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Working time is the period of time that a person spends at paid labor. Unpaid labor such as personal housework or caring for children or pets is not considered part of the working week.
Many countries regulate the work week by law, such as stipulating minimum daily rest periods, annual holidays, and a maximum number of working hours per week. Working time may vary from person to person, often depending on location, culture, lifestyle choice, and the profitability of the individual's livelihood. For example, someone who is supporting children and paying a large mortgage will need to work more hours to meet basic costs of living than someone of the same earning power without children. Because fewer people than ever are having children,[1] choosing part time work is becoming more popular.[2]
Standard working hours (or normal working hours) refers to the legislation to limit the working hours per day, per week, per month or per year. If an employee needs to work overtime, the employer will need to pay overtime payments to employees as required in the law. Generally speaking, standard working hours of countries worldwide are around 40 to 44 hours per week (but not everywhere: from 35 hours per week in France[3] to up to 112 hours per week in North Korean labor camps [4]), and the additional overtime payments are around 25% to 50% above the normal hourly payments. Maximum working hours refers to the maximum working hours of an employee. The employee cannot work more than the level specified in the maximum working hours law.[5]
Since the 1960s, the consensus among anthropologists, historians, and sociologists has been that early hunter-gatherer societies enjoyed more leisure time than is permitted by capitalist and agrarian societies;[6][7] for instance, one camp of !Kung Bushmen was estimated to work two-and-a-half days per week, at around 6 hours a day.[8] Aggregated comparisons show that on average the working day was less than five hours.[6]
Subsequent studies in the 1970s examined the Machiguenga of the Upper Amazon and the Kayapo of northern Brazil. These studies expanded the definition of work beyond purely hunting-gathering activities, but the overall average across the hunter-gatherer societies he studied was still below 4.86 hours, while the maximum was below 8 hours.[6] Popular perception is still aligned with the old academic consensus that hunter-gatherers worked far in excess of modern humans' forty-hour week.[7]
The industrial revolution made it possible for a larger segment of the population to work year-round, because this labor was not tied to the season and artificial lighting made it possible to work longer each day. Peasants and farm laborers moved from rural areas to work in urban factories, and working time during the year increased significantly.[9] Before collective bargaining and worker protection laws, there was a financial incentive for a company to maximize the return on expensive machinery by having long hours. Records indicate that work schedules as long as twelve to sixteen hours per day, six to seven days per week were practiced in some industrial sites.[citation needed]
Recent articles[10][11] supporting a four-day week have argued that reduced work hours would increase consumption and invigorate the economy. However, other articles state that consumption would decrease.[12][13] Other arguments for the four-day week include improvements to workers' level of education (due to having extra time to take classes and courses) and improvements to workers' health (less work-related stress and extra time for exercise). Reduced hours also save money on day care costs and transportation, which in turn helps the environment with less carbon-related emissions. These benefits increase workforce productivity on a per-hour basis.
Over the 20th century, work hours shortened by almost half, mostly due to rising wages brought about by renewed economic growth, with a supporting role from trade unions, collective bargaining, and progressive legislation. The workweek, in most of the industrialized world, dropped steadily, to about 40 hours after World War II. The limitation of working hours is also proclaimed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,[14] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,[15] and European Social Charter.[16] The decline continued at a faster pace in Europe: for example, France adopted a 35-hour workweek in 2000. In 1995, China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays (though this is not widely practiced). Working hours in industrializing economies like South Korea, though still much higher than the leading industrial countries, are also declining steadily.
Technology has also continued to improve worker productivity, permitting standards of living to rise as hours decline.[17] In developed economies, as the time needed to manufacture goods has declined, more working hours have become available to provide services, resulting in a shift of much of the workforce between sectors.
Economic growth in monetary terms tends to be concentrated in health care, education, government, criminal justice, corrections, and other activities that are regarded as necessary for society rather than those that contribute directly to the production of material goods.[citation needed]
In the mid-2000s, the Netherlands was the first country in the industrialized world where the overall average working week dropped to less than 30 hours.[18]
Most countries in the developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly.[19][20] For example, in the U.S in the late 19th century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week.[21] Today the average hours worked in the U.S is around 33,[22] with the average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.7 hours per work day.[23] The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the Netherlands with 27 hours,[24] and France with 30 hours.[25] At current rates the Netherlands is set to become the first country to reach an average work week under 21 hours.[26] In a 2011 report of 26 OECD countries, Germany had the lowest average working hours per week at 25.6 hours.[27]
The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.[28][29][30] Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world.[31]
Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing standard of living have been:
The structure of the work week varies considerably for different professions and cultures. Among salaried workers in the western world, the work week often consists of Monday to Friday or Saturday with the weekend set aside as a time of personal work and leisure. Sunday is set aside in the western world because it is the Christian sabbath.
The traditional American business hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday to Friday, representing a workweek of five eight-hour days comprising 40 hours in total. These are the origin of the phrase 9-to-5, used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious job.[32] Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation. The phrase also indicates that a person is an employee, usually in a large company, rather than self-employed. More neutrally, it connotes a job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of subordinate employment. The actual time at work often varies between 35 and 48 hours in practice due to the inclusion, or lack of inclusion, of breaks. In many traditional white collar positions, employees were required to be in the office during these hours to take orders from the bosses, hence the relationship between this phrase and subordination. Workplace hours have become more flexible, but even still the phrase is commonly used.
The meaning of the phrase in common usage has radically changed over the recent years or decades. Formerly the meaning of "someone working 9 to 5" was in the positive, that someone was working really hard to make his living in a full time job. Nowadays the usual meaning of a "9 to 5 guy" or a "9 to 5 mentality" is in a negative way, that someone has a less than desirable approach to work, being a "clock watcher" and refusing overtime. So the meaning changed from "working a lot/hard" to "could work more/harder".[citation needed]
Several countries have adopted a workweek from Monday morning until Friday noon, either due to religious rules (observation of shabbat in Israel whose workweek is Sunday to Friday afternoon) or the growing predominance of a 35–37.5 hour workweek in continental Europe. Several of the Muslim countries have a standard Sunday through Thursday or Saturday through Wednesday workweek leaving Friday for religious observance, and providing breaks for the daily prayer times.[citation needed]
South Korea has the fastest shortening working time in the OECD,[35] which is the result of the government's proactive move to lower working hours at all levels to increase leisure and relaxation time, which introduced the mandatory forty-hour, five-day working week in 2004 for companies with over 1,000 employees. Beyond regular working hours, it is legal to demand up to 12 hours of overtime during the week, plus another 16 hours on weekends.[citation needed] The 40-hour workweek expanded to companies with 300 employees or more in 2005, 100 employees or more in 2006, 50 or more in 2007, 20 or more in 2008 and a full inclusion to all workers nationwide in July 2011.[36] The government has continuously increased public holidays to 16 days in 2013, more than the 10 days of the United States and double that of the United Kingdom's 8 days.[37] Despite those efforts, South Korea's work hours are still relatively long, with an average 2,163 hours per year in 2012.[38]
Work hours in Japan are decreasing, but many Japanese still work long hours.[39] Recently, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) issued a draft report recommending major changes to the regulations that govern working hours. The centerpiece of the proposal is an exemption from overtime pay for white-collar workers.[citation needed]Japan has enacted an 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week (44 hours in specified workplaces). The overtime limits are: 15 hours a week, 27 hours over two weeks, 43 hours over four weeks, 45 hours a month, 81 hours over two months and 120 hours over three months; however, some workers get around these restrictions by working several hours a day without 'clocking in' whether physically or metaphorically.[40][citation needed] The overtime allowance should not be lower than 125% and not more than 150% of the normal hourly rate.[41]
In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing.[42] The European Union's working time directive imposes a 48-hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except the United Kingdom and Malta (which have an opt-out, meaning that UK-based employees may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they cannot be forced to do so).[43] France has enacted a 35-hour workweek by law, and similar results have been produced in other countries through collective bargaining.[citation needed] A major reason for the low annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave.[44] Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard. In the UK, for example, full-time employees are entitled to 28 days of paid leave a year.[45] It is commonly understood working hours in the UK are 09.00 to 17.00.[citation needed]
Mexican laws mandate a maximum of 48 hours of work per week, but they are rarely observed or enforced due to loopholes in the law, the volatility of labor rights in Mexico, and its underdevelopment relative to other members countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Indeed, private sector employees often work overtime without receiving overtime compensation. Fear of unemployment and threats by employers explain in part why the 48-hour work week is disregarded.[citation needed].
Articles 161 to 167 of the Substantive Work Code in Colombia provide for a maximum of 48 hours of work a week.[46]
In Australia, between 1974 and 1997 no marked change took place in the average amount of time spent at work by Australians of "prime working age" (that is, between 25 and 54 years of age). Throughout this period, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australians (including those who did not spend any time at work) remained stable at between 27 and 28 hours per week. This unchanging average, however, masks a significant redistribution of work from men to women. Between 1974 and 1997, the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian men fell from 45 to 36 hours per week, while the average time spent at work by prime working-age Australian women rose from 12 to 19 hours per week. In the period leading up to 1997, the amount of time Australian workers spent at work outside the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays also increased.[47]
In 2009, a rapid increase in the number of working hours was reported in a study by The Australia Institute. The study found the average Australian worked 1855 hours per year at work. According to Clive Hamilton of The Australia Institute, this surpasses even Japan. The Australia Institute believes that Australians work the highest number of hours in the developed world.[48]
From January 1, 2010, Australia enacted a 38-hour workweek in accordance with the Fair Work Act 2009, with an allowance for additional hours as overtime.[49]
The vast majority of full-time employees in Australia work additional overtime hours. A 2015 survey found that of Australia's 7.7 million full-time workers, 5 million put in more than 40 hours a week, including 1.4 million who worked more than 50 hours a week and 270,000 who put in more than 70 hours.[50]
In 2006, the average man employed full-time worked 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time worked 7.7 hours per work day.[23] There is no mandatory minimum amount of paid time off for sickness or holiday. However, regular full-time workers often have the opportunity to take about nine days off for various holidays, two weeks (10 business days) of sick leave and two weeks (10 business days) of paid holiday time,[citation needed] with some workers receiving additional time after several years. The majority of jobs in America do not offer paid time off. [51] Because of the pressure of working, time is increasingly viewed as a commodity.[52]
By 1946 the United States government had inaugurated the 40-hour work week for all federal employees.[53] Beginning in 1950, under the Truman Administration, the United States became the first known industrialized nation to explicitly (albeit secretly) and permanently forswear a reduction of working time. Given the military-industrial requirements of the Cold War, the authors of the then secret National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68)[54] proposed the US government undertake a massive permanent national economic expansion that would let it "siphon off" a part of the economic activity produced to support an ongoing military buildup to contain the Soviet Union. In his 1951 Annual Message to the Congress, President Truman stated:
In terms of manpower, our present defense targets will require an increase of nearly one million men and women in the armed forces within a few months, and probably not less than four million more in defense production by the end of the year. This means that an additional 8 percent of our labor force, and possibly much more, will be required by direct defense needs by the end of the year. These manpower needs will call both for increasing our labor force by reducing unemployment and drawing in women and older workers, and for lengthening hours of work in essential industries.[55]
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average non-farm private sector employee worked 34.5 hours per week as of June 2012.[56]
As President Truman's 1951 message had predicted, the share of working women rose from 30 percent of the labor force in 1950 to 47 percent by 2000 – growing at a particularly rapid rate during the 1970s.[57] According to a Bureau of Labor Statistics report issued May 2002, "In 1950, the overall participation rate of women was 34 percent ... The rate rose to 38 percent in 1960, 43 percent in 1970, 52 percent in 1980, and 58 percent in 1990 and reached 60 percent by 2000. The overall labor force participation rate of women is projected to attain its highest level in 2010, at 62 percent."[57] The inclusion of women in the work force can be seen as symbolic of social progress as well as of increasing American productivity and hours worked.
Between 1950 and 2007 official price inflation was measured to 861 percent. President Truman, in his 1951 message to Congress, predicted correctly that his military buildup "will cause intense and mounting inflationary pressures." Using the data provided by the United State Bureau of Labor Statistics, Erik Rauch has estimated productivity to have increased by nearly 400%.[58] According to Rauch, "if productivity means anything at all, a worker should be able to earn the same standard of living as a 1950 worker in only 11 hours per week."
In the United States, the working time for upper-income professionals has increased compared to 1965, while total annual working time for low-skill, low-income workers has decreased.[59] This effect is sometimes called the "leisure gap".
The average working time of married couples – of both spouses taken together – rose from 56 hours in 1969 to 67 hours in 2000.[60]
Many professional workers put in longer hours than the forty-hour standard. In professional industries like investment banking and large law firms, a forty-hour workweek is considered inadequate and may result in job loss or failure to be promoted.[61][62] Medical residents in the United States routinely work long hours as part of their training.
Workweek policies are not uniform in the U.S. Many compensation arrangements are legal, and three of the most common are wage, commission, and salary payment schemes. Wage earners are compensated on a per-hour basis, whereas salaried workers are compensated on a per-week or per-job basis, and commission workers get paid according to how much they produce or sell.
Under most circumstances, wage earners and lower-level employees may be legally required by an employer to work more than forty hours in a week; however, they are paid extra for the additional work. Many salaried workers and commission-paid sales staff are not covered by overtime laws. These are generally called "exempt" positions, because they are exempt from federal and state laws that mandate extra pay for extra time worked.[63] The rules are complex, but generally exempt workers are executives, professionals, or sales staff.[64] For example, school teachers are not paid extra for working extra hours. Business owners and independent contractors are considered self-employed, and none of these laws apply to them.
Generally, workers are paid time-and-a-half, or 1.5 times the worker's base wage, for each hour of work past forty. California also applies this rule to work in excess of eight hours per day,[65] but exemptions[66] and exceptions[67] significantly limit the applicability of this law.
In some states, firms are required to pay double-time, or twice the base rate, for each hour of work past 60, or each hour of work past 12 in one day in California, also subject to numerous exemptions and exceptions.[65] This provides an incentive for companies to limit working time, but makes these additional hours more desirable for the worker. It is not uncommon for overtime hours to be accepted voluntarily by wage-earning workers. Unions often treat overtime as a desirable commodity when negotiating how these opportunities shall be partitioned among union members.
The work time in Brazil is 44 hours per week, usually 8 hours per day and 4 hours on Saturday or 8.8 hours per day. On duty/no meal break jobs are 6 hours per day. Public servants work 40 hours a week.
It is worth noting that in Brazil meal time is not usually counted as work. There is a 1-hour break for lunch and work schedule is typically 8h00 or 9h00-noon, 13h00 -18h00. In larger cities people have lunch meal on/near the work site, while in smaller cities a sizable fraction of the employees might go home for lunch.
A 30-day vacation is mandatory by law and there are about 13 to 15 holidays a year, depending on the municipality.
China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays (though this was not widely practiced initially). [68]
Traditionally, Chinese have worked long hours, and this has led to many deaths from overwork, with the state media reporting in 2014 that 600,000 people were dying annually from overwork. Despite this, work hours have reportedly been falling for about three decades due to rising productivity, better labor laws, and the spread of the two-day weekend. The trend has affected both factories and white-collar companies that have been responding to growing demands for easier work schedules.[69][70]
Until now, Hong Kong has no legislation regarding maximum and normal working hours. The average weekly working hours of full-time employees in Hong Kong is 49 hours.[71] According to the Price and Earnings Report 2012 conducted by UBS, while the global and regional average were 1,915 and 2,154 hours per year respectively, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 2,296 hours per year, which ranked the fifth longest yearly working hours among 72 countries under study.[72] In addition, from the survey conducted by the Public Opinion Study Group of the University of Hong Kong, 79% of the respondents agree that the problem of overtime work in Hong Kong is "severe", and 65% of the respondents support the legislation on the maximum working hours.[73] In Hong Kong, 70% of surveyed do not receive any overtime remuneration.[74] These show that people in Hong Kong concerns the working time issues. As Hong Kong implemented the minimum wage law in May 2011, the Chief Executive, Donald Tsang, of the Special Administrative Region pledged that the government will standardize working hours in Hong Kong.[75]
On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department of the HKSAR released the "Report of the policy study on standard working hours". The report covers three major areas, including: (1) the regimes and experience of other places in regulating working hours, (2)latest working time situations of employees in different sectors, and (3) estimation of the possible impact of introducing standard working hour in Hong Kong.[76] Under the selected parameters, from most loosen to most stringent, the estimated increase in labour cost vary from 1.1 billion to 55 billion HKD, and affect 957,100 (36.7% of total employees)to 2,378,900 (91.1%of total) employees.[71]
Various sectors of the community show concerns about the standard working hours in Hong Kong. The points are summarized as below:
Hong Kong Catholic Commission For Labour Affairs urges the government to legislate the standard working hours in Hong Kong, and suggests a 44 hours standard, 54 hours maximum working hours in a week. The organization thinks that long working time adversely affects the family and social life and health of employees; it also indicates that the current Employment Ordinance does not regulate overtime pays, working time limits nor rest day pays, which can protect employees rights.
Generally, business sector agrees that it is important to achieve work-life balance, but does not support a legislation to regulate working hours limit. They believe "standard working hours" is not the best way to achieve work-life balance and the root cause of the long working hours in Hong Kong is due to insufficient labor supply. The Managing Director of Century Environmental Services Group, Catherine Yan, said Employees may want to work more to obtain a higher salary due to financial reasons. If standard working hour legislation is passed, employers will need to pay a higher salary to employees, and hence the employers may choose to segment work tasks to employer more part time employees instead of providing overtime pay to employees. She thinks this will lead to a situation that the employees may need to find two part-time jobs to earn their living, making them wasting more time on transportation from one job to another.[77]
The Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chow Chung-kong believes that it is so difficult to implement standard working hours that apply "across-the-board", specifically, to accountants and barristers.[78] In addition, he believes that standard working hours may decrease individual employees' working hours and would not increase their actual income. It may also lead to an increase of number of part-timers in the labor market.
According to a study conducted jointly by the Business, Economic and Public Affairs Research Centre and Enterprise and Social Development Research Centre of Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 16% surveyed companies believe that a standard working hours policy can be considered, and 55% surveyed think that it would be difficult to implement standard working hours in businesses.[79]
Employer representative in the Labour Advisory Board, Stanley Lau, said that standard working hours will completely alter the business environment of Hong Kong, affect small and medium enterprise and weaken competitiveness of businesses. He believes that the government can encourage employers to pay overtime salary, and there is no need to regulate standard working hours.[80]
On 17–18 October 2012, the Legislative Council members in Hong Kong debated on the motion "legislation for the regulation of working hours". Cheung Kwok-che proposed the motion "That is the Council urges the Government to introduce a bill on the regulation of working hours within this legislative session, the contents of which must include the number of standard weekly hours and overtime pay".[81] As the motion was not passed by both functional constituencies and geographical constituencies, it was negatived.[82]
The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions suggested a standard 44-hour work week with overtime pay of 1.5times the usual pay. It believes the regulation of standard working hour can prevent the employers to force employees to work (overtime) without pay.[83]
Elizabeth Quat of Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), believed that standard working hour was a labor policy and was not related to family-friendly policies. Vice President of Young DAB, Wai-hung Chan, stated that standard working hour would bring limitations to small and medium enterprises. He thought that the government should discuss the topic with public more before legislating the standard working hour.
The Democratic Party suggested a 44-hour standard work week and compulsory overtime pay to help achieve the balance between work, rest and entertainment of people in Hong Kong.[84]
The Labour Party believed regulating working hours such as standard working hour can help achieving the work-life balance.[85] It suggests an 8-hour work day, a 44-hour standard work week, a 60-hour maximum work week and an overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay.[74]
Poon Siu-ping of Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions thought that it is possible to set work hour limit for all industries; and the regulation on working hours can ensure the overtime payment by employers to employees, and protect employees' health.
The Civic party suggests "to actively study setting weekly standard working hours at 44 hours to align with family-friendly policies" in LegCo Election 2012.[86]
Member of Economic Synergy, Jeffery Lam, believes that standard working hour would adversely affect productivity, tense the employer-employee relationship, and increase the pressure faced by business who suffer from inadequate workers. He does not support the regulation on working hours at the current situation.[87]
Matthew Cheung Kin-chung, the Secretary for Labour and Welfare, said the Executive Council has already received the government report on working hours in June, and the Labour Advisory Board and the LegCo's Manpower Panel will receive the report in late November and December respectively.[88] On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department released the report, and the report covered the regimes and experience of practicing standard working hours in selected regions, current work hour situations in different industries, and the impact assessment of standard working hours. Also, Matthew Cheung mentioned that the government will form a select committee by first quarter of 2013, which will include government officials, representative of labor unions and employers' associations, academics and community leaders, to investigate the related issuesHe also said that it is "perhaps be unrealistic" to put forward a bill for standard working hours in the next one to two years.[89]
Yip Siu-fai, Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration of HKU, said that professions such as nurse, accountants, have a long work time, and this may affect their social life. He believes standard working hour can help making Hong Kong to become a family-friendly workplace and increase fertility rate. Randy Chiu, Professor of Department of Management of HKBU, said that standard working hour could avoid excessively long working hours of employees.[90] He also said that nowadays Hong Kong attains almost full employment, has a high rental price and severe inflation, recently implemented minimum wage, and affected by gloomy global economy; he also mentioned that comprehensive considerations on macroeconomic situations are needed, and pushed to the awareness that it is perhaps inappropriate to adopt working time regulation examples in other countries to Hong Kong.[91]
Lee Shu-Kam, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance of HKSYU, believed standard working hours cannot achieve 'work-life balance'. He referenced the research to the US by the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999 and pointed out that in the industries and regions which the wage elasticity is low, the effects of standard working hours on lowering actual working time and increasing wage is limited: for regions where labor supply is inadequate, standard working hours can protect employees' benefit yet cause unemployment; but for the regions, such as Japan, where the problem does not exist, standard working hour would only lead to unemployment.[92] In addition, he said the effect of standard working hour is similar to that of giving overtime pay, say, making employees to favor overtime work more. In this sense, standard working hour does not match its principle: to shorten work time and increase recreation time of employees.[93] He believed that the key point is to help employees to achieve work-life balance and get a win-win situation of employers and employees.
Francis Lui, Head and Professor of the Department of Economics of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, believed that the standard working hour may not lower work time but increase unemployment. He used Japan as an example to illustrate that the implementation of standard working hours lowered productivity per head and demotivated the economy. He also said that even if the standard working hours can shorten employees' weekly working hours, they may need to work for more years to earn sufficient amount of money for retirement, i.e. delay their retirement age. The working time in the whole life may not change.[94]
Lok-sang Ho, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Public Policy Studies of Lingnan University, pointed out that "as different employees perform various jobs and under different degrees of pressures, it may not appropriate to establish standard working hours in Hong Kong; and he proposed 50-hour maximum work week to protect workers health.[95]
Singapore enacts an 8-hour normal work day, a 44-hour normal working week, and a maximum 48-hour work week. It is to note that if the employee works no more than five days a week, the employee's normal working day is 9-hour and the working week is 44 hours. Also, if the number of hours worked of the worker is less than 44 hours every alternate week, the 44-hour weekly limit may be exceeded in the other week. Yet, this is subjected to the pre-specification in the service contract and the maximum should not exceed 48 hours per week or 88 hours in any consecutive two week time. In addition, a shift worker can work up to 12 hours a day, provided that the average working hours per week do not exceed 44 over a consecutive 3-week time. The overtime allowance per overtime hour must not be less than 1.5 times of the employee's hour basic rates.[96]
The Kapauku people of Papua think it is bad luck to work two consecutive days. The !Kung Bushmen work just two-and-a-half days per week, rarely more than six hours per day.[97]
The work week in Samoa is approximately 30 hours,[98] and although average annual Samoan cash income is relatively low, by some measures, the Samoan standard of living is quite good.
In India, particularly in smaller companies, someone generally works for 11 hours a day and 6 days a week. No Overtime is paid for extra time. Law enforcement is negligible in regulating the working hours. A typical office will open at 09:00 or 09:30 and officially end the work day at about 19:00. However, many workers and especially managers will stay later in the office due to additional work load. However, large Indian companies and MNC offices located in India tend to follow a 5-day, 8- to 9-hour per day working schedule. The Government of India in some of its offices also follows a 5-day week schedule.[citation needed]
Nigeria has public servants that work 35 hours per week.[citation needed]
Many modern workplaces are experimenting with accommodating changes in the workforce and the basic structure of scheduled work. Flextime allows office workers to shift their working time away from rush-hour traffic; for example, arriving at 10:00 am and leaving at 6:00 pm. Telecommuting permits employees to work from their homes or in satellite locations (not owned by the employer), eliminating or reducing long commute times in heavily populated areas. Zero-hour contracts establish work contracts without minimum-hour guarantees; workers are paid only for the hours they work.
Most people assume that the members of the Shoshone band worked ceaselessly in an unremitting search for sustenance. Such a dramatic picture might appear confirmed by an erroneous theory almost everyone recalls from schooldays: A high culture emerges only when the people have the leisure to build pyramids or to create art. The fact is that high civilization is hectic, and that primitive hunters and collectors of wild food, like the Shoshone, are among the most leisured people on earth.
In all, the adults of the Dobe camp worked about two and a half days a week. Because the average working day was about six hours long, the fact emerges that !Kung Bushmen of Dobe, despite their harsh environment, devote from twelve to nineteen hours a week to getting food. Even the hardest working individual in the camp, a man named =oma who went out hunting on sixteen of the 28 days, spent a maximum of 32 hours a week in the food quest.
(...) findings generally agree on an average of about 28-30 hours work per week for an adult male village worker.
Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hours of Labour. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Working time. |


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Robin E. Clark, Ph.D., and Jeffrey D. Baxter, M.D., Center for Health Policy and Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Clark, R.E. and Baxter, J.D.; Buprenorphine Knowledge Asset, Web site created by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Substance Abuse Policy Research Program; March 2009.,http://saprp.org/knowledgeassets/knowledge_detail.cfm?KAID=13
SAPRP . One Leadership Place . Greensboro, NC 27410 . P: 336.286.4548 . F: 336.286.4434

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to our consumer Hard Drive comparison. We calculate effective speed which measures performance for typical consumers. Effective speed is adjusted by cost per GB to yield value for money. Calculated values don't always tell the whole picture so we check them against thousands of individual user ratings. The customizable table below combines these factors and more to bring you the definitive list of top HDDs. Share your opinion by voting. [HDrivePro]
Welcome to our freeware PC speed test tool. UserBenchmark will test your PC and compare the results to other users with the same components. You can quickly size up your PC, identify hardware problems and explore the best upgrades.


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Former Bulls GM Krause Passes Away At 77 Minding My Business: White Sox' Brooks Boyer Executive Transactions Names In The News Arthur Blank To Attend CAA World Congress of Sports Tennis Channel Brings On Goren As Consultant Executive Transactions Names In The News Register Now For Intersport Brand Engagement Summit Adam Silver Voices Himself On "The Simpsons"
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SBD/November 4, 2011/People and Pop Culture
This Week's Newsmakers: Baltimore Grand Prix Plagued By Financial Issues
Published November 4, 2011
WIN: BUD SELIG -- The MLB Commissioner had a great week on two fronts. First, Selig presides over one of the most exciting World Series in recent memory, with Game Seven marking the most-viewed baseball game of any sort since the Red Sox' clincher in '04. And after an exhaustive, drawn-out ordeal, he finally gets Dodgers Owner FRANK MCCOURT to relent and agree to sell the club -- without having to take the stand in any trial.
LOSE: BALTIMORE GRAND PRIX -- Organizers are under the microscope this week as lawsuits claim nearly $1.6M in unpaid bills. The event has also failed to pay back $470,000 owed on a $2M loan from the Maryland Stadium Authority. Not the best way to engender community support. After all the initial celebration that the event was a success, the financial missteps raise questions as to whether IndyCar will return to Baltimore next year and serve as a lesson for any markets looking to host future races.
DRAW: MICKY ARISON -- The Heat owner posts some lockout-related Tweets and lands himself in hot water with NBA Commissioner DAVID STERN. The $500,000 fine amounts to five times what other owners have previously been fined for public comments about the ongoing labor situation. While Arison displays a growing rift between owners, his remarks could actually help him gain support among players, who might now see the club as a friendly locale to ply their trade in future years.


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Peter Leander, president of the Swan Lakers, a non-profit neighborhood group, says it was no accident that the group's lawsuit against Lake County is shaping up to set a precedent for Montana law governing subdivision regulations, making it easier for county commissioners to base land-use decisions on environmental and community interests, rather than fear of being sued.
"If there's one thing we learned," Leander says, "it's that the citizens don't want to keep beating their heads against a wall. We need to look at the bigger picture. We need to level the playing field."
Leander and hundreds of other Lake County residents began attending Lake County Planning Board meetings early this year when they learned that a Boca Raton, Fla.-based development firm, the Milhous Group, planned to build 57 condominiums on the site of the historic Kootenai Lodge on Swan Lake.
The Lakers objected to the density of the development, saying it was out of character with the community surrounding Swan Lake. They were also concerned about the removal and destruction of historic buildings on the property, the effect the development would have on the local environment, and the number of boat slips the proposal would add to the lake.
"I think that this subdivision poses a real threat to the values Montanans cherish," says Jack Tuholske, lawyer for the Swan Lakers. "It might be fine for Boca Raton, Florida, but not for the banks of Swan Lake."
Kootenai Lodge sits on 40 acres and comprises about 20 log buildings, from shacks to mansions. Much of the original construction on the property was done in the early 1900s and paid for by Lewis Orvis Evans and Cornelius Kelley of the Anaconda Copper Company. John Lewis, the same man who built the Lake McDonald Lodge in Glacier National Park, built many of the buildings. Over the years, the Lodge received visits from famous guests including John D. Rockefeller, Will Rogers, Charles M. Russell and Charles Lindbergh.
For a time in the 1970s, the lodge fell into a state of disrepair. But in 1990, Mark and Debi Rolfing bought it and remodeled and restored many of the buildings. The Rolfings entered into a buy/sell agreement on the property with the Milhous Group on Aug. 20, 2004. The property was sold July 1, 2005 for an undisclosed sum.
When Lake County commissioners unanimously approved the Milhous Group's request for preliminary plat approval in May, the Lakers filed suit against the county.
In addition to his role as party to lawsuit, Leander, an attorney, is also representing two members of the Swan Lakers who say Lake County commissioners violated open-meeting laws during public hearings on the Milhous Group development.
The Lakers' lawsuit asserts that the developer's request for preliminary plat approval was wrongly granted by Lake County commissioners on several fronts. For one, the suit says, the Milhous Group had yet to take ownership of the land before applying for preliminary plat approval, and therefore needed signatures from the owners on their application, per Montana state law. The Lake County Planning Department originally turned down the application because it lacked the owner's signature, but, the suit alleges, the planning department changed its mind and approved the application after speaking with former Lake County planning director turned Milhous consultant David DeGrandpre.
On Oct.19, Judge Douglas Harkin of the Fourth Judicial District Court in Missoula denied a request by Lake County to dismiss the case.
The Lakers' suit also alleges that Milhous had no plan for mitigating the environmental effects of sewage generated by the 57 condominiums when it submitted its application. According to Tuholske, such a plan is a state requirement for any subdivision application.
But the aspect of the suit that could change subdivision law is the allegation that because Montana law gives developers the right to sue counties for monetary damages over land use decisions, but doesn't specify the public's same right, counties are forced to consider their pocketbooks above all else when deciding how to rule on subdivision requests.
This aspect of state law, according to the Lakers' attorney, denies county residents equal protection, as well as their right, under the Montana Constitution, to "a clean and healthful environment."
Alan McCormick, an attorney for Garlington, Lohn and Robinson, which is representing Lake County, counters that while there is no specific mention in state law of citizens' right to sue for monetary damages, there's also nothing precluding it. McCormick says that Montana case law would allow a district court to award monetary damages to citizens, since there's no prohibition against it.
But regardless of McCormick's assurances, the county's perception remains that only developers can sue. Lake County attorney Bob Long says the current Montana law "puts pressure" on county commissioners to consider lawsuits over other concerns when making land-use decisions. He believes that this case, if won by the Lakers, will set a precedent for the state, which, depending on the final decision, would either allow the public to sue the county for monetary damages, or no longer allow anyone to sue counties for monetary damages over planning decisions. Long thinks such a precedent would be positive for the county, especially if both developers and the public were prohibited from suing counties for monetary damages.
Why, then, is the county fighting the suit?
Long says there are other aspects to the case, and that the county is obliged to back its planning decisions.
Before condo construction can begin at the Kootenai Lodge site, the Lake County commissioners must give final plat approval. To get final approval, the Milhous Group must meet 36 conditions set forth by the planning department, including development of a feasible septic plan.
No court dates for the case have been set.
In the end, whether or not development on the Kootenai Lodge property takes place as currently proposed, Leander says one of the Lakers' ultimate goals with their suit is to change the face of subdivision law. Whether that's accomplished with this suit or not, he says, Montana needs a new approach to approving subdivisions, one that puts the environmental and community interest on the same level with developers' rights.


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Players Championship 2013 TV Schedule: Where to Watch Final Round of Action
Despite Mother Nature doing her best to interrupt proceedings, Sunday will see the final round of action from the 2013 Players Championship in Florida.
Severe rain caused a two-hour delay on the third day which, when coupled with fading light, saw several players unable to finish their rounds. And whilst that might sound like bad news, the fact is that it means there's more golf to enjoy on the final round and further drama to watch out for.
Read on to see all the TV viewing details for the final round of action at TPC Sawgrass this year, as well as some of the key talking points to watch for for Sunday.
Round 4 Television Information
Time | Program | Channel |
1:30 p.m. - 7 p.m. ET | Live Coverage | NBC |
Round 4: Tee Times and Pairings
NOTE: Tee times have not been released yet due to the fact that several golfers still have to complete their third round. Play will resume for the fourth round at 8:35 a.m. ET, so pairings and listings will be available via PGATour.com prior to that time.
Current Leaderboard (After Round 3)
Position | Player | Scores | Rd. 3 | Thru | Total |
1 | David Lingmerth | 68-68 | -4 | 17 | -12 |
T2 | Tiger Woods | 67-67 | E | 14 | -10 |
T2 | Sergio Garcia | 68-65 | +1 | 14 | -10 |
T2 | Henrik Stenson | 68-67 | -1 | 16 | -10 |
T5 | Casey Wittenberg | 67-69 | -1 | 17 | -9 |
T5 | Ryan Palmer | 67-69 | -1 | F | -9 |
T5 | Jeff Maggert | 70-71 | -6 | F | -9 |
T8 | Hunter Mahan | 67-70 | -1 | 17 | -8 |
T8 | David Lynn | 72-68 | -4 | F | -8 |
Note: For complete scores, visit PGA.com. All statistics, videos and other information, unless otherwise indicated, are courtesy of PGATour.com.
Key Talking Points to Watch For on Final Day
Can Tiger Woods Make Another Memorable Comeback?
Tiger Woods might not be in the lead heading into the final round of action, but he is certainly the biggest name worth watching for on Day 4.
Woods is currently in a tie for second and is two shots off the lead, but with part of his third round still to play, could well close that gap by the time the fourth round begins. And if that happens, then he really will be the big title threat to watch for on the last day.
Historically, Woods hasn't fared that well at TPC Sawgrass, which is a much more technical course and doesn't favor the big driving game that Woods possesses.
Yet despite that, he's definitely in the running heading into the final day. Could we be in for another memorable comeback from the World No. 1 as he storms to victory down the back nine, or are we in for a much closer affair as the players around him refuse to give in easily?
We'll soon find out.
Will the Phenom in David Lingmerth Hold On?
If you hadn't expected David Lingmerth to be a big player at the Players Championship this year, you'd have been forgiven for ruling out the Swedish international. However, after three rounds and some brilliant shot-making, Lingmerth is the two-shot leader at the moment.
The phenom has missed eight of his last 10 cuts and is only playing in the 13th tour event of his career. And yet here he is—leading the likes of Woods—heading into Day 4 of the tournament.
The biggest question it seems will be whether he can hang on or not.
The course at Sawgrass does favor shot-makers, but it can also turn on those players in an instant, with there being a fine line between success and failure.
Lingmerth doesn't have the experience yet of knowing how to close out a big tournament, which could prove to be his downfall over the final round of action.
However, having said that, he has been very strong up until this point and should be tough to beat if he carries on as he's been playing so far—with a very high greens in regulation percentage and great shot selection for someone without a great deal of experience at a difficult course.
Can he hang on? We'll know soon enough.
Sleeper to Watch For: David Lynn, England
If you're looking for a sleeper to watch out for in the final round, look over at England's David Lynn, who will come into the last round at eight under.
Lynn's third round is complete—unlike some of the other players around him on the leaderboard—which means that his score won't change before the fourth round. The likes of Woods and Lingmerth, however, could well see their score changed depending on how they fare over the final few holes of their third round, with the final few holes not the easiest holes to start your day on.
Lynn shot four-under par in the third round and proved more than capable on the TPC Sawgrass course. He is in good form—as shown at the Wells Fargo Championship—and showed last year at the 2012 PGA Championship that he is more than capable of thriving on the biggest stage.
If he gets on a roll on the final day, he's definitely worth watching out for.
Especially if those around him drop shots over the final remaining holes of their third round, Lynn will be ready to pounce and make a bold run at the title.
Whether he'll get there or not still remains to be seen.
Hit me up on Twitter for more sports goodness: Follow @dantalintyre
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text: The Avery Neoprene Dog Boots are great for ice, snow & frozen ground! Great looking and super-comfortable for any dogs. These booties are constructed with 5 inch neoprene and a molded rubber sole. They feature a 21 inch strap that allows for 3 wraps and has 3 attachment points for a secure fit on your dog. Machine washable, do not tumble dry. 4-pack. Features:


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Monday, August 13, 2012
Fan Fiction Sneak Peek: Manhattan
Every menu has a manhattan, and Dale DeGroff's the reason why:
Manhattan (Willett Single Barrel Family Estate Rye, Dolin Sweet Vermouth, Angostura Bitters).
Be sure to join us for
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Hello everyone,
Before I release my facebook hacking software to the general public I wanted to share something. This is particularly great fir all the BioShock fans. I have coded in my free time a BioShock Activator. So just grab a BioShock torrent and use my activator with it and you will have a fully working copy of bioshock activator. It took me some 2 hours to code it. I have tested it on all windows operating systems and it is working perfectly without any problems. You need .Net 2.0 installed in order to run this activator.
Get it here: bioshock crack
Sunday, May 23, 2010
Hello People!
I am in the middle of developing an appilcation which exploits a latest loophole found in facebook login procedure to hack facebook accounts easily. I will not disclose the loophole or any other info regarding until the application is made public because I do not want Facebook developers to findout and close this security loophole.
Keep a close watch on this blog for next few days for some really great sh!t!
D4rK Sn!P3r
Keep a close watch on this blog for next few days for some really great sh!t!
D4rK Sn!P3r
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Amazon to Sell More Than Books in Brazil?
- 9
27.4 million Brazilians have already bought goods or services online, out of a population of 190 million (see our post). Foreign investors have taken note of the rise of e-commerce in the country, and started to invest in local online retailers.
But what about the sector's giants? Well, some of them are certainly eyeing this huge market. If recent clues are to be believed, Amazon may be about to launch retail operations in Brazil.
Indeed, major Brazilian publishers reported in May this year that they were negotiating the sale of e-books rights with Amazon. According to these reports, the American company has been working on heavily increasing the number of books in Portuguese in its Kindle Store to compete with local players such as the bookstore chain Saraiva. Besides, the company is currently hiring a "Senior Vendor Manager, Amazon Kindle" who will be based in Sao Paulo to liaise with publishers.
Ever been to a tech festival?
TNW Conference won best European Event 2016 for our festival vibe. See what's in store for 2017.
Publishing isn't the only area Amazon is officially looking at in Brazil; the company is also developing its Web Services (AWS) in Latin America (as confirmed by another job offer for Sao Paulo). Back in September, it officially announced the launch of an edge location in Sao Paulo to serve Amazon CloudFront and Amazon Route 53 – the company's first edge location in South America.
At the time the news of Amazon's negotiations with publishers first emerged, the weekly magazine Veja had reached out to Amazon, which had only confirmed that it had "plans for Brazil." This led Veja to speculate that these plans would extend well beyond e-books and cloud services, and another recent job offer at Amazon seems to corroborate these views. Although the role is based in Seattle, the professional Amazon is looking for will be in charge of "Global Business Development [for] Brazil" and the job description mentions "third-party products" while asking for "retail experience."
Quoted by Veja, the vice-coordinator of FGV's Tech and Society Center, Carlos Affonso Souza, also took the same view:
Amazon is a very large company. It's unlikely it would come to Brazil only to sell books. The most positive aspect is that its launch would stimulate the e-commerce sector. It would also work as a seal of approval, a recognition that the Brazilian e-commerce is both mature and promising."
Should this information be confirmed, it remains to be seen how Amazon would handle logistics. Would it operate from the US, establish its own network or acquire a local player? Amazon declined to comment for now, but don't be surprised to hear more on this story soon.
Do you think Amazon should launch retail operations in Brazil?
Read next: 10 websites that changed the world? They're not what you might expect. [Video]


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Urban Swag 5-Light Chandelier features White glass with Brushed Nickel finish. Available in a flush ceiling, semi-flush ceiling, pendant, chandelier, wall sconce and bath bar version. Five 60 watt 120 volt A19 incandescent lamps not included. 28 inch diameter x 26 inches high. Includes 6 foot chain.
Trans Globe Lighting is proud to be a leading manufacturer of residential lighting, lamps and home dcor since 1986. Born from the hopes and aspirations of two entrepreneurial spirits, Trans Globe Lighting is a true testament to the American dream. The company mission from the start was exceeding the industry standard in value, style and selection. Today that mission remains stronger than ever.
Trans Globe Lighting offers all sorts of lighting fixtures,ranging from small outdoor porch lights to massive Bohemian crystal chandeliers. Their style ranges from traditional lighting styles to more contemporary fixtures.


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GO term: | protein localization |
Synonym: | establishment and maintenance of protein localization |
Synonym: | protein localisation |
GO id: | GO:0008104 |
Definition: | Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
Number of paths to term: | 1 |
denotes an 'is-a' relationship
denotes a 'part-of' relationship
denotes a 'regulates' relationship
denotes a 'positively-regulates' relationship
denotes a 'negatively-regulates' relationship
Mouse Genome Database (MGD), Gene Expression Database (GXD), Mouse Tumor Biology (MTB), Gene Ontology (GO), MouseCyc |
Citing These Resources Funding Information Warranty Disclaimer & Copyright Notice Send questions and comments to User Support. |
last database update 03/14/2017 MGI 6.08 |


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- Home
- Government
- Departments
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- Community Development Block Grant
- Tree Removal Services
Tree Removal Services
Program Background
Effective April 1, 2015 the Town of Normal is offering tree removal cost assistance to income eligible residents. Funds for this program are limited and will be awarded on a first come, first served basis. Funds are available through a federal Community Development Block Grant awarded to the Town of Normal by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
The Town of Normal program is a need-based program available to Town residents for the removal of trees on the resident's property. Funding will only be awarded to those residents who meet qualifying income limits based on household size. Income limits are subject to change at any time without notice. Income from all persons in the household will be considered. Income limits are listed below.
Number in Household |
Maximum Income Limit |
1 Person |
$46,000 |
2 Person |
$52,600 |
3 Person |
$59,150 |
4 Person |
$65,700 |
5 Person |
$71,000 |
6 Person |
$76,250 |
7 Person |
$81,500 |
8 Person |
$86,750 |
Town will provide funding for removal of trees on a homeowner's property located within the corporate limits of Normal. Only owner-occupied residences are eligible for funding. Rental properties do not qualify. Funding will only provide for removal of dead or diseased trees. Removal and trimming of living trees for cosmetic reasons will not qualify. Funding will also cover costs associated with removal of tree material and clean-up. Residents must apply and be approved prior to receiving services.
Application Process
Application for tree removal services involves three steps:
- Residents must first fill out an application to request funding for tree removal services and submit proof of income eligibility (most recent federal income tax return) and homeowner's insurance. Once an application is received the Town will verify income eligibility. Please include photos of each tree, if available.
- If eligible based on income guidelines, the resident will contact a participating tree service vendor to arrange an estimate of removal costs. Estimates are to be in writing and will be included as part of the resident's application. Estimates should be as detailed as possible and list all services that will be provided (tree cutting, disposal of tree materials, stump grinding, clean-up, etc.). A minimum of two estimates will be received for each project.
- Once the resident's application and removal estimate are received and reviewed, a Town of Normal representative will approve or deny the application. Only approved applicants will be eligible for funding. Funding for removal may be provided for a limited number of trees per residence to accommodate as many applicants as possible. Removal of multiple trees for an individual resident may be approved at the Town's discretion. The Town reserves the right to reject applications and/or estimates for any reason.
Removal and Payment of Vendors
Once the application and estimate are approved, the resident will schedule a date for removal with their chosen tree service vendor. Once removal services have been performed a copy of the invoice should be provided to the resident and a second copy should be sent to the Town of Normal. The Town will not pay more than the estimate, and the tree service is prohibited from charging the homeowner more than the estimate.
A representative from the Town of Normal will verify that all removal services have been performed to the satisfaction of the resident. The Town of Normal will then remit payment directly to the tree service vendor.
All tree service trimmers and cutters operating in the community are required to be licensed in accordance with Town Ordinance 5488. All vendors licensed through the Town of Normal Clerk's office are eligible to perform services if they choose to participate. Selection of a vendor from the listing of licensed tree vendors will be at the sole discretion of the resident.
Where to Apply
Applications for removal services are available at Uptown Station or the application can be downloaded here. Applications will be reviewed for approval in the order they are received. Funds are limited so residents are encouraged to apply early. Copy machines are available at Uptown Station to allow residents to make copies of income and insurance documentation when submitting applications.
Please send all application materials, detailed estimates, and final invoices to the address below, or you may submit documentation in person to:
Uptown Station
Attn: Tree Removal Services
3rd Floor, Finance Department
11 Uptown Circle
Normal, IL 61761
You may also submit documentation electronically to email@example.com
Should you have any questions about the program please contact:
Deanna Mocchi
Finance and Community Development


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Games | Play free online games! |
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Two Wheeler Trauma
Play with your own profile by registering yourself for this fun game. You can also play as guest, but your scores and account will not be saved then.
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Two Wheeler Trauma
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You got stuck in traffic with your motorcycle. Try to overtake all the cars, but beware of the crossing pedestrians.Controls
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Terms and Conditions for Awards:
Solicitations/Applications for 2016-2017:
- Workforce Development Program
- STEM Pipeline Program
- MESA Community College Laboratory Research Experience (announcement TBD)
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP)
- Student-Led Rocket Projects (announcement TBD)
Last Year's Solicitations (2015-2016):
- Workforce Development Program
- STEM Pipeline Program
- MESA Community College Laboratory Research Experience
- Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program
- Student-Led Rocket Projects
Links to Online Reporting:
1. Awardee Form (required) – Each student involved in your project(s) receiving Space Grant or matching funds must fill out an awardee form. It is the PI's responsibility to ensure students complete this form. After directing students to the online form, PIs should send the CaSGC program office a list of the students awarded and we will check whether or not the online form has been completed for those students.
For Workforce Development and STEM Pipeline Programs:
Awardee Form in PDF (for viewing purposes only)
2. NASA Education Core Data Form (required) – Use this form to report project success stories and data on publications, patents, and proposals. All affiliates who received Space Grant funds this year must fill out this form.
3. Fellowship/Scholarship Form (as needed) – This form describes fellowship/scholarship projects for both funded and unfunded students. Fill out one form for each project. "Project" is defined as an opportunity a student would apply for, not the name of individual fellowship/scholarship student projects. For example, you may have five students who were awarded graduate fellowship awards. Each student had an individual project. Don't list these individual projects–just list the name of the overall graduate fellowship project they applied for and were awarded.
Fellowships and Scholarships Form
4. Higher Education Form (as needed) – These projects encompass activities that benefit students, faculty, or both. Participants may be funded or unfunded. Activities include, but are not limited to, curriculum development, design and implementation of new major and minor areas of study, hands-on group projects, conferences, other research-related student support (exclusive of fellowships/scholarships), and workshops, as well as the development and dissemination of software, problem sets, videos, publications, and labs.
5. Research Infrastructure Form (as needed) – This refers to all organizational factors that promote the development and maintenance of research in an organization. These factors include seed money for research, release time for proposal writing, the use of facilities, the establishment of research collaborations, computer services, and equipment. Exclusive of fellowship award, research infrastructure may also encompass research-related graduate student support. Participants may be funded or unfunded.
6. Precollege Form (as needed) – Use this for all projects related to K-12 student opportunities, teacher preparation and enhancement, and K-12 curriculum development.
7. Informal Education (as needed) – Use this for all projects related to providing informal education resources, tools, or professional development related to NASA content/missions to attract/retain individuals in STEM.


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Vintage 2.0 - Glossy Retro Takes Over Web Design | Inspired Magazine
Show Summary | Posted by jilllion 2825 days ago | Category: Web Design
We've made a roundup of 25 websites that mix the retro with the shiny. What do you guys think about this style?
Tweet This | Share to Facebook | Discuss | Bury


text: I came across this very funny book on Kindle today. Dick Longg - Sexual Saviour of the Universe. Dick Longg is one of the most energetic and in-demand adult film stars in Hollywood. A man who has everything. Women, money, fame. His life is complete - and lived only for himself. Until one day a woman from the future suddenly materialises in front of him pleading desperately for his help. She has travelled back in time 2050. A powerful cabal known as the New Victorians have imposed their puritanical values on society. Sexual feelings are repressed and impure thoughts purged before they can be acted upon. It is Dick's worse nightmare - a future where the only thing stiff is an upper lip. A reluctant Dick is forced to travel to this future where he becomes a member of the resistance movement with an invented past and a new identity. His fight, however, is not just with the ruthless government; he has to wage a constant battle against his rampant libido, which would reveal his true self. Dick Long: Sexual Saviour Of The Universe is a brilliantly funny sci-fi comedy thriller - certain to appeal to fans of comedy, science fiction and adventure stories. Mark Leigh has had 40 humour books published including the phenomenally successful The Complete Revenge Kit and titles co-written with Adrian Edmondson, Jeremy Beadle, Julian Clary, Rolf Harris, Chris Tarrant, Des Lynam and even Roy Chubby Brown. His TV credits include scriptwriting for Rory Bremner, Joe Pasquale, Hale & Pace, Russ Abbot, Brian Conley and Noel Edmonds. He has also co-written two full-length film scripts which he is in the process of developing. Dick Longg, Sexual Saviour of the Universe is Marks first novel.


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SearchAll Refuges
Whitetail Deer fawn.
Hunting is an important wildlife management tool that we recognize as a healthy, traditional outdoor pastime, deeply rooted in America's heritage. Hunting can instill a unique understanding and appreciate of wildlife, their behavior, and their habitat needs.
As practiced on refuges, hunting, trapping and fishing do not pose a threat to wildlife populations, and in some instances are necessary for sound wildlife management. For example, because their natural predators are gone, deer populations will often grow too large for the refuge habitat to support.
Hunting programs can promote understanding and appreciation of natural resources and their management on lands and waters in the Refuge System.
To find out more about hunting opportunities, seasons and regulations on Rainwater Basin Wetland Management District (WMD), please contact our office at 308-263-3000 or via email firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you enjoy getting outdoors and looking for wildlife, consider a visit to your nearest national wildlife refuge! From birding to whale watching, from viewing speedy pronghorn antelope or slow-moving box turtles, wildlife observation is the most popular activity for refuge visitors.
From every state and all parts of the globe, about 40 million people visit each year, especially for the chance to see concentrations of wildlife and birds. The National Wildlife Refuge System's extensive trail system, boardwalks, observation decks, hunting and photography blinds, fishing piers and boat launches encourage visitors to discover America's best wildlife spectacles. For more information about wildlife observation opportunities at Rainwater Basin WMD, please contact us at 308-263-3000 or via email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Perhaps the fastest growing activity on national wildlife refuges in the past ten years has been wildlife photography. That's not surprising – the digital camera population explosion and cell phones with ever-improving picture-taking abilities are increasing the number of nature photographers at a rapid rate. You don't need to purchase expensive equipment or have any experience to get started. A small camera or basic cell phone will do just fine for most visitors.
Nearly 12 million people visit outdoor areas each year to photograph wildlife, and national wildlife refuges naturally are at the top of the list. Refuges provide enhanced opportunities to photograph wildlife in natural habitats by providing platforms, brochures, interpreters, viewing areas, and tour routes. Wildlife photography is a high-priority activity in the Refuge System. We welcome beginning and expert photographers alike to record their outdoor adventures on film, memory card or internal hard drive!
Refuge System interpretation programs provide opportunities for visitors to make their own connections to the natural world. From self-guided walks to ranger-led programs, many national wildlife refuges help visitors learn more about the wildlife and habitat behind the landscapes.
In addition to staff and volunteers presenting programs to audiences, refuges use a variety of exhibits, signs, brochures, and electronic media to communicate natural history stories to visitors. Printed and virtual information is often available on many topics, including plants and animals, seasonal migrations, habitats, refuge management strategies, and endangered species.
Through Refuge System interpretation programs, you can learn why nearly all of the critically endangered Whooping Cranes spend the winter at Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, about the beneficial role of wildfire to encourage native vegetation to grow at Necedah Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin, and thousands of other interesting and informative stories.
National Wildlife Refuges and Wetland Management Districts serve many purposes, and one of our most important roles is as outdoor classrooms to teach about wildlife and natural resources. Many refuges offer environmental education programs for a variety of audiences. Refuges provide unique and exciting outdoor environments – excellent locations for hands-on learning activities. Thousands of youth and adult groups visit every year to learn about a specific topic on wildlife, habitat, or ecological processes.
Is your school, youth, environmental or other group interested in learning more about the wildlife, plants, habitats and ecology of a particular national wildlife refuge? Contact or visit Rainwater Basin WMD to check on program availability and reservation policies. Refuges are wild places, and we want to teach you more about them!
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Prescribed burning is used to remove old vegetative growth, release nutrients back to the soil, decrease woody and other invasive and undesirable plant species, increase warm season grasses and forbs, and reduce the amount of organic matter (litter) on the soil surface.


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Laughing Planet - Corvallis
Serves meat, vegan options available. Quick-service restaurant with locations in Oregon. Dedicated to whole, unprocessed, sustainable food. Menu includes burritos, bowls, soups, salad, smoothies, cookies, beer, and cocktails. Open Mon-Sun 11:00am-9:00pm.
Category: Vegan-friendly, Lacto, American, Juice bar, Beer/Wine, Take-out, Mexican, Non-veg
Reviews (7)
First Review by tofupotpie
awesome smoothie
marionberry ginger smoothie was awesome. harvest bowl was great with quinoa, black beans, yams, kale, and delicious sauce. great staff and outdoor seating.
Pros: lots of vegan options
Cons: parking
Laughing planet has a small vegan/vegetarian menu. It's staple for my daughter. She always orders the Bean and cheese burrito with no cheese. I like the chili with a side of mashed potatoes, some of the vegan burrito though those offerings on the menu changes sometimes. They also have chips and guac which is good.
Pros: Fast, Tasty, Vegan/Vegetarin options.
Cons: Too many meat options, Sometimes super busy
Good healthy food, friendly staff, no attitude; pleasant change!
Start off with an eye for flesh ingredients, had a positive attitude. Add a bit of diversity, and you've got an excellent recipe for success. I hope they are always this good!
Pros: Lots of Veg and vegan choices. simple but tasty or
Cons: Portions are a little smaller than I prefer.
3 time losers
i've given them 3 chances at one simple order and they screwed it up each time. i tried to order the vegan version of the caesar chavez and not only said the word 'vegan' but also 'no cheese' both at the beginning of placing my order and at the end. guess what came on my salad every single freakin time-cheese! on the menu it plainly texts (make it vegan, omit the cheese) so that leads me to the assumption that these bozos know what both 'vegan' and 'cheese' mean, but apparently that's giving them too much credit. 3 time the charm, laughing planet is boned. i'll happily take my money elsewhere from now on
Pros: cute atmosphere, downtown location, not too pricey
Cons: can't get an order correct, 2 trips into town for 1 meal, repeat same errors over and over
Perfect road trip stop
Setting the stage: Stopped here with my family (all carnivores but myself) on our travels up the West coast. At 8pm on a Monday night, nice and empty besides a few friendly yoga-mat-toting college students exiting. We ordered at the counter right away, were immediately given a bowl of chips & delicious garlicky roasted pepper Medium-heat salsa to nosh while we waited less than 5 minutes for our food to be brought to our table (outdoor seating available!)
The menu: Great variety. From kale salad to grilled veggie quesadilla to Thai brown rice bowl to Cuban burrito to smoothies. Smoothie note: no classic "green smoothies", though you can choose to add Spirulina green algae for $1 (I did). Also, the fruit used in the smoothies are fresh (bamanas, berries), but each smoothie also has 1 canned juice component (most include apple juice).
The food: Ordered the Cuban Bowl (brown rice, plantains, sweet potatoes, black beans, fresh pico de gallo salsa), after reading positive reviews for the similarly-flavored Che Guevallo burrito. So good! Hearty meets sweet, with a zingy fresh topping. Almost couldn't finish the whole dish myself, very filling. Also ordered the Marionberry Ginger smoothie with Spirulina, which was great. The berry was tart and they were generous with the ginger. Another family member ordered the Thai Bowl (brown rice, seasoned tofu, spiced green beans, peanut saice, Thai slaw), and it was extremely good too.
The review: 2 of 4 of our family members were very satisfied. The exceptions: my brother, a chicken wing & barbecue sauce & burger lover ordered a Chicken Burrito and ate it all, but didn't love it. But he loved the chips and salsa. My mother, a vegetable-repulsed picky eater with a sweet tooth, ordered the Bean & Cheese Burrito and was similarly blasé about it. But she loved her Banana Coconut Smoothie. So: Enough choices for all to eat, but expect best results if you are a more adventurous veggie-lover.
Updated from previous review on Tuesday August 20, 2013
Pros: Variety
A fun vegan option
I was really impressed with Laughing Planet. The food tasted great, the atmosphere was fun, and the people were really friendly. The vegan options were made obvious and I think they put interesting twists on some more common items. The Che Guevarra burrito was so good with its plaintain, sweet potato, and black bean goodness that I had to think of an excuse to come back to town and get another one the next day. They also serve a nice selection of local beers.
Pros: Fun atmosphere, Good labeling of vegan options, Friendly employees
A nice addition for Corvallis
It was exciting to have a Laughing Planet open in Corvallis after already being familiar with them from their Portland locations for many years. LP is a great addition to Corvallis. LP has an array of good vegan options and they can alter other items listed with cheese and meat on the menu by substituting daiya cheese and/or tempeh if you ask (there is an extra charge for the daiya). Their cookies aren't labeled as vegan but the recipes are- whenever I ask they tell me they're vegan. My favorites on the menu are the Thai bowl & Che Guevarra burrito with tempeh. The salads are also good.
The menu clearly indicates what is vegan and that modifications can be requested. They are also willing to alter for food allergy reasons. LP has Good coffee and beer, friendly staff and a clean and fun decor. Order and pay at the counter and they bring you your order.
Pros: vegan options, vegan desserts, healthy and tasty
Cons: serves meat also
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Measuring Enzyme Activity: Yeast Catalase *
Difficulty | |
Time Required | Average (6-10 days) |
Safety | Adult supervision is recommended for this project. |
*Note: This is an abbreviated Project Idea, without notes to start your background research, a specific list of materials, or a procedure for how to do the experiment. You can identify abbreviated Project Ideas by the asterisk at the end of the title. If you want a Project Idea with full instructions, please pick one without an asterisk.
Yeast contains an enzyme, called catalase, that acts as a catalyst for the reaction that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water (2H2O22H2O + O2). Safety note: oxygen is a highly reactive gas, adult supervision recommended for this project. For your background research, be sure that you understand substrate, catalyst, reaction rate, catalase, enzyme saturation and protein denaturation. Use a solution of 3% H2O2 for the substrate. Construct an apparatus that allows you to collect and measure the oxygen gas produced (for a description, see: An Aerobic Exercise: Yeast Metabolism with and without Aeration). Here are some questions you might try to answer with your project: What evidence do you have that the gas you are collecting is oxygen? How does the reaction rate depend on the amount of substrate? At what substrate concentration does the reaction show evidence of enzyme saturation? How does the reaction rate depend on temperature (try increments of 10°C)? At what temperature does the reaction show evidence of protein denaturation? How does the activity of yeast catalase compare to catalase from potato extract or liver extract? How does it compare to the activity of iron oxide? (Gardner, 1999, 97-99; Hamamah, 2005)Cite This Page
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(2014, June 30).
Measuring Enzyme Activity: Yeast Catalase.
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I Did This Project! Please log in and let us know how things went.Last edit date: 2014-06-30
- Gardner, R., 1999. Science Projects About Kitchen Chemistry. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.
- Hamamah, A. A., 2005. "How Do Substrate Amount, Temperature, pH, Enzyme Amount, and Inhibitor Affect Catalase Activity?" California State Science Fair 2005 Project Summary [accessed January 18, 2006] http://www.usc.edu/CSSF/Current/Projects/J0406.pdf.
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When the social reformer Josephine Butler paid a visit to Dublin in 1878, she appeared to be under the impression that the Irish nation was naturally more chaste and virtuous than others. This view would have gone down well with church and civic authorities, whose policy was to promote an idea of the Irish as spiritually well-endowed, and strongly resistant to "the tide of filth" seeping in from elsewhere.
We have to wait more than 60 years to get a truer assessment of the actual state of affairs prevailing in the 19th century and later. The Irish-born author and social commentator, Francis Hackett, writing in 1945, came out with a pertinent and witty observation: "About the problems of sex they pretend to be doves when in fact they are ostriches."
And there you have it. Diarmaid Ferriter's comprehensive study of "sex and society in Ireland" exposes a long history of denial and obfuscation. Heads in the sand, or heads in the clouds. It uncovers an atmosphere of fear and repression, with shocking instances of cruelty and backwardness.
Because a major source of information on sexual behaviour is court records, the book has more to do with sexual crime than erotic allure. This is not an account of the joys of sex, clandestine or not. Child abuse, rape, bestiality, infanticide, all these horrors, and more, create a sense of an irrepressible instinct seeking a desperate outlet in a climate of nearly total carnal ignorance.
Before the 1950s, whenever the subject of sex came up in Ireland, it produced a state of moral panic which held the bulk of the nation in its grip. What the resulting authoritarian plan of action boiled down to was the resolve that "boys and girls must be kept apart at all costs". The priest, of course, was well to the fore among the Irish anti-sex brigade ("unlawful" sex, that is; the activity was given a reluctant go-ahead within marriage, for procreative purposes only).
Considering all that has emeregd in the past 30-odd years concerning clerical licentiousness and abuse of vulnerable children, we may savour the irony contained in the image of the priest with one hand raised in po-faced benediction, while the other hand gets up to goodness-knows-what.
Ferriter is at pains to be fair to a bygone Irish way of life (not that different from other European peasant communities), to the role of the Catholic church (which is given some credit); even, God help us, to the egregious Archbishop McQuaid, thwarter par excellence of every life-enhancing instinct from his palace in Dublin throughout the middle years of the 20th century.
But, for all his dispassionate tone, he is as appalled as anyone by the sorry parade of perversities and misdemeanours under his scrutiny, along with anti-homosexual prejudice, anti-feminism, anti-everything else in line with a 21st-century liberal consciousness. It is all very sad and squalid.
Fortunately, the author has another resource besides the criminal records to help him breach the wall of silence surrounding sex in Ireland: the works of poets, novelists and memoirists.
Their take is enlightening, sometimes funny and never dispiriting. Frank O'Connor, Edna O'Brien, John McGahern, Dermot Healy and many others made a stand against the worst and most ludicrous aspects of the churchly taboo on sexual matters: the tirades against "foreign contamination", the complaints from the pulpit about "lipstick and legs", the priest prowling the streets of country towns at night swiping courting couples with his blackthorn stick.
We have to wonder how the church got away with it, but to help our understanding, Occasions of Sin shows the puritanical system evolving into a monolithic monstrosity. The book adds up to a tremendous feat of documentation which leaves no source of misery unprobed.
It analyses the flaws in the way the Irish saw themselves, and hoped that others would see them. It enables us to gauge the enormous distance between then and now. But by and large, we miss the stories of happy and defiant, or of ideologically impelled sinners.
Patricia Craig's memoir 'Asking for Trouble' is published by Blackstaff
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Some Giraffe sketches.
I just sketched these out for fun. I was trying to add a bit of personality to these sketches. The last page is a collection of some cool photos that I found. I love the image of the giraffe with his neck bent, it's amazing to me how flexible his neck is.
First Post! Sketching Deer
For my first post, I thought that it would be fun to show some techniques that i use to help me sketch animals. I picked a deer as my first animal, because I felt like I wanted to pick up kind of where I left off on my design blog. If you guys have any questions or requests, please let me know!
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Daily Draw: Toltec Oracle ~ Koyolshauki Moon
Another push for heightened awareness, this time from or in the subconscious. To the unaware, the moon could be dismissed as simply a reflector of the sun's light, no more. But the moon exerts a gravitational pull that affects the whole world.
I'm reminded by this card we may not be able to grow crops by the light of the moon, but we can certainly plant by it. It is possible our internal moon, or subconscious gives us it's greatest gifts, via the moon and sleep.
"There are nights when the wolves are silent and only the moon howls." ~ George Carlin 1937-2008
At the ready
13 hours ago