text: Irritable bowel syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that leads to crampy pain, gassiness, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some people with IBS have constipation (difficult or infrequent bowel movements); others have diarrhea (frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels); and some people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy urge to move the bowels but cannot do so. Through the years, IBS has been called by many names--colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, spastic bowel, and functional bowel disease. Most of these terms are inaccurate. Colitis, for instance, means inflammation of the large intestine (colon). IBS, however, does not cause inflammation and should not be confused with another disorder, ulcerative colitis. The cause of IBS is not known, and as yet there is no cure. Doctors call it a functional disorder because there is no sign of disease when the colon is examined. IBS causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not cause permanent harm to the intestines and does not lead to intestinal bleeding of the bowel or to a serious disease such as cancer. Often IBS is just a mild annoyance, but for some people it can be disabling. They may be unable to go to social events, to go out to a job, or to travel even short distances. Most people with IBS, however, are able to control their symptoms through medications prescribed by their physicians, diet, and stress management. The colon, which is about 6 feet long, connects the small intestine with the rectum and anus. The major function of the colon is to absorb water and salts from digestive products that enter from the small intestine. Two quarts of liquid matter enter the colon from the small intestine each day. This material may remain there for several days until most of the fluid and salts are absorbed into the body. The stool then passes through the colon by a pattern of movements to the left side of the colon, where it is stored until a bowel movement occurs. Colon motility (contraction of intestinal muscles and movement of its contents) is controlled by nerves and hormones and by electrical activity in the colon muscle. The electrical activity serves as a "pacemaker" similar to the mechanism that controls heart function. Movements of the colon propel the contents slowly back and forth but mainly toward the rectum. A few times each day strong muscle contractions move down the colon pushing fecal material ahead of them. Some of these strong contractions result in a bowel movement. Because doctors have been unable to find an organic cause, IBS often has been thought to be caused by emotional conflict or stress. While stress may worsen IBS symptoms, research suggests that other factors also are important. Researchers have found that the colon muscle of a person with IBS begins to spasm after only mild stimulation. The person with IBS seems to have a colon that is more sensitive and reactive than usual, so it responds strongly to stimuli that would not bother most people. Ordinary events such as eating and distention from gas or other material in the colon can cause the colon to "overreact" in the person with IBS. Certain medicines and foods may trigger spasms in some people. Sometimes the spasm delays the passage of stool, leading to constipation. Chocolate, milk products, or large amounts of alcohol are frequent offenders. Caffeine causes loose stools in many people, but it is more likely to affect those with IBS. Researchers also have found that women with IBS may have more symptoms during their menstrual periods, suggesting that reproductive hormones can increase IBS symptoms. If you are concerned about IBS, it is important to realize that normal bowel function varies from person to person. Normal bowel movements range from as many as three stools a day to as few as three a week. A normal movement is one that is formed but not hard, contains no blood, and is passed without cramps or pain. People with IBS, on the other hand, usually have crampy abdominal pain with painful constipation or diarrhea. In some people, constipation and diarrhea alternate. Sometimes people with IBS pass mucus with their bowel movements. Bleeding, fever, weight loss, and persistent severe pain are not symptoms of IBS but may indicate other problems. IBS usually is diagnosed after doctors exclude the presence of disease. To get to that point, the doctor will take a complete medical history that includes a careful description of symptoms. A physical examination and laboratory tests will be done. A stool sample will be tested for evidence of bleeding. The doctor also may do diagnostic procedures such as x-rays or colonoscopy (viewing the colon through a flexible tube inserted through the anus) to find out if there is disease. The potential for abnormal function of the colon is always present in people with IBS, but a trigger also must be present to cause symptoms. The most likely culprits seem to be diet and emotional stress. Many people report that their symptoms occur following a meal or when they are under stress. No one is sure why this happens, but scientists have some clues.Eating causes contractions of the colon. Normally, this response may cause an urge to have a bowel movement within 30 to 60 minutes after a meal. In people with IBS, the urge may come sooner with cramps and diarrhea. The strength of the response is often related to the number of calories in a meal and especially the amount of fat in a meal. Fat in any form (animal or vegetable) is a strong stimulus of colonic contractions after a meal. Many foods contain fat, especially meats of all kinds, poultry skin, whole milk, cream, cheese, butter, vegetable oil, margarine, shortening, avocados, and whipped toppings. Stress also stimulates colonic spasm in people with IBS. This process is not completely understood, but scientists point out that the colon is controlled partly by the nervous system. Stress reduction (relaxation) training or counseling and support help relieve IBS symptoms in some people. However, doctors are quick to note that this does not mean IBS is the result of a personality disorder. IBS is at least partly a disorder of colon motility. For many people, eating a proper diet lessens IBS symptoms. Before changing your diet, it is a good idea to keep a journal noting which foods seem to cause distress. Discuss your findings with your doctor. You also may want to consult a registered dietitian, who can help you make changes in your diet. For instance, if dairy products cause your symptoms to flare up, you can try eating less of those foods. Yogurt might be tolerated better because it contains organisms that supply lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk products. Because dairy products are an important source of calcium and other nutrients that your body needs, be sure to get adequate nutrients in the foods that you substitute. Dietary fiber may lessen IBS symptoms in many cases. Whole grain breads and cereals, beans, fruits, and vegetables are good sources of fiber. Consult your doctor before using an over-the-counter fiber supplement. High-fiber diets keep the colon mildly distended, which may help to prevent spasms from developing. Some forms of fiber also keep water in the stools, thereby preventing hard stools that are difficult to pass. Doctors usually recommend that you eat just enough fiber so that you have soft, easily passed, and painless bowel movements. High-fiber diets may cause gas and bloating, but within a few weeks, these symptoms often go away as your body adjusts to the diet. Large meals can cause cramping and diarrhea in people with IBS. Symptoms may be eased if you eat smaller meals more often or just eat smaller portions. This should help, especially if your meals are low in fat and high in carbohydrates such as pasta, rice, whole-grain breads and cereals, fruits, and vegetables.IBS has not been shown to lead to any serious, organic diseases. No link has been established between IBS and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. IBS does not lead to cancer. Some patients have a more severe form of IBS, and the pain and diarrhea may cause them to withdraw from normal activities. These patients need to work with their physicians to find the best combination of medicine, diet, counseling, and support to control their symptoms. There is no standard way of treating IBS. Your doctor may prescribe fiber supplements or occasional laxatives if you are constipated. Some doctors prescribe drugs that control colon muscle spasms, drugs that slow the movement of food through the digestive system, or tranquilizers, all of which may relieve symptoms. Antidepressant drugs also are used sometimes in patients who are depressed. |


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Review: WTB Ci24 carbon rimDeveloped over two years on the brutal enduro racing circuit, WTB (and I) think these things can stand up to whatever kind of riding you care to dish out.
Review: White Industries XMR hubsThese good-looking hubs are available in multiple colors and are claimed to be the lightest six-bolt hubs White Industries has ever manufactured.
The Wheel Size ExplainerOverwhelmed by the current crop and wheel and tires sizes and combos? This tech explainer will sort you out. Or, confuse you further.
Review: Atomik Onyx WheelsetNot only do these wheels look incredible, the rims are solid and the hubs are standout performers.
Trail Tested: Stan's NoTubes ZTR Valor WheelsStan's new carbon ZRT Valor wheels are light, strong and sweet. But are they worth the high price? Read on and see.

subset: commoncrawl


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Theory of Operation
All flow is caused by differences in pressure. The works of Bernoulli, Poiseuille and many other great scientists have modeled the physics of flow and how pressure creates it. We use the works of these scientific greats to build the fastest, most versatile mass flow and pressure instruments around.
- Flow Principles
Types of flow
Gas and liquid flows (fluid flows) can be described as being in one of three states; turbulent, transitional, or laminar.
Turbulent flow is by nature chaotic. The fluid mixes irregularly during turbulent flow. Constant changes in the flow's behavior (wakes, vortexes, eddies) make flow rates difficult, if not impossible, to accurately measure. Turbulent flow usually occurs at high flow rates and/or in larger diameter pipes. Turbulent flow is usually desirable when solids must remain suspended in the fluid to prevent settling or blockages.
Transitional flow exhibits characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow. The edges of the fluid flow in a laminar state, while the center of the flow remains turbulent. Like turbulent flows, transitional flows are difficult, if not impossible, to accurately measure.
Laminar or Smooth flow tends to occur at lower flow rates through smaller pipes. In essence, the fluid particles flow in cylinders. The outermost cylinder, touching the pipe wall, does not move due to viscosity. The next cylinder flows against the unmoving fluid cylinder, which exhibits less frictional "pull" than the pipe wall. This cylinder will move the slowest. This continues, with the centermost cylinder having the greatest velocity.
Concepts in Flow
Reynolds Number
How do we know if a flow is turbulent, transitional or laminar? In the late 1800's, Osbourne Reynolds discovered that the type of a fluid flow is related to the fluid's density, mean velocity, diameter and viscosity. This dimensionless (no units) number helps predict changes in flow type. In simple terms, the Reynolds Number can be written as:
density x mean velocity x diameter / viscosity
It is generally accepted that flow is laminar if the Reynolds Number is less than 2000. Transitional flows have a Reynolds Number between 2000 and 4000. Flows are considered turbulent when the Reynolds Number is greater than 4000. Using the Reynolds equation, we can see that reducing the density, mean velocity and/or diameter of a turbulent fluid flow (unchanging viscosity) will make it "more" laminar. This could also be accomplished by increasing the fluid viscosity (keeping density, mean velocity and diameter the same). The inverse is true to make a flow more turbulent.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop describes the loss of pressure as a fluid travels through a pipe or channel. If you blew into a mile long pipe, it's unlikely that anything would come out the other end. This is due to pressure drop. As the fluid flows through the pipe, friction with the pipe walls and between the fluid particles causes a loss of pressure. Pressure drop is approximately proportional to the distance the fluid travels.
Mass Flow vs Volumetric Flow
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter that makes up an object. The mass of an object is considered constant. Volume refers to the amount of space an object takes up. The volume of an object can change depending on pressure, temperature and other factors. In terms of flow, at room temperature and low pressures the volumetric and mass flow rate will be nearly identical, however, these rates can vary drastically with changes in temperature and/or pressure because the temperature and pressure of the gas both affect the volume. For example, assume a volumetric flow reading was used to fill balloons with 250 mL of helium, but the incoming line ran near a furnace that cycled on and off, intermittently heating the incoming helium. Because the volumetric meter simply measures the volume of gas flow, all of the balloons would initially be the same size. However, if all the balloons are placed in a room and allowed to come to an equilibrium temperature, they would generally all come out to be different sizes. If, on the other hand, a mass flow reading were used to fill the balloons with 250 standard mL of helium, the resulting balloons would initially be different sizes, but when allowed to come to an equilibrium temperature, they would all turn out to be the same size.
Pressure Influence on Volumetric Flow
Alicat Whisper-series flow meters and controllers are intended for use in low-pressure applications. This is because an accurate measurement of the volumetric flow rate by means of differential pressure requires the flow at the differential pressure sensor to be in a laminar state. The state of the flow is quantified by what is known as the Reynolds Number. If the Reynolds Number gets above a certain quantifiable point the flow will become non-laminar. Most Alicat volumetric flow devices are sized to make valid full-scale measurements with line pressures up to 10 – 15PSIG when using air.
As a general rule, if your line pressures will be above 15PSIG, an Alicat mass flow device will be more appropriate due to the additional sensors required to compensate for the increased densities.
- Mass Flow or Volumetric Flow?
Why learning about mass flow and volumetric flow meters is important.
Choosing the right mass flow or volumetric flow device can mean the difference between your process working or working to it's full potential.
Learning about mass and volumetric flow devices will not cost you anything. However, selecting a mass or volumetric flow device without learning about them could lead to a significant cost in both time and money.
What should you know before you buy?
Flow instrumentation does not look very different on the surface, but most devices operate quite differently. It is important to know what you require from a flow device before you ever decide to buy a flow device. There are a number of options and features that differ from manufacturer to manufacturer. At the end of the day, a flow device is a measurement tool. Prior to shopping for a device you should know the following about your own process measurement requirements to ensure that you are shopping for the right device:
- Maximum flow rate
- Minimum flow rate
- Gas/liquid temperature
- Gas/liquid inlets and outlet pressures
- Type of gas/liquid that is being flowed, and its corrosive potential
- Device communications input and output requirements (analog or digital)
All of this information will be important in helping you choose the right flow device for your process. Different device manufacturers have different specifications for their devices. Some will operate under higher pressure or temperature conditions than others, some respond faster to changes in flow than others and so on.
What makes flow devices different?
Flow devices generally follow one of several principles. Each of these methods has distinct advantages and disadvantages. While one type of device may flow a gas at high temperature or high pressure it may not do so very accurately, or vice versa. If high temperature, high pressure and accuracy are all critical elements in your process than it is important to choose a device that adequately meets all three requirements. However, if one requirement is more important than the others a different device may be selected.
It is also very important to decide early on what features and characteristics will be of most use to you for your particular project. A flow device that comes with a standard display may be of great value if the process must constantly be monitored, but would be of no value if it did not flow the type of gas that your process requires. Some manufacturers include more standard features than others. If you decide on a certain brand of device, as it meets the criteria of your process, also make sure that you will not have to purchase additional 'options' that will make the device compatible with your process. Many manufacturers charge for multiple outputs, digital communication, displays, valve types, seals, fittings, etc. It is important to know what you require and choose a device in which most of these options are standard to keep costs to a minimum.
Understanding flow specifications
Understanding specs is very important when shopping for a flow device. You will be presented with specification sheets that indicate the physical and operational characteristics of a flow instrument. These spec sheets are designed to describe the operating characteristics of the device. It is important to know what those specifications mean and how they apply to your process or measurement goal. Select the "Understanding Specifications" tab below to learn more about specifications and what they mean.
- Multiple Parameter Laminar Flow
Theory of Multiple Parameter Laminar Flow Measurement
Alicat mass flow instruments are founded on the principles of this measurement method, and take full advantage of the many intricacies required to measure this accurately.
One methodology for an Internally Compensated Laminar (ICL) unit is based on the physics of the Poiseuille Equation. First an internal restriction is created. This restriction is known as a Laminar Flow Element (LFE). The LFE forces the gas molecules to move in parallel paths along the length of the passage, nearly eliminating flow turbulence (see the "Flow Principles" tab above). The differential pressure drop is measured within the laminar region. The Poiseuille Equation quantifies the relationship between pressure drop and flow as:
Q = (P1 – P2)π (r^4) / 8ηL
Q = Volumetric Flow Rate
P1 = Static pressure at the inlet
P2 = Static pressure at the outlet
r = Hydraulic Radius of the restriction
η = (eta) absolute viscosity of the fluid
L = Length of the restrictionSince π, r and L are constant, the equation can be rewritten as:
Q = K(Δ P/η)
In this equation, K is a constant factor determined by the geometry of the restriction. It shows the linear relationship between volumetric flow rate (Q), differential pressure (ΔP), and absolute viscosity (η) in a simpler form.
Changes in gas temperature affect the absolute viscosity of the gas. This requires a temperature measurement to determine the value of η. For most DP devices this is done by manually referencing charts that indicate the viscosity properties of the gas at given temperatures. In an ICL device this reference is performed internally through the use of a discrete temperature sensor and a microprocessor.
At this point only the volumetric flow rate has been determined. For an ICL device to address the range limitations of thermal devices, additional measurements must be taken to determine the actual mass flow rate of the gas. The relationship between volume flow and mass flow is:
Mass = Volume * Density Correction Factor
Ideal gas laws show us that the density of a gas is affected by its temperature and absolute pressure. Using ideal gas laws, the effect of temperature on density is:
At constant pressure, ρa / ρs = Ts / Ta
ρa = Density @ Flow Condition
Ta = Absolute Temperature @ Flow Condition in Kelvin
ρs = Density @ Standard Condition
Ts = Absolute Temperature @ Standard Condition in Kelvin
°K = °C +273.15 (to find Kelvin)And the effect of absolute pressure on density is:
At constant temperature, ρa / ρs = Pa / Ps
ρa = Density @ Flow Condition
Pa = Flow Absolute Pressure
ρs = Density @ Standard Condition
Ps = Absolute Pressure @ Standard ConditionTherefore, in order to determine the mass flow rate (M), two correction factors must be applied to volumetric flow rate (Q): temperature effect on density, and absolute pressure effect on density. This can be written as:
M = Q(Ts / Ta)( Pa / Ps)
In an ICL flowmeter a discrete absolute pressure sensor is also placed in the laminar region of the flow stream. This information is sent to the microprocessor and is combined with the data from the discrete absolute temperature sensor for the appropriate calculations to determine mass flow.
Performing these calculations requires reference to some standard temperature and pressure (STP) as indicated by variables Ts and Ps. STP is usually defined at sea level conditions, but no single standard exists for this convention. Examples of common reference conditions include:
0 °C and 14.696 PSIA
25 °C and 14.696 PSIA
0 °C and 760 torr (mmHG)It is relevant to note, while the correct units for mass are expressed in grams, kilograms, etc., it has become standard that the mass flow rate is specified in SLPM (standard liters per minute), SCCM (standard cubic centimeters per minute) or SCFH (standard cubic feet per hour). By knowing the STP calibration of the device and the density of a particular gas at that STP, it is possible to determine the flow rate in grams per minute, kilograms per hour, etc. For example:
Gas = Helium
STP = 25 °C and 14.696 PSIA
Gas Density = 0.166 Grams per LiterTrue Mass Flow = M * Gas Density at STP
True Mass Flow = (250 SCCM)(1 liter per 1000 CC)(0.1636 grams per liter)
True Mass Flow = 0.0409 Grams per Minute of Helium - Thermal Mass Flow Meters
Thermal Technology and the Evolution of Mass Flow
Thermal mass flow controllers were originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s for the semiconductor industry for gas vapor deposition in semiconductor fabrication.
As time went on the thermal mass flow controller found its way into other processes such as pharmaceutical drug discovery, leak testing and aerospace. Mass flow controller and mass flow meters are now used in any application that requires the precise control and measurement of process gasses.
Thermal technology is based on the principles of thermal convection and anemometry, the measurement of wind speed. Dating to the 1600s, anemometer technology was significantly improved in the early 1900s and is still widely used today.
As the demand had risen for mass flow meters and mass flow controllers, so did the demand for expanded functionality in mass flow meters and mass flow controllers. Consumers required increased accuracy, increased speed of response, more features and easier operation. The expanding market for mass flow meters and mass flow controllers created new demands for existing thermal technology. Operating characteristics inherent to thermal technology such as long warm up times and slow response speed began to create an opportunity for new technologies to enter the mass flow market. Inventors began finding new opportunity in the mass flow market, and new technologies like laminar differential pressure measurement slowly began to be introduced. Along with these new technologies, thermal mass flow meters and mass flow controllers have continued to evolve.
Table comparing Alicat devices to typical thermal devices Alicat Mass Flow Devices Typical Thermal Mass Flow Devices Sensor Solid-State Silicon Based Differential Pressure RTD or Thermocouple Response Speed 10 milliseconds (no software corrections required) for flow meters and 50 milliseconds for flow controllers 0.5-3.0 seconds (no software), 500 milliseconds (software corrections predict flow) Display Standard, Integrated or Remote Optional if available, External Mount Totalizer Optional, Integrated Optional if available, External Mount Process Data Integrated Display shows Mass Flow Rate, Volumetric Flow Rate, Line Temperature and Line Absolute Pressure Mass flow rate Output Options Standard integrated display, analog (either 0-5 Vdc, 0-10 Vdc, 1-5 Vdc, or 4-20mA), and Standard RS-232 (no special software required).
Optional 2nd analog output can be ordered to output either mass flow, volumetric flow, temperature, or absolute pressure.Standard analog, optional display if available, optional digital output if available. Digital Output Standard output includes mass flow rate volumetric flow rate, line temperature, line absolute pressure, selected gas, AND total if ordered with totalizer option. Digital output of mass flow if available. Power 7-30 Vdc, 35mA for flow meters. 12-30Vdc 250mA for small valve controllers and 24-30Vdc and 750mA for large valve controllers. Standard AC/DC adapter jack AND cable connector pins. Can run off anything from an integrated rechargeable battery to 12 or 24 volt systems from supplies or an inexpensive wall plug adapter. Special supply with + and – regulated 15 Vdc Fittings Standard NPT or miniature pneumatic fittings. Inexpensive, adaptable to common components. Swage-lok® style fittings are also available upon request. Specialized compression, VCR, etc. Multi-gas Versatility Standard suite of 98 gas calibrations, selected from integrated display. Single gas, conversion charts Inherent Linearity Yes No Documentation Integrated display shows model number, serial number, date of manufacture, calibration technician, and software revision number. Model/Serial number label also standard. On paper included with unit, sticker Flow Ranges Ranges available from 0-0.5 standard cubic centimeters/min to 0-5000 standard liters/min at full scale. Ranges available from 10 standard cubic centimeters/min to 50 standard liters/min full scale. - Types of Gas Mass Flow Meters
Alicat Scientific manufactures mass flow meters with laminar differential pressure measurement technology, which is one of many types of flow measurement techniques. This article provides a brief overview of the primary methods for measuring gas flow used today.
Laminar Flow Meters
Laminar flow meters use the pressure drop created within a laminar flow element to measure the mass flow rate of a fluid. A laminar flow element converts turbulent flow into laminar flow by separating it into an array of thin, parallel channels. The decrease in pressure, or pressure drop, across the channel is measured using a differential pressure sensor. Because the flow is not turbulent, but laminar, the Poiseuille Equation (see the "Multiple Parameter Laminar Flow" tab above) can then be used to relate the pressure drop to the volumetric flow rate. The volumetric flow rate can also be converted to a mass flow rate using density correction at a given temperature and pressure.
Alicat Scientific offers a range of mass flow meters and mass flow controllers for gas flow, as well as liquid flow meters and controllers, that operate via laminar differential pressure measurement.
Thermal Flow Meters
As the name implies, thermal flow meters use heat to measure the flow rate of a fluid. Thermal flow meters traditionally work in one of two ways. The first type measures the current required to maintain a fixed temperature across a heated element. As the fluid flows, particles contact the element and dissipate or carry away heat. As the flow rate increases, more current is required to keep the element at a fixed temperature. The current requirement is proportional to the mass flow rate. The second thermal method involves measuring the temperature at two points on an element or 'hot wire'. As the fluid flows over the element it dissipates heat. The upstream side of the element will be hotter than the downstream side. The change in temperature is related to the fluid's mass flow.
Coriolis Flow Meters
The Coriolis flow meter uses the Coriolis Effect to measure the mass flow of a fluid. The fluid travels through single or dual curved tubes. A vibration is applied to the tube(s). The Coriolis force acts on the fluid particles perpendicular to the vibration and the direction of the flow. While the tube is vibrating upward, the fluid flow in forces down on the tube. As the fluid flows out of the tube, it forces upward. This creates torque, twisting the tube. The inverse process occurs when the tube is vibrating downward. These opposing forces cause the tube to twist, the amplitude of which is directly related to mass flow of the fluid through the tube.
Ultrasonic Flow Meters
Ultrasonic flow meters use sound waves to measure the flow rate of a fluid. Doppler flow meters transmit ultrasonic sound waves into the fluid. These waves are reflected off particles and bubbles in the fluid. The frequency change between the transmitted wave and the received wave can be used to measure the velocity of the fluid flow. Time of Flight flow meters use the frequency change between transmitted and received sound waves to calculate the velocity of a flow.
Variable Area Flow Meters
Variable area flow meters, or rotameters, use a tube and float to measure flow. As the fluid flows through the tube, the float rises. Equilibrium will be reached when pressure and the buoyancy of the float counterbalance gravity. The float's height in the tube is then used to reference a flow rate on a calibrated measurement reference.
- Understanding Specifications
When you are looking at a spec sheet for mass flow meters and mass flow controllers the amount of information presented can be a little overwhelming. Especially, if you are not familiar with what all of the terminology means or if you are not sure which of the specs will have the most impact on what you are trying to accomplish.
Listed below are some of the more important mass flow meter and mass flow controller specs and what they mean in plain english.
Accuracy is a measurement of how accurately an instrument performs at different flow ranges.
Accuracy is generally measured in one of two ways: percentage of full scale flow or percentage of reading.
Error as a percentage of full scale is established by multiplying the error percentage by the full scale flow. The less you flow through the device the less accurate the reading will be. For that reason, you don't want to get a larger device than you need. Devices with error expressed as a percentage of full scale are most accurate when flowing at full scale.
Error expressed as a percentage of reading expresses error as a percentage of what the device is actually flowing. Simply, if a instrument's accuracy is rated to +/-1% of reading an instrument will be accurate to +/-1% of whatever the instrument is flowing. At 100SLPM the instrument will be accurate to within +/-1SLPM, and at 10SLPM of flow the unit will be accurate to within +/-.1SLPM. This way of measuring accuracy usually accompanies a full-scale statement of accuracy, for example +/-(0.8% of reading + 0.2% of full scale). Total accuracy requires adding the two terms at the flow rate in question.
Accuracy, regardless of measurement method, is generally dependant on operating conditions. Operating conditions are usually defined as the pressure and temperature of the gas flowing through the instrument. Manufacturers will rate their instrument's error based on some predefined set of operating conditions, usually standard pressure and temperature. So, if your gas temperature and/or gas pressure do not meet those conditions specified by the manufacturer the accuracy of your unit could be off by quite a bit. Some units, like Alicat's, are internally compensated which means that sensors inside the device measure temperature and pressure conditions and make real time corrections for variations in gas conditions. Real time corrections for variations in gas conditions take a lot of worry about maintaining consistent process conditions.
Repeatability measures an instrument's ability to repeat flow functions accurately.
A unit's repeatability is generally measured by monitoring a flow instrument's reading at a given flow rate, turning off the flow allowing instrument to return to zero for a given period of time, and then resuming the same flow. The instrument's repeatability is determined by examining the difference between the original flow reading and the flow reading after the flow has been turned off and resumed.
Simply, repeatability measures how repeatable an instrument's reading will be at the same flow rate.
Zero Shift or Offset error
Zero shift or offset shift is defined as how far from zero an instrument will move when pressure and/or temperature are changed. Offset error does not affect the slope of the calibration curve, any offset error will be the same throughout the flow range. Offset error is measured in %FS (or %reading)/degree change in temp (or psi change in pressure) Simply, for every change in degree temp or change in psi the calibration is offset by the percentage of error.
Span Shift or Span error
Span shift or span error is defined as a shift in the slope of the calibration curve with zero not changing. The calibration curve of the device will be affected differently at different flow ranges. Span error is measured in %FS (or %reading)/degree change in temp (or psi change in pressure) Simply, for every change in degree temp or change in psi the calibration is offset by the percentage of error
Zero shift or span shift can also be referred to as 'Temperature coefficients' or 'Pressure Coefficients' and will be measured the same way. Be sure to pay attention to the units of measure as some manufacturers will measure span or offset error percentages by measuring in degrees F or single psi instead of degrees C or atm's of pressure.
Turndown Ratio
Turndown ratio is a measure of the useable range of an instrument, expressed as the ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow. Simply put, it is the minimum amount of fluid that can be measured by the device. Turndown ratio indicates how much of the instrument range can produce accurate readings, which is very important when you want to measure or control a very wide flow range without having to change instruments. This article explains why turndown ratio is important.
Warm up time
Warm up time measures the amount of time it takes for an instrument to become stable for use. Thermal units tend to have the longest warm up times. Some units can take up to 30 minutes to become stable to within 2%FS. This is an important specification if you turn your unit off at the end of the day.
Pressure Drop
Pressure drop describes the loss of pressure as a fluid travels through a pipe or channel and any instruments along the way. If you blew into a mile long pipe, it's unlikely that anything would come out the other end. As the air flows through the pipe, friction with the pipe walls and between the gas particles causes a loss of pressure. Pressure drop is approximately proportional to the distance the gas travels. Every component that comes in contact with the gas–every instrument, fitting, bend, pipe wall, etc.–induces some pressure drop. This article explains how pressure drop is measured and why it is important.
Since pressure drop is a flow killer, gas processes that have little available differential pressure are best optimized by making sure that every component in the system generates as little pressure drop as possible. Alicat's Whisper Series of low pressure drop gas flow meters and controllers can help.
Dead Band
Dead band is defined as an area of a signal range or band where no action occurs. Put simply, the band where the system is dead.
Dead band as it relates to a pressure switch is the band in between which the switch trips (the setpoint) and where the switch resets.
- Gas Viscosity, Density and Compressibility Conversions
Conversion Documents
Gas Viscosities, Densities, and Compressibilities at 25°C PDF (43 kB)
Gas Viscosities, Densities, and Compressibilities at 0°C PDF (43 kB)
Get Adobe ReaderGas Density Conversion Table
Molecular Weight Density Gas Grams/Mole Grams/Liter
at 0°C, 29.92″ HgGrams/Liter
at 25°C, 29.92″ HgButane 58.124 2.5932 2.3758 Propane 44.097 1.9674 1.8024 H2 2.016 0.0899 0.0824 Ethane 30.070 1.3416 1.2291 Acetylene 26.038 1.1617 1.0643 Methane 16.043 0.7158 0.6557 Nitrous Oxide 44.013 1.9637 1.7990 CO2 44.011 1.9636 1.7989 CO 28.010 1.2497 1.1449 N2 28.013 1.2498 1.1450 Air 28.964 1.2922 1.1839 He 4.003 0.1786 0.1636 O2 31.999 1.4276 1.3079 Ar 39.948 1.7823 1.6328 Krypton 83.800 3.7388 3.4253 Neon 20.183 0.9005 0.8250 - Technical Glossary
Absolute Pressure
The total of the indicated gage pressure plus the atmospheric pressure. Abbreviated "psia" for pounds per square inch absolute.
Quantity defining the limit that errors will not exceed. When applied to flow meters, accuracy is specified in either % of full scale or % of rate.
Atmospheric Pressure
The pressure exerted upon the earth's surface by the air because of the gravitational attraction of the earth. Standard atmosphere pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). Measured with a barometer.
An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Coriolis Flow Meter
The Coriolis flow meter uses the Coriolis Effect to measure the mass flow of a fluid. The fluid travels through single or dual curved tubes. A vibration is applied to the tube(s). The Coriolis force acts on the fluid particles perpendicular to the vibration and the direction of the flow. While the tube is vibrating upward, the fluid flow in forces down on the tube. As the fluid flows out of the tube, it forces upward. This creates torque, twisting the tube. The inverse process occurs when the tube is vibrating downward. The amount of twist in the tube is directly related to mass flow of the fluid through the tube.
Differential Pressure
The difference between two pressures. Differential Pressure Flow Meters use differential pressure to compute volumetric flow rates.
Differential Pressure Flow Meter
Differential Pressure or Laminar flow meters use the pressure drop created within a laminar flow element to measure the mass flow rate of a fluid. A laminar flow element takes turbulent flow and separates it into thin channels. By reducing the diameter of the flow channel and affecting velocity, the flow becomes laminar through the channels. The decrease in pressure, or pressure drop, across the channel is measured using a differential pressure sensor. The Poiseuille Equation can then be used to relate the pressure drop to the volumetric flow rate. The volumetric rate can also be converted to a mass flow rate using density correction at a given temperature and pressure.
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Laminar Flow Meter
see Differential Pressure Flow Meter
Mass Flow
Also called normal flow or standard flow. The mass flow rate can be thought of as what the volume flow rte would be if the gas flowing through the line were at standard conditions. Actual line pressure and temperature affect the density of the gas, which contracts (above atmospheric pressure and / or low temperature) or expands (under vacuum and / or high temperature), and thus affects the measured volume flow rate. This means that the exact same number of molecules of gas flow can be measured as radically different volume flows when the temperature or pressure is fluctuating. Some mass flow meters have an absolute pressure sensor, temperature sensor or other technique to determine and compensate for variable gas density on the fly. This means that a change in mass flow reading is known to mean an actual change in the number of gas molecules as opposed to a simple change in the gas density. In addition, when the volumetric flow rate is corrected to standard conditions, it is a simple matter to multiply the mass flow rate by the density of the gas at standard conditions (commonly published) to determine actual mass flow rate (e.g. grams / minute)
In reference to flow products or pressure products, media usually refers to the process gas or liquid to be used with the device.
Commonly used acronym for Mass Flow Controller.
NIST Traceability
All Alicat measurement and control instruments are furnished, at no extra cost, with a certificate of calibration. This certificate indicates the type of device, information about the customer who purchased the instrument and specific test data indicating the instrument's performance in comparison to a known NIST traceable standard.
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Is the closeness of agreement between consecutive measurements of the same flow within a particular time frame. This can be specified as % of full scale or % of rate.
Smallest incremental change in a parameter that can be indicated on the display (Note: this is not the same as accuracy).
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Thermal Flow Meter
As the name implies, thermal flow meters use heat to measure the flow rate of a fluid. Thermal flow meters traditionally work in one of two ways. The first type measures the current required to maintain a fixed temperature across a heated element. As the fluid flows, particles contact the element and dissipate or carry away heat. As the flow rate increases, more current is required to keep the element at a fixed temperature. The current requirement is proportional to the mass flow rate. The second thermal method involves measuring the temperature at two points on an element or "hot wire". As the fluid flows over the element it dissipates heat. The upstream side of the element will be hotter than the downstream side. The change in temperature is related to the fluid's mass flow.
Turndown Ratio
Turndown ratio is a measure of the useable range of an instrument, expressed as the ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow. This article explains why turndown ratio is important.
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Volume Flow
Indicates the actual volume of a gas. Since gases are compressible, the actual mass of the gas will be constant with temperature & pressure changes, but the volume will vary.
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Editors' Review
+Watermarks can add a professional touch to any document as well protect content from plagiarism. Advanced Bulk PDF Watermark Creator makes it incredibly simple to add watermarks to multiple PDF documents.
The application's interface is plain and partly truncated at the bottom, though none of the buttons were cut off. We tried to resize the window but were unable to do so. The program is broken down into four steps that are labeled on the interface. First, we had to select the input directory and add the PDFs we wanted watermarked. Second, we entered the text for the watermark. We opted to add the filename to the watermark as well. We like being able to choose whether to place the watermarks under or over the document's content. We were also able to select the font style, size, and color from drop-down menus. From there, we selected the output directory and gave permission to add our customized watermark to the PDFs. When we opened the finished PDFs, each and every one contained our personalized watermark. Due to its trial limitations, the program placed an additional watermark on the files, but we were still able to get a clear idea of how well the everything worked. This software is so easy to use, we doubt many users will need the PDF containing the Help file.
Advanced Bulk PDF Watermark Creator installed a desktop icon without permission but cleanly uninstalled. While its interface isn't the most professional we've seen, it's an effective tool, and we recommend it for all users.
Publisher's Description
+Advanced Bulk PDF Watermark Creator automates the task of stamping one or more PDF documents with a watermark. The application automatically imports all PDF documents from a specific directory and all of its subdirectories. Alternatively, users can manually import PDF documents that need to be stamped with a watermark. For each imported input PDF document the application creates a watermarked copy of the original PDF file.
Original PDF documents are not affected by the watermarking process. Advanced Bulk PDF Watermark Creator allows users to define the following watermark properties: single-line verbiage, multiple-line verbiage, font family, font color, font size, font style, rotation / no rotation, placement beneath / above existing PDF content. In addition to this, the application allows users to define multiple-line watermarks.


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Posted Mar 10, 2009
By DatabaseJournal.com Staff
Microsoft will expose the network protocol from its SQL Server database as the service protocol in SDS (SQL Data Services), the cloud-based version of the database, thus enabling customers to use a full relational model in the cloud.
The article continues at http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/03/10/Microsoft_to_accelerate_relational_capabilities_for_the_cloud_1.html?source=rss&url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/09/03/10/Microsoft_to_accelerate_relational_capabilities_for_the_cloud_1.html
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Loathe though I am to take my hat off to the broadcasting brute that is Sky, I have to admit to a certain admiration for one of their current 'What Do You Want To Watch?' cinema ads (it may be on TV but I've only caught at the cinema). It features pro skateboarder Danny Way breaking two world records in one run on a custom-built 'Megaramp' back in June 2003, jumping 75 feet from ramp to ramp and clearing 23.5 feet of air. The icing on the cinematic cake is the accompanying music which is the sublime 'Us' by Regina Spektor. Unfortunately I can't find a copy of that trail online but here's another trail of the same jump from Danny Way's official site.
Monday, May 29, 2006
Posted by Dan Taylor at 8:32 PM 5 comments Links to this post
Labels: advertising, film, music
Monday, May 01, 2006
The rebirth of the personalized homepage
Back in the early days of the web, there was a huge amount of attention given to what users had set as their browser homepage and a whole lot of money spent by ISPs trying to design portals to this end (which would invariably be set as customers' homepage by default - the challenge was persuading them not to change them).
In recent years, the homepage seems to have become less of a battleground, with the majority of web companies accepting the preeminence of Google and instead turning their attention to securing a high ranking in the search giant's results (most notable exceptions: MSN, Yahoo! and AOL).
One off-shoot of the battle for users' homepages was the evolution of the personalised homepage, which enabled users to build their own homepage from pre-determined building blocks. The addition of the personal pronoun to an established brand quickly established itself as the naming convention for these services (e.g. 'my BBC', 'My Yahoo!'). Unfortunately, the dial-up, predominantly HTML web of the mid-90s wasn't terribly well equipped for such services which tended to be slow, unreliable and unlikely to work across different browsers.
However times have changed and the personalised homepage is experiencing something of a renaissance. Instrumental in this process is the explosion in broadband take-up and the advent of Web 2.0 technologies. Decent connection speeds and the application of AJAX makes building personalised homepages on the fly a pleasure rather than a chore and the proliferation of APIs and RSS feeds is opening up the number of potential building blocks for these services.
Alongside offerings from the major players (Google's IG / Personlized Homepage, Microsoft's live.com and start.com, and a revitalised My Yahoo!) are a host of smaller start-ups. Below is a list of my current top ten. Marginally ahead of the pack at the moment is netvibes, by virtue of its ease of use and range of widgets. On top of the usual selection (weather, news, search and email) is integration with some of Web 2.0's poster boys (Flickr, Writely and del.icio.us) and a rather splendid tie up with Box.net which provides all users with 1Gb of online storage. Nice.
Alot of the below services are pretty similar and it will be interesting to see how many of them stand the test of time. That said, there's already more on the way: see Zimbio (ne. Zoozio) and wrickr. I'm personally hoping for a homepage which requires less active setup and maintenance - maybe a Firefox plug-in which tracks your surfing and builds a page accordingly, factoring in the browsing habits of your friends and likeminded individuals.
Of course, there is a downside to the development of these new services, the resurrection of that most hideous of lingusitic conflations: 'webtop'. A small price to pay I suppose...
Top 10 personalised homepage services:
1. netvibes (simple drag and drop interface and great selection of widgets)
2. Pageflakes (clean interface and wide range of widgets. a bit buggy)
3. Protopage (simple, Dashboard-style interface but limited integration with other web apps)
4. goowy (Flash rather than AJAX and more of a desktop than a homepage)
5. Favoor (clean interface but limited functionality/widgets)
6. eskobo (good for managing feeds but limited selection of widgets)
7. LinkedFeed (interesting social dimension but let down by French-bias e.g. TV listings)
8. HomePortals (unfriendly user interface)
9. ItsAStart (messy interface, limited selection of widgets)
10. MyHommy (incomplete english language version)
Posted by Dan Taylor at 10:57 AM 5 comments Links to this post
Labels: web 2.0


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You can grow begonia outdoors or indoors as houseplants. The attractive plants are often grown for their ornamental leaves or colorful blooms. Begonias grow in all U.S Department of Agriculture hardiness plant zones when treated as an annual or grown indoors. The flowers are most often grown in pots or hanging baskets placed in areas with filtered shade. Begonias have both male and female flowers on the same plant; the female flowers have a seed capsule at the base, while male flowers do not.
Look for seedpods once begonia flowers shrivel and dry. The seedpods are located behind the female flower; female flowers have a swollen ovary at the base of the flower and do not contain yellow stamens.
Clip the seedpods off the plant when they begin to look dry, but harvest the seedpods before they are fully dry and split open, dispersing seeds.
Open the seedpods over a piece of white paper, such as typing paper, and empty the seedpods.
Use an empty pill bottle or other small plastic container to store deeds until dry. Fold the white paper and use it to funnel the seeds into the container. It generally takes a week or so for the seeds to dry.
Pour dried seeds out and onto typing paper or other white paper. Using a second sheet of white paper, gently tilt the paper containing seeds and chaff over the other sheet of paper. The tiny seeds will roll off, leaving the chaff behind. If no seeds roll off, it may be all chaff rather than viable seeds.
Pour seeds from the sheet of paper into an envelope, tape shut, add the date and mark it so that you know what type of seed the envelope contains.
Things You Will Need
- Scissors
- White sheet of paper
- Pill bottle or small plastic container
- Envelopes
- Tape
- Seeds collected from hybrid begonias may not come true from seed and may differ from the parent plant.
- Begonia seeds remain viable up to 10 years when stored in the refrigerator.
- Do not harvest seed pods if they are still green; seeds will not be fully developed and most likely are not viable.
References (3)
- The New Sunset Western Garden Book; Kathleen Norris Brenzel, Ed.
- American Begonia Society: Growing Begonia from Seed
- Cornell University Growing Guide: Begonia
Photo Credits
- Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images


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In this project-based Illustrator CC 2015 video tutorial series, you'll quickly have relevant skills for real-world applications.
Follow along with our expert instructor in this training course to get:
Practical working files further enhance the learning process and provide a degree of retention that is unmatched by any other form of Illustrator CC 2015 tutorial, online or offline... so you'll know the exact steps for your own projects.
In this Illustrator CC 2015 training course, expert author Andy Anderson will teach you about the tools and techniques in this vector graphics software from Adobe. This course is designed for the absolute beginner, meaning no prior experience with Adobe Illustrator is required. You will start by learning how to manage Adobe Illustrator, then jump into learning about the layers panel. From there, Andy will teach you about Illustrator drawing techniques, object transformation, and how to add life to vector images. This video tutorial also covers creative Illustrator considerations, such as creating a clipping mask, generating a transparency mask, working with type, and understanding Adobe Typekit. Finally, you will learn how to save, print, and export your artwork. Once you have completed this computer based training course, you will have learned everything you need to know to create your own vector graphics with Adobe Illustrator. Working files are included, allowing you to follow along with the author throughout the lessons.
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St. Francis - Bucks general manager John Hammond said he spent a couple sleepless nights thinking about the trade that sent forward Richard Jefferson to the San Antonio Spurs.
But in the end, he felt the deal would help the Bucks and give him more room to maneuver, both immediately and in the future. Hammond, speaking at a news conference today, also took issue with those observers who thought the team was taking a step backward and becoming less competitive.
"We're not saying, 'OK, everybody get patient and please give us time,'" Hammond said. "Two impatient guys right here (sitting next to coach Scott Skiles). I know this is a man that doesn't want to lose.
"I don't want that message to get out there - this is a step back and be patient."
Hammond also said he was under no orders to cut salary from Bucks owner Herb Kohl.
"Even yesterday, he (Jefferson) thanked us for the opportunity to be in Milwaukee," Hammond said of the 29-year-old veteran. "We do appreciate those kind words from him.
"I would like to make this clear from the get-go. We didn't make this move for a purely financial reason. We made this move to become a better team. I also want to make this clear right now. This was not a mandate from our owner, Sen. Kohl, to make a move like this.
"This is my decision, and this is what he pays me to do. It's my responsibility to make this work now. The easy thing to do, stand pat. Play it out and see what happens.
"The hard thing to do is do something like this. This is not about financial flexibility; this is about roster flexibility, something we did not have. I don't know how you move forward and become a better team like we want to become, unless you have those options."
The Bucks will gain significant flexibiity next summer, when they will have at least $18 million worth of expiring contracts coming off the books, as presently constituted. And some of those contracts could be bargaining chips to use in trade talks this summer.
Hammond said already he has received phone calls since the trade was made, because other teams know the Bucks at least are able to make some moves. They acquired three expiring contracts in the trade, getting veterans Bruce Bowen and Kurt Thomas from San Antonio and 22-year-old forward Amir Johnson from Detroit.
Bowen was scheduled to be at the Cousins Center later today to take a physical, and Thomas should arrive next week for his physical. Johnson, an athletic power forward who already has played four years with Detroit, will be given a chance to develop and contribute to the Bucks front line.
Hammond said he had talked to all the players acquired by the Bucks, and he indicated Bowen and Thomas understood the trade. The Bucks will have a decision to make on Bowen by July 30, when his $4 million expiring deal is guaranteed. If the Bucks release him before then, he is owed only $2 million.
"We're looking at both those players as assets for us right now," Hammond said. "They're both on one-year contracts, but they're both very good players. They've both been part of championship-caliber teams. They know how to win.
"This is a step-by-step process for us. Before we made a move like this, we couldn't even have a discussion about a player like Amir Johnson, who was out there and available. He's 6-foot-10 and plays way above the rim. We hope as we move forward there are going to be other opportunities like this."
If the Bucks release the 38-year-old Bowen, they would be approximately $6 million below the anticipated luxury tax level for next season. But Hammond said no decisions had been made yet on either Bowen or Thomas.
"With Bowen, with Kurt Thomas, those guys could be a piece of that, and we're happy to have them as part of our organization today," Hammond said.
The Bucks are expected to make qualifying offers to restricted free agents Ramon Sessions and Ersan Ilyasova, each in the $1 million range. But Hammond indicated no decision had been made yet on whether to make the $4.6 million qualifying offer required for power forward Charlie Villanueva.
If the Bucks do not make the offer by Tuesday, Villanueva will become an unrestricted free agent.
"Before this deal, we didn't even have an opportunity to be involved in discussions like those," Hammond said of the team's own free agents. "July 1 is right around the corner. At least now we have an opportunity to be involved in the decision-making process on both of those players in addition to Ersan Ilyasova."
Ilyasova, a second-round pick of the Bucks in 2005, has played the past two seasons for Regal FC Barcelona in the Spanish League.
Hammond again said that he expected to keep the team's first-round pick, the 10th overall choice in Thursday's NBA draft. The Bucks also have the 41st overall choice.


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This coming Sunday, 3 October 2010, Dr. Gaither will be honored as one of the recipients of the Fannie Lou Hamer Award. The award honors the contributions of women in the Annapolis community for their dedication and efforts in working with the community. The awards were named after civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer who worked tirelessly for the civil rights and voting rights during the 1960s including helping the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and working to desgregate the Mississippi Democratic Party. During the awards ceremony, Dr. Gaither along with five other award recipients will be commended for their commitment to their communities and their work to improve the lives of those around them.
If you are interested in attending, tickets are still available. Please see the event information below. Congratulations Dr. Gaither on your well deserved award!
Celebrating Women of Excellence in the Community
15th Annual Fannie Lou Hamer Award Reception3 October 2010
4:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Francis Scott Key Auditorium
St. John's College
Annapolis, MD
Tickets are $35.00 and may be purchased by contacting Christine Davenport at firstname.lastname@example.com or 410.761.5763.


text:
Hilltop Crips deserve the conspiracy charges
This editorial will appear in tomorrow's print edition.
Thomas Felnagle is a fine judge, but we devoutly hope he's wrong about using conspiracy charges against street gangs.
The Pierce County Superior Court judge ruled Friday that prosecutors cannot target members of the Hilltop Crips solely on the basis of their alleged affiliation with the violent gang; any prosecutions must tie defendants to specific criminal acts they personally participated in.
As it happens, his ruling may not have much effect on the cases against three dozen suspected Crips who've been rounded up since February by a task force of local, state and federal law enforcement officers. That's because there was such an abundance of crimes to charge: shootings, robberies, assaults, burglaries – more than 50 felonies in all. Read more »


text: NPoCP - Smart car editionZipppy, Hondurr and Mazdurr4/11/14 6:51pm13EditPromoteShare to KinjaGo to permalink Two smart ForTwos, $6500 a pop. Front one has a hairline crack on the windshield down the middle. Who knows what these cars have been through.. Advertisement If my mother had her way, this would be the car I'd get. my father tells me sensors fail often on these. Reply13 repliesLeave a reply


text: Take That, Apple! Amazon Can Call Their App Store "Appstore" For NowKat Hannaford7/07/11 8:01amFiled to: appsAmazon app storeApple app storeappLawsuitsAmazonApple26EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalinkThe war over the "App Store" name is far from over, but Amazon's been granted a small reprieve by a US judge, having denied Apple from requesting a preliminary injunction on the use of the term. While the judge didn't agree with Amazon's claims that "App Store" (or even "Appstore," as they phrase it) is generic, the judge did tell Apple they haven't established a "likelihood of confusion." It's been almost four months since Amazon's Appstore launched, and Apple filed a lawsuit for trademark infringement, but it doesn't look like a decision will be made anytime soon, with a trial date set for October. [Reuters]Reply26 repliesLeave a reply


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You can also check out this recent article [informationweek.com] in InformationWeek for an example of someone using it successfully.
Novell has one advantage in developing such a tool: They don't have a proprietary OS anymore to cloud their direction in deciding which aspects are cross platform and which are platform specific.
Their forte and fortune with Netware was always their administration. It seems perfectly reasonable to try to leverage that experience and redirect it to something with more of a future. They also have existing relationships with pretty much every major OS player, putting them at a distinct advantage over an o
Well, aren't they?
Don't get me wrong, I've been a Novell fanboi for a long time -- started with NetWare 2.15b, have multiple CNE certs, etc., etc. But they could never make up their own damn minds: Rconsole, NWAdmin, ConsoleOne (yeah, on a workstation, or on a server? Java apps which were "cross-platform" but different), iManage, shit, who knows what else? A pathetic mess pretty much forever.
Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and think what nobody else has thought.


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It took 59 weeks for Stacy Lewis to knock Inbee Park out of the No. 1 spot in the LPGA rankings.
Now the 29-year-old Texas native will be fighting hard to stay on top at the Manulife Financial Classic, beginning Thursday at Grey Silo Golf Course in Waterloo.
Lewis reclaimed the LPGA lead from Park with a win last week at the ShopRite LPGA Classic in New Jersey, her second of the season. Park had leapfrogged Lewis in early 2013 when Park won the Kraft Nabisco Championship before the Tour took a week off.
Lewis admitted that she's had a pretty hectic week so far, not arriving into Canada until Monday.
"It's been a pretty cool week; a pretty whirlwind couple of days," she said. "It's was nice to get the win last week and getting the number one was just a bonus."
Lewis, who has already finished in the top 10 in 10 tournaments this season, has to like her chances heading into Waterloo, where she has tied for fifth and sixth the previous two years.
"I've come here the last few years and played really well," she said.
"I think it's a golf course you have to make a ton of birdies on and I led the tour in birdies last year, and I think I'm leading that stat this year, so I think that fits my game. You have to go out there and attack, and make as many birdies as you can.
"This golf course's length is always an advantage, the par 5s are reachable and I think this year it will be even more of an advantage with the course playing a little bit softer. I'd love to get another win, but at the same time, I just have to keep putting myself there and on Sunday, hopefully, the cards fall your way."
Park is defending champ
The trick, she said, is not becoming too complacent and preparing the same way as she would for any other tournament, even though Park and No. 1 hopeful Lydia Ko are both at Grey Silo.
"I feel like over the last year I've put myself in position to win so many times that I'm very comfortable," Lewis said. "Sunday last week, the nerves were there initially, but once we got going, I felt like if I took care of my game there was no way anybody was going to beat me."
Someone else Lewis will have to watch for is returning champion Hee Young Park. The South Korean won the Manulife Financial Classic in dramatic fashion last year, beating Angela Stanford in a three-hole playoff. Stanford and Park both shot 26-under 258 at the tournament tying an LPGA record for lowest number of strokes at a four-day event.
Park, ranked 23rd in the world, said she was eager to get back to familiar surroundings.
"Actually this golf course is in perfect shape, everything, and I know how I was feeling and green conditions pretty much perfect, so easy to get used to it," she said. "[Earlier in the week] there was rain here so it got softer, so I can hit more aggressive, which is good."
7 Canadians looking to strike
Park added that she's ready to defend her title, despite suffering a wrist injury "a few months ago". She said after some rest, the wrist feels fine.
"It feels a lot better and I'm back to pretty much normal, I can play," she said. "(The) last few weeks I played pretty good, so I think it's ready."
Lewis is hoping that the wind, which has whipped up the past few days, sticks around for the weekend on the links-style course. She feels that will keep scores down and her in contention.
"I would much rather play a golf course when it's playing hard than when it's playing easy," she said. "What's surprised me the last two years is that I have played well here, because I don't like courses that are just a straight birdie fest and you go crazy. I like it when it's hard and you have to golf shots and things like that.
"The wind this year, I'm actually pretty excited about. I'm excited that it's going to play longer and not as short as in years passed. That gets me excited, I don't know about the other players."
Besides the top three golfers in the world, there are seven Canadians in the field this year — Erica Rivard of Tecumseh, Ont., Nicole Vandermade of Brantford, Ont., Brooke Henderson of Smiths Falls, Ont., Sue Kim of Langley, B.C., Toronto's Rebecca Lee-Betham, Hamilton's Alena Sharp and Jennifer Kirby of Paris, Ont.
To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted.
By submitting a comment, you accept that CBC has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner CBC chooses. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. Comments are welcome while open. We reserve the right to close comments at any time.
Note: The CBC does not necessarily endorse any of the views posted. By submitting your comments, you acknowledge that CBC has the right to reproduce, broadcast and publicize those comments or any part thereof in any manner whatsoever. Please note that comments are moderated and published according to our submission guidelines.


text:
Nothing thin about it
If you're looking for something thin, then keep looking because the Thin tool is definitely not thin. It is made out of PVC, so that's not too good either. But for an inexpensive, no frills simple dildo, this is not a bad thing to add to your collection.Published:
No batteries, simple no frills dildo.
Not thin, made of PVC
Follow-up commentary
8 days after original review
I still like this toy. I still hate it for its intended purpose of anal entry. I still find it's way to thick. I am still not wild about the material the Thin Tool is made of and I still think it shouldn't be called the THIN tool.
This content is the opinion of the submitting contributor and is not endorsed by EdenFantasys.com
Good review. I agree, this thing is intimidating. Just looking at the picture I could tell I wouldn't be intereseted even before seeing the measurements.
In your review, it would be useful if you included why a material is a specific rating on the safety scale. Thanks for including the measurements.
I don't know why the materials are specific ratings. All the materials, not just PVC are specific ratings. If you click on what each toy is made of they will tell you the safety rating if it's not on the main main. I'm not even sure who (what company) came up with the safety rating scale.
Thanks for the review!
your welcome
No discussions yet.
Thank you for viewing Thin tool – anal probe review page!


text:
People | 3 |
Bedrooms | Studio |
Bathrooms | 1 |
Property type | cabin |
Minimum Stay | 2 nights |
Green Acres Ranch is more than a cozy place to stay...it is a work of art surprising its happy guests with beauty and creativity.
The ranch has two separate cabins (rented individually or together - see our other VRBO listing #14571) and is on acres of clean and sparse Mojave Desert land. Several lounging areas, hammocks, and fire pits help you soak up the sun, the stars, a good book or a glass of wine (It's rumored that a bottle has greeted a guest or two).
For those who love wildlife, our mature trees and other plant life attract a host of twittering birds and scurrying critters: quail, doves, friendly bats, and roadrunners to name a few. Ravens often nest in the large Tamarisk trees at the front gate, raising new hatchlings each year.
We're located less than a mile away from the boundary of Joshua Tree National Park, and our convenient location near the 62 Highway provides easy access to all nearby locations without sacrificing a sense of peaceful seclusion. Daily excursions may include Joshua Tree National Park (West entrance less than ten minutes away), East Mojave Scenic National Area, Big Morongo Wildlife Preserve, Palm Springs, the Coachella Valley, Big Bear Mountain, Twentynine Palms, Pioneer Town, or Giant Rock.
We are artists from the Los Angeles area.
Albert purchased this cabin in 2001
Joshua Tree is the best getaway from the city, if you want big open skies and uncrowded spaces! Green Acres Ranch has a relaxed and unpretentious feeling that guests instantly respond to.
What our guests really enjoy about the property is that it provides great comfort, yet has the slight feel of 'roughing it'. We are private, and yet easily accessible to Highway 62.
I just wanted to say thank you for sharing this wonderful property with us, it is by far the best wholesome vacation we have had as a family, my 4 year old loved rooming around the property checking out the desert plants you have off her Desert Plants workbook, the Joshua tree park was fun and educational, we enjoyed the beautiful full moon lighting up the yard at night, you have done an excellent job making the place comfy and useful, we are already talking about going back in March to spend few days, we will definitely recommend the spot to friends and family.Thanks againAli & Kathleen
We really enjoyed our stay at the house. We loved the eclectic decorating style of the house. We really hope to come back in the spring or summer when we can better enjoy the backyard. Fun house!
We loved the place from the moment we walked through the door. The words cozy, cute, and somewhat rustic can to mind. The bottle of wine waiting for us on the table was a nice, welcoming touch. The wood-burning stove supplied heat and ambiance. This is an outstanding property for dogs, providing a large, enclosed space for the dogs to roam off leash. The property is conveniently located in Joshua Tree and close to the park entrance. We thoroughly loved our stay at this property and will definitely stay here again. I would highly recommend it to anyone, and especially to dog owners.
The Green Acres Ranch was exactly what we were looking for in a peaceful & quiet get away. The host Sandra/Albert go above & beyond to make your vacation stay as accessible, comfortable, & accommodating as possible. We completely over packed for this trip as everything 'Away from home' was at the tips of your fingers. Extra towels, toiletries, complete kitchenware/utensils, bedding, BBQ supplies {just to name of few}.
From the moment we arrived the entire property was inviting & welcoming. The cabin was serene, clean, cozy, colorful, tastefully decorated & with little details to make you feel special--like being greeted with a table of wine glasses & candles. The fenced backyard was a BONUS! We have family pets and not once did the owners ask for weight, breed specific, qty, or charge an added pet fee. We are an Air Force family, no children but sometimes it's hard to get away when you have four legged friends. We were SO grateful that the host were so attentive to our needs in bringing our dogs & not charging ridiculous hidden pet deposits. They just made things EASY, not to mention our dogs had the freedom to roam where ever they pleased since the entire area is enclosed with posted fencing. They enjoyed their stay as much as we did. I truly wish I could attach the photos.
We explored the property over our weekend, as there's much to look at. Nature at it's finest! We saw Roadrunners with our morning coffee's & Hummingbirds when relaxing in the hammocks; the misters under the covered pavilion, with outdoor speaker system, a focal point fountain display & man-made fish pond made this place BLISSFUL! And at night, the entire area lights up with string bulb lighting & the decorative decor pieces are highlighted with neon spot lights.
Lastly, we journald our stay in the guest book that awaits you on the counter, left our mark with recycling our wine bottle in the backyard; decoratively displayed along the fence line, and painted a rock that adds to the colorful landscape in an area set-aside for arriving guest! This place was just FUN!!! In the end, we will be back! It was everything we hoped for while getting away from the city ....and being that there's 2 cabins near one another on this large property, we will be back with family members. A true entertaining, relaxing, pleasurable, heartwarming--making family memeories STAY, at The Green Acres Ranch.
I was looking for a place to get away and unplug. I found the perfect place. It is beautiful, serene, and full of character. Every corner of the property is unique in its own way. Could not have picked a better place a little respite.
The Green Actes home is in a perfect location. My daughter and I spent a week here relaxing and hiking. The house is fabulous. It's creative spacious and has everything you need. Great care has gone into the eclectic decor. We loved it!
We loved Albert and Sandra's funky 'n phresh Roadrunner Cabin! A one-of-a-kind home base for visiting JTNP! So many fun tidbits and artistic details to discover in the cabin and on the surrounding ranch.
We found the bed to be a little too firm for our liking, so we mostly hung out in the hammock!
The kitchen and bathroom were well-stocked with everything we needed for our stay and before we passed out from hiking all day, we were entertained by the satellite TV.
As an homage to the owners, we watched Futurama and Duckman when we got home!
See you again someday, Green Acres Ranch!
Visiting Joshua Tree National Park, Rock Climbing, Relaxing (the best activity in our opinion), Antique and Thrift Shopping, Live Music
Rental Period | Minimum Price | Additional Nights | Weekend Night | Weekly | Monthly | Event Price | |||
Summer 2017
25 Jul 2017 -
14 Sep 2017
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
Notes: Rates are based on 2 guests; add £20 per night, per additional guest | |||||||||
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
for 2 nights
Notes: Rates are based on 2 guests; add £20 per night, per additional guest |
Cleaning Fee | £36 |
Pet Fee | £8 |
Our rates are flat (no taxes are charged to you). We accept VRBO billing, Paypal or personal checks or eChecks from U.S. guests. We only accept VRBO billing, Paypal or cash from foreign guests.


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I voted for Yuna, but this seems like a really odd question to begin with. IMO, a better poll would be Yuna vs. Kwan--I think there are many more similarities in their skating.
That's already been done. I voted for Yu-Na simply because I believe her to be the better singles skater between her and Kristi. I chose to limit the comparison to singles skating because that is the discipline in which they earned the most prestigious titles. Nevertheless, I have found the discussion and debate interesting. On a side note, I find it curious that judgejudy voted for Yu-Na in the poll. In a thread a few months ago, did you not list Kristi Yamaguchi as the best female figure skater in history, in your opinion? I could have sworn that you did.
If I did I must have been only joking. I definitely dont feel that way. I am not sure if I feel Yu Na is either, but I do rate her above Kristi, although I consider both all time greats. I have said in the past if Kristi had stayed amateur even only through 94 most would consider her the greatest ever today IMO, considering she would have a Witt-like record of 4 straight Worlds and 2 Olympics, but unlike Witt her technical abilities wouldnt look outdated for a long time to come. That is as far as I would go on her though.
No, it didn't read like a joke! I found the thread. It was one of the earliest threads I participated in, in this forum, and my list was one of the few that omitted Kristi (and included Yuka. Yuka is to skating skills as Midori is to jumps.) On the other hand, I thought your list was different in that it put Kristi at #1, so the memory of it stuck in my mind. Kristi is one of my old favorites, by the way, I just never thought of her as one of the greatest. http://www.fsuniverse.net/forum/showthread.php?t=74732 I agree with you that Kristi would have been a favorite going into the 1994 Olympics and winning a few more Worlds. However, even if she had, I am unsure if I would rank her a better skater than Yu-Na, and definitely not above Michelle.
Well I consider Janet Lynn and Midori Ito the best skaters of all time, and Ito had most of her best skating before 1991 anyway. So it really doesnt matter who I rate as the best of that time period. I go back and forth between Yu Na, Michelle, and Kristi. I think competitively speaking Yu Na at her best would easily beat the other two at theirs, especialy under COP, her jumps are just much too strong for the other two to counter with anything and the judges love her skating. She is the most inconsistent and weakest big event competitor of the three though. Kwan was the most magical and most appealing to watch for me, and has the most longevity and total medals. Kristi was the best competitor and has the best dominance in big events over the years of the 3 IMO, but I find her by far the least intersting of the three to watch. And I think Mao Asada is more naturally talented than all 3 but will probably never fulfill her full potential, although she still has already had a great career in her own right.
I think Kristi developed her artistry after she turned pro. As an eligible skater she was mainly a jumping bean who had a lithe body that created an impression of being 'artistic'. Don't get me wrong. I did like her; I just did not think she was the great artist that people made her out to be in 1992. She was definitely the most complete skater of her time, but my favorite still was the exciting Midori Ito.
I would have to go with Yu-Na Kim, mostly based on her natural athletic ability, the huge jumps (esp. compared to Kristi's jumps which I always found to be extra small) , speed and ice coverage. I do love Kristi, and I do think her attention to detail is much better than Kim's: Her hands, feet, neck everything was always in place. She also had a 3z-3t in the early 90s, which is very impressive. I'm only comparing amateur careers , I don't think it's right to weigh in with Kristi's fab pro-career, since YNK hasn't had one yet. If you compare the OGM performances, it's no comparison. YNK would have won under any system, no mistakes, a 3F-3T in the SP (people forget how risky that is), a 3F-3T and 2A-3T in the LP, a program skated with speed, power, ease and elan. I would have put Kristi's Albertville OGM performance behind Mirai's 4th place finish in Vancouver, under any system.
I disagree. The most accurate way to compare skaters from different eras is to judge how impressive was Kristi's technical content in 1992 versus how impressive was Yu N Kim's technical content in 2010. Although I do indeed lurve Yu Na Kim, her LP content was not as impressive in 2010 as Kristi's LP content was in 1992. And Kristi's line was definitely superior. --The SP really can't be compared at all: In 1992, women weren't even allowed to do more than 1 triple in the short. So you really can't compare what Yu Na did in her Olympic short when Kristi wouldn't have even been allowed to do that content in 1992. That would be like comparing a current male who did a quad in his SP to a male OGM from an era when quads weren't allowed in the men's short.
How so? Both ladies had a triple lutz-triple toe and 2nd triple lutz. Yu Na had many more jump combinations (ok mostly since only COP demands them). Yu Na landed 6 triples to Kristi's 5. Kristi's only edge was attempting a triple loop which Yu Na didnt, which she fell on anyway it turned out (and didnt attempt the triple salchow which Yu Na did). And Yu Na's spins and footwork were definitely more difficult, even if the spins probably werent as well executed (again I know mainly due to COP).
I agree about the SP- we can't compare them. However, it is easy to compare the LPs. Yu na had the difficult jump combination that Kristi did, and Yu na's jumps are much stronger than Kristi's. Kristi had a 'fall' (she ended up sitting on the ice, IIRC) on the 3 loop. Then she doubled the 3 salchow, which was always a problem jump for her. Yu na skated absolutely clean, without doubling any of her jumps, and she was carrying a very heavy load- the expectations of her country. Kristi was an underdog, in spite of being the reigning world champion. As far as the Olympic wins are concerned, Yu na was a much better skater than Kristi in the OGM winning free skate.
I pick Kristi because her jump content was so high that it could compete with Yuna almost twenty years later. That is impressive in itself. She also has better lines.
I've always thought the first 2 minutes of Kristi's LP would have been a perfect SP. Amazing what she could do, with such ease. The first 2 minutes had a perfect 3Lz/3T, 2A and 3F out of footwork, a spiral sequence, a camel spin on the outside edge, a flying sit spin...WOW
But that's exactly what you did! Interesting assessments and this entire thread has some thought-provoking commentary. All things considered, I would have to say Michelle is by far the best competitor, no contest. Not just because of her consistency and stats and longevity, but because of her courage, heart, and indefinable magic. There was no way they wanted Kwan to win Worlds in 2000 and 2001, but she refused to be denied (and her competitors faltered). Yu Na is a technically exquisite jumper, but she doesn't do all the jumps, doesn't point her feet (an ubiquitous but accurate criticism), isn't as consistent overall, although she performed better at the 2010 Olympics than Kwan (2002) and Kristi (1992). I also feel that Yu Na is much more reserved, so I don't always connect with her skating on the deep, emotional level that I did with Kwan's skating. Kristi was competent, cute, and fun to watch. She was more interesting to watch when she turned pro and her skating and her personality developed. I believe Kristi was obviously one of the best all around skaters of her time. It is mainly in looking back that she seems less interesting to watch in comparison with skaters of her generation and those who came later. I think it is generally hard to accurately compare skaters between eras, so our observations are mostly based on subjective assessments and limited by our own unique perspectives. Of course, Midori Ito was a dynamo in a class by herself (but the necessity to wait her turn earlier in her career, then the unfair rap that she did not have good presentation skills, plus injuries, and bad luck in 1991 --falling out of the rink at Worlds, and at 1992 Olympics --falling on her first 3axel in the lp, kept her from winning more championships). I do think that Midori was much more exciting to watch than Kristi at that time and from today's vantage point, although Kristi tended to be favored as the artistic, versatile, cute U.S. skater/ girl-next door. I even remember a fluff piece where they had Midori watching a clip of Jill Trenary's 1990 lp, with Midori politely saying she was watching and learning how to improve her artistic skills. Actually, Midori had excellent presentation skills which she continued to develop, but she was always marked low for presentation (kind of a bias perhaps based on the fact she was so amazing technically but did not have the body shape normally associated with having good line and artistry). Here's a Midori clip--1987 Worlds sp-- I hadn't seen it at the time, which shows wonderful presentation: lovely arms, and gorgeous leg positions on the layback spin, plus the height on those amazing jumps (crowd couldn't believe what they were witnessing) -- scoring was a great example of 'wait your turn' attitude. The second clip is like, "What!!! -- slapped???" Watching this interview is so heartbreaking. I would hope the reported "slapping" does not occur today, and I'm flabbergasted if that did happen to Midori then. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIDkgyLjcPQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3Tj1O1lE-s BTW, I agree Mao seems to have a more natural ability and effervescent lightness, particularly early in her career. However, I think she could have benefited by figures training as a younger skater to help correct her technique much sooner. Could I ask whether you are actually the age, judgejudy, that you have listed? If so, you would not have been born when Ito won Worlds in 1989. It's fascinating that your generation has access to all these skating videos and can view them over and over at will, and make detailed judgements -- quite foreign to fans of the late 60s to mid-80's (until the accessibility of VCRs, and the more recent digital technology, and especially, the Internet). I think Michelle Kwan's unique consistency coinciding with the Internet generation deepened fans' understanding and knowledge of the sport. As a kid, I remember enjoying watching Peggy Fleming, Toller Cranston, and Janet Lynn. They were each unique and memorable, but I truly understood little about figure skating, and even as I grew up and began to learn more, there was no easily accessible way to go back 10 to 20 years and view clips of past skaters' performances and make comparisons.
She wasn't great at them, but even her mediocre figures required a huge amount of skill. When was the last time you saw Kim do even a lousy LBO paragraph double three?
For me, what gives Yuna the edge is her amplitude. Her jumps are huge, (and she flows in and out of them with speed,) she has blazing fast speed, she has exceptional ice coverage, her spiral travels across the rink. In any era, it would be obvious that Kristi skates relatively small and slow, even relative to her contemporaries like Tonya or Midori. I'd agree with you that Kristi's 3-3 was very impressive way back them,I also think her attention to detail is better. But I also think Yuna has advanced the sport by doing a 3-3 in every SP, that's such a big, risky move.
Kim's spiral has nice coverage but her positions are so meh it kinda cancels the positive out. Kirsti had much better positions on her spirals, especially after she turned pro.
I've watched Midori Ito's skating many times. She was an amazing athlete and jumper, but I wouldn't call her jumps spectacular, like in Michael Jordan poetic spectacular. The leg wrap was annoying and she flutzed. Yu-Na doesn't have 3 axel, but she is a spectacular jumper, with her 3 lutz, 3 flip, and 3 toe-loop as the second leg in her 3-3 and 2a-3, with their height, distance and flow, and with their form in the air. Also, I would call her one of the most consistent and spectacular 3-3 jumpers ever, male or female. If I have to pick one, it would be Yu-Na, as I would have Jordan over the likes of Wilkens, Bryant or James.
Ito's jumps weren't spectacular? I guess you never saw her triple axel in her LP at the 1990 Worlds then. Kim would have been hard pressed to beat her that year. Only the compulsories kept Ito from winning. I guess it was poetic that the last year of compulsories an inferior skater like Trenary won.
Her jumps WERE spectacular. Have you seen Midori's height on her jumps? and not just her 3 axel. Her 3loop, 3flip, 3axel, 3lutz(I don't know if she flutzed or not, didn't matter back then) 3toe, and 3sal had great height, distance and flowing landing to them. 2a-3?? That's not even hard for Midori. Midori mostly put her 3-3 at the end of her LP. Wow, I wouldn't call her the most consistant and spectacular 3-3 jumper ever, male or female. You do realize, guys are doing much harder combinations? with greater height and distance? I can't believe some people( you can always find them under yuna threads protecting the threads) think Yuna, who can't even do a 3loop, is better jumper than Midori. what a joke.


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2003 | Iketani Rikako | Iketani Rikako | Josei, Romance, Slice Of Life |
From Stiletto Heels:
Yukari was enjoying her single life when her elder twin sister, Ayaka, suddenly pays her a visit to ask her for some strange advice, and brings along a guy she met in Hong Kong with her! This is a story about a set of mismatched twins.