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Free Trade Area of the Americas
Part of a series on |
International trade agreements |
Stages of economic integration around the World |
Proposed trade agreements |
Related concepts |
The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA; Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas, ALCA; French: Zone de libre-échange des Amériques, ZLÉA; Portuguese: Área de Livre Comércio das Américas, ALCA; Dutch: Vrijhandelszone van Amerika) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba.
In the latest round of negotiations, trade ministers from 34 countries met in Miami, Florida, in the United States, in November 2003 to discuss the proposal.[1] The proposed agreement was an extension of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Opposing the proposal were Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Dominica, and Nicaragua (all of which entered the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas in response), and Mercosur member states. Discussions have faltered over similar points as the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) talks; developed nations seek expanded trade in services and increased intellectual property rights, while less developed nations seek an end to agricultural subsidies and free trade in agricultural goods. Similar to the WTO talks, Brazil has taken a leadership role among the less developed nations, while the United States has taken a similar role for the developed nations.
Free Trade Area of the Americas began with the Summit of the Americas in Miami, Florida, on December 11, 1994, but the FTAA came to public attention during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas, held in Canada in 2001, a meeting targeted by massive anti-corporatization and anti-globalization protests. The Miami negotiations in 2003 met similar protests, though perhaps not as large.
In previous negotiations, the United States had pushed for a single comprehensive agreement to reduce trade barriers for goods, while increasing intellectual property protection. Specific intellectual property protections could include Digital Millennium Copyright Act-style copyright protections similar to the U.S.-Australia Free Trade Agreement. Another protection would likely restrict the reimportation or cross-importation of pharmaceuticals, similar to the proposed agreement between the United States and Canada. Brazil proposed a three-track approach that calls for a series of bilateral agreements to reduce specific tariffs on goods, a hemispheric pact on rules of origin, and a dispute resolution process; Brazil proposed to omit the more controversial issues from the FTAA, leaving them to the WTO.
The location of the FTAA Secretariat was to have been determined in 2005. The contending cities are: Atlanta, Chicago, Galveston, Houston, San Juan, and Miami in the United States; Cancún and Puebla in Mexico; Panama City, Panama; and Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The U.S. city of Colorado Springs also submitted its candidacy in the early days but subsequently withdrew.[2] Miami, Panama City and Puebla served successively as interim secretariat headquarters during the negotiation process.
The last summit was held at Mar del Plata, Argentina, in November 2005, but no agreement on FTAA was reached. Of the 34 countries present at the negotiations, 26 pledged to meet again in 2006 to resume negotiations, but no such meeting took place. The failure of the Mar del Plata summit to establish a comprehensive FTAA agenda augured poorly.
Current status[edit]
This article needs to be updated. (July 2016) |
The FTAA missed the targeted deadline of 2005, which followed the stalling of useful negotiations of the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005.[3] Over the next few years, some governments, most notably the United States, not wanting to lose any chance of hemispheric trade expansion moved in the direction of establishing a series of bilateral trade deals. The leaders however, planned further discussions at the Sixth Summit of the Americas in Cartagena, Colombia, in 2012.[4][5]
The following countries are in the plans of the Free Trade Area of the Americas:[6]
Support and opposition[edit]
A vocal critic of the FTAA was Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who has described it as an "annexation plan" and a "tool of imperialism" for the exploitation of Latin America.[7] As a counterproposal to this initiative, Chávez promoted the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas, ALBA), based mostly on the model of the Eurasian Economic Community, which emphasizes energy and infrastructure agreements that are gradually extended to other areas finally to include the total economic, political and military integration of the member states.[7] Evo Morales of Bolivia has referred to the U.S.-backed Free Trade Area of the Americas, as "an agreement to legalize the colonization of the Americas".[8]
On the other hand, the then presidents of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and Argentina, Néstor Kirchner, have stated that they do not oppose the FTAA but they do demand that the agreement provide for the elimination of U.S. agriculture subsidies, the provision of effective access to foreign markets and further consideration towards the needs and sensibilities of its members.[9]
One of the most contentious issues of the treaty proposed by the United States is with concerns to patents and copyrights. Critics claim that if the measures proposed by the United States were implemented and applied this would reduce scientific research in Latin America. On the left-wing Council of Canadians web site, Barlow wrote: "This agreement sets enforceable global rules on patents, copyrights and trademark. It has gone far beyond its initial scope of protecting original inventions or cultural products and now permits the practice of patenting plants and animal forms as well as seeds. It promotes the private rights of corporations over local communities and their genetic heritage and traditional medicines".[10]
On the weekend of April 20, 2001, the 3rd Summit of the Americas was a summit held in Quebec City, Canada. This international meeting was a round of negotiations regarding a proposed FTAA.
There are currently 34 countries in the Western Hemisphere, stretching from Canada to Chile that still have the FTAA as a long term goal.[11] The Implementation of a full multilateral FTAA between all parties could be made possible by enlargement of existing agreements. North America, with the exception of Cuba and Haiti (which has participated in economic integration with the Caricom since 2002)[12][13] has come close to setting up a subcontinental free trade area. At this point Agreements within the Area of the Americas include:
Previous agreements[edit]
- Canada: Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (1988; superseded by the NAFTA)
- Costa Rica- Dominican Republic (superseded by DR-CAFTA)
- Costa Rica- Trinidad and Tobago (superseded by a Costa Rica - CARICOM FTA).
Current agreements[edit]
- Canada, Mexico and United States: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; 1994)
- Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic and United States: Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA; 2008)
- Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement (2004)
- Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement (2007)
- United States–Colombia Free Trade Agreement (2011)
- Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement (2011)
- Bolivia - Mexico
- Canada - Chile
- Canada - Colombia
- Canada - Costa Rica
- Canada - Honduras
- Canada - Panama
- Canada - Peru
- Chile - Mexico
- Chile - Costa Rica
- Costa Rica - Mexico
- Costa Rica - CARICOM
- Mexico - Nicaragua
- Mexico - Uruguay
- Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela - Mercosur (1991)
- Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru - Andean Community (1969)
Proposed agreements[edit]
- Active negotiations
- Canada-CARICOM:[14]
- Canada-Central America (CA4TA - Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras)[15]
- Canada-Mexico-Peru-Chile [among other Pacific nations]: Trans-Pacific Partnership
- Negotiations on hold
- CARICOM-Mercosur:[16]
- United States-Ecuador: U.S.-Ecuador Free Trade Agreement
- CARICOM-North American Free Trade Agreement, first discussed in 1993–1994[17]
Security pacts[edit]
- United States-Central America-Mexico (Mérida Initiative)[needs update]
- United States-CARICOM-Dominican Republic (Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean[needs update]
See also[edit]
- Miami model
- Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty
- Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA)
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States[18][19][20][21][22]
- Union of South American Nations
- ^ "ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Ministerial Declaration - Miami 2003". Ftaa-alca.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Candidate Cities for the Permanent Site of the FTAA Secretariat". Ftaa-alca.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "About AFSC | American Friends Service Committee". Afsc.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - Links to FTAA Countries". Ftaa-alca.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ a b "Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "An Interview with Evo Morales (12/08/03)". Upsidedownworld.org. 2005-10-16. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ Gill, Nathan. "April 2008". Southern Affairs. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "Council of Canadians: Campaigns: Trade and Investment: Publications: The Free Trade Area of the Americas by Maude Barlow". Ratical.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA)". Actrav.itcilo.org. 1997-05-16. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "Haiti". Caricom.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ Maroday, Patricia (15 August 2014). "Infographic: The Ultimate Map Of Tax Free Zones In Latin America". Mercatrade. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ [3] Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ [4] Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ [5] Archived April 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Caricom And Nafta". Silvertorch.com. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
- ^ "Brazil: More Power to Quilombos". Brazzilmag.com. 2004-08-25. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
- ^ Goodman, Joshua (2008-12-15). "Bush Excluded by Latin Summit as China, Russia Loom (Update1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2015-09-20.
- ^ [6][dead link]
- ^ [7][dead link]
- ^ [8]
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |
- The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process - official home page
- Comparing the official agreement and alternative visions
- The Rise of the New Global Elite - Statements of the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan
- Plutonomy and Democracy does not mix - YOUTUBE video by Bill Moyers
- Chilean and Foreign Policy
- Chilean and Foreign Policy
- Mit.edu
- Harvard.edu
- Hemisphere Summit Marred by Violent Anti-Bush Protests by Larry Rohter, The New York Times, November 5, 2005
- FTAA Delayed, Not Over. By Eric Farnsworth, Council of the Americas, December 2005
- Whither the FTAA? (November 10, 2005), Guyana Chronicle Newspaper
- Canada, Chile thwart U.S.–Brazilian plan, The Washington Times (washtimes.com AP)
- Myths of the FTAA, FoodFirst.org Institute for Food and Development Policy
- Why say no to FTAA, bilaterals.org
- The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Threat to Social Programs, Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice in Canada and the Americas


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We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
Watch AILA's Featured Issues page for more information
Read TodayThe AILA Career Center offers more than access to the best possible industry candidates.
AILA Doc. No. 13032744 | Dated March 27, 2013
AILA National has developed a set of eight Public Service Announcements (PSAs) that AILA members can use in various ways to draw attention to the Deferred Action program and the importance of getting good advice before applying. We've listed six ways to use these PSAs below but remember, you aren't in this alone. Our Communications Team is here to help!
Below are the 8 PSAs we've developed. Each can be downloaded in either English or Spanish in six different sizes and formats by clicking on the individual links below each image. The available formats are: poster, flyer, magazine ad (color), newspaper ad (B&W), postcard, and web banner.
Six ways to use these PSAs:
Placing a Print Public Service Announcement
Cite as AILA Doc. No. 13032744.
American Immigration Lawyers Association
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PRECISE Seminar: Certification and Design Challenges for Autonomous Systems
Laura Humphrey, Ph.D.
Air Force Research Laboratory
Abstract: This seminar will cover three topics – certification challenges for autonomous systems, a DoD-relevant application domain for human-autonomous mission planning, and formal methods for synthesis of human-automation mission plans. For the first topic, we will start by discussing current certification practices for avionics, then discuss challenges for extending these practices for autonomous systems. For the second topic, we will describe a mission scenario in which multiple unmanned air, ground, and sea vehicles must be used by a human operator to provide security for base defense. We will also describe some preliminary system designs, as well as general research challenges for this domain. And for the third topic, we will present an approach to generating mission plans from human inputs using formal methods inspired by model checking.
Biography: Dr. Laura Humphrey has worked for the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio since 2009. Her research involves the use of formal methods for system design, verification, and certification, especially in the context of autonomous multi-UAV systems. In particular, her current work focuses on using temporal logics, model checking, hybrid systems theory, and agent-based design techniques to develop frameworks and interfaces for joint human-UAV mission planning.


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Counter the lies that keep you from abundant living.
Satan is the master deceiver and his lies are endless.And the lies Christian women believe are at the root of most of their struggles. "e;Many women live under a cloud of personal guilt and condemnation,"e; says Nancy Leigh DeMoss. "e;Many are in bondage to their past.Others are gripped by fear of rejection and a longing for approval.Still others are emotional prisoners."e; In best selling "Lies Women Believe," Nancy exposes those areas of deception most commonly believed by Christian women lies about God, sin, priorities, marriage and family, emotions, and more.She then sheds light on how we can be delivered from bondage and set free to walk in God's grace, forgiveness, and abundant life. Nancy offers the most effective weapon to ounter and overcome Satan's deceptions: God's truth "


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Just three days ago we told you about the 6.7mm Fujitsu ES IS12F, the "world's thinnest smartphone." Now, in what must be record time, Huawei has taken that title with the new Ascend P1 S, which comes in at 0.02mm thinner (6.68mm) than the ES IS12F. Tough break, Fujitsu.
Unlike the ES IS12F, the Ascend P1 S doesn't slack in the spec department. It features a 4.3-inch Super AMOLED qHD (960x540) display with Gorilla Glass, a TI OMAP 4460 processor clocked at 1.5GHz, an SGX 540 graphics processor, 1GB of RAM, 4GB built-in storage, 8 and 1.3MP rear and front cameras respectively, GSM/GPRS/EDGE and UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA bands, and Android 4.0.x, all powered by a 1670mAh battery.
Read More


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Hey ClieOS,
It seems to me that you like EB950 the most out of BA100 and EB950. Can you please compare both of them in terms of Sound Signature? Also how would you compare them with Sunrise X-IE?
From your reviews and score on the front page, it seems that all three of them are quite same in terms of SS but still I would like to know in person to person about them.
As far as BA100 goes, it is really plain and a bit uninspiring because of the lack of dynamic and overall energy in presentation. Even with the low online price, it is still overshadowed by quite a few better sounding single BA out there. EB950's main strength is on the presentation. Technically not as strong, but the fun factor and musicality make up for its shortcoming. It has the kind of sound you want to dance with, so it is not the best for those you are listening for detail and technicality. X-IE on the other hand is all about warm, lower end texture and sweetness in vocal. It is more of a smooth sound with a sense of maturity in it, which is contrast to the more fun sounding EB950.
EB950 and X-IE are fairly close in SQ, neither is going to outshine the other by any mean. You are mostly choosing between a fun presentation and a smooth presentation. BA100 on the other hand is just not on the same level.


text:
DNA nanotechnology: a future perspective
- Muniza Zahid1,
- Byeonghoon Kim2,
- Rafaqat Hussain3,
- Rashid Amin1Email author and
- Sung Ha Park2Email author
© Zahid et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 15 January 2013
Accepted: 21 February 2013
Published: 4 March 2013
In addition to its genetic function, DNA is one of the most distinct and smart self-assembling nanomaterials. DNA nanotechnology exploits the predictable self-assembly of DNA oligonucleotides to design and assemble innovative and highly discrete nanostructures. Highly ordered DNA motifs are capable of providing an ultra-fine framework for the next generation of nanofabrications. The majority of these applications are based upon the complementarity of DNA base pairing: adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. DNA provides an intelligent route for the creation of nanoarchitectures with programmable and predictable patterns. DNA strands twist along one helix for a number of bases before switching to the other helix by passing through a crossover junction. The association of two crossovers keeps the helices parallel and holds them tightly together, allowing the assembly of bigger structures. Because of the DNA molecule's unique and novel characteristics, it can easily be applied in a vast variety of multidisciplinary research areas like biomedicine, computer science, nano/optoelectronics, and bionanotechnology.
DNA Nanotechnology Biomedicine Nanoelectronics Nanosensors DNA computationReview
Nucleic acids (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) encode the genomes of all living things on earth. Of these, DNA has become a key biological molecule in the study of genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. It possesses the natural ability to self-assemble and interacts with a wide range of molecules. Besides its importance in genetic studies and its application in various biological fields like biomedicine, cancer research, and genetic engineering, DNA has also become a preferred material for nanotechnologists because of its unique properties of structural stability, programmability of sequences, and predictable self-assembly. Nanobiotechnology is made up of two words: 'nano' pertains to the study or development of structures in the 1 to 100-nm size range in at least one dimension, while 'biotechnology' refers to technological tools associated with the development of living things or biological molecules. Thus, components of natural biological systems are scrutinized by nanobiotechnologists to engineer innovative nanodevices [1].
This has led to the development of several macroscopic structures with nanometer-size features [4–7]. DNA nanotechnology has also been used to produce various kinds of reprogrammable functionalized devices and sensors, some of which will be discussed in this review.
The history of nanoarchitecture is fairly short. In the early 1990s, Seeman and colleagues first described a process by which DNA could be hybridized in more than one way to create self-assembling nanostructures. They created tiles made up of DNA with sticky ends which were allowed to hybridize to form a cube-like structure [8, 9]. Yurke et al. experimented with the interesting idea that a single DNA strand can undergo multiple hybridizations through strand displacement cycles using a toehold or hinge made up of the DNA itself. Instead of using proteins and other bio-supportive molecules to build their structures, they demonstrated that DNA strand displacement and hybridization was enough to coax molecular-level changes in the structure of DNA. They achieved this by exploiting two double helical arms of DNA connected by another short DNA sequence acting as a 'hinge'. This 'hinge' repeatedly cycled the two strands into an opened and closed state by consecutive addition of two single-stranded DNA molecules [10]. This method made it possible to form a variety of nanostructures based on differences in sequence, rather than being dependent on the influence of changes in the environment surrounding the DNA (pH, salt, and temperature) [11, 12].
DNA-modifying enzymes can also be used to generate and manipulate DNA nanostructures. Although studies in this area have so far been limited, many design tools have been developed for the application of these enzymes to alter DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Most of these enzymes work like small nanofactories and are, hence, highly specific in their actions, based on various biological processes [13].
Despite these advances in DNA nanotechnology, it remains in the development phase. Generally, only about 30% of the assembled DNA molecules are similar to the original design [33]. This presents a great challenge for the development of techniques to fabricate modern DNA nanostructures, especially in the DNA computational area. Researchers compare this process with the complicated and eventually successful development of electronics, computers, and automobiles. Besides errors in the 'designed' genetic sequences, another shortcoming is that prolonged thermal cycling for up to 24 h is required to produce a useful nanodevice. In case of automobiles, it took over a decade to produce the first functional prototype. Hopefully, the development of potent nanomaterials will not take as long. Here, we review some of the functional challenges and exciting future prospects of developing nanobiotechnology with a special focus on DNA nanotechnology.
DNA biological applications
Cancer and nanotechnology
In addition to the use of liposome-based nanoparticles to carry miniscule amounts of chemotherapeutic agents to affected cancer sites, albumin-bound nanostructures may be used to enhance permeability of the endoplasmic reticulum for breast cancer therapy [29]. Most nanostructures, however, are considered insufficient for effective treatment of cancer cells. This has led to the development of potent 'nano-systems', generally possessing four basic qualities: firstly, they can themselves be therapeutic or diagnostic and thus in theory can be designed to carry a hefty therapeutic cargo deliverable to the tumor site. Secondly, more than one targeting ligand can be attached to these nanosystems, providing high affinity and specificity for target cells. Thirdly, these nanosystems have the advantage of being able to house more than one type of therapeutic drug, thereby providing multivalent drug therapy. Finally, most nanosystems that are designed from biological materials such as DNA and RNA are 'programmed' to be able to evade most, if not all, drug-resistance mechanisms. Based on these properties, most nanosystems are able to deliver high concentrations of drugs to cancer cells while curtailing damage to surrounding healthy cells [30].
Drug delivery and biosensors
Porous inorganic particles can now be loaded with an assortment of drugs contained in organic nanomicelles that can target very specific cells and tissues in the body. Some of these carbon nanotubules are very potent drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment [40]. The tubular structure of nanotubules allows for both carrying and protection of drugs from external influences. Therapeutic applications which involve nanomaterials combined with cytotoxic materials such as antineoplastic or chemotherapy agents are a key area of development for science and technology [41].
Research is also being conducted on the use of highly organized DNA lattices to detect biological activity of various molecules. Amin and colleagues have developed a biotinylated DNA thin film-coated fiber optic reflectance biosensor for the detection of streptavidin aerosols. DNA thin films were prepared by dropping DNA samples into a polymer optical fiber which responded quickly to the specific biomolecules in the atmosphere. This approach of coating optical fibers with DNA nanostructures could be very useful in the future for detecting atmospheric bio-aerosols with high sensitivity and specificity [42].
Dendrimers, enzyme cascades, and contraception
Nucleic acid nanotechnology has many other applications besides medical diagnosis and drug therapy. Synthetic polymers such as dendriworms are made up of dendrimer units of magnetic nanoworms and are being used for intercellular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA). These siRNA carriers are assembled from magnetic as well as fluorescent nanoparticles.
siRNAs have been widely acknowledged as a potent new class of therapeutics, which regulate gene expression through sequence-specific inhibition of mRNA translation. siRNA delivery vehicles such as lipid and polymer nanoparticle-based dendrimers have proven effective in improving the stability, bioavailability, and target specificity of siRNAs following systemic administration in vivo [44]. Other important applications have included the activation of enzyme cascades on topologically active scaffolds. This process makes use of DNA self-assembly and uses DNA as a scaffold. Enzymes or cofactor enzymes are attached to this scaffold and then plays an active role in improving the biological efficiency of the system [45]. Bionanotechnology has also been applied in the field of contraception. Where traditional methods have employed over-the-counter drugs and an assortment of widely available contraceptives, bionanotechnology aims to develop drugs that may be effective in targeting the fallopian tubes while anti-implantation drugs can be employed in the uterus to foil pregnancy without influencing other organs. Current studies are centered on manipulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and its inhibitor known as FSH binding inhibitor in mice [46] and monkeys [47].
DNA computing
DNA computing was first proposed as a means of solving complex problems by Adleman in 1994. He recognized that the incredible storage capacity of DNA could be used to solve complex computational problems. For this, he picked a common mathematical problem normally referred to as the 'traveling sales man problem' and was able to solve it using strands of DNA [48]. In 1996, a new technology called the 'sticker DNA' model was introduced by Roweis and colleagues. This model applies to random access memory and requires no enzymes or strand extension. This method, thus, has the capability of becoming the universal method for DNA computation. A controlled robotic work station helped not only in implementing the sticker model but also in reducing error rates [49]. Since then, many technologies which make use of DNA to resolve basic mathematical equations and pure computational problems have been developed.
Mathematical and biological problems
Inspired by Adelman's experiment, researchers have been able to solve a diverse group of mathematical problems using DNA molecules. In 2011, Qian and Winfree were able to calculate square roots using 'seesaw' logic gates. The idea behind these gates is that a single stretch of DNA can pair up with various molecules, thus allowing competition for binding sites. Once a molecule is attached, it can be replaced instantly to allow other molecules to fasten themselves to the resident sequence, which itself can be displaced again. This system allows 'gates' to be loaded with several input molecules and generates logical output molecules as a result. The various DNA strands can come to represent numbers, of which output can yield the square root result as answers [50].
In another attempt to mimic smart biological computations, the Qian group has developed an artificial neural network. This model employs the use of four neurons. A neuron in its natural environment is susceptible to many incoming inputs, and it 'reacts' or 'fires' when it reaches a certain threshold. Based on their previous development of logic gates, Qian and his colleagues were able to construct Boolean logical circuits and other circuits which could store memories. The DNA logic circuits were not only able to recall memory using incomplete information but also to determine when conflicting answers were obtained [51]. In other instances, scientists have also used sticker-based DNA to solve the independent set problem [52]. Unlike the earlier sticker DNA system, this model had a random access memory and, thus, required no extension of its strands and enzymes [49].
Inspired by Roweis and Adelman's methods, Taghipour and colleagues [52] set out to unravel the independent set problem through the use of DNA computing. In the beginning, a solution space was created using memory complexes made up of DNA. Then, by the application of a sticker-based parallel algorithm, the independent set problem was solved in polynomial time. Other biological molecules besides DNA have also been used for computation. Faulhammer and colleagues used RNA to solve an assortment of chess problems through DNA computing [53]. Bandyopadhyay and colleagues were able to apply the same reasoning and used 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone which is capable of transforming between four different states to mimic natural phenomenon such as diffusion of heat and detection of cancer growth [54].
Pure computation through DNA
DNA has also been applied for the development of pure computational methods. While many techniques are available to use DNA for computation, the most widely used technique involves the manipulation of mixtures of DNA on a support. A DNA molecule which encodes all possible solutions to a designed problem is synthesized and attached to this supportive surface. Repeated hybridization cycles and action of exonuclease enzymes are used to digest, identify, and eliminate non-solution strands of DNA. Upon completion of this step, several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions are used to amplify remaining molecules, most of which are then hybridized to an array of molecules [55]. Recent progress in DNA computation has been remarkable. Although these advances may be far off to be equivalent of the today's computational capacities of computers, the long-term goal of this research would be DNA computing, overriding everyday computing with great perfection.
DNA physical applications
The term nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology for the use and development of electrical components and circuits. Nanoscale electronics have been developed at the molecular level. Such devices are referred to as molecular electronics [56]. Nanoelectronics had been highly dependent on the complementary-symmetry metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. CMOS has been vital in analogue circuits such as image sensors, data convertors, and logic-based devices such as digital logic circuits, microcontrollers, and microprocessors [57]. However, CMOS is being replaced as the demand for further miniaturization and processing speeds increase. CMOS circuitry has limitations that can greatly influence the size and shape of computers and other electronics.
DNA wires, transistors, capacitors and other devices
Various spectroscopic methods were also used to investigate DNA conductivity. The movement of electrons was detected at the level of single molecules by fluorescence decay. Varying fluorescence levels indicated how electrons may have been transferred along the DNA chains [68, 69]. Contact methods can be used to measure conductivity directly. Molecules are laid directly on top of gold electrodes, and current flowing across these circuits is plotted on a graph to ascertain levels of conductivity. However, with this method, it is often difficult to determine whether DNA molecules are in direct physical contact with the electrodes. It is thought that weak physical contact between the DNA and electrode produces an insulating effect and, thus, accounts for varying resistance across the circuit. An expansion in experimental methodology to measure conductivity by a contactless approach will improve understanding of this process [70].
This model is essentially a grain connected by two tunnel junctions to a voltage source. The DNA molecule is not very conductive; however, it does possess a large energy gap which makes single electron transfer possible. In order for this circuit to operate as a transistor, the voltage supplied to the circuit is varied around threshold levels. This voltage can be varied if the tunneling rates of electrons between the two junctions are different or if there is a gap in the density of the energy states of the grain. The natural energy gap of the DNA can be enhanced using a longer strand of DNA having more than one grain. Longer chains of DNA tend to have more non-linear effects. As a result, more charges are formed. A large uncoated DNA molecule is, thus, used as compared to one that is entirely coated with a metal sheath. The tunneling rates of electrons, however, are about the same as the two phosphate bonds are identical. To counter this effect, a chemical group may be attached to one of the phosphate bonds, thus altering its properties and making electron transport and transistor behavior possible [67].
Some studies have reported the formation of three-dimensional structures such as switches [75] and motors [11]; devices such as DNA-based capacitors are also being contemplated. Biological polymer-based DNA hybrids have intriguing electrical characteristics such as a high dielectric constant, dielectric breakdown behavior, and good resistivity. These are encouraging signs for the development of DNA-based capacitors [76]. In another DNA-bioploymer-based study, Nakamura and colleagues developed a light-emitting diode based on a DNA/polyaniline/Ru(bpy)32+ and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum complex. The voltage across the hybrid circuit was increased from 5 to 14, 16, and finally 18 V. The light emitted varied in color, ranging from green, yellow, orange, and finally to red. This was the result of electron transfer in the DNA hybrid molecule with increasing voltage [77]. Other important DNA-based nanoscale devices that have recently been developed include highly conductive nanowires [78], quantum dots with carbon nanotubules [79], and even radically advanced devices which detect single-nucleotide polymorphism and conduct nucleotide sequence mutation analysis [80]. With added progress in this field, it could be possible to use DNA-based electronics for both DNA-based diagnostics and sophisticated nanoscale electrical devices.
DNA optoelectronics
In another study, Kim and colleagues attempted to construct a biosensor based on graphene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [86]. An evanescent field shift occurred in the presence of chemical or biological structures which were very sensitive in the refractive index. They were able to monitor the target analyte by attaching the selective receptor molecules to the surface of the PDMS optical waveguide resulting in a shift of the optical intensity distribution. Hence, they monitored the electrical characteristics of graphene in the dark and under PDMS wave-guided illumination. Changes in the resulting photocurrent through the graphene film showed that the fabricated graphene-coupled PDMS optical waveguide sensor was sensitive to visible light for biomolecular detection [86]. This finding can be used for the development of optical biosensor for the detection of various biological molecules in future biological assays.
Correction of sequence mismatch
The rise of DNA-based nanobiotechnology has led to an increase in demand for synthetic DNA. DNA can be synthesized from nucleotides into small molecules such as ssDNA up to entire viral genomes. In spite of these accomplishments, the time and cost of synthesizing such molecules have somewhat limited the use of DNA as a current research tool. Another significant drawback in this technology has been the significant error rate of synthetic DNA sequences [87]. The reduction and correction of errors are, thus, essential for the synthesis of long DNA molecules. The correction of these errors is, however, very time-consuming and expensive. There are several approaches to develop error-free sequences in synthesized populations of DNA.
These methods may include, but are not limited to, physical separation which may apply the use of metals to chelate partially denatured purine bases and allow elimination of errors [88] or PCR-based approaches such as hairpin PCR, which completely separates genuine mutations from polymerase mis-incorporations. Hairpin PCR operates by converting a DNA sequence to a hairpin following ligation of oligonucleotide caps to DNA ends. Conditions are such to allow a DNA hairpin to be efficiently PCR‐amplified so that during DNA synthesis, the polymerase copies both DNA strands in a single pass. Consequently, when a mis-incorporation occurs, it forms a mismatch following DNA amplification and is distinguished from genuine mutations that remain fully matched [89].
New approaches in the production of error-free DNA exploit the use of self-assembly and natural error correction proteins. Among these proteins, celery I nuclease enzyme (CEL I; Surveyor, Transgenomic, Inc., Omaha, USA) endonuclease has been very useful [92]. Hughes and colleagues [92] found CEL I to be a reasonably effective at reducing synthetic DNA errors up to six times. The enzyme is added to previously amplified PCR product, and this mixture is subjected to a second round of thermal cycling at the end of which it is put through gel electrophoresis, quantified, and cloned. CEL I is a naturally occurring enzyme that cleaves mismatched DNA sequences [93–95]. It is, thus, most effective at removing common insertions and deletions that may occur during DNA synthesis [96].
Another tactic in dealing with error-prone DNA synthesis is changing the way we synthesize premeditated DNA. Usually, the formation of synthetic DNA requires the use of PCR-based technologies, but microarrays are now also used to synthesize DNA [97]. In this case, DNA synthesis typically relies on spatial confinement of reactions to certain regions on a silica chip since this technology employs the addition of picoliters of reagents to the silica chip. Error rates can be reduced by controlling the locations on the chip where the reagents eventually end up. Another possibility could be directing reacting reagents through the use of photochemistry. In this way, light can be used to block or restrict reactions at potential error sites. Directing redox reactions only at desirable sites in the forming DNA is another approach. All these strategies can help reduce error rates from 1 in 200 bases to 1 in 600 bases [98].
DNA is one for the most useful engineering materials available in nanotechnology. It has the potential for self-assembly and formation of programmable nanostructures, and it can also provide a platform for mechanical, chemical, and physical devices. While the formation of many complex nanoscale mechanisms has been perfected by nature over the course of millennia, scientists and engineers need to aggressively pursue the development of future technologies that can help expand the use of DNA in medicine, computation, material sciences, and physics. It is imperative that nanotechnology is improved to meet the need for better detectors in the fields of biological and chemical detection and for higher sensitivity. In terms of DNA-based nanostructures, there is an urgent need to develop sophisticated architectures for diverse applications. Currently, much progress is being made in modelling DNA into various shapes through DNA origami, but the next step is to develop intelligent and refined structures that have viable physical, chemical, and biological applications. Despite the fact that DNA computation may be in its infancy with limited forays into electronics and mathematics, future development of novel ways in which DNA would be utilized to have a much more comprehensive role in biological computation and data storage is envisaged. We are hopeful that the use of DNA molecules will eventually exceed expectations far beyond the scope of this review.
Authors' information
SHP is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) at the Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea. His research interests span experimental nanobio sciences including but not limited to physical and biological circuit design and device fabrication using nanoscale materials; design, fabrication, and testing of micro/nanomechanical devices; electrical and mechanical characterization of circuits, sensors and devices; and biophysics, especially in DNA bottom-up self-assembly and its applications. RA is working as an assistant professor in the Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM) at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan. His research interests are in the field of artificially designed DNA nanostructures and their applications in different fields, especially in biosensor applications, nanodevices designing and fabrication, and tissue engineering, especially in assisting burn patients.
Celery I nuclease enzyme
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Polymerase chain reaction
- siRNA:
Small interfering ribonucleic acid
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MEST) (2012-005985).
Authors' Affiliations
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FreedomPop, a startup backed by Skype founder Niklas Zennstrom which provides free or inexpensive Internet service on the Sprint network, today added the original iPad mini and other cellular-capable iPads to its stable of supported devices.
Apple's LTE iPads, along with Samsung's seven-inch Galaxy Tab 3, are now eligible for FreedomPop's no-contract, free of charge voice, data and text plan.
It's basically the same plan that the company originally offered to smartphone owners. Additional voice and data is available for a fee.
Regardless of whether you're buying a little used iPad mini from FreedomPop or bringing your device over from another carrier, FreedomPop will treat you to gratis 500MB of LTE data, 200 voice minutes and 500 text messages.
But how does one take advantage of voice minutes and text messages on LTE iPads which only support data connections over cellular? Read on for the full reveal… Read More


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anim3luver Dec 19, 2012
looks like a rainbow lizard, hadnt seen one in a long time-jk never seen a rainbow lizard lol :p tho dis is cool
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SpeedBit Video Downloader is a free application that lets you download videos from YouTube, Break, Facebook, Google, Dailymotion, and other Flash video sites. With SpeedBit Video Downloader you can download all your favorite videos to your computer, and play them whenever and wherever you like. SpeedBit Video Download works with your IE or Firefox browser to make downloading as convenient as possible. Downloading videos is made easy with three simple steps: play your favorite flash video; click the download video button; save your video. Additionally, SpeedBit Video Downloader features a convenient Web translation tool to help you understand Web pages in other languages. It also includes an intuitive search prediction and auto-completion feature that gives you a smart search in any Web search box. It couldn't be easier to download the most popular videos on the Web to your computer so you will always have them with you.
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A Medication Adherence Intervention for HIV Infected Veterans
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Condition |
HIV Infection |
Study Type: | Observational |
Study Design: | Time Perspective: Prospective |
Official Title: | A Medication Adherence Intervention for HIV Infected Veterans |
Estimated Enrollment: | 210 |
Study Completion Date: | December 2003 |
Groups/Cohorts |
Group 1 |
Detailed Description:
It is estimated that the VHA is caring for nearly 40 percent of all HIV-infected veterans. To benefit from recent improvements in anti-HIV therapy, patients need to take their medications consistently.
Optimizing health for HIV patients requires excellent adherence to antiretroviral medication regimens. However, its unclear how best to incorporate adherence education and support programs into VA HIV outpatient care. We implemented and evaluated a pharmacist program (ACE) and a Pager reminder program to support adherence in veterans with HIV.
We used a quasi-experimental design with pre-post evaluation at four VA Centers. Three treatment conditions (ACE, Pager, Usual Care) were rolled-in sequentially over two study phases, allowing for group comparisons between conditions. ACE is a multi-component manualized 4-session, individual patient education and support program by trained pharmacists. The Pager intervention used alphanumeric pagers to remind patients of dosing times. Electronically-monitored medication adherence (MEMS), self-report questionnaires, and pharmacy refill records were collected. Qualitative site interviews were collected before and after interventions to assist with program evaluation. Multilevel mixed models were used to analyze main study outcomes over time. Secondary analyses compared subgroup who actually received all ACE sessions (�as treated�) to controls.
Project has been completed and Final Report submitted to HSR&D CO.
Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years to 65 Years (Adult) |
Sexes Eligible for Study: | All |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
Patients must be greater than or equal to 18 years old, must be enrolled in HIV Primary care at one of 4 VA study sites and be taking antiretroviral therapy.
Exclusion Criteria:
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00013065
United States, Arizona | |
Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, AZ | |
Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85723 | |
United States, California | |
VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA | |
Palo Alto, California, United States, 94304-1290 | |
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA | |
San Diego, California, United States, 92161 | |
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles, CA | |
West Los Angeles, California, United States, 90073 |
Principal Investigator: | Allen L. Gifford, MD | VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA |
Responsible Party: | VA Office of Research and Development |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT00013065 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: |
Study First Received: | March 14, 2001 |
Last Updated: | April 6, 2015 |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
HIV Infections Lentivirus Infections Retroviridae Infections RNA Virus Infections Virus Diseases |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral Sexually Transmitted Diseases Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Immune System Diseases |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on March 29, 2017


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The hebrew word for God. Elohim can be either singular or plural, a fact sometimes used by Christians in sermons to exemplify the mystery of the three in one nature of God. Also, the name of the God of our planet according to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
So it would appear that this settles the matter: It's an old word, used in the plural form out of respect (European languages pluralise the second person for respect; in modern English "you" is the only form left for it!), or because of an even earlier pagan word. It acquired its current unambiguous meaning well before they started writing the Bible.
But things are not that simple. First, only portions of the Bible use the word to refer to God (YHWH is used in most of the Bible). And Job 38 (which probably has a very ancient origin, and is peculiar even by the standards of the book of Job) contains what could be interpreted as references to more than one god!
E*lo"him (?), n. [Heb.]
One of the principal names by which God is designated in the Hebrew Scriptures.
© Webster 1913.
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This panorama of the Empire State Plaza, which is also known as the South Mall, was taken the day after Christmas. Notice the State Christmas Tree on the left. The mall has a lot of open space surrounded by towering skyscrapers and unusually-shaped buildings. I have heard that it is the most recognizable of state capit...
These 26 hand-held images were taken from the City of Rensselaer looking east, across the Hudson River. State government buildings are found on the north side of the panorama, while the Port of Albany dominates the south half of the photograph.
Interior of Grand Central station, taken at ISO 1600/5.6 at 1/10 shutter speed. Photos were taken by resting the camera on my hand on the railing of the staircase landing. I didn't think any of this would come out at all, given the darkness of the interior of the station. If I had known they were going to come out half...
Here is the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in New York's capital which is Albany. Usually this is a pretty busy place, but everything is quiet this day after Christmas. Around 14,000 employees work in the plaza buildings. The New York State Museum and the Egg attract many tourists to the area. Have...
As you see, there was a White Christmas at this house in Wynantskill, New York.
A view looking east over Morningside Heights and Harlem from the 13th floor of the Mudd building at Columbia University
A nighttime panorama of downtown Manhattan and the Brooklyn Bridge


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Mark takes national title
PUBLISHED: 17:20 04 December 2012
Three members of the Riverside Judo Club took part in the British Judo Council Closed National Competition – and one returned as a national champion.
Building on a busy period of competition, Mark Wild, 10, used this experience to take the title in the 10 to 12 years age group. Mark had won gold in Plymouth at the beginning of the month and a bronze in Southampton the following week. He was also fighting in his third national competition of the year, having missed out in the spring and won bronze at the Welsh Nationals.
Taking part in his first national competition, Simon Sevcik, nine, fought in the eight to nine years under 40kg section. Having won gold the previous weekend at Southampton, he was looking forward to the challenge of a national event and did not disappoint. Simon won through to the final and took the silver medal, denied the gold by a more experienced opponent.
Clubmate Chris Rayner, fighting in the 4th and 3rd Kyu pool at under 70kg, was also taking part in his first national competition and won one of his three fights with a superb hold down.
Riverside Judo Club will be adding a fourth junior judo session to its busy schedule for 2013 starting at Umberleigh Village Hall on January 10.
For more information call 07828 154 771 or email email@example.com


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Youtopia.com Lands Brittany Spears
Youtopia.com, a Web site based on building customer loyalty among teen-agers, yesterday named Brittany Spears as its first spokeswoman.Spears is also expected to offer content advice for the site that is set to launch later this month.
Terms were not disclosed.
The deal is the first of many the Web site plans to sign with entertainers popular with teens; Youtopia.com plans to attract viewers by offering live chats with the stars.
The New York-based company predicts 1 million teens will join as members of the site, which will offer sweepstakes giveaways and loyalty purchasing credit called "Youdollars." Currently, the Web site is offering 750 Youdollars for every person that joins the company's e-mail list.
The loyalty credit can be used to buy compact discs, clothes and other teen-oriented merchandise through third-party vendors affiliated with Youtopia.com.


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Passionate Public Forum in Brockport; BOE will Re-Draft Budget
Going into tonight's public forum for the draft 2012-2013 budget, the Brockport Board of Education was split on sticking with their proposed a 2.0 % tax increase or upping to 2.54%.
At the meeting's end the decision was made: 2.54%
Residents and students who spoke, to be sure, helped with the decision.
Before opening the microphone to the public, board president Tom Langelotti asked speakers to share what tax hike they preferred.
Every speaker that answered said the higher.
Joanne Hinkley, of Sweden, said a 2.54% increase for her family would amount to about $8 a month – the price of a few movie rentals. She said she wouldn't have a problem with it to preserve some of the things on the chopping block at 2.0%
During the forum, impassioned pleas were made by students, parents, residents, and teachers alike to save cuts to the music program, libraries, academic intervention services, and more.
Supporters of the music program in particular made a strong, organized showing, voicing their concerns about proposed staffing cuts of 1.5 music teachers.
A fear among the speakers was that the loss of those teachers could lead to the destruction of the district's orchestra program.
Some of the approximately 100 music students in attendance had their instruments with them.
Music students as young as grade four and up to their senior year gave emotional, but well thought-out and oft researched appeals at the microphone.
Said high school student Sophia Avery: "The student body is devastated" [by proposed music cuts] She continued, "We've learned you truly don't know what you have until it's gone."
Parent Donna Breslawski of the orchestra boosters said: "Cut back in music programs adversely effect our school spirit and pride."
And fourth graders read quotes from their peers about the music program at Brockport, such as "Music makes me happy," "Music helps my soul," and "Music keeps me focused in school."
Due to the vote following the meeting, the board will now need to re-draft the proposed budget.
By increasing the proposed tax hike to 2.54% they will have $147,000 to work with when they re-draft.
The board is stressing that the administration will need to go back and take a hard look at what, if anything, to add back into the budget and that no decisions have been made in that regard.
The board must adopt a budget for residents to vote on (May 15th) by April 3rd.
I will continue to keep you updated on this important story as details emerge.
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Watch Songwriter, musician and engineer Tom Scholz in his studio. Austin de Besche hide caption toggle caption Austin de Besche Music In The Studio With The Gear Geek Who Wrote 'More Than A Feeling' The mastermind behind the rock group Boston demonstrates how he created the band's unique sound.
Watch 3:00 Los Romanticos de Zacatecas, performing for a video shoot in Mexico City. NPR hide caption toggle caption NPR Beers And Lovesick Doo-Wop: At Home With Los Romanticos May 1, 2014 The Mexican band invites Alt.Latino and Fusion into its house for lively conversation and fun music.
Watch 7:51 David Byrne and Annie Clark of St. Vincent Mito Habe-Evans/NPR hide caption toggle caption Mito Habe-Evans/NPR In Practice David Byrne And St. Vincent October 15, 2012 Peek behind the curtain at the final rehearsal for the two musicians' magical live show.
Watch 4:20 Mito Habe-Evans/NPR In Practice Jeremy Denk June 20, 2012 The pianist has his own personal "piano boot camp." Actually, it's his cramped Manhattan apartment.
Watch Jimmy Tamborello and Ben Gibbard discuss the unexpected success of The Postal Service. Courtesy of the artist hide caption toggle caption Courtesy of the artist All Songs Considered Special Delivery: The Postal Service Story April 8, 2013 Jimmy Tamborello and Ben Gibbard reflect on Give Up, which emerged from a casual collaboration.
Watch Elizabeth Cook takes World Cafe behind the scenes and on to the stage at the Grand Ole Opry. WXPN hide caption toggle caption WXPN World Cafe: Sense Of Place A Backstage Glimpse Of The Grand Ole Opry XPN April 8, 2013 Nashville singer-songwriter Elizabeth Cook takes us behind the scenes at the Grand Ole Opry.
Watch 16:17 David Gilkey and John Poole/NPR Project Song Moby: One Song, Two Days, Three Versions May 4, 2010 On Project Song, Moby and Kelli Scarr finished writing and recording "Gone to Sleep" in record time.
Watch 4:19 Morton Subotnick in his studio. WQXR hide caption toggle caption WQXR Morton Subotnick's Practice Space Q2 April 17, 2013 Get a glimpse of the first ever analog synthesizer and take a tour of the couple's New York home.
Watch 3:09 Mito Habe-Evans/NPR In Practice Jonathan Biss June 20, 2012 A building demolition inadvertently helps the pianist discover the perfect practicing solution.
Watch 2:47 New York Polyphony perform Renaissance songs for an In Practice recording session. Mito Habe-Evans/NPR hide caption toggle caption Mito Habe-Evans/NPR In Practice New York Polyphony June 20, 2012 Cathedrals aren't easy to come by, so the vocal group falls back on a modest-sized living room.
Watch 3:44 Angélica Negrón gives Q2 Music a tour of her apartment. Q2 Music hide caption toggle caption Q2 Music Music Videos Angélica Negrón On Q2 Music's 'Spaces' Q2 June 12, 2013 Watch the creative Puerto Rican-born composer show off her vintage keyboards and music boxes.


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Dr Who companion Elisabeth Sladen (3rd Dr Who companion, Sarah Jane Adventures) has died, God Bless
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R.I.P. Elisabeth Sladen (1948-2011) – Sarah Jane Smith
Courtesy of MrTARDISReviews:
One of the most beloved companions through time and space has passed away after a long battle with cancer.
R.I.P. Elisabeth Sladen. You will never be forgotten.
*Information from the BBC Press Office*
It is with much sadness that we can announce Elisabeth Sladen, the much-loved actress best known for her role as Sarah Jane Smith in Doctor Who and CBBC's The Sarah Jane Adventures, passed away this morning. She was 63.
Lis first appeared as Sarah Jane in Doctor Who in 1973 alongside the Third Doctor Jon Pertwee and stayed for three and half seasons working alongside Jon and the Fourth Doctor Tom Baker. She returned to the role on numerous occasions over the years and, in 2007, was given her own spin-off series on CBBC – The Sarah Jane Adventures – where she would appear alongside new Doctors David Tennant and Matt Smith.
The Sarah Jane Adventures brought Lis a whole new generation of fans who grew up to love her alien-busting adventures. The series was hugely popular with fans young and old and won this year's RTS Award for best children's drama.
Controller of CBBC Damian Kavanagh said tonight: "I'm deeply saddened and shocked by the news of Lis' untimely death. Lis brought joy, excitement and a sense of wonder to her many fans in her role as Sarah Jane Smith. She was adored by our young audience and I know all of them will miss her as much as I will."
The creator of The Sarah Jane Adventures Russell T Davies said: "I absolutely loved Lis. She was funny and cheeky and clever and just simply wonderful. The universe was lucky to have Sarah Jane Smith; the world was lucky to have Lis."
Steven Moffat, Doctor Who's Lead Writer and Executive Producer said: "'Never meet your heroes' wise people say. They weren't thinking of Lis Sladen.
"Sarah Jane Smith was everybody's hero when I was younger, and as brave and funny and brilliant as people only ever are in stories. But many years later, when I met the real Sarah Jane – Lis Sladen herself – she was exactly as any child ever have wanted her to be. Kind and gentle and clever; and a ferociously talented actress, of course, but in that perfectly English unassuming way.
"There are a blessed few who can carry a whole television show on their talent and charisma – but I can't think of one other who's done it quite so politely. I once showed my son Joshua an old episode of Doctor Who, in which Lis appeared. "But that's Sarah Jane," he said, confused "In old Doctor Who. From years ago. How come she always look exactly the same?" It's not a comfort today, of course, but children will still be saying that fifty years from now."
Keith Jones, Director, BBC Cymru Wales, said: "The Sarah Jane Adventures has been one of the most successful children's programmes on television in recent years – and without Elisabeth Sladen it would not have happened. A brilliant presence on screen and on set, she brought the excitement and energy of the Doctor Who family of programmes, of which we are very proud at BBC Wales, to a whole new generation. She will be missed by all at BBC Wales who worked with her."
Roger Carey, who represented Lis for many years, said. "She was not just a client, but a dear friend. She was so positive about life and her natural energy was intoxicating. She couldn't believe her luck when her career was resurrected in her own series."
Lis had been suffering from cancer. She leaves behind a husband, actor Brian Miller, and her daughter, Sadie.


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The Criterion Collection announced yesterday their September new releases, consisting of four brand-new titles and one Blu-ray update.
American artist David Lynch finally joins the collection, as many film aficionados have been hoping for years. Lynch's debut feature, Eraserhead, is getting the Criterion treatment, with a Blu-ray and a DVD edition coming (there will be no dual format in September). In terms of extras, Eraserhead will come together with the making-of documentary Eraserhead Stories, six Lynch short films (all of them previously released on the "The Short Films of David Lynch" DVD), and both new and archival interviews.
Two Criterion favorites are part of September's lineup also. I'm talking about Roman Polanski and Rainer Werner Fassbinder, who in conjunct have now almost twenty films in the collection. Fassbinder's Ali: Fear Eats the Soul gets the Blu-ray update, after being released on Criterion DVD back in 2003. On the other hand, Polanski's William Shakespeare adaptation, 1971's Macbeth, is set to hit stores for the first time under the Criterion label.
The other brand-new titles are two black-and-white films from the early sixties: the British/American The Innocents (1961) and the French Sundays and Cybèle (1962). The first one is Jack Clayton's classic, co-written by Truman Capote, and considered by Martin Scorsese as one of the scariest horror movies of all time. The latter is Serge Bourguignon's drama, winner of the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Details of each September release are displayed in the gallery below.


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Scottsboro, AL Happy & having fun
Good Points +- I never tried the underwear on... The material seemed soft and looked as if it would fit my body type though.
Bad Points −- I didnt try the underwear on... I was looking for underwear with a remote and these DO NOT come with one.
Published on: March 02 2017


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(RSF/IFEX) - RSF has condemned the actions of security forces in surrounding the home of journalist Hassan al-Zaidi since the start of August 2003, preventing him from leaving his residence. The operation was undoubtedly intended to intimidate Zaidi, the organisation said, while demanding an explanation for the operation.
In a telephone call to his newspaper, the independent "Yemen Times", Zaidi said he feared that he would be arrested soon. Two of his brothers, one aged 14, were already arrested some days ago, probably on 8 August. Zaidi said the arrests were illegal and accused the security forces of taking his brothers hostage.
The security forces claim they have put the journalist under surveillance because he belongs to the al-Zaidi tribe, which recently entered into a dispute with the government, prompting a wave of arrests of tribal members since the beginning of August.
However, Zaidi said he has been confined to his home because of his articles and not because of his membership in the al-Zaidi tribe. He has been arrested several times in recent years because of his articles in the "Yemen Times", which is published twice a week, but the journalist has never been prosecuted (see IFEX alerts of 24 and 20 September 2001).


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Vedic Astrology Horoscope KT Astrologer
While Saturn and Mars continue to create finance problems, Jupiter and Rahu will fix them. Hence the positive and negative energies are getting balanced out even. So you will both increased income as well as increased expenses. Travel, shopping, home and car maintenance expenses will continue to move up. Cash flow is indicated through many source. Your time is looking good to apply for bank loans and credit cards. You need to avoid any real estate transactions since Mars and Saturn are making powerful conjunction in this month. Your time is looking good to sell your properties but only in the next month. If you have any plans to buy properties, you need to go with your natal chart support. Avoid stock market investments since you will accumulate more losses even in this month. Options traders and speculators will have bad time. Things are looking much better for traders from May 2016.
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One of the largest earth-filled dams in the world impounds the waters of the mighty Peace River near Hudson's Hope, BC, Canada to form the huge reservoir of Williston Lake. The dam is 600 feet high. The Gordon Shrum generating station with its 10 turbines produces more than 40 % of the electrical energy in BC. The ...
An image created for a research paper i'm completing on using mixed media in the form of massive-resolution digital images and poetry. The image was created using the Ascii Art Generator found here: www.glassgiant.com/ascii / and consists of 400-letter long rows. The final text was loaded into a layer in photosho...


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A............. B..............., Plaintiff,
vs.Order of Attachment. C............. D..............., Defendant.
The plaintiff in this case having filed the necessary affidavit and bond, the sheriff of the county of .........., or a constable of any district therein, to whom this order shall come, is hereby required, in the name of the State of West Virginia, to attach the real estate, and to attach and take into his possession the personal property of the defendant, C............... D..............., sufficient to pay the sum of .................... dollars (the amount affiant states the plaintiff is justly entitled to recover), and the costs of the suit, and make return of his proceedings under this order to the next term of the .................... court (or at the rules to be held for the .................... court on the ................ day of ........................, naming in either case the court in which the action is brought).
Witness E............... F..............., clerk of said court, this ................ day of ........................
E............... F..............., Clerk.
Note: WV Code updated with legislation passed through the 2016 Regular Session
The West Virginia Code Online is an unofficial copy of the annotated WV Code, provided as a convenience. It has NOT been edited for publication, and is not in any way official or authoritative.


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Steven Bertoni, Forbes Staff
I cover the Forbes Under 30 franchise, technology and entrepreneurs.
Page 2 of 11
© L. Matthew Bowler
$22.5 billion
Walmart. U.S.
World's largest retailer benefited as cash-strapped shoppers looked to discount merchandise at start of economic slump. Boost may have waned; recently reported 1.6% decline in same-store sales in its U.S. Walmart and Sam's Club stores, warned of soft sales in current quarter. Still, shares are up 7% in past 12 months and family fortune rose a combined $13 billion, largely recovering losses from market crash. Sam Walton started as J.C. Penney clerk. Opened Benjamin Franklin five-and-dime in 1945; lost lease five years later. Founded Bentonville, Ark., general store with brother James in 1962. Today Walmart has $405 billion in annual sales, 2 million employees, more than 8,400 stores. Christy is the richest of the Waltons thanks to late husband John's early bet on First Solar; alternative energy stock up more than 350% since 2006 public offering.
Related Video: Meg Whitmans Bias For Action


text: Super Meat Boy's Last Laugh On PETA Is PC-Playable Tofu BoyOwen Good12/02/10 6:30pmFiled to: IndieSuper Meat BoyPetaPCTeam meatSuper Tofu BoyTofutofurkeyturduckenTofucken713EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Gloating that he goaded People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals into making a flash-game free advertisement for indie hit Super Meat Boy, the game's co-creator followed up with an unlockable Super Tofu Boy character for the game's PC version. Advertisement The game hit Steam just yesterday, so, that's fast turnaround by Team Meat. A tweet this afternoon says the character is unlocked by typing in petaphile at the character select screen.Edmund McMillan, the game's co-creator, says he "repeatedly made fake user names in Peta's forum pushing the game at them in hopes something like this would happen." Advertisement "Peta is 1,000 times more well known than Super Meat Boy and the fact that they went out of their way to make a parody like this is beyond flattering and amazingly helpful," McMillan writes.McMillan notes that he himself was once a vegetarian and has worked as an animal control officer. He disagrees with Peta's absolutist stance against laboratory testing of animals, saying that has led to medical discoveries and treatments that save lives - like that of his mother, who is diabetic.Super Meat Boy vs Peta! [Team Meat Blog]Reply713 repliesLeave a reply


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You are here
Creating a Blog Audience Ebook
So you have a great blog. You work hard on posts and pictures, and you want to share them with the world. How do you go about finding some readers?
Heck, while we're at it, how do you go about finding a whole bunch of readers - building a big blog audience that will land you more Etsy sales, or a book deal, or other kinds of fame
and fortune?
Creating a Blog Audience isn't a mainstream marketing book. It's aimed at the unique needs of craft bloggers, and covers Engagement Marketing - a great technique for this rather crowded, busy internet age.
This ebook is designed for:
- New bloggers who want to find readers outside their family and friends
- Experienced bloggers who want to grow a larger audience
- Bloggers who hope to use their blogs to market a small business
Take a look at what's inside...
Table of Contents:
Chapter One: Laying the groundwork
- The Blogosphere has (really) changed
- Business and Marketing have (really) changed
- A few things to consider first...
- The Paradox of Engagement Marketing
- Mythbusting (Blogger's Edition)
- How much work will it take to build a huge following?
Special Section: The single most important thing you can do
to promote your blog
Special Section: The "Cool Kids"
Chapter Two: Using engagement marketing
- Who do you want to reach with your blog?
- Commenting
- Linking
- Introducing yourself to other bloggers
- Getting Reciprocal
- Sharing and Submitting your work
Special Section: Taking your blog where the people are
Special Section: Some little, easy efforts
Chapter Three: Putting it all together
- Don't worry, it's not really a marketing plan
- A sample plan of attack
- Put it in the calendar
- Where to go from here?
Chapter Four: Time and Results
- Surprise - there are only so many hours in a day!
- How can I tell if all this effort is working?
Special Section: Coming back to content
Creating a Blog Audience is 62 pages, formatted for easy reading on your computer screen. It also comes with a free Worksheet Pack to help you make the most of the techniques in the ebook.
And, you'll find an online directory of links to help you with the more technical topics.
It all adds up to an engaging, easy-to-understand guide to help you build a loyal following for your blog.


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National Museums: To Charge or not to charge?
This paper looks at the arguments for and against admission charges to national museums and provides some new evidence relating to the effects of charges. This debate is set in the context of the policy objective of access: the vast majority of the population do not attend national museums and evidence on this and on the socio-economic composition of those who do attend is presented for Ireland.
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Date of creation: | 1995 |
Handle: | RePEc:tcd:tcduep:952 |
Contact details of provider: | Postal: Trinity College, Dublin 2 Phone: (+ 353 1) 6081325 Fax: 6772503 Web page: http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/ More information through EDIRC |
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New Balance 998 HL Made in USA
New Balance is coming at us with a brand new colorway for their 998 model. Using rich black suede and gun metal grey to accent along with red and blue pops, these are 100% made in the USA and will make a nice addition for any New Balance addict. These are available in David Z stores now for $169.95.