text:
Sometimes, in the fickle world of dance music, dodging the latest trend and sticking to your strengths pays off. Just ask the Crystal Method, who emerged during the mid-'90s funky breaks craze as America's answer to (or, some would say, America's watered-down version of) the Chemical Brothers, and have clung doggedly to their signature mix of breakbeats, trip-hop, dirty acid synths and arena-friendly rock and hip-hop flourishes ever since. Even as Fatboy Slim was busily mutating the breaks scene into big beat, their first two albums mostly avoided that new genre's smiley-face, MTV Spring Break vibe, sticking to darker, tweakier textures and only making overtures towards the mainstream by enlisting guest rock vocalists like Tom Morello and Scott Weiland. It got them into a lot of soundtracks and car commercials but not on the radio, and it also effectively banished their tunes from the clubs for a few years as every DJ and his pet ferret turned to progressive house.
Now it appears that the Method men, Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland, are about to have the last laugh. Thanks to the success of next-generation DJs like Adam Freeland, Überzone and Hyper, breaks are back in a big way, and the Crystal Method, along with the Chemical Brothers, are poised to become the scene's elder statesmen. Which would be okay if they didn't also sound like elder statesmen, but on their new album, Legion of Boom, there are too few surprises amid the usual, admittedly fun, rocktronic rave-ups. Unlike their UK counterparts, who have been inconsistent of late but at least continue to take chances, TCM seem to have settled pretty comfortably into their little soundtrack-for-video-games-and-halftime-shows niche, which gives Legion of Boom a surprisingly lifeless quality despite all the fat beats exploding all over the place.
The album's opener, a midtempo mood-setter called "Starting Over", is typical of TCM's increasingly lazy sound, taking a very cool chopped-up b-boy vocal from Rahzel but setting it against a standard breaks pattern and synth washes that could almost be straight out of 1983. Things get a lot more interesting on the next track, the album's first single and best song, a scorcher called "Born Too Slow". Taking full advantage of former Limp Bizkit guitarist Wes Borland's dirty licks and especially former Kyuss frontman John Garcia's brilliantly raw-throated vocals, the track sounds more rock than electronic, just using its sludgy breakbeats to jump-start Borland and Garcia's heavy metal theatrics. A production assist from master rock producer Scott Litt (R.E.M., Nirvana, Incubus) probably didn't hurt either. This track has monster crossover hit written all over it.
Garcia regrettably doesn't return, but Borland shows up twice more, used to great effect on the trippy, midtempo "Broken Glass" and less well on "Weapons of Mass Distortion", which showcases the kind of mindless metal guitar riffing that made Borland's work in Limp Bizkit, for all his obvious talent, so utterly disposable. The only other track that features any guitar is a mildly funky breaks workout called "Realizer", though you wouldn't know it to listen to it—supposedly the guitar of L.A.-based pop cult icon Jon Brion is buried in there somewhere, but the song is really all about percolating synths and the soul sister vocals of yet another L.A. rocker, Lisa Kekaula of local punk/R&B heroes the BellRays. Kekaula's a great singer, but TCM's sound doesn't play to her strengths; against the sleepy breaks of "Realizer" and the other track she appears on, "High and Low", she comes off as just another disco diva-for-hire.
The other tracks on Legion of Boom that actually work are the eerie, trippy "I Know it's You", which runs actress Milla Jovavich's ethereal vocals backwards over lots of spooky synth effects and a quietly insistent breakbeat. The result is a track that manages to be delicate and punishing all at once, as if Delerium were remixed by Meat Beat Manifesto. "Acetone" has some life in it, too, thanks some more aggressive beats and good use of that trademark TCM synth sound that resembles nothing so much as a the revving engine of a video game race car.
Come to think of it, many of the Crystal Method's songs and sounds resemble video games, which I guess shouldn't come as a surprise since they've leant their music to several of them. And that's not meant as a dis—a lot of my favorite music evokes the frictionless, ever-evolving, single POV landscapes of classic video games, and that's exactly what I like about it, because there's something futuristic and sexy and escapist about music that sounds like it was composed for a world at once more simplistic and less mundane than this one. But Legion of Boom seems to be stuck in the lower levels of whatever Game Cube car chase or X-Box street fight it might be accompanying. Considering how well Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland have mastered their game, and considering that they've earned an extra life with the whole breaks revival, you'd think they'd be ready to take their music to the bonus round. For "Born Too Slow", they do; for the rest of this disc, they seem to be keeping the settings at "Easy" and padding their scores. The results are often enjoyable, but Legion of Boom is a game that should have been way more of a challenge, to the Crystal Method and to us.
Tibet House's 30th Anniversary Benefit Concert Celebrated Philip Glass' 80th
// Notes from the Road
"Philip Glass, the artistic director of the Tibet House benefits, celebrated his 80th birthday at this year's annual benefit with performances from Patti Smith, Iggy Pop, Brittany Howard, Sufjan Stevens and more.
READ the article


text:
Monday, February 8, 2010
Save Money &Free Freebies For Malaysian Bloggers!
When my son was in Italy for three months training last year, we did not manage to talk much on the website. Though he bought a pair of webcams before he left, we didn't use it because his hotel did not supply free wifi connection, instead it was 8 euro per day. Eventually we ended up keeping in touch through my house phone and my handphone. Imagine how much my bill was when it came, I have been paying hefty bills then. Anyway, he has come back and now I do not have to make expensive overseas call as for NOW.
Lately a blogger friend told me about this WiBox. Ever heard of this? According to their website, it helps us callers to save a lot especially when we call our love ones nationwide or even overseas. Stating here, for Malaysia , it is flat rate ofRM0.14/min, mobile call RM0.15/min nationwide flat rate and for overseas like China , US, Australia , Canada , UK , Hong Kong etc. the rate can be as low as RM0.08/min. Sounds interesting, right? We can definitely save up to 97% from our telephone calls.
More details can be found here at this website. Just three simple steps and you can own a Wibox and a free RM5 talk time value that comes with free delivery as well.
Bloggers, good news for you too! When you blog about WiBox, you will receive a free WiBox and free talk time value. All you have to do is to click here for more information blogging for a free WiBox.
9 comments:
- WiBox Marketing TeamFebruary 9, 2010 at 11:39 AM
Thank you, ReanaClaire for your post on WiBox.
To answer to CH Voon question, WiBox can be used in any state in Malaysia, just plug and play. It's a small and light gadget (size of a handphone) so it can be carried around easily. You can find more information by logging on to wibox.com.my.
Hi Tekkaus,
You can enjoy savings up to 97% from WiBox when calling not only to outstation, but to handphone and overseas as well.
Thank you for your interest on WiBox. Please do not hesitate to visit our website (wibox.com.my)and contact us for more information.
WiBox Marketing Team
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
RockLove Jewelry Anchor Pendant on Black Vintage Lucite - One of our top sellers! A real head-turner! RockLoves brand new 1950s pin-up inspired hand carved solid sterling silver anchor pendant. Interwoven rope and a blooming flower make this traditionally masculine emblem all woman for the seafaring femme fatale! Strung 16 long on authentic black cats eye lucite beads from
RockLove Jewelry Vixen Pendant on Vintage Lucite - RockLove's favorite 1950's word! The nickname for a beautiful or foxy lady transformed into the slang vixen (the technical term for a female fox). The hand pierced sterling silver heart pendant spans 1.5 by 1 and is boldly strung on 16 of authentic vintage Japanese cats eye lucite beads from the
RockLove Jewelry Nautical Star Pendant on Black Vintage Lucite - Now presenting the piece you've all been waiting for! The Pin Up Angels and RockLove have teamed up to create this bold sterling silver nautical star necklace in which all proceeds are donated to their noble charity! Spanning an eye-popping 1.5, the silver pendant is a real piece of history; the
RockLove Jewelry Black Betty Posy Necklace - Inspired by the scintillating sinner, Black Betty of the Boston-based band, Black Betty and the Bad Habits! Officially ready for order! Limited edition - sorry guys and dolls, but this piece is crazy expensive to make - it's huge and heavy! RockLove's favorite to date! We've priced
We just adore the subtle sparkle and thoughtful design of this vintage-inspired belt. Hand-dyed silk from India with individually hand-sewn crystals and faceted, distressed-metal baguettes. Self-tie closure. Width: 1 3/8". Part of the J.Crew Collection. Import. 72"L x 1 3/8"W.
A blazing blue ring with beaded bronze details. Blue lapis with floral carving. Beaded polished bronze setting. Made in USA.
Beaded Silk Charmeuse Top Square and circular angled beads glimmer on this gorgeous silk charmeuse top with deep v-neckline. Beads embellish bodice and straps of tank. Hidden side zipper with hook-and-eye closure. Center back to hem: 25". -Silk/spandex blend. -Dry clean only. -Imported. -SKU 113407 -Style 699411016692 $89.00
Snowflake Obsidian Wedge Pendant on Black Cotton Cord, with a variety of glass, metal and gem beads plus faux pearls. Hematite hoops and twisted hematite beads are also featured.
An African-inspired pieced runner to show off your wild side. Multicolor beaded panels. Glass, wood, metal, and mother-of-pearl beads. Cotton backing. 18"W x 46"L Imported. About Kim Seybert: Designer Kim Seybert combines personal study in old-world techniques with a sense of current style to create uniquely elegant pieces for the home. Since 1997, her beaded and embroidered designs have helped redefine beauty in home decor.
Your jewelry should be as unique and playful as you are! This hand-beaded necklace was designed with that in mind, and is constructed using flexible wire that you can twist, turn, and bend into a shape that suits you best. Lightweight and sweet... this necklace is a great addition to any fashionable gals jewelry collection.
Silver Style by Paula Nishitani
Find what's hot, right now. Join Stylehive for free or login.


text:
Minimum Order 10 per item
48 hours notice required for all breakfast orders
Delivery Charges: There is a $35.00 delivery charge for delivery within the greater Little Rock area which includes our delivering, setting up and returning to pick up our equipment. Delivery only (for box lunches, for example) is $25.00. There will be an additional charge for deliveries made before 8:00 a.m., after 5:00 p.m., and for Sunday delivery. Mileage is charged for delivery outside Pulaski County.
Weddings are among life's most joyous and significant events. Since 1973 RSVP has set the standard by which full service catering is judged. Weddings are a particular specialty and we make sure every detail is just the way you want it.


text:
Creation Games
Come create your own level or world in this huge selection of creation games. Build an airport or create a comic book hero. Build a bridge for the Thing to walk over or create a building, only to blow it up in Demolition City. The possibilities are endless.
Air Traffic Mania is a chaotic airport sim. There are four unique modes to play.
Build your own creations with several distinct building blocks like wheels, bricks, doors, windows, roofs etc.
You need to build the bridge to get the creatures to the other side.
You need to build the bridge to get the creatures to the other side. The second installment of this popular physics game!
Patience is key as you build bridges to save your little friends.
Deploy tools and explosives! Adjust timers and push the button!
The Cargo Bridge is back! Build a bridge and test your construction skills. Now, there are more levels, more bridge connections, more cargo and more fun!
Cargo Bridge's new Christmas Level Pack. It has 12 brand new levels for bridge building fun.
Comic hand works like a dress up game but instead of dressing up characters you create original comics.
Demolish buildings all over the world. Strategically place different explosives on a building or tower and take it down.
Build defense lines against creatures, and then shoot them if they get through!
Create a fun musical festival while managing your resources wisely.
Build a zoo, entertain guests, and manage everything. You can even be the animals and play around!
Build the bridge across the canyon. Sound easy? Think again. The physics is really cool, and it is a huge challenge getting the structure right. Once your bridge is built, these strange creatures can cross... safely I hope.
Bridge building is a challenging task faced by many engineers today. Do you think you're up to the task? Create a stable bridge structure and see how it holds up to the crossing of different creatures. You have the choice of wooden or steel girders.
Use your puzzle solving skills to help the Normans adjust to farm life and grow truck loads of veggies.
Your ninja must rope through the levels collecting all the coins and eliminating all the enemies with your arrows.
Build railway bridges and test your bridge with different kinds of trains.
With so many people suffering, who are you going to help first?
Destroy little colored blocks with a flying ball in this online version of the classic game.
In the future, robots rule the world. Build factories and energy plants to create masses of robots for your army.
Build a rollercoaster that will thrill the riders.
Help your Sprouts invent wonderful toys and assist them in rebuilding their land.
Build your own robot Transformer and print out your design.


text:
Snowflakes, Santa, Snowmen Vector Packs for Your Illustrations
Show Summary | Posted by andra04 1926 days ago | Category: Graphic Design
If you quickly need some holiday elements to make some nice greeting cards for your clients, your friends or your loved ones, we have just the vector pack you need! Snowflakes, Christmas trees, Santa, snowmen – you name it!
Tweet This | Share to Facebook | Discuss | Bury


text:
M.U.S.C.L.E. Figures from Mattel – UofMUSCLE.com
Posts Tagged #12
Advertising & Promotion 300 Update
Posted by Chad Perry in Advertising & Promotion, Research, UofM News on April 24th, 2013
The 233 Counterfeit Collection
Posted by Chad Perry in Art, Research, UofM News on May 24th, 2010
This is the official archive for The University of M.U.S.C.L.E. as it attempts to document a full 233 counterfeit M.U.S.C.L.E. figure collection through the submission of collectors' pictures. The collection is part of Art 100.
Sociology 300 – Ryan Searles
Posted by Chad Perry in Sociology, UofM News on May 12th, 2010
Ryan Searles, known as Scumdogg on LittleRubberGuys.com, is an interesting and prominent collector within the M.U.S.C.L.E. community for a variety of reasons – most notably because of his incredible M.U.S.C.L.E.-related artwork.
The 28-Pack
Posted by Chad Perry in History, UofM News on January 13th, 2010
The 28-pack write-up has been long delayed because of the desire to add individual pictures of each 28-pack figure. Additionally, there are a few 28-pack pictures that also need to be taken. Instead of withholding the entire topic it seemed better to make the current information available; adding pictures and various improvements over time.
Literature 200 Completed
Posted by Chad Perry in Literature, UofM News on December 9th, 2009
The only documented example of M.U.S.C.L.E. in a mail order catalog is the 1986 Sears Wishbook. Sears, along with Mattel and most advertisers, seemed unsure of the figures proper place – although the placement suggests probably the best understanding of the brand. Read more in Literature 200.


text:
Let's all be realistic for a cotton pickin' second. Does anyone really think that Tiger Woods has been driving a Buick for the last nine years? I'd bet his gardener, nanny, personal assistant, etc. may be driving them, but Tiger, no way. Too stodgy.
Susan Docherty, GM vice-president for Buick-Pontiac-GMC said in an email to dealers today, "It's with great emotion that I wish to inform you that the time has come for our long term relationship with Tiger Woods to end." On his end Woods issued the following statement, "I am very proud of the long-standing partnership I've had with GM and have enjoyed being a part of the company's dramatic product evolution.'' In other words, thanks for the memories.
Woods had one year remaining on a five-year deal worth $40 million, according to Advertising Age magazine. So, one less year cost him and saved GM eight million dollars. I don't expect Woods will have much of a problem replacing that endorsement money if he chooses. It seems like a pittance in savings on GM's part, but it's a statement of austerity that reflects the collapsing domestic automobile business and an effort to save money that GM sorely needs to portray as they pitch the corporate bail out idea to Washington.
You would think that Woods would be the ideal pitchman for anything, even hemorrhoid cream, but I never saw the Buick marriage as made in heaven. Buick's demographic was and is the 54-75 year old somewhat affluent guy with golf being a common denominator. I'd picture Arnie or a Jay Haas type as carrying more weight with those consumers. I'm certain Buick tried to lower their median purchaser age by hiring Woods, but they never built the product that was desirable to a younger audience. I'd fancy Tiger as more of a Toyota or Lexus spokesperson. That said, I'm sure he didn't hurt them, I just think it was a round peg in a square hole.
Coincidentally, I spent twenty five years in dealership management, a number of which were in GM dealerships during the Tiger era. We were feasted with Buick/Tiger promo material and more than a few ProV1 s with Buick logos came my way. I decided to leave the business exactly one year ago. Sadly, my brethren still in the business have much more to worry about now than just the loss of free golf balls.
Til' next,
Monday, November 24, 2008
Tiger Woods, Buick Part Company
Posted by Average Golfer at 6:16 PM
Labels: Buick, GM, golf, Tiger Woods
6 comments:
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)


text:
We promote healthy living in every aspect of campus life.
Walking paths and beautiful natural areas shape our campus, which has been smoke-free since 2011. Through the MHealthy initiative, we have improved our nutritious food and beverage options across campus
Get Active
The Wellness Center, located inside the Fieldhouse, is open to all current students, faculty and staff. It features cardio equipment, free weights, weight machines, men's and women's locker rooms, two racquetball courts and a dance studio that holds various fitness classes.
Find Support
Healthy living means physical, mental and emotional well-being. We provide a range of services to ensure that all students receive equal access to the support they need to thrive on and off campus.
The Student Food Pantry provides temporary food assistance to students in need.
Registered UM-Dearborn students are eligible for personal counseling at no charge. Counseling is available to faculty and staff through the Faculty and Staff Assistance Program (FASAP).
Disability Services are available to help students with disabilities participate in every part of mainstream college life.
Did You Know?
More Factsfact_and_figure 2196
UM-Dearborn was ranked safest public university in Michigan for the fourth-straight year by StateUniversity.com.


text:
Login Required
JPG+ Required
Collections are a JPG+ feature. You must be a JPG+ member to create new collections and to add photos to collections.
Sign up for JPG+ to start using collections now!
Photo license: © All rights reserved
Check out more here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02E0ob5y3Ek
1 response
JamesHarmon McQuilkin gave props (3 Feb 2013):
love the smooth gtextures


text:
The Door System The All-in-One Revit Door Family is the best way to create Doors in your Revit Project. The built in fully parametric Frame system lets you create any Door System you need for your Revit Project. You can setup a standard single Door, with all Details, Materials and Functions you require and then just duplicate it to different Door Types and change with just one click to a double Door, or from a Swing Door to a Sliding Door. This is the first time that you can get all the Doors you need for your Revit project with just a few clicks. They all follow exactly to your requirements, and you don't just get the Doors you need but you use just one Revit Family and keep your Revit Project efficient and your Revit Door Content easy to maintain. |
The Wall Opening The Wall opening doesn't get that much attention with normal Revit Door Families as you might have experienced. Not so with this All-in-One Revit Door Family as it lets you have full control over the Wall Opening with many adjustable parameters to get the Opening, the Render wrapping, Reveal, etc. exactly how you require it for your specific Revit Project. |
The Frame System There's nothing like the Frame System in the All-in-One Revit Door Family. With just a few parameters, it lets you adjust the Door Frame to various Frame Types, with various Rebates and either as Wood or as Metal Profile Frame in a way you never could before. The amazing thing is that you can change all this at any configuration - So you can for example setup a specific Door with specific Rebates, a specific Door Panel, Glazing and various Accessories and then just duplicate it to a Corner Frame Type, a Closure Frame Type or a Block Frame. It's so simple and efficient ... |
The Panel System With the Panel System of the All-in-One Revit Door Family, you can do much more than just see them as Symbol line in your Plan view or as a 3D Door Panel in your Rendering. You have various ways to show your Door Panel in the plan view in a detail and accuracy you haven't seen before. The Panel follows automatically to your Frame setup, and with just one click you can even switch between Flush and not Flush or create an glazing within your Door Panel. |
Door Accessories There is even more Detail on the Accessories with a fully parametric Door Handle, that can be adjusted to a Emergency Bar, Lever handle, Pull Handle, Push Plate or just a Knob handle. There are also adjustable Kick Plates and more. |
Door Schedule And finally the All-in-One Revit Door Family lets you take advantage from the Revit schedule capabilities with all its great features and details. The All-in-One Revit Door Family supports the Revit schedule functionality more then any other Revit Door Family available giving you access to a long list of specially for scheduling prepared list of Parameters. |
Rough Opening The correct Rough Opening is the basic functionality that you await from a good Revit Door Family. If the Rough Opening is 100% correct, you can trust to use it for your construction as well as detail documentation drawings. The All-in-One Revit Door Family gives you the possibility to setup specific Rough Distances between your Frame and the actual opening. |
Tapered Reveal Many Projects are revitalizing existing Buildings and therefore Doors have to be placed into existing walls that often have tapered reveals. The All-in-One Revit Door Family helps you with its fully adjustable Reveals to exactly show each reveal as it is existing in the specific structure. |
Render Offset You can setup various Wrapping options within the System Wall Family, but this is just the half way to get the exact detail you really need. It is important to be able to control how much the render overlaps your frame separate for interior as well as exterior and the All-in-One Revit Door Family lets you do this in a very convenient way. |
Cut joined Wall The Wall System family gives you great possibilities to setup the exact Wall Layers you need. But sometimes it is necessary to add an additional Wall (e.g. Dry-Lining) and join it with the original Wall. The All-in-One Revit Door Family supports those additionally joined walls with its Wall opening and it applies all your settings for Rough Distance, Tapered Reveals as well as Render Offset seamless to the original Wall as well as any additional joined Wall. |
Frame Type IMPROVED in Version 1.4 If you wanted to add correct information to your Building Information Model, finding the right Revit Door Family has always been a challenge. Even more difficult was then to get this specific Revit Door Family with the right Frame type. This hassle is now over as the All-in-One Revit Door Family gives you the full control over your Door Frame Type. You can change the Frame Type between a Closure Frame, Corner Frame or a Block Frame, just with one click and the advanced parametric functionality of this Revit Door Family does the rest for you - it adjusts the Door Panel, the Wall opening, etc. and in case that the Door Frame doesn't work with other settings like Transom Window, Side Lights, Sliding Door, etc. it prevents you from an error and is setting the appropriate Frame type automatically for you. Additional to the Frame Type the Frame can easily be changed between a Profile and Wood Frame. This Change can also be done with just one single Parameter and all your settings for Frame Type, Rebates, etc. are automatically adopted to fit to the chosen Frame Material by the All-in-One Revit Door Family. |
Rebates IMPROVED in Version 1.4 Having the right Door Frame is already amazing, but imagine, that you could change even the number of rebates within this Frame - The All-in-One Revit Door Family lets you do this with just one simple parameter and again it does all the work around adjusting the rebates (e.g. adjusting the Door panel, Wall opening, etc.) for you. From Version 1.4 the Rebates are now more adjustable as you can have the option to activate or deactivate the Grooves. It is now possible to setup for example a US or UK Standard Steel Frame. |
Folds IMPROVED in Version 1.4 There are some Metal Frames that have either a single Fold or a Shadow Gap for the Render. The All-in-One Revit Door Family lets you setup a fully adjustable single fold, shadow gap or even no fold for the Closure Frame as well as the Corner Frame. From Version 1.4 the Fold can now also be adjusted to have a Ancher. It is now possible to setup for example a US or UK Standard Steel Frame. |
Handle The Door Handle within the All-in-One Revit Door Family is fully parametric and can simply be switched between various Handle Types with just one single Parameter and this separate for each Door Panel. Lock The Lock is also fully parametric and can be shown with or without the various Handle Types. Kick Plate On the Door Panel Surface of the All-in-One Revit Door Family there is a fully parametric Kick Plate that can be adjusted in its size as well as location and of corse in its material. |
Hinges The All-in-One Revit Door Family doesn't just show Hinges for each Door Panel in the plan view as well as in 3D View, it takes even the Role of the Hinge for the swing functionality very serious. The position as well as the size of the Hinge is fully adjustable, and the Door Panel adjusts automatically its size as well its swing radius to give you always the correct space required for the swing of the panel. |
Threshold The All-in-One Revit Door Family can be used as Interior as well as Exterior Door and so can the Threshold. The Threshold is adjustable in its profile and can be switched to either interior, exterior or even both. |


text:
Dewpond Engineers Pvt Ltd
See new updates
DeW-POND Engineers Pvt Ltd. was established in 1988.
We, Manufacture industrial cooling towers of all types like Induced Draft, Forced Draft, Natural Drafts in RCC, FRP and Timber Construction.
Dew-Pond offers you the latest Technology in cooling towers. We at DeW-Pond Carefully design and build all the industrial cooling towers and equipmen
Latest Updates


text:
I am a firm believer in the Qur'an and Allah. Thank Allah my faith and trust in Him
grows each day. My concern is this: the Qur'an mentions over and over the
blessings of Heaven. It repeatedly mentions beautiful, pure maidens as a bounty of
Heaven. People often say Islam is a male dominance religion.
Why is there not mention of rewards for women?
Praise be to Allah
Since you believe in Allah and His Book, you must know that (": and not one will thy Lord treat with injustice"), Verse 49, Surat al-Kahf, or the Cave, and ("Allah is never unjust in the least degree: if there is any good (done), He doubleth it, and gives from His Own Self a great reward"), Verse 40, Surat an-Nisa, or the Women.
Allah has meant this Law of Islam (Shari'ah) for both men and women. All address to men in the Quran is address to women, and all rules affecting men affect women as will unless evidence is established that one of them is meant and not the other as in the rules relating to Jihad (fighting for Islam), menstruation, custodianship, rule etc.
The evidence that women are included in Verses of the Quran in the male gender is a Hadith by Ayishah who said that the Prophet (May peace and blessings be upon him) was asked about a man who sees traces of semen but does not remember having any dream of sexual nature. The Prophet (May peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Such man should perform the Ghusul (ritual ablution). He was also asked of a man who remembers a dream of sexual nature but sees no traces of semen. He said: "Such man does not have to perform the Ghusul (ritual ablution). Umm Salim said "A woman may have the same experience. Does she have to perform the Ghusul (ritual ablution)?" The Prophet (May peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Yes, there is no difference in this between man and woman." Narrated by Abu Dawud, at-Tirmizi 113 and others. The last phrase is in Sahih al-Jami under No. 2333.
With respect to rewards in the Hereafter and what women have in heaven, we include a number of Verses and Hadiths as follows:
Um Salamah said: "O Messenger of Allah. I did not hear a Verse in the Quran regarding the Hijrah (migration with the Prophet ) of women." Then was revealed the Verse: ("And their Lord has accepted of them, and answered them: Never will I suffer to be lost the work of any of you, be he male or female: ye are members, one of another: those who have left their homes, and were driven out therefrom, and suffered harm in My cause, and fought and were slain Verily I will blot out from them their inequities, and admit them into gardens with rivers flowing beneath; ... A reward from Allah, and from Allah is the best of rewards."), Verse 195, Surat al-Imran, or the Family. The Hadith was narrated by at-Tirmizi under No. 3023.
Ibn Kathir (May Allah have mercy on him) said the Verse ("fastajaba lahum rabbuhum") means Allah replied to their queries ... and the Verse ("anni la udiu amala amilin minkum min thakarin aw untha") is an explanation of the reply meaning that good deeds will not be lost or ignored. All men and women will have the just reward for their deeds. The Verse ("badukum min bad") means you will be treated equally with respect to rewards.
(If any do deeds of righteousness, be they male or female, and have faith, they will enter heaven, and not the least injustice will be done to them.), Verse 124, Surat an-Nisa, or the Women.
In explanation of this Verse, Ibn Kathir (May Allah have mercy on him) said the Verse shows Allahs kindness, generosity and mercy in accepting the good deeds of all people, men and women, provided that they believe, in allowing them into heaven and in not decreasing rewards for their good deeds no even in the least.
(Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has faith, verily, to him will we give a life that is good and pure, and we will bestow on such their reward according to the best of actions.), Verse 97, Surat an-Nahl, or the Bees.
Ibn Kathir (May Allah have mercy on him) said this is a promise by Allah, the Exalted, to those who do good deeds i.e. deeds acceptable to Allah in which a Muslim follows the rules set in the Book of Allah, the Exalted, and the Sunnah of His Prophet (May peace and blessings be upon him), be they men or women, if they believe in Allah and His Messenger (May peace and blessings be upon him), that He will make them live a good life in this world and will be rewarded in the Hereafter. A good life would include all types of comfort.
(He that makes evil will not be requited but by the like thereof; and he that makes a righteous deed whether man or woman And is a believer Such will enter the garden (of bliss): therein will they have abundance without measure.), Verse 40, Surat al-Mumin, or the believer.
Finally; dear sister, here is a Hadith that will dispel any doubt you may have with respect to the mentioning of women:
Um Umarah al-Ansariyyah said that she went to the Prophet (May peace and blessings be upon him) and said to Him: "I feel that everything is for men. Women are not mentioned as having anything. Then was revealed the Verse: (For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women etc), Verse 35, Surat al-Ahzab, or the Confederates. The Hadith is narrated by at-Tirmizi under No. 3211, and is in Sahih at-Tirmizi under No. 2565.
In the collection of Hadiths of Imam Ahmad was narrated the Hadith that Um Salama (May Allah be pleased with her) said: "I said "O Messenger (May peace and blessings be upon him) of Allah. Why arent we mentioned in the Quran in an equal footing with men?" Then; I was surprised to hear Him call one day from the pulpit: "O people." As I was combing my hair at the moment, I wrapped it up and came close to the door and stood there listening to Him say: "Allah, Mighty and Sublime be He, revealed that (For Muslim men and women; for believing men and women; for devout men and women, for true men and women; for men and women who are patient and constant; for men and women who humble themselves; for men and women who give in charity; for men and women who fast; for men and women who guard their chastity; and for men and women who engage much in Allahs remembrance for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward.) Verse 35, Surat al-Ahzab, or the Confederates.
We ask Allah to give us all the ability to show sincerity in words and deeds and to continue as will-established Muslims.
May Allah have blessing on Prophet Muhammad .


text:
Quote:Since when is intolerance to opposing views "American"?
Quote: Probably won't happen. Lots of people in their right mind would support it though. Big government is not the answer to our problems. Government is FOR the people.
Quote: Once again??? So, the government can do whatever it likes because it's the government?Howcome I didn't see this kind of support for the last administration? Don't answer that....
Quote:Excuse me, but how is a thread titled "Chuck Norris for President" not political?
Ryukyu Art Artifacts from the Ryukyu Kingdom missing since WWII. Visit www.ShisaLion.Org to view pictures
Best Stun Guns Self Defense Products-stun guns, pepper spray, tasers and more
Surveillance 4U Complete surveillance systems for covert operations or secure installation security
Asylum Images Book presents photo tour of the Trans-Allegany Lunatic Asylum. A must if you're going to take a ghost tour!


text:
Spinal neurinoma diagnostics в Luisen Hospital
Spinal neurinoma diagnostics
Chief doctor Dr. med. Fridtjof Trommer and his experienced colleagues regularly and successfully perform surgical procedures in order to restore traumatically and inflammatory destroyed bones, organs and tissues.
Duration 3 days
Type of Treatment: Outpatient
location_onCountry: Germany
location_searchingCity: Aachen
Price 2396.00


text:
The Surreal Life 2 debuts Sunday.
Six more B- and C-list (and, in the case of The Real World Las Vegas' Trishelle, F-list) celebrities give up their freedom for two weeks and join The Surreal Life 2. The series debuts Sunday at 9 p.m. ET. The New York Post's Linda Stasi says that only Tammy Faye and Erik Estrada "come off as nice–or even human." The Times-Picayune reports that Trishelle wants to hook up with Vanilla Ice, and "actually achieve[s] it with Andy Dick." Oh, the horror. Also, Trishelle, who's clearly the pre-show publicity darling, tells TV Guide that she "was pissed off at the producers. Pissed! I packed up all my bags and I was ready to go home." That was apparently because of a faux episode of the Sally Jessy Raphael Show, during which Sally confronted Trishelle about her drinking.


text:
Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family |
Animalia | Chordata | Reptilia | Squamata | Phyllodactylidae |
Scientific Name: | Tarentola angustimentalis | ||||||
Species Authority: | Steindachner, 1891 | ||||||
Common Name(s):
Synonym(s): |
Tarentola mauretanica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Red List Category & Criteria: | Least Concern ver 3.1 |
Year Published: | 2009 |
Date Assessed: | 2008-12-14 |
Assessor(s): | Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano |
Reviewer(s): | Cox, N. and Temple, H.J. (Global Reptile Assessment) |
Justification: Listed as Least Concern because, although its Extent of Occurrence is less than 5,000 km2, it is common, occurs in habitats that are not significantly threatened, and does not appear to be in decline. |
Previously published Red List assessments: |
Range Description: | This species is endemic to the islands of Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, Lobos, Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Alegranza and the Roque del Este in the Canary Islands (Spain). It is found up to 800m asl. | ||
Countries occurrence: | Native: Spain | ||
Additional data: |
| ||
Range Map: | Click here to open the map viewer and explore range. |
Population: | It is an abundant species. | ||
Current Population Trend: | Stable | ||
Additional data: |
Habitat and Ecology: | This species is found in most habitats within its range. It lives in stony and rocky areas, lava fields, stone walls, dunes, salt flats with vegetation, scrubland, cultivated areas and human habitations. The females lay clutches of one or two eggs. |
Systems: | Terrestrial |
Major Threat(s): | There appear to be no major threats to this species. |
Conservation Actions: | This species is protected by international legislation and occurs in a number of protected areas. It is listed on Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive. |
Citation: | Jose Antonio Mateo Miras, Valentin Pérez-Mellado, Iñigo Martínez-Solano. 2009. Tarentola angustimentalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T61572A12518158. . Downloaded on 29 March 2017. |
Disclaimer: | To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>. |
Feedback: | If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided |


text:
Department store chain House of Fraser has reported what it described as its "best ever" Christmas trading period driven by a surge in online shopping.
House of Fraser which has hired Rothschild to advise on a spring float and is being wooed by French group Galeries Lafayette — fattened margins at Christmas and said sales at stores open for more than a year were up 7.3 per cent in the three weeks to December 28.
This included record sales at its Oxford Street flagship as well as Belfast and Glasgow.
Direct comparisons with last year's festive trading are more difficult because a year ago HoF defined the Christmas period as the six weeks to January 5.
But chief executive John King said customers are also flooding online, with digital sales up a record breaking 58 per cent and margins up almost 9 per cent.
"We did targeted promotions before Christmas but we held our nerve — there was no panic discounting," he said.
HoF saw peak Christmas trading arrive later but sales played to its traditional strengths with fashion accounting for around 70 per cent of revenues. Sales of fashion accessories performed strongly with key drivers being handbags as sales rose 20 per cent.
Brands such as Boss and Ralph Lauren, up 30 per cent and 12 per cent respectively, bolstered menswear.
Meanwhile, Jo Malone and Chanel drove an 11 per cent rise in fragrance sales as overall fashion sales rose 9.8 per cent.
King said he was "looking forward" to the spring float of the business but refused to comment on the reported interest from Galeries Lafayette. "There has been speculation over this business every year since 2008," he said.
The firm has 60 stores in the UK and Ireland.
- More about:
- Christian Holidays
- Christmas
- Clothing Manufacture
- Handbags
- Hugo Boss AG
- Nm Rothschild
- Perfume
- Retail
- Sales
- Styles And Clothes


text:
This script will promt you for GameID and Target Directory(where you want to place the images) and then download them for you. Great for people that does not have an internet connection for thire Wii.
# kde_get_wii_covers.sh
# download the wii covers for the game id
game_id=`kdialog --title "Enter Game ID" --inputbox "ID:"`
if [ $? = 0 ]; then
target_dir=`kdialog --title "Download Target" --getexistingdirectory "~/"`
if [ $? = 0 ]; then
mkdir -p "$target_dir/artwork/cover/"
mkdir -p "$target_dir/artwork/cover3D/"
mkdir -p "$target_dir/artwork/coverfull/"
mkdir -p "$target_dir/artwork/disc/"
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/cover/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/cover/$lang/$game_id.png
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/cover3D/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/cover3D/$lang/$game_id.png
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/coverfull/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/coverfull/$lang/$game_id.png
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/coverfull/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/coverfullHQ/$lang/$game_id.png
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/disc/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/disccustom/$lang/$game_id.png
wget -nd -P "$target_dir/artwork/disc/" http://wiitdb.com/wiitdb/artwork/disc/$lang/$game_id.png
echo " $game_id Coverart Downloaded"
echo " Aborted!!"
echo " Aborted!!"


text:
Message view | « Date » · « Thread » |
Top | « Date » · « Thread » |
From | "Michael McCandless (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org> |
Subject | [jira] Commented: (LUCENE-2468) reopen on NRT reader should share readers w/ unchanged segments |
Date | Tue, 18 May 2010 09:55:43 GMT |
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-2468?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12868585#action_12868585 ] Michael McCandless commented on LUCENE-2468: -------------------------------------------- Indeed, right now the newly returned NRT reader will always provide a shallow clone for any segments that have not changed vs the previous NRT reader. FieldCache is unaffected by this (it always keys on the "core" readers, getFieldCacheKey, which is the same for shallow clones) -- such shallow clones will share the same field cache entry. But other caches (CachingWrapperFilter, CachingSpanFilter) don't use this key, and so they'll now get multiple entries for the shallow clones. So we need to fix that. However, when new deletions have arrived, a new shallow clone must be created. In this case the FieldCache entries are shared. So, should these other caches share an entry for that clone, or not? It's tempting to do so -- all that's changed is new docs got deleted, and any time these filters are applied for searching, they are AND'd with "not deleted". But, this is technically shaky ground, since the new deletions will in fact mean some docs that previously passed the filter (bit was set) will now have the bit un-set. I would lean towards letting the caches share the filter in these cases, and advertising in these classes javadocs that this will happen. Thoughts? > reopen on NRT reader should share readers w/ unchanged segments > --------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: LUCENE-2468 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-2468 > Project: Lucene - Java > Issue Type: Bug > Reporter: Yonik Seeley > Assignee: Michael McCandless > Attachments: LUCENE-2468.patch > > > A repoen on an NRT reader doesn't seem to share readers for those segments that are unchanged. > http://search.lucidimagination.com/search/document/9f0335d480d2e637/nrt_and_caching_based_on_indexreader -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com | |
Mime |
View raw message |


text:
Biological Monitoring of Blood Naphthalene Levels as a Marker of Occupational Exposure to PAHs among Auto-Mechanics and Spray Painters in Rawalpindi
- Atif Kamal1,
- Mazhar Qayyum2,
- Iqbal U Cheema1 and
- Audil Rashid1Email author
© Kamal et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011
Received: 14 December 2010
Accepted: 13 June 2011
Published: 13 June 2011
Routine exposure to chemical contaminants in workplace is a cause for concern over potential health risks to workers. In Pakistan, reports on occupational exposure and related health risks are almost non-existent, which reflects the scarce availability of survey data and criteria for determining whether an unsafe exposure has occurred. The current study was designed to evaluate blood naphthalene (NAPH) levels as an indicator of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among automobile workshop mechanics (MCs) and car-spray painters (PNs). We further determined the relationship between blood NAPH levels and personal behavioural, job related parameters and various environmental factors that may further be associated with elevated risks of occupational exposures to PAHs.
Sixty blood samples (n = 20 for each group i.e. MC, PN and control group) were collected to compare their blood NAPH levels among exposed (MCs and PNs) and un-exposed (control) groups. Samples were analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data regarding demographic aspects of the subjects and their socioeconomic features were collected using a questionnaire. Subjects were also asked to report environmental hygiene conditions of their occupational environment.
We identified automobile work areas as potential sites for PAHs exposure, which was reflected by higher blood NAPH levels among MCs. Blood NAPH levels ranged from 53.7 to 1980.6 μgL-1 and 54.1 to 892.9 μgL-1 among MCs and PNs respectively. Comparison within each group showed that smoking enhanced exposure risks several fold and both active and passive smoking were among personal parameters that were significantly correlated with log-transformed blood NAPH levels. For exposed groups, work hours and work experience were job related parameters that showed strong associations with the increase in blood NAPH levels. Poor workplace hygiene and ventilation were recognized as most significant predictors related to differences among workplaces that may enhance the extent of exposure to chemical contaminants.
It appeared that chemical exposure at the workplace may be influenced by multiple environmental factors, but poor workplace hygiene and duration of exposure (long work hours) were the most important factors. Smoking and negligence of workers regarding self protection were among some of the important personal behaviours than can be addressed with better training. There is also a need to improve workplaces hygiene and to rationalize work hours to minimize health risks. Since smoking was an important confounding factor that supplemented most of the actual occupational exposure, a study based on non-smoker subjects is needed to separate out the effects of smoking and other confounding factors that may obscure measurements of actual extent of occupational exposure.
Occupational exposures to hazardous chemicals are common in industries using solvent based materials as well as in indoor environments where people are exposed to volatile organic compounds from various sources [1]. Among the most common contaminants PAHs are of particular concern as they are comprised of a group of highly lipophilic, non-polar and persistent substances with remarkable mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Exposure of PAHs can come from both occupational and environmental sources arising from use of coal tar, fires at oil wells, exposure to automotive exhaust gases, tobacco smoke and crude and mineral oils as well as incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and many other sources [2, 3]. Among the attributes of PAHs that determine the bioavailability and toxicity of individual chemicals, molecular weight is the most important, as most of the higher molecular weight PAHs usually settled with particulate matter, and those with low molecular weight remain suspended in the air where they can become disseminated in the environment and inhaled by human [4, 5]. Among low molecular weight PAHs, especially NAPH is the major PAH in motor exhaust gas [6]. NAPH being a potential carcinogen [7] is easily dispersed in gaseous phase and is abundantly found at industrial sites [8]. Studies have shown that NAPH poisoning in humans may lead to health risks such as haemolytic anaemia, nephrotoxicity, ophthalmologic and dermal changes [9]. Moreover, other environmentally widespread members of PAHs also pose a negative impact on the human immune system [10].
Although the rate of occupational diseases and injuries is very high in Pakistan, and thousands of workers are routinely exposed to various chemicals, there is currently little or no survey data due to lack of proper reporting or monitoring procedures [11]. Nonetheless, it is important to create better awareness of occupational hazards among workers to promote occupational safety [12]. Since no published data is available on biological monitoring of exposure to PAHs in Pakistan, we consider it to be one of the most neglected aspects in our occupational settings. Despite efforts, we could not find any proper set of rules and regulations for worker safety in any of our visited workplaces. Lack of awareness regarding chemical hazards among workers is a general consequence of such weaknesses in occupational surveillance system. In the this study, a survey of selected workplaces i.e. car-mechanics (MCs) and car-spray painters (PNs) workshops was conducted to gain general information on chemicals and workplace prevailing conditions that may be potential hazards to these workers. In addition to this, biological monitoring of blood NAPH levels was performed to estimate the extent of personal exposure to chemicals in the workplace environment. An effort was also made to identify an association between blood NAPH levels and predictor variables (socio-economic and environmental) that may be helpful in determining cause and effect of occupational hazards. In the light of the research outcome, this study further focused on highlighting priorities that could be helpful to ensure better safety to the workers in their workplaces and to minimize work-related health risks.
Questionnaire design and data collection
A brief questionnaire was designed to facilitate interviews of each worker to obtain information on their socio-demographic status and workplace environmental hygiene conditions. The workplace hygiene was monitored during sampling and was ranked as 'good, 'satisfactory' or 'poor'. All the workplaces were visited and monitored by the same investigator (AK) during sampling and questionnaire data acquisition. Hygiene conditions were ranked by following pre-set criteria assigned to workplace floors, ceiling walls and overall contamination at work areas. The floors heavily contaminated with chemical residue and other debris were given the lowest rank (i.e. poor). Middle and highest rakings were given to those areas which were kept chemical free to greater extent and were maintained properly i.e. separate working and storage areas with distinguished chemical disposal areas. Similar criteria were adopted for the workplace furniture, wall and ceiling rankings. Since visual observation is the simplest and common way to initiate the assessment of the expected hazards, we observed both the workers behaviour and the workplace conditions during performance of routine tasks [13]. Evaluation of work place criteria included assessment of general maintenance and chemical handling, evidence of spills or residues, presence of exhaust facilities and over all conditions of walls, ceiling and floor, and air circulation across work areas all of which were recorded through the questionnaire as numerical rankings. Worker safety was assessed by observing the use of self-protective equipment like gloves, masks, etc. as a routine safety protocol for personal protection. The questionnaires were signed by each subject to document their agreement with the assessment and consent. Blood sampling was done at the most separate and safe location of the work place (in most case in the office of supervisor) attending only one subject at a time. A standard medical kit and all precautionary measures (use of sterile syringes, vacutainer, disposable gloves, alcoholic swabs and safety bandages, etc.) were adopted during sample withdrawal to avoid any chance of contamination. Since blood was immediately transferred into vacutainer and stored in the iced box, there was little chance for contamination.
Sampling sites were divided into control and exposed areas. We collected sixty blood samples from three groups, i.e. MCs, PNs and non-exposed control group (n = 20 from each group). Selection of control subjects included workers from non-chemical occupations, such as retailers, book vendors, greengrocers, tailors, etc. who work indoors similar hours but in workplace conditions that are relatively free of chemicals. All samples were taken on the spot during regular work hours with the consent of subjects and willingness of their supervisors, after having clearly describing the purpose of study and expected outcomes. Blood samples (3-4 ml) were taken from the antecubital vein of each subject and were immediately transferred into vacutainer containing no anticoagulants. All these blood samples were transferred to the experimental laboratory as early as possible. Serum separation was carried out at 3000 rpm, after which it was frozen in 1.5 ml eppendorf tubes until the samples were further processed for analysis. None of the workers was found to be equipped with any type of self protective equipments.
Chemicals used for the extraction of NAPH and sample cleanup from blood were HPLC or analytical grade i.e. n-hexane (Merck, No: 843, 95% pure), diethyl ether (Assay-GC 99.5% pure, Riedel-de Haen), sodium sulphate anhydrous (99% pure; Panreac) and methanol (Assay-GC 99.7% pure; Riedel-de Haen). Acetonitrile (MW 41.05 HPLC grade; Sigma Aldrich) was used for final reconstitution of samples and also as mobile phase with water (UV-HPLC PAI-ACS Panreac, M = 18.016). NAPH Standard (C10H8,, GDR, MW. 128.17, GLC purity 99.8%) was purchased from BDH Laboratory supplies (pool BH-15 ITD England). Stock was prepared in acetonitrile from which calibration standards were prepared by serial dilutions. Prepared standards (100 μg ml-1) were run a number of times (thrice a single day, for 3-4 days) to optimize signal to noise ratio (improved by limiting pumps pulsation, and mobile phase optimization). For the determination of limit of detection (LOD) and that of quantification (LOQ), signal to noise ratio (S/N) method was used. Briefly 5-6 blanks were run followed by running the same number of standard samples to get average height of baseline noise and the standard respectively. The quotient of standard and baseline-noise heights represented the LOD (= 0.02 μg ml-1) and LOQ (= 0.6 μg ml-1) at 3:1 and 10:1 ratios respectively. A few samples were also spiked with known standard concentration to determine percentage recovery (measured as 89-96%) and to assure accuracy and precision. Each run was initiated with a stabilized base line and a blank run prior to running the actual samples.
Analytical procedures
Statistical analysis
The difference between categorical variables related to socio-economic and demographic characteristics were calculated using chi-square test. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the NAPH concentration among blood samples of each group. Spearman correlation test was performed to examine the relationships between blood contamination level and smoking habits, job duration etc. Data from exposed group were also log-transformed to improve normality. An alpha level of P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. For tabulation of the data, Microsoft Excel spreadsheets were used and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version-12.
Samples were taken only form subjects who were wiling to participate in this study. The purpose of investigations and expected outcomes were clearly explained prior to sampling. All subjects singed the questionnaire as their written consent. Permission and logistic support for this research was granted by the ethical review committee of the University in collaboration with Volunteer's Social Welfare Organization (VSWO) (registered under Social Welfare Act. 1961, Pakistan) http://thevolunteers.webs.com.
Personal characteristics of subjects in exposed groups (car-spray painters and car-mechanics) vs. control group
Parameters | Car-Spray painters (n = 20) | Car-Mechanics (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | P-value a | P-value b |
Age (years) | 27.5 (25.3-29)* | 28.10 (25.25-30.8) | 26.85 (22.3-29.7) | 0.51 c | 0.21 c |
Height (cm) | 171 (165-176) | 170.6 (165-173.7) | 171 (164-176) | 0.77 c | 1.00 c |
Weight in (Kg) | 61 (56-62.75) | 58.50 (55-62) | 59.50 (55-65) | 0.84 d | 0.67 d |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.9 (18.2-20.3) | 19.05 (18.4-20.7) | 19.10 (18.2-20.9) | 0.88 c | 0.92 c |
Income (× 103) Rs. | 8.5 (6.5-11.5) | 8.50 (8-10) | 14 (12.3-16) | <0.001 e | <0.001 e |
Expenditure versus Income | |||||
Low | 7 (35) ** | 2 (10) | 4 (20) | <0.004 e | <0.02 e |
Equal | 4 (20) | 8 (40) | 14 (70) | ||
High | 9 (45) | 10 (50) | 2 (10) | ||
Education Level | |||||
Under-Primary | 16 (80) ** | 8 (40) | 0 (0) | <0.001 e | <0.001 e |
Primary | 3 (15) | 7 (35) | 3 (15) | ||
Secondary | 1 (5) | 4 (20) | 12 (60) | ||
Higher-secondary | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 5 (25) | ||
Home ownership | |||||
No | 11 (55) | 13 (65) | 5 (25) | <0.05 e | <0.01 e |
Yes | 9 (45) | 7 (35) | 15 (75) | ||
Smoking Status | |||||
Non-smoker | 8 (40)** | 11 (55) | 17 (85) | <0.005 e | 0.225 e |
Smoker | 12 (60) | 9 (45) | 3 (15) | ||
Passive Smoking (at home) | |||||
No | 12 (60) | 10 (50) | 16 (80) | <0.150 e | <0.048 e |
Yes | 8 (40) | 10 (50) | 4 (20) | r = 0. 59 f | r = 0.62 f |
Workplace hygiene status of exposed versus un-exposed workplaces
Workplace Description | Ranks | Painters group * (n = 20) | Mechanics group * (n = 20) | Control group * (n = 20) | P-value a | P-value b |
Mechanical Exhaust System | ||||||
Good | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (15) | P < 0.027 | P < 0.027 | |
Satisfactory | 1 (5) | 1 (5) | 5 (25) | |||
Poor | 19 (95) | 19 (95) | 12 (10) | |||
Workplace Ventilation | ||||||
Good | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Satisfactory | 3 (15) | 5 (25) | 16 (80) | |||
Poor | 17 (85) | 15 (75) | 2 (10) | |||
Sunlight Penetration | ||||||
Good | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (55) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Satisfactory | 20 (100) | 16 (80) | 7 (35) | |||
Poor | 0 (0) | 4 (20) | 2 (10) | |||
Workplace Overall Hygiene | ||||||
Good | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 16 (80) | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Satisfactory | 1 (5) | 3 (15) | 4 (20) | |||
Poor | 19 (95) | 17 (85) | 0 (0) |
Blood naphthalene concentration (μgL- 1) of occupationally exposed workers and un-exposed (control) group
Descriptive | Exposed | Un-Exposed | ||
Total (n = 60) | Painters (n = 20) | Mechanics (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | |
Not detected (n/total) | 28/60 | 6/20 | 7/20 | 15/20 |
Detected (n/total) | 32/60 | 14/20 | 13/20 | 5/20 |
Median * | 155.9 | 131.8 P | 333.0 M | 114.1 C |
Skewness | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.8 |
Minimum detected | 56.0 | 54.1 | 53.7 | 56.0 |
Maximum detected | 1980.6 | 892.9 | 1980.6 | 632.4 |
Smoker and non-smoker wise comparison for blood naphthalene concentrations (μgL-1) in occupationally exposed workers and un-exposed (control) group
Descriptive | Exposed | Un-Exposed | ||||
Car-Spray Painters (n = 20) | Car-Mechanics (n = 20) | Control (n = 20) | ||||
Sub-groups | Smoker | Non-smoker | Smoker | Non-smoker | Smoker | Non-smoker |
Not detected (n/total) | 2/12 | 4/8 | 3/9 | 4/11 | 1/3 | 14/17 |
Detected (n/total) | 10/12 | 4/8 | 6/9 | 7/11 | 2/3 | 3/17 |
Median | 140.3 | 27.0 | 280.9 | 192.3 | 109.5 | 17.7 |
Skewness | 84.7 | 25.4 | 135.5 | 117.2 | 98.5 | 13.6 |
Minimum detected | 72.8 | 54.1 | 79.1 | 53.7 | 109.6 | 56.0 |
Maximum detected | 892.9 | 92.4 | 1980.6 | 1618.9 | 632.4 | 249.1 |
SMs vs NSMs* | Significant at P < 0.05 | Significant at P < 0.05 | Significant at P < 0.001 |
In Pakistan, worker safety is largely neglected aspects and little information on contaminant exposure is available because surveillance studies have never been given priority. Our investigation therefore pioneers the monitoring of chemical exposure in selected occupations. In this effort, assessment of exposure to PAHs was carried out by measuring blood concentrations of NAPH. The survey primarily focused on workers in two occupations where there is routine exposure to PAHs, but also took into account several environmental parameters and the personal behaviours of the workers that may enhance their risk of exposure. One of the striking results from our investigation was the observation that MCs had significantly higher concentrations of NAPH in their blood serum than those that were measured for PNs and the control group. As in many other countries, automobile mechanical work is a common occupation in Pakistan. According to Bureau of Labour Statistics [15], in 2008, there were about 763,700 people working as automobile technicians and mechanics in the US. There are no similar census data for Pakistan, but there are large numbers of automobile workstations and car-spray painting shops in the urban areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. These occupations provide opportunities for earning wages at an early age, and the majority of these workers come from poor communities in which families cannot afford educational expenses and thus send their children to work as apprentices to support their family. Thus a great number of these workers are self-employed and have not acquired any proper technical education. Scarce use of self protective equipment by these workers further increases the threat of exposure to inhalable volatile chemicals both via alveolar and dermal routes of absorption.
Occupational hazards vary in relation to socio-economic factors, and our survey showed that exposed groups (MCs and PNs) had poor socio-economic backgrounds with low levels of education, and were not much aware of chemical hazards. Education is not only very important to improve work related expertise, but it is also necessary for a worker's own betterment, because health information enables one to cope with health related problems and it motivates and enhances the capabilities of individuals to solve personal health problems [16]. Income status of these subjects was also relatively low (i.e. median monthly income Rs. 8.5 thousand or $100 US) in both occupations. Although subjects in our study appeared to be physically healthy, their generally poor socio-economic status increases their likelihood of employment in occupations where they will be exposed to environmental contaminants. NAPH is a ubiquitous PAH, which is classified as a potential carcinogen, and as such is also a good marker of exposure to PAH at worksites. Moreover, as it can exist in gas phase, this chemical can be used for air and biological monitoring of exposure to PAHs [8, 9]. According to Unwin NAPH dominates the PAH profile at every site, being a representative of 50-90 percent of total PAHs [3]. The United State's EPA has declared NAPH as among the most hazardous of air pollutants [17]. Therefore, the detection of higher blood levels of NAPH in our occupational groups suggested not only a considerable risk for their health but also its prevalence in the occupational environment in Pakistan.
Relatively higher blood NAPH levels were discovered among MCs, and were significantly elevated as compared to those measured for the control group (P < 0.001) and PNs (P < 0.005). The maximum blood NAPH concentration for this group was 1980.6 μgL-1, which is about 80 percent higher than previously reported in India [5], indicating that PAH exposure at mechanic workplaces was relatively higher as compared to other studied areas. It is likely that this higher level of exposure to PAHs among MCs is due to exposure to various petroleum products that MCs come in contact with during car-repair work and from the ambient environment. For example, used gasoline engine oil (UGEO) is a common source of PAHs, to which mechanics routinely come into direct contact. Although fresh oil also contains PAHs in small amounts [18] used oil and UGEO contains up to 70 percent PAHs, especially those having more than three rings [18, 19]. Oil that is used for lubrication of engine crankcases contains many aromatic compounds, especially NAPH, phenantharene, fluorene [19] pyrene, benzanthracene, and benzo(a)pyrene [20]. These PAHs are extracted by lubricating oil and are mostly retained in engine crankcases [21]. PAH concentrations in the oil increase over time [21, 22], such that long periods between oil changes increases the exposure risk of mechanics to PAHs [20]. Waste crankcase oil may also contain a higher percentage of other toxic aromatic compounds [18]. UGEO is thus known to be very toxic to humans. Our results provide strong evidence that blood NAPH levels are occupationally related, even after taking into account the effects of other factors like smoking. The results further suggest that MCs are more frequently exposed to PAHs at mechanic workstations than do workers at spray-painting sites. It appears that occupational exposure varies with the nature of job and workplace description, and that MCs face greater occupational health risks than the general population.
We also examined occupational hygiene conditions in our surveyed locations, which highlighted some important determinants of exposure in the workplace that have not been discussed much in the literature. Our study documented that overall hygiene and ventilation status were poor in the workplaces we surveyed (Table 2). Both MCs and PNs explicitly categorized their workplaces as poor due to the presence of spills, residues of used volatile and non-volatile chemicals. In the case of oil and PAHs which are mostly non volatile, skin absorption is probably the major route for exposure. Because human skin has direct contact with the environment, it serves as a major entry route for many chemicals. Proper ventilation systems on the other hand are necessary to minimize the air born burden of chemicals emerging from various onsite processes [23]. We found both poor ventilation and improper workplace hygienic conditions (Table 2), which may continuously be injurious to the health of workers.
Occupational exposure was quite evidently observed in our study upon comparing the NAPH levels among NSMs for both MCs and PNs. Apart from occupational exposure, our results showed that NAPH in SMs was 1.7 times higher than NSMs among mechanics (Table 4) and this difference was significant (Figure 1) which clearly indicated that smoking is an additional risk factor. Despite the selective response of our investigated groups towards smoking habit, a similar trend in blood NAPH concentration for PNs i.e. 6.5 times higher NAPH in blood of PNs for those who smoke than those who did not, further strengthens this finding. In addition to this, correlation between blood NAPH levels and passive smoking (i.e. SMs at home r = 0.59 and r = 0.62 among PNs and MCs respectively) showed that passive smoking may also be an important source of PAHs exposure. We observed an intriguing effect of cigarette smoke both for smokers and those who had been passively exposed to cigarette smoke, which is obvious from the split data of SMs and NSMs among the MCs, PNs and control groups (Table 4). This led us to believe that passive smoking is also a cause of exposure and it is equally threatening to population even if they are not active smoker. The split data for SMs and NSMs from the control group also showed that there was ten times higher blood NAPH in the SMs category, confirming that smoking creates a perilous environment for local people who do not have any direct occupational exposure to chemicals but they get exposures to PAHs in varying degree from either active or passive smoking [24]. Smoking is an important route of direct exposure to PAHs and a well known source of many other chemicals [25, 26]. Normally tobacco smoke results in exposure to several carcinogenic PAHs such as B[a]P [27]. Although in most of the cases occupational exposure dominates in both SMs and NSMs, which had 2-20 folds greater NAPH concentrations than control subjects [28], our results indicated that smokers in this occupation receive additional exposure to PAHs from inhalation of tobacco smoke. The tendency for smoking addiction is likely also related to socio-demographic factors (e.g. age and income) in Pakistan [29].
We also draw inferences from the correlation analysis of our log-transformed laboratory data with work related parameters, i.e. daily work hours and work experience as well as BMI of the subjects (Figure 2). The body burden of PAHs which, being lipophilic in nature, are hypothesized to increase over time and in proportion to the BMI [30] as fatty tissues will represent a repository for PAHs [31]. BMI is known to affect circulating levels of lipophilic contaminants, which are stored in adipose tissue [30]. Exposure time is an important determinant of increased body burden of many contaminants. In the case of PAHs, a positive relation with exposure time has been documented in a prior study on the blood of children in Lakhnaow [32]. Risk of exposure among mechanical workers is likely to increase when they spend long hours dealing with crankcase used oil, especially in the absence of protective equipment and under the poor hygienic conditions [33, 34]. Viegas et al [35] had considered a moderate positive correlation between duration of occupational exposure to formaldehyde in terms of years of exposure and frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Our correlation result for work experience (years spent on the job) is in agreement with these findings and can be helpful in future studies to assess the health risk of exposed workers.
It is clear that occupational exposure to PAHs is influenced by multiple factors and that prevailing workplace conditions for MCs demands a good hygiene program and proper ventilation to minimize accumulation of chemicals indoors. At the same time, risk of PAH exposure is also associated with daily work hours. Smoking contributes and enhances exposure risks to PAHs, but at the same time work duration and job experience appeared to be more influential and were consistently related to the body burden of PAHs due to exposures at the workplace. Our results suggest that considerable improvements in workplace hygiene are needed to minimize health risks related to these occupations.
In Pakistan, legislation to ensure worker safety is almost nonexistent and no guidelines have been provided for permissible safe exposure limits by the health authorities. Moreover, despite our best efforts, we could find no literature pertaining to occupational risk assessments for Pakistan. The two occupations we selected for this survey are representative of those performed by low income workers in Pakistan. Most of the subjects we studied were self employed or working autonomously under the supervision of senior mechanics and were randomly located in both commercial and residential areas. Our findings revealed that automobile-mechanical workshops are potential exposure sites for PAHs, receiving greater exposure as compared to those employed as automotive spray painters. Blood levels of NAPH were also directly associated with smoking. SMs in all three groups had higher blood concentrations of NAPH, but the MCs due to their workplace environment and the nature of their job showed considerable susceptibility to the combined effects of smoking and occupational exposure. Poor workplace hygiene and improper ventilation are among key factors accounting for potential risks. Blood NAPH levels were further correlated with daily work hours and work experience showed that spending long hours in a poor hygienic environment increased susceptibility to chemical exposures. Therefore, a continuous monitoring seems imperative not only to reduce exposure risks, but also for assessment of environmental hygiene conditions. There are many other workers such as those employed as petrol pump and highway toll bar attendants, bus and taxi cab drivers, who also have risks of PAHs exposure and thus should be included in future studies. Moreover, we highly emphasize the need for better record of occupational injuries and establishment of a better health monitoring system for workers in tasks where they are exposed to PAHs.
List of Abbreviations
Environmental protection agency
High performance liquid chromatography
Limit of detection
Limit of quantification
- MCs:
- μgL-1 :
Microgram per liter
- NSMs:
- PAHs:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PNs:
Car-spray painters
Parts per million
- SMs:
Used gasoline engine oil.
We are thankful to Mr. Mahmood Ahmad (Engineer) and Mr. Sanuallah Khan (lab technician) for their assistance in analytical work. The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor David Crowley, University of California, Riverside, USA, for English proofreading and editing of the manuscript.
Authors' Affiliations
- Barroa R, Regueirob J, Llompart M, Jaresb CG: Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: Part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatography. 2009, 1216 (3): 540-566. 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.117.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Brandt HCA, Watson WP: Monitoring human occupational and environmental exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds. Ann Occup Hyg. 2003, 47 (5): 349-378. 10.1093/annhyg/meg052.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Unwin J, Cocker J, Scobbei E: An assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK. Ann Occup Hyg. 2006, 50 (4): 395-403. 10.1093/annhyg/mel010.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Suresh R, Shally A, Mahdi AA, Patel DK, Singh VK, Rita M: Assessment of association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bronchial asthma and oxidative stress in children: A case control study. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2009, 13 (1): 33-37. 10.4103/0019-5278.50722.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Singh VK, Patel DK, Yoti J, Ram S, Mathur N, Siddiqui MKJ: Blood levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children and their association with oxidative stress indices: An Indian perspective. Clinical Biochem. 2008, 41: 152-161. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.11.017.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Yanga HH, Hsiehb LT, Liua HC, Mic HH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from motorcycles. Atmospheric Environ. 2005, 39: 17-25. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.054.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- IARC: Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monographs on the evaluations of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to human. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France. 2002, 82: ISBN 92832-1282-7Google Scholar
- Rappaport SM, Waidyanatha S, Serdar B: Naphthalene and its biomarkers as measures of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. J Environ Mont. 2004, 6: 413-416. 10.1039/b314088c.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Final Report on Carcinogens background document for naphthalene. 2002, Prepared for the: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Prepared by: Technology Planning and Management Corporation Canterbury Hall, Suite 310 4815 Emperor Blvd Durham, NC 27703 Contract Number N01-ES-85421
- E-Allan L, Sherr DH: Disruption of human plasma cell differentiation by an environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: a mechanistic immunotoxicological study. Allan Sherr Environ Health. 2010, 9: 15-View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Awan T: Occupational health and safety in Pakistan. Pakistan institute of Labour. Asian Labor Update. Education and Research (PILER), ALR. 2001, 39:Google Scholar
- Malik N, Maan AA, Pasha TS, Akhtar S, Ali T: Role of hazard control measures in occupational health and safety in the textile industry of Pakistan. Pak J Agri Sci. 2010, 47 (1): 72-76.Google Scholar
- Garg P, Dubey R, (Eds): Hazards identification and control measures in chemical (industrial) workplaces; industrial disaster risk management, Theme-3. Capacity Development Programme for industrial Disaster Risk Management (iDRM) inWEnt-gtz-ASEM, Germany division of environmental energy and water. 2010, 5-[http://www.dmibhopal.nic.in]
- Al-Daghri NMA: Serum polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among children with and without asthma: correlation to environmental and dietary factors. Intern J Occup Med Environ Health. 2008, 21: 211-217. 10.2478/v10001-008-0021-0.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbooks. 1998-1999, 2010-11 edition November, [http://stats.bls.gov/oco/ocos181.htm]
- Ishikawa H, Kiuchi T: Health literacy and health communication. BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2010, 4: 18-10.1186/1751-0759-4-18.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Lu R, Jun W, Richard P, Turcoa , Arthur MW, Atkinsonc R, Areyc J, Suzanne E, Paulsona FW, Lurmannd AH, Arantzazu M, Eiguren-Fernandeze : Naphthalene distributions and human exposure in Southern California. Atmospheric Environ. 2005, 39 (3): 489-507. 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.045.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Granella M, Clonfero E: Urinary excretion of 1-pyrenol in automotive repair workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1993, 6 (5): 241-5. Granella M, Clonfero E: The mutagenic activity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of mineral oils. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1991, 63(2):149-153View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wang J, Jia CR, Wong CK, Wong PK: Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons created in lubricating oils. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2000, 120: 381-396. 10.1023/A:1005251618062.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wong PK, Wang J: The accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lubricating oil over time a comparison of supercritical fluid and liquid-liquid extraction methods. Environ Pollut. 2001, 112: 407-415. 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00142-1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Irwin RJ, VanMouwerik M, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W: Environmental Contaminants Encyclopedia. National Park Service, Water Resources Division, Fort Collins, Colorado. Distributed within the Federal Government as an Electronic Document. 1997, (Projected public availability on the internet or NTIS: 1998)Google Scholar
- Clonfero E, Nardini B, Marchioro M, Bordin A, Gabbani G: Mutagenicity and contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in used and recycled motor oils. Mutation Research. 1996, 368: 283-291. 10.1016/S0165-1218(96)90070-1.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jafari MJ, Karimi A, Azari MR: The role of exhaust ventilation systems in reducing occupational exposure to organic solvents in a paint manufacturing factor. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2008, 12 (2): 82-87. 10.4103/0019-5278.43266.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Taioli E, Sramb RJ, Binkova B, Kalina I, Popov TA, Garte S, Farmer PB: Biomarkers of exposure to carcinogenic PAHs and their relationship with environmental factors. Mutation Res. 2007, 620 (1-2): 16-21.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lu H, Zhu L: Pollution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tobacco smoke. J Hazard Mater. 2007, 139 (2): 193-198. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.011.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ding YS, Ashley DL, Watson CH: Determination of 10 carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream cigarette smoke. J Agric Food Chem. 2007, 55: 5966-73. 10.1021/jf070649o.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Piccardo MT, Stella A, Valerio F: Is the smokers exposure to environmental tobacco smoke negligible. Environ Health. 2010, 9: 5-10.1186/1476-069X-9-5.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Elovaara E, Mikkola J, Makela M, Paldanius B, Priha E: Assessment of soil remediation workers, exposure to polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): Biomonitoring of naphthols, phenanthrols, and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. Toxicol Letters. 2006, 162 (2-3): 158-163. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.028.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Ali S, Sathiakumar N, Delzell E: Prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with tobacco smoking among adult males in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006, 37 (5): 1054-1060.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Godschalk RW L, Feldker DEM, Borm PJA, Wouters EFM, Schooten FJV: Body Mass Index Modulates Aromatic DNA Adduct Levels and Their Persistence in Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002, 11: 790-793.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Saito K, Nhu DD, Suzuki H, Kido T, Naganuma R, Sakakibara C, Tawara K, Nishijo M, Nakagawa H, Kusama K, Dung PT, Thom LH, Hung NN: Association between dioxin concentrations in breast milk and food group intake in Vietnam. Environ Health Prev Med. 2010, 15 (1): 48-56. 10.1007/s12199-009-0106-9.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Singh VK, Patel DK, Ram S, Mathur N, Siddiqui MKJ, Behari JR: Blood levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children of Lucknow. India Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2008, 54: 348-354. 10.1007/s00244-007-9015-3.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- DOE: Mineral base crankcase oil. The installation restoration program toxicology guide. 1989, 4: Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Harry G. Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force Systems Command. Department of Energy Interagency Agreement, 49: 1891-A076-AlGoogle Scholar
- Kahsnitz R, Allen RL, Collings AJ: Precautionary advice on the handling of used engine oils. Sci Tot Environ. 1982, 24 (2): 193-198. 10.1016/0048-9697(82)90111-5.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Viegas S, Ladeira C, Nunes C, Malta-Vacas J, Gomes M, Brito M, Mendonça P, Prista J: Genotoxic effects in occupational exposure to formaldehyde: A study in anatomy and pathology laboratories and formaldehyde-resins production. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2010, 5 (1): 25-10.1186/1745-6673-5-25.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/11/467/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


text:
Editorial Review
- Rating:
- 12 / 20
- Price:
- $$$$$
- Read Gayot Review »
December 21, 2015
On Friday, December 18, 2015, our firm had our Christmas party at Sambucas. We had an amazing time. The staff was great. The service was exceptional. The food was delicious! And the drinks, wow! Yummy! We had a great table from where…
June 24, 2012
You can't beat this place. The atmosphere is romantic and upscale, the food is absolutely YUMMY, with a wide variety of options. I've sat everywhere in this restaurant, from the bar, to the patio, near the live music stage, and even had my…
June 20, 2012
Loved the dancing and the atmosphere. Great place would definitely go again. Plus food was amazing.
- Tags
- Tips
- The two-hour limit is for dining tables. At the bar, you can stay as long as you like.
- Alley Theatre attendees can enjoy a three-course meal before or after any performance for just $35. Mention this promotion when you make your reservation.
- Website
- Hours
Mon-Wed 11:00AM - 12:00PMThu 11:00AM - 01:00AMFri-Sat 11:00AM - 02:00AMSun 11:00AM - 03:00PM
Recent Visitors
5/15/2013 A diner from Houston, TX tried it and liked it.
5/03/2013 A diner from Houston, TX tried it and liked it.


text:
Marriage License
Florida Statute 741.01 in part, states that the Clerk of Circuit Court acts as an agent for the State of Florida for issuing Marriage Licenses. The Marriage License Department is here to answer your questions concerning Marriage License in Gulf County.
For advice to newly married, or those about to get married, we suggest you visit the Family Law section of the Florida Bar Website. This gives you some advice on the legal issues to be considered when getting married.
Marriage License FAQs
What is needed to get a Marriage License?
Both parties must provide proof of the following:
- Identification in the form of a drivers license, state ID or passport.
- U.S. Citizens must provide their Social Security Number. Non citizens may provide a Social Security Number, or an Alien Registration Number issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
- Proof of age. Both parties must be at least 18 years of age.
- An application form must be completed. If either party has been previously married, you must note on the application how and when the marriage ended (month/day/year).
- Pursuant to Florida Statutes the parties are required to read the Family Law Handbook before a license can be issued. Please click here to obtain Adobe Reader if you are unable to open the Handbook.
- The fee for the Marriage License is $93.50. This fee is reduced to $61.00 for Florida Residents who have completed a premarital preparation course as provided in Florida Statute 741.0305(5). The course must be by a provider listed with our office and the certificate of completion must be presented at the time of application. Gulf County Florida Premarital Course Provider List
Do both parties have to be present at the Clerks Office to apply for a license?
Yes. Both parties must sign the application form and take an oath to the truthfulness of the information provided.
Is a blood test required?
No. A blood test is no longer required in the State of Florida.
Is there a waiting period for the issuance of a Marriage License?
Yes, Florida Statute 741.04 (3) says the effective date shall be delayed 3 days from the date of application unless Florida Residents present the following:
- Certificate of completion of a premarital preparation course from a qualified course provider listed with our office. Gulf County Florida Premarital Course Provider List
- There is no waiting period for out of state residents.
How long is the Marriage License valid?
Florida Marriage Licenses are valid for 60 days from the date issued.
Must I apply for a Marriage License in the County where I live?
No. A Marriage License can be applied for and solemnized in any Florida County, however the license must be returned to the county of issuance for recording.
Who may perform Marriage Ceremonies?
- All regularly ordained ministers of the gospel, elders in communion with a church, or other ordained clergy.
- All Judicial Officers, including retired Judicial Officers and Notary Publics of this State.
- "Quakers" and "Friends" may perform marriages in the manner and form used and practiced in their societies.
Who is a regularly ordained minister?
A minister who has been recognized in the manner required by the regulations of the respective denomination to perform marriage ceremonies.
May I get married by a captain aboard a ship?
Yes. If the Captain is a Notary and the ship is in Florida Waters (within 3 geographic miles of the coastline) at the time of the ceremony.
May a marriage be solemnized without a license?
No. Florida Statute 741.08 states in part that the party solemnizing the marriage shall require a properly issued license before performing the ceremony, and within 10 days after the ceremony, he shall make a certificate thereof the license and shall transmit the same to the Clerk of the Circuit Court from which it was issued.
How long does it take to get a copy of the marriage record, and the costs?
You will receive 4 certified copies of the Marriage Certificate within 7 days after the officiator returns it to the Clerk's Office to be recorded. There is no charge for these copies. Additional certified copies cost $4.50 each.
Can a person marry someone to whom they are related?
Florida law prohibits a person marrying anyone to whom they are related by lineal consanguinity. The nearest degree of relations who may legally marry in the State of Florida is first cousins.
Do one or both applicants have to be U.S. Citizens?
No. There is no citizenship or residency requirements.
May a license be issued to persons 16 or 17 years of age?
- With written consent from both parents or guardian.
- If a minor has been previously married.
- The age requirement can be waived by a County Judge for applicants that prove they are parents or expectant parents.
- If both parents are deceased and there is no legal guardian.
Can a minor, younger than 16 get a Marriage License?
Florida Statute 741.0405(4) states that no license to marry shall be granted to any person under the age of 16 years, with or without the consent of the parents, except as provided in Florida Statute 741.0405 (2) and (3).
For more information or to contact us, click here.