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Lot 339: PETROLES AU CONGO - PETROCONGO
Auction No.57 of Antique Stocks & Bonds
by Boone Shares - The Scripophily Center
October 29, 2016
Brussels, Belgium
Live AuctionPast Lot
Looking for the realized and estimated price?
Description: 31 January 1950 LEOPOLDVILLE/BRUXELL. Part Sociale, unissued. purple, buff, red, black. #525000. The original company was formed in 1910 primarily to build and operate a pipeline from the coast at Matadi to Stanley Pool (Kinshasa). In 1949, this company was created to transfer the Belgian company, working in Congo, to the Congo. It later became theSociété Commerciale Belge des Petroles. A subsidiary of the Belgian giant Petrofina.
Condition Report: EF

subset: commoncrawl


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Article: Garden slugs, snails and escargot: Getting rid of Snails in the Garden, 1 by Malteser
Communities > Forums
Image Copyright Malteser
In reply to: Getting rid of Snails in the Garden
Forum: Article: Garden slugs, snails and escargot
Back to post |
Malteser wrote: Hostas are not usually grown in Malta. For the first time this year I have seen corms (or is it bulbs) for sale here. The 2 I purchased in Feabruary are doing fine. Can you give me some tips about growing them. Up to now the highest tempreture has slowly risen to 24 degress celcius. In summer it will eventually go up to between 34 and 40 degrees. Should I leave the pots in the sun or should I find them a shady spot. Would the dappled shade under a tree be best for them. |
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Nick Vaughan-Williams
Professor Nick Vaughan-Williams is Professor of International Security and Head of the Department of Politics and International Studies (PAIS) at the University of Warwick. From 2016 to 2019 he holds the Philip Leverhulme Prize for research in Politics and International Studies. Before joining Warwick he held Lectureships in Politics at the University of Exeter and in International Theory and Security at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He studied Modern History at Oxford University (BA and MA) and International Relations at the University of Warwick (MA) and the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (PhD). He holds a Post-Graduate Certificate in Academic and Professional Practice (PGCAPP) from the University of Exeter and is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA).
He has published 9 books as either author, co-author, or co-editor in the field of International Security and Border Studies, and is currently working on a new single-authored monograph based on his current Leverhulme-funded project. His most recent single-authored book is Europe's Border Crisis: Biopolitical Security and Beyond (Oxford University Press, 2015) reviewed in Antipode and the Times Literary Supplement. His earlier book, Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power (Edinburgh University Press, 2009, 2012), was Gold Winner of the Association for Borderlands Studies Past Presidents' Book Award and reviewed in Environment and Planning D. He is also co-author of Everyday Security Threats: Perceptions, Experiences, and Consequences (Manchester University Press, 2016) and of Critical Security Studies: An Introduction, now in its second edition (Routledge, 2010, 2015), and co-editor of five volumes including European-East Asian Borders in Translation (Routledge, 2014).
He has published more than 35 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and his work has appeared in outlets such as British Journal of Political Science, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Cooperation and Conflict, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, European Journal of International Relations, International Political Sociology, Political Geography, Review of International Studies, and Security Dialogue. He is founding co-editor of the Routledge book series Interventions, which in 10 years has published 100 volumes, and is on the Editorial Board of Geopolitics. His Google Scholar Citations webpage can be found here.
His research has been supported with 6 externally-funded grants as either Principal Investigator or Co-Investigator from the British Academy, The Leverhulme Trust, and the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Recent findings have been presented to the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the EU Commission and Frontex, the Maltese Presidency, and various civil society groups. Media coverage has included pieces in The Washington Post and The Guardian.
Research overview
Keywords: Borders, migration, security, sovereignty, political spaces, everyday, violence, power, subjectivity
My research is located at the intersection of International Relations and Security Studies, Border and Migration Studies, and European Social and Political Theory. Running throughout my research agenda is a core focus on the changing nature and location of borders and bordering practices in global politics. I am especially interested in the various ways in which 'the border' is not always what or where we expect it to be according to the modern geopolitical imagination and what this tells us about sovereignty, security, and space.
While my work is conceptually-driven, I have written extensively about UK and EU border security policies and practices, the off-shoring and out-sourcing of border controls, and the interaction between border security apparatuses, the experiences of 'irregular' migrants, and humanitarian critique. My Leverhulme-funded project investigates everyday narratives of border security and insecurity among citizens in Europe against the backdrop of the Mediterranean migration and refugee 'crisis'. This programme of activity includes two phases of focus group work in cities across Germany, Greece, Hungary, and the UK.
A full list of research publications can be found here.
Externally-funded projects (select)
- The Leverhulme Trust (2016-19) 'Everyday Narratives of European Border Security and Insecurity' (2015 Philip Leverhulme Prize in Politics and International Relations, PLP-2015-081, £100,000.00) (Principal Investigator), with Georg Lofflmann (RA). Project website.
- ESRC (2015-17) 'Crossing the Mediterranean Sea by Boat: Mapping and Documenting Migratory Journeys and Experiences' (ES/N013646/1, £161,524.00 FEC) (Co-Investigator), with Vicki Squire (PI), Dallal Stevens, Angeliki Dimitriadi, and Maria Pisani. Project website.
- ESRC, AHRC, Dstl (2013-15) 'Science and Security: Research Impact and Co-Production of Knowledge' (ES/K011367/1, £120,832.00 FEC) (Co-Investigator), with Jon Coaffee (PI), Stuart Croft, George Christou, and Oz Hassan. Project website.
- ESRC (2012-13) 'Public Perceptions of Threat in Britain: Security in an Age of Austerity' (ES/J004596/1, £99,960.40 FEC) (Co-Investigator), with Daniel Stevens (PI). Project website.
- British Academy-National Science Foundation Taiwan (2011) 'European-East Asian Critical Border Studies' (JP100035, £8,000.00) (Principal Investigator), with Joyce C. H. Liu.
- British Academy (2007-8) 'Lines in the Sand? Non-Territorial Bordering Practices in Global Politics' (SG-50847, £5,530.00) (Principal Investigator), with Noel Parker.
PhD completions
- Dr Miriam Grinberg (2012-2016) 'The US-Japan Alliance and the Relocation of Futenma: Sites of Discursive Exchange in the Reproduction of Security Alliances'. PAIS East Asia Research Studentship, University of Warwick. Co-supervised with Professor Chris Hughes.
- Dr Tanvi Pate (2011-2015), 'US and the Global Nuclear Order: Narrative Identity and the Representation of India as the "Other" 1993-2009'. PAIS, University of Warwick. Co-supervised with Dr Trevor McCrisken.
- Dr Hidefumi Nishiyama (2011-2015), now Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, University of Oulu. 'Race, Biometrics, and Security in Modern Japan: A History of Racial Government'. PAIS East Asia Research Studentship, University of Warwick. Co-supervised with Professor Chris Hughes.
- Dr Georg Lofflmann (2011-2014), now Research and Teaching Fellow in International Security, University of Warwick. 'The Fractured Consensus: How Competing Visions of Grand Strategy Challenge the Geopolitical Identity of American Leadership under the Obama Presidency'. PAIS, University of Warwick. Co-supervised with Professor Stuart Croft.
Dr Maurice Stierl (2011-2014), now Visiting Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis. 'Migration Resistance as Border Politics: Counter-Imaginaries of EUrope'. WPRS Scholarship, PAIS, University of Warwick. Co-supervised with Dr James Brassett.
- Dr Sarah Bulmer (2007-2011), now Lecturer in International Relations, University of Exeter. 'Securing the Gender Order: Homosexuality and the British Armed Forces'. Departmental scholarship, Department of Politics, University of Exeter. Primary supervisor with Dr Anna Green. Winner of the 2012 International Feminist Journal of Politics 'Cynthia Enloe' Award.
PhDs in progress
- Bo Christensen, PAIS Research Studentship, with Professor Tony King.
- Rogan Collins, Warwick ESRC DTC Research Studentship, with Dr Vicki Squire.
Mara Duer, PAIS Political Spaces Research Studentship, with Professor Stuart Elden.
Katie Dingley, CSGR and GB-Sasakawa Foundation Studentship, with Professor Chris Hughes.
- Victoria Pereyra, Warwick Research Studentship, with Professor Shirin Rai.
Please note that I am currently not taking on any additional PhD supervision.
Teaching and administration
In 2016/17 I am supervising BA dissertations, but as Head of Department (0.8 FTE) I am not teaching my own module. In previous years I have acted as Programme Director for the MA in International Relations and Module Director and Seminar Tutor for the core module PO926 'Theories and Issues in International Relations'. I have also taught PO967 'New Security Challenges' and advised a number of MA dissertations on a wide range of topics in PAIS. At Exeter and Aberystwyth I taught on a range of undergraduate and postgraduate modules in International Relations and Security.
I was part of the REF2014 planning team, which saw PAIS rank 6th on raw GPA and 4th on intensity for overall research quality. As Director of Research Impact, between 2012 and 2015 I was responsible for the preparation of PAIS' six REF3b impact case studies and our REF3a impact template - the 4th largest submission in the Politics and International Studies Unit of Assessment and judged to be 93% 3/4* quality. I have also served as Deputy Director of Research Committee and Joint Director of Research Degrees (Scholarships).
From 2012 to 2016 I served as External Examiner of Postgraduate Taught Programmes for the School of Politics, International Studies, and Philosophy at Queen's University, Belfast.
Professor of International Security and Head of Department
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Tel: +44(0)2476 523 084
- Room: D1.22 Social Sciences
Advice and feedback hours: by appointment via PA
- PA: Jade Perkins (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Research publications


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Frederick Gallery |
Gina Cavallo-Collins is an independent curator and
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field for over 20 years primarily as a curator with an emphasis in
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artists over the years. Since moving to Virginia in 2006, she has held a
position as Coordinator of Statewide Exhibitions at the Virginia Museum of
Fine Arts and, most recently, gone back to working freelance while managing
her husband's organic vegetable farm and raising two children. She has a B.A.
and an M.A. in Art History from Arizona State University.
The current Frederick Gallery National Exhibit "Secret Places"
on exhibit November 1st - 27th, 2009 Opening Reception November 6th. © 2005-2011 See copyright notice below. [Scroll down to see more images.] [Click image to enlarge.] |
If you are an artist who has been accepted into this exhibit and would like an image of your accepted artwork considered for display on this website, please send your digital image ONLY to firstname.lastname@example.com to Jeanne Tanks. If you are an FCCA Member, you may also send your web address along with digital of accepted artwork, if you'd also like it displayed. | |||||||||||||||
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Sharing my vast collection of roughly 2400 vintage postcards. Browse, share, enjoy!
Monday, March 26, 2012
Circus Hall Of Fame - Sarasota, Florida
One of the many performing jungle beasts which has been shown at the Circus Hall of Fame in Sarasota, Florida.
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renovating is a valid word in this word list. For a definition, see the external dictionary links below.
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Welcome to Domino's at 30 Bolivar Dr, where we work to give you the best in pizza delivery and more! We're the restaurant to beat, offering you millions of ways to create your pizza and delivering them directly to you! Meat-lovers and vegetarians alike can find something delicious on the Domino's menu.
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I have it: 22 I had it: 4 I want it: 22
Designers » F-H » Horseball Oriental Floral « Groups
I have it: 22 I had it: 4 I want it: 22
The woman who wears it is captivating and bold.
Pink Bays and Bergamot announce the sensual intensity of Jasmine sublimated by Patchouli.
Horseball Orchid Version is a subtle oriental and floral harmony. Head notes ally the mystery of spices (Pink Bays) and the wealth of fruits (Blackcurrant, Bergamot). The heart brings its sensuality thanks to flowers intensity (Tuberose, Jasmine, Ylang). Finally, the oriental bottom (Sandalwood, Vanilla, Patchouli) confers in this unique fragrance a trail of the most sensual. Orchid Version was launched in 2010.
Perfume rating: 4.06 out of 5 with 37 votes.
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
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weak | 0 | |
moderate | 2 | |
long lasting | 4 | |
very long lasting | 12 |
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This is a blind purchase so I'm testing it rn on my wrist for the first time... I'm definitely wearing it just in crazy nights! Smell expensive and seductive!!!
It has a masculine side that I love, I'm not so much into sweet flowery perfumes, this is perfect for me. And I can picture a man totally rocking it :)
*be back later for an update of the sillage and how it drydown on my skin ;) *
omg!!! <3
It was a blind purchase and I do not reget it at all!!!
When you first put it on is like a masculine strong spicy/woddy scent but it dries down in about 20 min in a creamy, spicy and warm hug o_o!! I did not expect that, and I love it <3 Warm and close to the skin. For me it is an unisex fragance :)
I would say it is a moderate sillage.
changed my mind of what I say before, it is a totally working enviroment safe, guess if you put on a lot can make an atractive night scent too ;)
Incredibly similar to Tom Ford Black Orchid. If I knew it before, I could have save my money ! Unexpensive (unlike BO) but long last fragrance.
I want this.
I am a male.
On paper: it smells balsamic and minty, flowery masculine. Something like Narcisso Rodriguez.
But on my skin it's only flowery.
Still in my wishlist. And doing further testing.
Love love love! Don't have enough love to express for this perfume. Amazing! What an attitude. Perfectly balanced between Tom Ford BO and Van cleef, Oud. Wow wow. Long lasting, silage, perfect notes. Haven't been so excited about a perfume in a long long time. And for only 18 pounds... What more can you ask. That's a keeper, got to grab second bottle asap. Recommend it to all lovers of strong long lasting, silage monster perfumes.
Anyone know how I can get this from the USA? =(
Suitable for winter and fall. I can still smell it even after a shower,sexy and warm, woody a little smells unisex.The drydown reminds me of Eau des Merveilles by Hermes. Too dirty for my taste epecially before drydown.
it's nice.
LIKE Black Orchid Tom Ford ?
BUT Slight VERY SWEET I LIKE VERY MUCH
با سلام
کاری بسیار شیرین و خوشبو که فقط به درد زمستان و پاییز می خورد
tom ford b.o
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text: Get the most from your passive 3D Sony TV with these lightweight 3D glasses. Cinema 3D / Youll see clear, detailed images with lifelike depth, its like the 3D you see in the cinema. Comfortable / You can put these Passive 3D glasses on over your day-to-day glasses, theyll still work. Folding / Keep them safe when theyre not in use with a convenient folding design.


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Sancho Gracia doesn't have any movies playing in theaters.
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Where are we going to get the teachers: UK Version
March 4, 2013 at 7:56 am 4 comments
The biggest challenge to computing education in the United States is finding the teachers. Turns out that the issue is the same in the UK. I read on the Computing at Schools discussion boards, and part of the explanation for the 'collapse' described below is confusion about the curriculum. What's going to be offered? ICT or Computing? The bigger picture remains — just as we're having a hard time getting the students engaged about computing, we're having a hard time engaging the teachers, too.
The government's plans to revolutionise computer science in schools are in jeopardy after a "collapse" in the number of applications to teacher training courses, experts have warned.
Graduates are shunning courses designed to prepare teachers for a new curriculum backed by technology giants including Facebook, Microsoft and IBM, figures reveal, despite scholarships of £20,000 for the best recruits.
The number of people applying for computer science PGCEs in England is down by a third compared with applications for the old ICT course at the same time last year. The number of applicants last year was itself down by more than 50 per cent on 2011, which suggests a continuing crisis in recruitment.
via 'Collapse' in trainee numbers threatens computing plans – news – TES.
Entry filed under: Uncategorized. Tags: computing at schools, high school CS, K12, teachers.
4 Comments Add your own
I wonder if part of the problem is the "enormous amounts of unnecessary and gratuitous mess" in current manifestations of computing. I think very few people would be attracted to teach such a hodgepodge of hackish patchwork.
I suspect fear plays a big role. Alan may indeed be right that the curriculum is confusing. I suspect that confusion contributes to the fear.
The 'collapse' in numbers has many possible explanations. A major factor is finance. Until this academic year training to be a teacher was free and the trainee received a free training allowance of £9, 000 a year – approximately $15, 000 !
There was a high attrition rate. Now trainee's have to pay $15, 000 fees. Bursary payments are no longer given to everyone.
A very different recruitment process that coincides with a requirement for graduate's to hold a CS degree – they're a scarce commodity.
[…] they do about finance. We don't know the costs are of that ignorance, but we do know that it has been difficult and expensive to provide enough education to correct that […]
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Thursday, July 14, 2011
The Stylish Blogger Award!
5 comments:
- Katie said...
Thanks Sarah!
- July 14, 2011 at 12:30 PM
- Lauren said...
Thanks, Sarah! :)
- July 14, 2011 at 12:36 PM
- PaisleyJade said...
Thank you so much!!! xoxox
- July 14, 2011 at 1:25 PM
- Mary said...
Ok #6 made me laugh! At least that's your maiden name. :)
I hope you have a faulous weekend - July 14, 2011 at 2:18 PM
- Rachel said...
You are so so sweet! Thank you! And I liked learning a little more about you. First, I love Fiddler on the Roof. Tevye's rich man dance? Classic. And I love soup, too! I'm making a baked potato one for dinner tonight, and seem to be on a lifelong quest for a good knockoff of Zupa's Thai Coconut Lobster Soup (have you had it?). And if it makes you feel better, at 5'8" I'm the short one in my family and they all call me Stumpy :-(
- July 14, 2011 at 3:35 PM
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MIDDLETOWN — A Scotchtown man was arrested Friday morning after, police said, he threatened someone with a pellet gun in the parking lot of the Middletown Post Office.
Police said a "road rage incident" started on Fulton Street, and the two vehicles pulled into the employee lot. Police said Ricardo Navarro-Aguilar, 29, the driver of one of the vehicles, got out and brandished what was at first thought to be a handgun.
It was a pellet gun; he was charged with menacing and unlicensed driving, misdemeanors.
Cops say man pulled pellet gun in Middletown post office lot
Jun 22, 2013 at 2:00 AM


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7/25/2009 10:55am, #31--
Filipino Martial Arts.
Check out the Bullshido.net Western Martial Arts Forum for all things Western, martial and arty.
Bartitsu: the Gentlemanly Art of Self Defence (est. 1899)
7/25/2009 11:17am, #32
- Join Date
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--I love the, Drummer, why not do stick fighting? angle. Well played, well played.
Seriously, though, what do you hope to get out of this? You had pages of people saying "Don't do wing chun or karate, do boxing or muay thai" and you ended it by saying "I'm gonna try krotty then the chun!"
Well, if you're thinking about taking boxing, DO IT.
8/09/2009 5:31am, #33
- Join Date
- Oct 2006
- Location
- va
- Posts
- 120
- Style
- non right now
--The boxing place is somewhat near my place and thats the thing that i have been thinking about. Also, if i could find a good tai chi place near me i may look into that as some of you have said.
My knee is way better, almost like it was never injured it. I believe that my wrists will always be the way that they are. I have done physical therapy and things like that and i think that where i am at is about the best place i can get with my wrists. They dont hurt or anything but if i rub my arm on my thumb side at times i get a electric feeling in my arm going down into my thumb.
It may be possible that taking boxing or tai chi my actually help my wrists get stronger. I guess the only way im gonna find out will be to take some lessons to check how i feel.
8/09/2009 11:57pm, #34
- Join Date
- Oct 2006
- Location
- va
- Posts
- 120
- Style
- non right now
--I just found this tai chi school in my area: http://discoverkungfu.com/index.htm What do you all think of it? From what i read they teach tai chi as a form of self defense which is great!
8/10/2009 2:09am, #35--
It looks OK. Just bear in mind that this appears to be a traditional martial arts school, so chances are that their approach will involve traditional conditioning methods, stylized movements, cultural elements like bowing and so-on.
If you're particularly interested in Tai Chi as a self defense method, note that the website refers to working on the form (i.e., the formal sequence of movement techniques) for 6 months to a year before you start to focus on fighting applications. That attitude is typical of the traditional martial arts perspective and makes a certain amount of sense re. conditioning muscles, working on flexibility, sensitivity skills etc. It's in strong contrast to something like Western boxing, in which you'd typically get into sparring much faster.
Here's the Yang Tai Chi Chuan form:
YouTube - Yang Tai Chi 2 Taiji Long Form 108
And here are some basic "applications", i.e. fighting interpretations of the movements:
YouTube - YMAA Taiji Applications (Yang taijiquan) tai chi fighting!
Basically, yes, many of the formal movements can be interpreted as effective fighting techniques (it kind of depends on the instructor's knowledge of/skill at actual, real fighting as opposed to academic demos, etc.) However, it's a long process to get to the point where you can apply those techniques against an aggressive, resisting opponent, and that's assuming that your instructor teaches truly realistic training drills.
There are also numerous aspects of real-life self defense that are seldom addressed in any sort of martial arts class.
The "bridge" between the formal, stylized movements and real fighting is the exercise of tui shou or pushing hands:
YouTube - Yang Style Tai Chi Series (2/3): Push Hand Exercise KF718eB
And the next level is push hands sparring:
YouTube - Tuishou Taiji "libre" en compétition FFwushu
Basically, have a clear understanding of what you want to get out of the training and communicate that to the instructor, then try some classes and see how it fits.Check out the Bullshido.net Western Martial Arts Forum for all things Western, martial and arty.
Bartitsu: the Gentlemanly Art of Self Defence (est. 1899)
8/10/2009 11:31am, #36
- Join Date
- Dec 2007
- Location
- Murray KY
- Posts
- 416
- Style
--with your injuries you can still do any style you want once you modify training to suit your injuries, by building up the damaged areas or permanetly modifying aspects of what you do veres everyone else due to injury prevention.
some arts that can be easy on you, arent gonna help you in terms of self defense, sometimes its the techniques of the arts in other cases its the lack of application and training methods, and sometimes all of the above.
some goods arts to take to get started
Tai Chi....but its not very effective for fighting. but its great for beginners, stick to the forms, its the most effective aspect. just when sometime in tai chi is hard on the knee, back off and start smaller.
krav maga its good fitness and more basic motor skills, so far my knees have been fine. if anything is questionable dont do it.
boxing is great just go easy on dips, uppercuts and ducking
bjj is good be sure to tape up as in all the arts


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SEAN HANNITY, HOST: Republican primary voters from coast to coast have a big decision to make in coming weeks and months -- they must decide who they support for the GOP nomination. Now, although Newt Gingrich and Mitt Romney are currently on top, some conservatives are beginning to look in the direction of former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman.
Now columnist George Will recently praised some of Huntsman conservative credentials. He argued that Huntsman supports Paul Ryan's proposed budget plan. He would privatize Fannie and Freddie, eliminate capital gains tax. He opposes farm subsidies, and he has called No Child Left Behind a disaster.
But not everyone is convinced. One man who remains unimpressed with the governor is Donald Trump. And during my interview with the always outspoken entrepreneur yesterday, I asked him to talk about why some candidates like Huntsman and Ron Paul are not participating in his upcoming Iowa debate. Take a look.
DONALD TRUMP, CEO, TRUMP ORGANIZATION: Ron Paul has zero chance, zero, of getting elected or getting the nomination. He will do OK in Iowa and after Iowa he will fade into oblivion. So, Ron Paul, you know, frankly that some of these people aren't there, Huntsman is another one. He called my office, I don't know if you know this, wanted a meeting. I didn't give it to him. Maybe I should have. I didn't give it to him. But he wanted to come up and see me. And then I see him in a debate saying, unlike you people, I didn't go and see Donald Trump. So, he's a Mormon, so I'm sure he wouldn't lie about it. But the fact is that, all these people, I mean, the two people that we are talking about, I'm glad they aren't going to be there because then I can sort of focus on people that really have a chance of winning.
HANNITY: And earlier today, Mitt Romney announced that he would not attend the Trump-moderated debate either.
Joining me now from Washington to respond to that much more, former Utah governor, presidential candidate Jon Huntsman.
Governor, good to see you. Thanks for being with us.
FORMER GOV. JON HUNTSMAN, R-UTAH: Sean, it's an honor to be with you. Thank you.
HANNITY: All right. Did you asked for meetings with Trump?
HUNTSMAN: I called Trump after he dropped out of the race, like I did Tim Pawlenty, just to wish him well. No way I did I want to meet him, no way I did I want his support. I think his infusing himself into the dialogue really dumbs down and makes less consequential the very important issues that we must be discussing to get this country back on its feet again. These are serious issues Sean. This isn't about ratings for Donald Trump, this is about jobs for the American people. This is about who can go on and beat Barack Obama. This is about securing our place in the world, and dealing with the two biggest deficits that we face, one is an economic deficit and the other is a trust deficit.
HANNITY: Wait, let me stop. Yes. I read Donald Trump's book. It's a serious book about how to make America tougher and stronger. I think he's got a lot of good proposals in that book. I'm not sure why exactly you say he dumbs it down. He's somebody that has been very successful. Why are you insulting him?
HUNTSMAN: There's no doubt about that. He's a successful man. He might want to run as an independent. I say when you start moving into politics as entertainment, which is exactly what this is, and when you put on a show and you say that afterwards you might then pick your favorite contender, this becomes more politics as entertainment as opposed to politics as part of a serious dialogue that this country has been waiting for.
And I say we need to get back to the issues, we need to get back to the kind of discussion, Sean, that I'm going to be having with Newt Gingrich in New Hampshire in just a few short days, where we are going to have a run-on conversation about national security policy and defense policy in ways that I think will really enlighten the American people.
HANNITY: Let me ask you this. Look, here are the latest poll numbers. Gingrich at 37 -- I'm talking about the latest Gallup poll. Romney is at 22. Ron Paul is at eight. And you have one percent of the vote. Here's my question to you. Why wouldn't you want every opportunity -- and I think one of the problems you faced from the beginning is you are unknown to the American people. Why not take advantage of every opportunity, whether or not you are going to have a chance to be asked questions and answer them. National TV exposure, why not just take advantage of the opportunity and free airtime and get your point of view out instead of, you know, making a big deal over who is asking the questions. I'm not particularly impressed with a lot of the so-called moderators of the debates heretofore. Except for Fox.
HUNTSMAN: I think there ought to be a little bit of dignity associated with the run for the presidency of the United States. I think the presidency of the United States, Sean, goes beyond a reality show kind of format. And listen, people are coming around and taking a good look at me, maybe for the first time, and they are saying that I am a consistent conservative. They might not have seen that the first go around, they might have waved this off because we had crossed the partisan lines to serve as U.S. ambassador to China. But they are coming around Sean, to see that I have been consistently pro-life, consistently pro-second amendment, pro-growth, I delivered the largest tax cut in the history of my state. Health care reform without a mandate, the second voucher bill, I support the Ryan plan, the list goes on and on.
HANNITY: Let me ask you this.
HUNTSMAN: It's therefore no surprise that we are moving up in New Hampshire which is the state that we are seriously competing.
HANNITY: All right. So, let me ask you this. You were appointed by Barack Obama as ambassador to China. And now, if you won the nomination, you would run against Barack Obama. Do you regret having served the administration under him? Do you think his policies, his foreign policy has been good with China?
HUNTSMAN: Sean, when you are asked to serve your country during a time of war, during a time of economic hardship, when you have something you can bring to the table to make your country better and stronger, I say it would be unpatriotic of me not to step up and serve. I have always believed in putting my country first.
HANNITY: No, I got that. But for example, if Barack Obama -- which would never happen, I mean, everyone would acknowledge this -- but I couldn't serve under him. I have such a deep philosophical divide on every major issue, we see things differently. I'm not questioning if he's a great American. Has nothing to do with that. We see life differently. I would have a hard time working for him. How do you go from working for him and then competing against him? You know, for example, do you find that yourself in agreement with many things with Barack Obama?
HUNTSMAN: Listen, I found myself serving my country in a very sensitive national security foreign policy post. I was a conservative governor before. I am a consistent conservative candidate now. Because you step up and serve your country, it doesn't mean you resign your political affiliation, it doesn't mean you change your world view. You simply say that during a time when maybe we ought to be putting our country first and foremost, you are willing to step up and do a position that I was qualified for. I've spent 30 years of my life trying to crack the code on China, I've lived in Asia four times, I speak Chinese, I've served as ambassador three times. And I say, if you believe in that kind of service, if you have two boys in the military, as I do, we tend to put country first.
HANNITY: Let me -- I'm not questioning your patriotism.
HUNTSMAN: You stand up and serve.
HANNITY: First, look at the unequal trade balance between the U.S. and China. As ambassador, do you think we could have done more, you could have done more, Obama could have done more to stop that imbalance and does it concern you?
HUNTSMAN: The trade imbalance is going to begin to address itself when China's currency problem begins to be addressed and that is driven, first and foremost by their own entrepreneurs domestically. Because their own entrepreneurs within China, they want China to become more of a consumption based model, and that's exactly what they're headed. They want to be able to sell their own products domestically where they can't today.
So, I say when they begin to re-balance their economy toward it more a consumption-based model, we get more export opportunities, which is more jobs created here in the United States. That's what our future looks like, and I say, that expands our economic opportunity, and I'm in favor of that. And I did everything I could to help move that along and I will continue to.
HANNITY: All right. I hope you are ready for the incoming fire from Trump. I don't think he's going to sit back and take these comments lightly tonight.
HUNTSMAN: Hey, that's OK, Sean. We're ready for it.
HANNITY: You're going to need your three daughters to come up with a song because Trump's going to fire back hard. There's my prediction.
HUNTSMAN: Thank you, Sean. I appreciate it.
HANNITY: All right. Good to see you. Thank you, Governor.


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V Vol 1 8
98,880pages on
this wiki
Add New Page
this wiki
Appearing in "Printer's Devil"
Featured Characters:
- The Resistance
- The Visitors
Other Characters:
Synopsis for "Printer's Devil"
- Synopsis not yet written.
- Series is based upon the 1983 television mini-series V, the 1984 sequel V: The Final Battle and the short-lived 1984-85 V television series.
- No trivia.
See Also
Recommended Reading
- None.
Links and References
- The Resistance at Wikipedia
- The Visitors at Wikipedia
- Collaborators at Wikipedia
- V series index at Comicbookdb.com
- V series index at the Grand Comics Database Project
- V television series entry at the Internet Movie Database (IMDB)
Summary Needed |


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This is the second installment in a two-part series. Read part one.
China's Tencent, a multi-pronged Internet company, is trying to stay ahead of its rivals by moving into the U.S. market and offering new opportunities to overseas marketers. The Beijing-based company is rolling out an English-language version of its two-year-old Twitter-like Weibo service and is hiring a team in Silicon Valley to launch new games on Facebook.
Experts say the English-language Tencent Weibo isn't interested in competing with Twitter for U.S. users. Rather it wants to sell U.S. brands new avenues to tap the growing Chinese consumer base. "There is a far greater opportunity for Tencent in providing Western brands with access to the Chinese market than them investing heavily in Western adoption of their solutions," says Rick Williams, AKQA creative development director, based in London. The Tencent microblog has already signed up a sizable number of international brands, says Leo Chu, managing director of Tribal DDB Shanghai. Among the companies that advertise on Tencent's network of messaging, gaming, social media and web portals are Nike, Coca-Cola, KFC and Ford.
What exactly does the Tencent microblog have to offer Western marketers? Tencent claimed 50 million active Weibo users in Nov. 2011. Most are in China's fast-growing Tier 2 and 3 cities – large and mid-sized urban areas outside of major metropolitan areas. "To the majority of China's Internet users in second and third tier cities, Tencent IS the Internet," according to Chinese tech blog Techrice. Researchers at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, contend that lower tier cities in China are fertile territory for Western retailers.
But brands need to be wary. "Digital advertisers see less engagement on this platform [than other Chinese sites] because the majority of users have been transplanted from Tencent's QQ services," says Patrick Searle, former digital strategist at Wieden + Kennedy Shanghai. Indeed, Tencent "synchronizes" its Weibo members with its QQ messaging service, which has 700 million active users.
The Tencent Weibo also is limited in its ability to translate U.S. content into Chinese for brands wanting to converse with their Chinese audiences, says Williams. "The English version is only translating the site furniture and navigation," he says.
In addition, Chinese microblogs "have been known to incentive brands to join their platforms in return for more media space in the 'to follow' section," which is shown to users when they are signing on or do searches, says Searle. "It makes a lot of sense to promote your brand on these platforms but it's worth scrutinizing the numbers the media sites send your way," he warns. And finally, the Chinese government censors all China-based social media.
The Tencent Facebook games will probably be a mixed bag for ambitious U.S. marketers, since Facebook – like Twitter – is blocked in China. In China, brands are attracted to Tencent's games by its massive number of users and ability to drive participation, says Chu. He points to Clear Dandruff shampoo, which built a successful game incorporating product benefits and education. "Others have gone the route of placement in environments that make sense, such as a milk brand in a Farmville type game, " he says. Perhaps Facebook games will be just the beginning. By opening up an office in the U.S., "Tencent can now work on truly global games titles and deals which even Facebook can't compete against in terms of reach," says Williams.
In the meantime, Tencent's archrival Sina Weibo is waiting in the wings. Sina Weibo has an English language mobile app and partnerships with Flipboard and Instagram. It has promised to launch an English website this year. Already it has about 450,000 users in the U.S., most of whom use it to communicate with residents of China. Users include Ed Lee, the mayor of San Francisco with about 50,000 followers, and U.S. basketball sensation Jeremy Lin, with about 875,000 followers.
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Halloween Spirit: 33 Horror Logo Designs | Crazy Pixels
Show Summary | Posted by crazypixels 1626 days ago | Category: Graphic Design
On the Halloween's Eve we decided to share with you a great round-up of horror Halloween logo designs. I hope they will help you to decorate some of your Halloween designs.
Tweet This | Share to Facebook | Discuss | Bury


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About This Site Daily Musings News News Archive Site Resources Concept Art Halo Bulletins Interviews Movies Music Miscellaneous Mailbag HBO PAL Game Fun The Halo Story Tips and Tricks Fan Creations Wallpaper Misc. Art Fan Fiction Comics Logos Banners Press Coverage Halo Reviews Halo 2 Previews Press Scans Community HBO Forum Clan HBO Forum ARG Forum Links Admin Submissions Uploads Contact RSS 2.0
January 20, 2012 Link to this post
Wait... what? According to Halo Waypoint, McFarlane will be introducing a new line of figures this fall - based on Xbox LIVE Avatars? Weird! Go read about 'em. (Louis Wu 17:18:58 UTC)
We are NOT Bungie, Inc.! Bungie Inc. are bungie.net! Halo © Bungie Inc., 1999-2012, Microsoft 2012-2017 Intellectual © halo.bungie.org, 1999-2017


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New Erase Pro not sealed?
New Erase Pro not sealed?
Just received a couple of EP bottles. One was sealed. The other was not.
They both had the plastic seal around the lid, but one of the bottles "Sealed for your protection" cap was not sealed to the bottle.
In fact it looks as if, it's never been on.
Have you had batches, where the "Sealed for your protection" cap hasn't been sealed properly?
It came from one of UK's biggest retailers, but would you send it back? - 04-05-2013, 05:52 PM
Was it inside the lid?
Sometimes they come off when you remove the lid.PEScience Representative
http://selectprotein.com -
Yes, it was. It just looks as if it never stuck to the bottle at all.
Cotton was in place.
Checked the contents and it's those delicious blue caps alright..
Amount checks out too.
So it's probably just a small anomaly and it came off with the lid.
Doesn't sound that uncommon..
Thanks for the feedback. Appreciate it - 04-06-2013, 05:27 PM
Most likely came off with the lid, consume and enjoy! (=
http://pescience.com/insider - 04-11-2013, 06:28 PM
Sometimes they may not stick, or stick so lightly that they come off with the top. This is more common in smaller bottles like Erase Pro since there is less surface area
HIGH VOLUME - Supreme Stim-Free Nitric Oxide Matrix
SELECT Protein - Ultra-Premium Blend
ALPHAMINE - Thermogenics...Redefined -
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Laughing all the way to the asylum
Poor British Home Secretary Theresa May ...
She just can't seem to get around the EU human rights judges in expelling Al Qaeda lieutenant Abu Qatada (far right picture) to face trial in Jordan for terrorist offences.
Like the hook-handed Finsbury Park hate preacher Abu Hamza, both have taken liberties with our freedoms and seen their families well settled in large homes rented at public expense and receiving their full entitlement of other state benefits.
These are the fruits of progressive liberalism which has robbed a once-proud and patriotic European continent of nations of their sovereignty and self-determination and melted them into a union that is every bit as bankrupt as its currency. It has reduced Churchill's once 'Battling Britain' to a shadow of its days of empire ... unable to stop evil people from coming in, and - once inside - unable to kick them out.
In the beginning it was all about asylum seekers.
Now we truly ARE the asylum.
Labels: abu-qatada, eu


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Tuesday, January 23, 2007 7:00:00 AM PDT | VentureDeal Staff
PALO ALTO, CA -- Scalent Systems announced the closing of its series C investment round, securing $15 million in new investment. New investor Credit Suisse led the round, which included participation from existing investors Hummer Winblad Venture Partners, JK&B Venture Partners and Pequot Capital. The company provides server infrastructure repurposing software and said it intends to use the funding proceeds primarily to expand sales operations.
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Jane D., a professional writer with ADHD in her early 40s, blogs about dating and relationships, working and losing a variety of jobs, and surviving and thriving with attention deficit, along with depression and anxiety. She lives and works near a big city on the West Coast. « Recent Blog PostsArchives: April 2011
Wednesday April 27th - 3:30pm
My Boyfriend Couldn't Stand My Symptoms, or The Story of My Valentine's Day BreakupI wasn't sure if I was into him. And turns out he was sure he wasn't into me or my attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) symptoms.
The last time I wrote about relationships and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) on my blog was when I posed the question to you: "Is Mr.-Right-for-Everyone-Else Mr. Wrong for ADD Adults?" and you wrote very thoughtful answers.
But, it turns out, I was beaten to the punch. Two months ago, on Valentine's Day, the pseudo-boyfriend opted out of a relationship with me. Since then, I've immersed...
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ADHD Medications: Can't Live With Them, Can't Live Without Them?I've been taking Adderall again to help with my ADHD and anxiety and to regain control over my symptoms after making an embarrassing mistake that almost jeopardized my job. But the medication's side effects, which include nightmares and sleeplessness, are hard to handle.
I had another nightmare last night. I dreamed that I had married an abusive man and had two kids. After I shot him until he looked like a slice of Swiss cheese, he collapsed into the bathtub. The dream ended when, at the moment I thought he had died, his eyes flashed open.
No, I haven't been watching scary movies or reading thrillers lately. I am...
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Mossimo Boys Splice Tee - Storm Grey
Out of stock. This product has SOLD OUT!
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Formed in 1986 by a 20 year old university student, Mossimo has continued to emit a uniquely cool & youthful vibe - as popular today as ever before! This range of threads will get you motivated for some of this sweet gear - so grab some grassroots Southern Californian style while you can!


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Monday, 25 May 2009
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Monday, 4 May 2009
New Thing! [1]
Here's a new thing for you to read, on Saatchi Online, about watercolourist/maverick historian (maybe) Mishko Papic. Tolerate! (/enjoy).
New Thing! [2]
Here's a new thing! (No, here). It's on the Turner Prize shortlist. Comments welcome.
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New version helps users choose proper products for specific jobs
Featuring best practices information, case studies and applications notes, the new FCI Flow/Level Measurement Product and Services Catalog CD Release 14.0 [8] from Fluid Components International (FCI) includes a range of instrument solutions that help lower operating costs, increase process productivity and reduce plant maintenance.
The 2013-14 FCI CD catalog assists engineers in specifying the correct flow, level or temperature instrument for improving plant process control lines or increasing OEM equipment performance. For over 45 years, FCI has helped solve flow and level measurement problems in the most rigorous operating and high-reliability environments.
FCI's free CD catalog is now available by visiting the company's web site at www.fluidcomponents.com/cd [8]. The new CD explains FCI's precision thermal dispersion mass flow measurement technology and provides comprehensive product specifications. It also includes the company's FAQ library.


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Content Beauty/Wellbeing
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Please note: online order enquiries cannot be dealt with via the store.
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We aim to reply to emails within 24 hours however this may take longer during busy periods. If you have an urgent matter please phone 020 3075 1006.
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November 26 2009 Body Care Newsletter************************************************************************* Here's the latest article from the Body Care site at BellaOnline.com. ************************************************************************* Softsoap Nutri Serums Body Nourishing Wash Review Colgate-Palmolive Softsoap Nutri Serums Body Nourishing Wash is a new Vitamin rich body wash with moisture retaining Omega 3 and 6 ingredients. Plus softening Serum Pearls for soft and healthy skin. http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art25468.asp ************************************************************************* Editor's Message! ************************************************************************* Please visit bodycare.bellaonline.com for even more great content about Body Care. To participate in free, fun online discussions, this site has a community forum all about Body Care located here - http://forums.bellaonline.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=postlist&Board=334 I hope to hear from you sometime soon, either in the forum or in response to this email message. I thrive on your feedback! Have fun passing this message along to family and friends, because we all love free knowledge! BB Lee, Body Care Editor http://bodycare.bellaonline.com One of hundreds of sites at BellaOnline.com Unsubscribe from the Body Care Newsletter Online Newsletter Archive for Body Care Site Master List of BellaOnline Newsletters
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Hosted by The Math ForumProblem of the Week 1151Construct a Regular 7-Gon
You have seven one-foot long pieces of pipe and a supply of right-angle connectors. Show how to arrange the seven pieces into a closed path in 3-space, with a right angle between each piece. It is easy to do this with four pieces, but impossible with three or five pieces. A full solution is a list of seven points in space making the required right angles. Source: Problem of the month #97 (Sept. 2010) at http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/mp/previous2010/ © Copyright 2012 Stan Wagon. Reproduced with permission. [Privacy Policy] [Terms of Use]
http://mathforum.org/ 7 September 2012 |


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Implicit body representations and the conscious body image
Longo, Matthew R. and Haggard, P. (2012) Implicit body representations and the conscious body image. Acta Psychologica 141 (2), pp. 164-168. ISSN 0001-6918.
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Recent studies have revealed that somatosensory processing relies on a class of implicit body representations showing large distortions of size and shape. The relation between these representations and the conscious body image remains unclear. Dissociations have been reported in the clinical literature on eating disorders between different body image measures, with larger and more consistent distortions found with depictive measures, in which participants compare their body to a visual depiction of a body, than metric measures, in which participants compare their body to some non-body standard. Here, we compared implicit body representations underlying position sense to the body image measured with both depictive and metric methods. The body image was measured using both a depictive method (template matching) in which participants judged whether their hand was wider or more slender than a shown hand picture, and a metric method (line length) in which participants judged whether different parts of the their hand were shorter or longer than a presented line. Consistent with previous findings, characteristic distortions were found for the implicit body representation underlying position sense. These distortions were also found in attenuated form for metric – but not depictive – body image measures. While replicating the basic dissociation between implicit body representations and the conscious body image, these results demonstrate that this dissociation is not absolute and specific tasks may utilise both to varying degrees depending on task demands. Metric measures may not be pure measures of body image, but some combination of visual and somatosensory body representations.
Item Type: | Article |
Additional Information: | NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Acta Psychologica. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version will be subsequently published in Acta Psychologica (citation details to follow). |
Keyword(s) / Subject(s): | Body image, Body representation, Hand, Somatosensation |
School: | Birkbeck Schools and Departments > School of Science > Psychological Sciences |
Research Centre: | Brain and Cognitive Development, Centre for (CBCD) |
Depositing User: | Matthew Longo |
Date Deposited: | 01 Aug 2012 11:02 |
Last Modified: | 02 Dec 2016 11:52 |
URI: | http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/5015 |
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Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than ×1018 1eV, far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.
An extreme-energy cosmic ray (EECR) is an UHECR with energy exceeding ×1019 eV (about 8 5joule), the so-called Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit). This limit should be the maximum energy of cosmic ray particles that have traveled long distances (about 160 million light years), since higher-energy ray particles would have lost energy over that distance due to scattering from photons in the cosmic microwave background. It follows that EECR could not be survivors from the early universe but are cosmologically "young", emitted somewhere in the Local Supercluster by some unknown physical process.
These particles are extremely rare; between 2004 and 2007, the initial runs of the Pierre Auger Observatory detected 27 events with estimated arrival energies above ×1019 eV, i.e., about one such event every four weeks in the 3000 km2 area surveyed by the observatory. 5.7[1]
There is evidence that these highest-energy cosmic rays might be iron nuclei, rather than the protons that make up most cosmic rays.[2]
The postulated (hypothetical) sources of EECR are known as Zevatrons, named in analogy to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Bevatron and Fermilab's Tevatron, and therefore capable of accelerating particles to 1 ZeV (1021 eV, zetta-electronvolt). In 2004 there was a consideration of the possibility of galactic jets acting as Zevatrons, due to diffusive acceleration of particles caused by shock waves inside the jets. In particular, models suggested that shock waves from the nearby M87 galactic jet could accelerate an iron nucleus to ZeV ranges.[3] In 2007, PAO tentatively associated EECR with extragalactic supermassive black holes at the center of nearby galaxies called active galactic nuclei (AGN).[4] Extremely high energies might be explained also by the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration [5] in the magnetospheres of AGN. Although newer results indicate that fewer than 40% of these cosmic rays seemed to be coming from the AGN, a much weaker correlation than previously reported.[2] A more speculative suggestion by Grib and Pavlov (2007, 2008) envisages the decay of superheavy dark matter by means of the Penrose process.
Observational history[edit]
The first observation of a cosmic ray particle with an energy exceeding ×1020 eV (16 J) was made by Dr 1.0John D Linsley and Livio Scarsi at the Volcano Ranch experiment in New Mexico in 1962.[6][7]
Cosmic ray particles with even higher energies have since been observed. Among them was the Oh-My-God particle observed by the University of Utah's Fly's Eye experiment on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground, Utah. Its observation was a shock to astrophysicists, who estimated its energy to be approximately ×1020 eV (50 J) 3[8]—in other words, an atomic nucleus with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball (5 ounces or 142 grams) traveling at about 100 kilometers per hour (60 mph).
The energy of this particle is some 40 million times that of the highest energy protons that have been produced in any terrestrial particle accelerator. However, only a small fraction of this energy would be available for an interaction with a proton or neutron on Earth, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the products of the interaction (see Collider#Explanation). The effective energy available for such a collision is the square root of double the product of the particle's energy and the mass energy of the proton, which for this particle gives ×1014 eV, roughly 50 times the collision energy of the 7.5Large Hadron Collider.
Since the first observation, by the University of Utah's Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector, at least fifteen similar events have been recorded, confirming the phenomenon. These very high energy cosmic ray particles are very rare; the energy of most cosmic ray particles is between 10 MeV and 10 GeV.
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observatories[edit]
- AGASA – Akeno Giant Air Shower Array in Japan
- Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna (ANITA) detects ultra-high-energy cosmic neutrinos believed to be caused by ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles
- Extreme Universe Space Observatory
- GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS 3rd establishment) is a project for cosmic ray study with air shower detector array and large area muon detectors at Ooty in southern India.
- High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector (HiRes)
- LOPES (telescope) – LOFAR PrototypE Station is located in Karlsruhe, Germany is part of the LOFAR project.
- MARIACHI – Mixed Apparatus for Radar Investigation of Cosmic-rays of High Ionization located on Long Island, USA.
- Pierre Auger Observatory
- Telescope Array Project
- Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array
- Tunka experiment
- The COSMICi project at FAMU is developing technology for a distributed network of low-cost detectors for UHECR showers in collaboration with MARIACHI.
Pierre Auger Observatory[edit]
Pierre Auger Observatory is an international cosmic ray observatory designed to detect ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles (with energies beyond 1020 eV). These high-energy particles have an estimated arrival rate of just 1 per square kilometer per century, therefore, in order to record a large number of these events, the Auger Observatory has created a detection area of 3,000 km² (the size of Rhode Island, USA) in Mendoza Province, western Argentina. A larger cosmic-ray detector array is also planned for the northern hemisphere as part of the Pierre Auger complex. The Pierre Auger Observatory, in addition to obtaining directional information from the cluster of water tanks used to observe the cosmic-ray-shower components, also has four telescopes trained on the night sky to observe fluorescence of the nitrogen molecules as the shower particles traverse the sky, giving further directional information on the original cosmic ray particle.
Suggested explanations[edit]
Neutron stars accelerating particles to UHECR energies[edit]
One suggested source of UHECR particles is their origination from neutron stars. In young neutron stars with spin periods of <10ms, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) forces from the quasi-neutral fluid of superconducting protons and electrons existing in a neutron superfluid accelerate iron nuclei to UHECR velocities. The magnetic field produced by the neutron superfluid in rapidly rotating stars creates a magnetic field of 108–1011 tesla, at which point the neutron star is classified as a magnetar. This magnetic field is the strongest in the observed universe and creates the relativistic MHD wind believed to accelerate iron nuclei remaining from the supernova to the necessary energy.
Another hypothesized source of UHECRs from neutron stars is during neutron star to strange star combustion. This hypothesis relies on the assumption that strange matter is the ground state of matter which has no experimental or observational data to support it. Due to the immense gravitational pressures from the neutron star, it is believed that small pockets of matter consisting of up, down, and strange quarks in equilibrium acting as a single hadron (as opposed to a number of
baryons). This will then combust the entire star to strange matter, at which point the neutron star becomes a strange star and its magnetic field breaks down, which occurs because the protons and neutrons in the quasi-neutral fluid have become strangelets. This magnetic field breakdown releases large amplitude electromagnetic waves (LAEMWs). The LAEMWs accelerate light ion remnants from the supernova to UHECR energies.
Very high energy cosmic ray electrons might be explained by the Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration in the magnetospheres of the Crab-like Pulsars.[9]
Active galactic cores as one possible source of the particles[edit]
Interactions with blue-shifted cosmic microwave background radiation limit the distance that these particles can travel before losing energy; this is known as the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit or GZK limit.
The source of such high energy particles has been a mystery for many years. Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory show that ultra-high-energy cosmic ray arrival directions appear to be correlated with extragalactic supermassive black holes at the center of nearby galaxies called active galactic nuclei (AGN).[4] However, since the angular correlation scale used is fairly large (3.1 degrees) these results do not unambiguously identify the origins of such cosmic ray particles. The AGN could merely be closely associated with the actual sources, for example in galaxies or other astrophysical objects that are clumped with matter on large scales within 100 Mpc.[citation needed]
Some of the supermassive black holes in AGN are known to be rotating, as in the Seyfert galaxy MCG 6-30-15[10] with time-variability in their inner accretion disks.[11] Black hole spin is a potentially effective agent to drive UHECR production,[12] provided ions are suitably launched to circumvent limiting factors deep within the galactic nucleus, notably curvature radiation[13] and inelastic scattering with radiation from the inner disk. Low-luminosity, intermittent Seyfert galaxies may meet the requirements with the formation of a linear accelerator several light years away from the nucleus, yet within their extended ion tori whose UV radiation ensures a supply of ionic contaminants.[14] The corresponding electric fields are small, on the order of 10 V/cm, whereby the observed UHECRs are indicative for the astronomical size of the source. Improved statistics by the Pierre Auger Observatory will be instrumental in identifying the presently tentative association of UHECRs (from the Local Universe) with Seyferts and LINERs.[15]
Other possible sources of the particles[edit]
Other possible sources of the UHECR are:
- radio lobes of powerful radio galaxies
- intergalactic shocks created during the epoch of galaxy formation
- hypernovae[16]
- relativistic supernovae[17]
- gamma-ray bursts[18][19]
- decay products of supermassive particles from topological defects, left over from phase transitions in the early universe
- particles undergoing the Penrose effect.
Relation with dark matter[edit]
It is hypothesized that active galactic nuclei are capable of converting dark matter into high energy protons. Yuri Pavlov and Andrey Grib at the Alexander Friedmann Laboratory for Theoretical Physics at St. Petersburg hypothesize that dark matter particles are about 15 times heavier than protons, and that they can decay into pairs of heavier virtual particles of a type that interacts with ordinary matter.[20] Near an active galactic nucleus, one of these particles can fall into the black hole, while the other escapes, as described by the Penrose process. Some of the particles that escape will collide with incoming particles creating collisions of very high energy. It is in these collisions, according to Pavlov, that ordinary visible protons can form. These protons would have very high energies. Pavlov claims that evidence of this is present in the form of ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles.[21] Ultra-high energy cosmic ray particles may also be produced by the decay of super-heavy dark matter "X particles"[22] such as Holeums.[23][24] Such very energetic decay products, carrying a fraction of the mass of the X particle, are believed to be a plausible explanation for the observed ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR).
High energy cosmic ray particles traversing intergalactic space suffer the GZK cutoff above 1020 eV due to interactions with cosmic background radiation if the primary cosmic ray particles are protons or nuclei. The Pierre Auger Project, HiRes and Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array found the GZK cutoff, while Akeno-AGASA observed the events above the cutoff (11 events in the past 10 years). The result of the Akeno-AGASA experiment is smooth near the GZK cutoff energy. If one assumes that the Akeno-AGASA result is correct and consider its implication, a possible explanation for the AGASA data on GZK cutoff violation would be a shower caused by dark matter particles. A dark matter particle is not constrained by the GZK cutoff, since it interacts weakly with cosmic background radiation. Recent measurements by the Pierre Auger Project have found a correlation between the direction of high energy cosmic ray particles and the location of AGN.[25]
See also[edit]
- ^ Watson, L. J.; Mortlock, D. J.; Jaffe, A. H. (2011). "A Bayesian analysis of the 27 highest energy cosmic rays detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 418 (1): 206–213. arXiv:1010.0911. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.418..206W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19476.x.
- ^ a b "Cosmic-ray theory unravels". Nature. 463: 1011. 22 February 2010. doi:10.1038/4631011a.
- ^ Honda, M.; Honda, Y. S. (2004). "Filamentary Jets as a Cosmic-Ray "Zevatron"". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 617: L37–L40. arXiv:astro-ph/0411101. Bibcode:2004ApJ...617L..37H. doi:10.1086/427067.
- ^ a b The Pierre Auger Collaboration; Abreu; Aglietta; Aguirre; Allard; Allekotte; Allen; Allison; Alvarez; Alvarez-Muniz; Ambrosio; Anchordoqui; Andringa; Anzalone; Aramo; Argiro; Arisaka; Armengaud; Arneodo; Arqueros; Asch; Asorey; Assis; Atulugama; Aublin; Ave; Avila; Backer; Badagnani; et al. (2007). "Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects". Science. 318 (5852): 938–943. arXiv:0711.2256. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..938P. doi:10.1126/science.1151124. PMID 17991855.
- ^ Osmanov Z., Mahajan S., Machabeli G. & Chkheidze N. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 445, Issue 4, p.4155-4160
- ^ Linsley, J. (1963). "Evidence for a Primary Cosmic-Ray Particle with Energy 1020 eV". Physical Review Letters. 10 (4): 146–148. Bibcode:1963PhRvL..10..146L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.146.
- ^ Sakar, S. (1 September 2002). "Could the end be in sight for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays?". Physics World. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
- ^ Baez, J. C. (July 2012). "Open Questions in Physics". DESY. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
- ^ Mahajan Swadesh, Machabeli George, Osmanov Zaza & Chkheidze Nino. Nature Scientific Reports, Volume 3, id. 1262 (2013)
- ^ Tanaka, Y.; et al. (1995). "Gravitationally redshifted emission implying an accretion disk and massive black hole in the active galaxy MCG-6-30-15". Nature. 375 (6533): 659–661. Bibcode:1995Natur.375..659T. doi:10.1038/375659a0.
- ^ Iwasawa, K.; et al. (1996). "The variable iron K emission line in MCG-6-30-15". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 282 (3): 1038–1048. arXiv:astro-ph/9606103. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.282.1038I. doi:10.1093/mnras/282.3.1038.
- ^ Boldt, E.; Gosh, P. (1999). "Cosmic rays from remnants of quasars?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 307 (3): 491–494. arXiv:astro-ph/9902342. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.307..491B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02600.x.
- ^ Levinson, A. (2000). "Particle Acceleration and Curvature TeV Emission by Rotating, Supermassive Black Holes". Physical Review Letters. 85 (5): 912–915. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85..912L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.912.
- ^ van Putten, M. H. P. M.; Gupta, A. C. (2009). "Non-thermal transient sources from rotating black holes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 394 (4): 2238–2246. arXiv:0901.1674. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.394.2238V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14492.x.
- ^ Moskalenko, I. V.; Stawarz, L.; Porter, T. A.; Cheung, C.-C. (2009). "On the Possible Association of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Active Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 63 (2): 1261–1267. arXiv:0805.1260. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1261M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1261.
- ^ Wang, X.-Y.; Razzaque, S.; Meszaros, P.; Dai, Z.-G. (2007). "High-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos from semirelativistic hypernovae". Physical Review D. 76 (8): 083009. arXiv:0705.0027. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76h3009W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.083009.
- ^ Chakraborti, S.; Ray, A.; Soderberg, A. M.; Loeb, A.; Chandra, P. (2011). "Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration in engine-driven relativistic supernovae". Nature Communications. 2: 175. arXiv:1012.0850. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2E.175C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1178.
- ^ Waxman, E. (1995). "Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays". Physical Review Letters. 75 (3): 386–389. arXiv:astro-ph/9505082. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75..386W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.386.
- ^ Milgrom, M.; Usov, V. (1995). "Possible Association of Ultra–High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Events with Strong Gamma-Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 449: L37. arXiv:astro-ph/9505009. Bibcode:1995ApJ...449L..37M. doi:10.1086/309633.
- ^ Grib, A. A.; Pavlov, Yu. V. (2009). "Active galactic nuclei and transformation of dark matter into visible matter". Gravitation and Cosmology. 15 (1): 44–48. arXiv:0810.1724. Bibcode:2009GrCo...15...44G. doi:10.1134/S0202289309010125.
- ^ Grib, A. A.; Pavlov, Yu. V. (2008). "Do Active Galactic Nuclei Convert Dark Matter Into Visible Particles?". Modern Physics Letters A. 23 (16): 1151–1159. arXiv:0712.2667. Bibcode:2008MPLA...23.1151G. doi:10.1142/S0217732308027072.
- ^ Barbot, C. (2002). "Ultra-high energy cosmic rays from super-heavy X particle decay". arXiv:hep-ph/0210280 [hep-ph].
- ^ Chavda, L. K.; Chavda, A. L. (2002). "Dark matter and stable bound states of primordial black holes". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 19 (11): 2927–2938. arXiv:gr-qc/0308054. Bibcode:2002CQGra..19.2927C. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/19/11/311.
- ^ Chavda, A. L.; Chavda, L. K. (2008). "Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays from decays of Holeums in Galactic Halos". arXiv:0806.0454 [physics.gen-ph].
- ^ Tomozawa, Y. (2008). "Search for a dark matter particle in high energy cosmic rays". arXiv:0804.1499 [astro-ph].
Further reading[edit]
- Elbert, J. W.; Sommers, P. (1995). "In search of a source for the 320 EeV Fly's Eye cosmic ray". The Astrophysical Journal. 441 (1): 151–161. arXiv:astro-ph/9410069. Bibcode:1995ApJ...441..151E. doi:10.1086/175345.
- Clay, R.; Dawson, B. (1997). Cosmic Bullets: High Energy Particles in Astrophysics. Perseus Books. ISBN 0-7382-0139-1.
- Seife, C. (2000). "Fly's Eye Spies Highs in Cosmic Rays' Demise". Science. 288 (5469): 1147–1149. doi:10.1126/science.288.5469.1147a. PMID 10841723.
- The Pierre Auger Collaboration; Abreu; Aglietta; Aguirre; Allard; Allekotte; Allen; Allison; Alvarez; Alvarez-Muniz; Ambrosio; Anchordoqui; Andringa; Anzalone; Aramo; Argiro; Arisaka; Armengaud; Arneodo; Arqueros; Asch; Asorey; Assis; Atulugama; Aublin; Ave; Avila; Backer; Badagnani; et al. (2007). "Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects". Science. 318 (5852): 938–943. arXiv:0711.2256. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..938P. doi:10.1126/science.1151124. PMID 17991855.
External links[edit]
- The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded The details of the event from the official site of the Fly's Eye detector.
- John Walker's lively analysis of the 1991 event, published in 1994
- Origin of energetic space particles pinpointed, by Mark Peplow for firstname.lastname@example.com, published January 13, 2005.
- Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Ritzian relativity in action?


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Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, then part of the Electorate of Cologne, in December 1770. He came from a musical family: his grandfather was musical director at the court of the Elector of Cologne, where Ludwig's father also played. Ludwig received his early musical tuition from his father as well as other local musicians, including Christian Gottlob Neefe, who taught him composition.
Following the death of Ludwig's mother, his father descended into alcoholism leaving Ludwig to take care of his younger brothers. Nevertheless, he continued with his musical career, playing viola with a number of orchestras. While travelling with the Court Chapel Orchestra, he met his future friend and patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein.
In 1792 Beethoven moved to Vienna to receive instruction initially from Joseph Haydn, and then from Johann Georg Albrechtsberger and Antonio Salieri. He gained a reputation as a piano virtuoso, earning money playing at aristocratic salons, before publishing his first collection of compositions in 1795. His compositions proved popular, enabling to embark on a tour of Europe accompanied by his patron, Prince Lichnowsky.
In 1800, Beethoven premièred his first symphony, and the following year he composed Piano Sonata No. 14 in C♯ minor "Quasi una fantasia" (Op. 27, No. 2), known as the Moonlight Sonata, as well as a ballet called The Creatures of Prometheus. By this time he had began to lose his hearing, which hampered his ability to play in public, but he continued to compose. In 1804 he completed his Symphony No. 3 in E flat major (Op. 55), known as Eroica, which he originally intended to dedicate to Napoleon Bonaparte. When Bonaparte declared himself emperor, Beethoven was so angered by this betrayal of the principles of the French Revolution that he scratched Bonaparte's name from the manuscript.
In 1808 he completed two of his his most famous works, Symphony No. 5 in C minor (Op. 67) and Symphony No. 6 in F major (Op. 68), known as the Pastoral Symphony. The period after 1811 was one of relative compositional inactivity for Beethoven due to illness and personal problems, but in 1817 he began work on his Symphony No. 9 in D minor (Op. 125), known as the "Choral". This was innovative in its use of voices in a symphony, with the final movement using the words of Schiller's poem, "Ode to Joy".
His health continued to deteriorate and in 1825, Beethoven became bedridden. He had four operations to relieve abdominal swellings, but it became clear that he would not return to health. He died on 26th March 1872, and was buried three days later when over 20,000 people lined the route of his funeral procession to Währing cemetery.
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