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Kimberley Thoresen Rachel Florek Jaime Bunting Sharlene Chang
Table of Contents DESCRIPTION
Historical Narrative Lesson #1 Lesson #2 Lesson #3 Lesson #4 Artifact #1 Artifact #2 Artifact #3 Artifact #4 Primary Assessment Intermediate Assessment Grading Rubric Appendix A: Standards
Kimberley Thoresen Rachel Florek Sharlene Chang Jaime Bunting Kimberley Thoresen Sharlene Change Rachel Florek Jaime Bunting Kimberley Thoresen Collaborative Collaborative Collaborative Kimberley Thoresen
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Historical Narrative
Introduction Ancient Egyptian people began to live besides the Nile River many thousands of years ago. The civilization referred to as ancient Egypt began when the rule of pharaohs started in 2920 BC until the end of the dynasties of the pharaohs in 322 BC (Hart, 2003). Studying ancient Egypt allows students to learn about the contributions of past civilizations and its influences on the present world. By engaging students in studying the architectural wonders of the Ancient civilization, studying the puzzling writing system known as hieroglyphics, analyzing artifacts and paintings in connection with the use of papyrus and pictographs, learning about famous pharaohs, and focusing on mummification and afterlife, a student can begin to learn about the history of a culture that is significantly different than their own. Numerous History and Social Studies Standards are addressed through the various lessons and artifacts in this unit. Specifically, this unit addresses SOL 2.1 where students learn about the influences of both ancient China and Egypt on the present world. Specifically students learn about the architecture, written language, and artifacts. SOL 2.4 and 2.6 emphasize using map and globe skills in association with the study on Egypt. The National Geography Standards are also covered with the use of geographic representations, tools, and technologies in various activities. National Standards for Art Education are met through artifact activities focused on appreciating the cultural creations of the civilization. This unit of activities focused on Ancient Egypt works to tie together map skills activities, art appreciation activities, biographies of famous individuals, structure of the social class, and a debate on contemporary issues that Egypt faces. A complete list of many of the standards addressed through the narrative and activities is included in Appendix A. Egyptian Culture The ancient Egyptians are known for their architectural stone monuments. Many of the monuments still stand in the desert today. These pyramids, tombs, temples, and colossal statues reveal the beliefs and technology of their creators (Hart 2003). The projects reveal expert planning skills, 3
precision in measurement, and a huge workforce. Astronomers, mathematicians, architects, stonemasons, overseers, and laborers were all involved in the creations (Hart 2003). Moisture, wind, sandstorms, and tourists have damaged the architectural structures over the thousands of years, but the monuments still represent the power and prominence that ancient Egypt held in the world. Egypt's geographical features contributed to the success of the ancient culture, the most important of which was the rich fertile soil provided by annual flood of the Nile. Farming in Egypt was dependent upon the cycle of the Nile River. The Egyptians distinguished between three seasons of the river (Hart, 2003). The flood time or "time of inundation" was when all work stopped. This period lasted from July to October, after which mineral-rich silt was deposited on the banks. The planting period or "time of emergence" was from November to February. Irrigation was possible during this period due to the dikes and canals that were built along the river (Hart, 2003). Finally, the harvesting period occupied March to June. Farmers would harvest the crops by cutting them down with sickles. The ancient Egyptians cultivated wheat, emmer, barley, and several other cereal grains, which they used to make their two main food staples, bread and beer. Papyrus growing on the banks of the Nile River was used to make paper, river boats, ropes, and woven boxes, baskets, mats, and sandals. Vegetables and fruits were grown in garden plots on higher ground and were watered by hand. Besides crops, farmers also raised cattle, sheep, goats, ducks, and geese for food (Hart, 2003). The Nile was also important for fishing and for facilitating trade. Fish could be harpooned, caught with hooks and lines, or swept up into nets made from papyrus twine. Ships sailed up and down the Nile loaded with goods for trade. Pharaohs exchanged grains, textiles, paper, dried fish, beads and luxury items for copper, spices, ebony, ivory, and incense from foreign lands (Hart, 2003). Countries that were defeated in war or wanted to be friendly toward the pharaohs paid tributes. These tributes included gold items, live animals such as baboons and horses, logs of ebony, and expensive wheeled chariots.
The style of dress and fashion of ancient Egypt were affected largely by the climate. People in ancient Egypt dressed in light linen. The cloth was typically white and was decorated with heavily starched pleats (Martin 15). Egyptians used hair to display rank and status (Crisp 14). Some colored their hair with henna, others shaved their heads or kept it cut short to keep cool and prevent disease (i.e. lice) (Crisp 15). Children had their heads shaved except for one long lock - the side lock of youth. Wealthier Egyptians owned wigs which they wore for banquets and ceremonial events. The wigs protected the wearers from sunstroke and in later times, even village women wore them when they worked outside (Hart, 2003). Mud and oils were generally used as protection from the harsh climate. The Egyptians used ointments, usually made from fatty oils or mud, to keep their skin from drying out in the heat of the day (Hart, 2003). Men and women, both rich and poor, owned jewelry and used make-up, especially eye paint. Kohl, the heavy dark make-up applied around their eyes served many purposes. For example, it absorbed some of the glare from the sun and protected from eye infections. Men and women wore jewelry both as decoration and for luck—certain images (charms—i.e. cat or scarab beetle) were believed to protect against evil (Chrisp 14). Paintings from ancient Egypt told stories about people's lives and what they thought afterlife with the gods would be like. Detailed scenes were painted on houses, temples, and tombs. The religious nature of ancient Egyptian civilization influenced the arts. Many of the works of ancient Egypt include deities and pharaohs, who were also considered divine after death (Hart, 2003). Every animal portrayed and worshipped in the ancient Egyptian art, writing, and religion was indigenous to Africa. The process of painting involved a sequence of events. First a stonemason smoothed the wall and covered it with plaster. The plaster was then marked with a grid. Next an outline scribe used black paint to transfer the designs onto the wall, a stonemason then chipped out main figures from the background, and finally painters painted the figures, filled in the background, and finished details on top of the base colors. Important people in the paintings were always portrayed as larger than anyone else who appeared in the picture (Hart, 2003). 5
The Rosetta stone is a multilingual text written in hieroglyphs, demotic, and Greek, and enabled linguists to begin the process of hieroglyph decipherment (Hart, 2003). Egyptologists refer to Egyptian writing as hieroglyphs. The hieroglyphic script fell out of use around 300 AD. Attempts to decipher it in the West began after the fifteenth century, though earlier attempts were made by Muslim scholars. Egyptian Society and Belief Systems Ancient Egyptians believed that their life force and soul had to be united with the body after death, so body preservation was important. Poorer Egyptians were buried in the desert where the sand and heat naturally dried their bodies. Grave goods buried with the bodies of the rich and the poor included food, tools, and jewelry. Wealthy Egyptians had their bodies mummified and placed with their belongings in special tombs. The coffins were enclosed in large stone boxes, or sarcophagi, to protect them from tomb robbers and attacks from wild animals (Hart, 2003). Upon a pharaoh's death, the pharaoh would be buried in elaborate temples filled with treasure and often flanked with statues. One of the most famous remnants from a pharaoh's temple is the Colossi of Memnon. The Colossi are two giant statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. The original purpose of the colossi was to stand guard at the entrance to Amenhotep's mortuary temple, which was the most elaborate in Egypt at the time it was built. The temple itself collapsed in an Earthquake in the first century B.C., leaving the colossi to guard an empty field (Hart, 2003). Although these statues are experiencing the effects of weathering and face the danger of rising groundwater levels, they are still standing today (Akhet Egyptology, 2006). The people of Ancient Egypt were divided into classes within the society. The social structure was shaped like a pyramid. The pharaoh, or ruler, was at the top. Next in the hierarchy was the chief minister who organized taxations, supervised agriculture and irrigation systems, and represented the pharaoh in court. Royal family and temple priests were also honored citizens. Craftspeople occupied a
lower place in society, and the peasants formed the large group at the bottom of the social pyramid. Slaves, captured in war conquests, did not have any rights at all (Hart, 2003). Many of the artifacts found in ancient Egypt were made by potters, stonemasons, carpenters, glassmakers, leather makers, metalworkers, and jewelers. Craftspeople worked in communal workshops, and everything they did was part of the team effort (Hart, 2003). Ancient Egyptians did not use money; workers received their wages in clothes, lodging, bread, onions, and beer. Women did most of the weaving in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians viewed men and women, and people from all social classes except slaves, as essentially equal under the law. Both men and women had the right to own and sell property, make contracts, marry and divorce, receive inheritance, and pursue legal disputes in court. Ancient Egyptians usually married within their own social group. Girls often became brides when they were about twelve years old; boys married at about fourteen (Hart, 2003). Married couples could own property jointly and protect themselves from divorce by agreeing to marriage contracts, which stipulated the financial obligations of the husband to his wife and children should the marriage end (Wikipedia, 2007). Being a scribe in the Egyptian society was a respectable position. Student scribes took up to ten years to memorize the several hundred hieroglyphic signs. They also had lessons in astronomy, mathematics, astrology, practical arts and games and sports (Hart, 2003). Boys were the ones to be educated in the schools. Girls stayed at home and learned music, dancing and housekeeping skills from their mothers. Pharaohs were the kings and queens in ancient Egypt, and they were worshipped as gods both during their lives and following their deaths. One particular famous female ruler in ancient Egypt was Hatshepsut of Thebes who ruled from 1473-1458 B.C. (Hart, 2003). Early in her life, after the unexpected deaths of her brothers Hatshepsut's father named her half-brother as the next pharaoh. He insisted Hatshepsut marry her half-brother. To be accepted as the next pharaoh, Tutmose Two needed 7
to marry the daughter of a reigning king, as royal blood was carried through women's blood. Shortly after Hatshepsut's marriage, her father died and she became Great Queen at the age of fifteen. Her time was divided between co-ruling with her husband and keeping up with her lessons in reading, writing, math, and history (Leon, 1998). The only time Tutmose defied Hatshepsut was right before he died when he named his only son Tutmose Three as the next pharaoh. Hatshepsut was furious, as she believed herself to be the better ruler. To prove herself, Hatshepsut became what no other woman in Egypt's history had ever become: the god-king of Egypt, a female pharaoh. Hatshepsut knew that in order to win full acceptance among the priesthood, the nobles, and other people of Egypt, she needed symbols to confirm her as pharaoh. She hired an architect, Senenmut, to work on a temple in her honor. Although Egypt was already had many temples, this one was special because it was a garden for her father, the god Amun. (Pharaohs often claimed familial ties with gods as it made them more divine.) Hatshepsut's temple became one-of-a-kind in Egypt as the three terraces of the temple glowed white against the coral-colored cliffs in the background. On the walls of the temple, she had pictures of herself carved, beginning with herself as a child to her being crowned as king of Egypt. Also depicted was a picture of her mother being visited by the god Amun, and Hatshepsut being chosen by the god to be king. To make sure she was well-known throughout her entire kingdom, Hatshepsut had a huge numbers of statues and murals of herself (as pharaoh) put on display throughout Egypt. Once her rule was legitimized, Hatshepsut turned her energy toward other projects she wanted carried out. As the years rolled by, Hatshepsut left her mark upon the country: mining in the south, creating new sculptures, papyrus, and obelisks. Even though her reign was productive and great, all things must eventually come to an end. Tutmose Three was put on hold from his reign for over twenty years, and was now becoming power hungry. Once he became pharaoh, he did his best to wipe Hatshepsut's legacy from the records. He had her statues destroyed and thrown into a quarry, and her name scratched out of monuments and inscriptions. Despite his best efforts, Hatshepsut and her deeds 8
as Egypt's female pharaoh remained. Today, archaeologists and historians have shown interest in Hatshepsut's life. Thirty-five centuries after her death, the legacy of Hatshepsut and her energetic and passionate rule still remain at large in Egypt. One of the most well known male pharaohs is Tutankhamun, who is better known as King Tut. During his time as pharaoh, which began upon his parent's death when he was only about nine years old, King Tut did little to advance Egyptian society. However, he became famous in 1922 when his tomb full of treasure was discovered by archeologist Howard Carter. Up until the discovery of King Tut's tomb, it was believed that all royal tombs had been robbed and drained of their treasure. For the first time, a tomb, which was almost intact, had been discovered and remained hidden from robbers for thousands of years. The tomb revealed an elaborate lifestyle that many people could only dream about as well as providing clues and insight into King Tut's life and how he lived (King Tut, 2006). The rulers that came after 20th Dynasty ended in 1094 BC were not strong. Citizens began to disobey laws and robbers plundered tombs. With other countries growing stronger, the Egyptian empire was overrun and invaded by the foreign conquerors. Nubians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs all had their turn in ruling Egypt (Hart, 2003). The Greeks created a dynasty whose rulers spoke Greek and worshipped the Greek gods. The Romans spread Christianity to Egypt, until the Arabs invaded and made Islam the state religion and Arabic the official language. Closing and Legacy The civilization of ancient Egypt will never be forgotten. Ancient Egypt's treasures were discovered in 1798 with the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte's army. Since then, Egyptologists have studied the remnants of the civilization that were well preserved by the arid climate of the desert (Hart, 2003). Many of the remnants from ancient tombs are in museum displays, including the British Museum. Mummies, tombs, temples, pyramids, the sphinx, the Rosetta stone, hieroglyphics, tomb paintings, and grave goods will forever keep people interested in the lives of the ancient people. The expert skills of the architects who built the pyramids and the sheer amount of labor to build the 9
pyramids at Giza will always be admired. Additionally the adaptation abilities of the people to work around the river's cycles are still used to this day. Finally the hieroglyphic writings remain on stone and papyrus to share the daily life, traditions, and conquests of the past with the contemporary world (Hart, 2003). It is important for students to learn about the civilization that existed and continue to appreciate the advancements that Egypt made many years ago. Works Cited Akhet Egyptology. (2006). The Colossi of Memnon. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://www.akhet.co.uk/memnon.htm Chrisp, P. (2002). Ancient Egypt revealed. New York: DK Publishing (pp. 6, 14-15). Hart, G. (2003). Discoveries: Ancient Egypt. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. King Tut. (2005). Tutankamun's life. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/life/ Leon, V. (1998). Outrageous women of ancient times. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Miles, H. (1998). Look what came from Egypt. New York: Franklin Watts, (pp.12-13). Wikipedia. (2007). Ancient Egypt. Retrieved October 30, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_egypt.
Lesson #1: The Pyramids
Audience: Primary Standards: History and Social Science Standards of Learning in Virginia 1.4 – The student will develop map skills by a) recognizing basic map symbols, including references to land, water, cities, and roads; b) using cardinal directions on maps Materials/Time/Space: crayons; overhead projector; overhead markers; picture of Great Pyramids; wall map in room; map of school and car in parking lot; simplified Egypt maps (including Giza, Cairo, Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria, Crete, and at least four other cities) with instructions; multiple choice question handout; one full hour; typical classroom space; average class size (roughly 20 students) Lesson Description: Anticipatory Set: Present the class with a picture of the Great Pyramids at Giza and begin discussion of them. (See Background Information.) Then on a different map, show them were Giza is relative to Cairo, the capital of Egypt, the Mediterranean Sea, which is our desired ending location, and Alexandria, a popular port. Then ask the students, "If we were by the Pyramids in what city? (wait for answer) and we wanted to go to Cairo or Alexandria near the Mediterranean Sea, which direction would we go?" At this point in the lesson it is perfectly acceptable if the students say answers such as "up" or "down". Objective and Its Purpose: 1. Given a map of the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt, the students will use cardinal directions when describing map routes. Input/Modeling: On an overhead, the teacher will present the students with a map of the school and also a compass rose on the map, demonstrating which direction is north, south, east, and west. The teacher will then explain that the X marks where the students and teacher are, and the car symbol represents her car in the parking lot, where she forgot her purse this morning. The teacher will walk through a demonstration of how she needs to first go North, then East in order to reach her car and retrieve her purse. She will write the cardinal directions next to the corresponding lines along with arrows to indicate which direction the lines are going. She will explain to the students that drawing a line on the map is not enough information, and that the students have to write the direction down to give the most information. Check for Understanding: Using a different overhead, the teacher will now draw different routes on the map from one specific location to another and say which direction she is traveling. For this overhead, it would be a map identical to the map presented earlier in the lesson, during the anticipatory set. The teacher would start out in Giza and say she wants to buy supplies for helping to build the Pyramids, and she needs to get to Cairo. During this period of the lesson, the teacher will have the students vote on the best direction to go. For the example above, the teacher will say, "Please raise your hand if you think I should go East?" The teacher will continue to do this for all the directions, with (hopefully) the majority of the students voting on North. [If the teacher thinks that the concept of one direction might be too easy for the majority of the students, she can ask them which two directions does she need to go from Giza to Alexandria.] 11
Guided Practice: Students will receive a simple map containing Crete, Cairo, Giza (identified by a picture of the pyramids), and Alexandria, and at least four other cities that the teacher might want to include later in the Egypt lesson. The teacher will then say the following directions: 1. Pretending you are a worker at the Pyramids in Giza, you decide you need to go to Cairo for supplies. Using your red crayon, draw a line from Giza to Cairo. Then label that line with the cardinal direction you are following. 2. After stopping in Cairo, you realize you need more supplies that what Cairo has, so you need to go to Alexandria. Take your green crayon, draw a line from Cairo to Alexandria, the label the line with the cardinal direction. Remember, sometimes we have to go in two different directions, like South AND West, so keep that in mind. You might have to draw two different lines along the grid, and label them with two different directions. 3. Finally, after all the traveling, you decide you need a vacation. The perfect spot is located on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Take your purple crayon and draw that line and also label with the cardinal directions. Remember, you might need two directions. During this time, while the teacher is giving instructions, she is to be walking around the room and looking at the work of the students to make sure that they are understanding the concept of cardinal directions. Independent Practice: The students will then have a set of instructions, located at the top of the map, with more directions and stops for them to "travel to." (See attached map.) The students will follow the instructions at their own pace, while the teacher continues to circulate throughout the classroom, answering any questions that might arouse. Closure: The teacher will gather up the maps, and go over the correct answers on the overhead. She will ask questions such as, "Sarah, what direction did you say it was from Cairo to Alexandria?". She can do this for all the questions on the map, or just a select few, depending on the time remaining. She will remind them that if there is any confusion, most maps have a compass somewhere on them, and that will help the students if they are stuck on a cardinal direction. As a final activity, the teacher will pass out the multiple choice question, and have the students turn those in when completed. Evaluation: Formative: The teacher will circulate throughout the classroom and look at individual maps being done by the students. Summative: The teacher will evaluate the individual maps and multiple choice questions completed by the students. Background Information/Content: The pyramids were massive structures that were built thousands of years ago as tombs or graves to protect the bodies of the pharaohs, which were the kings of Egypt. Slaves built the Pyramids using huge blocks of stone. These stone blocks were cut from larger rocks with simple tools, like chisels, saws, and hammers. Because each stone was so heavy, the stone came from areas very close to the building site so that it did not need to be transported long distances. There are many different pyramids in Egypt, but the most famous ones are in Giza, Egypt. Though the stones themselves came from the surrounding area, many of the tools and laborers had to be brought in from cities near the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, it was very important that the laborers and the overseers knew their directions. They used the words North, South, East, and West in 12
order to tell which direction something was. North and South originated in response to the North and South Poles. East comes from a Latin word meaning "dawn," which is fitting as the sun rises in the East. Finally, West comes from a Latin word meaning "evening," which is the direction that the sun sets. Together, all four of these directions, are the cardinal directions. Many times, the cardinal directions are depicted on maps in the form of a compass rose, which depict the orientation of the cardinal directions. Key Map Concepts: cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) and compass rose
Name: ____________________________________
If you are at the pyramids and need to go to Cairo, which direction should you go?
A. South B. North C. East
Name: __________________________________ Instructions:
1. Your vacation in Crete is over, and you need to go visit family in Luxor. U your orange crayon to draw your path label with cardinal directions.
2. After 3 days in Luxor, your family decides to go to the beach in Berenice. your pink crayon to draw your path an label with cardinal directions.
Lesson 2: Maybe It's Maybelline, Maybe It's Mud?
Make-Up Matters…and Other Fashion Accessories. Date: (Culture Kit) Lesson #2—Art Subject: History—Ancient Egypt Time: Approx. 1 hr Grade level: Primary—2 Topic: Inventions of Ancient Egypt (focus on cosmetics/fashion) Space: Whole Group Instruction, average class size (roughly 20 students)
Standards: Introduction to History and Social Science (Standards of Learning in Virginia) SOL 2.1:The student will explain how the contributions of ancient China and Egypt have influenced the present world in terms of architecture, inventions, the calendar, and written language. Objective: Given specified items the students will identify the purpose and history of ancient Egyptian beautification tools/techniques and acknowledge their continual presence today. Materials: • 2 Pictures that include both ancient Egyptian males and females (books and/or photos may be substituted), for this lesson two portraits from my family's personal collection • Large white construction paper • Pencil, color pencils, and crayons. • Basket (for each group that will include) galena, wig (hand-made from yarn), small, sealed container of mud or oil, large vat, red ocher, large piece of white linen, incense cones, pin (rounded chopstick may be substituted to resemble those used in ancient times)—content of baskets are to be decided by instructor (Pictures may be substituted or used depending on student needs and resources available.) Teacher-created handout Supplemental resources Variety of skin-colored construction paper pre-cut into the shape of the side profile of a human (similar to side view of the famous Nefertiti bust) black yarn beads scissors glue (Stapler may be needed—teacher assistance.)
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Lesson Description: Anticipatory Set: Ask "Can anyone tell me what fashion is? (be sure to explore the many components—hair, make-up, etc)". Then, present 2 paintings as a visual prompt and ask "What can we assume about Ancient Egyptian fashion (based on paintings and what you may already know)?" Provide an example such as they all have blonde hair or they wear paint on their body. (Guiding Questions—What colors do you see in these paintings (Objective)? What do you notice the most about theses paintings—what stands out to you (Reflective)? What are the people doing (Objective)? How would you feel if you were in the same situation as these people (Reflective)? Why do you think the artist decided to paint this (Interpretive)?) Modeling: After confirming plausible assumptions, divide the class up into groups of 3-5 students. Tell the class that each group will receive a basket of items (all pertaining to the daily beautifications of Ancient Egyptians) which they are to write/draw what they believe to be the purpose of each item on the large white sheet of paper that they will be given. Prior to handing out the baskets, model at least one item for the class (i.e. large piece of white linen—this item may have been used to cover their heads or make clothing from) before calling on two volunteers to model one item each for their peers (large vat, picture of beetles). If students are still unsure, give an example if necessary. 16
Check for understanding: Pass out the baskets (containing a wig or yarn, a pin, sealed container of mud or oil, and pictures of ground red ocher and galena and a incense cone) and large pieces of papers. Walk around and listen to the conversations as well as elicit student responses. (This is not a thorough investigation—encourage students not to spend too much time on each item. If they cannot think of a purpose, they can move on.) After10-15 minutes, have students clean up their areas and turn in their findings to be taped to the board. Ask students to take a few moments to look at their classmates findings. After discussing similarities and differences, pass out handout (Fact Sheet) that explains common ancient Egyptian processes of beautification and what they symbolize so that students may read along. Discuss common ancient Egyptian processes and supplement the information with selections from Ancient Egypt Revealed (pg. 6, 14), Ancient Egypt (pg. 14-15), Look What Came From Egypt (pg. 12-13), and The Egyptian News (pg. 26-27) to explain each of the items in the baskets. (As handout is reviewed, show pictures of items in context—pic of Egyptian wearing a wig with an incense cone on it.) Highlight the extent of ancient Egyptian contributions by showing the relation between items in the basket and common, present day items. Be sure to address how some uses may have changed. (i.e. The pin that ancient Egyptians invented were used to hold their clothes together and sometimes even their hair, and, today, we might say that they inspired the creations of bobby pins, hair clips, zippers, buttons, and safety pins). Guided practice: Hand out the rubric for the final activity of the lesson. Review the rubric's content and provide an example of 'A' work, a side-profile bust of the instructor correctly decorated as if he/she were in ancient Egypt. Add items/features to your 'bust' in a step-by-step manner and explain why you used the items you did. Demonstrate the addition of the first two items (I have a tall crown because I am a royal queen or my necklace has scarab beetle on it for good luck.); the last three should involve students as they help make additions and explanations for them. Upon completion, inform students that they are to be creative and may not copy your example (item-by-item). Independent Practice: Students will create life-size portraits of themselves employing at least 5 of the ancient processes/tools. Circulate throughout the room and offer assistance. Inform students that they may use the handout and ancient Egyptian books to complete the assignment. Closure: After a brief review of the day's lesson (specific tools/techniques and their influence on modern day fashion), pass out the multiple choice question for students to complete and gather up leftover materials. Evaluation: Formative: The instructor will circulate throughout the classroom not only during the exploration activity but also during the independent practice portion of the lesson to monitor student comprehension and progress. Summative: The teacher will evaluate the individual pieces of art in addition to the student's accompanying paragraphs, in addition to student responses to the multiple choice questions. Background Information/Content: The ancient Egyptians are known for many of their great inventions, many of which are still around and in use today. For example, the large vats Egyptians used to bathe have been replaced with showerheads and faucets and the incense cones may be said to have inspired modern colognes/perfumes and even deodorant. A few of those inventions are used on an almost daily basis and it is important to acknowledge their roots and gradual reformation over time. This lesson was designed with primary level students in mind as means to demonstrate how their grooming habits are connected to history, thus, making the history of fashion tangible and meaningful.
Resources: • • • • Chrisp, Peter. Ancient Egypt Revealed. New York: DK Publishing, 2002. (pg. 6, 14) Martin, Amanda. Ancient Egypt. Chicago: World Book Inc, 1997. (pg. 14-15) Miles, Harvey. Look What Came From Egypt. New York: Franklin Watts, 1998. (pg. 12-13) Steedman, Scott. The Egyptian News. Milwaukee: Garrett Stevens Publishing, 2000. (pg. 26-27)
Name________________________________________ Name________________________________________ Date_________________________________________
Ancient Egyptian Fashion: Maybe It's Maybelline, Maybe It's Mud!
Directions: Circle the letter that best answers the question.
In regard to Egypt, which ancient item is most like suntan lotion? a) Kohl b) Incense cone c) Mud
Challenge Question:
Which ancient item do you think might have inspired the invention of (sewing) thread? a) A large vat b) A pin c) A piece of white linen
Fact Sheet: Ancient Egyptian Fashion Fashion
Unlike the ancient Egyptians, there are many things we can do to protect ourselves from things in our environment that might hurt us. Lucky for them, they had many natural resources they could use to protect themselves! Many of the things they used to protect themselves also made them look prettier, or more handsome!
Make-up: Make-
Kohl is a dark make-up put around their eyes. This stopped Egyptians from being blinded by the sun. Not only was it the cool thing to do, but it also made sure they did not get eye infections. And yes, eye make-up was worn by both men and women!
Eye make-up was made in 2 colors, blue-green and black. The blue-green color was a very popular color for eye shadow and could be made of crushed shiny shells malachite, beetle shells or malachite a green mineral. The black color was usually made from galena another mineral, or soot (ashes) which later became known as kohl galena, kohl. The Egyptians used ointments, usually made from fatty oils or mud to keep their mud, skin from getting dry. • Red ocher, Red ocher a red mineral, was used to give lips and cheeks color.
• Men and women wore jewelry to make decorate themselves and for good luck.
• • Egyptians used hair to let everyone know who they were and how much rich they were! Children wore a hair style called the side-lock of youth For this haircut, their head was sideyouth. bald except for one long ponytail. Egyptian grown-ups usually kept their hair very short. It was easier to keep clean and neat, but wigs were worn on special days. Both men and women wore wigs! A good wig was made from human hair, but some were made from vegetable fibers. They could be molded with wax and decorated in many different ways with decorations and colorful jewels and charms. They came in many styles and lengths. Wigs were protected Egyptians from getting sick from too much sun. Incense cones were made of animal fat mixed with perfume. When the fat melted, the wigs began to smell nice.
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Fun Facts:
• Egyptians were the first people to create pins! Pins were used to hold together different parts of their clothing. They also used pins to hold their hair up! 3,500 years ago the ancient Egyptians created gloves but only because it made them look gloves, prettier! Egyptians wore pieces of tough fabric called white linen If someone's clothes were really white linen. white it meant that they were very powerful and had a lot of money. Wearing a false beard was a symbol of royalty. It was usually attached by a strap. •
Lesson 3: King Tut: Ruler of Egypt :
Grade: 5 Duration: 1 hour: Whole group instruction, 20 students Standards addressed: Virginia Standards of Learning: U.S.1.1 – The student will develop skills for historical and geographical analysis, including the ability to: b) make connections between past and present e) evaluate and discuss issues orally and in writing National Social Studies Standards: a) demonstrate an understanding of concepts such as role, status, and social class in describing the interactions of individuals and social groups Objective Using artifacts from King Tut's tomb, the student will: 1. Describe what kind of person King Tut was by answering questions and sharing their responses with the class 2. Differentiate role, status and social class for Egyptian King (Tutankamum) compared to average citizens. Resources Map to locate Egypt Overhead projectors with artifacts Content and Instructional Strategies Introduction: When students enter the classroom, have three objects representative of your life, a statue of a dog, a book, and a laptop, on your desk. Ask students to look at the objects and try to determine what they reveal about your life. Ask them to explain their reasoning. Tell students that archaeologists look at old objects from people who lived in the past to learn about those people and the places they lived. Explain that those objects are called artifacts. Tell the class that they will be looking at pictures of artifacts found in the tomb of King Tut, a ruler who lived in Egypt (show the students Egypt on the globe or map) to try to learn more about him and where he lived. Content Focus: Show the students the following images of artifacts from King Tut's tomb: Ivory and stone bracelets, Ear studs, Alabaster perfume vase, Senet game board, Gold gilded wooden chariot, Chair, and Chest. Show the students the following artifacts depicting the life of an average citizen in Egypt: Carpenter's Workshop and Bricklayers in the New Kingdom Hand out a sheet of paper with the following questions to each student and have them complete the questions individually:
• • • •
What do these artifacts tell you about King Tut? Can you tell what types of things were important to him? What might these objects tell us about the life of a King in ancient Egypt? What might these objects tell us about the life of the average Egyptian in general?
After everyone has completed the worksheet, have the students share their responses with the class, while you record the answers on the board. (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/06/gk2/kingtut.html)
Tell the students that King Tut came to power after his parents died when he was only 9 years old. Ask the class how old they are now. Ask what grade they were in when they were 9. As a class, discuss what their life was like when they were 9. What types of things would they have to sacrifice to be a ruler? How would they have a ruled a kingdom? Who would they trust to help them? After the class has discussed these topics tell them that King Tut died at the early age of 17. He only ruled for 8 years and in that time was not able to do anything great. He was mummified and put in a tomb that was not meant for him. As such he was left undisturbed for 3,245 years. (http://www.idahoptv.org/ntti/nttilessons/lessons2002/mortimer.htm) Closure: As a class, use the knowledge gained from this lesson to construct a graphic organizer summarizing what is known about King Tut. Use the blank graphic organizer provided as a starting point. Evaluation: Formative evaluation will take place during the lesson, by completing the worksheet related to King Tut's artifacts, and contributing to the creation of the graphic organizer (Structural Comparison). Summative evaluation: See attached multiple choice question. Background information: Key Terms: artifact – any object made, modified, or used by people social class – the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures status – the relative position or standing of people in a society Pharaoh – a king or queen in ancient Egypt who was worshipped as a god Tutankhamun, or better known as King Tut, was a pharaoh who accomplished little in his life. He did not expand Egypt's borders nor enjoy triumphant victories like the many pharaohs before him; however, he is the most recognized and probably the most famous pharaoh today due to the discovery of his tomb full of treasure in 1922. Up until the discovery of King Tut's tomb, it was believed that all royal tombs had been robbed and drained of their treasure. For the first time, a tomb, which was almost intact, had been discovered and remained hidden from robbers for thousands of years. The tomb revealed an elaborate lifestyle that many people could only dream about as well as providing clues and insight into King Tut's life and how he lived. Even though little is known about Tutankhamen's life, we do know that he was given the throne at a young age, and died after about 8 years of being pharaoh. During this lesson, students will investigate some artifacts found in King Tut's tomb and use this information to make inferences about his life. King Tut. (2005). Tutankamun's Life. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://www.kingtutone.com/tutankhamun/life/
Summative Multiple Choice Question: Which of the following represents an object found in King Tut's tomb, symbolizing high social status: (a) hoe (b) senet board (c) adze correct answer: b
Ivory and Stone Bracelets
Points of discussion: • The ivory ring on the left has a fluted exterior surface and a triangular profile; on both sides the pattern is broken by an inset bronze or copper plate inscribed in gold and fixed with rivets. • On one side the inscription gives Tutankhamun's throne name, Nebkheperura, followed by the epithet "ruler of order." • On the other side, the plate bears the king's throne and personal names, with the appropriate titles, and a heraldic device consisting of the king in the form of a sphinx trampling underfoot an Asiatic enemy. • The stone ring on the right, which is made of fine quality crystalline limestone, was found broken. • The type of ring, known by the name mesketu, is mentioned in historical texts and made of gold, it was one of the pieces of jewelry given to soldiers and officials as a reward for distinguished services.
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Jewelry and Ornamentation. Retrieved October 25, 2007 http://touregypt.net/museum/tutl3.htm
Ear Studs
Points of Discussion: • At least three pairs were included in his funerary equipment, two of gold inlaid with semiprecious stones and the more modest examples - one incomplete - illustrated here. • When worn, the only part of the ear stud that could be seen was the outer boss; it might be plain or decorated. In these studs the greater part of each boss is made of reddish black resin, a substance used in many pieces of Tutankhamun's jewelry.
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Jewelry and Ornamentation. Retrieved October 25, 2007 http://touregypt.net/museum/earstudpage.htm
Alabaster Perfume Vase
Points of Discussion: • The idea conveyed by this piece's symbolism is that the Nile will provide the king and queen, whose names are inscribed on the vase, with its contents. • In the openwork panels of the stand beneath the vase are figures of falcons with solar disks mounted on the hieroglyphic sign for "gold", protecting with their outspread wings the cartouches inscribed with King Tut's name. • The piece is embellished with gold and painted ivory.
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Statues, Sculptures, and Containers. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://touregypt.net/museum/tutl26.htm
Senet Game Board
Points of Discussion: • Senet was a game that was frequently played in Egypt, and it was believed that the deceased would continue to play the game in the afterlife. • Four game boards of various sizes were found in King Tut's tomb. • Nothing is known with certainty about the rules of play for either game, but it is believed that the aim of each player in senet was to be the first to reach the square at the angle of the Lshaped arrangement inscribed with three signs meaning "happiness, beauty".
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Other Items. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://touregypt.net/museum/tutl69.htm.
Gold Gilded Wooden Chariot
Points of Discussion: • Until the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb only two complete vehicles were known - one now in Florence and another from the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu • The burial of Tutankhamun yielded six complete but dismantled chariots of unparalleled richness and sophistication
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Other Items. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://touregypt.net/museum/tutl72.htm
Points of Discussion: • Made perhaps of the timber commonly called "cedar of Lebanon" (believed to be Cilician fir), this chair closely resembles the golden throne in the design of it's lower part. • On the back panel is a superbly carved figure of the god of eternity, Heh, with a "life" sign slung over his right arm and holding in each hand a notched palm rib, attached at the base to the sign for "100,000" mounted on a coil of rope. • At the top of each palm rib is a solar disk and cobra from whose hood is suspended a banner inscribed with the King Tut's name. The inscriptions emphasize the divine origin of the king.
The Tutankhamun Exhibit. (2005). Furniture and Boxes. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://touregypt.net/museum/chair3page.htm
Points of Discussion: • This gilded wood chest from King Tutankhamun's tomb is inlaid with ivory, ebony, and various colored pastes. • It is in the shape of a cartouche, which is an oval figure enclosing a sovereign's name.
National Geographic News. (2007). Tutankhamun: The Golden Beyond. Retrieved October 25, 2007 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/11/photogalleries/king_tut/photo3.html
Carpenter's Workshop
Points of Discussion: • Carpentry was a popular trade in ancient Egypt, and the work was tiring while the working conditions were often poor. • The following is an excerpt from the Satire of the Trades, an Ancient Egyptian composition detailing the differences amongst classes in Egypt, regarding life as a carpenter: "Every carpenter who picks up the adze is more tired than a peasant. His field is the wood, his hoe is the axe. There is no end to his labour. He has to work more than his arms are capable of. At night he lights a lamp (to be able to continue working)."
Ancient Egypt. (2006). Carpenters and their tools. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trades/carpenters.htm
Bricklayers in the New Kingdom
Points of Discussion: • Being a bricklayer meant doing a lot of had manual labor, including hauling the wet mud from some river bank, mixing it with straw using hoes, pouring it into the mould - bending over, and finally, after the sun had dried the bricks, carrying them on the back to the building site and laying them. • The following is a description of the life of a bricklayer from the Satire of the Trades, an Ancient Egyptian composition detailing the differences amongst classes in Egypt: "I shall also describe to you the bricklayer. His kidneys are painful. When he must be outside in the wind, he lays bricks without a garment. His belt is a cord for his back, a string for his buttocks. His strength has vanished through fatigue and stiffness, kneading all his excrement. He eats bread with his fingers, although he washes himself but once a day."
Ancient Egypt. (2006). Building in Ancient Egypt. Retrieved October 26, 2007 from http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/building/index.html#tools
Structural Comparison of Pharaohs and the General Public in Ancient Egypt
Characteristic Ornamentation Pharaohs General Public
Lesson #4: Returning Relics
Issue: Rights to Ancient Artifacts Grade Level: 6th – 21 students
Standards: NCSS Global Connections: d. [The student will] explore the causes, consequences, and possible solutions to persistent, contemporary, and emerging global issues, such as health, security, resource alloctation, economic development, and environmental quality. Objectives: 1. Upon completion of this student-initiated group project, students will present and debate the various points of view on the issue of returning Egyptian artifacts to the country of origin. 2. Students will share both arguments for and against their point of view. 3. In a three paragraph final essay, students will summarize the findings from the group research and class discussion. Materials: graphic organizer, worksheet for research information, copies of article hand outs, access to internet research sources Time: One week Essential Question: Who should ultimately have the rights and possession of ancient Egyptian artifacts? Instructional Strategies: This unit takes place over the course of one week, with an hour spent focused on social studies each of the five days. On the first day, the teacher will introduce the issue that the students will be discussing and presenting at the end of the week. The teacher will share an entry from October 13, 1925 of Howard Carter's diaries during the fourth excavation season in the tomb of Tutankhamen. The diary entries of interest can be found at http://griffith.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea4not.html and on an attached sheet. The students will be asked to answer how they would feel if their efforts to preserve ancient artifacts were challenged. How would they feel if they were Carter and had found so many antiquities and their discoveries were being taken from them? On the second day, students will be divided into three different groups by the teacher. The groups will be individuals associated with museums, Egyptians vying for the return of the artifacts, and those associated with the private/black market trade of artifacts. Students will work together with their group, asking questions regarding the different points of view, creating hypotheses, and finding information to support their arguments for the possession of the artifacts. The teacher will encourage students to look at numerous sources of information for facts and will provide them with a few articles to start with. On the third day, students will be able to use lap-top computers to find additional newspaper and magazine articles associated with the issue. Students will keep track of their notes by filling out a worksheet and graphic organizer. The fourth day will be a final day for students to finalize their information and prepare to share their viewpoint with the class. On the fifth day, students will divide their points up amongst the group members and present their side to the rest of the class. During the presentation, other groups will be allowed to ask for specific details. While groups are presenting, the students will be filling in their graphic organizers with the different points of view. Students will be graded by their peers and by their teacher based on their participation in the group discussion, their daily information gathering, the completeness of their graphic organizer, and on the content of their final essay. A rubric will be given to the students at the beginning of the week so that they understand how they will be graded on the essay. Evaluation/Assessment: Formative assessment: observations of students' discussion, participation, questions generation, and research. Students' information will be gathered on the worksheet and graphic organizer. Students will list the sources they consulted on the worksheet each day before handing in their research to be reviewed for productivity. 36
Summative Assessment: presentations will be graded based on participation and organization. Students will also hand in an essay answering the prompt: Based on our in class discussion, explain which group you think should have possession of the ancient Egyptian artifacts (1pt.). Provide at least three reasons in support of this group (3pts). Explain one of the weaknesses in this group's position (1pt.). Identify one of the opposing groups and provide two claims this group would have for the artifacts (3pts). The rubric groupings for the essay are: 5 or fewer key points will be below expectations, 6 key points meets expectations, and 7 or 8 key points exceeds expectations. Background Information: The debate of who should have the rights to the artifacts from ancient Egypt is a contemporary issue that may never be completely resolved. Tombs and temples were explored hundreds of years ago and artifacts were taken by the explorers. Today, grave robbers still loot the ruins and sell the goods to private collectors. Egypt faced instabilities in its government in the past but is now looking to repossess the artifacts of its ancient people. One major problem they are faced with is that the items are dispersed across the globe. Additionally, many of the objects are in museums in nations who do not want to relocate the artifacts that they have studied and preserved for years. The ultimate challenge for this sixth grade class is to decide where the objects should be and provide support for their choice. Sources (three examples of possible sources) Source #1: This article from Art in America reveals Egypt's efforts to contact numerous foreign institutions to ask for the return of many antiquities. The brief article included the list of antiquities that the Egyptian government requested the return of. These objects included the Rosetta stone, which has been on display in the British Museum since 1802, the bust of Queen Nefertiti from Berlin's Egyptian Museum, the Metropolitan Museum's statues of Queen Hatshepsut and Paris's landmark obelisk in the Place de la Concorde. The article also includes information from the British Museum's spokesperson that was quoted as saying that the relocation of the stone would essentially disappoint five million or so visitors who go to the museum each year. "Egypt demands return of antiquities - Front Page - repatriation requested of several foreign institutions - British Museum encouraged to return Rosetta stone - Brief Article". (2003). Art in America. FindArticles.com. Retrieved October 22, 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_9_91/ai_108278513 Source #2: This article from CNN.com provides information regarding the market for antiquities. The article focuses on the black market or trade of illegal artifacts from ancient Egypt. Egypt faces smuggling of its antiquities out of the country, so that the objects can then be sold to private collectors in Western Europe. Securing the thousands of tombs and temples, as well as the entire desert where antiquities may be found is nearly impossible. Additionally, it is impossible to know just how many pieces are stolen each year. Young, G. (1996). Mummy's curse powerless against theft of Egypt's artifacts. Retrieved October 22, 2007 from http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9606/18/egypt.antiques/index.html Source #3: The article shares the story of a museum in Atlanta, Georgia doing what no other museum had done before, returning a mummy to Egypt. The museum set an example for museums all over the world, by voluntarily returning the mummy of Ramses I back to its original homeland. Mayell, H. (2003). U.S. museum to return Ramses I mummy to Egypt. Retrieved October 22, 2007 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0430_030430_royalmummy.html
Student Investigation: Returning Antiquities to Egypt 1) Given the excerpt from the diary we read in class about the discovery of King Tut's tomb, record one reason Egyptologists may be hesitant to return the artifacts.
2) What questions do you have about the different points of view regarding the possession rights of the ancient objects?
3) Investigate your questions by conducting further research. Record your findings below: Question:
Resources Consulted:
Information discovered relevant to question:
Additional information discovered:
Additional questions:
Time devoted to today's research: Name: _____________________ Date: ____________________ 38
Returning Antiquities to Egypt 1) Given the excerpt from the diary we read in class about the discovery of King Tut's tomb, record one reason Egyptologists may be hesitant to return the artifacts. Egyptologist's spent years gathering information, performing excavations, and preserving the objects that they found in Egypt. 2) What questions do you have about the different points of view regarding the possession rights of the ancient objects? Why do the Ancient Egyptians want the artifacts back now? What precautions are there to ensure that preservation efforts will be upheld and artifacts will not be damaged if transported? Is there currently a high demand for antiquities from Ancient Egypt? Is it legal to sell items from the temples and tombs? Are museums legally bound to return items to Egypt? Are stolen goods being returned to Egypt? 3) Investigate your questions by conducting further research. Record your findings below: Question: Are stolen goods being returned to Egypt? Hypothesis: Egyptian artifacts stolen from Egypt and sold through the black market trade are being discovered and returned to the country of origin. Resources Consulted: El-Aref, N. (2004). Gathering the pieces. Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved October 22, 2007 from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2004/705/eg3.htm Information discovered relevant to question: The United States gave Egypt back a granite relief that had been smuggled out of the country in the 1990s. The historic piece was spotted by a French Egyptologist in Christie's auction catalogue two years ago. After being notified by the Egyptologist, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities contacted the auctioneers who then removed the item from the sale catalogue. U.S. authorities confiscated the relief and then the relief was returned to Egypt. Italy has also agreed to return seven statues and thirtyfive objects currently exhibited in a museum in Komo, Italy. Additional information discovered: Several pieces are missing form the temple and three of them were sold at auction halls in New York and London. The current whereabouts of the pieces are unknown. A wave of repatriated antiquities is the result of Egypt's warning that it would break ties with foreign museums that display stolen antiquities. Additional questions: What actions are other nations taking to return objects and ensure their relations with Egypt are kept? Do all of the nations agree that they should return antiquities that are on display in their museums? Time devoted to today's research: 45 minutes Name: Kimberley Thoresen
Date: November 10. 2007 39
Diary excerpts from Howard Carter's excavation of King Tut's tomb. October 3, 1925. Saw Edgar 11 am this morning. He had not yet received a reply to his cable to M. Lacau, re his representing him at the examination of the royal mummy. Saw Lucas. We inspected the Tut.ankh.Amen exhibits in the Museum, from the point of view of preservation. I think possibly there is a tendency of the throne darkening a little and we decided that late next spring we would treat it with wax which ought not only to brighten it up, but also help to make a permanent preservative. I was horrified to find that the silver stick (fellow to the gold stick), now exhibited flat, in one of the glass show cases, was broken in two. This, I was told, was done by one of the European officials when showing it to M. Capart of the Brussels Museum. It seems a shame after all the trouble in preserving those precious objects and safely transporting them to the Museum, that they should be allowed to be handled by persons that do not know how to handle antiquities. Arranged for motor car to be sent to Luxor on Monday (5th). October 13, 1925. 7am. Made preparations for raising the lid of the gold incased outer coffin. Upon careful inspection of the coffin as it rested in the sarcophagus, it was decided that the four original bronze handles (two on each side) were sufficiently well preserved to support the weight of the lid of the coffin and therefore could be utilized in raising it, that is if it were possible to remove the bronze pins by which it was fixed to the shell of the coffin. The lid was fixed to the shell by means of ten bronze tongues securely riveted to the lid and fitted into corresponding sockets in the thickness of the wooden sides of the shell - four on each side, one at the head, and one at the foot-end - where they were held in place by the above mentioned metal pins. As the coffin occupied nearly the whole of the interior of the sarcophagus, leaving only a small space all round, especially at the head & foot ends, the space available for extracting the pins was very limited, but by careful manipulation it was found that they could be withdrawn without much difficulty, with the exception of the pin of the head end where there was only space enough to pull it half out and therefore had to be sawn (filed) through before the inner half could be withdrawn. Having extracted the ten pins, the next procedure was to place in position the necessary hoisting tackle. This consisted of two sets of three sheaf pulley-blocks, provided with automatic brakes, and fixed to an overhead scaffold. The pulleys being so hung as to come immediately above the centre of the lid opposite each pair of handles. The pulleys were then attached to the handles of the lid by means of strong cord slings - the coffin being protected from possible damage by pads of wadding. The tackle being in position, by midday the lid was very slowly raised. It came up fairly readily without mishap, revealing a second anthropoid coffin, covered with a thin gossamer linen sheet darkened and decayed, upon which were lying over the breast of the coffin floral garlands and a separate wreath of flowers placed on the emblems of the forehead over the linen. Underneath this thin linen sheet or shroud, in places a glimpse could be obtained of elaborate multi-coloured glass inlay upon fine gold work. This was carried out by myself in the presence of Mr A. Lucas and the assistance of the native Reises. The undertaking was completed by 12.45, the tomb closed to await photographic records before proceeding further. Some time was spent last summer working out the methods to be followed in the above undertaking and providing the necessary appliances. Note The only ominous feature is that parts of the second coffin visible through the linen covering, show distinct efflorescence incrusted upon the inlay and surface gold-work and tendency of swelling here and there. This is certainly disconcerting, as it suggests at some time the existence of humidity, possibly from the mummy of the king, wrapped and placed in the coffin before being perfectly dry. If this is the case its preservation will, I fear, not be so good as might have been hoped for.
Museums in Foreign Nations
Black Market & Private Collectors
For: • Originated in this country and belong with the people • The antiquities were stolen from Egypt • Egypt will sever relations with foreign museums that do not return stolen antiquities
Against: • There is not sufficient security for the artifacts • They do not even have counts/catalogues on all of the antiquities in the country • Objects are stored in simple wooden cases locked with thin wire, in poorly protected and small storerooms
Museums in Foreign Nations
For: Artifacts are being used to educate the world • Sharing the artifacts with people who can not travel to Egypt • Preserving the artifacts in museums • It would be irresponsible to ship the delicate antiquities back to the country of origin
Against: • The objects in the collections are stolen goods • Museums could face blocks on art loans and archaeologists could lose cooperation with Egypt
Market & Private Collectors
For: • These groups found/paid for the artifacts • There is a global demand for the goods
Against: • They stole artifacts from people's tombs • Illegal to export and sell stolen antiquities
Artifact #1
Background Information: (A lesson on the importance of paper in both ancient and modern civilizations should precede this activity; production of paper should be included as well.) The use of papyrus as writing material dates back to ancient times. An account-sheet from the reign of the Egyptian King Assa happens to be the oldest example of written papyrus. Producing sheets of papyrus that are the same size was not a big deal. For most documents (letters, accounts, receipts, etc.), a single sheet of papyrus paper was okay. However, for longer texts, the amount of required sheets were joined together and made into a roll. Usually, writing is found on the side of the sheet where fibers run horizontally, or recto. The other side (verso) was rarely used. If a sheet of papyrus has writing on both sides, it is not wrong to guess that the writing on the recto was written before that on the verso. In addition to serving as record keeper, papyrus was also used to tell stories through pictures. Primary Level: Whole Group: (Students will examine a real piece of papyrus Egyptian art from my family's personal collection.) Students will examine two sheets of paper, one papyrus with traditional Egyptian art and writing and the other any piece of white paper with print. Students will compare and contrast today's system of papermaking to that of ancient times. Discussion Questions: What do you notice about each piece of paper? Why do you think these materials were chosen to make paper? Why do you think papyrus paper has many lines (textures)? Why do you think the white paper appears to be smoother? Independent: Each student will receive 1 cup, 1 piece of standard white paper, and a tea bag. Students will crumple paper into a ball and place it in the cup. Each student will take a teabag and steep it in the container until the desired color is reached. Let ball sit in 'tea' for no longer than 3 minutes. Students will remove the ball and sit it on top of newspaper to dry. DO NOT unroll the ball! Once dry, students will write their names on the top right-hand corner. (The finished product will be set aside for the succeeding artifact activity.) Small Group: (Groups will be predetermined (3-5)) Each group will be given a sheet of papyrus and calligraphy pens to draw what they would use the papyrus paper for if they were ancient Egyptians. (Projects will be shared with class. Students could draw a book cover, a letter, a receipt, a picture/painting, hieroglyphics, etc.)
Artifact #1:
Background Information: (A lesson on the importance of paper in both ancient and modern civilizations should precede this activity; production of paper should be included as well.) The use of papyrus as writing material dates back to ancient times. An account-sheet belonging to the reign of the Egyptian King Assa happens to be the oldest example of written papyrus (circa 2600 B.C.). Producing sheets of papyrus that were of equal size was not a major concern. For most documents (letters, accounts, receipts, etc.), a single sheet of papyrus paper was acceptable. However, for longer texts, especially literary ones, the amount of required sheets were joined together and assembled into a roll. Commonly, writing is found on the side of the sheet on which fibers ran horizontally, or recto. The other side (verso) was rarely used. If a sheet of papyrus displays writing on both sides, it is generally accepted that the writing on the recto was written before that on the verso. In addition to serving as record keeper, papyrus was also used to tell stories through pictures. Intermediate Level: Whole Group: (Students will examine a real piece of papyrus Egyptian art from my family's personal collection.) Students will examine two sheets of paper, one papyrus with traditional Egyptian art and writing and the other any piece of white paper with print. Students will compare and contrast today's system of papermaking to that of ancient times. Discussion Questions: What do you notice about each piece of paper? Why do you think these materials were
chosen to make paper? Why do you think the white paper appears to be smoother? What changes do you think were made to refine the texture of paper? Do you think Egyptians would have used a different material if it were available? If you could go back in time with any tool regarding papermaking, what would it be and why? Given what you know about the process of papermaking, if you could go back in time what advice would you give a papermaker and why? Independent: Each student will receive 1 bowl, 14 strips of standard white paper, and a tea bag. Students will crumple strips into balls and place it in the bowl. Each student will take a teabag and steep it in the container until the desired color is reached. Let balls sit in 'tea' for no longer than 3 minutes. Students will remove the ball and sit it on top of newspaper to dry. Wait 10 minutes to unroll balls and then weave strips together as papyrus fibers were! Papers will be left to dry. (Once dry, students will write their names on the top right-hand corner. (The finished product will be set aside for the succeeding artifact activity.) Small Group: (Groups will be predetermined (3-5)) Each group will be given a sheet of papyrus and calligraphy pens to draw what they believe the paper would be used for if they were ancient Egyptians. (Projects will be shared with class. Students could draw a book cover/page, a letter, a receipt, a picture/painting, hieroglyphics, etc.).
Multiple Choice Questions
(to be handed out)
Primary: (Questions will be read aloud and pictures will be taped onto the board.)
1. What plant did the Egyptians use to make paper?
a) Pampas Grass
b) Pansy Violet
c) Papyrus Plant
2. Individual fibers of papyrus add what feature to the papyrus paper? a) Green color. b) Horizontal and vertical lines. c) A bad smell.
1. Papyrus paper is made out of what part of the papyrus plant? a) Papyrus flowers b) Papyrus root c) Papyrus pulp
2. In Egypt, writing was most likely found on which side, or sides, of the papyrus paper? a) Both b) Recto c) Verso
Challenge Question:
For bonus points, explain why you answer choice for question number two.
Artifact #2
Ancient Egypt: Primary Activity Before beginning the student activities, the teacher will show a picture of hieroglyphics obtained from the Muscarelle Museum and give the students a lesson on hieroglyphics and their importance in ancient Egypt. Background Information: The ancient Egyptians created a form of picture-writing known as hieroglyphs thousands of years ago. Each picture was a symbol representing something they observed in their surroundings. Hieroglyphs were written vertically (top to bottom) or horizontally, and no punctuation was used. Hieroglyphs were used at first by a small group of scribes to keep records. Later, they were carved on the walls of tombs and temples, on obelisks, and on sculpture. (Hieroglyph means "sacred carved writing.") They were also written with pen and colored ink on sheets of papyrus. Student Activities: 1. Students will first study handout of ancient hieroglyphics. They will practice with words provided by the teacher and compare with others in group (3-4 students depending on class size). 2. After a sufficient amount of practice, students will then be asked to write their names, using hieroglyphics. 3. Once name is written, students will draw on the remaining portion of the page, trying to incorporate any stylistic techniques they recall from previous pictures shown (i.e., simple, clean lines). 4. The teacher will post the students' drawings around the room so each student can see other's works.
Ancient Egypt: Intermediate Activity Before beginning the student activities, the teacher will show a picture of hieroglyphics obtained from the Muscarelle Museum and give the students a lesson on hieroglyphics and their importance in ancient Egypt. Background Information: The ancient Egyptians created a form of picture-writing known as hieroglyphs around 3100 BC. Each picture was a symbol representing something they observed in their surroundings. Hieroglyphs were written vertically (top to bottom) or horizontally (left to right or right to left). There was no punctuation used. Hieroglyphs were used at first by a small group of scribes to keep records. Later, they were carved (and then painted) on the walls of tombs and temples, on obelisks, and on sculpture. (Hieroglyph means "sacred carved writing.") They were also written with pen and colored ink on sheets of papyrus. Student Activities: 1. Students will be grouped in 3's or 4's (depending on class size). Each group will be given a handout of ancient hieroglyphics and a sentence written with hieroglyphics, created by the teacher. The groups will then decipher the sentence together. 2. One student from each group will volunteer to report to the entire class the deciphered sentence. (Each sentence will pertain to some aspect of ancient Egyptian culture.) 3. Then, on their individual sheets of "papyrus," students will pretend to be a pharaoh and write a law or decree that they wish the people of their land would obey. This
must be written in hieroglyphics, and a model will be provided by the teacher. (Decree must be at least 3-4 sentences long.) Once completed, the teacher will ask 2-3 students to share their work with the entire class. The teacher will post the "decrees" around the room
Artifact #2: Primary Multiple Choice What does this hieroglyphic word mean in English?
A. pharaoh B. glyphic C. papyrus
Artifact #2: Intermediate Multiple Choice What does this sentence mean in English?
A. The Nile River floods and recedes every season. B. In Egypt's history, women were known to be pharaohs. Egyptians wore long black wigs to show wealth and statu
Artifact #3
from the Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk: Félix Teynard French (1817-1892) Colossi (The One on the Right Called the Colossus of Memnon) Quarna (Thebes), 1851-52 Salted paper print from waxed paper negative Museum purchase and gift of Alice Frank 93.47 In 1851 and 1852 Félix Teynard, a civil engineer, traveled throughout Egypt recording the country's landscape and architectural monuments. Teynard was interested in capturing the patterns created by the contrasts of light and shadow, and his photographs display a unique balance of information and design. Originally issued beginning in 1853 Teynard's salted paper prints were published in two volumes under the title Égypte et Nubie: Sites et monuments(1858), a travel album considered to be one of the masterpieces of 19th-century photography.
Background information on the Colossi of Memnon can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon Activities: Primary: Whole group: Read "The Finest Pharaoh of All" by Stewart Ross. Explain to the class that in Egypt, Pharaohs were given extra special treatment, and often their graves were memorialized with giant statues such as the one shown in the picture. Small group: Divide students into groups of 3-4 and assign them a well known figure character that they would be familiar with (i.e. any person of character they would know about, such as John Smith, George Washington, Johnny Appleseed, etc.) Have them brainstorm ideas of what might be important objects in these people's lives, and have them draw pictures of these items on a large sheet of paper (i.e. ship for John Smith, apples for Johnny Appleseed, etc.) Explain that in Egypt, the tombs of pharaohs, like the one guarded by the statues in the picture, were full of items that were important to the pharaoh because they believed they would take everything with them in the afterlife. Individual: Have students create a sketch of the statues in the picture and teach them how to write Amenhotep III's name in hieroglyphics at the bottom of their sketch. Be sure to explain that the statues in the picture marked the entrance to Amenhotep III's grave. Assessment: To be read aloud by the teacher in classrooms where the students cannot yet read: In Egypt, the gravesites of important people, such as pharaohs, might be called a) Pyramids b) Tombs c) Hieroglyphs d) Sphinx answer: (b) Intermediate: Whole group: Read "Inside the Tomb of Tutankhamun" by Jacqueline Morley. Begin a discussion of what we do to honor the dead. Ask the class to describe some of the ways we honor people who have died in our families or communities. They might say that we have funerals, bury the bodies at cemeteries, or write poems or stories about the deceased. Students of some cultures might mention special holidays that commemorate their dead ancestors. Use a graphic organizer to record the answers and put on display in the classroom. Explain to the class that in Egypt, Pharaohs were given extra special treatment, and often their graves were memorialized with giant statues such as the one shown in the picture. (idea adapted from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/17/gk2/honoring.html) Small group: Give each group of 3-4 students a copy of the Pharaoh fact sheet. Have them use the information on the sheet to make an acrostic puzzle. Students are to write the words "The Pharaoh" down the center of the page. Identify key words or sentences to write across the page using the letters of the words "The Pharaoh". Example:
The most important person in Egypt Hatshepsut, she ruled for 25 years Make sure Egypt was protected and at peace Pharaohs wore false beards They wore a Head dress Ruled over All of Egypt The Flail Represented the God Osiris Pharaohs were Almost always men One woman was Pharaoh - Cleopatra The first PHaraoh of Egypt was Menes (idea adapted from http://www.tki.org.nz/r/socialscience/curriculum/SSOL/egyptian/index_e.php) Individual: Pick a pharaoh from the list below and conduct a short research project where you will answer the following questions: 1) Under which era did this pharaoh rule? (prehistory, old kingdom, middle kingdom, new kingdom). Briefly describe the different eras of ancient Egypt 2) Describe one major accomplishment for which the pharaoh is known. 3) Describe what is known about his/her tomb. Pharaohs: Akhenaten Amenhotep III Cleopatra Hatshepsut Khufu King Tut (Tutankhamun) Ramses II Snefru You may use books from the library, the websites below, or any other sources you can find as long as they are properly cited: http://www.touregypt.net/kings.htm http://www.osirisweb.com/egypt/egypt2.html http://www.kingtutone.com/pharaohs/ Assessment: The names of the first and last pharaohs were: a) King Tut and Hatshepsut b) Cleopatra and Ramses II c) Amenhotep III and Akhenaten d) Menes and Cleopatra answer: (d)
Artifact #4
(A lesson on Egyptian hieroglyphics will be presented prior to the discussion about the Rosetta stone) Background Information: The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing. The stone is a slab dating back to 196 BC. Its inscription is a royal decree praising Egypt's king Ptolemy V. It was written on the stone three times: once in hieroglyphics, once in demotic, and once in Greek. Hieroglyphics and demotic are both Egyptian language scripts. The Rosetta Stone was discovered by French troops in 1799 near the seaside town of Rosetta. In 1822, a French Egyptologist named Jean Francois Champollion greatly contributed to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, thus unlocking a window into the past. Since then, most of the remains of other Egyptian writings have also been translated. The stone now resides in the British Museum, in London. Rosetta Stone. Retrieved on October 22, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone Primary Level: Whole Group: Students will view an image of the Rosetta stone from the website http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rosettaStone.jpg as a class, prior to the introduction of the background information. Students will be asked what they think the object is. Discussion Questions: What do you see on this stone? Do any of the markings look familiar? Teacher will read the background information to the students. Independent: Students will each receive a copy of a made up code created to simulate deciphering of foreign language scripts. They will then decipher a phrase in the code. After everyone has finished with the decoding, they will share what the sentence said. Small Group: Once the students have practiced decoding the phrase, they will then work in small groups to write a sentence about the Rosetta Stone in the code. Each group will then pass their coded sentence to another group to decipher, allowing students to act as Egyptologists.
Artifact #4: Rosetta Stone (A lesson on Egyptian hieroglyphics will be presented prior to the lesson on the Rosetta Stone) Background Information: The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of hieroglyphic writing. The stone is a slab dating back to 196 BC. Its inscription is a royal decree praising Egypt's king Ptolemy V. It was written on the stone three times: once in hieroglyphics, once in demotic, and once in Greek. Hieroglyphics and demotic are both Egyptian language scripts. The Rosetta Stone was discovered by French troops in 1799 near the seaside town of Rosetta. In 1822, a French Egyptologist named Jean Francois Champollion greatly contributed to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, thus unlocking a window into the past. Since then, most of the remains of other Egyptian writings have also been translated. The stone now resides in the British Museum, in London. Rosetta Stone. Retrieved on October 22, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone Intermediate Level: Whole Group: The entire class will read through the background information together, view the image of the Rosetta Stone, and read an excerpt of the translated text on the stone. Direct Questions: Why is the Rosetta stone important? What did it allow people to do? Independent: Next the students will work individually to create their own language script. The code should be recorded as a cipher, comparing English letters to the new symbols or letters. The students will also create their own story about themselves, as if they were a ruler of Ancient Egypt. Small Group: Students will work in pairs decoding the stories of their fellow classmates.
Multiple Choice Questions: Primary Questions: (Questions will be read aloud to the students and pictures will be shown on the board via the projector) 1. Which is a picture of the Rosetta Stone?
Intermediate Questions: (Circle the correct response) 1. What year was the Rosetta Stone created? a. 1799 AD b. 196 BC c. 1906 AD 2. What country is the Rosetta Stone in today? a. Egypt b. United States c. England 3. What language scripts are represented on the Rosetta Stone? a. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic, and classical Greek b. English, French, and Spanish c. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic, and Italian
Intermediate Level: Story of the Rosetta Stone
Synopsis in English " In the reign of the new king who was Lord of the diadems, great in glory, the stabilizer of Egypt, and also pious in matters relating to the gods, superior to his adversaries, rectifier of the life of men, Lord of the thirty-year periods like Hephaestus the Great, King like the Sun, the Great King of the Upper and Lower Lands, offspring of the Parent-loving gods, whom Hephaestus has approved, to whom the Sun has given victory, living image of Zeus, Son of the Sun, Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah;
In the ninth year, when Aëtus, son of Aëtus, was priest of Alexander and of the Savior gods and the Brother gods and the Benefactor gods and the Parent-loving gods and the god Manifest and Gracious; Pyrrha, the daughter of Philinius, being athlophorus for Bernice Euergetis; Areia, the daughter of Diogenes, being canephorus for Arsinoë Philadelphus; Irene, the daughter of Ptolemy, being priestess of Arsinoë Philopator: on the fourth of the month Xanicus, or according to the Egyptians the eighteenth of Mecheir. THE DECREE: The high priests and prophets, and those who enter the inner shrine in order to robe the gods, and those who wear the hawk's wing, and the sacred scribes, and all the other priests who have assembled at Memphis before the king, from the various temples throughout the country, for the feast of his receiving the kingdom, even that of Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the god Manifest and Gracious, which he received from his Father, being assembled in the temple in Memphis this day, declared: Since King Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the god Manifest and Gracious, the son of King Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoë, the Parent-loving gods, has done many benefactions to the temples and to those who dwell in them, and also to all those subject to his rule, being from the beginning a god born of a god and a goddess—like Horus, the son of Isis and Osirus, who came to the help of his Father Osirus; being benevolently disposed toward the gods, has concentrated to the temples revenues both of silver and of grain, and has generously undergone many expenses in order to lead Egypt to prosperity and to establish the temples... the gods have rewarded him with health, victory, power, and all other good things, his sovereignty to continue to him and his children forever
The complete Greek text, in English, is about 1600–1700 words in length, and is about 20 paragraphs long (average 80 words/paragraph).
Primary Level Activity
First Row: English Second Row: Language 1 Third Row: Language 2
Answer: THE ROSETTA STONE IS FROM ANCIENT EGYPT
Language 1: ]*& [>\&]]! \]>=& +\ ([> < !=$+&=] &)~?] Language 2: ⌂∆↔ ≤≈≥↔⌂⌂← ≥⌂≈∫↔ ∏≥ ↕≤≈∩ ←∫→∏↔∫⌂ ↔∂♥≠⌂
Final Test Primary: Egypt 1. Which item did Ancient Egyptians use to prevent eye infections? a) Sunglasses b) Kohl c) Eyeshadow Answer: b 2. What plant did the Egyptians use to make paper?
a) Pampas Grass
b) Pansy Violet
c) Papyrus Plant Answer: c 3. Individual fibers of papyrus add what feature to the papyrus paper? a) Green color. b) Criss-cross pattern c) A bad smell Answer: b
4. Which is a picture of the Rosetta Stone? 60
c) Answer: c 5. What does this hieroglyphic word mean in English? (use hieroglyph sheet provided)
a) papyrus b) glyphic c) pharaoh Answer: a
6. If you are at the pyramids and need to go to Cairo, which direction should you go?
a) South b) North c) East Answer: b
7. In Egypt, the gravesites of important people, such as pharaohs, might be called a) Tombs b) Pyramids d) Sphinx Answer: a
Final Test Intermediate: Egypt 1. Papyrus paper is made out of what part of the papyrus plant? a) Papyrus flowers b) Papyrus root c) Papyrus pulp Answer: c 2a. In Egypt, writing was most likely found on which side, or sides, of the papyrus paper? a) Both b) Recto c) Verso Answer: b 2b. Challenge Question: For bonus points, explain your answer choice for question number two. 3. What year was the Rosetta Stone created? a) 1799 AD b) 196 BC c) 1906 AD Answer: b 4. What country is the Rosetta Stone in today? a) Egypt b) United States c) England Answer: c 5. What language scripts are represented on the Rosetta Stone? a) Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic, and classical Greek b) English, French, and Spanish c) Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic, and Italian Answer: a
6. What does this sentence mean in English? (use hieroglyph sheet provided) 63
a) The Nile River floods and recedes every season. b) In Egypt's history, women were known to be pharaohs. c) Egyptians wore long black wigs to show wealth and status. Answer: a 7. The names of the first and last pharaohs were: a) King Tut and Hatshepsut b) Cleopatra and Ramses II c) Menes and Cleopatra Answer: c 8. Which of the following represents an object found in King Tut's tomb, symbolizing high social status: a) hoe b) senet board c) adze Answer: b
Essay: 1. Based on our in class discussion, explain which group you think should have possession of the ancient Egyptian artifacts (1pt.). Provide at least three reasons in support of this group (3pts). Explain one of the weaknesses in this group's position (1pt.). Identify one of the opposing groups and provide two claims this group would have for the artifacts (3pts). 8 points total
2. Describe the shape of the social structure in Ancient Egypt (1 pt.). Identify the different groups of people in Ancient Egypt by completing the diagram above (1pt.). Pick two groups and provide three aspects about their lives (i..e. jobs, housing, legal rights, clothing, etc.). (6 pts.) 8 points total
Rubrics for Assessment
Primary Rubric: Student's label for the score is circled & number correct is written. Laborer: Below Expectations 4 or fewer Craftsperson: Meets Expectations 5 out of 7 Pharaoh: Above Expectations 6 or 7 out of 7 Student's Score
Multiple Choice Correct
Intermediate Rubric: Student's score is recorded and totaled in the student's score column. Below Expectations 5 or fewer (63% and below) 5 or fewer points present (63% and below) 25% Essay on Unit Information 5 or fewer points present (63% and below) 6 points present (75%) Meets Expectations 6 of out 8 (75%) 6 points present (75%) Exceeds Expectations 7 or 8 out of 8 (88% and above) 7 or more points present (88% and above) 7 or more points present (88% and above) Score for Student: Student's Score for Each Section
50% Multiple Choice Correct 25% Essay on Inquiry Lesson
Appendix A
Virginia Standards of Learning K.4 The student will use simple maps and globes to a) develop an awareness that a map is a drawing of a place to show where things are located and that a globe is a round model of the Earth; b) describe places referenced in stories and real-life situations; c) locate land and water features. 1.4 The student will develop map skills by a) recognizing basic map symbols, including references to land, water, cities, and roads; b) using cardinal directions on maps; 1.5 The student will construct a simple map of a familiar area, using basic map symbols in the map legend. 1.6 The student will describe how location, climate, and physical surroundings affect the way people live, including their food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and recreation. 2.1 The student will explain how the contributions of ancient China and Egypt have influenced the present world in terms of architecture, inventions, the calendar, and written language. 2.4 The student will develop map skills by a) locating China and Egypt on world maps; c) comparing the climate, land, and plant life of these regions; d) describing how people in these regions adapt to their environment. 2.6 The student will demonstrate map skills by constructing simple maps, using title, map legend, and compass rose. 3.10 The student will recognize why government is necessary in the classroom, school, and community by a) explaining the purpose of rules and laws; b) explaining that the basic purposes of government are to make laws, carry out laws, and decide if laws have been broken; c) explaining that government protects the rights and property of individuals. The National History Standards Standard I. Chronological Thinking a. Distinguish between past, present, and future time. b. Identify in historical narratives the temporal structure of a historical narrative or story. Standard II. Historical Comprehension e. draw upon the data in historical maps f. utilized visual and mathematical data represented in chartes, tables, pie and bar graphs, flow charts, and Venn diagrams, and other graphic organizers g. draw upon the visual data presented in photographs, paintings, cartoons, and architectural drawings Standard III. Historical Analysis and Interpretation f. compare different stories about a historical figure, era, or event Standard IV. Historical Research Capabilities a. formulate historical questions b. obtain historical data
Standard V. Historical Issues – Analysis and Decision Making d. evaluate alternative courses of action e. formulate a position or course of action on an issue National Standards for Art Education Visual Arts Content Standard 2: Using knowledge of structures and functions Visual Arts Content Standard 4: Understanding the visual arts in relation to history and cultures Visual Arts Content Standard 5: Reflecting upon and assessing the characteristics and merits of their work and the work of others. National Social Studies Standards Content Standard 1: Time, Continuity, and Change (Early and Middle Grades) d. Identify and use processes important to reconstruction and reinterpreting the past, such as using a variety of sources; providing, validating, and weighing the evidence for claims; checking credibility of sources; and searching for causality. f. use knowledge of facts and concepts drawn from history, along with methods of historical inquiry, to inform decision making about and action taking on public issues. Content Standard 2: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions Early Grades b. give examples of and explain group and institutional influences such as religious beliefes, laws, and peer pressure, or people, events and elements of culture g. Show how group and institutions work to meet individual needs and promote the common good, and identify examples of where they fail to do so. Middle Grades a. demonstrate an understanding of concepts such as role, status, and social class in describing the interactions of individuals and social groups b. analyze group and institutional influences on people, events, and elements of culture d. identify and describe examples of tensions between belief systems and government policies and laws National Geography Standards THE WORLD IN SPATIAL TERMS: STANDARD 1: How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information. PLACES AND REGIONS: STANDARD 4: The physical and human characteristics of places. STANDARD 6: How culture and experience influence people's perception of places and regions. PHYSICAL SYSTEMS: STANDARD 7: The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface. HUMAN SYSTEMS: STANDARD 9: The characteristics, distribution, and migration of human populations on Earth's surface. STANDARD 11: The patterns and networks of economic interdependence on Earth's surface. ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY: STANDARD 14: How human actions modify the physical environment. STANDARD 16: The changes that occur in the meaning, use, distribution, and importance of resources. 68


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Jimmy Mann (darts player)
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Jimmy Mann | |
Personal information | |
Born | Carshalton, England |
19 July 1978
Home town | Cheam, Surrey England |
Organisation (see split in darts) | |
PDC premier events - best performances | |
World Ch'ship | Last 64: 2006 |
UK Open | Last 32: 2006 |
US Open/WSoD | Last 64: 2007 |
Other tournament wins | |
Tournament | Years |
UK Open Midlands Regional | 2005 |
Jimmy Mann (born 19 July 1978 in Carshalton) is an English darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation events. He is not a full-time professional and makes his living as a greenkeeper.
Mann made a good showing in the 2005 UK Open Regionals, reaching the semi-finals of the North West Regional and winning the Midlands Regional. He entered the 2005 UK Open as the number 4 seed as a result of his Midlands win, meaning he started his campaign at the Last 64 stage. However, he lost his first match to Mark Landers.
He qualified for the 2006 PDC World Darts Championship but lost in the first round to Terry Jenkins. It remains his only appearance in the televised stages of the competition having missed out in the qualifying rounds in 2007 and 2008.
He had a better run at the 2006 UK Open where starting at the second round, he defeated Matt Chapman and Colin Monk to reach the last 32 stage before losing to the eventual winner Raymond van Barneveld.
His world ranking is still outside the top 64 in the PDC making it difficult for him to qualify for the other prestigious tournaments - he's yet to appear on screen at the other PDC majors - the World Matchplay, World Grand Prix or Las Vegas Desert Classic.
World Championship Results[edit]
- 2006: 1st Round (lost to Terry Jenkins 2–3)
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subset: commoncrawl