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Your mission, if you choose to accept, is to learn how to brush your teeth like an adult.
I'm rating this one as "baby steps" because you don't have to buy anything new or find more time in your already-packed day to complete the mission, but it's far from simple.
That phrase about "can't teach an old dog new tricks" is very applicable here, at least for me.
Imagine how many times you've probably brushed your teeth in your life:
Your Age x 365 x 2 (give or take a few misses) = A LOT!
You most certainly have a habit of how you brush.
For me, it's in a pattern, bottom to top, and FAST. In fact, both my husband and I have been chastised in recent years by our dentists that we're brushing our teeth too hard and wearing away our gums.
I have a feeling plenty of overworked, overtired, people – especially busy parents – have the same problem! It seems more efficient if you brush harder and move the brush itself faster, no?
Our family received a family pack of Bass toothbrushes from my affiliate partner, Orawellness, a few months ago and watched their Bass brushing technique video one night as I was making dinner.
I was totally fascinated.
I know, super dork, fascinated by a video of someone brushing his teeth. I might as well be in kindergarten during "Dental Health Week" learning how to brush my teeth and getting stickers or something, but once I tell you about it, I think you'll agree.
And I bet you'll have a hard time learning a new trick, too, since you've likely been brushing your teeth in the same way since you were a child, just like me — but I'm glad I'm working at it.
Welcome to "Oral Health Week" at Kitchen Stewardship!
Bass Brushing Technique
You can watch the video here:
If you can't see the video above, view it at You Tube HERE.
For those of you who might not have 8 minutes and are quick readers (raises hand), here's a synopsis:
The Bass Brushing Technique is scientifically proven to "disrupt, disorganize, and remove the bad bugs that cause gum disease in our mouth."
Dr. Bass was a young but very bright and successful physician.
He was diagnosed with advanced gum disease and recommended to have all his teeth pulled.
He turned to science instead.
He took swabs from his own mouth and studied them to see the gum disease causing bacteria. He had lots!
He then did experiments to figure out how best to remove or kill the bad bacteria. He would swab his mouth, count the bacteria, brush in a certain way, then swab and count again, until he found the most effective method.
He learned some things about oral health:
The bad bugs hang out along the gum line.
Toothbrushes weren't doing the job, because they had too many bristles and mashed the bacteria around on the teeth.
The solution to the toothbrush problem was to pull bristles out until he got a toothbrush that could get in along the gum line and root out the bad bacteria. The result is the Bass toothbrush, which admittedly looks a bit "dollar store" at first glance, but it has fewer bristles and rounded tips that won't etch the enamel on the teeth or irritate the gums. (One of the most common signs of gum disease is receding gums caused by brushing too hard with stiff bristles.) Um…I guess that's why even though I'm young and healthy, I'm in that statistic that says that 90% of Americans have some form of gum disease. Darn.
See how far apart the bristles are? Compare this to your toothbrush, I dare you. Go on, hold it up to the screen now.
The technique Dr. Bass found to work the best is now called the "Bass Brushing Technique," and it works like this:
Brush along the gum line, angled in, where the teeth rise up out of the gums.
Use "micromovements," very small back-and-forth vibrating motions.
Children don't have the fine motor control to do these tiny movements (and parents may not have the patience, but that's fixable).
Count to five in each position before moving on.
As far as what toothpaste to use, I don't know that Dr. Bass recommended one, but you don't want anything abrasive for sure… I talk about fluoride here.
You can do the technique with a conventional toothbrush, although it doesn't seem to be quite as effective since there are too many bristles to be able to wiggle down between the teeth and gums.
The happy ending? Dr. Bass died an old man with all his teeth in his mouth, even though he was supposed to lose them as a young man.
The way I understand it is a paradigm shift:
The way I used to think about brushing my teeth was that it was the chance to get the food out of my teeth so that the bad bacteria didn't have food to eat. I focused on the chewing surfaces of my molars as the most important areas.
Now I think about brushing the bacteria themselves away (and the food too, but not as the primary or only goal). I focus on the gum line and getting around all my teeth thoroughly, using micromovements and gentle fingers.
That part is so hard! I want to just grab the toothbrush in my fist and power through, but I have to force myself to use my fingertips, move the brush quickly but not very far, and stay in one for a count of five.
Two Drops to Brush Your Teeth
The Orawellness brushing blend of anti-bacterial botanicals works to kill the bad bacteria while you're brushing along the gum line. Just like the Bass technique is a totally new habit, using two drops of mostly essential oils is a very different experience from a conventional toothpaste that fills your mouth with foam.
There's no foaming up, no bubbles, no big squeeze of pink or blue on your toothbrush…but you DO get that "fresh" feeling after brushing, because the ingredients in the brushing blend are organic and wildcrafted essentials oils of:
- cinnamon
- peppermint
- spearmint
- clove
- myrrh
- manuka
…in a base of organic almond oil.
Check out this article for an explanation about why each ingredient is included. They are mainly antibacterial but work on different types of bacteria with various effectiveness, and some are soothing/healing. It's kind of fascinating, really. Plus, talk about minty freshness!
Even my husband, who is the world's greatest skeptic when it comes to this natural schtuff, says he thinks (a) the toothbrush really does get more off/out of the teeth than a normal brush, and (b) the brushing blend makes his teeth feel squeaky clean and very fresh. I think he uses the stuff more consistently than anyone else in the family, which is very rare for our new "natural" options.
Whether you spring for new toothbrushes and the brushing blend or just try the Bass technique with whatever toothbrush you currently have, I encourage you to give it a try.
You could even whip up some homemade toothpaste, which is still on my to-do list; I want to make the tooth powder from Heather Dessinger's DIY Organic Beauty Recipes (my review HERE).
If you're curious about what the KS kids think, they say the brushing blend is a "little too spicy" for their liking. My son can handle it but wouldn't prefer it, and after the novelty wore off of the first time or two for my daughter, she'd really rather not use it.
Orawellness also put out a "HealThy Mouth Summit" back in January that was amazing. If you have serious oral health issues or questions, you may want to look at the list of topics and speakers and carve out some time to listen. I'll be sharing what I learned from Dr. Bruce Fife about oil pulling later this week.
Other Oral Health Posts:
- My Experience with Oil Pulling – for Sensitive Teeth
- Safe Toothpaste – SLS, fluoride, artificial sweeteners, and other things to avoid
- Natural Toothpaste Reviews
- Oil Pulling Successes and Tips
- Fluoridated Water – is There a Safe Level of Fluoride?
Disclosure: There are affiliate links in this post to Orawellness and DIY recipes from which I will earn some commission if you make a purchase. See my full disclosure statement here.


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Written on: 16/07/2013 by JohnWilkie1969 (1 review written)
I recently had 3 services installed and the engineers made a right mess of my house!!! I couldn't believe it they drilled a massive hole in the middle of my wall at the end leaving a huge huge chunk of plaster missing, and just went away leaving it. They left cables hanging down the wall, tied up in a huge round circle. Then to top it all, the super hub they provided with a 100Mbps service only delivers 19!!! Theres no hope in hell of getting through to an operator, their phone lines are torture. They play ultra loud music, then every 20 seconds tell you that you're still on hold, you have to hold it away from your ear then assume someone has answered only to get a blast of their stupid music in your ear, half deafening you!. When the phone was finally answered i was promissed an engineer visit to rectify the work, someone would "call me back" to arrange an appointment. That was late June. Its now mid August. I waited 25 minutes to speak to someone, usual routine, loud music and the same thing happened! Long ques and then they "couldn't find any record of my call". Im now contracted for 18 months with a poor broadband speed, a router that frequently disconnects and delivers poor speeds, a complete mess in my house (cables everywhere), a bill higher than promissed and a service not worth having. I wish id stayed with bt and sky, at least they were reliable. Cant believe im going to have to endure another 14 months of this rubbish. Im fuming! i really expected more given how they rate themselves so highly. My virgin media super netgear hub? I THREW IT ON THE GROUND!!!!
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02-24-2013, 12:28 PM | #11 (permalink) | |
Maltese Guru
Name: Sylvia
Dog's Name: MiMi, Ray, Hope & Fifi in Heaven
Join Date: Apr 2011
Location: Hidden Valley, CA
Posts: 10,612
MiMi & Sylvie |
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02-24-2013, 03:31 PM | #12 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Join Date: Nov 2004
Posts: 8,543
Terry if he is not limping all the time there is no need for surgery. Not at his age. And true, even after surgery they can still get arthritis. Alex never did tho. We HAD to go the surgery way because he was limping. One thing you can do is make sure that he is not jumping. Alex was a jumper even after his surgeries.
Last edited by MalteseJane; 02-24-2013 at 03:35 PM. |
02-24-2013, 05:55 PM | #13 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Join Date: Jan 2006
Location: SIERRA VISTA AZ
Posts: 3,555
I have a friend whose dog had paralyzed legs. One of the first things she was told to do was massage. The dog has made a complete recovery. I am with you on not having surgery especially at his age.
Wishing you the best. |
02-24-2013, 06:43 PM | #14 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Name: Brenda
Dog's Name: Jodi
Join Date: Feb 2009
Location: NL, Canada
Posts: 12,416
it does sound like you are making the best choice not having the surgery....that's great news. I agree, why put him thru it when there's no signs now of any discomfort now and both vets feel the same.
02-24-2013, 08:05 PM | #15 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Name: Terry
Dog's Name: Naddie, Quincy, & ( "Angel Missy" 8/11/94-7/19/05 )
Join Date: Oct 2004
Location: Upstate NY
Posts: 13,097
I appreciate everyone's messages.... Thanks for taking the time to offer your support in my decision.
Quincy has no limping ... or the hop/skip... In fact other than this recent bout that concerned me he hadn't had any limp... but did for a day around Thanksgiving..then back to normal.. then couple weeks later the pulled up leg which I felt was maybe the knee popped out and needed to be manually corrected. Now, he's back to his normal. Thankfully he is not a jumper at all!!! ... and I carry him up/down stairs. I truly have high regard for the benefit of massage! I recall after Missy's knee surgeries ( torn ACLs) I did massage on her after a few days home ( started off very slow and increased as days went on) and the vet mentioned how pleased he was with her advanced progress when we took her in for stitches out a couple weeks later. Sooo now my boy will be getting his dental.. Tuesday for anals/nails/ and bloodwork... and dental will be scheduled at that time. I assume in a week or so.
02-24-2013, 08:07 PM | #16 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Name: Marisa
Dog's Name: Obi (Bellarata's You Better Believe It) & Owen (Aria Maltese)
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Southern California
Posts: 4,446
Quincy> we're holding off surgery
I totally agree that you made the right decision! The Dasuquin with MSM may be a great choice for Quincy. I hope he has many great years of health! You're a wonderful mommy
02-25-2013, 04:53 PM | #17 (permalink) |
Maltese Guru
Name: Lindsay
Dog's Name: Opey (Maltese) & Loco (Basset Hound)
Join Date: Apr 2012
Location: Lowell, MA
Posts: 2,687
Terry, I think that's a good choice for Quincy. He's lucky to have such a good mommy who thinks everything out and obtains good medical advice.
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Smokeless tobacco user's survivors win $5-million settlement
The manufacturer of Skoal and Copenhagen chewing tobacco has agreed to pay $5 million to the family of a North Carolina man who died of cancer in what is thought to be the first wrongful death settlement in a smokeless tobacco case.
It was unclear because of the way the settlement was reached what effect it might have on potential litigation against chewing tobacco manufacturers, an industry segment that has been the target of far fewer liability claims than cigarette makers.
The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Co. agreed to pay the family of Bobby Hill, according to family attorney Antonio Ponvert III. Hill began chewing tobacco when he was 13 and died of complications from cancer of his tongue at age 43 in 2003.
U.S. Smokeless Tobacco was based in Greenwich until its acquisition by the Virginia-based Altria Group. The suit was filed at Superior Court in Stamford.
"This is the first time the tobacco industry has ever settled a wrongful death case resulting from the use of chewing tobacco," said Ponvert, of Koskoff, Koskoff and Bieder in Bridgeport. "And it's the first time Altria has settled any consumer tobacco case of any kind."
Altria Group spokesman Steven Callahan said the company has a policy against settling tobacco suits and agreed to the settlement with Hill's family only because U.S. Smokeless Tobacco made the offer prior to its January 2009 acquisition.
"We have no intention of settling cases such as these in the future," Callahan said. "This is really a unique circumstance because the offer was made prior to the acquisition."
Public health advocates said Tuesday that the Hill settlement could increase claims against smokeless tobacco manufacturers, in spite of Altria's resistance to settling and the failure of similar claims in the past.
"You may not see the settlements, but this shows that U.S. Tobacco thought that $5 million was the reasonable settlement cost of this case," said Richard A. Daynard, chairman of the Tobacco Products Liability Project at Northeastern University in Boston. "This certainly says to anyone who looks at it that cases like this are worth $5 million, so go for it."
Ponvert said he was aware of only one smokeless tobacco case going to a verdict. An Oklahoma jury found in favor of U.S. Smokeless Tobacco in that case in 1986, Ponvert said.
"I think they have been flying under the radar," Ponvert said. "Because of how bad cigarettes are, I think fewer people are paying attention to smokeless, maybe until now."
Ponvert said the settlement was reached at a time when the tobacco industry is trying to weaken proposed warning labels on its products, and is marketing chewing tobacco as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes.
"This company manufactures and sells a dangerous and defective product that it knows causes addiction, disease and death in consumers who use it as intended," Ponvert said.
Prior to settling, Ponvert said, he was able to obtain hundreds of internal records from U.S. Smokeless Tobacco that he said showed it had an aggressive marketing program directed at teenagers, such as Hill.
Ponvert said that, among other things, when teenagers wrote with product or pricing suggestions, the company responded by letter and with complimentary cans of chewing tobacco. The effect was to introduce children to candy-flavored tobacco and then "graduate" them to stronger and more expensive products, Ponvert said.
"I am very confident that we got documents that no one had ever seen before," Ponvert said. "I am sure with regard to children's letters, no one had ever gotten what we got. In the end, we had dozens and dozens and dozens."
Altria declined to discuss matters related to the case other than its policy against settling cases.
Ponvert said that Hill became addicted to chewing tobacco as a teen, more than a decade before manufacturers were forced by government regulation in 1987 to place warning labels on their products. He said that Hill neither smoked tobacco nor drank, behaviors that tobacco manufacturers often argue are alternate causes of cancers.
Hill developed squamous cell carcinoma on his tongue, Ponvert said. Eventually, Hill's tongue was surgically removed and, before his death, tissue elsewhere on his face deteriorated.
"It was really horrific," Ponvert said. "It was a terrible way to die."
Hill's wife, Kelly, filed the lawsuit in 2005.
Similar Posts:
- Smokeless tobacco purchasers in Massachusetts are eligible to get up to $700 from legal settlement
- Rock Hill police catch smokers in bar
- Florida must close loophole in tobacco tax
- Ex-smoker drops Philip Morris lawsuit for $1,000
- Man with no jaw blames tobacco, urges state to boost tax


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Oooooh whats this then?
(31 Posts)And why only Stockport?
Just exploring mn as new mum. Looks like s port is pretty quiet? doEs any1 else post here? i'm looking 4 groups i can go 2 within area. ta
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Hi! Bramhall...have 2 week old so new 2 all this. hoW about you?
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
hi I am exploring mumsnet too - is this the local stockport site? Seems a bit deserted! I've just come back from John lewis with my three (donkey rides outside Sainsburys today!) and its heaving with babies, can't believe we are the only people on mumsnet from Stockport! JHelenA, Little Tigers is normally in sainsbury's too - by the checkouts. Its great for all the class / group listings - before you know it you'll be baby yoga-ing all day!
Cheers! Am contempleting j lewis trip 2moro, so will try and pick up mag. stIll at stage where going out in public feels like a brave effort, and will prob only last 15 min! (smile) Apart from that s port local does seem q quiet...must be more of us!
I am in Stockport too. I go to Tiny Talk signing for babies in Bramhall on Friday afternoons. New babies always welcome.
Hi - I'm new to this too! I live in High Lane - there is a new playgroup at Brookside Primary School on Wednesdays from 9.15 til 11 - it took some getting there for that time this morning but was worth it - lots of new baby things there!
Hi there, I have volunteered to edit the Stockport site for now. I see quite a few entries have already been added which is great. I will try to add more over the next few weeks but I would welcome any ideas from you so please keep adding entries.
What sort of things are you looking to add?
There are quite a few of us in the Stockport/S Manchester area - we did all meet a couple of times but I'd feel a bit of a loon in a soft play place now that my two are at school - yippee!
What do you want to include?
Hiya, thought I'd introduce myself. I'm actually in Stalybridge but I can't find anyone chatting about Tameside.
JHelenA my DD is about 2 weeks older than your LO. Have you found anything exciting to do?
I've been going to postnatal classes and doing baby massage there. I've also taken my LO swimming, but that was over towards Sheffield at a private pool. I'd love to find something round here or a baby yoga class, I'm intrigued by what you'd do
Hi everyone,
Im Danielle i m 25 and live in the heatons area of stockport. Ihave 2 children boy 6 and baby girl 4 months.. xx
Hi all,
how r things? Bilblio...i found details of baby yoga in stockport. will dig out and post over the w.end. Just started rhythm time, which i loved but ds slept through!
tigersmum...i'm going to go to the bramhall tiny talk after half term. is it easy to find?
Hi danimac, how are your two doing?
x x
had forgotten all about this lol!
There are LOTS of s'port MNetters but not al will post on local pages.
Hello there all,
Who would be up for meeting for a coffee in John Lewis Cheadle say on a Friday morning one time to say a non-virtual hello?
DS is 6 months old and I'm just back at work (3 days til Christmas then f/t).
Congratulations to all those who have got out to baby groups. It is a huge effort to make sure we don't forget anything/leave the house with smelly/screaming child!
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Blimey, didn't even know this existed!
Message withdrawn at poster's request.
Has anyone heard anything about Kids Unlimited Summerfields (Wilmslow) having a particular problem with sickness?
Hi I'm new to Mumsnet. I have a 7 wek old boy. Is the Stockport group active and do you meet up at any time?
Hi SabihaN and welcome to MN.
None of us Stockport lot can fathom why we have out own section on MN but every now and then, someone like you comes along and bumps a thread into active convos and I think we all think...hmm, maybe we should do a meet-up. Then we discuss it for a bit and then we forget about it!
There is a Manchester meet-up at Christmas (November 29th) if you're interested, however!
and why is this thread now stuck at the very top of Avtive Convo's
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KSAM 101.7 / Stoney Creek Records
by CMT News on Mar 12, 2013
Flanked by the three songwriters who concocted it, Randy Houser celebrated his first No. 1 single — "How Country Feels" — Monday afternoon (March 11) at the Honky Tonk Central nightclub in downtown Nashville. The…
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Day four brought with it at least two more Israeli civilian deaths as well as an unclear number in Gaza. Israel started a YouTube.com channel with some videos I have read are pretty incredible (can not see them on my mobil device, so can not comment personally). Already YouTube has removed a few of them, but others are working to keep them up elsewhere (check over at PowerLineBlog.com).
Israel has hinted at a halt to bombing to see if Hamas stops firing rockets, but Hamas has stated terms that Israel would not accept before it even happened. No ground assault yet, but it could happen at any time. Hamas rockets have also now reached further into Israel then before the truce. I read that at least 1/10th of Israel's population is now within rocket range from Gaza.
If I was in charge in Israel I would be working hard on rocket defense counter measures. A few tactical laser devices seem to have a lot of promise. In the near term though, they have to do what they can to stop the rockets on the ground by preventing them from being launched. That means either cutting off the supply or convincing Hamas it is in their best interest not to shoot at Israel anymore. Israel is attempting both at the same time right now. Only time will tell how effective it is, but my fingers are crossed for Israel. Also, doing nothing did not work, and it is extremely unlikely this will make it worse after the fighting dies down.
Andrew Berman
Tuesday, December 30, 2008
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Daveon Brantley
Who is Daveon Brantley? Was Daveon Brantley arrested? When was Daveon Brantley arrested? What was Daveon Brantley arrested for? Is this a mugshot of Daveon Brantley? Are there more Mugshots of Daveon Brantley? Are Mugshot laws constitutional? Who decides which Mugshots are Indexed? Why must Mugshots remain public mugshots and public record? Is this the Daveon Brantley you know?
Daveon Brantley was booked in Fulton County, GA.
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Mugshots.com ID: 6120302
Booking No: 0843725
Current Location: Released
Date Arrested: 12/22/2008
Release Date: 12/23/2008
Complaint Number: N/A
Citation Number: N/A
Total Bond: $35,000.00
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Extra Anejos
Revolucion Tequila Extra Anejo
Revolucion Tequila Extra Anejo http://www.tequila.net/media/reviews/photos/thumbnail/350x350s/9c/16/0f/1350_revolucion-tequila-extra-anejo_1265602770.jpg Hot
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Tequila Revolucion Extra Añejo
Tequila Revolucion Extra Añejo is 100% Blue Agave, distilled twice, and aged in 10 year old oak barrels for a minimum of three years.
The back of the bottle showcases two pistols pointing up, with 1.5oz measured markings to insure the perfect pour each time.
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Relationships #7These brain teasers rely on your ability to recognize groups of common attributes. For each of these puzzles you'll need to figure out why the words or letters are grouped as they are. Sometimes you will be asked to pick the odd-one-out or to place a new word into the correct group.In this teaser your job is to discover what all the words in COLUMN A have in common with each other.
The words in COLUMN B do not have any relationship with COLUMN A or with each other. They are there to help you check your theory for the words in COLUMN A. COLUMN B is also there to eliminate answers that are technically correct, but trivial, such as 'words with less than 12 letters', and so on. Good luck! GROUP A Chic Plan Star Spun Thin GROUP B Full Only Mind Hear Turn What Next?
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Aquatic Invasions Volume 5, Issue 4
Bella S. Galil, Lisa-Ann Gershwin, Jacob Douek and Baruch Rinkevich Marivagia stellata gen. et sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cepheidae), another alien jellyfish from the Mediterranean coast of Israel (pp 331-340)
Download article (Open Access)
Two specimens of an unknown jellyfish species were collected in Bat Gallim and Beit Yannai, on the Mediterranean coast of Israel, in June and July 2010. Morphological characters identified it as a cepheid (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). However, the specimens showed remarkable differences from other cepheid genera; unlike Cephea and Netrostoma it lacks warts or knobs centrally on the exumbrella and filaments on oral disk and between mouths, and it differs from Cotylorhiza in its proximally loose anastomosed radial canals and in lacking stalked suckers and filaments on the moutharms. We thus describe it herein as Marivagia stellata gen. et sp. nov. We also present the results of our molecular analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI), which support its placement among the Cepheidae and provide its barcode signature. This new find is the fourth introduced scyphozoan species recorded in the Mediterranean. The presence of a sexually mature specimen collected as far back as 2006, and the occurrence of the species this summer at sites nearly 90 kms apart, indicate the existence of an established population.
Mads Solgaard Thomsen Experimental evidence for positive effects of invasive seaweed on native invertebrates via habitat-formation in a seagrass bed (pp 341-346)
Relatively few studies have aimed to test if invasive species have positive effects on native species, for example via formation of habitat or by amelioration of environmental stress-conditions. The red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla, from the West Pacific, is invading estuarine mudflat and seagrass habitats along East Pacific and East and West Atlantic coastlines. I tested if low (55-110 g WW m-2) and high (220-440 g WW m-2) densities of G. vermiculophylla have positive or negative effects on the macroinvertebrates (> 2 mm) that inhabit Zostera marina seagrass beds. The experiment was conducted over 34 days at both 0.5 and 2 m depth at Snaptun Harbor, Denmark. I found positive effects of Gracilaria on most invertebrates, with statistically significant results for "all invertebrates", "gastropods", and "bivalves", and a near-significant result for "crustaceans". Both quantitative and qualitative habitat-resource models may explain these positive effects; i.e. "more habitats" exist in the presence of Gracilaria and/or the "habitat differs" between Gracilaria and Zostera vegetation. Future studies should test these two general explanatory models and quantify (a) if density thresholds exists were effects shift from positive to negative, (b) specific mechanism whereby positive effects occur, (c) if Gracilaria provide a novel or substitute drift algal habitat, and (d) the larger-scale ecosystem implications of this invasion.
Hans Ulrik Riisgård, Coralie Barth-Jensen and Caroline V. Madsen High abundance of the jellyfish Aurelia aurita excludes the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi to establish in a shallow cove (Kertinge Nor, Denmark) (pp 347-356)
The population dynamics of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, which showed mass occurrence in Kerteminde Fjord (Denmark) for the first time in 2007, and the indigenous common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita, was followed in the fjord system Kerteminde Fjord/Kertinge Nor during late 2008 and 2009. The population density of A. aurita was always highest in Kertinge Nor while the density of M. leidyi was always highest in Kerteminde Fjord, indicating recruitment of the ctenophore from the adjacent sea (Great Belt). In the shallow cove of Kertinge Nor, the first A. aurita ephyrae appeared in March, by the end of May the medusae had obtained their maximum umbrella diameter of only 30 mm due to food limitation, and the estimated half-life of zooplankton was very low, <1 day from May to September 2009. The high predation impact explains why the holopelagic ctenophore, which presumably survives the winter in the adjacent open sea, is likely to be outcompeted in Kertinge Nor where the polyp stage of A. aurita every spring ensures a very large population of very small medusae. The population density of jellyfish, in Kertinge Nor, during the summer period is dependent on the extend of flush-out due to density-driven water exchange. A survey of data obtained every year in August since 1991 indicates that the unusually high population density (36 ± 34 ind. m-3) and the small umbrella diameter (56 ± 5 mm) of A. aurita have remained unchanged during the last 20 years, and further, that a relatively high population density of jellyfish in certain years is correlated with a relatively small mean umbrella diameter.
Caroline V. Madsen and Hans Ulrik Riisgård Ingestion-rate method for measurement of clearance rates of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (pp 357-361)
Clearance rates of small (about 12 mm oral-aboral length) Mnemiopsis leidyi were measured by means of the ingestion-rate method in order to compare with rates estimated from an equation (derived from Decker et al. 2004) used in previous studies. About 3 times higher clearance rates measured in the present study indicate that the estimated predation impact of small ctenophores may previously have been considerably underestimated. The prey-capture efficiency measured in M. leidyi depends on type and size of prey organism, and the study indicates that the clearance of slow swimming prey (e.g. mussel larvae) captured by auricular flow fields is higher than the clearance of fast swimming/jumping prey (copepods) captured by the lobes. The ingestion-rate method presented may open up not only more precise measurements of clearance rates, but also provide for digestion rates of M. leidyi offered different types of prey organisms.
Kirsty F. Smith, Patrick L. Cahill and Andrew E. Fidler First record of the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 in the Southern Hemisphere (pp 363-368)
This report documents the first recording of the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi in the Southern Hemisphere. Adult tunicate specimens were collected from the Nelson city marina (South Island, New Zealand) in April 2010. Both mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences and morphological characters were used to identify the tunicates as C. savignyi – the first report of this species in New Zealand and the Southern Hemisphere. This study highlights the power of molecular methods for invasive species identification and New Zealand's need for an extensive, systematic molecular inventory of its existing marine invertebrate biodiversity.
Gretchen Lambert, Noa Shenkar and Billie J. Swalla First Pacific record of the north Atlantic ascidian Molgula citrina – bioinvasion or circumpolar distribution? (pp 369-378)
The small brooding ascidian Molgula citrina Alder and Hancock, 1848 has long been known as a common inhabitant of shallow waters on both sides of the north Atlantic on subtidal natural hard substrates and also as a fouler of floating docks. There are published records from the White Sea (NW Russia), but none from the north Pacific. In May and August 2008, a number of adult brooding Molgula sp. specimens were collected from floating docks at the small fishing village of Seldovia on the Kenai Peninsula at Kachemak Bay, Alaska. Morphologically these individuals exactly match Atlantic specimens of Molgula citrina in all characters that were examined. The unique constellation of characters for this species differentiates it from all other Molgula species, as noted by Van Name (1945). In addition, the full-length 18S and 28S rDNA sequences are identical for both the Alaska specimens and New England M. citrina. Is this a new invasion, or is M. citrina a northern circumpolar species that was somehow overlooked? If this new record indicates a natural distribution, why has it not been collected before? If it is a recent introduction, it is unlikely that M. citrina, an inhabitant of cold waters, could survive in sea chests of ships from the N. Atlantic arriving in Alaska via the Panama Canal, but the intriguing idea exists of transport from Atlantic to Pacific through the Northwest or Northeast Passages. As global warming diminishes the ice cover in this region, more and more ships are traversing the Northwest Passage across northern Canada as well as the NE Passage across northern Russia, representing significant new routes for anthropogenic transport of marine species. The tadpoles of this small brooder are retained for some time after hatching, resulting in an extremely short free larval life, but could survive as metamorphosed juveniles attached in sea chests or free-floating in ballast water. They have a wide temperature tolerance and once they metamorphose can live free-floating in sea water for some time. They become very sticky and will ultimately stick to whatever they contact. Thus they could conceivably live for many generations in sea chests and sustain a viable population from which to invade new habitats.
Thomas G. Horvath and Lori Crane Hydrodynamic forces affect larval zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) mortality in a laboratory setting (pp 379-385)
Mortality of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, larvae was quantified in a laboratory experiment that was designed to assess the role played by both intensity and duration of the exposure to hydrodynamic forces. Larvae were collected in a plankton net and distributed in 100-ml aliquots to 125-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were spun on an orbital shaker at different speeds, 100 rpm and 400 rpm, to change the intensity of the hydrodynamic forces experienced by larvae inside the flasks. Actual shear forces were not quantified. A parallel set of control flasks were not spun. Flasks were spun for 1, 24 and 48 hours. Mortality was highest in the 400 rpm, 48-h trial. Both intensity and duration were highly significant variables in the ANOVA model (p<0.001). However, the interaction term was also highly significant (p<0.001). Larval mortality was significantly higher in the treatments than in the non-spun flasks in only the 400 rpm, 24-h and 400 rpm, 48-h trials. Thus, longer duration of exposure to high intensity hydrodynamic forces increases larval mortality. These results help explain natural recruitment patterns of zebra mussels in natural streams and may be of interest to management and conservation efforts.
Marcus K. Drotz, Matz Berggren, Stefan Lundberg, Kennet Lundin and Ted von Proschwitz Invasion routes, current and historical distribution of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853) in Sweden (pp 387-396)
Single specimens of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853, have been regularly reported along the western and eastern coasts of Sweden since the 1930´s. The crab has most likely been brought from overseas via the transfer of ship's ballast water or secondarily introduced from its key European distribution areas. Since 2001 a sharp increase in the occurrence of the mitten crab has been noticed in Swedish inland waters, but the dispersal routes and distribution of the species into Sweden remain poorly known. Here we document the current and historical distribution of the Chinese mitten crab in Sweden and assess possible invasion routes. A special focus is put on the historical occurrence of crabs in Lake Vänern, which empties into the Skagerrak/North Sea and Lake Mälaren, which connects to the Baltic Sea. The existing time series available for the mitten crab from the two lakes shows a large variation in dispersal pattern between different areas within each lake. In order to detect and monitor outbreaks of the mitten crab in Sweden, an internet based reporting system was created in 2007. Museum collections and reports from the general public throughout Sweden were compared with the known occurrence of mitten crabs in Lake Vänern and Lake Mälaren. During the study, the web-based reporting system was not advertised and the general public did not get paid for reporting the information. Population densities of the crab occurred "in peaks" and unevenly over the last decade in both lakes, suggesting a pulse invasion instead of a constant supply by migration. Significant difference in male and female occurrence together with few transport possibilities between lakes suggests different invasion routes for the crabs. Reports from the general public throughout Sweden coincide with the observations from local fishermen in Lake Mälaren and Lake Vänern. Data on occurrence and abundance are discussed in relation to a potential reproduction area on the western coast of Sweden.
Peer Martin, Hong Shen, Gert Füllner and Gerhard Scholtz The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems (pp 397-403)
A cambarid specimen was collected in a brook in Saxony (south-east Germany). Preliminary morphological inspection identified it as the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae). However, this individual showed some striking morphological differences compared to specimens of our laboratory Marmorkrebs culture. Hence, we conducted a molecular analysis based on two mitochondrial genes, COI and 12S, to check its identity. The results of the genetic study verified the initial assumption of a Marmorkrebs identity for the Saxon specimen. Thus, in addition to the two indigenous species, the new find is the fourth recorded introduced crayfish species in this area. However, a search for further Marmorkrebs specimens at the same site was not successful. Most published records of Marmorkrebs in European waters concern just single individuals and an established population has so far not been observed. This stands in contrast to other recently introduced cambarid species. Thus, we critically discuss the potential of the Marmorkrebs to spread within Europe. The major obstacle may be that the temperature necessary for optimal development and reproduction of the Marmorkrebs is significantly higher than that found in most European waters. However, given globally increasing temperatures, this might change in the future.
Christoph Chucholl and Michael Pfeiffer First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (pp 405-412)
Marmorkrebs are one of 12 currently known non-indigenous crayfish species (NICS) to be found in Central European waters. It is unique in the manner that there exist only females which reproduce parthenogenetically, i.e. eggs develop unfertilized and all offspring are genetically identical. Marmorkrebs have been first discovered in the German aquarium trade in the mid 1990s and became a very common pet species since then. Here, we present first evidence for a well established Marmorkrebs population in a small lake in the Upper Rhine catchment near Freiburg (Germany). The population occurs syntopically with Orconectes limosus, another NICS which invaded the Rhine system about 50 years ago. Morphometric and ovary weight measurements were taken from 12 Marmorkrebs specimens that were captured on July 3, 2010. The rostrum spination was pronounced and resembled the one found on a free-living individual captured in Saxony (Germany). Ovary development stages (Gonadosomatic Index) were heterogeneous and single berried females were found from early June to late July, which might indicate an asynchronous breeding habit. The relative abundance and distribution of both crayfish species were assessed by visual counts at nighttime at two occasions. Both species attained a comparable, moderate density throughout the lake margin. The Marmorkrebs was the prevalent species on shallow, swampy habitat patches, which are presumably similar to its natural prime habitats. The successful establishment of Marmorkrebs despite a pre-existing O. limosus population, stresses the competitive ability of Marmorkrebs. In addition to the recently suggested hypothesis that Marmorkrebs might be temperature limited in most parts of Europe, we feel that it is also necessary to consider its probable natural prime habitats and life cycle: Marmorkrebs are presumably able to colonize summer-warm, lentic habitats in most parts of Central Europe.
Gordon H. Copp, A. Serhan Tarkan, Michael J. Godard, Nathan Edmonds and Keith J. Wesley Preliminary assessment of feral goldfish impacts on ponds, with particular reference to native crucian carp (pp 413-422)
Introductions of an Asian cyprinid, goldfish Carassius auratus, are known to pose a genetic threat to crucian carp Carassius carassius, which is native to northern parts of central and western Europe, including southeast England. However, there are no known studies in Europe of goldfish impacts on crucian carp growth and life-history traits, nor on the recipient ecosystems. The present study is the first such attempt, and compares the plants, invertebrates and fish biology (growth, condition, reproduction) in six ponds, two containing crucian carp only (allopatry), two containing goldfish only (allopatry), and two with both species (sympatry). Feral goldfish growth was greatest in sympatry with native crucian carp, whereas crucian carp growth was similar regardless of goldfish presence or absence. However, body condition (LK) and relative fecundity (per unit of body weight) of crucian carp was greatest in sympatry with feral goldfish. LK increased significantly with increasing water conductivity in goldfish but not in crucian carp, and LK was not related to pond invertebrate densities in either fish species. Differences in the plant and aquatic invertebrate communities observed in the study ponds could not be attributed to the introduction and establishment of goldfish, however non-native plant and invertebrate species were observed only in ponds containing goldfish. Differences in growth and condition between the two Carassius species does not appear to be due to differences in available food, so elevated somatic growth and reproductive output in crucian carp and faster growth in goldfish in sympatry may be due to non-dietary competitive interactions. The present preliminary study highlights the difficulties of assessing 'real world' impacts of non-native species on native species and ecosystems as well as the need for further study of feral goldfish impacts on European pond ecosystems in general and on native congener crucian carp in particular.
Suebpong Sa-nguansil and Vachira Lheknim The occurrence and reproductive status of Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera (Regan, 1914) (Poeciliidae; Cyprinodontiformes): an alien fish invading the Songkhla Lake Basin, Thailand (pp 423-430)
A non-native fish, the Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera (Regan, 1914), has recently become established in the Songkhla Lake Basin, south Thailand. Based on our field surveys in December 2007, we conclude that this species is present only in the Haad-kaew Lagoon and the southernmost part of the Songkhla Lagoon, the Thale Sap Songkhla. We sampled P. velifera monthly for 13 months (January 2007-January 2008), using beach seine and cast net, to obtain information on its population structure, morphology and reproduction. It was found that male and female P. velifera became sexually mature at 16.8 and 17.1 mm standard length, respectively. The overall sex ratio of males to females was 1.0:1.8. However, the proportion of males was less within specimens belonging to larger size classes. P. velifera reproduced continuously throughout the year but with two peaks, one in March-May and another in August-December.
Sander Wijnhoven and Angela Dekker Records of a new alien polychaete worm species, Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1815) (Eunicidae) in the Eastern Scheldt, the Netherlands (pp 431-436)
Recently, four observations of Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1815) were made in the Eastern Scheldt in the southwestern part of the Netherlands. This is remarkable as this alien species has been found only once in the Netherlands, in 1990 at the North Sea coast. It seems that this large polychaete species, that previously was noted to have a northern distribution limit in the southern North Sea (English southern coast and the French west coast), has established a population in a semi-enclosed Dutch tidal bay. The species may have reached the region via shellfish transport associated with the numerous aquaculture sites in the region. Consequences of the settlement of this large at least partially predatory polychaete species, for the macrozoobenthic communities in this region are unclear. Species of the genus Marphysa are found to be successful in a variety of environments all over the world. So far, no other species of the genus Marphysa has been recorded as present in the Netherlands.
Galia Pasternak and Bella S. Galil Occurrence of the alien sea hare Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 (Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae) in Israel (pp 437-440)
The alien sea hare Aplysia dactylomela, established in the central and eastern Mediterranean, is recorded for the first time from Israel on the basis of two specimens photographed at Akhziv, northern Israel. A map of its spread in the Mediterranean Sea is supplied. The species is able to sequester secondary metabolites from its algal diet, mobilize them into its skin and digestive gland, and convert photosynthetic pigments into chemical deterrents. The role of anti-predatory defense in the invasion success of A. dactylomela remains to be studied.
Calum MacNeil, Dirk Platvoet, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Nina Fielding, Andrew Constable, Nathan Hall, David Aldridge, Trevor Renals and Mark Diamond The Ponto-Caspian 'killer shrimp', Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894), invades the British Isles (pp 441-445)
The Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus was found both in the margins and open water areas of Grafham Water, a large reservoir in Cambridgeshire, U.K., in September 2010. Both adults and juveniles were present in large numbers and were most frequent in the boulder/cobble areas dominating the margins of the reservoir. Precopula pairs were also evident, as were egg bearing females.
Zen Faulkes The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade (pp 447-450)
The parthenogenetic marbled crayfish Marmorkrebs was discovered in the pet trade in Europe in the 1990s. Since then, its distribution through the pet trade has spread from Europe to other continents, including North America. North American pet owners were surveyed online with the aims of trying to track when Marmorkrebs entered the North American pet trade, the ways in which it spread through the pet trade, and how widely distributed Marmorkrebs are throughout the continent. Marmorkrebs have been in the North American pet trade since at least 2004, with the number of people increasing every year. While many Marmorkrebs are sold through online sources, face-to-face personal contacts account for almost as many acquisitions. The increasing spread of Marmorkrebs through the pet trade increases the probability that Marmorkrebs will be released into North American ecosystems.
Last update: 22 November 2010
© 2006-2011 Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre (REABIC)


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About the Book
In the Summer of 2006, my friend Arnar and I took on a trip to the Icelandic Highlands.
The plan was to document many of the places where the Icelandic government was planning on building dams, flooding entire valleys of pristine unspoiled Nature, in order to supply enough energy for the new aluminum smelters.
These smelters require enormous amounts of energy and Iceland is very attractive to the industry for this reason. Unfortunately, the damage to the delicate ecosystem is significant and irreversible. Millions of migrating birds will lose the habitat they have been using for centuries.
While we were photographing the lands, our truck broke down in the middle of nowhere. This is a loose interpretation of what happened on that weekend.
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DENVER -- Dallas forward Josh Howard was sidelined after just six scoreless minutes in the Mavericks' 117-105 Game 2 loss against Denver because of a sprained right ankle.
The Mavericks' energizer went to the bench late in the first quarter after he appeared to land awkwardly on his right foot while trying to block Carmelo Anthony's layup.
Howard has been hampered all season by a balky left ankle and sprained his right one in the first half of the opener Sunday night at Denver.
Howard missed 30 games in the regular season but his return sparked Dallas down the stretch and he played a key role in the Mavericks' elimination of San Antonio in the first round.


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Nemocon, Colombia
3 responses
Yolle Suwhanli gave props (3 Sep 2008):
great capture
Carlos Bohorquez Nassar said (17 Sep 2008):
thx Michael
Juan Vanegas said (27 Sep 2008):
Alcanzo a oler la papita y la carne del asado con esta foto.


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Featured Posts
Would you ever consider allowing YOUR dad to be in the delivery room when giving birth?
by babygomez
December 5, 2012 at 3:10 PM
Not while giving birth but my dad did go in to pre-op with me when I was having my section with my DD. I was really nervous and stressed out and so was DH so my dad offered to come in with us to help keep us calm. He cut jokes with DH to help him keep his mind off things and he kept picking on me and bashing my evil nurse when needed to help me, lol.


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Minimum unique abbreviation of option is acceptable. You may use double hyphens instead of single hyphen to denote options. You may use white space in place of the equals sign to separate an option name from its value.
This program is part of Netpbm.
ppmglobe does the inverse of a cylindrical projection of a sphere. Starting with a cylindrical projection, it produces an image you can cut up and glue onto a sphere to obtain the spherical image of which it is the cylindrical projection.
What is a cylindrical projection? Imagine a map of the Earth on flat paper. There are lots of different ways cartographers show the three dimensional information in such a two dimensional map. The cylindrical projection is one. You could make a cylindrical projection by tracing as folows: wrap a rectangular sheet of paper around the globe, touching the globe at the Equator. For each point of color on the globe, run a horizontal line from the axis of the globe through that point and out to the paper. Mark the same color on the paper there. Lay the paper out flat and you have a cylindrical projection.
Here's where ppmglobe comes in: Pass the image on that paper through ppmglobe and what comes out the other side looks something like this:
You could cut out the strips and glue it onto a sphere and you'd have a copy of the original globe.
Note that cylindrical projections are not what you normally see as maps of the Earth. You're more likely to see a Mercator projection. In the Mercator projection, the Earth gets stretched North-South as well as East-West as you move away from the Equator. It was invented for use in navigation, because you can draw straight compass courses on it, but is used today because it is pretty.
You can find maps of planets at maps.jpl.nasa.gov.
stripcount is the number of strips ppmglobe is to generate in the output. More strips makes it easier to fit onto a sphere (less stretching, tearing, and crumpling of paper), but makes you do more cutting out of the strips.
The strips are all the same width. If the number of columns of pixels in the image doesn't evenly divide by the number of strips, ppmglobe truncates the image on the right to create nothing but whole strips. In the pathological case that there are fewer columns of pixels than the number of strips you asked for, ppmglobe fails.
Before Netpbm 10.32 (February 2006), instead of truncating the image on the right, ppmglobe produces a fractional strip on the right.
filename is the name of the input file. If you don't specify this, ppmglobe reads the image from Standard Input.
Specify the color (color) as described for the argument of the ppm_parsecolor() library routine.
The default is black.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.31 (December 2005). Before that, the background is always black.
This option was new in Netpbm 10.31 (December 2005).
ppmglobe was new in Netpbm 10.16 (June 2003).
It is derived from Max Gensthaler's ppmglobemap.
Max Gensthaler wrote a program he called ppmglobemap in June 2003 and suggested it for inclusion in Netpbm. Bryan Henderson modified the code slightly and included it in Netpbm as ppmglobe.