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History of Hermon, NY
THE TOWN OF HERMON - ORGANIZED IN 1830. THIS was the twenty-fourth town erected by an act of the Legislature passed April
17, 1830. Hermon was originally organized under the name of Depeau, after Francis Depeau, once proprietor of a
large tract of land in Jefferson county. He was also interested in the middle third of this territory, which had
passed from McCormick to George Lewis, July 12, 1804, who sold to John and Curtis Bolton, August 1, 1823, and they
sold to Depeau, June 6, 1828. He sold to Sarah, wife of John Bolton. May 3. 1830. The present condition of the industry is no less encouraging. In Hermon Village
there is a butter factory owned by Lewis Knox; and at Hermon Center is a cheese factory, by Baker & Pickard;
at West Hermon another by Morrow Brothers; and at Porter Hill, one by John Foster. A factory was in operation in
the southern part of the town, but was burned. The Parker factory was discontinued about ten years ago.
The village was incorporated in 1887 and the first election of officers was held November 17, following, at
which were chosen: W. W. Matteson, president; Elisha Burnham, Martin R. Folsom, William M. Green, trustees; James
K. Hale, treasurer; John J. Haile, collector. Water works were established in 1891, at a cost of $7,000, and give
the village a good supply of pure water. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The first religious meetings held in town were by Rev. Wm. Wright, a Congregational
missionary, in 1814-15, who paved the way for other religious bodies to follow, but did not organize a church.
The first Methodist church was formed about the year 1820, but preaching had been enjoyed in the house of Roger
Story as early as 1816. The society was incorporated November 1, 1847, with Samuel I. Bingham, Seymour Thatcher,
Joseph H. Baird, Lorenzo H. Sheldon, Orin Nichols, Timothy H. Hatch, and Daniel McIntire, trustees. In the next
year they built a handsome church, which is still in use, but has been at various times greatly improved and modernized.
The society is now prosperous under the charge of Rev. W. H. Kanoff.
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Local Histories
The town was formed from De Kaib and Edwards April 17, 1830. The first town meeting was held at the school-house
near Nathaniel Kent's May 4, 1830, and the following officers elected: William Teall, supervisor; Benjamin Healey,
town clerk; Wilkes Richardson, Isaac C. Pool, Silas Williams, assessors; Martin L. Cook, John Matoon, over-. seers
of the poor; Simeon Peterson, Jesse Worden, Shubael Parker, commissioners of highways; Wilkes Richardson, Robert
Gotham, Harry Tanner, commissioners of schools; Benjamin Healey, Aaron Teall, C. D. Morehouse, inspectors of public
schools; Charles O. Redfield, collector; Ariel Wrisley, Charles C. Redfield, constables.
The town originally embraced the township of Fitzwilliam and a strip one mile by six from the southwest side of
De Kaib. On the 17th of November, 1852, the supervisors annexed a tract from the southeast corner of the town of
Edwards, leaving in Hermon 36,686 acres.
The name of the town was changed to Hermon, February 28, 1834, as there was a Depeauville in Jefferson county.
A post-office named Hermon had been established in the northeastern part of the town December 28, 1828.
The surface of the town is generally rolling, some parts being hilly, particularly the northern part, where it
is broken and sterile. The soil is well adapted to grazing, and dairying is quite extensively carried on. Some
attempts at mining of iron have been made, but none of continued prosperity. Elm, Tanner, and Carter Creeks are
the only streams of account. Trout Lake is in the southern part, and Cedar Lake extends into that part of the town.
Many of the pioneers of this town came from Vermont and were industrious and hardy people. The first white settler
was James Taylor, who made a small clearing in the western part about 1805. Philemon Stewart, Ariel Inman and Rufus
Hopkins came in soon afterwards, but left on the breaking out of the War of 1812 and did not return. Thomas Tanner
came in March, 1809, and spent the remainder of his long and useful life there.
The first road leading through this town was that from Russell to De Kaib, which was opened just prior to the War
of 1812. In 1818 the road from De Kalb to what is now Hermon village was opened.
The first school taught in the town was kept in the house of David McCollum in the winter of 1817-18 by William
D. Moore.
The first marriage in the town was that of Ashbel Tryon and Harriet McCollum, July 4, 1821; and the first death
was that of Peter, infant son of Germain Sutherland, in 1818.
A post-office was established at what is now Hermon village December 20, 1828, with Benjamin Healey as postmaster.
The mails then came in from De Kaib, carried on horseback by Henry Tanner.
David McCollum settled in 1812 and had four sons: Martin, John, Jefferson D. and Samuel. The latter took the homestead.
Roger Story came in 1813. Germain Sutherland in 1816, he was father of Moses H. and one of his daughters married
H. B. Hamlin, and another Rosalve Healey.
Other early settlers were Joseph H. Baird, One Gibbons, William Teall (the first supervisor), Benjamin Healey (the
first town clerk, and who left numerous descendants), Clark Main, Ralph Fisher, Lorenzo H. Sheldon, Chester Winslow,
Shubael Parker, Wilkes Richardson (one of the first assessors and father of Ferdinand and King R,), William D.
Gilmore, William H. Underwood. Henry Reed, Orlando Babbitt, Dr. H. Alexander, Reuben L. Willson, John Gardner,
and Asa, his son, Frank Matteson, Ransom and John Day, Noah Hamilton, Ezra Leonard, Alexander Brown, Almon and
Amos V. Farnsworth, Silas Williams, A. F. Gates, a prominent dairyman and farmer, William Rasback, Thomas Thornhill,
Alvin A. Corey, William A. Scripter, E. J. Stewart, son of Philemon Stewart, an early settler. Many of these men
became prominent in the community and sonic of them left descendants in this section.
The early industries of this town were connected with lumbering, the clearing of land and raising such crops as
were needed by the people. But early in the history of this locality its excellent adaptability to grazing became
apparent and more attention was given to stock-raising and dairying, and in recent years the latter industry has
given it a rank among the best towns in the county. Cheese is the principal product.
There are large deposits of hematite iron ore in the town and early attracted attention, and it was long believed
they would prove to be a source of wealth. Mining operations were begun on an extensive scale in 1864, and J. W.
Lowden, an eastern capitalist, also erected a furnace at Cooper's Falls in De Kaib. Mr. Lowden invested a large
sum of money, mostly in preliminary work, In 1872 he sold out his whole interest to the Union Iron Company of Buffalo,
John Webb of Gouverneur acting as local agent of the company. The "hard times "of 1873-4 came on, and
that fact was given as a reason for cessation of the enterprise, which has never been resumed. Like most of the
other attempts to successfully mine and produce iron in this county, there seem to have been conditions and circumstances
which, coupled with the cheap production elsewhere, rendered it impossible to profitably pursue the industry here.
The dairying interest, which has been mentioned, has been rapidly developed in the past twenty years. In 1877 the
product of cheese had reached about 700,000, and in that year the following factories were in operation:Factory. Owner. No. of Cows. Pounds of Cheese.
Hermon Village Charles Risley 750 200,000
Hermon Center A. F. Gates 500 140,000
West Hermon Baker & Pickard 450 120,000
South Hermon George La Lone 400 110,000
Porter Hill John Foster 375 100,000
Parker Factory Asa Parker 100 30,000
Hermon Village.- This village
is pleasantly situated in the northeast part of the town, near the Canton and De Kalb lines, and is a thrifty place.
The first settlement was made at this point by Roger Story in 1816, who at once built alog house. In the same year
Germain Sutherland came. Other settlers on the site of the village were Alexander Brown, Nehemiah Barker, Thomas
Gilmore, Elisha Burnham, David Wesley, Samuel McCollum, William D. Moore and William Martin, the latter opening
the first store in the place in 1823. Fromthatyear until the present time, the village has continucd to grow in
population. Its prosperity was temporarily checked by a disastrous fire April 27, 1875, the loss by which was about
$100,000; but the energy of the citizens enabled them to promptly recoverfrom the disaster, and new and handsome
blocks of buildings arose on the sites of the former ones. Some of these are noteworthy examples of business architecture,
among them being the old and the new Lynde blocks, the block of Dr. G. G. Seymour, the J. B. Ryel block, the building
erected by George Johnson and J. B. McLean, the W. G. Popple block, the new Baptist church, etc.
Since the opening of the first store in the village there have been various persons engaged in mercantile business
here, for longer or shorter periods. Those now engaged in business are E. B. Hatch and Conant & Beswick, general
stores; Johns & Newell, groceries; James K. Hale, groceries and boots and shoes; W. G. Popple and J. B. McLean,
hardware; James Robinson, drugs; Isaac Gibbons, liquor store; G. W. Johnson has a meat market; Daniel Booth and
Robert Davidson are blacksmiths; L. M. Fuller and Green & Babcock, furniture, the latter firm also undertakers.
The hotel is kept by S. H. Ladd. J. E. Robinson is postmaster.
The various industries of the village have kept pace with the other interests. A tannery was established here early
and operated until recent years, but the business was finally abandoned and the old building is empty. James Kelly
has been engaged in carriage making since 1856, doing a large business in that line. The first grist mill was erected
by Milton Johnson in 1819, and stood about opposite the site of the present mill on the east side of Elm Creek;
he also built a distillery at the same time, both of which were long ago abandoned. The present mill was built
by John Stokes, who sold it to T. W. Sheldon in 1865. The mill is now operated by James Brown. There is no saw
mill in operation here now, though there was, of course, one for many years.
A beautiful cemetery has been laid out near the village, the officers of the association being Z. W. Babcock, secretary
and treasurer; W. W. Matteson, president; and W. M. Green, James Keiley, H. C. Maine, Joseph Firth, trustees.
The Observer is a weekly newspaper started by G. T. Chancy in 1888. It is Republican in politics and is successfully
published by Hamilton & Demmons.
The first school taught in this town has already been mentioned; it was followed by another in the second winter
(1819-20) in the same place by Wesley McCollum. In 1826 a school was taught at the site of the village by Miss
Huldah Wickerson. The first district established after the formation of the town was No. 1, June 10, 1830, and
embraced a wide extent of territory. This has been succeeded by various divisions and there are now thirteen districts
in the town. In 1868 a department school was organized in the village, the first board being as follows: A. M.
Spalding, Otis Earle, Harris Bartholomew, W. W. Matteson, and Z. W. Babcock; the present board is composed of E.
B. White, H. C. Main, Benjamin Cleghorn, John C. Gibbons, and W. W. Matteson.
The present commodious school building was erected in 1885. The school has now four departments with four teachers,
and the languages are embraced in its course. The Board of Education for 1893 is Dr. C. E. Northrup, clerk; Z.
W. Babcock, president; E. A. Conant, H. C. Maine, E. O. Reynolds.
Marshville.- This is a hamlet
situated on Elm Creek about one mile south of Hermon village. The early settlers at this point were Clark Main,
William H. Dodge, L. W. Campbell, J. M. McCollum, and Amos Marsh, father of Horatio Marsh; from the former the
place received its name. About the year 1825 Abram Fisk built the second saw mill in the town here. Amos Marsh
bought this property and erected a grist mill. These mills were subsequently burned.
The Marsbville Cemetery Association was incorporated in March, 1850, and the cemetery established; but the association
was allowed to die out in a few years.
Following is a list of the supervisors of the town from its formation to the present time:
1830-32, William Teall; 1833, Reuben L. Wilson; 1834-36, Harry Tanner; 1837, Silas Williams; 1838-39, Henry P.
Cook; 1840, Nathaniel Kent; 1841-42, H. P. Cook; 1843-47, Silas Williams; 1848-51, Seymour Thatcher; 1852-53, David
W. Weeks; 1854-55, William E. Tanner; 1850-57, Orlando Babbitt; 1858, Horace Barnes; 1859- 60, Clark Maine; 1861-64,
William E. Turner; 1864-67, Alanson A. Matteson; 1868- 70, Dolphus G. Lynde; 1871, Otis Earle; 1872-73, A. A. Matteson;
1874, Z. W. Babcock; 1875-79. A. A. Matteson; 1880-84, Z. W. Babcock; 1885-87, D. S. Lynde; 1888, H. C. Maine;
1889, W. A. Leonard; 1800, George Babbitt; 1891-94, W. W. Matteson
The War of the Rebellion, see Chapter XV.
The first Baptist church at Hermon viElage was organized in January, 1818, and the society was incorporated December
3, 1845, with the following as trustees: Horatio Marsh, Daniel K. Babcock, Edward Maddock, William E. Tanner, Theodorus
Frisby, and Orle Gibbons. The house of worship was built in 1849. This church was burned March r, 1891, and a new
and very handsome modern edifice erected. The present pastor is Rev. S. Mills.
A Congregational church was formed at Marshville in 1835 by Rev. Mr. Eastman. Among the early members were Wilkes
Richardson and wife, Ezra Leonard and wife, John Matoon and wife, and others. The first named men were trustees.
In 1840 they built a church at a cost of $2,500. The membership has never been large, between forty and fifty.
They are now supplied by Rev. W. G. Roberts, pastor of the De Kalb church.
A Universalist church was organized March 8, 1858, at Hermon village, and continued in existence something more
than twenty years, but finally died out.
The Christian church was formed by Elder Spooner in 1826. The society flourished for a time, and in 1859 erected
a wood meeting-house in Marshville, having at one time upwards of 200 members, but by death and removals a few
years later dropped to about thirty. Their services have been irregular since.
All pages copyright 2003-2012. All items on this site are copyrighted by their author(s).
These pages may be linked to but not used on another web site. Anyone may copy and use the information provided
here freely for personal use only. Privacy


text:
More About KELEKONA
Visit My SparkPage Send Me SparkMail
Recipes I've Shared:
lemon flavor for water
squirt half a teaspoon or more into 16oz of water to cover up undesirable flavors
Chicken-hunter's stew for Orzo
Super-flexible recipe that is as flavorful as you make it. Possible to adapt for crock pot.
Dried split pea soup without chicken broth
The most basic pea soup recipe. Vegan version with non-vegan add-ins suggested.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Landmines in DR Congo Pose Challenges to Farmers
Certain parts of the country are still affected by landmines, which hinders the livelihoods of farmers and makes the transportation of food from local villages to trading centres a challenge.-
Photo: Gwen Dubourthoumieu/IRIN
A deminer in action.
Photo: MONUSCO/Sylvain Liechti
Small farmers also battle with a poor transport system and price fixing.
Photo: Gwen Dubourthoumieu/IRIN
A child walks near a mined area.
Mine action initiatives in 29 countries, territories or peacekeeping missions will cost millions in 2011, according to the 14th edition of the annual Portfolio of Mine Action ... Read more »
Rats are being trained to sniff out and detect landmines and TB because of their keen sense of smell. Read more »


text: This photo is a classic example of what happens when soil is piled against wood. Wood to soil contact, or water running over wood, often lead to rot or wood decay fungi. This is the side of a garage. The garage, especially an unattached garage, is a common place to find this problem as the structure is often ignored compared to the house. There was a concrete foundation here, be it a shallow one, but soil had been piled against it, over it and up onto the siding. As a result of that, the wood has rotted. If the conducive condition of wood to earth contact had been caught soon enough, before the rot, simply grading the soil back away from the building should have eliminated this kind of damage. As it is now, the siding will have to be replaced and some structural wood, inside the garage, is likely to be a victim as well. Wood subjected to a moisture content of 20% or greater is susceptible to wood decay fungi. Thanks for stopping by, Steven L. Smith


text:
So, what's so special about the suspension? Active Body Control, that's what. Car-makers have played with the idea for years, but Mercedes now makes it real in the world's most techno-dense car. It's yours for pounds 70,680 as a 5.0-litre V8 or, for the ultimate sybaritism fix, pounds 91,760 as a 5.0- litre V12. Don't even think about the depreciation potential.
Active Body Control - let's make it easy, and call it ABC - distorts the laws of physics. It enables this hefty machine to take corners with the sparkiness of a sports car, yet smother bumps with the totality expected of a car this grand. We can thank vast computer power for this cleverness, plus hydraulics that can alter a wheel's position up to five times a second.
First, look at the rest of this study in automotive sculpture. The previous CL was a bloated slab of a car, not imposing but an imposition. It was bought not to reflect good taste, but to extend personalities. This one is smaller, lighter, curvier, just as the related S-class saloon is more svelte than its own stolid predecessor. And it's gorgeous.
Remarkably, it's also cheaper, despite being so techno-dense. That weight reduction comes from the materials used to build this big Benz: aluminium for the roof, bonnet and rear wings, plastic for the bootlid and front wings, and - remarkably - cast magnesium for the inner door shells. These long doors have double-jointed hinges; the doors move forward as they open, so they don't need to open as far before allowing the occupants in or out.
The CL also gives you, either as standard or optional, many features also found in the S-class and entirely alien to the experience of most of us. Keyless Go is a good one, a credit-card-size transmitter which lives in your pocket. It causes your CL to unlock as you touch the door- handle, and to start as you touch the gear selector. The seats have fan cooling and built-in back massage. Its all there - cruise control that slows you if there's a slower car coming up in front, a voice-activated phone, headlights which can switch on automatically, automatic monitoring of tyre pressures.
And the engines. The V12 delivers 367bhp in a creamy torrent, but if you're driving gently it switches off six cylinders for more economical running. You can barely hear the difference, because a V12 sounds much like a straight-six anyway.
But I have to tell you the V12 CL600 is largely pointless, given the price difference, although the cost includes items optional on the V8- powered CL500.
The V8 sounds more exciting, a view shared by Hans Multhaupt, vice- president of Mercedes passenger car development. Nor, at 306bhp, is it strapped for power. Mr Multhaupt says the performance is similar up to 125mph or so, and it's spectacular enough for most tastes. The V8's transmission is less abrupt during a vigorous getaway or when downshifting. Actually, it isn't abrupt at all. The CL500 rides more smoothly on the less aggressive- looking tyres with their deeper, more absorbent sidewalls, setting the seal on that remarkable ABC.
Which works like this: the springs and dampers are very soft and supple, but the point at which the springs attach to the CL's structure can be moved by electro-hydraulics up or down as rapidly as required to keep the car's body on the smooth and level. So the springs aren't called on to absorb big bumps and body movements, leaving them to cope with the smaller, higher-frequency disturbances their suppleness is optimised to absorb.
Sensors detect the forces acting on the body, and dictate what adjustments should be made at each wheel.
The result is a car which stays flat in corners, doesn't nose-dive under braking, responds cleanly to the steering with no sense of stodge and unwanted momentum, and feels about two-thirds of the size it really is. To complete the illusion, the CL could do with a quicker steering response, and Mercedes is looking into the possibility. Even now, though, it's extraordinary.
"There is no other car company in the world whose customers allow it to use such technology," says a proud Mr Multhaupt. "They want the best, and they drive us to create it." They should be happy now.
Model: Mercedes-Benz CL500
Price: pounds 70,680
Engine: 4,966cc, V8 cylinders, 24 valves, 306bhp at 5,600rpm
Transmission: five-speed auto-matic gearbox, rear-wheel drive
Performance: 155mph, 0-60 in 6.3sec, 16 to 21mpg
Aston Martin DB7: pounds 83,260. Handbuilt and exclusive - and you pay dearly for it. CL is technologically miles ahead.
Bentley Continental R: pounds 199,750. The CL600 V12 looks cheap next to this, and is a vastly better car.
BMW 840Ci: pounds 57,470. Cramped but fun to drive. Benz is better.
Ferrari 456M GTA: pounds 173,588. CL600 is a closer rival to the V12-engined 456M. Ferrari is less sophisticated, but exciting.
Jaguar XKR: pounds 60,105. Searing pace from supercharged V8. Lacks CL's near- perfection.


text:
Samurai Jack Intro - Remake Latino
Samurai Jack Opening remake by latin animators
4.40 / 5.00 6,445 ViewsJust in time for Halloween... massacre the Eskibobs with a chainsaw, in this mini-sequel to the classic flash game, Clubby The Seal!
Arrow Keys: Move/Jump
S: Jump
1 of 3 random powerups drop every 400 points! (SUPER SPEED, DOUBLE-DAMAGE, INVINCIBILITY)
Fiery End boss!
Nice and Simple
It's good game to kill time. I like the fact that it has achievements.
and quite fun with some nice-if not, graphical-visuals. Achievements were a nice touch, too but it still got a bit boring after 2 play throughs
really cool
this game is relly fun,even though it is a simple game it was really fun.i was 1 kill away from the genocide achievment
really funny i played the first one and well this one is waaay better so i give 10/10
Really Simple
Only one thing really happened there. Make it more complicated.


text:
First day...
Hey, today is my first day on my weight loss journey. I'm very excited and hope to get lots of support and motivation from everyone.
sw:194 gw:150 |
Welcome to the board! You have come to a great place for encouragement & motivation!! :)
Thanks for the welcome, looking forward to talking with you.:):)
Welcome, Lots of motivation and inspiration in this forum.
See you around. Mai |
Welcome, I write daily (or almost) so feel free to chat.
Hi everyone, I'm at day 1 too (as the last 15 yrs of my life).
I'm not new to this forum though. My current weight is 175 lb and my first goal is 148 lb by 06/10/2011 (my birthday). We can all make it!! |
Welcome aboard this is a great place for motivation and advice, it's also a great place to visit when you want to munch the house down.
Welcome, I am also just getting started. I am not new to fitday.com but I am new to the forums.
Welcome! We have similar goals. I am at 192 t the moment and want to get down to 150. I figure it will take 6-8 months to get there from where I am, but I have made great strides by sticking with my pan, and so will you!
-Christy |
Welcome aboard. I am new as of a few days ago myself. So far it's been one the best best discoveries I have ever made.
All times are GMT. The time now is 12:20 PM. |


text:
Tropical Fish Keeping - Aquarium fish care and resources
- Freshwater Journals
- - fan shrimp shed skin
fan shrimp shed skin 2 Attachment(s) just an interesting pic of a fan shrimp just post shedding it will be back later once its hardened of to eat this thats why i rarely see shed skins |
That's quite interesting. Nice pictures by the way :) |
That is interesting. I've never seen my shrimp molt though I did spot the empty husk and like every new shrimp owner I freaked out thinking they'd died. |
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 08:37 PM. |
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text:
World Energy Congress roundtable in Abu Dhabi discusses major global priorities
Senior energy representatives from the global and regional energy sectors debate the ãenergy trilemmaã and prospects for Daegu 2013
ABU DHABI, 18 September 2012 ã World Energy Council (WEC) Chairman Pierre Gadonneix and the Daegu 2013 Organising Committee Executive Vice-Chairman Younghoon David Kim today convened a roundtable as part of WECãs Energy Trilemma forum in Abu Dhabi.
The roundtable discussed the three dimensions of the ãenergy trilemmaã: security, access and affordability and environmental impact. These areas will underpin the ãSecuring Tomorrowãs Energy Todayã theme of the upcoming World Energy Congress, taking place in Daegu, South Korea, in October 2013.
Among the headline themes at the roundtable were the steps required to secure the supply of energy to a rapidly increasing population with growing energy needs.ô The combination of energy technologies was at the heart of the discussion, balancing fluctuating demands in oil, coal and nuclear, together with the expanding gas market and an ever increasing focus on low carbon options.
Masdar CEO Dr Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, a confirmed speaker at Daegu 2013, welcomed WEC officials on a tour of Masdar City and visit to Masdar headquarters.
Pierre Gadonneix, Chairman of the World Energy Council, commented:
ãThe world is now facing a crucial need for renewed governance at both national and international levels if we are to address the worldãs energy security. The Congress will not only gather experts from across the energy spectrum, it will also convene leaders from across the globe to put into action the strategies for a more secure, accessible and environmentally sustainable energy supply.ã
Commenting on WECãs visit to the Abu Dhabi, Dr Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, CEO of Masdar, said:
ãI am delighted to welcome the World Energy Council and the World Energy Congress Organising Committee to Abu Dhabi and Masdar. The Middle Eastãs energy market is quickly evolving with several nations exploring alternative energy sourcesãincluding renewable and peaceful nuclear energyãto strengthen their economies and meet their growing energy demands. We look forward to addressing the regionãs role in advancing clean energy deployment and its path towards a diversified energy mixô ô with the wider industry at Daegu 2013ã.
Younghoon David Kim, Executive Vice-Chairman, World Energy Congress Daegu 2013 Organizing Committee and Chairman and CEO of the Daesung Group, said:ô
ãThe global remit of the Congress calls for cooperation on a truly global scale. Korea and Asiaãs growing links with the energy market in the Middle East have already been cemented with this visit and we hope to continue dialogue on the role of both regions on the world energy stage.ã
The World Energy Congress is the energy sectorãs premier international event, held every three years under the auspices of the World Energy Council, which consists of 93 national committees representing more than 3,000 member organizations including governments, industry, professional institutions and associations, and non-profit groups.
Next yearãs event will be only the second World Energy Congress to be held in East Asia in the eventãs 90-year history.ô Delegates from across the global energy and related sectors are expected to include government ministers, heads of state and the industry leaders of today and tomorrow from both developed and developing nations.ô The event is being run by the World Energy Council and the Daegu 2013 Organizing Committee, drawn from its Korean membership.
Notes to Editors:
About the World Energy Congress
The triennial World Energy Congress has gained recognition since the first event in 1923 as the premier global forum for leaders and thinkers to debate solutions to energy issues. In addition to the discussions, the event provides an opportunity for executives to display their technologies and explore business opportunities. With the upcoming Congress in Daegu the event will have been held in 20 major cities around the world since its founding.
Daegu was selected to host next yearãs Congress at the 2008 WEC Executive Assembly held in Mexico City. The hosts for the 2013 Congress include the Ministry of Knowledge Economy, the Daegu Metropolitan Government, North Gyeongsang provincial government, Korea Electric Power Corporation and SK Energy.
More information at: ô www.daegu2013.kr
About the World Energy Council (WEC)
The World Energy Council (WEC) is the principal impartial network of leaders and practitioners promoting an affordable, stable and environmentally sensitive energy system for the greatest benefit of all. Formed in 1923, WEC is the UN-accredited global energy body, representing the entire energy spectrum, with more than 3000 member organisations located in over 90 countries and drawn from governments, private and state corporations, academia, NGOs and energy related stakeholders. WEC informs global, regional and national energy strategies by hosting high-level events, publishing authoritative studies, and working through its extensive member network to facilitate the world's energy policy dialogue.


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If twenty-six-year-old Hannah Sugarman had her way, she'd be whipping up carrot cakes and running her culinary empire. Instead, she spends her hours cooking up papers on the financial crisis. It doesn't help that no one in her life takes her passion seriously - not even her boyfriend.
When her relationship implodes, Hannah decides to jump-start her life by hosting a secret supper club out of her landlord's flat. Her underground operation presents some problems. Running an unlicensed restaurant out of someone's home is not, technically speaking, legal.
As the success of Hannah's supper club grows, so do the number of secrets she is forced to keep. Can Hannah keep her pop-up restaurant underground? When mysterious guests turn up for dinner, can she handle the heat? Or will she have to step out of the kitchen?
A charming romantic comedy, The Secret Supper Club is a story about finding yourself, fulfilling your dreams, and falling in love along the way.


text:
BCS is a registered charity: No 292786
Electronic Visualisation and the Arts (EVA 2011)
London, UK, 6 - 8 July 11
Graeme Earl, Philip Basford, Alexander Bischoff, Alan Bowman, Charles Crowther, Jacob Dahl, Michael Hodgson, Leif Isaksen, Eleni Kotoula, Kirk Martinez, Hembo Pagi and Kathryn E. Piquette
This paper discusses the interim results of the AHRC RTISAD project. The project has developed and tested a range of techniques for gathering and processing reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) data. It has also assembled a detailed understanding of the breadth of RTI practice. Over the past decade the range of applications and algorithms in the broad domain of RTI has increased markedly, with current working addressing issues such as large resolution capture, 3D RTI, annotation, enhancement amongst others. Capture of RTI datasets has begun to occur in all aspects of cultural heritage and elsewhere. This has in turn prompted the development of policies and methods for managing and integrating the large quantities of data produced. The paper describes these techniques and issues in the context of a range of artefacts, including painted Roman and Neolithic surfaces, examples of ancient documents in a variety of forms, and archaeological datasets from Herculaneum, Çatalhöyük, Abydos and elsewhere. The paper also identifies on-going software development work of value to the broad EVA community and proposes further enhancements.
Print copies of EVA 2011
Available from the BCS bookshop


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December 21st, 2010, 03:20 PM | #1 |
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As true friends, I need your opinion/help. Really need your advice for a serious problem. I have suspected for some time now that the little woman has been cheating. The usual signs; phone rings, if I answer the caller hangs up, going out with the girls a lot. I try to Stay awake to look out for her when she comes home but I usually fall asleep. Anyway last night about midnight, I hid in the shed behind the boat, when she came home she got out of someones car buttoning her blouse, then she took her panties out of her purse and slipped them on .......... It was at that moment while crouched behind the boat I noticed ... a hairline crack In the outboard mounting bracket .............................. Is that something I can weld or do I need to replace it?
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Adriana De La Cuadra wants to
Cooking together is about sharing the act of cooking with someone else. We propose taking a step beyond sharing a meal, to also cook that meal together. We believe that cooking besides being a fun and interesting activity to share, can be a sustainable activity when it's a team effort. When everyone at home is an active participant of cooking, roles can be redefined and home cooking can be an…
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One of the biggest challenges of cooking at home is finding time for it. And when you think about it you realize that eating something that wasn't cooked at home is many times more convenient. This means that to incorporate cooking at home into our routines we need to find the VALUE of it. It might…Read More
A great story about connecting with your kids through cooking.
Last Sunday, Matt and I, were at Hope Farmers Market cooking together seasonal recipes. The idea was to source the ingredients needed for…Read More
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Last week we met with Joy Casnovsky from the Sustainable Food Center in Austin to cook together. We were really eager to learn more about…Read More


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Goodgreef its Good Friday! And the cheap Easter puns are back! After the huge success of the recent sell out Fire It Up & Goodgreef event in January, Goodgreef are back in Toon for an Eggs-tra hard Easter Celebration. at ...Read More
Lisa Lashes makes a very welcome return to her spiritual home.... Its been a while since Lisa graced the decks at Helsinki, her diary is so jam packed with globe trotting dance sets that it's been hard to find the time, ...Read More
Click to see Lisa Lashes in the chart Lisa Lashes rises 2 places to # 75 in this years notorious DJ Mag Top 100 DJ Awards and joins Eddie Halliwell as the only 2 hard dance DJs to appear this year. ...Read More


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As I'm hosting the world's most awesomest New Year's Eve party, I may forgo my usual heels for party flats. They're more casual for a house party and can be incorporated into other looks later. Since I'm going to be dashing between dancing, prepping food, and snuggling babies, I'd like a relaxed element to my posh.
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black lace flats, Newport News $29
pink patent jewel flat, Sam Edelman "Caper" at DSW $49.95
pewter snake flat, Steve Madden "Karmma" $49.95
peach lace bow flat, Top Shop $90
red velvet flats, Beverly Feldman at Last Call $99


text:
Michael Day
UKOLN: The UK Office for Library and Information Networking, University of Bath,
Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
Status | Current |
Last update | 3 August 1998 |
Created | 3 August 1998 |
Availability | Workgroup |
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Standards, formats and initiatives
3.1 Digital Rosetta Stone
3.2 Dublin Core
3.3 National Library of Australia PANDORA Logical Data Model
3.4 Open Archival Information System (OAIS)
3.5 Pittsburgh Project: Functional Requirements for Evidence in Recordkeeping
3.6 Research Libraries Group (RLG) Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata
3.7 EBU-SMPTE Task Force on Harmonised Standards for the Exchange of Television Programme Material as Bit Streams
3.8 UBC Project: The Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records
3.9 Universal Preservation Format
4. Conclusions and recommendations
5. References
6. Glossary
7. Acknowledgements
This report is a review of metadata formats and initiatives in the specific area of digital preservation. It supplements the DESIRE Review of metadata (Dempsey et al. 1997). It is based on a literature review and information picked-up at a number of workshops and meetings and is an attempt to briefly describe the state of the art in the area of metadata for digital preservation.
Discussions of metadata in the library community have largely centred on issues of resource description and discovery (Heery 1996; Heery, Powell and Day 1997; Dempsey and Heery 1998). There is, however, a growing awareness that metadata has an important role in digital resource management, including preservation. The CEDARS project recognised from an early stage that metadata issues would be important. A Working Group on Access Issues has been formed to investigate and recommend on metadata issues.
In a separate initiative in May 1997, the Research Libraries Group constituted a Working Group on the Preservation Issues of Metadata. The aim of this working group is to ensure that information essential to the continued use of digital resources is captured and preserved in an accessible form. A report has been produced which identifies 16 preservation metadata elements and provides a semantic framework for this (RLG Working Group on the Preservation Issues of Metadata 1998).
The following issues are relevant to the question of metadata:
The core technical problems of digital preservation relate to inadequate media longevity, rapid hardware obsolescence and dependencies on particular software products. In this context it makes good sense to preserve the digital data itself (the bit-streams), not the physical medium on which it happens to reside.
Seamus Ross (1997, p. 331) comments that there are three main technical preservation options:
The first of these is not very practical and potentially expensive. For these reasons, Jeff Rothenberg (1995) has suggested the building of software emulators that would mimic the behaviour of obsolete hardware and software. This would involve encapsulating data together with the application software used to create it and a description of the required hardware environment (metadata). To facilitate future use, Rothenberg suggests attaching additional 'annotation metadata' to the surface of each encapsulation which would both "explain how to decode the obsolete records contained inside the encapsulation and to provide whatever contextual information is desired about these records" (Rothenberg 1996). This surface metadata, which could also contain resource discovery information, would be kept in a standard 'bootstrap' format so that it could be converted to new formats as part of the preservation refresh cycle.
The periodic migration of digital information from one generation of computer technology to a subsequent one is one of the solutions to the digital preservation problem proposed by Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information (1996). With data migration, it is important to ensure that preserved documents are what the US National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) funded University of Pittsburgh Electronic Records Project describe (in an archives context) as 'inviolate', 'coherent' and 'auditable' (Duff 1996). David Bearman (1994, p. 302) says that if records are migrated to new software environments, "content, structure and context information must be linked to software functionality that preserves their executable connections" or that "representations of their relations must enable humans to reconstruct the relations that pertained in the original software environment". Successful migration strategies will, therefore, depend upon metadata being created to record the migration history of a digital object and to record contextual information so that a future user can reconstruct (or understand) the technological environment in which a particular digital object was created.
In addition to the technical problems of digital preservation, there will be a need to address problems of intellectual preservation (Graham 1994a; 1994b). For example, how will users know that the digital object that they retrieve is the one that they want? Again, how can one guard against unauthorised changes being made to the information content of digital objects?
A partial solution to this problem would be the general adoption of unique and persistent digital identifiers. This would mean the assignment of a new identifier each time a particular digital object is updated. Current initiatives include the Uniform Resource Name (URN) which is being developed for the Internet community by working groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (Sollins and Masinter 1994) and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), an initiative of the Association of American Publishers (Bide 1998). Legacy identifiers will also continue to be used for some of the digital objects within the CEDARS project scope, so - for example - some publishers will assign International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) to CD-ROMs or generate Serial Item and Contribution Numbers (SICIs) for online journal articles. On the other hand, other items in the project scope, electronic ephemera for example, are unlikely to have previously assigned persistent and unique identifiers.
An additional approach to ensuring the authenticity of a given digital object would be to use a simple cryptographic technique like the production of a validation key value or checksum for each resource in a digital archive. An authentication checksum could be computed from each resource in a digital archive and stored with the descriptive metadata. When a user, or the archive, wants to retrieve the resource at a later date this checksum could be computed again and compared with the checksum recorded in the metadata. If the two agree there can be confidence that the document retrieved is the one referred to by the descriptive metadata.
Archivists and records managers have similar concerns with authenticity, integrity and preserving 'evidentiality'. The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Records Project, for example, has defined a metadata model for business-acceptable communications (Bearman and Sochats 1996). A University of British Columbia project has also worked on defining the requirements for preserving reliable and authentic electronic records (Duranti and MacNeil 1996b).
Digital resources that have been physically preserved will also need to be retrievable. For this reason, preservation systems will have to interact with resource discovery systems. Recommendations on resource discovery formats (e.g. Dublin Core) or metadata frameworks (e.g., Resource Description Format) will constitute an important part of CEDARS work on metadata.
Solving rights management problems in a digital preservation context will be crucial to a practically based project like CEDARS. Within the project, different licensing arrangements will have to be made with relevant stakeholders. This rights management information can be stored as part of the descriptive metadata and this could be used to manage access to digital resources in the demonstrators.
Not all digital resources will be preserved and, indeed, not all digital resources will be worthy of long-term preservation. CEDARS is interested in helping to develop suitable collection management policies for research libraries.
Another important issue is how this metadata will be generated and where it will be kept. Metadata could be stored either in a centralised or distributed database and linked to the original resource. Alternatively, metadata could also be embedded in or otherwise directly associated with the original resource. Different solutions might be possible for different types of metadata. Resource discovery and rights management metadata could form part of a searchable database, while metadata specifying the technical formats used, the migration strategies operated and a document's use history could be stored with the document itself. Over a long period of time, this metadata will grow in size and will itself have to be subject to migration and authentication strategies.
This section will describe a variety of projects and initiatives that have relevance to preservation metadata. The earliest projects described here originated in the archives and records management communities. The Universities of Pittsburgh and British Columbia have carried out important recent research projects in North America and these will be described in more detail in this section. Other initiatives in the archives and records field which will not be described here include the National Archives of Canada's IMOSA project (McDonald 1993; 1995a; 1995b) and relevant implementations in supranational organisations (e.g. Barry 1994) and the pharmaceutical industry (Anderson 1997a; 1997b; Lord 1997; Binns, et al. 1997; Murdock 1997).
Other initiatives described here have originated in the library community, Dublin Core (from OCLC), the Australian PANDORA project and the RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata. The remainder have a largely technical basis and emanate from the CCSDS, the USAF and the audio-visual community.
Brief description
The Digital Rosetta Stone (DRS) is a model for maintaining long-term access to digital documents by means of knowledge preservation in "metaknowledge archives". The model was developed by Steven B. Robertson of the United States Air Force (USAF) in a MSc thesis written at the Air Force Institute of Technology (Robertson 1996) and a paper co-written with his AFIT supervisor (Heminger and Robertson 1998).
The basis of the DRS is that current suggested strategies for the preservation of digital information, including migration and emulation, are not entirely satisfactory. Noting that the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 provided a key to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian texts, Heminger and Robertson propose the creation of something similar to permit the recapture of digital information. Robertson (1996, p. 21) says:
To prevent the loss of our digital history, I propose that digital knowledge be preserved in a manner that I call the Digital Rosetta Stone (DRS). The data so preserved would be a collection of the knowledge and processes necessary to recover and reconstruct digital documents maintained in their original file formats. The data would be used to create or emulate the hardware and software necessary to recover data from obsolete storage media and reconstruct the digital documents.
The DRS would be composed of three processes:
The knowledge preservation is defined by Robertson (1996, p. 23) as "the process of gathering and preserving the vast amounts of knowledge needed to recover digital data from a superseded media and to reconstruct digital documents from their original formats". In the DRS this knowledge would be stored in a 'metaknowledge archive' (MKA). The MKA would contain (and preserve) knowledge in the areas of media storage techniques and file formats. Knowledge about media storage techniques would include the techniques in which bit patterns are stored and accessed on media so that information could be migrated to a new storage device. Information on file formats would include the techniques used by software applications to define formatting operations within digital documents (Robertson 1996, p. 25). Data recovery would include migration to a new media and the retrieval of a document using the media storage techniques information stored in the MKA. The final process, document reconstruction, would use the file formatting information stored in the MKA to reconstruct (where possible) something close to the original form of a document.
The most comprehensive documentation for the DRS is Robertson's MSc thesis (Robertson 1996), which is available on the Web as a PDF file. A paper by Heminger and Robertson (1998) is a shorter description of the DRS and MKA and has been delivered at conferences in Hawaii (HICSS-31) and Tomar (DELOS6).
Metadata issues
Robertson (1996, pp. 27-33) suggests that a MKA should contain standardised templates which can preserve the relevant information (metadata). This would include:
Importance for CEDARS
The DRS conceptual model contains much which could be of interest to CEDARS. The collection and preservation of technical information on media storage techniques and file formats could be important. However, the DRS model does not specify in detail the metadata template that should be used in a MKA. Additionally, Robertson (1996, pp. 54-55) concludes that the development of a DRS would be a time-consuming and expensive task ... "very costly in terms of money, manpower, and other resources". He also suggests the creation of a governmental organisation, a Digital Rosetta Stone Office (DRSO) to maintain the MKA. It is far from clear that this is a sustainable economic model.
On the other hand, the MKA is an interesting concept because it amplifies and extends ideas inherent in the influential Scientific American article by Jeff Rothenberg (1995). It provides a model for the preservation of contextual information that might permit the reconstruction of digital information by means of digital rescue archaeology. The concept of a digital Rosetta Stone has also been proposed by the Universal Preservation Format initiative.
Brief description
The Dublin Core is a 15-element metadata element set intended to facilitate the discovery of electronic resources. The format has been developed through a series of international workshops attended by librarians, computer specialists and other interested parties. The result is a fifteen-element core metadata set which can be used for resource discovery and for semantic interoperability between other metadata formats.
Information on the history and development of Dublin Core can be found on the DC Web page based at OCLC:
Dublin Core Metadata. 1997. <URL:http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/>
All DC workshop reports are available on the Web (Weibel 1995; Weibel et al. 1995; Dempsey and Weibel 1996; Weibel, Iannella and Cathro 1997; Weibel and Hakala 1998). Recent descriptions of the initiative have also been published by Stu Weibel (1997; Weibel and Lagoze 1997) and Juha Hakala (1997).
Metadata issues
The simple 15 element metadata set is as follows:
Importance for CEDARS
DC is an important international initiative. The Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata, for example, provided an implementation of their own metadata scheme in DC. It might be sensible for CEDARS metadata to contain this core metadata in any case for resource discovery, although elements like "Resource Type", "Format" and "Rights Management" have direct relevance to preservation metadata.
Brief description
Preserving and Accessing Networked DOcumentary Resources of Australia (PANDORA) is an operational 'proof-of-concept' digital archive based at the National Library of Australia (NLA) dedicated to the preservation of and long-term access to networked publications in Australia. It was established in 1996 with the following objectives (Cameron 1998):
PANDORA developed a 'Logical Data Model' based on its own experiences and with reference to the work of the Task Force on the Archiving of Digital Information (1996) and OAIS.
The PANDORA Web pages can be found at:
Cameron, S., 1998, PANDORA: Preserving and Accessing Networked DOcumentary Resources of Australia. Canberra: National Library of Australia. <URL:http://www.nla.gov.au/pandora/>
The detailed 'Logical Data Model' is also available on the Web, at:
National Library of Australia, 1997, PANDORA Logical Data Model, Version 2, 10 November 1997. <URL:http://www.nla.gov.au/pandora/ldmv2.html>
Metadata issues
Descriptive metadata for each object are stored in the NLA's library management system. Items in PANDORA are identified by means of a Persistent Uniform Resource Identifier (PURL). The PANDORA Logical Data Model description (NLA 1997) contains an entity-relationship diagram that identifies the logical entities that need to be supported. These include the following:
Identification |
Descriptive Attribute |
Descriptive Attribute Type |
Publication |
Selection and negotiation |
Decision Rule |
Event Type |
Negotiation Status |
Organisation |
Selection Status |
Capture |
Capture Procedure |
Capture Procedure Type |
Gathering Frequency |
Gathering Regime |
Source URL |
Preservation |
Browser Type |
Copy |
Copy of Issue |
File |
File Type |
Format |
Format Type |
Issue |
Process |
Process Type |
Publisher Preferred Browser |
Rights Management and Access Control |
Access Profile |
Access Right |
NLA Copyright Warning |
Publisher Copyright Statement |
User Class |
Each of these entities has additional metadata. So, for example, the "Copy" entity might consist of a Publication Identifier, a Copy Identifier and Date Captured/Acquired. The "Descriptive Attribute Type" might contain the following metadata:
The PANDORA entities (metadata) are fully described in the PANDORA Logical Data Model document (NLA 1997).
Importance for CEDARS
The PANDORA Logical Data Model is interesting for CEDARS in that it permits the use of metadata to record and manage a variety for a variety of functions: Identification, Selection, Capture, Preservation and Rights Management.
Brief description
The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) is working to develop standards for the long-term preservation of digital information obtained from observations of the terrestrial and space environments and which could also apply to other long-term digital archives. ISO aims to provide a framework and common terminology that may be used by Government and commercial sectors in the request and provision of digital archive services.
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, 1998, Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), ed. L. Reich and D. Sawyer. CCSDS 650.0-W-3.0, White Book, 15 April. <URL:ftp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/sfdu/isoas/us12/CCSDS-650.0-W-3.pdf>
NASA/Science Office of Standards and Technology (NOST), ISO Archiving Standards - Overview. <URL:http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/>
Digital Archive Directions Workshop, 1998, Important Concepts from the draft ISO standard "Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)". Summary for: Digital Archive Directions (DADs) Workshop, National Archives and Records Administration, Archives II, College Park, Md., 22-26 June. <URL:http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/dads/OAISOverview.html>
Metadata issues
OAIS has a Taxonomy of Archival information object classes that includes
Importance for CEDARS
The OAIS Taxonomy is definitely of interest for CEDARS.
Brief description
The Functional Requirements for Evidence in Recordkeeping project (the Pittsburgh Project) was funded by the US National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) and carried out at the School of Information Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh, co-directed by James Williams and Richard J. Cox. David Bearman of Archives and Museum Informatics, an influential writer on archival issues (e.g. Pederson 1995; Cook 1997), was consultant to the project. Adrian Cunningham (1996, p. 319) has commented that the Pittsburgh Project "produced an alternative model [to the one embodied in the UBC Project] which is based upon a redefinition of archival thinking". This redefinition was informed by the work of archivists in North America and Australia and by the ongoing litigation over the preservation of US Government's e-mail known as the PROFS case (Bearman 1993; Wallace 1998).
The core aim of the project was to "develop viable recordkeeping functional requirements through an analysis of the professional literature and via consultation with experts in the management of archives and records" (Cox 1997). What emerged was the idea of an electronic recordkeeping system that could support the capture, maintenance and continued usability of records. In addition to producing the functional requirements for such a system, the Pittsburgh Project also investigated the concept of literary warrant, [...] "records are created because of legal, regulatory, professional best practices, and other reasons generally external to the organisation" (Cox 1997).
The project Web page is based at the University of Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh, School of Information Sciences, Functional Requirements for Evidence in Recordkeeping. <URL:http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/>
The pages include the project proposal, progress reports and a Framework for Business Acceptable Communications. It also includes Kimberly Barata's annotated bibliography:
Barata, K., 1996, Bibliography on Electronic Records. <URL:http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/bibtc.html>
Other project descriptions include ones published by David Bearman and Wendy Duff (1996) and Richard Cox (1997). Bearman has additionally published some important papers on managing electronic records in contemporary organisations (Bearman 1994) and on future directions for archives (Bearman 1989; 1995).
Metadata issues
Metadata issues issuing from the Pittsburgh Project have been outlined by David Wallace (1993; 1995) and Wendy Duff (1995). The functional requirements for recordkeeping are available on the Web <URL:http://www.lis.pitt.edu/~nhprc/prog1.html> and in an appendix of Electronic evidence (Bearman 1994, pp. 294-304):
Organisation |
1. Compliant |
Recordkeeping Systems |
2. Accountable |
3. Implemented |
4. Reliable |
Records - Captured |
5. Comprehensive |
6. Identifiable |
7. Complete |
7a. Accurate |
7b. Understandable |
7c. Meaningful |
8. Authentic |
Records- Maintained |
9. Preserved |
9a. Inviolate |
9b. Coherent |
9c. Audible |
10. Removable |
Records - Usable |
11. Exportable |
12. Accessible |
12a. Available |
12b. Renderable |
12c. Evidential |
13. Redactable |
The metadata specification (Bearman and Sochats 1996) is based on these functional requirements and consists of:
Record Identification Metadata |
Record-Declaration |
Transaction-Domain-Identifier |
Transaction-Instance-Identifier |
Information Discovery Content Metadata |
Content-Description-Standard |
Content-Descriptor |
Record-Natural-Language |
Restrictions Status Metadata |
Access-Rights-Status |
Use-Rights-Status |
Access Conditions Metadata |
Access-Conditions-Resolver |
Resolver-Terms |
Use Conditions Metadata |
Use-Conditions-Resolver |
Use-Terms |
II.C.2.a. |
Use-Citation |
II.C.2.b. |
Redacted-Record-Rule |
II.C.2.c. |
License-Terms |
Disposition Requirements Metadata |
Removal-Authority |
Retention-Policy-Citation |
Retention- Authority Issuance |
Retention-External-Authority |
Retention-Period-End-Time |
Disposition-Instruction-Code |
File Identification Metadata |
File-ID |
File Encoding Metadata |
File-Modality |
File-Data-Representation |
Data-Codes |
Compression-Method |
Encryption-Method |
File Rendering Metadata |
Application-Dependency |
Software-Environment-Dependency |
Hardware-Dependency |
Rendering-Rules |
Representation-Standard/De Facto Standard |
Record Rendering Metadata |
File-Linking-Rule/Standard |
File-Interchange-Standard: Version |
Content Structure Metadata |
Content-Structure |
Content-Data Set |
Application-Dictionary |
Delimiters/Labels |
Data Value-Lookup Tables |
Data View-at Creation |
Version-Relationships |
Set-Relationships |
Dynamic-Relationships |
Source Metadata |
Data-Source |
Data-Source-System-Documentation |
Data Capture-Instrument-Type |
Data Capture-Instrument-Settings |
Source Data-Quality |
Linked-Prior Transaction |
Action-Requested |
Recipient Specific-Configuration Data |
Responsibility Metadata |
Originating-Organization |
Authorization |
System Accountability Metadata |
System Audit-Responsible |
System Audit-Implemented |
System Audit-Consistent |
Content |
Content-Created |
Content-Incorporated |
Use History Metadata |
Use-Type |
Use-Instance-Time |
Use-Instance-User |
Use-Evidential Consequences |
This metadata specification has been mapped to ISAD(G) (Bearman and Duff 1996) and DC (Bearman 1997 [?]).
Importance for CEDARS
Although designed for archives and to preserve the "evidentiality" of records, the Pittsburgh metadata specification is an important piece of work that has relevance to work being carried out in CEDARS.
Brief description
The RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata was constituted in May 1997 and charged with identifying the kinds of information (metadata) required by the preservation community to manage a digital master file over time. Its precise objectives (RLG PRESERV 1997) were to:
The Working Group produced a report (Preliminary: January 1998, Final: May 1998) outlining suitable metadata elements for digital image files (RLG Working Group 1998). The WG noted that other information, like copyright and use-restriction data, is important and could be recorded at the same time as a digital master is being created.
The RLG Working Group report is available on the Web at:
RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata, 1998, Final report. Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, May. <URL:http://www.rlg.org/preserv/presmeta.html>
The Working Group's charge can be found at:
RLG PRESERV, 1997, RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata. 12 February. <URL:http://www.rlg.org/preserv/metadata.html>
Metadata issues
RLG working group deemed the following 16 metadata elements crucial to the continued viability of a digital image master:
The report also published implementations in DC, USMARC and XML. For example, the Dublin Core implementation looks like this:
DC.Title: [Title of digitized item]
DC.Creator.PersonalName: [Author or creator of intellectual content]
DC.Creator.Role: Author
DC.Contributor.CorporateName: [Agency responsible for transcribing metadata]
DC.Creator.Role: Transcriber (Metadata)
DC.Contributor.CorporateName: [Agency to which digitization was outsourced]
DC.Contributor.Role: [Producer]
DC.Contributor.CorporateName.Address: [Address of outsourcing agency]
DC.Publisher: [Institution responsible for digitization]
DC.Date: [date digital preservation copy created--YYYY-DD-MM]
DC.Form: Image
RLG.Form.Capture: [Make and model of scanner or digital camera and relevant capture details]
RLG.Form.Validation: [Validation Key, Watermark]
RLG.Form.Encryption: [Encryption technique]
RLG.Form.Compression.Method [e.g., JPEG, LZW]
RLG.Form.Compression.Level [value including capture device information that makes this information meaningful]
RLG.Form.Color: [The color palette with which the associated image or information is rendered]
RLG.Form.ColorManagement: [Associated color management systems]
RLG.Form.Resolution: [e.g., pixel dimensions, dpi, ppi, mtf]
RLG.Form.Modification: [Change History]
DC.Description: [Color Bar/Gray Scale Bar; Control targets]
DC.Identifier: [URL of document if metadata not carried in header]
DC.Source.Date: [Date of print version that is digitally reproduced]
DC.Source.Publisher: [publisher of print version that is digitally reproduced]
RLG.Source.Condition: [Physical condition of source item, etc.]
NOTE: Alternatively, instead of source use RELATION element to identify print version:
DC.Relation.Type: IsVersionOf
DC.Relation.Identifier: [e.g., catalog record no. for original]
Importance for CEDARS
The report of the RLG Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata is an important document for CEDARS and for other projects. It is one of very few initiatives that has attempted to identify the actual metadata elements required for preservation. Its main drawback is that the sixteen metadata elements relate primarily to digital images. CEDARS could attempt to use the RLG elements as a basis for recording metadata about digital image files and consider supplementing the RLG list with elements relevant for other formats.
Brief description
The EBU-SMPTE Task Force was set up in 1996 and was born out of a realisation that the coming explosion in the use of digital production technology in television could bring with it interoperability problems (Bradshaw 1998). The Task Force's objective is the establishment of efficient and interoperable methods of exchanging television programme materials between systems.
The Task Force recognised that a core enabling-infrastructure is needed to facilitate the archiving and retrieval of televisual material. It proposed the development of systems based on automatic, machine-generated, metadata supplemented by additional Knowing that there is unlikely to be any 'standard' metadata implementation, the Task Force suggested defining metadata exchange between systems.
The EBU-SMPTE Task Force Web page is at:
European Broadcasting Union, 1998, Joint EBU SMPTE Task Force: Harmonised Standards for the Exchange of Television Programme Material as Bit Streams. <URL:http://www.ebu.ch/pmc_es_tf.html>
A 'Request for Technology' (RFT) with regard to metadata and file wrappers is available at:
Task Force for Harmonised Standards for the Exchange of Television Programme Material as Bit Streams, 1997, Request for technology: "Metadata and file Wrappers", "Networking and protocols for audio, video and metadata transfers. European Broadcasting Union / Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. <URL:http://www.ebu.ch/pmc_estf_rft.pdf>
Metadata issues
The Joint Task Force have defined a Metadata Dictionary Core Structure which looks like this (Bradshaw 1998):
0.0 Data Transport Metadata + Dictionary ID (Wrapper)
1.0 Essential Metadata - "metadata items necessary to identify, open and define the elements to follow"
2.0 Access - to control access
3.0 Parametrics - camera parametric data
4.0 Heritage - how the video was composed
5.0 Temporal - dates, time-codes, etc.
6.0 Geospatial
7.0 Descriptive - language descriptions of content
8.0 Other Registered Elements
9.0 Other User Defined Elements
Unique identifiers would appear in Class 1 (Essential Metadata) and would be an important key to the EBU-SMPTE Metadata Dictionary.
Importance for CEDARS
No direct importance to CEDARS (yet). EBU-SMPTE Metadata is currently less concerned with preservation than making archive video available for commercial motives in the new digital TV environment. Standards developed here may, however, impact on other areas of digital technology storage and re-use.
Brief description
An investigation of the Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records was a three-year project (1994-1997) funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRCC) and carried out by the School of Library, Archival and Information Studies (SLAIS) at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver. It is usually referred to as the "UBC Project". Its aim was to "identify and define the requirements for creating, handling and preserving reliable and authentic electronic records". Project objectives included:
The methodological approach of the UBC project was to determine whether presuppositions about the nature of 'records' originating in the disciplines of diplomatics and archival science were relevant and useful in the new electronic environment. Diplomatics is a body of concepts and methods, dating from the seventeenth century, which help prove the reliability and authenticity of documents (Duranti and MacNeil 1996b, p. 47). The UBC project was, therefore, largely concerned with the concepts of 'reliability' and 'authenticity' in an archival context (Duranti 1995):
Reliability is, therefore, something exclusively linked to record creation while authenticity, according to Duranti and MacNeil (1996b, p. 56), is linked to "the record's mode, form, and state of transmission, and to the manner of its preservation and custody, and [ensures that it] is protected and guaranteed through the adoption of methods that ensure that the record is not manipulated, altered, or otherwise falsified after its creation ...". The UBC Project investigators believe that archival custody is important to ensure authenticity once records have become inactive. Duranti (1996), in particular, has criticised David Bearman's 'non-custodial' approach to archives (e.g. Bearman 1991) and the concept of 'distributed custody' developed by Australian Archives (e.g. Upward and McKemmish 1994). She points out that "the authenticity of inactive records traditionally has been protected by physically transferring them to an archival institution or programme and, once transferred, by arranging and describing them" (Duranti 1997, p. 61). The replacement of archival description by the automated capture of contextual metadata (as proposed by the Pittsburgh Project) is accordingly rejected (MacNeil 1995). Duranti maintains that metadata are inadequate "because metadata do not contain 'historical' context, but only the contextual data contemporary to records creation, and because they only record the limited contextual fabric that a document has within the electronic system in which it exists" (Duranti 1996, p. 252).
The project is briefly described on the project home page:
Duranti, L, Eastwood, T. and MacNeil, H., 1997, The Preservation of the Integrity of Electronic Records.
Vancouver: University of British Columbia, School of Library, Archival and Information Studies. <URL:http://www.slais.ubc.ca/users/duranti/>
In addition, there are a number of progress reports (Duranti and Eastwood 1995; Duranti, MacNeil and Underwood 1996; Duranti and MacNeil 1996a; MacNeil 1997) and a published project overview written by Luciana Duranti and Heather MacNeil (1996b).
Metadata issues
The UBC Project is interesting because it rejects the Pittsburgh Project's emphasis on the development of functional specifications for record-keeping systems with record evidentiality preserved by means of metadata. It makes a strong case for the physical custody by archival institutions of electronic records and notes the importance of archival description in this context.
In addition, the UBC investigators developed a set of eight templates that identify the necessary and sufficient components of records in both traditional and electronic recordkeeping environments (Duranti and MacNeil 1996b). These templates (available on the UBC Project home page) define the necessary and sufficient components of:
Some of the attributes in the resulting 'document profile' could be considered to comprise metadata. These attributes include:
Importance for CEDARS
As a project primarily concerned with archives, the UBC Project is not of direct relevance to CEDARS. However, its concern with authenticity and archives as the upholders of this authenticity might have relevance to any concerns CEDARS may have with intellectual preservation, i.e. to what extent can data creators or publishers be trusted not to delete or change digital objects under their control. This raises all sorts of other issues about the custodial role of digital archives, including CEDARS.
Brief description
The Universal Preservation Format (UPF) is a WGBH Foundation sponsored initiative, part-funded by a NHPRC grant, to advocate a platform-independent format which will help make accessible a wide variety of data types. A UPF will be particularly important for audio-visual data (e.g. video-archives) where there exist very large collections of material, e.g. material on deteriorating analogue tapes, which can be preferably transferred to a single format. Thom Shepard (1997) comments that the initiative's central goal is to "work with representatives from standards organisations, hardware and software companies, museums, academic institutions, archives and library science communities to produce and publish a Recommended Practices document". The initiative is connected with the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) who have assigned an official Study Group for it (Shepard 1997).
A UPF would include a wrapper (or container) with a framework structure (on the Warwick Framework (e.g. Dempsey and Weibel 1996; Weibel and Lagoze 1997) model) which would be used for storing both digital content and metadata.
Information on the UPF can be found on the UPF Web page. This gives access to a varierty of Web-based documents on the proposed format including papers by Dave MacCarn (1997) and Shepard (1997):
Shepard, T., 1998, UPF Home. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation. <URL:http://info.wgbh.org/upf/>
Metadata issues
The UPF initiative does not propose the adoption of any particular metadata. It proposes a model based on self-describing wrappers (containers) that contain both content and metadata which can explain what particular content is there and how to use it. Wrapper technologies investigated by MacCarn (1997) include Apple's Bento specification, Avid Technology's Open Media Framework (OMF) Interchange and the work of the European Broadcasting Union-SMPTE Task Force on creating an exchange format for video materials.
UPF has also noted the major importance of unique identifiers and expects to include such a system or systems in its Recommended Practice note.
Importance for CEDARS
It is too early to accurately assess UPF's importance for CEDARS's metadata work. Some of the concepts used in UPF, however, may be useful for other CEDARS Working Groups.
The projects, initiatives and formats reviewed in this report show that much work remains to be done. There is one set of metadata data elements (RLG Working Group) for digital images, and good detailed specifications for metadata from PANDORA and the Pittsburgh NHPRC project. These in particular need to be studied in more detail. The OAIS model is also useful. Other initiatives, especially the EBU-SMPTE Task Force, UPF and the UBC Project are not directly relevant to CEDARS concerns with regard to metadata, but are worth "keeping tabs" on.
A few preliminary recommendations:
The adoption of persistent and unique identifiers is vital, both in the CEDARS project and outside.
Many of these initiatives mention "wrappers", "containers" and "frameworks". Some thought should be given to how metadata should be integrated with data content in CEDARS.
Authenticity (or intellectual preservation) is going to be important. It will be interesting to investigate whether some archivists' concerns with custody or "distributed custody" will have relevance to CEDARS.
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Arts and Humanities Data Service |
Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems |
Compact Disc - Read Only Memory |
CURL Exemplars in Digital ArchiveS |
Consortium of University Research Libraries |
DADs |
Digital Archive Directions Workshop |
Dublin Core |
Digital Object Identifier |
European Broadcasting Union |
eLib |
Electronic Libraries Programme |
International Council on Archives |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
Internet Engineering Task Force |
International Monetary Fund |
Information Management and Office Systems Advancement |
General International Standard Archival Description |
International Standard Book Number |
International Organisation for Standardisation |
Joint Information Systems Committee |
National Aeronautics and Space Agency |
National Center for Supercomputing Applications |
National Historical Publications and Records Commission |
National Library of Australia |
Open Archival Information System |
Online Computer Library Center |
Preserving and Accessing Networked DOcumentary Resources of Australia |
Resource Description Framework |
Request for Comments |
Research Libraries Group |
Standard Generalised Markup Language |
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers |
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada |
University of British Columbia |
Universal Preservation Format |
Uniform Resource Name |
World Wide Web Consortium |
Extensible Markup Language |
Section 2 of this report is based on a paper given at the Sixth DELOS Workshop: Preservation of Digital Information, Tomar, Portugal, 18 June 1998.
UKOLN is funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, the Joint Information Services Committee of the UK Higher Education Funding councils, as well as by project funding from JISC's eLib Programme and the European Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath, where it is based.
Created and maintained by: Michael Day, Research Officer,
UKOLN: The UK Office for Library and Information Networking,
University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. |