text:
Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" | ||||||||||||||
One of US 7-inch vinyl releases
Single by Michael Jackson | ||||||||||||||
from the album Thriller | ||||||||||||||
B-side | "Rock with You" (live) | |||||||||||||
Released | May 8, 1983 | |||||||||||||
Format | ||||||||||||||
Recorded | 1982 | |||||||||||||
Genre | ||||||||||||||
Length |
Label | Epic | |||||||||||||
Writer(s) | Michael Jackson | |||||||||||||
Producer(s) |
Michael Jackson singles chronology | ||||||||||||||
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson recorded for his sixth studio album Thriller (1982). It is the opening track of the album and was released as its fourth single on May 8, 1983 by Epic Records. The song was written, composed and co-produced by Jackson, and was produced by Quincy Jones.
The song's lyrics pertain to strangers spreading rumors to start an argument for no good reason. Musically, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" evokes the disco sound of Jackson's previous studio album, Off the Wall, released in 1979. The song is characterized by a complex rhythm arrangement and a distinctive horn arrangement. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" has been covered and sampled by multiple recording artists since its release. Aside from Thriller, the song appears on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson.
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was generally well received by contemporary music critics. The song was also commercially successful, charting within the top 20 and top 30 in several countries. It became Jackson's fifth consecutive top 10 single in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number five, and later re-entered charts in 2008 after the release of Thriller 25. Following Jackson's death in June 2009, the song re-entered music charts worldwide, mainly due to digital download sales. Unlike previous singles from Thriller, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" did not have a music video to accompany it, but was performed by Jackson on world concert tours, as both a member of The Jacksons and as a solo artist.
As part of the release of Thriller 25, a remix of "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", entitled "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008 with Akon", was recorded with Akon, and released as the second single from the album. The song was commercially successful, mainly charting within the top 10 in six countries, as well as the top 20 in several territories worldwide and top 40 in Canada. The song was more successful internationally than in the United States, having peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 81, which was the song's lowest charting position.
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was written, composed and co-produced by Michael Jackson, and produced by Quincy Jones. It was originally written for his sister La Toya Jackson about her troubled relationship with her sisters-in-law,[citation needed] but Michael ended up recording the song, and La Toya sometimes performs the song at her concerts. The song was originally recorded in 1978 for the inclusion on the Off the Wall album, but was later re-recorded in fall 1982, in Los Angeles, California.[1] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was one of the four songs that Jackson received writing credits on for his sixth studio album Thriller in 1982.[1] The song was released by Epic Records as the fourth single from the album. Unlike Thriller's previous singles, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" did not have a film or a music video released to promote it.
Aside from Thriller, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" has been featured on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson since the song's release.[2] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" appeared on the first disc of Jackson's two-disc compilation album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in 1995 as well as the 25th anniversary edition of Thriller, entitled Thriller 25, and the greatest hits album King of Pop; both albums were released in 2008.[2] The song is also featured on the box set collection released in 2004, The Ultimate Collection, the greatest hits album The Essential Michael Jackson, the compilation album This Is It, and the special box set The Collection released days after Jackson's death.[2] Some versions of the 1995 Earth Song CD single included the Brothers in Rhythm Mix and Tommy D's Main Mix as B-sides. The song was also remixed to the Immortal album in 2011. The demo version of the song was also released in This Is It (2009).
A post-disco and funk song,[3][4] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was viewed as a nod to the disco sound of Jackson's material on his previous studio album, Off the Wall, released in 1979.[2] Arranged by Jackson himself and played by percussionist Paulinho da Costa, the song's rhythm was regarded as a "complex interweaving of drum-machine patterns and work", while the horn section, arranged by Jerry Hey, was described as both "brassy and precise".[2] Slant Magazine commented that the song was a "complicated tapestry of colliding hooks and pop references." The song's lyrics, "Too high to get over, too low to get under", has strong similarities to Funkadelic's opening salvo for "One Nation Under a Groove".[5]
The lyrics pertain to the media and press, as well as gossip and people trying to start arguments or problems for no reason, which he states in the lyrics, "Someone's always tryin' to start my baby crying," and then goes to a more "quasi paranoia" yield in the "near-bitterness" chorus, 'You're a vegetable, you're a vegetable/ You're just a buffet, you're a vegetable/ They'll eat off you, you're a vegetable.'"[6] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", Jackson's vocal range spans from G#3 to E5. Played in the key of E Major, the song is moderately bright with a tempo of 122 beats per minute.[7] It has a basic sequence of D/E–E–D/E–E as its chord progression.[7] The coda at the end of the song, which comes directly from Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango's 1972 disco song "Soul Makossa", is "Mama-say mama-sah ma-ma-coo-sah".[5] Makossa is a Cameroonian music genre and dance. Dibango sued Jackson and settled out of court for one million French francs, agreeing thereby to waive future rights to this recording but not future use of the material.[8][9][10]
Critical reception[edit]
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" has received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. Christopher Connelly, a writer for Rolling Stone, described "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" as being Thriller's "most combative track".[6] Connelly noted that in the "hyperactive" song, Jackson's "emotions are so raw that the song nearly goes out of control".[6] He further commented that the song has a "tune that's almost as exciting as seeing Jackson motivate himself across a concert stage – and a lot more unpredictable".[6] Remarking that while the song's lyrics "won't keep Elvis Costello awake nights [sic]", they "do show that Jackson has progressed past the hey-let's-hustle sentiments that dominated Off the Wall".[6] He added that Jackson's "raw ability and conviction make material like", citing "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", as well as other of Thriller's songs, "into first-class cuts".[6]
Stephen Thomas Erlewine, a writer for AllMusic, listed "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", along with "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Human Nature", as being the best songs from Thriller. He also described the song as the "freshest funk on the album".[4] Eric Herderson, a writer for Slant Magazine, commented that with "three quick rimshots", he felt that "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was like a "court fanfare".[5] Robert Christgau, a music critic, commented that he'd "expect to bear more" of Thriller's "Wanna Be Startin' Something" and "Thriller" on the "dancefloor" rather than in his "living room".[11] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" received one Grammy Award nomination; it was nominated for "Best R&B Song" at the 1984 Grammy Awards, but lost to "Billie Jean," another of Jackson's singles from Thriller.[12]
Pitchfork ranked this song No. 2 on its list of the best song of "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s", saying that "if you're going to become the biggest star in the world, it helps to make the biggest song".[13]
Chart performance[edit]
In 1983, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" had a good chart performance worldwide. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart top ten positions on July 2, 1983, at number nine, having moved up six places from the song's previous week.[14] On July 16, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" charted at number five, which was the song's peak position on the chart.[15] The song's peak position made "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" Thriller's fourth consecutive single to peak within the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] It was more commercially successful than Thriller's follow-up single "Human Nature" on the Billboard Hot 100, with the song peaking on the chart at number seven.[16] The song also peaked within the top ten, at number five, on the Black Singles Chart.[16]
Internationally, the song was commercially successful, mainly charting within the top 20 and top 30 on music charts. In the United Kingdom, on June 11, 1983, the song entered the chart's top 40 positions at number 38.[17] The following week, the song moved up 24 positions to number 14,[18] and on June 25, the song peaked within the top ten at number eight.[19] The song remained on the charts for a total of nine weeks in 1983.[18] In New Zealand, on July 24, 1983, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" entered the charts at number 47. The following week, the song peaked at number 35, which was its peak position, and remained in the top 50 of the chart for three weeks.[20] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" entered the Dutch charts on July 9, 1983, charting within the top five at number four. The following week, the song charted at number three, which was its peak position, for three consecutive weeks. The song charted within the top ten for several weeks, and remained in the top 20 for ten weeks in 1983.[21]
In 2008, after the release of Thriller 25 the song re-entered music charts worldwide. "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" entered the Italian music charts on February 21, 2008, charting at number 14; it remained on the chart for only one week.[22] The song entered the Danish music charts on February 28, charting within the top 30 at number 29. The following week, it peaked at number 22.[23] In Switzerland, the song entered the top 50 at number 47 on February 24, 2008. The following week, the song peaked at number 30. After a total of six weeks on the chart the song, fell out of the top 100, and after four weeks re-entered the chart at number 83, before falling off the chart again.[24]
Following Jackson's death in June 2009, his music experienced a surge in popularity.[25] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" re-entered the United Kingdom charts on July 4, 2009 and peaked at number 57 the following week.[26] On July 12, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" re-entered Switzerland music charts for the second time. The song charted at number 37, which was its peak position, and remained on the charts for three weeks, before charting out of the top 100 positions.[24]
Live performances[edit]
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was one of the songs released as a single without an accompanying video. It nonetheless has attained a popularity rivaling its sister compositions on the album, and became Jackson's song of choice for opening live concerts, although not being as strictly associated with a specific dance routine as those others has arguably allowed for more flexibility in performances and staging.
Three notable occurrences during live performances are the physically complicated "stop/start" dance technique that brings Jackson and his dancers to a frozen stop several times, the sing-along between performer and audience during the bridge, and him singing "Hard To Get Over, Hard To Get Under" instead of "Too High To Get Over, Too Low To Get Under" in the studio version.
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", along with "Thriller", "Beat It" and "Billie Jean", was also used on every set list of Jackson's tours, from the Victory Tour in 1984, right the way through to the HIStory Tour in 1997. Unlike most of the other songs performed live, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" has never been lip-synced during any of Jackson's tours.
The song was first performed by Jackson as both a member of The Jacksons as well as a solo artist during world concert tours. It was performed by Jackson during the Jacksons final world concert series, including the Victory Tour in 1984, for which it was the tour's opening song. Similar to the Victory Tour, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was the Bad World Tour opening song on both tour legs. The concert series lasted from 1987 to 1989. A version was released on the 2012 DVD Live at Wembley July 16, 1988.
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was also performed during Jackson's Dangerous World Tour from June 1992 to November 1993. The Dangerous World Tour was supposed to last longer, but was cancelled due to Jackson's health concerns, as well as the stress from the false child sexual abuse accusations made against him. A version was released on the 2004 DVD Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour.
The next, and what would be the last performance of the song, was during Jackson's world concert tour, HIStory World Tour, from 1996 to 1997.
Since March 2009, Jackson was preparing to perform "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" during his This Is It concert series from 2009 to 2010.[27] During rehearsals for the This Is It concerts, Jackson's performance of "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" contained an a cappella snippet of "Speechless", from Jackson's studio album Invincible (2001). Following Jackson's death in June of the same year, video footage of Jackson rehearsing the song was featured as the opening song in the 2009 concert documentary, Michael Jackson's This Is It.[28]
Manu Dibango controversy[edit]
After Barbadian pop singer Rihanna sampled the song in her 2007 hit single "Don't Stop the Music",[29][30] she and Jackson were both sued in February 2009 by Cameroonian musician Manu Dibango, who claimed that both songs stole the "mama-say mama-sa mama-coo-sa" hook from his 1972 single "Soul Makossa" without permission. According to Agence France-Presse, Jackson admitted that he borrowed the line for "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" and settled out of court. When Rihanna asked Jackson in 2007 for permission to sample the line, he allegedly approved the request without contacting Dibango beforehand. Dibango's attorneys brought the case before a court in Paris, demanding €500,000 in damages and for Sony BMG, EMI and Warner Music to be "barred from receiving 'mama-say mama-sa'-related income until the matter is resolved".[31]
Weekly charts[edit]
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1983) | Position |
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[43] | 11 |
Canada (RPM Top Singles)[44] | 38 |
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[45] | 17 |
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[46] | 23 |
US Billboard Hot 100[47] | 68 |
US Cash Box[48] | 51 |
Charts successions[edit]
Preceded by "I'm Still Standing" by Elton John |
Canadian RPM number-one single July 23, 1983 – July 30, 1983 (2 weeks) |
Succeeded by "White Wedding" by Billy Idol |
Preceded by "Stars on 45 Proudly Presents The Star Sisters" by Stars on 45 |
Dutch Top 40 number-one single July 30, 1983 – August 6, 1983 (2 weeks) |
Succeeded by "Rondo Russo" by Berdien Stenberg |
Track listing[edit]
Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008[edit]
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" | |||||||||||||||||||
Single by Michael Jackson with Akon | |||||||||||||||||||
from the album Thriller 25 | |||||||||||||||||||
Released | January 23, 2008 | ||||||||||||||||||
Format | |||||||||||||||||||
Recorded | November 25, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||||
Length |
Label | |||||||||||||||||||
Writer(s) |
Producer(s) |
Michael Jackson singles chronology | |||||||||||||||||||
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was re-recorded for the 2008 re-issue of Thriller, entitled Thriller 25. Similar to "Beat It 2008", the song was titled on the CD sleeve as "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008 with Akon". Recorded in 2007, the 2008 version features remix elements and additional vocals from Akon.[49] The 2008 version was written and produced by Akon.[49] The single of that song was the last one released during Jackson's lifetime.
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics, with critics having felt that while the 2008 version was good, it was not better than the original, but was better than other re-issues on Thriller 25. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented that "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" was turned into a "moody piano murk".[50] He further commented that while the song is not great, "it is better than Fergie parroting the lyrics of "Beat It" back to a recorded Jackson, and it's better than will.i.am turning "The Girl Is Mine" into a hapless dance number."[50] Rob Sheffield, a writer for Rolling Stone, commented that "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" is "actually kind of great" and praised the song's composition.[51]
The song was released by Epic Records and Legacy Recordings in January 2008, as the second single from the re-issue album. It was commercially a modest success internationally, charting within the top 20 in several countries, as well charting within the top ten in four territories.[52] The song charted at number three in Sweden,[53] number four in New Zealand,[54] number eight in Australia[55] and number ten in France.[56] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" charted at number 15 in Belgium's Flanders and Wallonia charts.[52] and also charted at number 20 in Italy.[57] In the US, "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" peaked at number 81 on the Billboard' Hot 100, giving the song its lowest charting position. The song also charted on the Pop charts at number 48, as well as number 47 on the Pop Hot 100 Airplay.[16]
Other charting positions include number 47 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs and the Hot Canadian Digital Singles Chart at number 33.[16] It also peaked at number 2 on the Dance Club Songs chart.[16] "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" also reached number 19 on the year-end chart of Dance Club Play Song. A music video was also shown on some channels to help promote the single and album; it featured a montage of previous Michael Jackson music videos and concert footage, and also clips of Akon singing his parts.
Chart performance[edit]
- 1982 songs
- 1983 singles
- 2008 singles
- Akon songs
- Dutch Top 40 number-one singles
- Epic Records singles
- Funk songs
- La Toya Jackson songs
- Michael Jackson songs
- Works involved in plagiarism controversies
- Post-disco songs
- RPM Top Singles number-one singles
- Song recordings produced by Akon
- Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson
- Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones
- Songs written by Akon
- Songs written by Michael Jackson
- Songs about the media


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Results 1 to 3 of 3
- Join Date
- Jun 2011
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John Deere F725 Deck Engage Button
I recently bought a John Deere F725. I was mowing with it and it was going along just fine. Then I shut it off to put more gas in (had sent someone to go get more while I began mowing). When I started it again, it fired up, but the mowing deck would not engage when I pulled the yellow control switch. I shut it off and took a look. The drive belt and mower deck belt had both slipped off the pulleys. I got both back on just fine. I figured that was the problem, but when I tried to engage the deck, again the blades wouldn't turn. The mower starts and goes, but the drive belt for the deck underneath the mower won't even try to budge. I'm assuming it's an issue with the pull switch. Anybody have a better idea as to what the problem could be? ( and no, I don't have the parking brake on)
- Join Date
- Sep 2008
- Posts
- 520
Re: John Deere F725 Deck Engage Button
Did you do this?????? If you shut off the mower without pushing the yellow swithc down first then you are in a (SAFETY START MODE) all you have to do is push the switch down (OFF), start the mower and raise the switch up (ON) and it should run. Try that and get back to us. Make sure you are sitting in the seat for this test.
- Join Date
- Jun 2011
- Posts
- 6
I tried that, but it still won't engage.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
It's only early November, but holiday indicators are starting to show up. Albertson's has Christmas candy out, I have holiday themed soap in my bathroom, and Bon Appétit has sent out its advertisement about buying holiday pies. This afternoon, I'll be helping put up one more indicator of the impending Christmas season, with the Giving Tree.
First off, I apologize for being late on this post. I haven't blogged in over a month and that is due in large part to my busy schedule. This town had a very interesting October. Since my last post, our nation experienced the first partial government shutdown in 17 years. The House and Senate were unable to agree on a budget to fund the federal government and as a result national parks, monuments, and museums were closed and between half a million to 800,000 federal employees were furloughed – including myself.
Last week when I was home for fall break has really made it feel like fall. Fall is an interesting season because everything is dying, but it's beautiful. I love fall. All the beautiful colors of the leaves, the smell that invades everything, drinking hot tea and cocoa, and finally getting to wear boots and sweaters.
Rev up your broomsticks, practice your ghoulish wails, and put your dentist on speed dial, ladies and gentleman, because it's Halloween and things are about to get a whole lot of weird.
I had class today with Miley Cyrus. So already, that's a little bit abnormal for my regular Thursdays. And there was a ghost there, but that wasn't unusual. If horror movies have taught me anything, it's that colleges are the ideal ghost hang-outs. And, Gregory is cool and kind of keeps to himself, so everyone is pretty okay with him.
Halloween, one of my friends has aptly observed, is really more like "Halloweek," because at the College, the festivities really do span a week. My Halloweek started out on Sunday with a Halloween theme chapter meeting with my sorority. My president wasn't back from a trip to D.C. with our Model UN, so I presided over the meeting dressed as Frida Khalo, unibrow and all. Seeing my fellow KKGs in costume is an especially fun time because it's a dress-up situation where everyone knows that a.) they'll be inside and warm, and b.) that they'll be among people who share their sense of humor.
I just realized that I forgot to post an update about my living arrangements! To those that kept up with the blog over the summer, you'll know that the Delt Haus had a fight with a grease fire and lost around the beginning of August. The rennovation process kept me out of the room I claimed for over a month, which meant I was still living at my parents' place during the start of Fall Term.
The first weekend of break for me consisted of swimming, followed by some pretty memorable times in San Francisco. The swim team took a 12-hour bus trip down to Mills College for a dual meet against UCSC in Oakland, California on Thursday morning. Although it was a painfully long trip down, our first race day was not until the afternoon the next day.
No fear, ladies and gentlemen! Like a glorious phoenix, I have arisen from the fiery pit of mid-terms more or less unharmed. I still tend to flinch at loud noises and impending deadlines, but the doctors assure me that that will eventually pass. Maybe.
Music has always been a big part of my life. I've been singing practically since I could talk, and I play the piano as well. Music has always been an escape for me, a way to express my feelings, a stress reliever. So I am extremely happy that I get to be a part of the wonderful Chorale here at C of I.
Sorry for not having posted in a while, readers! A combination of midterms, major papers, and choir concert preparation left me with little to write about other than how stressed I was feeling, and putting it down into words probably would have just reinforced that stress. But now it's Fall Break, a time of respite from all the tests, readings and extra activities, and a time to sit back and unwind for a week without having to worry about classes.


text:
Publication number | US4853046 A |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 07/093,297 |
Publication date | Aug 1, 1989 |
Filing date | Sep 4, 1987 |
Priority date | Sep 4, 1987 |
Fee status | Paid |
Also published as | CA1338284C |
Publication number | 07093297, 093297, US 4853046 A, US 4853046A, US-A-4853046, US4853046 A, US4853046A |
Inventors | Stephen H. Verhoff, Garrol Tackett |
Original Assignee | Surface Combustion, Inc. |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (16), Classifications (7), Legal Events (6) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
This invention relates generally to a heat treat process and more particularly to a carburizing heat treat process using ions in a gaseous atmosphere to bombard the surface of a ferrous workpiece to achieve a carburized case surface.
The invention is thus particularly applicable to carburizing by means of a glow discharge technique in a vacuum and will be discussed with particular reference thereto. However, the invention may have broader application in that it may be utilized in any ion glow discharge treatment process where the gaseous atmosphere has high electrically conductive characteristics such as that which may be encountered in boronizing and certain metal plating processes.
Carburizing the case of a ferrous workpiece has traditionally been accomplished by either atmosphere or vacuum heat treat furnaces. Generally, atmosphere furnaces can perform a wide variety of heat treat processes but cannot achieve the dimensional tolerance control that vacuum furnaces provide in carburizing ferrous workpieces. When carburizing is performed in either a vacuum or atmosphere furnace, a carrier or inert gas is mixed with a carbon bearing gas, such as methane or propane, which disassociates at high temperatures to diffuse carbon into the case of the workpiece to give the surface a hard, toughened wear characteristic. The presence of a carrier gas, in and of itself increases the cost of the process and tends to increase the overall processing time to a greater value than that which might otherwise be possible.
For a number of years, principles related to the ionization of gases have been used in a vacuum chamber with a DC current established between the workpiece cathode and the vacuum chamber anode to cause an ionic bombardment of the workpiece's surface by a disassociated ammonia gas to produce an iron nitride case on the workpiece. Use of such "glow discharge technique" has proven commercially superior to vacuum and atmosphere furnaces when performing nitriding heat treating processes. Demonstrated advantages include closer dimensional control of the workpiece and the fact that irregular surfaces on the workpiece, such as blind holes, can be uniformly treated with a nitride case. Similar advantages, albeit perhaps not as significant, are expected and have been realized in an ion carburizing process.
Recently, a number of attempts have been made to commercially use the "glow discharge technique" for carburizing ferrous workpieces with varying degrees of success. The problem uniformly encountered on a commercial basis can be defined as consistency. That is, almost any given geometrical configuration of a single workpiece can be carburized utilizing conventional glow discharge apparatus and processes. However, when a wide variety of parts must be treated over the life of the furnace and the parts are simply placed in a basket within the furnace it has not been possible to consistently carburize the parts despite the successful history of the glow discharge technique in nitriding and despite the numerous publications covering the glow discharge process, most of which simply treat the nitriding and carburizing processes as identical for glow discharge purposes. There are several problems which have been encountered. One significant problem encountered in ion carburizing (as well as in all ionizing processes) is that of "fireballs". A fireball occurs when the glow discharge seam runs amok and results in a ball of fire positioned over some discrete area of the workpiece. More specifically, a fireball is attributed to a localized arc which does not short circuit the system. Thus normal electrical controls which would otherwise sense arcing about the entire workpiece to produce a short circuit are ineffective to control the fireball phenomenon. Other significant problems encountered in ion carburizing relate to the inability to achieve a consistently uniform carbon case and the inability to achieve reasonably fast processing times.
The problem of arcing or fireballs is particularly acute in carburizing, because the carburizing gas upon disassociation produces an atmosphere which is electrically conductive while the atmosphere produced in nitriding from disassociated ammonia is electrically non-conductive. To minimize arcing tendencies associated with the use of such electrically conductive atmosphere, current attempts to ion carburize ferrous workpieces dilute the carbon bearing gas (methane, propane, etc.) with an inert, electrically nonconductive carrier gas (hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.). While the arcing tendency attributed to the atmosphere is thus reduced, the time for the process to achieve carburization is increased because both carbon bearing and non-carbon bearing gases must be ionized.
All glow discharge furnaces utilize some mechanism for controlling the current to avoid localized arcing which produces fireballs. In one commercially successful nitriding glow discharge process, the current is interrupted whenever (i) the current exceeds a predetermined value, or (ii) whenever the voltage change over a time change exceeds a certain predetermined value, or (iii) whenever the voltage change with respect to the current change over a timed increment exceeds a predetermined value Another approach, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,190 to Speri, uses a pulsed current, produced by an interruptor circuit from either direct current or rectified single or multiphase alternating current, without any additional arc control to produce the glow discharge. In the pulsed current approach of Speri, which uses an alternate source of heat such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,199 to Jones to heat the workpiece, the pulsed current per se, is viewed as sufficient to prevent arcing or fireballing of the workpiece and the wattage of the power source is simply increased until the glow discharge is produced. Still another approach, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,856 to D'Antonio, used in a nitriding process to control arcing is to use a comparator circuit to measure the workpiece temperature and change thereof and when the change or temperature limits are exceeded the glow current is stopped. Another approach at controlling the current is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,458 to Davenport et al where a third dummy electrode is used to control the current actually imparted to the workpiece.
In using a vacuum, glow discharge heat treating furnace for commercially carburizing workpieces in a basket, whether of the same or dissimilar configuration in a batch mode, none of the existing processes including those described above has proven satisfactory. The processing time for carburizing was excessive when compared to the processing time of conventional vacuum furnaces, or the fireballing or arcing phenomenon prevented the process from going forward or required the power to the vessel to be reduced to a lower level than that which is otherwise available to reduce arcing or fireballs so that the time for processing is extended so as to be unsatisfactory from a commercial viewpoint or the carburized case depth was not uniform. This conclusion was reached after the traditional parameters related to controlling ion processes (as cited) along with traditional parameters such as flow rate, pressures and temperatures which are considered in vacuum and atmosphere carburizing processes were varied, mixed and matched in an attempt to produce a successful commercial ion carburizing process.
Accordingly, it is one of the major features of the invention to optimize the heat treat time for carburizing a ferrous workpiece by use of a glow discharge technique that consistently achieves uniform carburized case depths of the workpiece in the shortest possible processing time.
This object, along with other features of the invention, is achieved in a process which controls the case carburizing of a ferrous workpiece by the ion discharge of a carbon bearing gas. Initially, the workpiece is heated by external means under a vacuum in a chamber to a temperature whereat carburizing can occur. When the workpiece is at the carburizing temperature, a DC pulsed current at a predetermined voltage is applied between the workpiece as a cathode and the chamber as an anode in the presence of a non-carbon bearing ionizable gas (i.e. hydrogen) at a predetermined vacuum level whereby the surface of the workpiece is cleansed. Once clean, the power is significantly dropped while the non-carbon bearing gas is evacuated or pumped from the chamber and a gas principally comprising a carbon bearing gas is supplied to the chamber. This changeover is done by an electrically operated solenoid valve. When the change-over of substituted gases is substantially complete, which usually occurs within 30 seconds to two minutes. The DC pulsed current is increased in wattage until carburizing (except for any boost diffusion cycle) is complete. The wattage is maximized and is expressed in units of density (i.e. watts per square centimeter of surface area to be carburized) which is correlated to the carburizing temperature and further correlated to the flow rate of the carbon bearing gas. By thus maximizing and correlating the temperature, wattage and mass flow, a substantially pure hydrocarbon gas can be used to efficiently carburize a wide variety of dissimilar workpieces with excellent case uniformity in a batch furnace on a commercially consistent basis.
In accordance with a more specific object of the invention, the watt density is a function of the temperature at which the carburizing takes place, typically 1700�-1900� F. Also, the watt density is affected by the density of the workpieces packed in the basket differently configured workpieces within the same basket. Generally the watt density increases as the temperature is increased and is adjusted upwards for loosely packed workpieces to maintain a consistently uniform carburized case within tight limits at a minimum processing time.
In accordance with another particularly important aspect of the invention, the uniformity of the carbon penetration into the surface case of the ferrous workpiece is additionally controlled by the mass flow coefficient of the carbon bearing gas in the work chamber. More specifically, it is critical that the carbon case be uniformly applied and both the mass flow of the carburizing gas and the power supplied to the glow discharge must be controlled to achieve the uniform case depth.
In accordance with still another feature of the invention, a conventional maximum current shut-off circuit is used in conjunction with the pulsed current to interrupt the pulsed current when its value exceeds a predetermined limit as a safeguard against localized arcing within the chamber which in combination with the process control variables cited permits the invention to achieve the desired consistent results.
It is thus a further object of the invention to provide a process where a minimum amount of carbon bearing gas is utilized with an attendant minimal amount of sooting to achieve case carburizing of the ferrous workpiece by an ion glow discharge process.
It is another object of the invention to provide an ion glow discharge process for carburizing ferrous workpieces whereby a minimum amount of carbon soot is deposited within the glow chamber and conversely, a maximum amount of carbon is diffused into the case of the ferrous workpiece so that the down-time of the furnace for cleaning purposes is minimized.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an ion glow discharge process for carburizing ferrous workpieces which minimizes the process time to effect the carburizing process.
Still a further object of the invention is to provide a process for controlling ion carburizing of a ferrous workpiece whereby the carbon gradient profile of the carburized case is consistently and uniformly maintained not only at the surface of the workpiece but also below the surface of the workpiece.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an ion glow discharge process for carburizing a variety of ferrous workpieces which permits consistent and reliable carburized cases to be applied to the workpieces.
A more general object is to provide an optimum ion control process for use in an atmosphere which is highly electrically conductive.
The invention may take physical form in certain parts and arrangement of parts a preferred embodiment of which will be described in detail and illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof and wherein.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the power supply of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the pulsed DC current applied to the anode and cathode of the chamber;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the vacuum ion carburizing vessel used in the invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the optimum mass flow of the gas versus carbon uniformity; and
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating optimum watt density versus percentage of carbon uniformity of the surface case.
Referring now to the drawings wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and not for the purpose of limiting the same, there is shown in FIG. 1 a vacuum vessel 10, defined for purposes of the preferred embodiment as a single vacuum chamber 12 containing a basket 13 which is loaded with a plurality of ferrous workpieces 15. As is conventional in the glow discharge art, vessel 10 is the anode while ferrous workpieces 15 comprise the cathode.
For convenience, a number of different terminology related to plasma arc heating are used throughout the specifications. To avoid any confusion in this regard, the following definitions are used for such terminology. "Short Circuit" means a physical connection between the two electrodes (anode + and cathode -) by an electrically conductive material such as a metal or carbon resulting in zero or little voltage potential and high to infinite current flow. "Arc Condition" or "arcing" means an electrical connection between the two electrodes (anode and cathode) by an ionized gas with a low voltage (less than 100 VDC) and high current (greater than 20 amperes) travelling along the free electron path created by the ionized gas. Visible by a lightning bolt appearance. "Glow Discharge" means an equal concentration of free ions and free electrons resulting in atoms forming in an excited state. The energy released when the atom forms is given off as visible light or glow. The voltage is from 400 to 2000 VDC and the current can be any value from milliampers to hundreds of ampers. "Fireballing" means a glow discharge state in which an anomaly occurs in a localized area such that this localized area has a higher current flow per unit area than anywhere else in the glow discharge. This localized area starts to overheat resulting in electrons being cooked off that results in even higher current draw in this localized area. This cascades into an "arc condition" but after it is too late because the part may have already been damaged from the localized overheating. It should be noted that this occurs on any geometry electrode--flat surfaces, round surfaces, cavities, etc. "Hollow Cathode" means a localized condition of overheating from the glow discharge that only occurs in a cavity (can occur in any hole depth having any L/D ratio where L equals the depth of the hole and D equals the hole diameter) and is a function of the operating pressure. The glow discharge thickness is a function of the absolute pressure. In a cavity at certain pressures, the glow discharge along the walls overlap with the glow discharge on the opposite wall. This overlapping causes a cascade increase in the electron density and as a result, an increase in the current density in the cavity. As a result, the cavity overheats.
Power supply 20 is illustrated as an AC to DC rectified power supply and essentially includes a 3-phase generator 22 connected to a stepped-up transformer 24, which in turn is connected to an SCR circuit 26 controlled by a firing circuit 28 to produce a pulsed current applied to anode 10 at various power levels. SCR circuit 26 is shown to comprise 6 thyristors 29 whose gates are connected to a conventionally known firing circuit schematically shown at 28. Firing circuit 28 controls thyristors 29 to preferably produce 5 "on" pulses of rectified DC current followed by 2 "off" pulses although other firing arrangements such as four "on" and three "off" are possible. Reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,962 to Wohr et al for a more detailed explanation of an SCR circuit and a firing circuit somewhat similar to that disclosed in FIG. 1. Reference may also be had to U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,575 for an arrangement generally similar to that shown in FIG. 1.
As described thus far the pulsed current applied to vessel 10 is best shown in FIG. 2. Preferably the "on" cycle, tO, of five pulses is 13.89 milliseconds with a range between 8.33 and 16.67 milliseconds and the "off" cycle, t1, is 5.56 milliseconds, with a range between 2.78 and 11.11 milliseconds. The current is variable between 10% and 100% of rated power but preferably is 50% of amps at full watt density. Voltage varies between 300 and 1000 peak volts.
Firing circuit 28 is also controlled by a conventional IMax circuit 30 which senses the current draw and shuts down firing circuit 28 when the current exceeds a predetermined maximum value, typically 115% of rated amps. Control circuit 30 senses the actual current draw at 31, compares it to the predetermined maximum current at line 32 through comparator 35 to shut down firing circuit Z8 when the actual current draw exceeds IMax. At such time comparator 35 also triggers smoothing choke shown schematically at 39 to dissipate the electrical energy. The number of times control circuit 30 is actuated over a fixed time is counted by a conventional counter shown at 37 which, when actuated, prevents severe arcing by shutting off generator 22 and firing circuit 28.
While a three phase generator 22 is preferred, it should be clear that other power supply arrangements can be used, such as direct current or single phase alternating current, to effect the desired pulsed current to vessel 10. The operating characteristics of one suitable power supply 22 may be summarized as follows:
AC input: 480 VAC�5%, 3 phase 60 Hz
Full power output: Up to 360 KW
Open circuit voltage: 1000 volts capable of 360 amp drive circuit
Max. full load voltage: 700 volts
Max. full load current: 100% of rated amperage
Output current: adjustable 10 to 100%
Output voltage: adjustable 10 to 1000 volts
Vessel 10 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 comprises a multiple chamber, batch type vacuum vessel with an integral oil quench 11 which has been modified to carry on the ion discharge process. A hearth 42 manufactured from molybdenum supports basket 13 containing ferrous workpieces 15 and insulators 43 support and shield hearth 42 from vessel 10 while also providing connections for feed-thru's 44 and a high dielectric shielded cable 46 for connecting the hearth, basket, and work pieces as the cathode to power supply 20. Reference may be had to U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,434 to Gunther et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,227,032 to Jones et al for description of typical insulators, feed-thru's, splitters, etc. Also schematically shown within vessel 10 is an external resistance heater 45 for providing a source of external heat to workpieces 15. Heater 45 is preferably of the type manufactured by the assignee under the trademark "PROLECTRIC" with or without graphite tubes or alternatively could assume an especially configured shape such as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,199 to Jones. A vacuum pump 50 is shown schematically and is sized to pump a vacuum of 10 to 15 microns. Between vacuum pump 50 and chamber 12 is a needle valve 52 which functions as an orifice to control the vacuum applied to chamber 12 and hence the flow of inert or carburizing gases through lines 54, 55 respectively. Needle valve 52 is a very precise metering type of a conventional design. Lines 54, 55 are normally at 20 psi and have manually controlled valves 57, 58 respectively installed therein but in operation are normally opened so that if needle valve 52 was not present a constant mass flow of gas would be emitted therefrom with an attendant rise in pressure. Vacuum pump 50 and needle valve 52 are sized large enough to draw a vacuum in chamber 12 when the gases in lines 54, 55 are at the stated flow rates and pressures.
The typical carburizing cycle will now be explained.
The basic carburizing cycle with workpieces 15 in basket 13 is to pump down chamber 12 to a low vacuum level of approximately 10-2 to 10-1 torr and then heat workpieces 15 by external resistance heater 45 to proper carburizing temperature which is anywhere between 1650�-1950� F. An inert gas, preferably hydrogen, is then introduced at a constant mass flow through inlet 54 with the variable orifice of needle valve 52 controlling the pressure within chamber 12 between 1 and 25 torr. Power supply 20 is then activated at a predetermined power level to effect the glow discharge about workpieces 15 which will sputter clean the exterior surfaces of workpieces 15. In particular, oxides will be removed from the surface of workpieces 13 and the oxides will combine and form H2 O and CO2 within the atmosphere in glow chamber 12 which is pumped out of channel 12 vis-a-vis vacuum pump 50 through needle valve 52. While the glow discharge tends to heat workpieces 15 the heat applied to workpieces 15 is principally from the external resistance heaters 45 which remain on throughout the process and are regulated through a temperature sensing device 60 which senses the temperature of the atmosphere in chamber 12 and not the work and which then is inputted into a microprocessor 61 which controls electric resistance heaters 45 during the entire process. Once the sputtering or slight arcing at the workpiece surface has burned off the contaminants on the workpiece surface, a glow discharge will be established. Thus, once the glow discharge is established, the ferrous workpieces are ready for carburizing.
The fundamental difference between nitriding and carburizing is that the disassociated ammonia gas in nitriding produces an electrically non-conductive atmosphere whereas the exact opposite is produced in carburizing where methane or propane disassociates itself into a carbon bearing atmosphere. More particularly, the carbon bearing atmosphere in carburizing has a dielectric (arc-over) distance of 2 inches at 500 volts and 500 microns pressure on flat plate electrodes while a nitrogen atmosphere has a dielectric distance of 5 millimeters at 500 volts and 500 microns. This means an arc will occur between electrodes spaced 2 inches apart in the carburizing atmosphere whereas the electrodes must be moved to within 5 millimeters of one another to sustain an arc therebetween in the nitriding atmosphere. Accordingly, all conventional carburizing processes which use various glow discharge techniques, utilize a carburizing gas mixed with an inert or carrier gas to effect the carburizing. However, the carrier gas materially increases the time to effect carburizing since a lesser volume of carbon is available at any given instant to interfuse into the case and this means that the glow discharge must be left on for a longer period of time. In addition, a complicated and thorough mixing of the carrier gas with the carburizing bearing gas must be accomplished prior to admitting the gas into the furnace so that no particular concentration of the carburizing gas could somehow be localized near the work to form a severe arc or fireball. (It should also be noted that in conventional vacuum carburizing one process pulses a stream of methane into the furnace. This dilutes or increases the carbon concentration of the carrier gas which is within the furnace. The point is that such a process would be totally unsuitable for ion carburizing because of excessive sooting and the unstable atmosphere formed by the pulsing which would produce arcing.)
In accordance with the invention, a pure carbon bearing gas such as methane or propane is introduced into chamber 12 once the part has been sputtered clean. It was found that when methane was immediately introduced into chamber 12 upon completion of sputter cleaning, severe arcs would form because the atmosphere was unstable. An obvious solution would be to pump the hydrogen completely out of the chamber before admitting the methane into the chamber. While this would prevent arcing, it is commercially unfeasible from a time consideration. It has been found that if the current flow were reduced to a value of approximately 10 amps for about 2 to 3 minutes after the hydrogen flow was stopped and the methane flow started, a sufficiently stable atmosphere was present which would permit the application of approximately the same watt density power to workpieces 15 as was used during the sputter cleaning process. In this connection the metering arrangement utilized by needle valve 52 is particularly advantageous since the pressure from the pump is used to effect the gas changeover while also updating the mass flow of the gas into chamber 12.
At this time, the power applied between the anode and cathode is set at a predetermined optimum level which will be discussed hereafter. This power expressed as a watt density level is sufficient to form the glow discharge with almost all the carbon molecules infused into the case of workpieces 15. Tests measuring the weight of the carbon show that no less than 85% of the carbon is diffused into the case leaving at most 15% of the carbon to be deposited as soot within chamber 12. This naturally extends the time before the furnace has be to cleaned or subjected to a high burn-out temperature cleansing cycle. At the same time, the mass flow of the methane is closely controlled so that only a fixed amount of carbon is available for diffusion into the case. When the watt density and the mass flow are thus controlled, a surprisingly consistently uniform dispersion of the carbon about the entire case of workpiece 15 is achieved. This consistent carbon dispersion extends uniformly into the case making more metal available for wear purposes at a higher hardness after surface finishing than that which was otherwise attained with conventional vacuum carburizing or atmosphere furnaces. As will also be noted hereafter, the temperature of workpiece 15 affects the watt density but not the mass flow of the carburizing gas. The pressure during this cycle is not critical so long as the pressure is less than atmosphere and sufficient to permit the glow discharge process to work. In practice, generating the glow discharge is a function of voltage and for the 1000 volt generator illustrated the pressure is limited from 10 microns to 100 torr. Typical pressures during this portion of the cycle are 1 to 25 torr with 5 torr preferred. This is to be contrasted with typical pressures of 100 to 400 torr used in conventional vacuum carburizing furnaces. Also, the temperature of workpiece 15 is not adversely affected or purposefully controlled by the glow discharge, the temperature of the atmosphere being regulated by resistance heaters 45. In this sense, the glow discharge could be viewed as a "cold" plasma. Nevertheless, the glow discharge does heat the workpiece and the heat is transferred to the atmosphere where it is sensed by device 60 and resistance heaters 45 controlled by microprocessor 61 accordingly.
After a predetermined time, the power supply is shut down, thus extinguishing the plasma arc, the carburizing gas flow is discontinued and chamber 12 is pumped down until a vacuum of about 10 microns is reached while ferrous workpieces 15 are maintained at the carburizing temperature of 1650-1900 degree Fahrenheit. This "boost diffuse" condition is maintained for a predetermined time during which the penetration of the carbon into the surface case of workpieces 15 to a desired depth and degree occurs. Workpieces 15 are then rapidly transferred from vacuum chamber 12 to the quench chamber where the part is quenched typically in an oil bath under vacuum.
As discussed generally above, existing attempts to ion carburize workpieces have, for the most part, used an outside source to heat the workpiece to the carburizing temperature, sputter cleaned the workpiece, metered a carburizing gas mixed with the carrier gas into the chamber and applied as high a power as possible to the power supply to generate a glow discharge without arcing. In one sense, a number of arc detect circuits are used to sense uncontrolled arcing and fireballing which act to decrease the power until the condition has passed whereat the power is ramped up to the prior point and then readjusted, etc. It was found that the utilization of such schemes to control power supply 22 of the present invention resulted in an unstable glow punctuated by fireballs and occasionally severe arcing of a nature sufficient to short circuit the entire power supply 22. Other carburizing attempts, particularly those which utilize an AC rectified pulsed power supply similar to applicant's, simply increase the power applied to the work and rely entirely on the pulsed train to prevent a short circuiting of the entire system. The inventors have determined that the conventional IMax control circuit is necessary to sense impending conditions prior to their reaching the stage or state of severe short circuiting of the vessel which has tendencies to destroy the power source and damage the insulator and feed-thru's on the hearth.
More specifically, it has been determined that there is a maximum power or watt density factor which must be correlated with the mass flow of the carburizing gas for any given carburizing temperature to optimize the ion carburizing process. This optimization is realized with respect to (i) the time it takes to achieve a desired carbon deposit, (ii) the utilization or infusion of the deposited carbon entirely on the case to avoid sooting within the furnace thus extending the maintenance times for such furnace (typically 85% or better utilization) and most importantly, (iii) the consistency of the carbon diffused into the case of the workpiece throughout the depth of the diffusion. As best shown in FIG. 5, the power or the watt density (expressed in watts per centimeter squared of case surface area to be carburized) is established by a family of curves, each curve associated with a particular carburizing temperature whereby the uniformity of the carbon deposited on the case can be controlled within limits of �0.1% to within �0.03% to 0.04% provided that the mass flow of the carburizing gas (expressed as grams of carbon dispersed over the case area of the workpiece to be treated per minute) is similarly controlled for the value stated.
FIG. 4 shows the optimum carburizing gas flow expressed as a percentage of the carbon uniformity dispersed in the case of the workpiece. The mass flow of the carburizing gas is not significantly affected by temperature or pressure considerations so long as the temperature is high enough to dissociate the gas. Both FIGS. 4 and 5 are based on the use of substantially pure methane as the carburizing gas. The use of other carbon bearing gases such as propane will require adjustments to the graphs.
In actual practice and as is typical in vacuum carburizing, the case depth and surface carbon deposited is initially calculated to determine the carburize and diffuse time. Previously developed vacuum carburizing curves did not predict reliable results when applied to the ion carburizing process. Accordingly, various mathematical models were reviewed until it was determined that mathematical relationships established by F. E. Harris in 1943 for predicting carburizing boost-diffuse cycles and carbon case depth on low carbon steel could be utilized even with high alloyed steels, in the ion glow carburizing process. An article entitled "Greater Uniformity of Plasma Carburizing Rapidly" appearing in the March, 1986 issue of Industrial Heating by S. Verhoff, one of the inventors, explains the time for predicting the carburizing cycles utilizing Harris' relationships. Empirical factors have been developed to adjust the time for carburizing at various temperatures and a further empirical adjustment is made for ion processing when the optimized process conditions described herein are used.
Specifically, the time predicted for the cycles by the empirical adjustments to Harris' equation are correlated with the optimum watt density and mass flow of FIGS. 4 and 5. If lesser wattage or mass flows were used, the empirical adjustments to Harris' equations would change.
Another factor requiring a further adjustment to FIGS. 4 and 5 is the stacking of the workpieces within basket 13 in either a tight or loose fashion. Generally, the more loose the parts become, the higher the watt density. This could be expressed as some number related to bulk density where a single piece would be unity or one and the stacked pieces viewed as being "one piece" with spacing between workpieces reducing the value to less than one. Generally, no adjustments are made for geometrically dissimilar workpieces which are processed in one basket. There can be unusual cases where the geometrical configuration of one of the parts can result in localized heating of the workpiece causing a hollow cathode effect to exist. This, in turn, will produce uneven carbon dispersion over the workpiece. In such instance, the process is adjusted to alleviate the hollow cathode effect and the processing times adjusted accordingly.
The invention has been developed and disclosed for the carburizing process. In a broader sense, the concepts disclosed herein are believed applicable for the use of the glow discharge technique in any atmosphere which is significantly, electrically conductive. Such atmospheres are sometimes encountered in plating processes. The process would be similar. The workpiece would be heated externally and the work sputtered clean. A gas carrying the metal to be deposited without any or very little carrier or inert gas would be injected into the chamber. The process would then be controlled by the power which would be regulated as a function of temperature and coating uniformity and the mass flow of the "coating" gas would also be regulated in accordance with the desired coating uniformity to arrive at an optimum process time.
It is thus an essential feature of our invention to provide an improved ion process specifically applicable to heat treat processes by optimizing the power imparted in the glow discharge process to the workpiece correlated to the process temperature and correlated to the uniformity of the deposited material while also controlling the mass flow of the gas containing the deposited material to a value correlated to the uniformity of the deposited material.
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U.S. Classification | 148/222, 148/229, 148/223, 204/192.35 |
International Classification | C23C8/38 |
Cooperative Classification | C23C8/38 |
European Classification | C23C8/38 |
Date | Code | Event | Description |
Oct 2, 1987 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: FL AEROSPACE CORPORATION, 220 SOUTH ORANGE AVE. LI Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:VERHOFF, STEPHEN H.;TACKETT, GARROL;REEL/FRAME:004764/0676 Effective date: 19870903 Owner name: FL AEROSPACE CORPORATION,NEW JERSEY Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:VERHOFF, STEPHEN H.;TACKETT, GARROL;REEL/FRAME:004764/0676 Effective date: 19870903 |
Apr 14, 1989 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: SURFACE COMBUSTION, INC., OHIO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:FL AEROSPACE CORP.;REEL/FRAME:005091/0582 Effective date: 19880608 Owner name: FL AEROSPACE CORP. Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNORS:MIDLAND-ROSS CORPORATION MERGING INTO;MRC MERGER CORP., CHANGED NAME TO;MIDLAND - ROSS CORPORATION, CHANGED TO;REEL/FRAME:005240/0352 Effective date: 19880926 |
May 19, 1989 | AS | Assignment | Owner name: SURFACE COMBUSTION, INC., AN OHIO CORP., OHIO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:FL AEROSPACE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:005072/0030 Effective date: 19890329 |
Oct 26, 1992 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 4 |
Sep 16, 1996 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 8 |
Oct 5, 2000 | FPAY | Fee payment | Year of fee payment: 12 |


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Location was great! Hotel staff was very friendly and responsive. Room was clean and comfortable. Loved the coffee shop, rooftop lounge and restaurant. Elevator was a wait sometimes.
Very fun location near great restaurants. Fun roof top venue and coffee shop onsite.
Location, location, location and general friendliness of the staff. We stayed there on a special and paid about what it is worth, a third of the normal price A boutique hotel at this location is a great idea, but the decorating---plaids everywhere in a small space--is enough in itself to drive you mad. And it really doesn't cover up this was once a Day's Inn. You pay a lot of money for hotels in Chicago and this is a one of a kind location. That's about all it has going for it.
This is one of the best hostels I've stayed in on many levels.... location, helpful staff (including the wonderful Sandy, head of housekeeping who greeted me early mornings with a smile, coffee and good company.) Very clean and sense of safety. The computers available in the lobby were a blessing. After my poor roommate got over his embarrassment at being paired with a woman who could be his grandmother (!), we got on very well. Thanks to all.
I went there by myself. I enjoyed staying this hostel with my roommates. Rooms are clean, and staffs are friendly. There are many utilities. Location is also good. I could go to the famous sightseeing places by bus and metro. I think this hostel is good for visiters from foreign countries, and people who want to stay more than 1 week. Sometimes, I could not connect wi-fi in my room.
I got what I wanted, which was a cheap couple of nights with the basics: a warm bed, a warm shower, a warm meal, and proximity to transportation. The other customers in the 16-bed dorm were fine; everyone basically kept to themselves. Everything was sufficient but not quite standard. The guys dorm did smell a bit like a locker room. The meal had options but all were minimal. The worst part for me was the parking. One night, I travelled by subway, and that worked great (5-10 minute walk). The other night, I had a rental car with me, and that was the biggest pain of my stay (1-1.5 hrs searching for a parking place). This stress was partly due to my inexperience with big cities, but I wish I had had an earlier warning about it. I felt aimless, driving until a space (without a tow-zone sign) opened up. These really aren't complaints though; I'm just trying to describe well. I expect a twentysomething-dollar stay to be just enough.
It has a great staff who plan tons of events that cater to a varity of interests. The hostel is located in the middle of everything. It was perfect for some one like me who prefers to travel sans auto. Short walk to metro and a number of amazing nightspots. Oh and the kitchen was amazing. It is a hostel with all the little nuances that comes with it. If you are use to hostel travel then this is nothing new to you if not do a little research and find out what your in for before you stay. It will make all the difference in your trip.
Thoroughly enjoyed my stay, staff were great and was well worth the price paid. The location was outstanding, Lincoln Park is definitely an excellent place to stay even though it is not centrally located it is a quick subway or bus ride to where you need to go.
Cheap prices Check in is late
Convenient The floor was dirty and sticky
Meeting people from all over the world. Availability of free internet w/ free printing, in addition to free Wi-Fi throughout bldg. Free breakfast. For the most part, helpful, knowledgeable staff. Discounted transit & museum passes available for purchase @ front desk. Planned communal evening activities. With interior hallways and electronic locks on guest rooms, I felt quite safe there. When I first arrived, desk person told me that my prepaid reservation had been cancelled?!? They had a similar room like one reserved, but not in my stated, preferred location in bldg, but I would have to pay in full at that moment if I wished to stay! That really threw me, but they somehow 'suddenly found reservation'? The first night, I was awakened about 5:30 am by loud music played 'til 7:30 am within a room or two away from mine. A food purchase I made disappeared from the communal fridge! I think coin-operated laundry prices in bldg were outrageous, but did not know where nor wish to leave to find a laundromat.
Awesome staff, very clean, great value for the money and wonderful location.
This hostel was a gem. Clean, welcoming, super convenient; relaxed, friendly atmosphere. Made what could have been a hectic weekend a total breeze. Loved the neighborhood and fantastic location, with easy access to public transit.
The hostel is pretty much excellent. I'd never stayed in a hostel before, so I didn't know what to expect, outside of there being multiple strangers to a room (unless a group of people booked a room together, obviously), but this was really great. They have incredibly comfortable chairs in the lobby, and a small reading room off the lobby. A nice cafeteria/games room with pool and foosball tables. There's an open kitchen with food storage for guests, several vending machines, continental breakfast, etc. They've got group activities in the evenings, plus bulletin boards where people can post their own things. There are bikes for rent, as well as free musical instruments for guests to use (acoustic guitars and a piano). WiFi is free, and they have computer terminals with free printing in the lobby. There's an open patio with seating on a couple levels. There's also a conference/TV room with a couch, a couple conference tables, and a DVR. The staff are friendly (at least the ones I met were), and you can buy supplies and discount passes to attractions (as well as full-price CTA passes) at the front desk, and there's an interactive screen in the lobby where you can check on what's going on around town. It's also about a mile walk from a CTA station for both buses and the L, so getting all over the city is pretty convenient from there. The station is for blue line trains, so if you come into the city by O'Hare or the train station (which is where interstate bus lines also drop you off), it's very convenient to get to. My biggest worry going in was security, but the lobby is locked from 9 PM until sometime in the morning, with only your key card getting you in. Also the rooms have key card-only access, and there are storage lockers for your stuff (locks are available for purchase if you forget to bring your own), so your stuff is safe. It's also in a nice neighborhood, close to DePaul University, so you can feel safe walking around the neighborhood. As far as a full-on Hotel would go, I'd rate it about 3.5 stars, but for a hostel, it blew me away. Definite 5 stars. If you're looking for a cheap place to stay (like $35 a night), and can handle being in a room with up to 10 strangers, this is a great choice. The dormitory-style accommodations in the room itself definitely aren't for everyone. They didn't work for me, personally, but that's my own deal.
I didn't have a chance to make it in far enough to have an experience. I can't give this place positive rate I was told upon arrival that I couldn't get a room because they didn't offer board to people who stayed in the city. WHAT!?? Not anywhere on the site did it mention this little monkey wrench. I paid for the room only,to be told I couldn't have it. I think this is utterly ridiculous. I wasted my gas, money and time traveling here only,to be told no. On top of this it was 5 in the morning and I'm stuck looking for a room. They refunded my money but I had to wait 5 days for it to be deposited back into my account. This was such an inconvenience. If you live in the city and are looking for a quick getaway. THIS IS NOT THE PLACE TO GO.


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[ Silicon Valley | Metroactive Home | Archives ]
Public Eye
Schoolyard Recession
Normally education-friendly Gray Davis has been driving local school officials nuts since the governor's Dec. 16 announcement that the state plans to cut $3 billion from schools statewide. San Jose Unified School District spokesperson Karen Fuqua declared Code Red and spent last Monday calling newspapers and firing off emails to reporters saying, "This is critical to us that the catastrophic reality of these cuts is known." San Jose Unified School District Superintendent Linda Murray was no less freaked out. "We've already been tightening our belt as prudently as we could in keeping cuts away from our core programs," she says. "It's a terrible crisis for the state." Murray says that the cuts will mean $6.5 million less for San Jose Unified this year and at least that large a cut next year as well. That cut--plus the $1.3 million the district cut in the spring and the $4.8 million it chopped in October--takes a 5 percent chunk from the district's overall $260 million budget, which insiders say is a huge whacking for a school district. Murray says programs already (or soon to be) underfunded include special education, dropout prevention and class-size reduction. The state is now around $21 billion in the hole, according to the legislative analyst (a number that is expected to grow soon). So, what can anyone do? Murray says Davis and the Legislature could loosen restrictions on how schools can spend their money, and that "he could support some kind of a tax increase. [An increase] doesn't look good right now. But I don't see anyway around it." Two-thirds of the state Legislature would have to back raising taxes. "That's not gonna happen," says Associate Superintendent and finance ace Jerry Matranga. "We can't look to Sacramento [for more money]. We've got to take a more practical approach. That's just reality. Locally, we're going to have to figure out how to close the budget gap." Matranga says the district will extend its hiring freeze, and some school employees could get laid off. "We'd replace teachers, school secretaries, principals, custodians," he says. "For every other position, we'd have to see if there are alternative ways to get the job done." Those other positions, the ones that might not be safe, include school nurses and lunch ladies/men. "This proposal reflects tough decisions made to deal with a tough situation," the governor said, according to a Dec. 6 press release explaining his recent proposal for $10.2 billion in cuts in education and elsewhere. "Reductions will be made in every state agency, nearly every department, nearly every program and in all areas of state spending. In times like these, everyone must be part of the solution." Davis has already been part of the solution, his staff proudly explains. Finance Department spokesperson Anita Gore says that the governor's office took an 8.5 percent pay cut in the May revised budget and would suffer no further loss from this new proposal. Hilary McLean, chief deputy press secretary, says that her boss has always taken less pay than he can. "The governor has always voluntarily taken a reduction in pay of at least 5 percent," she says. Davis could rake in $175K a year, but he only asks for $165K.
Caret Sticks Around
San Jose State University rules! It's certainly better than Boca Raton's Florida Atlantic U., and it tops Maryland's Towson U., at least. That's what SJSU Prez Robert Caret's move to shun headhunting offers from those other schools and stay in Dodge last week would suggest. What exactly does Caret like so much about San Jose State? After all, he's not getting a raise and will have to continue to survive on $222,540. (That's just $57,540 more than the governor.) Explanations for his decision have been vague. Caret released a statement on Dec. 3 crediting "many conversations and an outpouring of support from family, the campus, the community and the leadership of the system and state" for his choice. Still curious, Eye rang up his office, but the truth-finding mission was thwarted. "I know he doesn't want to talk about that," says Nancy Stake, one of Caret's media guards. "It's time to move on." Stake says that Caret's announcement to stay, made on Dec. 3, is "old news." Instead of beating that dead horse, she recommends profiling the 23rd president of SJ State, an idea she pitched to the Mercury News two years ago, and which they finally bit on in Sunday's paper with an article titled, "Caret credited with putting SJSU on map." SJ State poli-sci prof Terry Christensen is more willing to break down specifics. "Surely these guys are hot property," he says of school presidents who attract attention from recruiters. "I don't think it'll hurt in the next review. It could result in more money down the line." He adds, "I'm pretty sure family had to be another factor. His wife has a job here. They've got a couple kids in high school. Ultimately, though, Christensen points out, "It doesn't hurt to show that other people want you."
Eye was excited about Palo Alto district U.S. Rep. Anna Eshoo's new website promising to bring the people closer to its leaders and reminding this region of its high-tech successes. The site--www.house.gov/eshoo--launched Friday, Dec. 6, should help keep locals informed in a confusing time of presidential war courting and empty piggy banks. "Although Silicon Valley is experiencing job losses for the first time in a decade, the Internet revolution continues to change how companies do business and how we all live our daily lives," Eshoo notes on her new legi-site. "I'm proud to represent the region which fueled our nation's economy in the past with innovative technologies and which will lead us again in the 21st century." Yeah, that's the spirit. But Eye had only to click on the first "timely topic," the War Resolution on Iraq link, before communication broke down. "The requested page could not be found," said the site, each of the four times Eye clicked on it. Eye is now trying to ignore the symbolism of this empty link to the topic of war on Iraq and advises that readers do the same.
Sex Change
Eye's eyes for soccer opened wide the day before Thanksgiving while reading a Mercury News article on the NCAA women's tournament. In Mark Emmons' lead piece, he heralded Santa Clara's University's Aly Wagner as one of the athletes "most likely to take the baton from the current group of stars who put women's soccer on the map--such as Mia Hamm and the Earthquakes' Brandi Chastain ..." Oh my. Since the Earthquakes are the men's team in San Jose, not the women's team, Eye just had to rifle off an email to Mike Guersch, the Merc's executive sports editor. With the utmost sobriety, we offered our services as freelance soccer reporters, available at any time, and Guersch took our information in hand. He also informed us that the mistake was made by a copy editor, who had inserted the comment, and that Emmons ought not to be blamed.
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Is there a way to query SQL Server through one of the system tables/views or one of the Information Schema views to determine if a given collation sequence is case sensitive or not? Obviously a person can tell by looking at the collation sequence name and see if it is case sensitive or not, but how can you write a query which clearly and is guaranteed to display whether or not a collation sequence is case sensitive?
(comments are locked)
If you do a select select from sys.fn_helpcollations() In the description column you have written whether particular collation is Case Sensitive or Case Insensitive. Also general rule is the the CS in the collation name means Case Sensitive and CI means Case Insensitive. If you take a look in the sys.databases and sys.columns system views, you will see collations used for that db/column and by the names and eventually description returned by sys.fn_helpcollations() you can determine whether the collation is Case Sensitive or Insensitive. I was looking for was something a little more definitive. But this is not definitive as it is parsing natural english to determine the results. From the query you provided I use the following to get what I need: select name , case when charindex('case-sensitive',description)>0 then 1 else 0 end [Case Sensitive] from sys.fn_helpcollations() name Case Sensitive Albanian_BIN 0 Albanian_BIN2 0 Albanian_CI_AI 0 Albanian_CI_AI_WS 0 Albanian_CI_AI_KS 0 Albanian_CI_AS 0 Albanian_CI_AS_WS 0 Albanian_CI_AS_KS 0 Albanian_CS_AI 1 Albanian_CS_AI_WS 1 Albanian_CS_AI_KS 1
Jul 21, 2011 at 07:13 AM
Sorry the table output didn't format properly. Seeing as my Karma is not > 60 the following is all I could do :( name,Case Sensitive Albanian_BIN,0 Albanian_BIN2,0 Albanian_CI_AI,0 Albanian_CI_AI_WS,0 Albanian_CI_AI_KS,0 Albanian_CI_AI_KS_WS,0 Albanian_CI_AS,0 Albanian_CI_AS_WS,0 Albanian_CI_AS_KS,0 Albanian_CI_AS_KS_WS,0 Albanian_CS_AI,1 Albanian_CS_AI_WS,1 Albanian_CS_AI_KS,1 Albanian_CS_AI_KS_WS,1
Jul 21, 2011 at 07:26 AM
Binary Sorts are case sensitive. MSDN has a collation article that explains the collation naming scheme - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143515.aspx looking at the _CI _CS _BIN portions of the collation name IS definitive, and is how the collation article determined the case sensitivity of a collation. If you prefer to NOT parse the natural english, you must look for the _CI _CS and _BIN portions of the collation name. Here is your natural english query with an update for case-sensitive binary
Here is your query modified to not look at the natural english (same results)
Jul 21, 2011 at 08:31 AM
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Deus Ex: The Fall Review
Deus Ex is arguably one of the most unique franchises around today. Open-ended gameplay has always been a staple of the series, and returned with great critical acclaim in 2011 with Deus Ex: Human Revolution. Deus Ex: The Fall was supposed to be, for many fans, a follow-up to Human Revolution, but much to their chagrin, was revealed by Square Enix to be a mobile exclusive launching on iOS devices and Android at a later date. Press leading up to The Fall's launched promised a title true to the beloved series; a task that warrants a certain amount of skepticism. Has developer N-Fusion succeeded in crafting a game worthy of the Deus Ex name on mobile devices, or does Deus Ex: The Fall fail to live up to the lofty expectations of the series?
Read on to see what we think is HOT and what is NOT in our review of Deus Ex: The Fall.
Mobile gaming has evolved over the last few years thanks to a constant stream of powerful smartphones and tablet devices that push the boundaries of graphical fidelity. Square Enix has been one of the leaders in the mobile-push, releasing titles that never fail to impress on a technical level: Deus Ex: The Fall is no exception. This game is definitely a looker. Panama City, the game's variation of a Central Hub, is an incredibly dense setting brought to life to an extent rarely seen on mobile devices. This city is grungy, but beautiful. Light shafts shine off of futuristic advertisements above the dirty city streets in a way that almost makes you forget you're playing a mobile game. The Gold and Black scheme of Human Revolution is in full effect here, and looks beautiful on the iPhone 5 and retina iPads. Alleyways punctuate the city streets, full of optional opportunities for exploration and alternative methods to accomplishing any given objective. The whole setting just feels like a Deus Ex game, an impressive accomplishment given the obvious technical limitations of the platform.
If you played Human Revolution as a stealth game then you will be right at home with The Fall. Weapon attachments and augmentations allow you to build a character capable of the stealthy approach the Deus Ex series is known for. Virtually every mission objective is open-ended, with multiple points of entry into building interiors and branching dialogue options, giving a great deal of choice in how to tackle each objective. The Fall is a great stealth game in its own right, which is great considering how necessary a stealth approach to really create an enjoyable experience.
The story in Deus Ex: The Fall is rather well-done, and is excellent compared to those typically found in mobile titles. You play as Ben Saxon, an ex-mercenary determined to find the truth behind a shortage in the anti-rejection drug Neuropozine, in a follow-up to the Deus Ex novel: Icarus effect. The story has its fair share of twists and turns, some of which are clichéd, and still few which you won't see coming. It's a compelling narrative, and one that any Deus Ex fan should experience. Without spoiling anything, I'll say that the narrative will take you around 4-6 hours to complete depending on your approach, and concludes with a cliffhanger that's all but guaranteed to leave you wanting to know more.
Deus Ex: The Fall Review,
2 Comments
It should be mentioned that this game is definitely demanding on your hardware. AppsGoer has got an in-depth review on this game.
GD Star Rating
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This is pretty much bang on. I still think that the environments are slightly ruined by the repetition of assets. Like the only 3 or 4 types of civilians in the game. Like all the 30 security guards at XNG being the same middle-aged man. Or the layout of the toilets, which is the same in every building. But of course, these are the limitations of the platform; an iPad came cannot be 20Gb…
Has it been officially confirmed there will be more episodes or is this just a conclusion from the end? (I haven't finished it yet)
GD Star Rating
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Allyson Healey has always been the good girl, which is why she's not exactly sure why she's ditching the rest of her tour group to see an underground performance of Twelfth Night in England. But when she sees him again—Willem—she knows he's the reason. There's something about him that makes her want to stop being good, rule-following Allyson and become the wilder world traveler Lulu. So, against all her inhibitions, she goes off with him to Paris for a day that she will never forget. And it's a truly amazing day, but when Allyson wakes up the next morning to find Willem gone, all that's left is the memory of it, horribly and irrevocably burned into her mind. Over the next year, as Allyson struggles to come to terms with that day and her connection with Willem, she starts to realize that she is simply not living the life that she wants. She's barely making it through college classes that she has no interest in taking, and she's having a hard time connecting with her roommates. She's starting to wish that she were Lulu again, but Lulu was only a dream that existed for a day, it seems, a terrible, beautiful day that ended too long ago. But in order to understand who she is, Allyson realizes that she first needs some answers, from herself and from Willem.
Now that I've finally read a book by Gayle Forman, I can see what all the fuss is about! Forman really knows how to tell a great story, from a plot that spans just the right amounts of glamour and ordinary, to characters that experience life and all its emotions, to issues that are both personal and universal. Just One Day swept me away from the very beginning, and not just because of the thrill of traveling through Europe; it was really Allyson's voice that made me want to read on, with all her doubts, insecurities, despair, and hope. Her story, both her yearning for this spark between her and Willem and her rocky assimilation to college life, felt so real to me. While Allyson's connection with Willem was certainly one of the focal points in this story, I have to say that I also really enjoyed how Forman depicted Allyson's relationship with her parents, especially her mom; the tension surrounding an only child going away to school is not something that I often see in YA, but Forman did a very good job of weaving these complexities into Allyson's life in a very natural way. In all, I truly loved reading Just One Day and I am extremely eager to see how the story continues in the companion to this book, Just One Year.
Just One Day will be enjoyed by fans of Don't Stop Now by Julie Halpern, Wanderlove by Kirsten Hubbard, and Anna and the French Kiss by Stephanie Perkins.
Rating: 4.5
Review copy from publisher Penguin
Just One Day by Gayle Forman
Munched by Rachael Stein on 1/17/2013
2 munch(es) :
- Marg said...
I can't wait to read this book! You are lucky that you still have If I Stay and Where She Went to read. Both excellent reads!
- January 17, 2013 at 6:49 AM
- Look at Goshen NY House cleaning click here said...
Just One Day is a book with words that went straight from the pages and into my heart. The journey that Allyson goes through, the beautifully written settings, the wonderful and quirky characters and even the presence of a handsome European boy all combine together to form a wonderful, beautiful, incredibly moving tale. Without a doubt, this is going to be one of my favorite reads of this year - and one that I highly recommend to every reader.
- June 26, 2016 at 9:49 PM
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Lightweight C++
Lightweight C++
'lwc' is a programming language that looks like C++ and is directly translated to readable C code. It supports function overloading, member functions, inheritance, polymorphism (virtual functions), multiple inheritance, virtual inheritance and pure virtual functions, constructors/destructors, new/delete, and simplistic templates. By studying the generated C code it is easy to understand how OOP features are implemented and what is the cost of everything. Adding new features and extensions is also very easy (much easier than adding new C++ extensions to gcc at least).
License | Verified by | Verified on | Notes |
SimplePermissive | Janet Casey | 24 September 2003 |
Leaders and contributors
Contact(s) | Role |
Stelios Xanthakis | Maintainer |
Resources and communication
Audience | Resource type | URI |
Bug Tracking,Developer,Support | mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com |
Software prerequisites
Kind | Description |
Required to build | compiler with support for: C99 designators |
Required to build | compound statements in expressions and typeof (gcc 3.x has these) |
This entry (in part or in whole) was last reviewed on 24 September 2003.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the page "GNU Free Documentation License".
The copyright and license notices on this page only apply to the text on this page. Any software or copyright-licenses or other similar notices described in this text has its own copyright notice and license, which can usually be found in the distribution or license text itself.