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Z3000 DNA of the Three CollasBy Four Colla Descendants: Peter Biggins, with Josiah McGuire, Patrick McMahon, and Tom Roderick (1930-2013) |
Y-chromosome DNA shared by men with surnames that match names in ancient pedigrees of men descended from three Colla brothers who lived in the 4th-century in a part of Ireland called Airghialla or Oriel. Colla Josiah McGuire discovered Clan Colla DNA in 2007.
The Z3000 Colla SNP was named by non-Colla Mike Walsh in 2013. It is downstream of R-L21, DF21, and S971.
BIG Y test results for 106 Collas have been analyzed by non-Colla Alex Williamson.
Colla geneticist Patrick McMahon has written a scientific paper on The Colla Phylogenetic Tree. He has traced his ancestry back to Clan Colla in The McMahons of Trohanny.
Colla geneticist Tom Roderick helped us get our story across at the 2011 FTDNA Conference in Houston.
Non-Colla genealogist Vaden McDonald has traced the DNA of Frank Everett McDonald back to Somerled and Clan Colla in 43 Generations: Colla to McDonald. Historian Donald Schlegel has provided valuable information on the history of Clan. Colla.
Four key STR markers identify Clan Colla DNA: 511=9, 425=0, 505=9, 441=12.
Historical pedigrees now known not to have the Y-DNA of the Three Collas: Niall of the Nine Hostages (R-M222), Manus McGuire (R-FGC9800), Hy Maine Kelly (R-FGC6545), Lord of the Isles McDonald (R-L176).
About PetersPioneers Home Page
SummaryThe Three Collas lived in Ireland in the 4th century A.D. Their descendants have been kings, lords, chiefs, and saints. Their history survived through oral tradition and eventually written histories. Recent Y-chromosome DNA tests show a remarkable coincidence between two sets of surnames:
We have two people with Colla DNA whose ancestry has been traced back to the Three Collas: a McDonald and a McMahon. DNA has confirmed ancient Irish history, but it has also shown that the history is wrong in some areas. For example, the Three Collas were said to be related to Niall of the Nine Hostages. The DNA of the descendants of the Collas, however, does not match the DNA of the descendants of Niall. See History Lessons. Thomas Roderick, 1930-2013, one of the original contributors to this webpage and one of the original members of the international Human Genome Organization in 1988, summarized his views on our project in 2011: The Clan Colla Null 425 Project stems from the discovery that in haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1b4 (L21) there is a single subset carrying a null at DYS 425 and probably unique or nearly unique values at 2 or 3 other loci. What is important is that this haplotype clearly is associated with only one grouping of Irish clans and surnames, each of which by historical records emanates from The Three Collas, a successful aggressive clan flourishing 300-400 AD. We are looking for evidence that this null is associated with other families with different ancestry and as yet have not definitively found it. This gives us an estimate of the time of the mutation to the null a little before 300 AD. From the other markers, we find (using 67 Y markers) the genetic distances among the Colla Group and Colla Modal DNA range between 1 and 11, and have an average of 6. Of the 232 people, 218 or 94% of the group have a genetic distance of 3 to 9. These data are consistent with our estimate of the timing of the null mutation. One great advantage of this grouping is that it is well defined molecularly, therefore confined, small enough and yet old enough to make genealogical sense coordinating molecular and historical evidence. By more detailed analysis we can get better understanding of specific genealogical relationships among clusters of the several clans and many surnames. A database has been compiled of over 400 men. These men are predicted to have Clan Colla DNA based key STR markers: 511=9, 425=0, 505=9, 441=12. All who have BIG Y test results share unique Y-chromosome mutations--the Z3000 SNP and many other unique SNPs downstream of R-L21, DF21, and S971. |
BackgroundAn Unusual Test Result. In 2008, Daniela Moneta started a Biggins DNA project. She found me through this website and asked me to join the project. With some skepticism, I had my Y-chromosone DNA tested for 67 genealogical markers. Results showed that I was of Atlantic European ancestry and matched up well with people named Biggins or Beggan. That was interesting but expected. Results also showed a good match with people named Maguire, Carroll, McDonald, McKenna, and McMahon. Furthermore, we all had an unusual null value for DNA marker 425. I described the results on my Web page: Biggins/Beggan Irish Roots. My Web page related a conversation I had with Gerard Beggan, whom I had met in September 2007 at his home in Carrickmacross, County Monaghan. Gerard told me that in 1969 Rev. Peadar Livingstone (1932-1987) told him that Beggan was a branch of the Maguire family. I had found Gerard's name on the Web site of Al Beagan. Father Livingstone was a renowned scholar in both the Irish language and local history. He wrote comprehensive histories of two counties in Ireland, The Fermanagh Story in 1969, and The Monaghan Story in 1980.
Josiah's email went on: "I have been watching and studying the 425 nulls between the Carrolls, McMahons, McKennas, and McGuires since I had my markers upgraded to 67 markers in 2006. I suspected that we probably shared a common ancestor, but very few researchers took my comments very seriously. These surnames and several others who I also have matches with are said to descend from "Colla da Chrioch" as stated in the Irish Pedigrees by O'Hart." In 2007 Josiah computed modal values for the DNA of the Three Collas and put it on Ysearch with the user ID of DURRQ. In June 2009, Josiah started the Clan Colla Null 425 Project at FTDNA to attract Clan Colla descendants, encourage upgrades to the 67-marker test, and promote Clan Colla research. I agreed to be a co-administrator and was the first one to join the new Clan Colla project. Participation in the Biggins DNA project has turned out to be worth far more than I had anticipated. It confirms that the names Biggins, Beaghen, Beggan, and Little are based on the Irish word for small, beag, as mentioned in Irish surname books by Patrick Woulfe (1923) and Edward MacLysaght (1969). And it confirms what Professor Peadar Livingstone had told Gerard Beggan in the 1970s--that Beggans are related to Maguires. But most importantly, the DNA project established a connection with ancient Irish history. We Beggans were no longer just a humble people with a name based on the Irish word for little. With big names like Carroll, McMahon, McKenna, and Maguire, we were descended from the Three Collas who lived in the 4th century and established the ancient kingdom of Oriel in Monaghan and Fermanagh. Corroborating Evidence. While Josiah was researching Clan Colla DNA, others were independently coming to the same conclusions. In February 2008, Kevin Carroll, administator of the Carroll DNA Project, posted this news: "We think that a group of our participants may have hit the Jackpot! They may be related to the O'Carroll Princes of Oriel (Monaghan and Louth). This Kingdom located in the North of Ireland was founded by the three Collas Brothers around the year 327 AD. Wow! Will keep you posted on this as we get more news." In December 2008, the McQuillan Clan Association announced "DNA Project Sheds New Light on McQuillan Connections." Specifically, they said that "our first "cluster" shows recent shared ancestry for Monaghan & Fermanagh McQuillans. The close match between these three McQuillans reveals the first localized McQuillan haplotype cluster to emerge in our study. This cluster also shows a relationship with some Cullens, and perhaps with the McMahons of Monaghan." In August 2009, Joseph A. Donohoe V (1941-2011) reported on the DNA of descendants of the Three Collas in his Breifne Clans DNA Report 5, Subgroup O1, posted at Results of Projects of the O'Donoghue Society. He independently identified the Clan Colla group that was identified by the Clan Colla project started by Josiah McGuire in June 2009. He called it Airghialla 1 because he was not sure it was Clan Colla. He said he was "not fully persuaded yet of the validity or applicability of the Colla tradition, particularly in view of the great number of traditionally Colla surnames not represented here." As part of his study, Joseph established a modal DNA for Airghialla 1 at Ysearch under the user ID of WHYAA. It is the same as the DURRQ modal used here, which was established by Josiah McGuire in December 2007. To test the validity of Airghialla 1, Joseph came up with a second group called Airghialla 2. As part of his study, Joseph established a modal DNA for Airghialla 2 at Ysearch under the user ID of 9U5BW. In comparing Airghialla 1 and 2 on page 184 of the report, Joseph says that Airghialla 1 "appears to have been prominent in the South Tyrone – North Monaghan area from the sixth century, if not earlier," while Airghialla 2 "rose to historical prominence later . . . in the ninth century." He concludes that Airghialla 1 "would appear to be the best candidate" to represent the DNA of the Three Collas. Joseph himself is not Airghialla 1 or 2. He is a descendant of Niall of the Nine Hostages, also called R-M222 or Northwest Irish. New SNPs. In 2008, the R-L21 SNP was discovered and all Collas who tested for it had it. As time went on, more SNPs would be discovered. In 2011, the R-DF21 SNP was discovered downstream of L21, and all Collas who tested for it had it. In 2013, FTDNA introduced Big Y, which tested a large portion of the Y chromosome. Clan Colla project members began receiving test results in November. In April 2014, Alex Williamson started his Big Tree, which included Clan Colla, and on which our Clan Colla BIG Y SNP Tree is based. In February 2014, BritainsDNA announced SNPs downstream of DF21 in 10 anonymous cases. Among the SNPs were: S971, S951 (Z3000), S956 (Z3008), S962 (Z3008), and S953. They did not identify this DNA as Clan Colla.
The man was named Rathlin 1. His bones were carbon-dated back to 2025-1885 BC. He tested negative for nine SNPs downstream of DF21, but S971 and other SNPs were not investigated because they were not known to the researchers at that time. The negative downstream SNPs were FGC3213, P314.2, S3058, S280, S5488, Z16294, L1336, L130, and S7200. Shortly after the study was published, Aidan Kelly arranged to have Lara Cassidy and Daniel Bradley of Trinity College Dublin provide Alex Williamson with raw DNA data. Alex determined that Rathlin 1 was negative for S971 but positive for Z30233. In addition, he has SNPs downstream of Z30233 that no one else has. See Alex Williamson's Big Tree. See also L21 and DF21 SNPs for a look at how Rathlin 1 fits in with present-day testers. Assuming five private "Big Y" SNPs for Rathlin 1 downstream of DF21 and Z30233, he would have six SNPs downstream of DF21. Assuming 120 years per SNP on average, the date of DF21 would be around 2700 BC (2000 + 120*6). As of December 2015, 70 Collas had an average of 39 Big Y SNPs downstream of DF21. Assuming 120 years per SNP on average, DF21 occurred around 4700 years ago (120*39), or around 2700 BC. A 2006 report by Queens University Belfast stated that "The archaeological excavation was carried out to the rear of McCuaig's Bar, Church Bay, Rathlin Island. Active erosion of a gravel slope had occurred following the disturbance of the ground in advance of the construction of a car park to the rear of the building. This erosion exposed the capstone of a Bronze Age cist burial and this was investigated by Declan Hurl of the Environment and Heritage Service: Built Heritage in February 2006. The initial excavation involved the lifting of the capstone, the recording of the contents and their removal. During the excavation, a pit containing human remains was observed in the section above the cist, and this provided a focus for a further investigation by the Centre for Archaeological Fieldwork." Later, the report says, "Rathlin Island lies 11 miles from the coast of the Mull of Kintyre in Scotland. Indeed, documentary evidence suggests that the ownership of the island was a point of contention between Scotland and Ireland for many centuries, cumulating in the massacre of the island's population by Campbell forces in 1642. The location of the island would indicate that it has been the focus for outside influence for millennia." False Starts. One of the largest and earliest FTDNA projects is Clan Donald. They had an interest in Clan Colla from the start. In 2004, the Clan Donald project erroneously identified a group as Clan Colla (see Clan Donald 2004 press release). This was at a time when the Family Tree DNA database was much smaller and there was no test for marker 425. Clan Donald now identifies this group as the R1b-L21 Red-Black subgroup and refers to it as "a very common L21+ group in Scotland." It is generally known as the Scottish Cluster. See: Analysis of L21 and DF21 DNA. |
TimelineBelow is a timeline for Clan Colla DNA and ancient pedigrees. The timeline focuses on two the most well-known of our Colla subgroups: McDonald 1 and McMahon 1. For each we have a member who can trace his ancestry back to a Colla.
Origin of the Three CollasThere are several theories as to the origin of Carrell Colla Uais, Muredach Colla da Crioch, and Aedh Colla Menn. The first of these alternatives, that the Collas are cousins of Niall of the Nine Hostages, has been disproved by DNA but is included here anyway. See: History Lessons.
Cousins of Niall. In 1892, genealogist John O'Hart (1824-1902) published a two-volume book entitled Irish Pedigrees; or, the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation. Copies of these volumes at the University of Michigan were digitized by Google in June 2008: Volume I and Volume II. On page 575 of Volume II, O'Hart says the Three Collas invaded Ulster, conquered the country, and there formed for themselves and their posterity, the Kingdom of Orgiall (latinized Orgallia), sometimes called Oriel, and Uriel. The Three Collas were the sons of Eochaid Dublein, who was the younger son of Cairbre Lificar, the 117th King of Ireland. The older son, Fiacha Sraibtine, was the 120th King of Ireland. The Three Collas waged war against their uncle Fiacha Sraibhtine and slew him in the battle of Dubhcomar, AD 322. Colla Uais then ascended the throne as the 121st King of Ireland. In AD 326, he was deposed by Muredach Tirech, son of Fiacha Sraibtine. Muredach Tirech then banished to Scotland the Three Collas and their principal chiefs, to the number of three hundred; but through the influence of the King of Alba, and the mediation of the Druids, they were afterwards pardoned by the Irish King, who cordially invited them to return to Ireland, and received them into great favor. The Three Collas are a separate line from Niall of the Nine Hostages. Both are descended from Conn of the Hundred Battles and the Milesian Kings.
An Irish priest, Geoffrey Keating (1569-1644), had this to say in Book I, Section XLVII (pages 358 and 359) of The History of Ireland, published in 1629-31 and translated into English by David Comyn and Patrick S. Dinneen: It is at Cairbre Lithfeachair that the Oirghialla—that is, the family of the Collas—separate in their pedigree from the clanna Neill and the Connachtaigh. And Fiachaidh Sraibhthine son of Cairbre Lithfeachair was grandfather of Eochaidh Muighmheadhon son of Muireadhach Tireach, son of Fiachaidh Sraibhthine; and it is from this Muireadhach that the clanna Neill and the men of Connaught are descended. Eochaidh Doimhlean son of Cairbre Lithfeachair was brother to Fiachaidh Sraibhthine; and this Eochaidh had three sons, to wit, the three Collas, and from these are descended the Ui Mac Uais, the Ui Criomhthainn, and the Modhornaigh. The real names of the three Collas referred to were Cairioll, Muireadhach, and Aodh. In 1946, Thomas O'Rahilly took the position in his book Early Irish History and Mythology that the Three Collas did not exist. They were simply Eoghan, Conall, and Enda, the three sons of Niall of the Nine Hostages who conquered northwest Ireland. Trinity College Dublin discussed M222 DNA in an article in February 2006, saying: "Genealogical association together with the predominance and pattern of variation of the IMH strongly suggest a rise in frequency due to the strong social selection associated with the hegemony of the Ui Neill dynasty and their descendants. Figures such as Niall of the Nine Hostages reside at the cusp of mythology and history, but our results do seem to confirm the existence a single early-medieval progenitor to the most powerful and enduring Irish dynasty." M222 DNA is much different from Clan Colla DNA. See: History Lessons. Romanized Trinovantes. Donald Schlegel has proposed an alternate explanation of the origin of the Three Collas. He starts by saying that the Collas are perhaps the only instance in prehistoric or early historic Ireland of three brothers having each a personal name, a name in common, and an epithet. The implication is that such a naming convention must have been imported, and the obvious source is the Roman Empire. He suggests they were not descended from Irish Kings but instead were Romanized Britons, originating in the Celtic tribe named Trinovantes from nearby Colchester in southeastern England, where the Romans estabilshed their first colony. They received military training from the Romans and eventually went to Ireland as mercenaries in the service of the King of Ireland. Don presented this theory in the 1998 Clogher Record. It is one of the many articles he has had published in the Clogher Record, a local history journal published annually since 1953 by the Clogher Historical Society at St. Macartan's College in the townland of Mullaghmurphy on the outskirts of the town of Monaghan, County Monaghan.
See The Clogher Record, "The Origin of the Three Collas and the Fall of Emain," by Donald M. Schlegel, Volume XVI, No. 2, 1998, pp. 159-181. Also see The Clogher Record, "Reweaving the Tapestry of Ancient Ulster," by Donald M. Schlegel, Volume XVII, No. 3, 2002, pp. 689-749. The first part of this alternative explanation is consistent with DNA results. Descendants of the Three Collas have a unique DNA which is significantly different from the DNA of descendants of Niall of the Nine Hostages. So, it seems pretty clear that the Three Collas were not cousins of Muredach Tirech, 122nd King of Ireland and grandfather of Niall of the Nine Hostages. See Modal DNA of Clan Colla Versus Niall of the Nine Hostages. The second part of this alternative explanation has not been verified yet by DNA. We have not found a family that matches Clan Colla DNA and traces itself back to the area around Colchester. Nothing is known of the Trinovantes as a tribe with certainty after the rebellion of Boudicca about 60 A.D., so it is not possible to trace any family back to them using DNA analysis. There are, however, two families that match Clan Colla DNA and trace themselves back to towns that had Roman settlements in Wales near the border with England. These towns are near the Roman legionary fortresses of Caerleon and Chester, the two fortresses by which the Romans controlled Wales.
Tribal Drift. The archeological and geneology evidence indicates a westward and north westward movement of bronze-age Celts through Europe. Among these would be the L21+ line which started north of the Alps about 4,000 years ago. Judging by todays distributions of L21+, the heaviest concentrations are found in Ireland and the Celtic fringes of Britain. It is estimated they could have started to populate Ireland about 3,000 years ago. By the time the Romans came to Britain, these Celtic people would have subsumed earlier cultures and diverged from one another over the 30 or so generations. They probably developed into tribal groups as they did in Ireland which the Romans knew as the Trinovantes, Cornovii etc. Genetically, they would have similarities and differences as exhibited between Irish tribes. There arose in one such L21+ tribe, the relatively rare and stable null mutation at DYS 425, which our working hypothesis claims is the key identifier of Colla DNA. A trawl through the L21+ Project showed that only about 5% had this Colla DNA. The DNA evidence would appear to indicate that the ancestors of the Colla brothers were part of a gradual westward migration through Britain to Ireland in either pre-Roman or Roman times. The current study would position the null mutation as having occurred shortly before the Roman invasion of Britain. In addition to the above-mentioned Roderick and Calkins representatives of the Colla DNA in Wales there is an equally strong contingent of various family names in Scotland. This, in conjunction with the occurrence of the null mutation at the beginning of the first millennium, may suggest that the Colla tribe was well established and had branched in NW Britain before coming to Ireland. On the other hand, the Scottish families could descend from members of the family who migrated to western Scotland in the ninth century with the ancestors of the MacDonalds. It has been strongly suggested that the three Colla brothers arrived in Ireland about A.D. 300, allegedly as mercenaries to the High King. As such it has to be assumed they were trained soldiers of some sort and would have been accompanied by a band of warriors (otherwise they would never have established themselves in a hostile environment). A further assumption might be that the band of warriors was composed of a mixture of their 425 null-bearing kinsmen, kinsmen without the null, and co-opted non-kinsmen. Whatever the starting ratios were and how these fluctuated over time, we know that among todays descendants, only about 25-30% have the 425 null. It is not possible to track back from today's ratios to establish the starting ones as too many survival factors would have been involved1. If as alluded to in this study, there was an additional earlier 425 null mutation, their descendants formed a much lower proportion of the Colla population. In addition, during the course of their warlike activities they would have enslaved/subsumed their defeated enemies who could have been part of an earlier indigenous population thus accounting for the few from haplogroups E & I with a Colla name. Following their successful campaigns in Ulster, the Colla tribe would have continued to diverge both genetically (markers other than 425) and geographically but those with the null would continue to retain it. At a much later date (c. A.D. 950), surnames were gradually adopted by the various Colla branches and depending on where they were living and to which Colla chieftan they owed fielty, they would have claimed that name irrespective of their DNA. Thus, those living in different parts of Oriel became Carrolls, McKennas, McMahons, McGuires, etc. It is difficult to understand how these tribal branches (now clans) had more or less similar proportions of null to non-null. |
Ireland was one of the first European countries to adopt hereditary surnames. At the end of his chapter on the Middle Ages in his 1969 book The Fermanagh Story, Rev. Peadar Livingstone (1932-1987) says on pages 23 and 24 that "Irish people in this era seem to have been obsessed with names. Long pedigrees are drawn up, giving the origins of most common families. As might be expected, most of the Fermanagh families trace themselves back to an Oriel origin. This, for the most part, is genuine enough. However, since an Oriel line ruled the country, it must have been popular to have Oriel origins. Some of the earlier Leinster Fir Manach must have been tempted to invent an Oriel connection where it did not exist." With that caveat in mind, we will take a look at the surnames of Clan Colla. See also Multiple-Sept Surnames. John O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees. "From the Three Collas descended many noble families in Ulster, Connaught, Meath, and Scotland, The families descended from them were known as the Clan Colla." This is the way John O'Hart introduces the pedigrees of Three Collas in his book, Irish Pedigrees; or, the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation, published in 1892 (fifth edition), Volumes I and II. Google Books has made the 1892 edition available online: O'Hart provides two lists of surnames of Colla descendants: Below is a consolidation of the two lists, in alphabetic order without regard to O' and Mac, with links to other pages in the book.
The list of Colla desendants is not meant to be exhaustive. Some Colla surnames are not on O'Hart's two lists, but are referred to as Colla descendants elsewhere in his book. Page numbers are in parentheses. The general surname indexes for the 1892 edition are: The University of Pittsburgh Library System has made the 1892 edition available online as a PDF file or Ebook: Library Ireland has made a transcript of Volume I available online. Other on-line sources on Irish surnames are:
Surnames from Hy-Maine have been removed from O'Hart's list of Colla surnames because DNA has shown them to have a different DNA. Hy Maine has the FGC6545 SNP. See Hy Maine Modal.
Several Colla names not listed by O'Hart have been accepted on the authority of Peadar Livingstone or Edward MacLysaght:
John O'Hart (1824-1902) said he himself was a descendant of the Three Collas. He is generation No. 125 on page 679. As indicated in his footnote on page 678, one of John's relatives was John Hart (1713-1779) who signed the Declaration of Independence for New Jersey on July 4, 1776. There are several Harts who have Clan Colla DNA: kit Nos. 48620, 166797, and 182999. At least one of these Harts, 166797, goes back to James Hart, born in 1835 in County Cavan, Ireland. However, there are several Harts who claim descendance from Hart the Signer who do not have Colla DNA: kit Nos. 48743, 173068, and 196006. At least one of these Harts goes back to Joseph Hart, born in 1688 in Newtown, New York. Information on John Hart the Signer can be found at: Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, by members Grace Keiper Staller and Thornton C. Lockwood; Independence Hall Association, by Thomas E. Kindig; Glen Valis, a descendant of John Hart. Annals of the Four Masters. The Annals of the Four Masters were composed from 1632 to 1636 in the Franciscan Monastery of Donegal chiefly by Michael O'Clery (1580-1643). In 1845, Irish historiographer Owen Connellan translated the book from Irish to English. In May 2007, Google digitized a copy of the translation from the Library at Oxford University: Annals of the Four Masters. A long footnote that starts on page 2 describes the ancient kingdom of Oriel and includes the descendants of the Three Collas. "The posterity of the three Collas, called clan Colla, founded many powerful clans and noble families in Ulster and other parts of Ireland.
Don Schlegel's Colla Family Trees. Jim McMahon's Web site, Clan McMahon of the Kingdom of Oriel, has several family trees for the Three Collas. The family trees were created by Donald M. Schlegel.
Maguires. The Maguires of County Fermanagh, descendants of Colla da Crioch, spawned many other Colla surnames in the period 1250 to 1350 AD.
RootsWeb. Another excellent source for information on the Three Collas is the RootsWeb article on the Kingdom of Airghialla by Dennis Walsh. |
Clan Colla SaintsIn his Irish Pedigrees; or, the Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation, published in 1892 (fifth edition), Volume II, page 581, John O'Hart says The Four Masters record 39 saints as descended from the Three Collas: 19 from Colla-da-Chrioch, 16 from Colla Uais, and 4 from Colla Meann. The following were the 19 saints descended from Colla-da-Chrioch.
Saint Berchan. Saint Berchan lived in the 5th century and is listed on page 17 of the The Martyrology of Donegal: A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland, translated by John O'Donovan in 1864. He lived on Inish-Rochla, an island in Lough Erne near Enniskillen in County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was five generatiions down from Colla da Crioch, one of the Three Collas. His feast day is November 24. Saint Cinnia. Saint Cinnia lived in the 5th century. She was a princess of Ulster, Ireland. Saint Cinnia was converted to Christianity by Saint Patrick. When she entered a convent, Saint Patrick gave her the veil. She was descended from Colla da Crioch, one of the Three Collas. Her feast day is February 1. Saint Tigernach. Saint Tigernach was said to have been the godchild of Saint Brigid, and educated in Scotland. He may have been a monk at Clones as well as a bishop of Clogher in County Monaghan, but accounts are not too clear. He also is called Tierney and Tierry. Saint Tigernach died in 549. He was descended from Colla da Crioch, one of the Three Collas. His feast day is April 4. Saint Cairnech. Saint Cairnech was born after the middle of the 5th century. His brothers were St. Berchan and St. Ronan. His monastery was probably at Cruachan Ligean on Loughh Foyle, near Lifford. He died about 530. He was descended from Colla da Crioch, one of the Three Collas. His feast day is March 28. |
Four Colla DescendantsThis study of the Y-chromosome DNA of the Three Collas is the product of four Clan Colla descendants.
Thomas Roderick, 1930-2013. Thomas Roderick, one of the original producers of this webpage, died September 4, 2013. His obituary appeared in the Bangor Daily News. The following message was sent to participants in the Clan Colla DNA project at Family Tree DNA. Tom Roderick, a fellow Colla descendant and one of our four Clan Colla project administrators, died September 4 at his home in Bar Harbor, Maine. Tom had his DNA tested at FTDNA in 2003. He was administrator of the Roderick-Rhydderch Family Project at FTDNA in addition to the Clan Colla Null 425 Project. Tom was a research geneticist and one of the original members of the international Human Genome Organization in 1988. He was on the Emeritus Staff at The Jackson Laboratory. He had a PhD in genetics from the University of California, Berkeley. Tom was a member of the National Genealogical Society and had traced his Colla family back to Rhydderch Evan who was born circa 1700 in Llantrisant, Glamorgan, Wales. Two years ago, Tom summarized his views on our project:"The Clan Colla Null 425 Project stems from the discovery that in haplogroup R1b1a2a1a1b4 there is a single subset carrying a null at DYS 425 and probably unique or nearly unique values at 2 or 3 other loci. What is important is that this haplotype clearly is associated with only one grouping of Irish clans and surnames, each of which by historical records emanates from The Three Collas, a successful aggressive clan flourishing 300-400 AD. We are looking for evidence that this null is associated with other families with different ancestry and as yet have not definitively found it. This gives us an estimate of the time of the mutation to the null a little before 300 AD."From the other markers, we find (using 67 Y markers) the genetic distances among the Colla Group and Colla Modal DNA range between 1 and 11, and have an average of 6. Of the 232 people, 218 or 94% of the group have a genetic distance of 3 to 9."These data are consistent with our estimate of the timing of the null mutation."One great advantage of this grouping is that it is well defined molecularly, therefore confined, small enough and yet old enough to make genealogical sense coordinating molecular and historical evidence. By more detailed analysis we can get better understanding of specific genealogical relationships among clusters of the several clans and many surnames." Tom is in our prayers and our hearts go out to his wife Hilda and their family. He will be sorely missed by his fellow administrators. - Peter Biggins, Josiah McGuire, Patrick McMahon Some responses from project members:
Tom's DNA is still in our project. His kit is #8551. His genetic distance from the 67-marker Colla Modal DNA is 8. His SNPs can be seen on our BIG Y Tree. |
FTDNA Clan Colla DNA Project
The Clan Colla 425 null project at Family Tree DNA is for men who have tested their Y-DNA at FTDNA and have, or are predicted to have, a particular kind of DNA called Z3000. Many men with this type of DNA have surnames associated with descendants of three Colla brothers who lived in fourth century Ireland. Family Tree DNA has the largest DNA database in the field. For a look inside the FTDNA lab, see "A Visit to Family Tree DNA's State-of-the-Art Lab," written by Cece Moore in February 2013 based on a tour in November 2012. Josiah McGuire started the Clan Colla 425 Null Project in June 2009 and serves as administrator of the project along with Patrick McMahon and Peter Biggins. The project is designed to attract Clan Colla descendants, encourage Y-chromosome DNA testing, and promote Clan Colla research. Two DNA tests are especially encouraged: the 67-marker STR test and the BIG Y SNP test. The Clan Colla project is a haplogroup project. The haplogroup is named R-Z3000, which is a SNP common to those who have Clan Colla DNA. You can participate in multiple projects at FTDNA. You are encouraged to participate in your surname project and projects for haplogroups upstream of Z3000: R-L21 and R-DF21. There is no cost for being part of projects. By testing the Y-chromosome DNA, males can determine the origin of their paternal line. Y-DNA goes back male to male to male, like surnames. If you are a female and would like to know about your paternal line, you would have to find a male relative from that line willing to be tested, such as your father, a brother, or a cousin.
The Testing Process. Here are the steps in the testing process:
Requirements for Clan Colla DNA. You are considered to have Clan Colla DNA if you have the Z3000 SNP. You are predicted to have Clan Colla DNA if you have a genetic distance of 11 or less from our 67-marker Clan Colla modal DNA and you have key markers 511=9 and 425=0. You can join the Colla project without this evidence. We will review your DNA testing. You will be told whether you have a chance of having Clan Colla DNA. If you have no chance, you will be removed from the project. If you meet our requirements, you will be placed in a subgroup. If you have less than 67 markers but have a chance of meeting our requirements with further testing, you will be placed in a special category for people with less than 67 markers. Clan Colla Testing Alternatives. There are several alternative approaches to testing for Clan Colla DNA. We encourage you to contact a Clan Colla project administrator before deciding on a testing strategy. Having a Clan Colla surname is a weak indicator. Most Colla names have alternate origins. For example, there are Monaghan McMahons (Colla descendants) and Clare McMahons (not Colla descendants). And many Colla names were probably never recorded in histories.
If you have done the 12-marker test, you have a better chance of matching Clan Colla if you have a value of 15 or more for Marker 385b and 13 or more for 439. If you have neither marker, you stand practically no chance of being a Clan Coll descendant. If you have both, you have a better chance of being descended from the Three Collas than if you have only one. If you have done the 25-marker test, you have a better chance of matching Clan Colla if you have a value of 15 or more for Marker 385b, 13 or more for 439, and 28 or less for 449. If you have none of the three markers, you stand practically no chance of being a Clan Coll descendant. If you have two or three, you have a better chance of being descended from the Three Collas than if you have only one. If you have done the 37-marker test, you have a better chance of matching Clan Colla if you have a value of 15 or more for Marker 385b, 13 or more for 439, 28 or less for 449, and 18 or more for 570. If you have none of the four markers, you stand practically no chance of being a Clan Coll descendant. If you have three or four, you have a better chance of being descended from the Three Collas than if you have only one or two. FTDNA Project STR Results. Following is the public results table from the Clan Colla project at FTDNA. It shows the haplogroup and STR (short tandem repeat) marker values for current participants. FTDNA Project SNPs. Following is the public SNP table from the Clan Colla project at FTDNA. It shows the positive and negative Y-DNA SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) test results for current participants. |
Clan Colla DNA STRsThere are two kinds of markers for Y-chromosome DNA: STRs and SNPs.
In March 2009, Josiah McGuire sent me an email saying our STR DNA matched up pretty closely, and he saw on my Biggins/Beggan Irish Roots Web page that Peadar Livinstone told Gerard Beggan that Beggan was descended from McGuire. Josiah had read that McGuires and other surnames are descended from Clan Colla. He also noticed that we had an unusual null value for marker 425. This was exciting news. In May 2009, I started this Web page. And I started building a database of people with Clan Colla surnames who had a null value for marker 425. By June 2009, we had a Clan Colla database 61 people gleaned from various projects at Family Tree DNA that included Colla surnames. It was fairly easy to construct this database. We had the names from Irish histories. We went to FTDNA surname projects for those surnames and pulled off the data for people who had tested 67 markers and had the null value for marker 425. In late June 2009, Josiah started the Clan Colla project at Family Tree DNA, and we went about recruiting members. The database helped us find people to recruit to the Clan Colla project. The matches of the people in the Clan Colla project helped us to expand the database. By June 2011, the database had 200 people, and the FTDNA project had almost 150. By December 2012, the database had over 300 people, and the FTDNA project had over 200. By January 2015, the database had over 400 people, and the FTDNA project had over 300. Not all of the people with Colla surnames had the null value for marker 425, but the ones that did all seemed to match up fairly closely to our modal DNA. The ones that did not have the null value did not match up closely. Our database with its established modal allowed us to include the people, regardless of surname. This has resulted in a list of people with Colla DNA--some with Colla surnames and some without. There were plausible reasons for the existence of this latter group: adoption, name change, genealogical omissions, and distant cousins. A reference group was put together of people who do not have the Colla DNA. This group helps to understand how close the people are who have the Colla DNA. It also helps make predictions about closeness to Colla DNA based on markers other than the null 425. The ancient genealogies and DNA test results seem to be confirming each other. A pattern or "signature" DNA has emerged for Colla descendants identified long ago by John O'Hart and his predecessors. And the ancient genealogies have given us a clue as to which people have Colla DNA. DNA Testing. By testing the Y-chromosome DNA, males can determine the origin of their paternal line. Note that the Y DNA strictly checks the paternal line, with no influence of any females along that line. Females do not receive the Y-chromosome, and therefore females cannot be tested for the paternal line. If you are a female and would like to know about your paternal line, you would need to have a male relative from that line to be tested. The test results evaluated here all came from Family Tree DNA. Only 67 or 111 STR markers tested are included here because those tests include the 48th marker, 425, which is crucial to the analysis. The cost of this test varies from time to time, but the average is approximately $250. More advanced "deep-clade testing" provides more specific information about origin but is not essential to this study. Colla Modal DNA and Key STR Markers. The study of Clan Colla DNA began with a preliminary modal DNA for relatively small number of people who had Colla names and the null value for marker 425. This modal DNA evolved into a modal DNA that was essentially the same as one established by Josiah McGuire in June 2009, based on data from the Colla DNA Project, under the user ID of DURRQ at Ysearch. This DURRQ Colla Modal DNA is now the one used in this study. Since June 2009 the database of people with Colla DNA has expanded and the modal has been recomputed. Each time, the modal has remained the same. There are several over-represented families included in the database now. To assure that these were not skewing the data, the five largest surname groups were removed, and the modal was recomputed without them. The resulting modal, however, remained the same. In June 2013, the modal was computed for STR markers 68 to 111 based on the FTDNA project members who had tested 111 markers. These values do not appear in DURRQ because Ysearch only accommodates 67 markers. The number who had tested 111 markers was, coincidentally, 111 people. The total number in the project, including those who had tested only 67 markers, was 241. Among the 111 who hade tested 111 markers, The modal values for markers 1 to 67 were the same as DURRQ. The key markers expanded from 425=0 to 511=9 among the first 67 markers. The expansion to 111 markers brought two more key markers: 505=9 and 441=12. According to geneticist Patrick McMahon, "the probability of getting this combination of four markers by chance, rather than by inheritance, is as near to zero as makes no difference. The few exceptions can be easily accommodated and will probably still have three out of the four keys and similar very low probability of having arisen by chance."
Genetic Distance. The next step was to compute the genetic distance from Colla Modal DNA for each person in the study. Genetic distance occurs because of mutations from one generation to another. If two people are identical in all markers except they are off in one marker by 1 point, the genetic distance would be 1. If they were off at 2 different markers by 1 point in each marker, then the genetic distance of those two samples would be 2. If they are off by 2 points at one marker and 1 point in a second marker, then the genetic distance would be 3. Genetic distance for certain markers or marker groups is limited to 1. This method of computing genetic distance is called the hybrid mutation model. If a marker has a null value for one person and a positive value for another, the marker is ignored. Actual calculations were made using the FTDNA 111 Mode BETA version of the McGee Utility. As of June 2011, there were 232 people included in the Colla Group. They have been included because their DNA has been found to match fairly closely with Colla Modal DNA. Of these 232, 148 were included in the Clan Colla 425 null project at Family Tree DNA. The rest have been by searching surname studies at FTDNA and through the use of Ysearch. The genetic distance between the Colla Group and the 67-marker Colla Modal DNA ranges between 1 and 11, and averages 6. Of the 232 people, 219 or 94% of the group have a genetic distance of 3 to 9.
There are 26,796 possible comparisons among the 232 people: n*(n-1)/2, where n is the number of people. The genetic distances for these pairs range between 0 and 21. The average is 9.9. The total of such genetic distances up to 7 is 4,937, or 18% of the total possible matches. So, the matches that Colla people see are probably all fellow Collas, but only 18% of the total. If FTDNA were to raise the limit to 10, people would see 57% of the total possible matches, but they might also see some non-Colla matches.
FTDNA shows each participant his 67-marker matches up to a genetic distance of 7 on his homepage. And it allows participants to restrict the showing of their matches to the people in their surname project. The theoretical 67-marker match experience (within a genetic distance of 7) varies considerably by individual, from 1 to 145. The average is 43. The person with 145 theoretical matches has only 94 showing on his homepage at FTDNA because some participants restrict display of their matches to the people in their surname project. Another person has a theoretical 33 but actually sees only 25 because of the restrictors. Yet another person has a theoretical 55 but actually sees only 45 because of the restrictors.
As indicated above, the genetic distance between the Colla Group and the 67-marker Colla Modal DNA ranges between 1 and 11. The table below shows the percentage ditribution of genetic distances at 67 markers and for lesser markers.
To better understand the DNA data that has been accumulated, the Colla group has been broken down into surname subgroups and one Diverse subgroup made up of singletons. The surname subgroups are based on:
The database as of August 2016 is included in Source Data. The Diverse subgroup consist of singletons that do not match a surname subgroup. The index to the right shows what surnames have been assigned to what subgroup as of August 2016. A matrix of 67-marker genetic distances among the members is shown in the table below for each subgroup. Genetic distance occurs because of mutations from one generation to another. If two people are identical in all markers except they are off in one marker by 1 point, the genetic distance would be 1. If they were off at 2 different markers by 1 point in each marker, then the genetic distance of those two samples would be 2. If they are off by 2 points at one marker and 1 point in a second marker, then the genetic distance would be 3. Genetic distance for certain markers or marker groups is limited to 1. This method of computing genetic distance is called the hybrid mutation model. If a marker has a null value for one person and a positive value for another, the marker is ignored. Actual calculations were made using the FTDNA 111 Mode BETA version of the McGee Utility. The Colla subgroup table below shows the surname subgroups in alphabetic order followe by the Diverse subgroup. It shows:
Historical Surnames. Most of the participants, 80%, have surnames that the ancient genealogies say are descended from the Three Collas. The surnames are related to both Colla Uais and Colla da Crioch. There are none related to Colla Menn, but relatively few surnames are attributed to him. Many people do not know where their patronymic ancestor came from, which is not uncommon. Only a small number of those tested live in Ireland or Scotland. Most live in America. Many of those have resorted to DNA testing for the very reason that they do not know where there ancestors came from when the emigrated to America. The Colla Group includes some people with non-Irish sounding names. It includes some people who are related to each other. It includes surnames where there is only one representative. As of December 2013, there were 341 people included in the Colla database. They have been included because their DNA has been found to match fairly closely with Colla Modal DNA. Within the Colla group, 208 have been assigned to Muredach Colla da Crioch and 82 have been assigned to Carrell Colla Uais, and 1 has been assigned to Aedh Colla Menn. Assignment to a brother is based on the tester's surname appearing in O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees. O'Hart indicates which brother the ancient histories say the name is descended from. In the case of McDonald, however, the name is descended from both Crioch and Uais. Those assigned to a brother have 35 different Colla surnames. Only 30 percent of O'Hart's list of Colla Surnames are included in the study. There are a number of good reasons.
Null Value for Marker 425. All Colla participants by study design have taken the 67-marker test conducted by FTDNA. The 48th marker in the 67-marker test is marker 425. A null value for marker 425 separates the Colla Group from most others in the DF21 reference group. (The 47th, 76th, and 91st markers also separate Clan Colla: 511=9, 505=9, 441=12.) A special test, called the DYF371X test, is offered for those who have the null value for marker 425, and a Null 425 DNA project was set up in 2008. As of January 1, 2014, the DYF371X test had been done for 51 members of the Clan Colla project: 49 have subvalues of 10c-12c-13c-14c and two (closely related) have a variant of 10c-12c-14c-14c. Of the 51, 31 had joined the Null 425 project. As indicated by the Null 425 DNA project and the DF21 project, there are several people with DF21 DNA who have the null 425 but are not Clan Colla. They are missing the other three key markers: 511=9, 505=9, and 441=12. They have 67-marker genetic distances of 19-20 from the Clan Colla modal instead of 1 to 11, the range for Colla members. They do not have Colla names: Denman, Furgeson, McCloud. Like Clan Colla, they have DYF371X subvalues of 10c-12c-13c-14c. One, McCloud, has tested for Z3000 and is negative. There have been people who match the Colla Group but do not have a null value for marker 425. According to FTDNA, the null 425 can be very difficult to identify. When one of these cases arises, FTDNA has retested, and the null value is finally identified. The event which causes the null 425 result is a Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity (recLOH). This type of mutation is more frequent than a SNP mutation, but less frequent than a STR mutation. It is very unlikely that a null value would ever be reversed. Although the null 425 is fairly rare, there are groups other than Clan Colla that have the null 425. As of January 2014, there were 29 of these groups identified in the Null 425 DNA project. The major ones are shown in the table below.
BIG YClan Colla BIG Y SNP Tree. BIG Y is a Y-chromosome testing program offered by Family Tree DNA. It identifies a man's SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and compares those SNPs with other men it has tested. The Clan Colla BIG Y SNP Tree includes the SNPs of all Clan Colla members who have been tested under the Family Tree DNA BIG Y program, which tests a large part of the Y-chromosome. The tree is based on Alex Williamson's Big Tree. Clan Colla can be found on his DF21 Big Tree. Testers have downloaded their raw results from their FTDNA homepage. The raw results are then uploaded to the Big Y file in the L21 Yahoo Group. Testers agree to making their results public on the Big Tree. Alex puts raw results on a spreadsheet, matches them up with other testers, and puts them on his Big Tree. We owe Alex Williamson a debt of gratitude for producing his Big Tree and including us in it. Alex has the DNA of a group called the Little Scottish Cluster. A good summary of BIG Y can be found in Dennis Wright's Big-Y Primer. See also FTDNA Q&A. Clan Colla BIG Y SNP TreeClick here to open in a new window
About the Tree. The tree shows Y-chromosome SNPs of Clan Colla BIG Y testers. SNPs are single nucleotide polymorphisms, also called mutations, or variants. These SNPs occurred in the portion of the Y chromosome tested by BIG Y. BIG Y tests a large portion of the Y chromosome but not all of it. About SNPs. SNPs occur randomly. The number can vary a lot by tester. On average over a large population for a long time period, they probably occur every 100 or 150 years. The SNPs shown in the tree go back to about 1000 BC. SNPs that occurred before that are excluded. The SNPs that occurred after the 20 SNPs shown at the top of the tree occurred from around 500 AD to the present. SNPs unique to a tester are shown under the tester's ancestral name and FTDNA kit number. SNPs common to two or more testers are shown above those testers. At the top are 20 SNPs common to all Clan Colla testers. For example, the five items listed under McCaffrey 319977 on the BIG Y tree are the names of SNPs that are unique to him. The five SNPs above him are shared with McQuillan 82960. The two above that are shared with a larger group of testers. And so on. SNPs are either named or unnamed.
Tree Number. The tree number at the top of the tree is for ease in locating a tester once you have found him. The number will change when testers are added to the left of a tester. The order of testers from left to right is based on when results became available and whether testers share SNPs. Carroll N41845 has tree No. 1 because he was the first to receive BIG Y results. Carroll 30398 results came much later, but he has tree No. 2 because he shares SNPs with No. 1. Not all Clan Colla subgroups are represented on the Big Y tree. Hopefully, members of those subgroups will step forward and do Big y in the future. For a co,plete list of subgroups, see Colla Subgroup. Unique STR. Some SNP subgroups have a unique STR. Unique STRs are inserted on the tree in parentheses. For example, the Carroll 1 subgroup has a unique STR 445=11. Advantages of the Tree. There are several major advantages of BIG Y for Clan Colla.
Before BIG Y, we identified Clan Colla DNA with four key STR marker values: 511=9, 425=0, 505=9, 441=12. The first two became known in 2006, when 67 STR markers became available. The second two became known in 2011 when 111 markers became available. We also have Clan Colla modal DNA, which Josiah McGuire started in 2007. And, since 2012, we know that all Collas have the DF21 SNP. We are thankful for all that. But we knew it would be better if we had a SNP downstream of DF21 that specifically identified Clan Colla DNA. Past efforts to find a Clan Colla SNP had failed. Bart O'Toole (N57121) participated in Walk Through the Y (WTY) at FTDNA in 2009. Bart, as well as Carroll (N71810), Conly (263699), Henretty (285468), McGuire (319027), McMahon (N83765), and Smith (83132) participated in Geno 2.0 at National Geographic (tested by FTDNA) in 2012-13. But no SNPs were found downstream of DF21. Major Clan Colla SNPs. Following is a summary of the major Clan Colla SNPs discovered through BIG Y since 2014. SNPs in bold are available for testing individually at FTDNA.
Ordering BIG Y. On your FTDNA personal page, if you have not ordered BIG Y, you should see BIG Y on the left side under the list of your projects. Click on "Learn More" to read more about BIG Y or order it. The current price is $575. The Clan Colla project has a General Fund that contains money available to those who need it for BIG Y testing. The money was contributed by a project member. FTDNA has reduced the price of BIG Y and has had several sales.
Clan Colla General Fund. One of our members has started the Clan Colla General Fund, which is being used to defray the cost of BIG Y. If you need additional incentive beyond those provided by FTDNA sales and coupons, Clan Colla project administrators can provide an additonal $100 from the General Fund. You contribute the cost of Big Y, less $100, to the General Fund. Then, the project administrator buys Big Y for you using the extra $100 from the General Fund. Any contributions to the fund to help other members are most welcome. BIG Y Participants. BIG Y has been ordered by 117 Collas as of January 7, 2017. The first order was in November 2013.
The table below lists the Clan Colla BIG Y testers. It shows:
Z3000 SNP Pack. In October 2015, FTDNA introduced a Z3000 SNP pack based on Clan Colla Big Y testing results. The SNP pack is for who have not done Big Y and have no intention of doing so. The cost is $119 for 123 SNPs.
Ordering Single SNPs. Individual SNP tests for a number of Clan Colla SNPs are offered by FTDNA for $39 per SNP. These SNPs were discovered through BIG Y are in bold on the BIG Y tree above. These SNPs confirm that one has Clan Colla DNA, but they do not tell you where you fall downstream of those SNPs on the BIG Y tree. The cost of one SNP is much less than BIG Y, but it may or may not be more economical.
Chromo2. The first Colla to receive his BIG Y results was Carroll N41845. Results were posted on February 27. In March 2014, Alex Williamson analyzed these results and found that 8 new SNPs were the same as new SNPs published by BritainsDNA in February 2014 for 7 anonymous people. BritainsDNA did not realize, however, as Alex did, that people with these SNPs are descended from Clan Colla. The 8 SNPs found in common for Carroll N41845 and the 7 Chromo2 testers are: S951, S954, S957, S964, S966, S96,7 S968, S3862. A Colla Chromo2 SNP tree was put together based on the work of Bruce Noe and Alex Williamson on their DF21 Chromo2 SNP tree. |
L21 and DF21 SNPsAll Clan Colla participants who have tested for the L21 SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) have tested positive. L21 was discovered in October 2008. People with the L21 SNP are said to be members of the R-L21 haplogroup. As groups of scientists discover SNPs, they are named for the research lab and the order in which they are found. The L in L21 indicates that it was found at the Family Tree DNA Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The L stands for Leo Little who did much pioneering work in genetic genealogy and who died in 2008. (L21 is known as S145 in some testing organizations.) The L21 SNP is estimated to be around 5,800 years old (assuming 4700 years for DF21, 9 SNPs earlier than DF21, and 120 years per SNP). It is sometimes referred to as a "Atlantic Celtic" SNP. In their 2011 book The Scots, A Genetic Journey, Alistair Moffat and James F. Wilson say L21 "could be said to be the most emphatic signal of the Celtic language speakers of the British Isles. It is found in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland and it is almost certainly characteristic of those farming communities who may have spoken early forms of Celtic languages in the centuries around 2,000 BC." L21 SNP Tree, Including DF21
Clan Colla participants also have tested positive for the DF21 SNP, which is downstream of L21. The first Clan Colla member tested positive for DF21 in August 2011. All Clan Colla descendants are expected to have the DF21 SNP. Other groups also have the DF21 SNP--perhaps 10 percent of all those with the L21 SNP. The DF21 SNP is estimated to be 4700 years old (see Rathlin Man 1). It was discovered by an anonymous researcher using publicly available full-genome-sequence data, including the 1000 Genomes Project data. The DF in DF21 is taken from DNA-Forums.org, a now-defunct genetic genealogy community. (DF21 is known as S192 in some testing organizations.) DF21 SNP Tree, Including Z3000 Clan Colla
Join Projects. Clan Colla participants are urged to join the L21 project and the DF21 project at FTDNA, as well as their surname project. Haplotree on your FTDNA Homepage. In 2014 the Y-DNA haplotree on your FTDNA homepage was updated. The updated tree, however, does not reflect the results of BIG Y testing. The SNPs downstream of DF21 are not found in Clan Colla DNA. L21 Yahoo Group. The L21 Yahoo Group has been set up to serve as a forum for those interested in DF21 and other SNPs downstream of L21. L21 SNP Tree. Mike Walsh has constructed an L21 SNP Tree. DF21 is in the upper left corner of the chart. Clan Colla is on the far right of the DF21 portion of the tree, starting with Z3000 and the major ones downstream of it. These SNPs were identified by Alex Williamson in his analysis of BIG Y testing results. Alex Williamson's analysis of L21 BIG Y testing results can be found on his DF21 Big Tree. DF21 SNP Tree. Alex Williamson's analysis of DF21 BIG Y testing results can be found on his DF21 Big Tree. DF21 Web Site. Charles Fueston, coordinator of the DF21 project at FTDNA, provides information about DF21 SNPs and resources on his DF21 Web Site. |
Analysis of L21 and DF21 DNAThe following table compares various groups with DF21 DNA along with other groups with L21 DNA. Based on very rough estimates, these groups constitute 50% of L21.
The 67-marker modal DNAs of the subgroups listed above are shown in the following table. The genetic distances among the 67-marker modal DNAs of the subgroups listed above range between 11 and 20 as shown in the following table. Calculations were made using the FTDNA 111 Mode BETA version of the McGee Utility. The method of computing genetic distance is the hybrid mutation model. If a marker has a null value for one person and a positive value for another, the marker is ignored. So, the genetic distances between the Clan Colla modal and other modals ignore marker 425 and are a little low. As an example, see Colla Versus Niall DNA. Using data prepared by Alex Williamson based on data from Michael Walsh in August 2012, Patrick McMahon has added data on Clan Colla and created the following graph showing the descendancy of many of the SNPs outlined in the table above. It shows, for example, that Clan Colla first appeared about 2000 years ago and DF21 first appeared about 3000 years ago. The arrows indicate measures of uncertainty. The numbers under the SNP are sample sizes and the labels indicate associated haplogroups (where known). The horizontal space is for separation of lines and labels. |
History LessonsVerification of Ancient Irish HistoryDNA testing has verified some ancient Irish genealogies.
Correction of Ancient Irish HistoryDNA testing has also corrected some ancient genealogical connections that had historically been thought to exist.
Deep AncestryPatrick McMahon analyzed the geographic distribution of the members of the L21 project at FTDNA in January 2011 and made the following observation. Assuming today's testers are a random sample, these results support the views put forward by many that the L21 SNP occurred somewhere north of the Alps (about 4,000 years ago) and the L21 population drifted Northwest over time concentrating in the western fringes of the British Isles mainly in Ireland. North of the Alps would most likely be Germany or France where the original (presumed) high numbers would over time be replaced by further waves of migrants or simply driven North by more advanced civilisations. How they made their way to Ireland is open to conjecture. The shortest sea journey then (3,000 to 4,000 years ago) as now would be from France to Southern England. However, they could have made their way directly to Ireland from Brittany (or via Cornwall or Wales). The figures support the view that there was no significant migration towards the Eastern parts of Europe and only minor ones to Scandinavia and Spain with the main thrust through Northern France to Britain and Ireland. Archaeologists have termed these peoples (and the proto-Collas are part of this population) as 'Bronze-age' Britons. For a good presentation of the origins, age, spread, and ethnic association of Europeans see The Peopling of Europe and Eupedia. Following is a haplogroup timeline taken from Eupedia. "ybp" is years before the present. |
Two Sets of 33 NamesThe identification of Clan Colla DNA rests upon the similarity between two sets of 33 names.
Multiple-Sept SurnamesThe descendants of the Three Collas share a common pattern of Y-chromosome DNA markers, and many have surnames mentioned in ancient genealogies as descending from the Three Collas. Not all people with Clan Colla surnames, however, have Clan Colla DNA. In the early days of Y-DNA testing, there was a tendency for people with Colla names to think that they were descended from Clan Colla just because they had a Colla name. For example, in 2004, a Clan Donald press release said that they believed a group of McDonalds (now called the Scottish Cluster) was Clan Colla. This turned out to be wrong. As more people with other Colla names tested their DNA, it became apparent that another somewhat smaller group of McDonalds was Clan Colla because their DNA matched up with people with other Colla surnames, such as, McMahon, McGuire, Carroll, etc. Of the 234 Collas in the Clan Colla project today, only 12, including one McDonald and two McMahon, had been tested at the time of the Clan Donald press release in 2004. To verify that we have the right Clan Colla group, we have examined the variety of septs that exist within the surname projects that include the major Clan Colla surnames. On April 19, 2013, data was drawn from surname projects at Family Tree DNA that descendants of the Three Collas participate in. The people in those surname projects were categorized according to haplogroup based on their actual or projected haplotype. These categories indicate the variety of septs with the same or similar surname. The following table shows the distribution among various R haplogroup septs of people with the more common Colla surnames. The first four surnames are the most well-known Colla surnames: McDonald, McMahon, McGuire, and Carroll. Only four of the surnames have a majority in Clan Colla: McKenna, Calkins, Roderick, and Biggins. There are 158 Collas in the table, about half of the total Colla database of 319 as of April 19, 2013.
Most people with Colla DNA are not the majority of those with their surname. In fact, the majority of people with Colla DNA are a minority of those with their surname. And, therefore, most people with Colla surnames do not have Colla DNA. The reason is that most Irish surnames appear in mutiple septs. For example, as shown above, there are McDonalds descended from Clan Colla, but there are also McDonalds descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages (Northwest Irish) and the Scottish cluster. There are many McDonalds in the R1b haplogroup for whom a sept has not been identified. There are 84 McDonalds in the R1a-L176 haplogroup descended from the Lord of the Isles. There are McGuires descended from Clan Colla, but there are also many Maguires descended from another unrelated sept in the Fermanagh area, called Airghialla 2. There are several explanations for this phenomenon of multiple-sept surnames.
Two McGuire SeptsDonohue Study. In August 2009, Joseph A. Donohoe V (1941-2011) reported on the DNA of descendants of the Three Collas in his Breifne Clans DNA Report 5, Subgroup O1, posted at Results of Projects of the O'Donoghue Society. He independently identified the Clan Colla group that was identified by the Clan Colla project started by Josiah McGuire in June 2009. He called it Airghialla 1 because he was not sure it was Clan Colla. He said he was "not fully persuaded yet of the validity or applicability of the Colla tradition, particularly in view of the great number of traditionally Colla surnames not represented here." As part of his study, Joseph established a modal DNA for Airghialla 1 at Ysearch under the user ID of WHYAA. It is the same as the DURRQ modal used here. To test the validity of Airghialla 1, Joseph came up with a second group called Airghialla 2. As part of his study, Joseph established a modal DNA for Airghialla 2 at Ysearch under the user ID of 9U5BW. In comparing Airghialla 1 and 2 on page 184 of the report, Joseph says that Airghialla 1 "appears to have been prominent in the South Tyrone – North Monaghan area from the sixth century, if not earlier," while Airghialla 2 "rose to historical prominence later . . . in the ninth century." He concludes that Airghialla 1 "would appear to be the best candidate" to represent the DNA of the Three Collas. Joseph himself is not Airghialla 1 or 2. He is a descendant of Niall of the Nine Hostages, also called R-M222 or Northwest Irish. Both Airghialla 1 and 2 contain significant groups of McGuires. It is now gernerally accepted that Airghialla 1 is Clan Colla and Airghialla 2 is a separate group without a clan name. Airghialla 2 surnames include McGuire, McManus, Byrne, Corrigan, Donohoe, McCauley, Garvey, Plunkett, McCown. The DNA of Airghialla 1 and 2 is very different. Airghialla 1 has been found to have the DF21 SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism). Airghialla 2 has been found to have the FGC9795 SNP. FGC9795 is a sublclade of L513. Both DF21 and L513 are subclades of L21. There is a genetic distance of 21 between the 67-marker modals for Airghialla 1 and 2. McGuire Projects. There are three McGuire projects at FTDNA. Patrick Meguire started the McGuire DNA project in June 2004. It focuses on McGuires whose ancestors lived in Colonial America. Josiah McGuire started the Mag-Uidhir Clan DNA project in April 2010. Brad McGuire started the Airghialla Mag Uidhir DNA project in October 2010. Airghialla 2 Pedigree. There is a Charles Robert McGuire (kit #21228), whose ancestry has been traced back to the the McGuire "Junior Line" from Tempo, County Fermanagh. His DNA is clearly Airghialla 2 rather than 1. There are several sources that refer to this pedigree.
Peadar Livingstone. How do we explain the two different Airghialla 1 and 2 McGuires? One of the two Airghialla McGuire groups must have received their name through adoption or some other way at some point in the history of the McGuires.
Chapter 1 is about Early Fermanagh. It does not say that there were two Maguire clans, but it identifies two possible sources of the McGuires: the Fir Manach of Old Leinster and the Three Collas.
Chapters 3 and 4 cover the Middle Ages (500-1300) and the Maguire Years (1300-1589). Here Livingstone expresses uncertainty about the origin of the Maguires several times:
What would Peadar Livingstone say if he knew what we know today about the DNA of the Three Collas and people named McGuire and McManus? I think he would say that the McGuires with Airghialla 1 DNA have Oriel roots and are descended from the Three Collas. And he would say that the people with Airghialla 2 DNA are descended from the McGuires perhaps back to Donn Mor McGuire but have other roots such as Leinster Fir Manach or possibly Ultaigh. Other than that, he would have to say "we do not know who the earlier McGuires really were or where they came from." Patrick Stephen Dinneen. In 1917, Patrick Stephen Dinneen translated into English a story written in Irish not long before the year 1716, which he thinks came originally from a McGuire family history by O'Luinan, chief chronicler to Maguire, who died in 1478. The 1917 translation is called The Maguires of Fermanagh. The story is about the three surviving sons of Donn Mór Maguire:
The story is about Maghnus, who inherits the realm of his father but is disabled and loses the support of O'Flanagan and other chiefs. Maghnus asks his brother Giolla 'Iosa to help him regain the support of O'Flanagan and the other chiefs. Giolla 'Iosa seeks the aid of O'Donnell and the two of them together take O'Flanagan and the other chiefs to Maghnus and regain their support. Maghnus then passes on the Maguire realm to Giolla 'Iosa. The story suggests that there might be two McGuire DNAs, but it does not explain Airghialla 1 and 2 DNA. Irish history and modern DNA indicate that O'Donnells are descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages, not Airghialla 1 (Clan Colla). And, the story says that Donn Mór Maguire is descended from Clan Colla, but modern DNA says that McManuses are descended from Airghialla 2. |
Two Somerled PedigreesY-chromosome DNA has confirmed ancient history relating to Clan Colla and other groups. It also has revealed a few areas where the history is wrong. One of the areas where the history has been proved wrong has to do with McDonalds who were Lord of the Isles. The histories say that the Lord of the Isle McDonalds are descended from Clan Colla through Somerled and his great great grandson Angus Og. Testing has shown that descendants of Lord of the Isles McDonalds have R1a DNA Viking heritage rather than R1b Clan Colla DNA. And, testing has shown that McDonald descendants of Angus Og's brother Alasdair Og have R1b Clan Colla ancestry. R1a and R1b split off from each other 25,000 years ago. These two brothers, who lived in the 13th/14th century, obviously had different fathers. Which one descended from Somerled? In other words, was Somerled R1a or R1b? As of February 2017, there were 27 McDonalds with Clan Colla R1b DNA (DF21, Z3000, A938 SNPs) and 84 McDonalds with Viking R1a DNA (L176/YP326 SNPs). They were not all descended, necessarily, from Alasdair Og and Angus Og. The Clan Colla McDonalds are in three R1b subgroups: Pale Violet, Magenta-Black, Dark Blue. They can be distinguised by their null valuie for marker 425. The Viking McDonalds are in one R1a subgroup: Red. See Multiple-Sept Surnames. The Clan Donald DNA project is one of the oldest and largest surname projects at FTDNA. The project administrator is Mark MacDonald, National Historian for Clan Donald U.S.A. The project co-administrator and webmaster is professor J. Douglas McDonald of the University of Illinois. There are two subgroups in the Clan Donald DNA project with different DNA who descend from different sons of Angus Mor MacDonald, a great grandson of Somerled.
The Clan Donald DNA results for its R1b Magenta subgroup state that "signatures parallel to this group can be found among the McMahons of Fermanagh (one of the territories of ancient Oriel founded by the Collas who allegedly conquered Ulster around 330 AD)." Furthermore, their R1b Pale violet subgroup results state that "this group is probably a subset of the Magenta group, but we are not including them together since these people have not tested for DYS425. This group appears to all be descendants of Lt. Brian McDonald, chief line of Leinster and Ulster in Ireland who emigrated to Brandywine Creek Delaware in the late 1600s." Two opposing positions on the ancestry of Somerled have been taken by Donald Schlegel and Clan Donald:
In his "The Origin of the Name Somhairle," Don Schlegel says that the Gaelic name Suairlech was used in Ireland and perhaps in Scotland before the Norse name Sumarlidi appeared; it was used primarily among the Dál Araidhe of what now is County Antrim. He says it is at least as likely, if not more likely, that the name Somerled came from the Gaelic name. Clan Donald graciously admits that Donald Schlegel has done a "very persuasive analysis" of the Colla Irish lines in his book, The Ancestors of McDonalds of Somerset, and the portion of that book describing the Colla ancestry of Somerled is reproduced on the Clan Donald site. A son or grandson of Somerled was Dugall, Lord of Lorne, from whom MacDougalls are said to descend. The MacDougall DNA project includes two Clan Colla descendants and one Norse descendant. One of the Clan Colla dscendants, David MacDougall (FTDNA kit #21971), has an ancestor, Iain MacDhubhghaill, who is from Lorne according to an 1890 history of Christmas Island. Norse Versus Colla Ancestry for Key Somerled Descendants
43 Generations: Colla to McDonaldOur study of the DNA of the Three Collas, who lived in the 4th century, is based on present-day Y-chromosome DNA and surnames from ancient pedigrees. It is not based on genealogies which show a paper trail from the 4th century to today. One of the McDonalds in this study, however, can trace his ancestry back to one of the Three Collas, Colla Uais, who lived in the 4th century. He is Frank Everett McDonald, Jr., a retired dairy farmer from the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. He was born there in 1926, had his Y-DNA tested in 2008, and died in 2014. His FTDNA kit is #133546. His Clan Donald Code is NHHMM. The genetic distance of 67 markers of his Y-chromosome DNA from the Colla Modal DNA is 8. He participates in the Clan Colla 425 Null DNA Project. The genealogy and DNA of Frank E. McDonald, Jr., were brought to our attention by Vaden McDonald, who is unrelated (Vaden has R1b-CTS4455 DNA).
The Generations. Frank has 43 generations back to Colla Uais, as shown on the right. Included among the 43 generations are the following:
Other Sources. See also
Patrick McMahon, a co-author of this Web page, has identified a McDonald 1 Subgroup of 22 Colla descendants including Frank McDonald and three other McDonalds who can trace their ancestry back to Lt. Bryan McDonald of Wicklow, and thence to McDonnell of Antrim, Somerled, and Colla Uais. The subgroup has values of 14 for Markers 437 and 446. The modal values for Clan Colla are 15 and 13. All who have tested for the A937 SNP have tested positive.
The genetic distances among the 21 people range from 0 to 9 and average 4.0. The genetic distances from the Clan Colla modal DNA range from 6 to 11 and average 7.7. |
The Colla Phylogenetic TreeIn the introduction to his paper on The Colla Phylogenetic Tree, Patrick McMahon explains that he has drawn together "the considerable amount of SNP and STR data that has accumulated over the last few years with respect to the Colla population. Most recently, testing for SNPs has been encouraged using the advanced Big-Y tests (by FTDNA), targeted 'Pack' tests and single SNP tests. This has enabled the construction of inheritance Trees such as the one by Alex Williamson and the FTDNA Haplotree. "Separately and over a much longer period, STR data has been accumulating. These two (mutational) systems operate independently of each other to produce two separate data sets, the STR one defining members of the Colla population and membership of the Clan Colla 425 Null Project. As only about 27% of STR testers partook of SNP testing, the aim of this work was to populate/expand the resultant SNP Tree with STR data to determine the most likely clades for the majority of Project members. "This is an attempt to draw together the various findings collected to date (25 July 2016) on descendants of Clan Colla. All ancient genealogical data has been ignored, other than when the Colla brothers were thought to have lived and arrived in Ulster. I have concentrated solely on the DNA profiles and tried to rationalise their inheritance patterns and relationships. Surnames while confirmatory in many instances were not the main influence in determining groupings." The full paper is at: The Colla Phylogenetic Tree. |
The McMahons of Trohanny
Our study of the DNA of the Three Collas, who lived in the 4th century, is based on present-day Y-chromosome DNA and surnames from ancient pedigrees. It is not based on genealogies which show a paper trail from the 4th century to today. One of the McMahons in this study, however, can trace his ancestry back to one of the Three Collas, Colla da Crioch, who lived in the 4th century. He is Patrick Ciaran McMahon, a co-author of this Web page and a co-author with Eugene McMahon of The McMahons of Trohanny, a Private Publication. His FTDNA kit is #145687. The genetic distance of 67 markers of his Y-chromosome DNA from the Colla Modal DNA is 4. He participates in the Clan Colla 425 Null DNA Project. Patrick has an advanced degree in genetics from Trinity College Dublin and lives in Gorey, Ireland. Patrick has 49 generations back to Colla da Chrioch, as shown on the right. Included among the 49 generations are the following:
In his McMahon DNA, Patrick McMahon analyzes the DNA of other McMahons who have tested their DNA, indicating that his ancestry may be helpful to other McMahons in understanding their ancestry. |
FTDNA Conference Presentation, 2011
Peter Biggins, in collaboration with Thomas Roderick, made a presentation on the Clan Colla Project on November 6, 2011, at Family Tree DNA's 7th Annual International Conference on Genetic Genealogy in Houston, Texas. The presentation concluded with the following summary:
The presentation was based on a database of 259 men with Clan Colla DNA as of November 2011. See Summary Report, November 2011. See slides. See also Steve's Genealogy Blog. |


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The History Of Feminism Sociology Essay
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This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Feminism is the movement aimed at equal rights for women. Feminists fight for the equality of women and argue that women should also get equal opportunities to flourish and achieve their goals. Women today enjoy greater freedom and more opportunities than their counterparts of the past. Today the liberty and freedom womenfolk enjoys is because of the tireless efforts of feminists to give women their much needed rights to survive in a male dominant society. A society where male members had all the luxuries and opportunities available to them depriving women of their basic right just because they were women. Gender equality is not a matter of opinion; it is an inherent attribute of humanity that society has deprived us of.
"I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat."Â
(Rebecca West) (Offen, 2012)
Feminism is closely engaged with the social world. Feminist theorists tend to be women who theorize about their own experiences and interaction, it is concerned with the everyday lives and experiences of women and their social interactions, and it is often connected to women's groups, social reform, and broad social and political movements, organizations, and institutions. Over the last many years, Feminists have made a major contribution to social theory, making people aware of issues relating women that were previously ignored. Feminist revolution began in 18th century to counter the injustice going on against the women. This movement or the revolution progressed in three waves.Â
First-wave feminism was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage and political equality.
 Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities.
 Third-wave feminism includes renewed campaigning for women's greater influence in politics. (Sarachild, 1979)
Feminism in today's world:
Today we see women in almost every field. Today they are doctors, pilots, engineers, businessmen and to top it all head of the states. They are working, they are progressing and they are making names for themselves. Even in a country like Pakistan where the situation is not very stable for a perfect lifestyle with bombings and killing going on and where we are living in a war like situation, with religious fascists roaming the streets and killing people in the name of Allah, womenfolk is trying to make a place for itself in the society. Pakistan gave first women Prime Minister to the Muslim world and produced geniuses like Arfa Karim, Shrmin Chunnai and Malala Yusufzai. Today's confident looking, headstrong woman still fear for her survival in the society. Even with so many efforts and so many movements, even today a wedge can be seen within the two genders. Our societies are still male dominant and still men get to have the maximum opportunities.
Today's media has portrayed women as nothing but a decoration item. Women are presented as an attraction to allure people. Several ads are being aired on television where one can see scantily dressed women smiling and explaining the advantages of having a certain product as if you entire survival depends on it. Our people, despite having narrow minds, would jump to whatever she says not because the product is appealing but the girl before them is appealing enough to make them realize the importance of what they dont have as yet. This has not only effected the male population but has reinforced an ideal image that girls are to strive for and attain; therefore placing more emphasis on good looks than on good works. Fashion and the film industry are two huge influences on societal expectations that women display their bodies sexually.
Even women in professional fields are also of the view that they are not given equal chances and are deprived of their bonus and promotions only because their male counterparts cannot stand the sight of a woman making progress and leaving them behind. The basic idea of Feminist Revolution was to give women equal opportunities in various fields of life and to put an end to all the injustice going on against them which included women being treated as sex-objects. Unfortunately in a society like ours where we do not hesitate to kill each other over petty things, do not mind watching a lady in certain television commercials. Media must play a positive role in initiating positive incentives for women so that women are not reduced to a level of sex object.
This world is in dire need of feminism because absolutely no one should feel like they have to take negative criticism from anyone, dreams should not be gender-dependant, everyone deserves a chance at realizing their dreams free from discrimination, and seeing inner strength in women should be her brains and not how she looks like.
Domestic violence is yet an issue that needs to be addressed. In a society like Pakistan where girls are married as per their parents choices often find themselves in the worst of situations. They have to put up with situations where they are treated as a lower being and inferiors. This often ends up with women losing the battle of their lives. If anything as feminism prevails in Pakistani society it must first solve the issues of these women who suffer at the hands of their husbands and in laws. They are beaten and abused and a treated as a mere servant where they have to sacrifice their ego and self respect. Though domestic violence bill has been passed and there is hope that thing would change but nothing can be said for sure. There is a strong need for female rights to be advocated and a society is created where women and men can live in harmony.
From the religious perspective, we see that Allah has emphasized on the fact that both men and women are equal and the only thing that separates them is their good deeds. Though women are the frailer of the two genders but that doesn't make them the inferior. (linon, 2010)
A Timeline of the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998
1848, in Seneca Falls NY, world's first convention was held 68 women and 32 men signed its declaration for the upcoming women rights agenda.
1849, in trousers rather known as ''bloopers'' on the streets of Seneca Falls for the support of this agenda .She was quite substance of what her perspective was on this very matter.
1850, Quaker gave the chance to women for studying medicine by establishing first woman medical college in Pennsylvania.
1855, Lucy stoner kept her first name after marriage setting a trend which afterwards was known as Lucy stoners.
1855, the university of Iowa became the first school to admit woman.
1859, American association announces an opposition to abortion. In 1860 Connecticut declared officially abortion to be prohibited after and before quickening.
1859, the birthrate continues to hover down as the use of condoms was increased and thus the proportionality of a women to have children was then to be two to three.
1866, 14th amendment was passed by the Congress and the voters were described as in gender to be ''MALE''.
1866, the American equal rights foundation is established, the first organization in US which was an advocate to women suffrage.
1868, There was a resolution passed that woman should have an equal pay for equal work
1868, Elizabeth Candy and Susan Anthony began to publish the revolution.
1872, Charlotte E ray became the first African American to be accepted in a bar.
1873 Bradwell v. Illinois, Supreme Court affirms that the state can restrict any woman from practicing any profession for the betterment and to keep the rule of the creator.
1877 Helen Magill is the first woman to receive a Ph.D. at a US school, a doctorate in Greek from Boston University.
The timeline goes on to 1996 where US woman's spectacular success let them win them 19 gold medals , 9 silver and 8 bronze which was nothing more but a treat for the people supporting women to take part in all walks of life. (Timeline: Woman's Rights and Feminism (U.S.), 2012)
Feminist revolution was a need of the time. Women were being oppressed and their rights denied. This revolution made them regain their position in society. It cannot be denied that men and women are an integral part of the society and no society can progress unless both male and female perform their duties efficiently and effectively. And in doing so it must not be forget that women are not the lesser breed and are capable of doing anything that men can if only equal opportunities are given to them.
"Women make up one half of society. Our society will remain backward and in chains unless its women are liberated, enlightened and educated."Â Â (Saddam Hussein)Â
linon, J. (2010, 04). Modern feminism: an evaluation. Retrieved from http://www.freewebs.com/feminism-evaluated/.
Offen, K. (2012, 02 24). Defining Feminism: A Comparative Historical Approach. Retrieved from http://drbeardmoose.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/whatisfeminism.pdf: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174664 .
Sarachild, K. (1979). FEMINIST REVOLUTION . Retrieved from http://www.redstockings.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=62.
Timeline: Woman's Rights and Feminism (U.S.). (2012, 08 15). Retrieved from http://backtohistory.osu.edu/resources/events/Suffrage%20and%20Feminism%20Timeline.pdf.


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Park Shin-hye thank you "You're Beautiful" Soo-eun and Geu-rin for present
Actress Park Shin-hye expressed her gratitude for Bae Geu-rin and Choi Soo-eun.
She posted an image on her Instagram saying, "They sent me just the items because they did notwould like to interfere with my work. Let's pass on a shuttle after this!"
Park Shin-hye is maintaining up a cake with a doll on best of it and a box of macaroons in any other picture.
The two who sent gives to Park Shin-hye met her during the 2009 drama "You're Beautiful". They commented on Park Shin-hye's picture; Thank goodness you favor it".
Meanwhile, Park Shin-hye is starring in the SBS drama "Doctors" as Yoo Hye-jeong.
#Bae Geu-rin #Choi Soo-eun #Park Shin-hye #Yoo Hye-jeong #Doctors #You're Beautiful #news


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Narrow stools that occur infrequently probably are harmless. However in some cases, narrow stools — especially if pencil thin — may be a sign of narrowing or obstruction of the colon due to colon cancer. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is another condition that may cause changes in the size of your stools, so that they're smaller, larger or narrower than usual. IBS also causes changes in the consistency of stools.
Check with your doctor if you notice any changes in your bowel habits — such as narrower than normal stools — that last longer than one to two weeks. Consult your doctor immediately if your bowel changes are accompanied by rectal bleeding or severe abdominal pain.
Michael F. Picco, M.D.
Original article: http://www.mayoclinic.org/narrow-stools/expert-answers/faq-20057781


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View movie reviews Crazy, Stupid, Love Steve Carell leads the cast as straight-laced, fortysomething Cal Weaver, who is living the dream—good job, nice house, great kids and marriage to his high school sweetheart. But when Cal learns that his wife, Emily (Julianne Moore), has cheated on him and wants a divorce, his perfect life quickly unravels. Worse, in today's single world, Cal, who hasn't dated in decades, stands out as the epitome of un-smooth. Now spending his free evenings sulking alone at a local bar, the hapless Cal is taken on as wingman and protégé to handsome, thirtysomething player Jacob Palmer (Ryan Gosling). In an effort to help Cal get over his wife and start living his life, Jacob opens Cal's eyes to the many options before him: flirty women, manly drinks and a sense of style that can't be found at Supercuts or The Gap. But despite Cal's makeover and his many new conquests, the one thing that can't be made over is his heart, which seems to keep leading him back to where he began. Starring Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling, Julianne Moore, Emma Stone, Marisa Tomei, Kevin Bacon, Josh Groban Directed by Glenn Ficarra Running Time - 1:47 Genre - Comedy Opened in Theaters - Friday, July 29th, 2011 (2065 days ago) aka Untitled Marital Crisis Comedy ShowtimesThis movie is not currently playing in theaters. Home VideoThis movie is likely available now on home video.MultimediaRelated News Articles and Web SitesOther Informationaka Untitled Marital Crisis Comedy Looking for More Information?Search Google for more information about this movie: |
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Connect the Seagate STCG3000200 Central NAS Wireless Network Hard Drive to a wireless router and enjoy access to your content from anywhere in the world. Wireless storage The Seagate Central storage unit offers a generous 3 TB of hard drive space, providing ample storage for your media files. With on-the-go personal cloud access with web browsers you can access and upload content using virtually any computer or WiFi device. Share your files with friends and family via private email invite - a great way to share holiday moments. Wirelessly stream media to games consoles, media players and Smart TVs and enjoy improved media navigation using the Samsung Smart TV app. Apple compatible The Seagate Media app is Apple AirPlay friendly so you can store with more flexibility. You can also use your iPhone device to play songs from the Central NAS on AirPlay-enabled speakers. Whats more, the hard drive is compatible with Apple Time Machine, as well as offering automatic backup. Social security Theres no more risk of losing online media with the Seagate Central ; this drive makes it easy for multiple users to backup and record social media accounts such as Facebook. Optimise your media library with the 3 TB Seagate STCG3000200 Central NAS Wireless Networkl Hard Drive .
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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
Fold paper into a fox puppet
take a normal sized paper fold it in half lengthwise to make a center line to follow, then un-fold
fold all 4 corners to the center line you just made
now fold widthwise so that the 2 pointed ends meet
there two corners you need to fold to the center line
right now you should have a square, i can't really explain this step so look at the pictures
cut the top triangle so you made ears
draw a face and stuff
now put your thumb and index finger in the two flaps on the bottom and pinch to make the mouth close, release to open the mouth. have fun
How to make a Paper Puppetby m_waqas
Paper Plate Parrot Puppetby jimartgames
Make a Muppet Puppet!by The Oakland Toy Lab