificity. I like knowing what direction I'm going but not being bogged down by specifics.
I'm not, tho I fall in the Blide category of not having every little detail planned out. Kinda like Saturdays for me. I have rough goals of what I want to accomplish but don't have every minute planned out.
When did I go from Luke Skywalker to Obi-Wan Kenobi?
"I'm very important. I have many leather-bound books and my apartment smells of rich mahogany"
This is me on weekends, vacations, and slow weeks at work. There's a general, amorphous shell of a plan, but the specifics are not nailed down.
Busy weeks at work, though - I'm a total list maker, with a plan for the morning, and another for afternoon. Very little extra/spontaneous activities on those days!
"We do not need any other Tutankhamun's tomb with all its treasures. We need context. We need understanding. We need knowledge of historical events to tie them together. We don't know much. Of course we know a lot, but it is context that's missing, not treasures." - Werner Herzog, in Archaeology, March/April 2011
Evidently not - I waited for 17 previous posts before I looked in...
Somethings I am somethings I'm not - depnds on who, what, where & when
"Whatever beer I'm drinking, is better than the one I'm not." DMLW
"Budweiser sells a product they reflectively insist on calling beer." John Oliver
I'm think I'm more flexible than spontaneous. Spontaneity takes more creativity and energy than I usually have. Spontaneous combustion is not a concern most of the time.
Death comes when memories of the past exceed the vision for the future.
My life is over scheduled....so not very.
"He defended the cause of the poor and needy, and so all went well. Is that not what it means to know me?" Jeremiah 22:16
And +1. We used to be very with one and more disposable income. Now not so much. The most spontaneous we got this year was on our way home from my folks house we did a 45 minute detour to San Francisco to check out Union Square for the kids. They loved it, and my wife and I remembered all our happy memories when we would venture there almost every other month.
No Signature Required
I happily recall a very memorable and spontaneous kiss in Union Square.
When we go on trips, ZG is the researcher, list maker and worrier. I'm much more spontaneous and willing to just let things unfold and happen. Or maybe I'm lazy. Anyway, it makes for in interesting balance.
Annoyingly insensitive
I am a planner. What is this spontaneous thing you'all talk about?


text: The GoPro Fetch Dog Harness lets you view the world from your dogs point of view. Featuring two mounting locations for your camera, the harness lets you capture all of your dogs action, with a chest mount for digging, chewing, and front-paw action, and a back mount for over-the-head shots, which are ideal for running, jumping, fetch and more. The harness is washable and can be taken into water so your dog can run, swim and get muddy at his or her leisure. With a soft, padded construction the harness is comfortable to wear, and is fully adjustable to fit both small and large dogs between 15 and 120 lbs. The chest mount can be removed for smaller dogs. Quick release bases make attaching and removing the harness easy, and a camera tether keeps your camera extra secure. Warning: Not intended for walking or restraining your dog. Never leave your dog unattended while wearing Fetch. Follow all warnings and instructions in the User Guide.


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Ok, I just got mine in the mail today. Size 33. I feel like they might be a little tight, won't be bad if I don't soak. Are there any disadvantages to not soaking? What if I just wear them as is because I like the fit now? Any difference in the long run? Or should I exchange them for a 34 so I can do a soak?
post #121 of 229
3/4/09 at 9:15pm


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I may be dating myself slightly here when I tell you that my Godson, Bill, will be graduated from college at the end of of this term. I remember my own version of what he's currently undergoing more than a few years ago. While it seemed brutal and demeaning at the time, I must admit, in retrospect, it seems like I had it pretty easy . I typed up a résumé, printed it out and sent it to every "adult" that I knew. Lo and behold, after a couple of weeks of stuffing envelopes and making phone calls, I had a real live interview, followed by a second interview. I was offered a position, and I accepted.
My Godson is in quite a different position. He's sitting like a deer in the headlights, just waiting to line up with millions of his peers when he graduates, only to eagerly sprint head-first into a series of doors being slammed in his face. After all, while the job market is tough, it's probably a lot tougher when you have absolutely no real-world experience (sorry, Bill).
Now he's a smart kid, he went to a good school, got good grades, and things are bound to turn around sooner or later. Until he's able to get a job in his field of studies, however, he may want to check out these great business opportunities : My Free Affiliate Site , Secret Cash Loophole , and Specialty Merchandise Corporation (Email only)!


text: Kim Kardashian Rushed to Hospital During Miscarriage ScareAnna Breslaw3/07/13 9:00amFiled to: Dirt Bagkim kardashianJustin bieberSelena Gomezchelsea handlerTaylor SwiftAmy PoehlerJennifer LawrenceJessica SimpsonJennifer Lopezcarrie bradshawJames BondChris BrownKate MossSofia VergaraNick loebShia LaBeoufAlec BaldwinDemi LovatoKourtney Kardashianparis jacksonHayden paniettereBrooklyn DeckerrihannaRussell CroweMelissa mccarthyJenelle evansTopFbtweet4302EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkKim Kardashian was rushed to an L.A. hospital in tears on Tuesday night after she felt something had gone awry with The (Second) Most Important Baby of Our Time, shortly after she got off a plane from Paris. (She was seeing a Givenchy show with Kanye West.) She's fine, fortunately, and was sent home the following day with some medical advice: Ironically, the woman famous for doing nothing to be famous for was advised to stop working so hard.AdvertisementQuoth a source:"Kim's not respecting her pregnancy. She's running around, working out seven days a week. She's working with two different trainers to control her weight, including Tracy Anderson and a pregnancy trainer. She's scared that her ass is as big as a couch and is going south, but she is having a very rough pregnancy, and doctors have ordered her to slow down."So stop seeing so many Givenchy shows with Kanye West and "respect your pregnancy," Kim, whatever the fuck that means really. [Radar Online]Chelsea Handler jumps into the Taylor Swift/Tina Fey/Amy Poehler/Athena the huntress/cartoon Charmin' bear fracas:AdvertisementI think [Swift's] was a bold statement, but I'm not on anyone's side because I just don't care enough. I like that she's being that vociferous about something that she thinks they were out to get her. They were clearly making a joke just about her demeanor, which is embarrassing. I mean, she's just dated so many men.My theory about Taylor Swift is that she's a virgin, that everyone breaks up with her because they date her for two weeks and she's like, 'I'm not gonna do it.' And they're like, 'Oh, well, forget it. Then I don't want to date you,' Every guy thinks they're going to devirginize her, and they're not. She's never going to get devirginized, ever, ever, ever, ever."So like, can we safely deduce that Everyone is Mean yet? Everyone is Mean. [Us Weekly]GIF Okay, so Justin Bieber might just be having a mini-tantrum, or he might be having a hardcore Network-style breakdown. I don't speak Famous Snack Cake in Extended Adolescence, so it's hard to tell. El Beebo unleashed a 13-tweet manifesto about rumors and drama and rumors and God and rumors and why his shirt was off that time:AdvertisementSponsoredrumors rumors and more rumors. nothing more nothing less. might talk about them 1 day. rt now im just gonna be positive. cant bring me down. im focused on the good things in life. im blessed and not forgetting it. im giving back every day for it. cant phase me. fake stories to sell papers i guess are part of the job. but im a good person. i know that. u cant tell me different. we know the truth as long as my family, friends, and fans r with me u can say whatever. we are all equal in God's eyes & we have a responsibility to each other.So make up stories about fake fines and make no mention of the positive....or say when i came out of my show with my shirt off because after performing for 2 hours i might be sweaty i was going into a club (really?) or any girl i stand next to is my girl or that i dont care, or that i dont feel, or that a 19 year old going to a club in europe is wild...and be careful of the judgement u pass but know this...im only judged by one power, and i serve him. so yeah I will continue being me. i will continue to serve, to perform, to care, to love, to smile, to dance, to play, to sing...and u are welcome to join, because i carry no hate. We got to much love for that. Im about the music.The worst part is that he can't even join the Hollywood Bible study youth group because his ex Selena Gomez is in it. [HuffPo]


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Steelers: Foote asks to be released
With Timmons being groomed and ready to step in, linebacker wants more action
April 29, 2009 8:00 AMLarry Foote played a lot of football as a starting inside linebacker for the Steelers the past five seasons, and in a strange twist, his search for more playing time will cause them to release him.
Foote said he wants to continue his career as a starting linebacker where he can play more often and asked the Steelers to accommodate him. After the team found no offers in a trade over the weekend of the draft, sources on the club say they plan to release him sometime after this weekend's minicamp, which Foote will not attend.
The Steelers were going to release him yesterday, then decided to wait as they pursue last-ditch efforts to trade him.
"It was my doing," Foote told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. "I wanted to go. They were trying to trade me."
Foote has one year left on his contract, which was scheduled to pay him a salary of $2,885,000 in 2009. There was much speculation leading up to the Super Bowl that the Steelers might release him or ask him to take a reduction in pay because of that salary and because 2007 first-round draft choice Lawrence Timmons is behind him. Foote indicated during Super Bowl week that he would not take a pay cut.
Last season, he thought Timmons might take his job. Yesterday, Foote sounded as if he were sure of that.
"It's nothing personal," said Foote, who turns 29 on June 12. "James Farrior never slows down, and Timmons came in and I can't grow here any more. They turned me into a two-down linebacker last year. I was stuck in a role.
"I love the team, I love winning, but you can't keep being unhappy. It got to the point where they were not giving me a chance."
Foote did not attend the team's first two voluntary workouts last week. His agent, Ken Kremer, said last week that Foote had been working out in Detroit. Kremer also said there had been no contract discussions between him and the Steelers.
Foote said his agent was calling teams to try to place the linebacker elsewhere. There were reports during the week preceding the Super Bowl that Foote wanted to play for his hometown Detroit Lions if he were released, and he told both Detroit newspapers as much yesterday.
Shortly after last season, coach Mike Tomlin said he wanted to keep Foote around and had no plans to release him, but it would be hard for Tomlin not to start his 2007 first-round pick, especially considering how well Timmons played last season.
Foote's release or trade also would create the salary cap room of his $2,885,000 less the amount paid to his replacement.
Foote, a fourth-round draft pick from Michigan in 2002, has been a starter at inside linebacker since 2004 and has not missed a start during those five seasons.
During the final days of the Steelers spring workouts in June 2008, Foote wondered how long he would remain a starter after Timmons was placed behind him on the depth chart.
"I don't think it's competition," Foote said nearly a year ago. "I really think it's just a matter of time until they throw him in there, just because of the politics of the game -- and it looks like he can play."
Yet Foote did hold off Timmons all last season. Foote started all 16 regular-season games and three in the postseason. Timmons replaced him in their nickel defense on passing downs.
Foote finished fifth on the team with 86 tackles, his fewest since he became a starter. He led the team in tackles in 2005 with 123 and followed with 118 in 2006. Timmons had 71 tackles in 2008, his second season, without starting a game. His five sacks ranked fourth and he also intercepted a pass and returned it 89 yards against New England.
"My time might be winding down at that position," Foote said in June. "It's just a matter of when the coaches throw [Timmons] in there."
Apparently, Foote felt that time was now.
Ed Bouchette can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com . First Published April 29, 2009 4:00 AM


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text: Kotaku Programming Reminder: Talk Live With Mass Effect 2's Greg Zeschuk On WednesdayStephen Totilo1/19/10 2:00pmFiled to: mass effect 2PodcastDragon age: originsGreg ZeschukTop361EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkAs noted yesterday, Greg Zeschuk, co-founder of role-playing-game powerhouse BioWare, will be our guest on tomorrow's live Kotaku call-in podcast. Show time's 11am MT, 1pm ET. Call-in and listening details will be live on the site at show time.


text: Berns Forrester is in bed, jacking off and fantasizing about Big Daddy Pimp Hurley when the chunky chocolate Daddy sneaks into the room and joins in. Soon, this bareback bottom is sucking Hurley down his throat, satisfying the big black Top while his sweet brown hole is itching for that thick, raw cock. Hurley dives for the tight fuckhole, spreading that chocolate bubble butt and giving Berns a wet, hot tongue fuck. This big bad boy takes complete possession of that raw, pink asshole and slides his swollen black dick deep inside, settling in for a marathon bareback fuck. The two knock boots for a while — doggie style, reverse cowboy, and even missionary — with Berns' moans growing louder and more passionate. Hurley works up quite a sweat, which only makes it easier to fuck Berns like a gaping, sloppy hole. WOOF!


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Printing Services Dwayne Lindsey, Printing / Duplication Specialist 242-7925
Print Order Form email@example.com
Processing Orders Shasta College's Printing Services prints over 6,500,000 impressions a year in black and white, 400,000 impressions in color, and another 250,000 envelopes. We also run thousands of posters, both in black and white or color as well as several hundred full color banners every year.
Due to the high demand we ask that you give the Print Shop at least 48 hours (excluding holidays and week-ends) to turn around your orders. If you have larger orders with larger runs we ask that you please give us longer if at all possible. The "Rule of Thumb" is 48 hours. However, please do not bring down a print order and expect that it will be put in front of others that were there before yours. Every effort will be made to get print orders done in the most expedient time.
Most print orders are dropped off in the 100 Building Mailroom. Orders are picked up twice daily from the Mailroom, once at 6:30 a.m. and again around 3:30 p.m. Any orders placed in the Mailroom later than 3:30 p.m. will be considered to have been delivered the following day. Please do not back date orders. All Instructional material should be sent to Printing Services in plenty of time prior to the start of each semester. Please be aware of the pick up times for all printed materials in the Mailroom and be conscientious of the 48-hour rule. Jobs requiring less than 48 hours of turn around time and requiring overtime to complete, will be back charged to the appropriate department if necessary. As supported by Administration there will be the following drop off areas for print orders: 100 (Mailroom), 2100 (Extended Ed), Buildings 2000 and 2300 (DSPS Office, Rm. 2005); Buildings 600, 700, 900, 1300, 1800, 2100, and 2200 (Center Offices). This change is due to time constraints on our Warehouse staff and other obligations for services that must be provided. There are currently over 20 different stops each morning just for printing. Please expect your printing delivery sometime before 10:00 a.m. There are also delivery options for off-campus sites as well.Overview We endeavor to provide Shasta College with inexpensive, quality printing delivered in a timely manner. With an annual output of over six million impressions, the Printing Services publishes the majority of the College's classroom-related materials. First day handouts, syllabi, course outlines, tests, and faculty-developed textbooks sold through the bookstore. The balance of the printing consists of administrative materials such as forms, letterhead paper, business cards, banners, posters, special projects, envelopes, etc. We also produce materials for various campus organizations. Who Pays the Bill? The majority of our production is cost-free in that it is not back-charged to a particular department. Some exceptions exist: • Student groups, textbook production (any order of over 49 originals, per Board Policy) and some other areas are on a "pay-as-you-go" basis. • Requests requiring unusual amounts of non-automated "hand-work." • Envelopes: $20.00 per box of 500. • All color print orders. • Any special binding, such as strip binding or coil binding. Backlogs & Priorities Printing Services runs at near capacity given staffing levels and hardware constraints, so backlogs can occur. These backlogs have required that a queuing hierarchy be established. In essence, classroom-related printing is our most important task followed by administrative printing and finally, special projects. An example may help. Imagine Printing Services receiving two print orders, one from an administrative office and another from an instructor. Both require the same allocation of machine and human resources. Both are needed within the same general time period. Under these conditions, we would process the classroom materials first. Also, low priority, complex printing jobs (usually requiring hand collating, hand stapling, etc.) may need to be spread over several days, while a high priority project may force overtime scheduling. Planning Ahead Given the potential of backlogs to delay production of your work, if you have complex printing needs (or it is your first time working with Printing Services), please see us early in the development of the project. This will allow time to discuss technical issues and help establish realistic project timelines. We can give you a printer's perspective on layout & design if you so choose our help. Printing services request that we be given at least 48 hours for turn-around time. Jobs requiring less than 48 hours of turn-around time and requiring overtime to complete, will be back charged to the appropriate department.
Help Us Meet Your Needs • As needed, please review Board Policy regarding copyright. Printing requests not meeting these guidelines cannot be processed. • All work submitted for printing must have a completed "Printing Request Form" attached. Print Order Form Incomplete forms invariably cause delays. Be sure to keep the pink copy for your records!• All print orders sent via e-mail must be sent to:
• Work to be printed must be presented in "camera ready" format (sorry, we are not equipped to do paste-ups, typesetting, or art work). If you need help in one of these areas please contact Peter Griggs at 242-1754. • Materials to be printed must be typed on white or light colored bond with at least ½" margins on all sides. • Signatures should be signed in black or red ink. • All multi-page work should be consecutively numbered; counting the cover page as page 1 (this is very important for collation and "back-to-back" printing). • Masters can be single or double sided but not both. Please indicate on the print order if your masters have printing that you need on the back side. If a double sided original is submitted with no mention to the back side being printed then we will print only the single side of the originals. Basic Services & Resources Regular duplication services aim to process materials on a first-come, first-served basis within the framework outlined above in Backlogs & Priorities. Peak workload periods occur at the beginning of the semester, and the week prior to midterms and finals. Processing delays are possible during these times. Other backlogs can occur at random because of hardware failure, maintenance requirements, etc. These caveats aside, we try to process all but the most unusual printing requests within the time constraints you establish. Planning ahead virtually ensures that your requests can be filled in a timely manner. Come By and Check Us Out! • Hours: Monday-Thursday 7:00 AM -9:00 PM / Friday's 7:00 AM – 3:30 PM. • Location: Physical Plant Division (Room 2701) • Phone: (530) 242-7925 • If you have comments or suggestions, please send email to: email@example.com Here are some descriptions of the state-of-the-art digital machines we use for everyday orders:
Canon imagePRESS C6000 Digital Printer/Copier:
This is a high speed digital color printer/copier with a maximum print speed of 60 pages per minute. The imagePRESS C6000 produces output that rivals offset quality, maintains superior color consistency, and empowers you to fulfill a wide range of jobs, including saddle-stitched booklets with in-line trimming capabilities, wrap around covers for books with in-line trimming capabilities, hard-copy reproductions, and marketing collateral. With a true 1200 x 1200 dpi resolution and 256 levels of grayscale, the imagePRESS C6000 consistently reproduces clear, sharp images with the lifelike skin tones, smooth gradients, and color accuracy needed to satisfy even the most perceptive eye. Combined with the job-management, color control, and production capabilities the imagePRESS C6000 delivers the best combination of speed, performance, quality, and value in the market! Canon imagePROGRAPH iPF8100 36" Digital Wide Format Printer:
This 36" printer takes the next step in redefining large format printing. This printer is ideal for banners as wel as posters. The new iPF8100 is the ideal solution for any color professional looking for impressive, full-bleed color output, strength in paper handling and exceptional speed in output. Advanced professional features such as automatic clogged nozzle detection and compensation for reliability, an 80GB Hard Drive, 330ml and 700ml selectable ink capacity sizes for versatility, a large backlit LCD panel for ease of use, and ink usage tracking for accountability are all part of the new iPF8100 to satisfy every color professional's large format printing needs. The 12-color pigment ink system with LUCIA inks offers excellent color fastness and stability with a remarkably wide color gamut. The new ink formulation for Black, Matte Black, Gray and Photo Gray reduces bronzing, while providing stronger ink adhesion to the print media, resulting in better scratch resistance without any additional protection. The Canon L-COA processor, which is dedicated to the imagePROGRAF, is designed to optimize the best quality output at the highest possible speeds. Vivid breathtaking, long lasting prints are achieved by combining Canon's advanced technological achievements. The many built in features that make this printer easy to use and maintain, are the driving force behind this powerful printer. With the printer's unique ability to print in unprecedented quality and speed along with the multiple media handling options and software suite, make the iPF8100 the ideal solution for all types of professionals. The iPF8100 is designed for reliability, simplicity, productivity and above all quality.
(2 ea) Canon imagePRESS 1110 Black & White Digital Printer/Copier:
Canon's imagePRESS 1110 is poised to revolutionize digital black & white printing. Built on the same core architecture as the imagePRESS C6000, Canon developed an extraordinary monochrome production press that delivers uncompromising image and text quality, productivity and versatility. With true 1200 x 1200 dpi output and 256 tonal gradations, the imagePRESS 1110 produces consistently crisp text and beautifully detailed halftones on a wide range of media types and sizes. Sizes of papers that can be run through these machines range from 8.50 x 11" to 11 x 17", and it can print up to 6600 impressions per hour for unprecedented productivity that will move your print job through the shop quickly.