text:
Publication number | US7685220 B2 |
Publication type | Grant |
Application number | US 11/302,243 |
Publication date | Mar 23, 2010 |
Filing date | Dec 14, 2005 |
Priority date | Dec 14, 2005 |
Fee status | Paid |
Also published as | CN101331479A, CN101331479B, EP1960905A2, US20070133389, WO2007068438A2, WO2007068438A3 |
Publication number | 11302243, 302243, US 7685220 B2, US 7685220B2, US-B2-7685220, US7685220 B2, US7685220B2 |
Inventors | Anders Berkeman, Leif Wilhelmsson, Jim Svensson |
Original Assignee | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) |
Export Citation | BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan |
Patent Citations (26), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (4), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7) | |
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet | |
The present invention relates to the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and more particularly to accomplishing a FFT with a cyclic shift of the input data, or equivalently a FFT with a rotation of each output data.
The FFT has an enormous number of applications in modem digital signal processing, ranging from low-level telecommunication signaling to speech and image processing. In some applications, the transform data set is pre-shifted or post-rotated for specific purposes.
From transform theory, it is known that pre-shifting and post-rotation are equivalent operations. However, in conventional arrangements their implementations differ from one another. A pre-shifter is composed of a buffer at least the size of the transform size, and some addressing logic. By contrast, the post-rotator is implemented as a complex multiplier or as a pure rotator, using for example the COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm, and some rotation angle generator (e.g., a table stored in a memory).
A typical application in which pre-shifting and/or post-rotation are used in conjunction with an FFT is in communication systems that utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to communicate information. To date, OFDM is used in various wireless local area network (WLAN) standards (e.g., IEEE 802.11a and WiMAX) and digital television (DVB). OFDM is also being considered for future communication standards such as ultra wideband (UWB) and enhancements to the "3G" (third generation) cellular systems.
One use of the pre-shifting is in improving time synchronization in OFDM. A single time domain OFDM symbol with a cyclic prefix is illustrated in
Receiver time synchronization, that is, finding the best location for placement of the FFT window, is crucial to achieve good receiver performance. Under no circumstances may the window be placed such that more than one symbol (including its cyclic prefix) is covered, since this would lead to inter-symbol interference (ISI), that is, the mixing of two independent symbols into one.
The optimal location of the window is to place it "as late as possible" without including data from the next symbol's cyclic prefix. An overly aggressive approach may, however, lead to ISI, so there has to be some margin of safety. Placing the window early, including parts of the cyclic prefix eliminates the risk of ISI, as long as the channel's impulse response is sufficiently short.
An early placement of the FFT window corresponds to a cyclic shift of the transform input data (see
Another use for the pre-shifting and/or post-rotation in OFDM is when the communication channel has a large delay spread. Such channels experience a rotation in the frequency domain, which can be mitigated by the proposed FFT scheme.
The benefits of pre-shifting and/or post-rotation do not come without a price. A circular shift in the time domain requires a large buffer and a corresponding latency and energy consumption for a hardware implementation. The corresponding post-rotation requires a high precision de-rotator operating on all transform output data, resulting in an increase in chip area as well as energy consumption.
Existing solutions have presented problems. The state-of-the-art circular shift is implemented either in the time domain or the frequency domain. Although the two methods result in different realizations, what they have in common is that area, latency, and energy consumption increase to a significant amount compared to the FFT alone.
For a time domain solution, the input data to the FFT is shifted circularly before transformation. In order to perform this shift, all data to be transformed must be available if the FFT is not implemented using a pipelined approach. Thus an extra buffer of size N words is needed. Even if a pipelined approach is used for the FFT, it may be necessary to provide a buffer to store as many as N-1 words, depending on the amount of circular shifting that the arrangement is to be capable of handling.
In the frequency domain method, the shift corresponds to a rotation of each output data. No buffer is needed in this case, but the technique still has the associated problem of requiring a high resolution rotator. In addition, the output data from the FFT may be generated in a bit-reversed order, meaning that the rotation angle for each consecutive output sample will appear to be more or less random. Thus, a large table to store the angles may result.
In view of the preceding discussion, it is apparent that state-of-the-art methods suffer from a significant overhead in area, latency, and energy consumption. Therefore, it is desirable to provide improved techniques and apparatuses for accomplishing an FFT with a pre-shift/post-rotation of data.
It should be emphasized that the terms "comprises" and "comprising", when used in this specification, are taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components; but the use of these terms does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the foregoing and other objects are achieved in a Decimation In Frequency (DIF) FFT stage that is used in an N bin FFT, wherein N is an even integer. The DIF FFT stage includes swap logic that receives a first input sample, x(v), and a second input sample, x(v+N/2), and selectively supplies either the first and second input samples at respective first and second swap logic output ports or alternatively the second and first input samples at the respective first and second swap logic output ports, wherein 0≦v<N/2. The DIF FFT stage further includes a summing unit for adding values supplied by the first and second swap logic output ports; a differencing unit for subtracting values supplied by the first and second swap logic output ports; and twiddle factor logic that multiplies a value supplied by the differencing unit by a twiddle factor, WN (v+s)mod(N/2), where s is an integer representing an amount of circular shift of N input samples.
In another aspect, an FFT processor comprises the above-mentioned DIF FFT stage and logic that controls the swap logic by causing the first and second input samples to be supplied at the respective first and second swap logic output ports if (v+s)mod N<N/2, and causing the second and first input samples to be supplied at the respective first and second swap logic output ports if (v+s)mod N≧N/2.
In alternative embodiments, an FFT processor comprises the above-mentioned DIF FFT stage and logic that controls the swap logic by causing the first and second input samples to be supplied at the respective first and second swap logic output ports if (v+s)^N/2=0, and causing the second and first input samples to be supplied at the respective first and second swap logic output ports if (v+s)^N/2≠0, wherein ^ denotes a bitwise logical AND operation.
The objects and advantages of the invention will be understood by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which:
The various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the figures, in which like parts are identified with the same reference characters.
The various aspects of the invention will now be described in greater detail in connection with a number of exemplary embodiments. To facilitate an understanding of the invention, many aspects of the invention are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by elements of a computer system or other hardware capable of executing programmed instructions. It will be recognized that in each of the embodiments, the various actions could be performed by specialized circuits (e.g., discrete logic gates interconnected to perform a specialized function), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Moreover, the invention can additionally be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of computer readable carrier, such as solid-state memory, magnetic disk, or optical disk containing an appropriate set of computer instructions that would cause a processor to carry out the techniques described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the invention may be embodied in many different forms, and all such forms are contemplated to be within the scope of the invention. For each of the various aspects of the invention, any such form of embodiments may be referred to herein as "logic configured to" perform a described action, or alternatively as "logic that" performs a described action.
An aspect of the invention is performance of the shifting/rotation and the FFT in the same operation, resulting in more efficient use of hardware, time, and energy. This approach, which is described in detail below, is applicable to all areas of technology in which shifted FFTs may be used, including but not limited to image processing, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), ultra wideband (UWB) communications, echo cancellation, and the like. The approach is also applicable to all kind of FFT architectures, independent of pipelining, radix, or parallelization.
The radix-2 FFT algorithm is derived from the discrete Fourier transform by means of a divide and conquer approach. There are two fundamental versions of the algorithm, one derived by decimating in the time domain, and the other by decimation in the frequency domain. In order to facilitate an understanding of the various aspects of the invention, the discussion now begins with a derivation of the radix-2 Decimation In Frequency (DIF) FFT algorithm.
First, let x(n) be a sequence of samples for n=0 . . . N−1, where N is an even number, and preferably a power of 2. The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of the sequence x(n) is then denoted X(k), where k=0 . . . N−1. Using the twiddle factor notation
W N =e −j2π/N
to simplify the expressions, the DFT from x(n) to X(k) can be written
Equation (1) is then analyzed independently for even and odd frequencies k. For even frequencies the expression is
The twiddle factor of the sum completes twice the number of turns for n=0 . . . N−1 compared to the original equation (1). Therefore, the sum is split into two half range sums, from 0 to N/2−1,
This expression is easier to read by defining u(n)=x(n)+x(n+N/2) for 0≦n<N/2. In fact, it turns out to be the size N/2 FFT of u(n)
Now, changing focus to the odd frequencies of the transform and applying the same technique gives
Here too, the twiddle factor makes twice the number of turns when n ranges from 0 to N−1 compared to Equation (1), and so similar to above, the sum is split into two half range sums, from 0 to N/2−1,
Introducing a new help variable v(n)=WN n(x(n)−x(n+N/2)) for n=0 to N/2−1 results in
To conclude, a size N FFT of the signal x(n) is divided into the computation of the two size N/2 FFTs of the sequences u(n) and v(n), where u and v are simple functions of x
An arrangement for determining a size N FFT from two size N/2 FFTs is illustrated in
Application of the divide and conquer approach can be repeated as long as the transform to be divided up into two half-size transforms is even. Each repetition always results in a group of N/2 new butterflies. Such a group is denoted a butterfly stage. To illustrate this,
It is further noted that, at each individual division of one transform into two half-size transforms, there is no need for N to be a power of two. However, if the size of the complete transform is not a power of two, then at some stage N will be even, but N/2 will not be, and then that transform cannot be further divided using the technique described above.
The effect of pre-shift and post-rotation will now be described. As before, the DFT of the time discrete signal x(n), n=0 . . . N−1, is defined to be
where k=0 . . . N−1. Let xs(n) be the signal x(n) shifted s cyclic steps to the left. Then,
x s(n)=x((n+s)mod N).
Now, the Fourier transform of xs(n) is by definition
Substituting n=l gives
which is the transform of x(n) multiplied by a rotation factor WN −ks. Thus, a shift in the time domain corresponds to a rotation in the frequency domain. For an inverse Fourier transform, the situation is the opposite.
A hardware implementation of an FFT may be based on a direct mapping of its data-flowgraph, such as the one depicted in
For many digital signal processing applications, data arrives in a serial fashion, one sample after the other. This is the case, for example, for a digitized speech signal or a sampled radio baseband signal from an antenna. A parallel FFT implementation is clearly too fast for such applications. To avoid this mismatch, the data flowgraph may be folded in a manner that requires only one butterfly processor per butterfly stage to be implemented.
The architecture for a radix-2 butterfly stage 400 for such a folded FFT implementation is depicted in
In the shift mode, the data path logic 403 is configured to receive N/2 samples from the input and feed these into the delay line 401. In parallel, data path logic 403 receives the contents of the delay line 401, and supplies this as the output of the radix-2 butterfly stage 400. Thus, the radix-2 butterfly stage 400 in this mode operates only as a delay line.
In the computation mode, the data path logic 403 computes a butterfly operation from a current input sample and a data shifted out from the delay line. One output from the butterfly operation is supplied as the output of the radix-2 butterfly stage 400, while the other output from the butterfly operation is fed to the input of the delay line 401.
In an aspect of the invention, a standard FFT processor is modified so that it computes the same result independent of the amount of circular shifting that is applied to the input data. The modification includes changing the butterfly processor element by adding an input data swapper and an offset to the twiddle factor index. Some simple control logic is included to determine what the twiddle factor offset should be and when the input data should be swapped. This is now described in greater detail.
To facilitate an understanding of the various aspects of the invention, an exemplary single butterfly stage for an N bin FFT is analyzed. Consider the indices 0 . . . N−1 for the N input samples x(0) . . . x(N−1), and the corresponding N/2 butterflies needed to perform the FFT, of which butterflies 0 and 1 ("BF0" and "BF1") are schematically shown in
After a circular left shift of the input data indices, the situation is as depicted in
Similarly, the rightmost butterfly, which previously received inputs corresponding to indices N/2−1 and N−1, is now fed with inputs corresponding to indices N/2 and 0. Consequently, instead of functioning as BFN/2−1, the functioning of this butterfly stage should be changed as well to match its inputs. It will be observed, however, that because the sample x(0) has been wrapped from a left-most to a right-most position, the input order of the two samples x(0) and x(N/2) is reversed compared to a standard BF0 butterfly. To indicate this reversal of inputs, the butterfly is denoted BF0′.
For a circular right shift of the input data, the situation is as depicted in
Control logic (not shown) for the multiplexers 801, 803 may operate in accordance with the following: Given two inputs, x(v) and x(v+N/2), where 0≦v<N/2, the multiplexers 801, 803 should swap the inputs if (v+s)mod N≧N/2, or equivalently (when N is a power of 2) if (v+s)^N/2≠0, where s is the number of shifts, and ^ denotes the bitwise logical AND operation. Otherwise, swapping does not occur. The sign of s can be used to control the direction of shifting, but for convenience s can be limited to the range 0≦s<N because a shift of s bits in one direction (e.g., left) is equivalent to a shift of N−s bits in the opposite direction (e.g., right).
The output from the first multiplexer 801 is supplied to a first input of a summing unit 805 and also to a first input of a differencing unit 807. Similarly, the output from the last multiplexer 803 is supplied to a second input of the summing unit 805 and also to a second input of the differencing unit 807. The output from the second differencing unit 807 is supplied to twiddle factor logic 809.
Another aspect of the stage 800 that differs from a conventional butterfly stage is that the twiddle multiplication coefficient used within the twiddle factor logic 809 is offset by a factor s, so that it is equal to WN (v+s)mod(N/2). The modulo operation comes at no cost if N is a power of two because it results in a wrap-around in a binary number system.
Two outputs are supplied by the stage 800: A first of these outputs, x′(v), is supplied by the summing unit 805. The second of these outputs, x′(v+N/2), is supplied by the twiddle factor logic 809.
A number of stages 800 may be interconnected in a manner such as illustrated in
The butterfly stage as exemplified by the stage 800 enables an FFT processor (herein referred to as "circular FFT processor") to be built that directly computes a transform of the pre-shifted, or equivalently post-rotated, data, without requiring separate pre-shift or post-rotation circuitry. The circular FFT processor is useful in many applications. Such applications include, but are not limited to: compensating for a misplaced FFT window in an OFDM receiver; and counteracting the rotation caused by channels having a large delay spread.
Designs in accordance with the invention provide a number of advantages over conventional techniques. For example, such designs do not suffer from the additional area, energy, and timing increments that result if a state-of-the-art pre-shift or post-rotation approach is applied to perform the same operation. Overall control of the processor is also simplified because the shifting is performed inside the FFT processor, and no additional blocks or wires have to be added, except for the input signal s that conveys the shift amount. For a system designer, the additional shifting functionality is hidden within the FFT hardware.
Circular FFTs in accordance with the invention are especially useful in situations in which the samples do not arrive at an FFT in a proper order x(0), x(1), x(2), . . . , x(N−1), but instead are circularly shifted by some amount, s, and so instead arrive in the order x(s), x(s+1), x(s+2), . . . , x(N−1), x(0), x(1), . . . , x(s−1). This can, for example, happen when there is an improperly placed FFT window in an OFDM receiver. Also, an undesired circular shift of input samples can be caused by propagation through a channel having a large delay spread. The circular FFT as taught here can be used to solve these problems because it enables the same FFT output to be generated as though there had not been any shift of the input samples. Conceptually, it is as if the FFT processor had circularly shifted the input by an amount, s, in the opposite direction before doing the calculations although, as has been shown, no actual shifting is needed to accomplish this. Such embodiments would include logic that determines an amount of circular shifting of the input samples and controls the FFT processor to use a value of s that is equivalent to the amount of circular shifting of the input samples but in an opposite direction.
The invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific forms other than those of the embodiment described above. The described embodiments are merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is given by the appended claims, rather than the preceding description, and all variations and equivalents which fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
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U.S. Classification | 708/409, 708/404 |
International Classification | G06F17/14 |
Cooperative Classification | H04L27/2662, H04L27/265, G06F17/142 |
European Classification | H04L27/26M5A1, G06F17/14F2 |
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text:
Wedding Bell Wake-Up
By Sara
Anyone who truly gets me is well informed that Hallowe'en is my favourite holiday and October is my favourite month. I seriously live for the creepy-creeperson of it all and could spend soulless hours planning and creating disturbingly gory costumes, treating, and tricks du jour.
One of my best pals from University in Ohio is getting hitched on the 31st of this month and has asked me to be in her weddin'. For those who are supportively cringing at my potential misfortune, fear not, fair Nells! Pal Karen P. is and will always remain on the tippy-top of my 'Funky Chicks I Adore' list. Consequentially, anything this Girl would and has conjured up and employed I have never questioned. Therefore, when I received a request call from KP to wear the bridesmaid's dress, mosey down an aisle in Chicago, and rep-pre-sent, I was more than down. I was also wondering what the hitch was; this being an affair on the most blessed spookay-dom day of our calendar year.
Years of University buddy-ship (and beyond) assured yours truly that KP is far too funky to pull out any sort of Ghoulish-themed wedding, so when she mentioned the quant little church in Lincoln Park, Illinois, I waited for the grand finale. There had to be something…with the two of us there is ALWAYS something. Even when there isn't something, there's at least a zany pretend something. Here's the something: The reception is taking place at the Museum of Surgical Sciences. Brilliant. My Pal is bar none. I mean, there are veeery few people I will ditch out on Hallowe'en costumes for and Karen is absolutely one of them, but to select a place, which looks like a clean version of the Addam's Familys house in which to hold your wedding reception?! Like I said, this chick is at the height of cool.
I have no doubt that this will be one of the most magnacornacopious (made that one up, yes) weddings I will ever attend and even if I wasn't invited, I'd find a way to slither myself onto that guest list.
Having written that, lemme gift you a little background on the makings up of my relationship with Karen, all bullet like:
- When I met Karen, during Freshman year, she was on roller skates. Shortly after that, I was on roller skates.
- While all the other Freshman girls were are workin' their goods for beer, Karen & I become the darling pets of the Lambda Chi Alphas due to our cuteness and feigned innocence. Being short and adorable, KP charmed the entire group out of Killian Reds six packs and into always protecting us chicks. I merely stumbled along in awe of her skillz.
- Upon the seeming ridiculous verdict of the OJ Simpson trial, KP & I, along with our pal Jamie, set up a mock orange juice stand. We gave away the juice and shouted to anyone living on the West Quad, 'OJ! Free of charge!'
- Karen's Mum was/is terrified of the Pillsbury Dough Boy. Once, while mine & KP's parents were visiting Ohio, we all ventured out to dinner, where I brought along a small version of Dough-y (upon KP's suggestion, of course). Dough-y travelled underneath the table, through all the diners' hands, to end up on Mrs. P's plate and greeted with a fabulous gasp of 'EEEEEEK!'
- After graduation, Karen rang me up to give me the low-down on her life involving attending a new college in Chicago which she was registered at, but couldn't remember the name of. We immediately decided that 'Random University' was the place for her and began selecting ho-hum school colours, deciding on Mauve and Taupe.
- Karen eventually became an English teacher and was sentenced to the South side of Chicagoland. She rang me on her first day to tell me all about the punctuation poster in her classroom, which had a bullet hole through the period mark.
Like all weddings I attend, this one is already off to a glorious beginning. And, like all weddings should be which I attend, the Pillsbury Dough Boy will be accompanying me.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monday, February 6, 2012
House Tour: Guest Room
The guest room, like our bedroom, still feels a bit incomplete, so I've been hesitating to finish out the house tour. That's silly, though, because this is my best pitch for you to come and visit me! I have a real bed for you to sleep in, and there are doors that you can close!
I've never had a guest room before. A lot of people complain that an extra bed takes up lots of space that's hardly ever used. I quite like it, though. I usually call this bed the "vacation bed" and will take an afternoon vacation there to read and hang out in a room not my own. That sounds super weird now that I write it.
Do you have a guest room? Please tell me you like to visit it on the reg. for cheap vacations :)
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Utah Department of Transportation
Contact UDOT
Site Map
Transportation Commission
Meetings, Agendas, Audio and Minutes
Pre-2014 Commission Meeting Minutes
Transportation Commission: Archived Minutes
July 19, 2005
Utah Transportation Commission
July 19, 2005
Randolph, Utah
The regular meeting of the Utah Transportation Commission, held in the Rich County Senior Citizens Center, 20 North Main, Randolph, Utah, was called to order at 9:04 a.m. by Chairman Glen Brown. He introduced the Commissioners and welcomed those attending. Director Njord and Deputy Director Braceras were excused from today's meeting.
Approval of Minutes
Commissioner Warnick moved to approve the minutes of the June 17, 2005, regular Commission meeting held in Roosevelt, Utah. Commissioner Lewis seconded the motion and the minutes were approved.
Commissioner Wells moved to approve the minutes of the June 17, 2005, Executive Session held in Roosevelt, Utah. Commissioner Bodily seconded the motion and the closed minutes were approved.
Local Area Presentation
Chairman Brown turned the time over to Commissioner Bodily for the local area presentation and the public comments portion of the agenda. Cory Pope, Region One Director, with the help of Brad Humphreys, Region One Project Manager, gave a presentation covering projects in Rich and Cache Counties, including projects recently completed, projects currently in construction, active projects in design, local government projects, and safety upgrades for preservation projects. There was additional discussion regarding the Summit to Garden City project and the potential snowmobile underpass project. Chairman Brown proposed that the first of any additional dollars the Department receives be spent on the snowmobile underpass project. Now is the time to do it. Brent DeYoung, Region One Project Manager, stated that this project requires a little more than a regular undercrossing because a lot of retaining walls are needed along the north side in order to take the trail down the side of the road underneath it. The size has to be a little larger than most pedestrian undercrossings because it has to be large enough for a groomer to pass through it. It will also be more expensive than a normal pedestrian undercrossing, but it should be less than $800,000. Mr. Pope said the underpass issue would be discussed in more detail in a separate agenda item.
Public Comments
Alan Harrison, Bear Lake Regional Commission, expressed concerns about the Rendezvous Rest Area at the south end of Bear Lake and wondered what UDOT had in mind for that facility. Dave Miles, Operations Engineer, said there's been discussion about whether the Department can afford to keep that rest area open or not, since a new rest area is being built up Logan Canyon. They realize it's an important location, but the budget for rest areas is strained. Mayor McKay Willis of Laketown said this a very heavily used rest area and he doesn't see any relationship between the Logan Canyon rest area and the one on Bear Lake. It shouldn't be eliminated unless State Parks takes it. If they do, that's fine. Otherwise, the trash around Bear Lake and the lack of restrooms would deteriorate the area. Mr. Harrison noted that it's the only facility on the lake in Idaho or Utah that's free to the public. UDOT's got a real gem there, and it's also a historical site. Before the Department does anything with it, talk to the Regional Commission and they'll try to buy it or something.
Rich County Commissioner Norm Weston expressed his appreciation to the Commission for coming to Rich County. He also appreciates that the Department hears about their problems and concerns, and takes care of those issues and gets things done. In regards to the Logan Canyon project, he commends UDOT on the manner in which they've put regulations on the construction company. They've been sensitive to the needs of the county, as they depend immensely on tourism.
Sharlotte Wride, Garden City Council, said she appreciates Region One and all they do. However, she needs some help. Because Garden City is quite impacted by tourism, especially in the summer, they have infrastructure problems. They are working on a new north/south bypass road in their general plan, and part of the new road will come out on Highway 89 by the marina. They've done several studies and have determined that they need a left hand turn lane onto their new road, but their problem is funding. Ms. Wride asked if someone could direct her to where she could get some help for this required turn lane. Mr. Pope said that left turn lanes are important and UDOT has several of them on their priority list for the roadway safety improvement program. However, the region may have some contingency money to help match, if the locals have some funding. Brett Hadley from Program Development said that Garden City could apply to the Joint Highway Committee for non-urban funds, which are federal aid funds set aside for cities and counties, just for the purpose of projects like this that are city or county projects. Mr. Hadley said he would work with Ms. Wride on what she needs to do to apply.
Rich County Commissioner Tom Weston thanked the Commission for coming to Randolph today. He feels they have some pretty good roads in Rich County, but they're kind of narrow. He said it seems like people can't get to Bear Lake fast enough, and they can't leave fast enough. In the future, he would like to have their roads looked at and widened with some passing lanes. That would help with safety. Commissioner Bodily turned the time back over to Chairman Brown.
Logan Canyon Snowmobile Crossing
Chairman Brown asked Mr. Pope which entities were willing to come to the table with some resources to help with the snowmobile crossing. Mr. Pope said that there is a $100,000 commitment from Parks and Recreation, a $20,000 commitment from Rich County, and a $40,000 commitment from Cache County, for a total of $160,000. The bid they got recently from the contractor was about an $800,000 bid. The engineer's estimate was around $400,000, which may be a little low, but Mr. Pope said he believes it's not that far off. However, one of his concerns is the potential for impacting the existing project in Logan Canyon. There's a pretty heavy incentive to get the project done prior to Raspberry Days, which is very important to the communities.
Chairman Brown said he doesn't want to lose the window of time, and the Commission would like the opportunity to help. When they've looked at this in the past, they didn't have the resources. But he thinks it's possible to find some resources now. Mr. DeYoung said the window of opportunity this summer is probably gone. Chairman Brown said he just wants to get this done before the entire project is completed. It's not scheduled to be done until next year anyway. Mr. DeYoung reiterated that it's going to be a real challenge to get the crossing completed next spring without impacting the final completion date for the project. Commissioner Clyde said he has heard enough reasons why the project can't be done. He suggested they listen to what the Chairman is saying and figure out a way to get it done. Mr. DeYoung said if they could get the funding, he's sure they could make it happen. Chairman Brown asked the Department to put this on a future agenda, at the earliest possible date, so the Commission can take official action on this issue.
Planning and Programming
2005-2009 STIP Amendment #6
Chairman Brown said Item 6 needed to be moved ahead of Item 5. Max Ditlevsen, Program Finance Manager, said the Commission approved this to go out to public comment at last month's meeting in Roosevelt. This is the Montezuma Creek Bridge that was described last month as being scour critical. No comments were received on this project, and it's before the Commission today to be approved as an amendment to the program.
Commissioner Wilson moved to approve Amendment #6. Commissioner Clyde seconded the motion and it was approved unanimously.
2005-2009 STIP Funding Adjustments
Mr. Ditlevsen asked the Commission to make three separate motions on these because of their affiliations with MPO's. Item 6B has three projects, and two of them are bridge projects. They have gone through a review for increased funding by the Joint Highway Committee (JHC). The first project is a bridge in Salt Lake on 700 South at the Jordan River; the sponsor is Salt Lake City. There has already been $200,000 added to the project as an administrative amendment, from the original Commission approved amount. But it has now exceeded the threshold for which it needs to come to the Commission, so the total approval amount would be $520,000, which includes that $200,000. The information in the Commission binders cites the reason for the increase. One of the things that has started to surface in a number of projects is the request to include a project contingency amount that the Department is requiring. It's money that may not have to be obligated, but it needs to be approved as a funding amount in the event there are contingency needs. The motion would be to approve this funding adjustment, contingent upon WFRC's approval in their August meeting.
Commissioner Wells moved to approve the SLC bridge funding adjustment request. It was seconded by Commissioner Bodily and the motion was approved.
Mr. Ditlevsen skipped ahead to the third request, since it's also a bridge project that went through the JHC process and the reasons are quite similar. The Thompson Bridge is in Grand County, and $515,000 of bridge off-system money needs to be added to the original Commission approved amount. The original amount was not adjusted for several years, and the Department's Quarterly Construction Cost Index shows upwards of almost a 75% to 80% cost increase in some projects.
Commissioner Lewis moved to approve the Thompson Bridge replacement funding increase. It was seconded by Commissioner Clyde and approved.
Mr. Ditlevsen said the last project is an enhancement project, the Bonneville Trail underpass, and is sponsored by Highland City. It crosses SR-92, just west of SR 74. The request is to add $180,000 to the project, bringing the total Commission approved amount to $345,000. The local match is 20% of that total. Letters and additional details have been provided in the Commission binders. The motion would be to approve the funding adjustment, contingent upon MAG's approval in their August meeting.
Chairman Brown asked how often the Department gets a request for an enhancement increase and what is causing the changes. Mr. Ditlevsen said they are starting to see more of them. Ahmad Jaber, Program Development Director, noted that the region requested the expansion of the bridge because they are going to widen SR-92, and they didn't want to go back and extend the trail when they did the widening. Chairman Brown said this one probably makes sense to do, but they need to guard against opening the door too much on increasing these enhancement projects. Pretty soon, it will be a lot easier to get in now, then get a project enlarged later. There better be good justification for an increase on an enhancement project. Mr. Hadley reemphasized the escalating construction costs, and the fact that the cities and counties are shooting at a moving target. Plus, the Department added the 10% contingency rule to all local government projects. That's why so many requests are coming in, and there will be more to come.
Commissioner Clyde moved to approve the Bonneville Trail funding increase. The motion was seconded by Commissioner Warnick and unanimously approved.
Safe Sidewalk Program
Mr. Ditlevsen noted that this is the annual safe sidewalk program, but it's a little different this year. This is $500,000 that UDOT receives annually for the program through the Legislature's appropriations process. For the allocation formula, 25% based on population, 25% based on school enrollment, and 50% based on pedestrian accidents. In addition to the identification of projects and distribution of monies this year, they also went to the regions with information about prior year's projects that had been approved so they could check with the local governments to see if they were still going to move ahead with them. That effort was focused on the years of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and from that effort, there was approximately $268,000 that was identified as prior year projects that were not going to go. So, that money has been folded back into these calculations. The summary schedule shows how the regions received their allocation of the money. There is also a sheet of recommended projects.
Chairman Brown asked how they end up with unused funds. Mr. Ditlevsen explained that there are a variety of reasons. One example came from a letter from Bluffdale City saying that there was a delay in getting the interlocal agreement signed, and in the interim, costs increased and workloads changed. The city is still interested in getting sidewalks constructed, and will strive to achieve that as time and budget allows. In Sandy City's case, the sidewalk, curb and gutter could have been installed, but they didn't think UDOT would want to fund those improvements and then remove them after one year because one of UDOT's projects would have disrupted the installation of the sidewalk. Mr. Ditlevsen said that none of the $268,000 has been brought to the Commission without concurrence on the part of the local governments. Additional discussion focused on making sure the Department communicates well with all local governments on how this program works and what is available.
Commissioner Bodily moved to approve the recommended amount for the Safe Sidewalk Program and the listed projects. Commissioner Warnick seconded the motion and it was approved.
Project Prioritization Process
Mr. Jaber said the discussion this morning would first focus on the administrative rules, then focus on the technical part of the process, which will include discussion about economic impact. Mr. Jaber handed out a draft administrative rule and said this was presented at last month's meeting in Roosevelt. He emphasized that the rules are written in a broad sense because they believe that the technical part of the process will change – it's an evolution. And, he wants to make sure that if changes are made to the technical process, they won't have to change the administrative rules themselves.
Mr. Jaber said the first comment received last month was from Commissioner Warnick on line 10. It was felt that term 'economic development' should be 'economic impact', as it's a little broader from that perspective. One other change was to say that economic development is a forecast of the economic 'benefit' that a proposed transportation project will cause, rather than a forecast of economic 'development.' Also, the definition of 'factors' on line 14 has been eliminated. Mr. Jaber pointed out line 27 and stressed the fact that a major new capacity project means a transportation project that costs more than $5 million, and it either adds new roads and interchanges, adds new lanes, or modifies existing interchanges for capacity or economic development purposes. If a project costs less than $5 million, in terms of capacity, it would not fit in this process, and the Commission would evaluate it differently. An example would be the passing lanes on SR-30 between Box Elder County and Cache County. On line 33, the term 'mobility' has no meaning in this context, so it was deleted. On line 44, it says that transportation growth means the projected percentage of average annual increase in ADT. That was added to the definitions.
Mr. Jaber said the next major change was on line 92. The full paragraph says that the Commission and the Legislature may change the prioritization process at any time and for any reason. Line 92 adds that if the Commission prioritizes a project over another project that has a higher rank under the criteria set forth in R937-1-4, the Commission shall identify the change and the reasons for it, and accept public comment at one of the public hearing held pursuant to R937-1-7. A public meeting like this would meet those requirements of the process.
Chuck Chappell from the Wasatch Front Regional Council thought this would likely apply to a category of funds. An example would be the Transportation Investment Fund, and if that, by definition, could only be spent on capacity projects. Passing lanes, by definition, would be a capacity project in rural areas. That's one point the Department needs to make sure is kept clear; so eligibility can be maintained in rural areas for passing lanes. His other comment is that he hopes there's more definition of the coordination between the Commission and the MPO's if there is a change to the priorities from the formula. He knows there is opportunity in a public hearing, but hopes there's more coordination that would take place before a public hearing, which would be defined in the detailed process. Commissioner Clyde asked if passing lanes were installed in a rural area, could they be considered a capacity project. Mr. Ditlevsen said that most often, in a rural area, they are probably driven more by safety concerns and moving some traffic, but not driven by congestion. Commissioner Clyde said this is something that should be researched and understood.
Mr. Jaber said he wanted to present some of the data from studies conducted by Dr. Schultz, a professor at BYU, regarding economic impacts of transportation improvement projects. The first survey summary by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), called Synthesis Report 290, was completed in June of 2000. The survey respondents included 36 state transportation agencies, 8 metropolitan planning organizations, and 7 Canadian Provinces. There's a high level of recognition of the role of economic development impacts in transportation planning; however, there is still some hesitation. Problems with existing procedures for assessing economic development impacts included results not being accepted universally, inadequate data, complexity of analysis methods, and inexperienced agency staff. There's also confusion about how agencies should select among economic impacts and the meaning of economic impacts or economic development impacts. Evaluations are most frequently measured in terms of changes in associated employment, income, and business output. Most agencies conduct detailed studies of economic development impacts only when warranted by specific needs, the most common motivation being a response to local concerns.
Mr. Jaber said the next survey was conducted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), which was published in January of this year. Overall, 43 of 50 state DOT's responded to the survey, and 20 of 28 transit agencies responded. This presentation is related strictly to transportation. A majority of state DOT's are not using formal or consistent economic impact analysis, nor use cost benefit analysis or cost effectiveness in their decision making process. Decisions to recommend a highway capacity project are most often based on political and public opinion. And once a project is built, few agencies go back and assess the value of that project. Mr. Jaber noted that another survey was conducted internally by BYU and UDOT, and was sent to the Transportation Commission, the MPO's, other government agencies, and national transportation groups. The response was fairly low; only 21% responded. Dr. Schultz believes the hesitation to respond is because the respondents are not using an economic impact analysis. From that internal survey, 65% of national transportation professionals stated they do not assign economic impacts, and 12% of those that responded said they use a weight of 10% for economic impact. A question asking what economic impacts would be most beneficial in the decision making process elicited responses such as a commitment of funding from those who want to move the project forward, job creation, a balance between job creation and infrastructure costs, and blight reduction.
Mr. Jaber mentioned the economic development impact models that have been used, including REMI and HEAT, which have been used by other state agencies to help with their decision making process. He said that Dr. Schultz has contacted those agencies to see how much it would cost UDOT to see any benefits. They both cost over $100,000 to get the process started, and would require internal resources from within UDOT to run the program. However, the question is how accurate the data is. The process is so complex that they're not sure the results will give them a black and white answer. Wisconsin put a heavy weight on economic impact and used the REMI model. Dr. Schultz was asked to contact the Wisconsin DOT and do more research. Mr. Jaber told the Commission there are a couple of approaches to choose from. One is to put economic impact in the second phase of project selection process. The technical process would give them a group of projects that would need to be investigated further, and then be put on the STIP. At that point, those projects would then go through the second phase, bringing in the economic impact evaluation, along with other factors like funding participation. The other approach would be to give a weight to economic impact, along with the other transportation efficiency factors. Mr. Jaber said he would recommend a weight of 10%, but it would be up to the Commission to decide that. The Steering Committee is more comfortable including the economic impact factor in the second phase of the selection process. Commissioner Warnick agreed and said he thinks economic impact ought to be part of the final process, and be considered along with other factors such as local participation, political factors, etc.
Commissioner Wilson asked when the summary would come back from Dr. Schultz. Mr. Jaber said they should be able to have information from the Wisconsin DOT and a draft by next month. However, Dr. Schultz will be out of the country until August 15. The summary would include the discussion on phase one and phase two, and how everything would flow through the process. They want to make sure the Commission is comfortable with the direction they are going, so if the focus is to have the economic impact factor be part of the second phase of the prioritization process, then they'll focus their energy in that direction. Vice-Chairman Bodily asked if that was the consensus of the Commission. The rest of the Commission agreed that it was.
Mr. Jaber distributed a handout and said he has written in some criteria on the last page, including high, medium and low indicators for each of the factors. The handout also shows a list of projects from the first phase of the long-range plan, which are all capacity projects in the first ten years of the plan. They have met with all the MPO's in the last two weeks and discussed the weight that should be given to each of the transportation efficiency factors. The intent is to have the total score add up to 100. The recommendation for the ADT would be 20 points out of 100. For volume to capacity and safety, the MPO's suggested that they receive a higher weight than the others, so the recommendation for those is 25 points. Commissioner Wells remarked that she feels that the volume to capacity and the safety indexes are definitely the ones that should have the highest value placed on them, so they are moving in the right direction with those. With this breakdown, especially if the economic factors are put into the second phase, they've got a good solid base of information that is quantifiable, versus some of the things in the second phase, which are subjective.
Report on the Corridor Preservation Revolving Fund
Lyle McMillan, Director of Right of Way, explained that this fund was set up by the Legislature in 1997, to help UDOT save money by purchasing property before it had buildings and occupants on it. It minimizes adverse publicity that comes from displacing people from their homes or businesses, it helps mitigate hardships, and it reduces litigation risk. Revenue sources include the initial $1 million from the general fund in 1997; an initial $10.822 million from bonding in 1999 and 2000; and $7.5 million in land paybacks. That's the revolving loan part. Currently, there is $500,000 received each year from general sales tax, $2.9 million per year from a 2.5% rental car tax, and $400,000 a year in lease receipts. Total fund revenues since inception is $53.37 million. That doesn't include paying back the bond, so the net is about $640 million.
Mr. McMillan said that about $15.5 million has been spent on SR-89 in Davis County, which is about 45% of the proceeds from the fund. Funds have also been used to help UTA purchase park and ride lots and other small pieces; $6 million was used for the I-15 interchange in Lehi; several properties in Sandy and Draper have been purchased for the Highland Drive corridor; almost $6 million has been used for Mountain View Corridor properties; and about $6 million was used for the Legacy Parkway. Mr. McMillan next reviewed the number of properties purchased by corridor, the comparison of bare ground versus hardship purchases, and the year-to-year allocations. For 2005, the beginning fund balance was $6.7 million. Of that, $5.2 million has already been obligated, leaving a balance of $1.5 million, the lowest balance since the inception of the fund. The reason for that is that the word is out. The Department is receiving more requests and for higher amounts. There are a lot more imminent development requests that are getting increasingly more difficult to defend. For the Mountain View Corridor, they have $1.5 million to defend a $2 billion corridor. Although Senate Bill 8 was passed last session, which allows counties to pass a $10 motor vehicle registration tax for corridor preservation, there have been no takers yet.
Mr. Chappell commented that the Utah Association of Counties (UAC) has taken a very conservative position on SB 8, as they are the ones that are going to ask county commissioners to pass the $10 increase. In Davis County, the Council of Governments and the mayors have already recommended that the Davis County Commission pass the increase. However, in Weber County, they are really hesitant since the UAC took their position. One of the reasons UAC took that position was because of concern they had about how UDOT was going to handle the money. The other concern has to do with what kind of credits the local governments would get for buying right of way ahead of time. SB 25 stopped the idea of it being used as a local match. In addition, there are federal rules that preclude corridor preservation being used as a match as well. Mr. Chappell said he's mentioning this in hopes that, in the next meeting or so, those points get clarified for UAC so they can promote this very necessary program. Linda Hull, Legislative and Government Affairs Director, said received a call from Senator Killpack asking her to draft a letter clarifying the bill. She noted that UDOT is just a pass through agency for the funds, and has no control at all to decide where the money goes. Mayor Dennis Nordfelt of West Valley City said that is good, but it doesn't eliminate the problem of one county passing the increase and assessing a fee on their residents, and another county adjacent to them not passing the tax, when a corridor will go through both counties anyway. One county is paying for part of it and the other county is not. Mr. Chappell pointed out that the state would be paying for the portion the county didn't preserve, if it's a state route. So, there needs to be some kind of credit or incentive for the locals to preserve the right of way.
Mr. McMillan said he currently has over $6 million in requests, and has $1.5 million in the budget. There are four properties in the Mountain View Corridor that are bare ground. One of the property owners is going through the process of getting 270 condos approved, right in the corridor. The property is worth $3 million, but with condos on it, it could be worth almost $60 million in the future. The challenge is that he will be coming to the Commission in the next few months, not necessarily asking for money, but he will be asking for an open mind, as they utilize creativity and resourcefulness in terms of cash flow.
Informational Items
Commission Committee Reports
Commissioner Warnick reported on the Ropeway Committee; Commissioner Wells gave a report on her attendance at WASHTO in Omaha; and Commissioner Wilson mentioned concerns the JHC has regarding the change in policy on the 10% contingency.
Transportation Commission Meetings
The next regular Commission meeting will be held on Friday, August 19, 2005, in Cedar City, Utah. The following meeting dates and locations have also been scheduled:
September 23, 2005 – Tooele
October 21, 2005 – Blanding
November 18, 2005 – Location TBD
December 9, 2005 – Salt Lake City
The meeting adjourned at 12:12 p.m.
The following Commissioners, staff members and others were in attendance:
Glen E. Brown, Chairman
Stephen M. Bodily, Vice-Chairman
Hal M. Clyde, Commissioner
Jan C. Wells, Commissioner
Bevan K. Wilson, Commissioner
Ken Warnick, Commissioner
Jerry B. Lewis, Commissioner
LeAnn G. Abegglen, Commission Secretary
David K. Miles, Engineer for Operations
Ahmad Jaber, Program Development Director
Max J. Ditlevsen, Program Financing Director
Tom Hudachko, Director of Community Relations
Linda Hull, Legislative and Government Affairs Director
Lyle McMillan, Director of Right of Way
Brett Hadley, Program Development
Cory Pope, Region One Director
Andy Neff, Region One
Brent DeYoung, Region One
Brad Humphries, Region One
Frank Long, FHWA
Joe Brown, GOPB
Norm Weston, Rich County Commission
Tom Weston, Rich County Commission
Sharlotte Wride, Garden City Council
Mayor McKay Willis, Laketown
Mayor Dennis Nordfelt, West Valley City/WFRC
Chuck Chappell, Wasatch Front Regional Council
Darrell Cook, Mountainland Association of Governments
Heather Telford, URS Corp.
Julie Warnick
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The former Llanelli and Wales star will form a midfield partnership alongside Anthony Allen as Gloucester assess their options at the end of their training camp in Canada.
Head coach Dean Ryan and his coaching staff will also hand opportunities to winger Charlie Sharples, number eight Dan Williams and prop Jack Forster.
Although the final make-up of the bench has yet to be confirmed, James Forrester will return to the squad for the first time in more than a year following serious knee trouble and he will be joined by former Bath Academy and England Under-18 stand-off Freddie Burns.
Up front, Nick Wood has recovered from a summer operation on his wrist to partner hooker Olivier Azam and Forster in the front row.
Will James and Alex Brown start at lock, while Alasdair Strokosch, Andy Hazell and Williams are the starting back row.
Gareth Cooper and Willie Walker are the half-back combination and alongside Sharples, Mark Foster and full-back Olly Morgan complete the back three.
Gloucester also face Glasgow on Saturday, August 30 (2pm) and the match is included in the season ticket package.
GLOUCESTER (v Canada A, midnight BST): Olly Morgan; Mark Foster, Matthew Watkins, Anthony Allen, Charlie Sharples; Willie Walker, Gareth Cooper; Nick Wood, Olivier Azam, Jack Forster, Will James, Alex Brown, Alasdair Strokosch, Andy Hazell, Dan Williams. Reps to be named.


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Monday, October 29, 2012
I am still alive!!
17 comments:
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01-04-2012, 01:46 PMI hate to be the one to break it to you, but it is an indication of just how irrational and deep the disgust for women goes. That's why they call women "bleeders".
Gee, you mean no one had an idea, not a glimmer of just how much the TG (and many gay men too) hate women, or why?
You can thank me for your education later.
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I play chaos Moshpit most nights , 3.45 K/D usually varies from 3.4-3.6 , 6th Prestige, working on Diamond Subs atm, loving the game , add me same user for everything
I play. But I'd rather not add people on here because PSN seems to be the only service I use that doesn't let you group your friendlist
So how is this game? The Quickscoping, the snipers, the guns, etc? How's the campaign? Not sure if i should get this yet though.
Count me in Aswell SpacyDistortion during the past 1 1/2 week brought my k/d up from 1.19 to 1.38 i mainly play core 5th pretsige.
Quickscoping no longer has aim-assist. The snipers feel solid (there's still those people who sit back and spam the semi-autos though), the rest of the gun selection is pretty solid (there are no guns that stick out as overpowered, unlike MW3), the pistols are more powerful compared to previous games, and overall the game feels fairly balanced. The game's not without its problems though (there are still quite a few campers, some people have connection issues, etc). I haven't played the campaign so I can't comment on it.


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Complaints List: Search results
Name: RobotFX- Amount Loss: 0- RobotFX - It works( Thailand) - March 13, 2017 Forex Robot - EA This is not a complain per se, it is more a review as I see your site focuses only on complains and so I assume anyone could write a complain just to make the competitors look bad and steal their clients. I am using RobotFX Fluid from the RobotFX company and it works exactly as described. No losses... |
Name: numberoneforex.com- Amount Loss: 2000$- numberoneforex.com - EVRYTHING FRAUD( Thailand) - June 9, 2016 FX Broker AS PER WEBSITE INITIAL DEPOSITE 2000$ MIN LOT SIZE 0.10 BUT ACTUAL 5.00LOTS LAVRAGE 1:1000 BUT ACTUAL 1:100 THEY GIVE 4000$ CREDIT SO WE CAN OPEN ONLY 1 TRADE OF usdjpy NO OTHER PAIR, ONCE OPEN TRADE IT WILL OPEN 20PIPS HIGHER THEN ORIGIANAL VALUE AND SUDDENLY PRICE GO IN WRONG DIRECTION... |
Name: Coliseumfx- Amount Loss: USD 27K- Scammer Coliseumfx is Son of the bitch( Thailand) - September 28, 2015 FX Signal Service - Managed Forex I've invested in Coliseumfx after doing some research thru' internet and mostly comments received by investors are good & positive reviews. However, this is not the truth!! The ugly truth is that my account was being wiped out in less than 3 weeks time by Colisieumfx and I lost USD 27K in total.... |
Name: gainsy.com- gainsy.com - Gainsy.com Forex Broker is not regulated from any aurhorities( Thailand) - February 18, 2015 FX Broker I really don't think that Gainsy Forex Broker is regulated from FCA as they do not govern those countries where Gainsy.com Forex Broker is located. If you try to deposit your money with Forex Broker gainsy.com then they would take it happily, but once you try to withdraw the money they tend to ... |
Name: OlympusWealth.com- Huge Losses due to the Forex Fund Management of OlympusWealth.com( Thailand) - February 17, 2015 FX Signal Service - Managed Forex Not happy with the way OlympusWealth.com Forex Fund Management Services have managed my account. I had around $5000 to be precise and right now they have simply turned it into $1300 bringing about huge losses in my account. This is really sad to see this kind of result as I trusted them alot. I... |
Name: mxtrade.com- mxtrade.com - MXTrade Broker is one of the best to make money( Thailand) - January 26, 2015 Others I started with them with a very low money and so far they have been very good with me. I am really happy with their trading system and managing services. I really recommend all traders to join MXTrade.com as they are one of the best in the business. |
Name: brocompany.com- brocompany.com - It is better to stay away from Brocompany.com Forex Broker( Thailand) - January 16, 2015 FX Broker As per the reviews that I read on various Forum about Forex Broker brocompany.com that it is better to stay away from them and invest somewhere else. That is the reason I have chose to trade with Hotforex.com as they are the best among the current lots. |
Name: lqdmarkets.com- lqdmarkets.com - Liquid markets delay by 1 hour on opening the MT4 results in loss( Thailand) - January 13, 2015 FX Broker I request to lqdmarkets.com to change their system of opening the metatrader system by as late as 1 hour. Due to this delay the customer loses whole 1 hour of trading and it results in loss of profit if market is on good price. When you ask this to the Liquid Markets they say that this is their... |
Name: InteractiveOption.com- InteractiveOption.com - InteractiveOption Scam Broker will make you pay for your Money( Thailand) - October 2, 2014 FX Broker Just stay away from this Broker. They will lure you with all the promises and good claims and will make your interest to deposit with them but once you make the deposit you will cry till the end and trust me you will face the hardest time in getting your money back from them. |
Name: investfond.eu- investfond.eu is a fraud company who is stealing money in the name of registeration fee.( Thailand) - September 11, 2014 HYIP Scams investfond.eu are scammers and frauds. This fools should not be allowed to fool people like this. They openly fooling and stealing everyone's money but no one is registering any complaints because they steal a very small amount of registeration fee of $5 that is why I guess no one is paying attentio... |
Name: m2mmachine.com- m2mmachine.com - m2mmachine is nothing but a Huge Scam( Thailand) - August 19, 2014 Others Lot of People are doing advertisement on many social networking sites about m2mmachine.com. But please do not get fool these people are nothing but the company Owner or representative of m2mmachine.com. I got fooled by them, I completed the work and done all that they wanted me to do and t... |
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Story highlights
- Icelandic authorities say there's increased seismic activity around Bardarbunga volcano
- But there's no sign yet of magma moving to the surface or ash spewing into the sky
- Iceland has posted an orange aviation alert, indicating "increased potential of eruption"
- The eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in 2010 caused disruption to millions of travelers
In 2010, an Icelandic volcano with an unpronounceable name spewed an ash cloud into the skies that disrupted travel for millions of passengers and cost airlines a small fortune.
Now another Icelandic volcano is rumbling, prompting fears of a repeat of the travel chaos that afflicted northern Europe when the Eyjafjallajokull volcano did its worst.
Its name -- Bardarbunga -- is a little less daunting, but it could still cause trouble.
Something is brewing
While there's no sign yet of magma moving to the surface, according to Iceland's Meteorological Office, something's definitely up beneath the Earth's surface.
In what the Meteorological Office describes as an "intense earthquake swarm," scientists registered some 2,600 earthquakes between early Saturday morning and Monday evening.
And after the strongest earthquake since 1996 was measured in the area early Monday, an orange aviation alert was posted by Icelandic authorities -- indicating "heightened or escalating unrest with increased potential of eruption."
"The reason we are reacting in this way is that this one is bigger and more powerful than we have seen in a long time in this area," said Vidir Reynisson, of the Iceland Civil Protection Agency, of the earthquake swarm.
Scientists have noticed an increase in seismic activity around the volcano, located in the northwestern region of Vatnajokull glacier, one of Europe's largest glaciers, over the past seven years, the Meteorological Office said.
The level dropped a little after the eruption of another volcano on the same glacier, Grimsvotn, in 2011, but has since picked up again.
Earthquakes may signal eruption
As of Monday evening, the majority of earthquakes measured were at a depth of 5 to 10 kilometers. There's more potential for a volcanic eruption if magma movement occurs at less than 10 kilometers' depth.
According to the Smithsonian Institute Global Volcanism Program, Bardarbunga last erupted in 1910.
If it should blow its top again, it could be bad news for travelers.
Volcanic ash can be a serious hazard to aircraft, reducing visibility, damaging flight controls and ultimately causing jet engines to fail.
The Eyjafjallajokull eruption forced the cancellation and diversion of thousands of flights per day at the peak of the problem.
"It was causing problems for millions of passengers, the airlines themselves were losing lots of money because they could not fly," Paul Charles, former director of communications for Virgin Atlantic and Eurostar, told CNN.
"And the customer relations departments of airlines were really suffering because they were taking huge numbers of complaints and they had no solution."
Air travel still smooth
Europe's air authority, Eurocontrol, said Tuesday it was monitoring the Bardarbunga situation but that there is no impact at this time on European aviation. It also insists that changes have been made to help avoid the kind of chaos seen after Eyjafjallajokull erupted.
"Europe is more prepared to deal with volcanic ash these days; we have better mechanisms in place than we did in 2010. Every year, volcanic ash exercises are conducted and we learn from them: the latest one was held in April this year," it said.
"However, volcanic ash is still a hazard for aviation and does have the potential to cause disruption. Safety is, as ever, our primary concern."


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Here's a shot of my office rapidly filling up with artwork.
Coming next week: The 3rd annual Pressing Matters: Printmakers Group Show at the San Geronimo Valley Community Center.
This block was cut by Rik Olsen |
Setting it up for printing |
Pulling the print |
Hanging the prints inside the Center |
Pan Dulce |
Grito de Guerra |
The case for the Guitar Project |
Through the guitar hole |
Judy and John sitting in their new shop holding the case as they gaze at the book |
Art work by Sidne Teske |
Sidne did several beautiful front pages Some with whimsical cartoon characters and some beautiful images of instruments |
Title Page by Sidne Teske (Molly Rea, Jeanne Carlson and Blake Herod's name mis-spelled- to be corrected at some future date) |
William T. Wiley's page |
Blake Herod's page |
Chuck Wiley (front) |
Chuck Wiley (back) |
Larry Rippee |
Scott Barrett (The people depicted on this page are all a part of our Thursday night music group) (front) |
Scott Barrett (The old Amazing Grace store) (back) |
Oletha Norris |
Richard Shaw "Is this like a musician's block? ---Duh!!" (front) |
Richard Shaw (back) |
Martha Shaw "A Scrap of Silk - A Patch of Green" by Marty Shoe (aka Martha Shaw) (front) |
Martha Shaw (back) |
Jeanne Carlson (birds based on photo by Bud Hendrik) (front) |
Jeanne Carlson (bird based on photo by Bud Hendrik) (back) |
Bill Shelley (front) |
Bill Shelley (back) |
Blake Herod (front) |
Blake Herod (back) |
Molly Rea (front) |
Molly Rea (back) |
Close up of Judy and John by Molly Rea |


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Finn Høffding was one of the great figures of Danish musical life in the twentieth century. He never became a student at the Royal Danish Academy of Music, but studied privately with Knud Jeppesen and Thomas Laub, and in 1921-22 with Joseph Marx in Vienna. In the 1920s he wrote a number of works in the classical genres, including two string quartets and three symphonies. His First Symphony from 1923 is for a large orchestra and was given its first performance in the Tivoli Gardens in 1925, while the second, Il canto liberato, is for large orchestra and a choir singing phonetic text.
The Third Symphony exhibits the incipient influence of the New Objectivity of the 1920s: it was written in 1928 for 40 musicians in four distinct movements on a classical model. With the use of the piano in a prominent role and a transparent soundscape with audible contrapuntal part-writing he distanced himself in it from the Romantic orchestral sound. The symphony was given its first performance in 1930 and was published in 1931. Of chamber music, Finn Høffding wrote Dialogues for oboe and clarinet, op. 10, and the interesting Chamber Music for soprano, oboe and piano, op. 11. In this period he also wrote two operas: The Emperor's New Clothes (after Hans Christian Andersen, premiered in 1928) and Kilderejsen (The Journey to the Well) (after Holberg, composed in 1931, premiered in 1942).
A crucial experience was Finn Høffding's meeting with Paul Hindemith and the leader of the Jugendmusik movement Fritz Jöde in Baden-Baden in 1927. This sparked off a life of educational work in music, and in 1931, along with Jørgen Bentzon, Finn Høffding founded the Copenhagen Folk Music School. In 1929 he also became chairman of the Danish Association of Music Teachers and one of Copenhagen's leading upper secondary school music teachers. For this work he published a series of choir and school songbooks and two textbooks: one on harmony and one on ear training with accompanying exercises. He also wrote cantatas such as Ein musikus wollt fröhlich sein, the Holte Upper Secondary School cantata, and Das Eisenbahngleichnis. His largest educational work was his school opera Pasteur to a text by Otto Gelsted, which was premiered in 1938.
After a single chamber symphony in 1934, at the end of the decade he returned to the major instrumental forms with the orchestral works Evolution (1939) and Det er ganske vist ("It Is Perfectly True") (1940). He called both works symphonic fantasies, and they marked a change in focus towards organic melodic growth in one-movement structures. In this sense Evolution can be seen as a precursor of Vagn Holmboe's thinking with his metamorphosis technique. In this period Finn Høffding also wrote a wind quintet, and from the mid-forties a number of choral works and songs with texts by poets like Nordahl Grieg and Otto Gelsted.
After the war, in 1949, Finn Høffding became a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen, where he had taught since the end of 1920s, and in 1954-55 he was its principal. This gave him great influence on the next generations of Danish composers, not least Vagn Holmboe. In this period the intervals between works were somewhat longer, but he continued to compose – especially songs, cantatas and piano pieces for educational use. Nor did he abandon the large formats, for example composing the symphonic fantasy The Arsenal at Springfield (1953) and the Sinfonia concertante (1965).
Michael Fjeldsøe, 2012
01/10/2012 Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
04/09/2012 Gramophone
16/08/2012 American Record Guide
10/08/2012 Fanfare
22/06/2012 Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten
11/06/2012 Kleine Zeitung
07/06/2012 Ostthüringer Zeitung
01/05/2012 Classica
Original, subtle music from Finn Høffding, who was a pupil of Carl Nielsen and became one of the inter-war period's most important composers.
Inspired fairytale music for orchestra by among others August Enna, Louis Glass and Finn Høffding
Tre orkesterværker fra det 20. århundrede skrevet over eventyr af H.C. Andersen


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This nursery theme baby shower favor contains 1 small daisy shaped soaps and 4 star bath beads; soap designs choose from baby bib soap, milk bottle soap, and diaper soap; packaged nicely in 2" clear cube box with 3/8" petite side stitch ribbon.
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Education: Part I. History of Education, Ancient and Modern. Part II. A Plan of Culture and Instruction, Based on Christian Principles, and Designed to Aid in the Right Education of Youth, Physically, Intellectually, and Morally. : [One Line of Quotation] |
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We specialize in meal prep.
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AAYNC specializes in on-the-go nutrition. We currently service long island in Nassau and Suffolk County. You can order customized meals using our online ordering system and pickup your food in 30 minutes, or subscribe to our full service meal subscription plan – which means you can get all of your meals made fresh and delivered to your home everyday. All About You Nutritional Chefs prepares your meals fresh everyday.
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'Harmless Like You' by Rowan Hisayo Buchanan tells the story of Yukiko Oyama, a teenager in New York in 1968 whose parents move back to Japan after emigrating to the United States when she was a child. She decides to stay in New York with her friend Odile to pursue her dream of becoming an artist. Many years later, her son Jay, who has recently become a father himself, travels to Berlin to find his estranged mother and inform Yuki that his father has died and has left the house to her in his will. The journey also leads Jay to discover why Yuki abandoned him suddenly when he was just two years old. Continue reading
Bel Canto by Ann Patchett
Winner of the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2002, 'Bel Canto' by Ann Patchett is set during a birthday party for Japanese businessman Katsumi Hosokawa held in his honour at the vice-president's mansion in an unnamed South American country. While entertainment is provided by renowned American opera singer Roxane Coss, the property is suddenly stormed by terrorists who had originally planned to kidnap the president. However, in his absence, they end up holding dozens of guests under house arrest for several months. Continue reading
Filed under Books
American Wife by Curtis Sittenfeld
I enjoyed reading Sisterland by Curtis Sittenfeld a couple of years ago and as part of my ongoing efforts to read other books by authors I have discovered since starting my blog, I turned to Sittenfeld's best known novel 'American Wife' which was published in 2008. It is a portrait of Alice Lindgren and her path towards becoming First Lady of the United States in 2001, from her youth in Wisconsin, to marriage and motherhood in her thirties through to her life in the White House during her husband's unpopular presidency. Knowing that the story was inspired by key events in the life of Laura Bush means it is difficult not to picture Alice's husband Charlie Blackwell as George W. Bush who took office in the same year. Continue reading
Filed under Books
The Wellcome Book Prize Longlist 2017
The Wellcome Book Prize is awarded to a fiction or non-fiction book about health or medicine. Since its launch in 2009, there has been a shortlist of six books but this year, there is a longlist of twelve books for the very first time. The nominated books which were announced today are:
- How to Survive a Plague by David France
- Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari
- When Breath Becomes Air by Paul Kalanithi
- Mend the Living by Maylis de Kerangal (translated from the French by Jessica Moore)
- The Golden Age by Joan London
- Cure by Jo Marchant
- The Tidal Zone by Sarah Moss
- The Gene by Siddhartha Mukherjee
- The Essex Serpent by Sarah Perry
- A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived by Adam Rutherford
- Miss Jane by Brad Watson
- I Contain Multitudes by Ed Yong
Filed under Books
3 French Novellas I Have Read Recently
'The End of Eddy' by Édouard Louis is a semi-autobiographical novel set in a deprived rural community in Picardy in northern France. Translated by Michael Lucey, it is a coming of age tale about Eddy Bellegueule (the author's real name) and his life at home and at school in the late 1990s and 2000s. Eddy is gay and struggles to conform to what is widely perceived to be an acceptable type of masculinity in the small village where he is expected to go to work in the factory as soon as he leaves school. His mannerisms are routinely mocked by his peers and his family, particularly his father who even chose Eddy's name because it sounds American and more "tough guy". 'The End of Eddy' garnered lots of attention in France because Louis published his debut novel in 2014 when he was just 21 years old. However, aside from Louis's young age and the unflinching descriptions of Eddy exploring his sexuality, 'The End of Eddy' also deserves acclaim more generally for articulating the reality of social exclusion in modern-day France so convincingly. Many thanks to Harvill Secker for sending me a review copy via NetGalley. Continue reading
Filed under Books
The Nix by Nathan Hill
'The Nix' by Nathan Hill tells the story of Samuel Andresen-Anderson, a thirty-something college professor with writer's block whose estranged mother Faye is arrested for throwing rocks at a conservative Presidential candidate and subsequently portrayed in the media as a radical hippie. Samuel is on the verge of being sued by his publisher for failing to produce the novel he received a huge advance for several years earlier and in order to avoid bankruptcy, he must write a biography of his mother who he hasn't seen for over twenty years. However, his quest for information about Faye reveals that she has a far more complex past than he ever imagined. Continue reading
Filed under Books


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Dermal dysplasia
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Add New Page
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Dermal dysplasia was better known as sunburn. It was caused by prolonged exposure to the ultraviolet radiation from a star.
In 1996, Lieutenant Tom Paris attempted to convince Lieutenant Tuvok to remove his shirt and "enjoy the sunshine." Tuvok refused because he did not want to risk dermal dysplasia. (VOY: "Future's End")


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The embarrassment there was largely accidental - though I suppose that Storey quite relished the little frisson of discomfort that stage nudity will always engender in an audience. But I was reminded of the occasion by going to see Mona Hatoum's much-discussed installation at the Tate Gallery's exhibition "Rites of Passage", which ends today. Corps tranger, for those of you who've been away, consists of a circular structure with two small apertures and a dark interior. Inside, projected onto the floor like the image in a camera obscura, is footage of the inside of the artist's body, taken with an endoscope. You stand in worshipful silence ("my body is a temple") as the camera probes and burrows. The result is a moist, pink speleology, a journey strongly reminiscent of the film Alien, with its exploration of organic, threatening corridors. What, you wonder nervously, is lurking round this dark corner?
This is all fine and dandy (and worth seeing, I would say) but by far the most interesting moments come when the image is on the threshold of telling us where we are, moments when the possibility of embarrassment is raised. It might seem that sticking a camera up your butt is the ne plus ultra of artistic candour (not to say a vindication of some gloomy predictions about the ultimate destination of modern art). But actually Ms Hatoum's innards are so unplaceable and unfamiliar a part of the body that there's no discomfort in looking at them. The anxiety arises when we emerge - when we begin to suspect what that thicket of saplings might be and just where that bolster of damp flesh is located. As the camera grazes Ms Hatoum's nipple - a massy outcrop of pink coral - is there a tension in the tiny congregation, a little shiver of embarrassment at this magnified intimacy?
I hope so - if only because a world without embarrassment would be a worse one and because it can sometimes feel as if embarrassment is gradually being excluded as a legitimate response to contemporary art. It is as though embarrassment is a badge of the naive or the unsophisticated, when quite the opposite is the truth. It is the most social of emotions - it's possible to be embarrassed when you're on your own but only if you imagine yourself in company. The sociologist Erving Goffman wrote: "Embarrassment is not an irrational impulse breaking through socially prescribed behaviour but part of this orderly behaviour itself." And we need more of it in a world so blase.
Ms Hatoum isn't alone in addressing the problem - next week, visitors to the Serpentine Gallery will have the chance to see Tilda Swinton, lying for eight hours at a time in a glass vitrine. This art work, called Maybe, has aroused almost as much scornful copy as Corps tranger, but it sounds promisingly squirm-inducing to me. Watching someone sleep is an unusual privilege, fraught with strange feelings of power and hazard. It is undeniably fascinating but, unless the sleeper is a child, you feel a nervous sense of breaking the rules. What if Swinton were to suddenly open her eyes just as you were staring at her face? What will she do about eye contact with the passing crowd? By sleeping in public she risks the familiar embarrassments of unconsciousness - drool and gape. By watching her we take the risk of catching ourselves as peeping Toms, and so exercising our ability to blush.
- More about:
- Actors And Actresses
- Contemporary Art
- Modern Art
- Tilda Swinton


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