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Finally finished, here is Memory #1, The Game :
From the beginning I had in mind to use the idea of this game. In germany it is very popular (mostly amongst children) and known as MEMORY. The cards are lying upside down in the beginning, and one has to find the pairs of the same pictures.
First i collected pictures and fabrics wich said "memory" to me to use them for the cards.
Do you find the pairs? :-)
For the first time i used photoprint on fabric, it worked very well, but i think, it's not my medium. But here it was really usefull. My "memory"-items are
- a recipe from my grandma, written down by my mother for me (she still uses this sütterlin-font)
- some heritaged laces and cross-stitched fabric
- pictures from a wonderful day at the Rhine
- a handmade print showing leaves from my garden
- a fragment of one of my to-do-lists (very helpful memory tool...)
The pairs are not exatly same, because even memories are never two exactly the same.
The cards are loosely pinned to this background:
The background is more about loosing memory, memories are fading, get lost or mixed up. There are leftovers from the fabrics I used for the cards, parts of loved and wornout batic pants and grey woolfelt where memories are lost forever due to Alzheimer and others.
At the moment it's hanging in my sewingroom without the cards pinned to it, and I really love it this way. I could imagine to produce more cards and play with them, changing the design from time to time.
If you visit my blog, flicKwerk , you'll find more posts about the process, labeled "memory"
Thursday, 4 October 2012
2 comments:
- Kit Lang said...
Love this idea and the interactive execution of it!
- 4 October 2012 at 12:13
- quilthexle said...
Lovely piece - love the background and your memory tiles !!
- 4 October 2012 at 19:09
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...is the work of a fully accomplished artist; in it, the experience of a lifetime is brought to perfection of form. Still, some of Yeats's greatest verse was written subsequently, appearing in
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place in English literature
...poetry in
The Wild Swans at Coole (1917),
Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921),
The Tower (1928), and
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The Saint Strikes Back was the second in the series of films featuring Simon Templay, better known as The Saint, and the first to star George Sanders in the role. Val Travers (Wendy Barrie) is the daughter of a police detective who killed himself after being dishonorably let go from the San Francisco Police Department, due to allegations that he was a member of a gang led by the mysterious criminal mastermind known only as Waldeman. Hoping to clear her father's name, Val has assembled a gang of minor...more
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Choosing a rotary cutter
When you have rough vegetation to mow, you want a machine that cuts quickly and efficiently. A rotary cutter will keep brush at bay where your lawn mower can't.
Radio interview source: Jack Harrington, Product Manager, Bush Hog
For homeowners who are strugglingt o cut through brush and weeds, a rotary cutter may be a good investment. It attaches to the back of the tractor and clears the area with little effort.
Jack Harrington is the product manager at Bush Hog. He says rotary cutter blades are driven from the PTO, so it's important to match the implement to tractor size and horsepower.
Cut material is discharged toward the rear of the machine. You'll find safety shielding at the front and back of the implement, which may be belting, chains, or a combination of the two. Harrington says chains are more expensive, but more durable.
"The chain shielding will last much longer, and there's another benefit to the chain shielding," he says. "If you're in tall, stemmy material, the chains normally will allow the material to flow into the cutter better than a front rubber belting which would tend to bend the growth over. The blades then are forced to pick that up, and sometimes it's more difficult to pick that material up with a rubber belting on the front of it."
Rotary mowers are capable of cutting much higher grass, but don't cut it too low. The lowest recommended height is three-inches, so make adjustments.
"I'm going to refer to a 7-foot cutter or less in diameter," says Harrington. "The front of the cutter is adjusted by use of the tractor hydraulics. It's hooked to the three-point hitch of the tractor, so the operator would adjust the height with his tractor hydraulic system. The rear of the cutter then is adjusted usually with one-or-two bolts that can set the rear tail wheel of the cutter on the ground at the preferred cutting height."
These machines have single-or-double-spindles, and come in deck widths ranging from 48-to-84-inches. Expect to pay from $1,600 to $5,000 for a new unit.
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Iconic, glamorous, and brimming with betting possibilities, the draw of the Roulette table is as strong as ever. The game itself is easy to follow, so it's even more important not to be excluded from its opportunities by a small breach of protocol.
The main distinction between Roulette and other table games is that players get their own special chips. This is to help distinguish between their winnings and those of other players at the table. If arriving in the middle of a spin or while bets are being placed, players should just wait until the dealer is free again. Once it's clear a player wants to buy in, the dealer will ask what denomination they'd like their chips in.
Some table limits start as low as £1, while others are up to £50, so look for an indication of the limits or ask the dealer before handing over chips to avoid embarrassment.
Players must place all wagers after the last round of bets are settled, and before the next spin. The dealer will announce "no more bets" before spinning. Touching your chips after this announcement is forbidden. Beginners unsure of specific payouts or where to place their bets may ask the dealer for advice. They're usually more than happy to help.
Make sure not to touch other players' chips. It's unnerving, particularly at high stakes, and may be viewed as an attempt to cheat. Likewise, if a player has friends or family at the same table, they cannot pool chips. Each player's chips must be kept separate.
When a number is called, the dealer will settle. Players should wait until the dealer has settled the bets and moved the chips toward them before attempting to take their chips.
Because roulette relies on dealer interaction, it's common to tip. In the US it's important to tip regularly. Like in a restaurant, the exact amount is down to player preference, but it should be a small denomination every few spins at least, plus extra on big wins.
In the UK, forgetting to tip is not such a serious breach of protocol. Some casinos will even have rules against it. However, it's common practice to tip some of your winnings, particularly on large payouts.
Sometimes players will place a bet for the dealer. Unless otherwise indicated, it's generally accepted that a straight tip is preferred. But a player on a lucky streak might feel like it's a nice gesture, in which case a bet on Red/Black, or one of the 3/1 markets, is acceptable.
Players should wait until the betting period, then, when they have the dealer's attention, request to cash out, moving their chips toward the dealer. The dealer will exchange for casino chips, which can be exchanged for cash at the cage/desk.
Roulette applies the same general etiquette as most tables. It doesn't usually have the same boisterous buzz as Craps or Sic Bo, but a certain amount of chatter and excitement is fine.
Drinks are allowed at, but not on, the table. Drunk, loud clients may be asked to leave if they are disturbing other players.
Follow these simple rules and you're guaranteed to have a successful Roulette experience. If you want to avoid making a casino faux pas altogether, you can try Roulette out online at Gala Casino before hitting the strip.
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Journal Article
A Kaddish for the Father: Régine Robin and the "impossible work of mourning"
Kathleen Kellett
Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-)
Vol. 35, No. 2, Studies in American Jewish Literature (2016), pp. 200-215
Published by: Penn State University Press
DOI: 10.5325/studamerjewilite.35.2.0200
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/studamerjewilite.35.2.0200
Page Count: 16
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Topics: Fathers, Narrators, Narratives, Parents, Holocaust, Mothers, Daughters, Communism, Concentration camps, Literature
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This essay examines the father-daughter relationship and the dynamics of mourning in the biofiction of Quebec author Régine Robin, born Rivka Ajzersztejn in 1939 in Paris. Focusing on her first work of biofiction, Le Cheval blanc de Lénine (1979), as well as the short text "Manhattan Bistro" (1992), I argue that Robin presents the daughter's tale as both an act of defiance against paternal authority and her Communist father's veneration of the great men of history—incarnate in the vision of Vladimir Lenin on a white horse—and homage to her father's role as inventive and passionate chronicler of family history. The daughter recounts her father's struggle with the refusal to say the Kaddish for his own father, an impossible act of mourning mirrored by the Kaddish that could not be recited for the fifty-one members of her family lost in the Holocaust. Robin's biofiction is an unceasing iteration of the grieving process, an examination of the vagaries of memory and history, and the arbitrary accidents in time that led to deportation to the Nazi death camps for some and survival and a future life in North America and elsewhere for others.
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Copyright © 2016 by The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. No copies may be made without the written permission of the publisher.


text: A criminal burns his bridges with his fellow outlaws and lives to regret it in this drama. John Shakley (William McNamara) is a small-time crook who has decided it's time to put his life back on the straight and narrow. However, his efforts to stay on the right side of the law are foiled by two longtime acquaintances -- an old buddy and John's former girlfriend approach him, hoping he can help them fence a cache of stolen jewelry...more


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Chinese wire transfer fraud hits US firms
- 1
Several firms in the United States lost more than US $11 million in online scams where banking credentials were stolen and used in fraudulent wire transfers to companies in China.
According to the FBI, the criminals managed to compromise the computers of people who could initiate funds transfers using phishing e-mails designed to trick the recipients into revealing online banking credentials or into visiting a Web site hosting malware that steals the information from the computer.
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Over the past year, there were 20 such incidents affecting companies and public institutions in the U.S. that tend to have accounts at local community banks and credit unions, some of which even use third-party service providers for online banking services.
The stolen money, according to the agency, is transferred to a bank account owned by one of a number of "economic and trade companies" located in China and immediately withdrawn or transferred again.
"It is unknown who is behind these unauthorized transfers, if the Chinese accounts were the final transfer destination, or if the funds were transferred elsewhere, or why the legitimate companies received the unauthorized funds," the FBI alert says.
In addition to the unauthorized wire transfers to China, criminals also were found to be sending domestic Automated Clearing House and wire transfers to money mules in the U.S. within minutes of the overseas transfers. It is unclear, however, where that money ends up.
Read next: Apple reportedly buys iCloud.com for $4.5 million


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Sunday, August 28, 2011
You Never Quite Know What You are Going to Get
I think I have mentioned that hunting season is almost upon us. If I am not mistaken, bow season is mere days away. We use trail cams on our farm to track and document the deer population. Usually we get some really interesting photos. Not only of deer, but skunks, raccoons, and once a hawk.
When Secret Agent Man and The Deerslayer went to check the camera recently they found a unique photograph.
Yes, a few of our cows found the camera.
Not the picture they were hoping for, but it gave us a chuckle anyway. If you want to see some serious trail cam pics I suggest you check out Joe. His captures are fantastic.
33 comments:
made me smile...made me think of my hubby...one of our friends had set up a camera on our property in the country...he was doing some deer hunting there...we had stopped by to show our property to my dad...hubby saw the camera and gave him the california wave...boy was our friend surprised when he looked back at it...hoping for deer...but not quite what he got..
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Tips & Tricks: merge postscripts or pdf files 2008-06-28
Posted by claudio in Uncategorized.Tags: "tips & tricks", gs, pdf, postscript, ps
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It's nice that firefox 3 can directly create pdfs (print, select print to file). However, while doing research and creating pdfs of articles, some were split in different pages (or needed additional information, like citation information). Here's how to merge those pdfs from the command line:
$ gs -q -sPAPERSIZE=a4 -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=result.pdf input1.pdf input2.pdf input3.pdf
Change the PAPERSIZE value to "letter" if you live where the use that format. "result.pdf" is the result of merging "input1.pdf", "input1.pdf" and "input1.pdf". Change the values to fit your files.
VirtualBox: Install Windows XP using pbx boot 2008-06-24
Posted by claudio in Uncategorized.Tags: GNU/Linux, Linux, Sun, Ubuntu, VirtualBox, Virtualization, WindowsXP
16 comments
VirtualBox is a great product for a developer (or even a regular user) to run several OSes simultaneously. I run Linux on my laptop, but I need a Windows partition with certain software and updates to connect to the work network. A virtual machine is a fine solution. Specially when running in seamless mode (only the program is open in your Linux desktop and not the complete Windows desktop).
Installing Windows from cd on a VirtualBox instance is really easy. However, I need a *specific* windows installation that can only be installed from a Windows PXE server at work. Sadly, the virtualbox open source edition delivered with Ubuntu 8.10 is unable to do this. This is what I did: (more…)
How to change the default shell editor in Ubuntu 2008-06-18
Posted by claudio in Uncategorized.Tags: editor, Shell, Ubuntu, vi, vim
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Using nano as the default shell editor is probably a great choice for a Gnu/Linux distribution (also) aimed for Unix newbies. If you know your way on the command line however, you'll scream from frustration for every "i", ":wq!" or "ZZ" you type and you see the characters in the text you are editing. Specially frustrating in cron. If you don't know what "i", ":wq!" or "ZZ" do, don't worry, nano is working fine for you. (more…)
Create html from a chm file 2008-05-04
Posted by claudio in Uncategorized.Tags: chm, html
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Sometimes documentation can be found in the horrible chm format (Microsoft compiled html). There are UNIX viewers to see these kind of files (gnochm, xchm, etc) but it is nicer to have it in a more flexible format (print, search, edit): html. I use "extract_chmLib" for this.
Extract the file documentation.chm to directory documention:
$ extract_chmLib documentation.chm documentation
Use external functions/modules in korn shell (ksh) 2007-08-07
Posted by claudio in Uncategorized.Tags: functions, ksh, modules, Programming, script, Shell, UNIX
1 comment so far
The korn shell is a great shell to write shell scripts. Some functionalities are really nice. By example, you can write your functions or modules in a separate file and use it within your program. The secret lies in the FPATH environment variable. (more…)


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India Calls Off Pakistan Talks in Setback After Modi Win
Bibhudatta Pradhan and Bhuma ShrivastavaIndian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's administration called off the first formal talks with Pakistan in two years, a setback for relations after the nations sought to boost ties following his election win in May.
The meeting between foreign secretaries, scheduled for Aug. 25 in Islamabad, was canceled after Pakistan's high commissioner to India sought to meet with Kashmiri separatist groups, according to India's foreign ministry. Pakistan said the meetings followed "a longstanding practice."
Pakistan's "negative approaches and attempts to interfere in India's internal affairs continue unabated," Syed Akbaruddin, spokesman at India's foreign ministry, said in an e-mailed statement yesterday. The meetings with the separatists in the All Parties Hurriyat Conference undermines "constructive diplomatic engagement," it said.
Border disputes and terrorism have stifled attempts to boost trade ties between the nuclear-armed neighbors, which hold a fifth of the world's population. While the nations share a 3,200-kilometer (2,000-mile) border and mutually understandable languages, trade was less than 0.5 percent of India's combined commerce with other nations, government data show.
"The Indian decision is a setback to the efforts by our leadership to promote good neighborly relations with India," Pakistan's foreign ministry said in a statement late yesterday. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif "has clearly articulated the vision of peace for development," it said.
Kashmir Wars
Sharif attended Modi's inauguration in New Delhi in May, a gesture many analysts regarded as a boost to cross-border relations and raised hopes for a step up in peace talks. The nations resumed peace talks three years ago after they were shattered by the 2008 attack by Pakistani militants on a Mumbai railway station and luxury hotels that killed 166 people.
The nuclear-armed neighbors have fought two of their three wars since 1947 over the disputed mountainous region of Kashmir, which is divided between them and claimed in full by both. Since 1988, more than 14,000 Indian civilians and 6,000 security personnel have been killed in violence in the disputed region, according to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, which doesn't have similar figures for Pakistani deaths.
Modi last week said Pakistan engages in a "a proxy war of terrorism" because it lacks the strength to fight a conventional war. Pakistan called the comment "baseless" and "unfortunate."
Border Violations
Pakistan has violated a cease-fire agreement with India along their disputed border 54 times this year through July 16 and 19 times since the Modi government took office on May 26, Indian Defense Minister Arun Jaitley told parliament July 22. Pakistan violated the pact 199 times last year, he said.
Pakistan's interference in India's internal affairs is unacceptable, Akbaruddin said yesterday, adding "under the present circumstances, it is felt that no useful purpose will be served" by the Indian foreign secretary going to Islamabad next week.
"It's a major setback in the context of Modi's efforts to renew the dialogue and commence good relations between India and Pakistan," Dipankar Banerjee, mentor at the New Delhi-based Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, said by telephone. The Pakistan envoy's "meeting with Hurriyat leaders was blatantly with the aim of scuttling the talks."


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A guest post by Joseph Friedlander
Article Summary: This is a longer article collecting and discussing data on underwater nuclear explosions and what they tell us of the physics of what happens when nuclear fire meets water from the inside. It is a follow up article to http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/12/sea-based-launch-option-for-nuclear.html which was the discussion of underwater launch for the Wang Bullet one-shot nuclear space launch system and researches the physics of underwater explosions.. But this article does not focus on space launch per se but rather on how big an underwater nuclear blast the oceans can contain (and how high you can raise a splash above atmosphere).
Obviously if you blow some water to escape velocity it goes arbitrarily high and sublimes away. But we are trying to get a feel of the yields involved. The needless excuse for this is a hypothetical orbiting battlestation-- could you shoot it down with a sub-towed very high yield device? I need not point out that this is not a serious proposal, just a science fiction daydream in the spirit of http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/06/irritating-science-fiction-technical.html But here we are not nuking the site from orbit but nuking the orbit from an ocean site. It's the only way to be sure...
Key Points:
- The two most interesting kinds of relatively clean nuclear burst configurations underwater are WIGWAM style (deep, contained, multi-pulse bubble-overshoot--contract cycles till white cauliflower like surface burst) The picture below is probably from the Wahoo shot which was shallower and more spherical in surface burst.
- and UMBRELLA style (shallow detonation but deep enough to just depress the bottom but not scoop up and irradiate lots of seafloor muck followed by geyser like vertical jet)
- If you want a supersonic space vehicle launch with a single underwater detonation you need to have the back end of said vehicle or accelerating sabot very near the explosion. This confirms the earlier Wang Bullet studies.
- A random giant space impactor will find the oceans (at average 3.7 km depth) around 4 gigatons deep, and in even the deepest place in the ocean 100 gigatons would be a bottom strike.
- Buoyant rising of megaton explosion clouds is around 300 m/sec and a very high altitude nuclear explosion will generate ballistic rising clouds at around 1500 m/sec-- see the article below but this confirms my initial assumption-- if you want true space launch to escape velocity in a single shot, either start very close to the bomb (if you can rig a way to survive it) and ideally with something massive behind you-- ie underground or undersea, not just from a atmospheric zero point.
- To answer our title question, the oceans are about 4-100 gigatons deep, and the skies are about 400 megatons--9-30 gigaton range high depending if you're just trying to blow air into the way of a targeted orbiting battlestation or the whole darn ocean depth at the deepest point up like a spear.
How deep are the oceans, how high is the sky?--Irving Berlin
I am trying to remember where I saw a slide of a potential asteroid or comet impact with Earth's oceans. If I recall correctly the shocking statistic was that the oceans are on average (average depth about 3.688 km) only 1-4 gigatons deep. Should a sufficiently large asteroid or comet impact with Earth's ocean the depth would be no shield an impactor becomes a land strike and throws up dust not just translucent spray and salt.
That in turn can lead to global dimming of the sun and the equivalent of a nuclear winter if enough opaque stuff gets in the stratosphere where because of dryness it must settle out but can't rain out.
Other writers have implied the true number is more like 30 gigatons (and interpolating the answers at https://what-if.xkcd.com/15/
it looks like in the deepest part of the ocean, the 11 km deep Marianas trench 100 gigatons or so is the upper limit of how deep is the ocean.
Perhaps they were taking different depths into account for example 3.68 km times 3 is 11 km so a 3 x 3 x 3 times bigger explosion ie 27 times the yield would hit bottom there too.
Checking that-- 100 gigatons divided by 27 is around 3.7 gigatons, right around the 4 gigaton range for the AVERAGE depth of the oceans. This checks out well enough that I can regard it as provisionally confirmed--or to restate the rule, a random impactor (or gigaton mine) will find the oceans (at average 3.7 km depth) around 4 gigatons deep, and in even the deepest place in the ocean 100 gigatons would be a bottom strike.
That is how deep are the oceans, as a 40's singer might have crooned.
But how high is the sky? (ie what nuclear yield underwater will produce a jet capable of reaching the stratosphere or greater heights?
In the interest of being environmentally sensitive (TM) this article will not consider the yield necessary to achieve the launch parameter in the trifecta of Irving Berlin's lyrics-- How far is the journey
From here to a star?
(Bit then again---: In case of planetary emergency could a Dragon like capsule armed with nuclear devices move an asteroidal impactor into a position to hit Earth in exactly the right configuration of impact to launch into space a giant space ark by the resulting non radioactive explosion? My mind reeled with the precision of trajectory and the toughness of space ark capsule needed to survive such events. http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/01/what-if-humans-could-survive-4000-g.html But that is another separate article, so back to this one.)
On this general topic of large underwater explosions naturally I began thinking of the Wang Bullet nuclear launch system
like any normal person would, and wondered-- what are the controlling parameters of nuclear ocean launch?
How much of a kick do you get with a bomb in the water under a massive space vehicle with no cannon walls to hold in the blast (Whatever the effect it would be greatly amplified by a cannon tube if deep enough burst to force the gas to go up the cannon tube behind the launching vehicle)
Then I wondered if we could compare various historical underwater tests to get a feeling for how this works (the Bikini test Baker, was in fact shallow enough that it threw up mud and activated products exactly analogous to a deep huge ocean strike of an incoming impactor)
Then I began to wonder how big an explosion would touch the bottom of the sea or blow ocean water up into space in the path of an orbiting battlestation.
Hopefully a hollow Death Star sized but really low mass one at absurd closeness to the planet, (which would by the way induce needless tidal stresses but it sure looks cool) .http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NoEndorHolocaust
So I began examining several documented underwater nuclear explosions to get a feel for the phenomenae involved.
Shallow, and you get a rebound from the nearby seafloor.
Deeper, and bubble oscillation phenomenae predominate.
The 1946 Baker Test
The 1955 Wigwam Test
The 1958 Wahoo Test
The 1958 Umbrella Test
The 1962 Swordfish Test
are the famous US tests in this submarine realm.
I found this reference after assembling much of this article but it's quite a useful summary with the following beautiful annotated graphs--
Blast bubbles from deep nuclear explosions become mere hot water in about six seconds and leave no "regular" bubbles to float up to the surface. This is sooner than blast bubbles from conventional explosives:
This drastic loss of energy between cycles is caused in part by the extreme force of a nuclear explosion pushing the bubble wall outward supersonically (faster than the speed of sound in saltwater). This causes Rayleigh–Taylor instability. That is, the smooth inner wall surface becomes turbulent and fractal, with fingers and branches of cold ocean water extending into the bubble. That cold water cools the hot gas inside and causes it to condense. The bubble becomes less of a sphere and looks more like the Crab Nebula, the deviation of which from a smooth surface is also due to Rayleigh–Taylor instability.
Friedlander here again. What these last two graphs tell you is that if you want a supersonic space vehicle launch with a single underwater detonation you need to have the back end of said vehicle or accelerating sabot very near the explosion or you have to make do with subsonic velocities.
Keep in mind though that the speed of sound is 4 times faster in water than air! (1,484 m/s) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound
Yet the force of a nearby detonation is sufficient to disintegrate most structures.
This of course is the same conclusion we came to in the other Wang Bullet studies, http://nextbigfuture.com/2010/12/sea-based-launch-option-for-nuclear.html which is why I came up with the Friedlander Sabot to take the disintegrating force that comes so close to the detonation. And transmits it to the (at least partially) unharmed actual projectile at the cost of loss of energy-- but even a small percentage of a nuclear blast is a lot of energy to play with.
I'm pretty sure the above difference is caused by the sharper power over time curve by nukes; faster in, faster out.
The 1946 Baker Test
in HD ultraslow motion
Nice magician like soundtrack-- they are making the ships disappear after all--
from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 1977: Underwater data http://www.abomb1.org/nukeffct/enw77b2.html
2.63 Certain characteristic phenomena are associated with an underwater nuclear explosion, but the details vary with the energy yield of the weapon, the distance below the surface at which the detonation occurs, and the depth and area of the body of water.
The description given here is based mainly on the observations made at the BAKER test at Bikini in July 1946. In this test, a nuclear weapon of approximately 20-kilotons yield was detonated well below the surface of the lagoon which was about 200 feet deep.
(IIRC at -90 feet--JF)
2.65 In the course of its rapid expansion, the hot gas bubble, while still underwater, initiates a shock wave. Intersection of the shock wave with the surface produces an effect which, viewed from above, appears to be a rapidly expanding ring of darkened water. This is often called the "slick" because of its resemblance to an oil slick. Following closely behind the dark region is a white circular patch called the "crack," probably caused by reflection of the water shock wave at the surface.
2.66 Immediately after the appearance of the crack, and prior to the formation of the Wilson cloud (¤ 2.48), a mound or column of broken water and spray, called the "spray dome," is thrown up over the point of burst (Fig. 2.66). This dome is caused by the velocity imparted to the water near the surface by the reflection of the shock wave and to the subsequent breakup of the surface layer into drops of spray. The initial upward velocity of the water is proportional to the pressure of the direct shock wave, and so it is greatest directly above the detonation point. ...
Spray Dome
Figure 2.66. The "spray dome" formed over the point of burst in a shallow underwater explosion.
2.67 If the depth of burst is not too great, the bubble remains essentially intact until it rises to the surface of the water. At this point the steam, fission gases, and debris are expelled into the atmosphere.
Part of the shock wave passes through the surface into the air, and because of the high humidity the conditions are suitable for the formation of a condensation cloud (Fig. 2.67a).
As the pressure of the bubble is released, water rushes into the cavity, and the resultant complex phenomena cause the water to be thrown up as a hollow cylinder or chimney of spray called the "column" or "plume." The radioactive contents of the bubble are vented through this hollow column and may form a cauliflower-shaped cloud at the top (Fig. 2.67b.)...
2.68 In the shallow underwater (BAKER) burst at Bikini, the spray dome began to form at about 4 milliseconds after the explosion. Its initial rate of rise was roughly 2,500 feet per second,
762 meters per second
but this was rapidly diminished by air resistance and gravity. A few milliseconds later, the hot gas bubble reached the surface of the lagoon and the column began to form, quickly overtaking the spray dome
. The maximum height attained by the hollow column, through which the gases vented, could not be estimated exactly because the upper part was surrounded by the radioactive cloud (Fig. 2.68). The column was probably some 6,000 feet high and the maximum diameter was about 2,000 feet. The walls were probably 300 feet thick, and approximately a million tons of water were raised in the column.
The 1955 Joe 17 Test
warning more deadly than the bomb is the soundtrack, recommend muting it
a better soundtrack https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41iVWogBz1M
I believe but cannot prove that the many secondary explosions you see about 45 seconds in are a test minefield of pressure mines-- this was a nuclear torpedo test, much feared in NATO around 1955.
Later on the Soviet weapons complex considered the use of 100 megaton torpedos http://militaryanalysis.blogspot.co.il/2014/08/t-15.html
a modern version http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34797252
A great article about why we don't need to worry about gigaton weapon generated tsunamis-- the bubble expansion/contraction cycle prevents the energy going into circular ripples...
What if you exploded a nuclear bomb (say, the Tsar Bomba) at the bottom of the Marianas Trench?
The explosion at the bottom of the Mariana Trench will create a quickly-expanding spherical cavity of hot steam. To figure out how big it gets, we can try a formula from the 1971 paper Evaluation of Various Theoretical Models For Underwater Explosion:
Radius=(34π)13(40%×53 megatons of TNTMariana Trench pressure+1 ATM)13≈580 meters
The bubble grows to about a kilometer across in a couple of seconds. The water above bulges up, though only slightly, over a large area. Then the pressure from that six miles of water overhead causes it to collapse. Within a dozen or so seconds, the bubble shrinks to a minimum size, then 'bounces' back, expanding outward again.
It goes through three or four cycles of this collapse and expansion before disintegrating into, in the words of the 1996 report, "a mass of turbulent warm water and explosion debris." According to the report, as a result of such a deep-water closed bubble creation and dissipation, "no wave of any consequence will be generated."
The seminal work in the field of nuclear ocean waves is Water Waves Generated By Underwater Explosions, a sprawling 400-page report produced for the Department of Defense by Bernard Le Mehaute and Shen Wang. The report, published in 1996, exhaustively examines and summarizes all available research about the ocean waves created by nuclear explosions.
That file linked:
PDF Water Waves Generated by Underwater Explosions
by B Le Mehaute - 1996 - Cited by 7 - Related articles
N/A since Unclassified. ... and propagation of water waves from underwater explosions. ... The effects of the waves on various structures, fixed or floating, in deep water, on the ..... Schematic representation of the shallow water explosion phenomena. ...... Because the wave motion is assumed linear and defined by a potential ...
Details on Soviet nuclear testing at Novaya Zemlya https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/khalturin_NZ_1-42%20.pdf
below from
Nigel B. Cook's Glasstone.Blogspot Blog
www.glasstone.co.uk blog post
A fantastic (and unless mistaken formerly classified guide to calculating crater sizes retarcs and yes underwater explosion effects is here courtesy of Nigel B. Cook (as is much of the data in the article here) https://nige.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/em1-ch-2-second-sections-ada955386.pdf)
Above: The first nuclear explosion at Novaya Zemlya was a 3.5 kt nuclear warhead RDS-9 for Torpedo T-5 at a depth of 9.8 metres (32 feet) underwater on 21 September 1955. Some 30 ships including 4 destroyers and 3 submarines containing 500 goats and sheep and 100 dogs were located at distances of 300-1,600 m; only the destroyer at 300 m sank immediately from water shock wave damage. (V. A. Logachev, et al., Novaya Zemlya Test Site. Ensuring the General and Radiological Safety of the Nuclear tests: Facts, Testimonies, Memories, IzdAT, Moscow, 2000, 485 pp.)
This was a scaled-down version of the American 1946 Baker test.
Early American information released about Baker falsely indicated that it was detonated at 50 feet depth in 200 feet of water, whereas it was actually detonated at 90 feet depth in 180 feet depth of water; it is interesting that this deception slightly confused the precise choice of the scaled depth to be used in this Russian underwater test: they simply scaled down from the supposed 50 feet depth of burst for supposedly 20 kiloton Baker to get 32 feet for 3.5 kilotons using the 1/4-power scaling law, i.e., 50*(3.5/20)1/4 = 32 feet.
This Russian test was also interesting because of the low humidity of the cold arctic air at Novaya Zemlya, within the arctic circle, compared to the high humidity (73%) in the Baker test at Bikini Atoll. It is significant that the base surge, column and cauliflower cloud are exactly as occurred in the Baker test, although unlike Baker there is no Wilson condensation cloud around the column, due to the low humidity at Novaya Zemyla.
...all three Russian underwater nuclear tests were detonated in the same location: 70.703 degrees North, 54.60 degrees East, Guba Chernaya Bay, Novaya Zemyla. (That bay has relatively shallow water, like Bikini or Eniwetok Lagoon.)
Above: on 10 October 1957, a 9 kt T-5 nuclear torpedo detonated at a depth of 29.3 m (96 feet) in the same location as the previous Russian underwater test at Novaya Zemlya. A submarine launched the torpedo. Three destroyers, three submarines, two minesweepers, and smaller target ships, were sunk by the shock. (V. A. Logachev, et al., 'Novaya Zemlya Test Site. Ensuring the General and Radiological Safety of the Nuclear tests. Facts, Testimonies, Memories', IzdAT, Moscow, 2000, 485 pp.)
This second Russian underwater test was very similar to the American Umbrella test, producing a tall column with no mushroom top or cauliflower cloud atop the stem or column.
The reason for the difference in cloud shape is the bubble pressure when it vents at the air-water surface. The bubble from a 1 kt burst detonated at a depth in excess of 23 metres will only reach the surface after the pressure in the bubble has fallen below ambient air pressure, hence there is 'blow in' of air to the cavity.
This occurs because the greater depth gives steam the chance to condense into water, reducing the steam pressure in the bubble.
Hence, there is no 'blow out' of steam in such a detonation, and no cauliflower shaped top to the cloud, merely a column of water.
Underwater bursts of 1 kt at depths shallower than 23 metres cause the bubble to reach the surface sooner and erupt while there is still some steam pressure remaining, so you get a 'blow out' of the bubble steam, which quickly condenses in the unconfined air to form the cauliflower-shaped top of the mushroom cloud above the water spray column.
This Russian test was detonated at a scaled depth near the borderline between bubble 'blowout' (bubble steam above ambient air pressure when venting) and bubble 'blowin' (bubble steam below ambient air pressure when venting), so it was probably near ambient air pressure when venting.
It is therefore really in the transition zone between the blowout of Baker shallow bursts and the blowin of Umbrella (slightly deeper) bursts.
(The third and final Russian underwater test, at exactly the same location as the two previous Russian underwater tests, was 4.8 kt at 19.5 metres (64 feet) depth on 23 October 1961, and was the system proof test of a nuclear torpedo launched from a B-130 submarine.
Altogether, there have been a total of nine underwater nuclear weapon tests: the three Russian shots, the five American shots Baker, Wigwam, Wahoo, Umbrella, and Swordfish, and the British very shallow underwater test in very shallow water, .)
The 1955 Wigwam Test.
Underwater Atomic Test, Mark 90 Betty A-Bomb: "Operation Wigwam" pt 2-3 1955
the short version
The long version very nice details:
200 mph 89.4 meters a second break through of the water surface In the Wigwam test after rising nearly 2000 feet through deep water.
Surplus real subs weren't cheap enough or pristine enough to use as instrumented targets, so the Long Beach Naval Shipyard built three identical 4/5-scale sub hulls to hold instruments while submerged.
.... We'll refer to them as "tubs."
The tubs were a little more than 140 feet long and 20 feet in beam, painted white and stiffened with internal bulkheads. Weights designed to simulated engines and other fittings sat inside compartments equipped with cameras and instruments.
The tubs contained ballast systems that the testers on a support barge operated through thick high-pressure hoses. The tubs could sink or rise just like real subs.
The support barge also carried semi trailers full of gear from labs around the country. Instruments aboard the barge recorded readings from the tubs' on-board gauges and sensors as well as data on radiation, sea states and water quality.
The test instrumentation array formed the Navy's longest-ever towed assembly. The column of cables, barges, floats and tubs stretched almost six miles behind the fleet tug USS Tawasa. Sea trials off San Clemente Island went off without a hitch....
Wigwam's nuclear device was a Mk-90 "Betty" atomic depth charge. The Betty yielded 30 kilotons, twice the force of the Hiroshima bomb. Shorn of its fins and other equipment, the nuke depth charge sat in a specially-built steel pressure housing suspended 2,000 feet below the shot barge.
The tubs were supposed to float 260 to 290 feet below the surface between one and two-and-a-half miles from the bomb. Giant salvage floats supported the tubs at depth using huge chains. Testers evacuated the support barge before the test.
By the day of the test—May 14, 1955—the Pacific was anything but peaceful. Twenty-knot winds and 15-foot seas twisted the carefully-planned line of barges and tubs into a writhing snake.
Submerging the tubs proved far more difficult than during previous trials.
The 1958 Wahoo Test 1:30 GMT 16-May-58
A 9 kt Mk-7 was detonated at a depth of 500 ft (150 m) in deep water. The spray dome rose to a height of 900 ft (270 m). Gas from the bubble broke through the spray dome to form jets which shot out in all directions and reached heights of up to 1,700 ft (520 m). The base surge at its maximum size was 2.5 mi (4.0 km) in diameter and 1,000 ft (300 m) high https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_explosion
500 feet depth of burst water depth 3200 ft.
below from Nigel B. Cook's http://glasstone.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/effects-of-atomic-weapons-1950-baker.html
Papers of Nigel B. Cook are also available here http://vixra.org/author/nigel_b_cook and on the internet archive. An extensive range of physics related content, some dealing with nuclear, others on the nature of science and so forth.
Wigwam very deep underwater burst in 1955 (32 kt at 610 m depth in water nearly 5 km deep) gamma dose rate in water at 1.4 hours after detonation. Because of the depth of the explosion, the bubble mixed with the water and largely disintegrated into foam before venting, so that relatively little radioactivity reached the surface.
Above: comparison of base surge gamma radiation dose rates and total accumulated doses from 1958 Hardtack underwater shots Wahoo (9 kt, 152 m depth of burst in deep water) and Umbrella (8 kt, 46 m depth of burst on the lagoon bottom).
(Note from Friedlander-- the Umbrella radiation map is missing on the source page
Here are 2 links for the fallout data compilation
Note the contrast with a conventional air or surface burst--the dosage rate at 1 mile--
underwater bursts are much cleaner for a given yield as long as they don't suck up irradiate and expel bottom muck. But when they do they are much dirtier.
Notice the difference between wet Pacific soils and likely designated ground zero target area temperate or arctic cold dry soils--cratering is less extensive than Pacific tests would indicate
Philip J. Dolan's 1972 DNA-EM-1 Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons by contrast gives a far more complete treatment of all the underwater burst problems. The final sections of Chapter 2 on blast and shock phenomena (over 300 pages) includes water shock, base surge, water waves from surface and underwater bursts, and so on, while chapter 5 on nuclear radiation phenomena gives computer predictions of base surge and water 'pool' dose rates and accumulated doses for yields of 1, 10 and 100 kt for various depths underwater and proximities of the bomb to the ocean bottom (the 1958 Umbrella test was detonated on the seabed, so there is evidence to validate such a preduction). The base surge part of that computer model was developed by I. O. Huebsch of the U.S. Naval Radiological Defense laboratory; see his 106 pages long May 1963 report USNRDL-TR-653, A Model for Computing Base-Surge Dose-Rate Histories for Underwater Nuclear Bursts (Confidential-Formerly Restricted Data):
'A model for calculating transit-radiation dose rates and doses from the base surge of an underwater nuclear burst is described. Calculated values are compared with measurements made at Hardtack Wahoo and Umbrella, Crossroads Baker, and Wigwam, and with predicted values for two proposed underwater shots. The model is a geometrical-radiological representation of of the base surge, whose characteristics depend on weapon yield, burst depth and surface wind speed. The model is estimated to be valid for 1-kt to 100-kt underwater bursts for minimum depths of 20 to 90 ft, respectively, and for times at least 30 seconds after burst. Dose rates and doses can be computed for either fixed or moving points in the radiation field. The comparisons show that the calculated values, in almost all cases, agree within +/- 50% of the measured values. (Abstract UNCLASSIFIED.)'
This base surge radiation model for underwater bursts was later supplemented with a code that predicts dosage from the expanding 'pool' of contaminated water (which is water that has been heated and contaminated with fission products by the pulsating bubble of the detonation as it rises, before erupting through the water). In nuclear tests, underwater radiation probes were able to distinguish this effect from the base surge radiation which was measured by probes above the water. The full computer code was finished in 1968 and is called 'Daedalus' (the 'cunning worker' of Greek mythology), the underwater equivalent of the land surface burst fallout computer code DELFIC:
Edward A. Schuert, et al., DAEDALUS: A Gamma Exposure Rate Prediction Code for Underwater Nuclear Explosions, U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, report USNRDL-TR-68-137, July 1968, Secret-Formerly Restricted Data.
Above: example of an underwater burst base surge dose rate and expansion prediction given in Philip J. Dolan's originally secret manual Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons, DNA-EM-1, U.S. Department of Defense, Chapter 5, Nuclear Radiation Phenomena, August 1981 revision.
Above: example of an underwater burst expanding water pool dose rate prediction given in Philip J. Dolan's originally secret manual Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons, DNA-EM-1, U.S. Department of Defense, Chapter 5, Nuclear Radiation Phenomena, August 1981 revision.
A study of the hard-to-decontaminate soluble ionic fallout effects on adjacent land from a large underwater or water surface burst in San Francisco Harbor, based on nuclear test decontamination data, was presented to the U.S. Congressional Hearings on The Nature of Radioactive Fallout and Its Effects on Man in June 1957 (vol. 1, p. 318). The study assumed that 25 square miles would be decontaminated, consisting of all paved areas, all industrial and commercial areas and buildings, 50% of park areas, and 10% of the outlying residential areas (homes). Firehosing and earth moving were the methods considered, using nuclear test results.
It was calculated that the decontamination would take 10,900 people altogether 28.5 days to complete, requiring 676,000,000 gallons of water, 341,000 gallons of gasoline and 195,000 gallons of diesel: 'The water requirements are within the capability of the normal supply. Fuel consumption is less than normal daily requirements. The greatest problem would undoubtedly be that of organizing, training, supervising, and controlling ...'
More on the Baker test contamination
(Waves approaching with 1.8-m height increased to 4.6 m in water 6 m deep then broke.) The mushroom subsided, to produce a misty 'base surge', emitting 4,000 R/hour of gamma at 2 minutes, followed by radioactive salt slurry rainout. Hosing and scrubbing ship decks at 7-16 days removed 50-80% of the radioactivity; the rest was chemically attached metal ions.
Note from Friedlander-- that means you have to sandblast to decontaminate and if you don't have robots doing it you basically have to mothball the ships and wait a generation unless you have disposable slave labor (the communists did)
...from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 1977: Underwater data http://www.abomb1.org/nukeffct/enw77b2.html
2.83 Because the effects of a deep underwater nuclear explosion are largely of military interest, the phenomena will be described in general terms and in less detail than for a shallow underwater burst. The following discussion is based largely on observations made at the WAHOO shot in 1958, when a nuclear weapon was detonated at a depth of 500 feet in deep water. The generation of large-scale water waves in deep underwater bursts will be considered in Chapter VI.
2.84 The spray dome formed by the WAHOO explosion rose to a height of 900 feet above the surface of the water (Fig. 2.84a). Shortly after the maximum height was attained, the hot gas and steam bubble burst through the dome, throwing out a plume with jets in all directions; the highest jets reached an elevation of 1,700 feet (Fig. 2.84b). There was no airborne radioactive cloud, such as was observed in the shallow underwater BAKER shot. The collapse of the plume created a visible base surge extending out to a distance of over 2 miles downwind and reaching a maximum height of about 1,000 feet (Fig. 2.84c). This base surge traveled outward at an initial speed of nearly 75 miles per hour, but decreased within 10 seconds to less than 20 miles per hour.
Spray Dome
Figure 2.84a. Spray dome observed 5.3 second after the explosion in deep water.
Spray Dome Forming
Figure 2.84b. Plume observed 11.7 seconds after explosion in deep water.
Base Surge
Figure 2.84c. Formation of base surge at 45 seconds after explosion in deep water.
2.85 There was little evidence of the fireball in the WAHOO shot, because of the depth of the burst, and only a small amount of thermal radiation escaped. The initial nuclear radiation was similar to that from a shallow underwater burst, but there was no lingering airborne radioactive cloud from which fallout could occur. The radioactivity was associated with the base surge while it was visible and also after the water droplets had evaporated. The invisible, radioactive base surge continued to expand while moving in the downwind direction. However, very little radioactivity was found on the surface of the water.
2.86 The hot gas bubble formed by a deep underwater nuclear explosion rises through the water and continues to expand at a decreasing rate until a maximum size is reached. If it is not too near the surface or the bottom at this time, the bubble remains nearly spherical. As a result of the outward momentum of the water surrounding the bubble, the latter actually overexpands; that is to say, when it attains its maximum size its contents are at a pressure well below the ambient water pressure. The higher pressure outside the bubble then causes it to contract, resulting in an increase of the pressure within the bubble and condensation of some of the steam. Since the hydrostatic (water) pressure is larger at the bottom of the bubble than at the top, the bubble does not remain spherical during the contraction phase. The bottom moves upward faster than the top (which may even remain stationary) and reaches the top to form a toroidal bubble as viewed from above. This causes turbulence and mixing of the bubble contents with the surrounding water.
2.87 The momentum of the water set in motion by contraction of the bubble causes it to overcontract, and its internal pressure once more becomes higher than the ambient water pressure. A second compression (shock) wave in the water commences after the bubble reaches its minimum volume. This compression wave has a lower peak overpressure but a longer duration than the initial shock wave in the water. A second cycle of bubble expansion and contraction then begins.
2.88 If the detonation occurs far enough below the surface, as in the WIGWAM test in 1955 at a depth of about 2,000 feet, the bubble continues to pulsate and rise, although after three complete cycles enough steam will have condensed to make additional pulsations unlikely. During the pulsation and upward motion of the bubble, the water surrounding the bubble acquires considerable upward momentum and eventually breaks through the surface with a high velocity, e.g., 200 miles per hour in the WIGWAM event, thereby creating a large plume. If water surface breakthrough occurs while the bubble pressure is below ambient, a phenomenon called "blowin" occurs. The plume is then likely to resemble a vertical column which may break up into jets that disintegrate into spray as they travel through the air.
2.89 The activity levels of the radioactive base surge will be affected by the phase of the bubble when it breaks through the water surface. Hence, these levels may be expected to vary widely, and although the initial radiation intensities may be very high, their duration is expected to be short.
The 1958 Umbrella Test 23:15 GMT 8-Jun-58
Test Height and Type: Underwater, -150 feet
Yield: 8 kt
Umbrella was a DOD sponsored weapons effects test for a medium depth underwater explosion. A Mk-7 bomb was used for the test (30 inches in diameter, 54 inches long, device weight 825 lb.) in a heavy pressure vessel (total weight 7000 lb.). Very similar to the Wahoo device. The device was detonated on the lagoon bottom NNE of Mut (Henry) Island. An underwater crater 3000 feet across and 20 feet deep was produced.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y53vDnNPiA4 The 1958 Umbrella Test
The 1962 Swordfish Test
The ASROC (Anti-Submarine Rocket) system https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUR-5_ASROC that launched this the only live warhead nuclear missile test of the underwater detonation series (unless you count the 1955 Soviet A-Torpedo as a missile)
We should mention in passing that buoyant rising of megaton explosion clouds is around 300 m/sec and a very high altitude nuclear explosion will generate ballistic rising clouds at around 1500 m/sec-- see the article below but this confirms my initial assumption-- if you want true space launch to escape velocity in a single shot, either start very close to the bomb (if you can rig a way to survive it) and ideally with something massive behind you-- ie underground or undersea, not just from a atmospheric zero point.
BLUEGILL (410 kt, 48 km detonation altitude, 26 October 1962) fireball was still fully ionized at a temperature of about 10,000 K and 'several kilometres in diameter' when the shock wave departed from the fireball at 0.1 second. The fireball expanded to 10 km in diameter at 5 seconds, at which time it was buoyantly rising at 300 m/sec. It was filmed from below and within a minute transforms while rising into a torus or doughnut shape. It attained a diameter of 40 km at 1 minute, and stabilised at an altitude of 100 km a few minutes later.
KINGFISH (410 kt, 95 km detonation altitude, 1 November 1962) initially had a fireball size is 10 times bigger than BLUEGILL, because of the lower air density at the higher detonation altitude. The KINGFISH fireball rises ballistically (not buoyantly) at 1,500 m/sec (which is 5 times faster than the buoyant rise speed of the lower altitude detonation BLUEGILL). The fireball diameter longways is 300 km at 1 minute, and it is elongated along the natural geomagnetic field lines while expanding. It reaches a maximum altitude of 1,000 km in 7.5 minutes before falling back to 150-200 km (it falls back along the magnetic field lines, not a simple vertical fall). The settled debris has a diameter of 300 km and a thickness of 30 km, emitting beta and gamma radiation which ionize the air in the D-layer, forming a 'beta patch'....
To me the 30 KT Wigwam test was the most interesting of all these tests because of the depth of the charge.
There was a document at http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/factsheets/Wigwam.pdf
now unfortunately a dead link that had data as follows:
During the first three seconds after the detonation, the radioactive debris was primarily contained within an initial bubble formed by the interaction of thermal energy with the water. Then, beginning at approximately H + 10 seconds (ten seconds after the detonation) these gaseous products began to reach the water surface, forming spikes and plumes reaching maximum heights of 900 to 1,450 feet and emerging from an area roughly 3,100 feet in diameter. As the plumes fell back into the water, a large cloud of mist was formed. This was the base surge, which at H + 90 seconds had a radius of 4,600 feet and a maximum height of 1,900 feet. The visible surge persisted to H + 4 minutes. At H + 13 minutes, a foam ring appeared with a 10,400 foot diameter. The area within this ring probably approximated the extent of the contaminated water.
While the surface water initially showed significant contamination levels, the water dispersed and radiation decayed rapidly, so that by May 18 the maximum radiation reading found over an 80 square mile area was on the order of one milliroentgen per hour (mR/hr) at 3 feet above the surface.
Wahoo was less contained and Umbrella less still.
The 1958 Wahoo Test 1:30 GMT 16-May-58
A 9 kt Mk-7 was detonated at a depth of 500 ft (150 m) in deep water. The spray dome rose to a height of 900 ft (270 m). Gas from the bubble broke through the spray dome to form jets which shot out in all directions and reached heights of up to 1,700 ft (520 m). The base surge at its maximum size was 2.5 mi (4.0 km) in diameter and 1,000 ft (300 m) high https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_explosion
500 feet depth of burst water depth 3200 ft.
So let's play with the data:
Selected Deep Ocean sites for deepest possible launch basin
Med 5121 4486 2900 near Cyprus
Read sea 2635 (1207 near Sinai)
Indian Ocean 5203 off Oman
5824 off Somalia 7455 off Indonesia
Pacific ocean multiple 8-9-10 km holes deepest 11034 according to one reference, sub 11 km by Wikipedia.
Atlantic deep site 7758
south of New Zealand 8582
near south sandwich in Atlantic 8264
(9219 off Puerto Rico Trench)
WIGWAM style deep detonation 610 m (2,000 ft), 30 kt maximum height spray 1,450 feet 442 meters
so 30 megatons-4.4 km Need 6 km depth maximum spray height 4.4 km
so 30 gigatons 44 km like a supervolcano, into the stratosphere but need 60 km depth not going to get it so much more like shallow water shot--GO to Wahoo or Umbrella tables below- Also above a few hundred megatons the atmosphere directly above the bomb itself may achieve escape velocity as well as part of the water
Wahoo style semi-deep detonation depth of (150 m - 500 ft ) 9 kt maximum height spray 1,700 ft (520 m).
For a 6 km deep Wahoo like burst the yield would be around 600 megatons and the spray dome going 20 km high
so 9 gigatons 50 km high-- like a supervolcano, into the stratosphere. ( need 15 km depth and not going to get it-- so go to Umbrella for shallower launch data)
UMBRELLA style shallow jet generating detonation depth of 50 m (160 ft), 9 kt maximum height not listed but the 20 kt BAKER test generated a mile high column so .45 x the yield or .77 the height or 1.2 kilometers height is plausible
So, 9 megatons causes a 12 km high splash
9 gigatons 120 km high splash knock down orbiting satellites with seawater . (bottom effect interactions may alter this) Also above a few hundred megatons the atmosphere directly above the bomb itself may achieve escape velocity as well as part of the water.
To be blunt the big yields are really unnecessary. A space station, battle station or possible alien Death Star can be destroyed just as well up upwelling atmosphere blown upward as sea water. Just not as dramatically.
I can see a character saying 'crude but effective' after a gigaton splash shootdown of such a battlestation.
But to answer our opening musical question, the oceans are about 4-100 gigatons deep, and the skies are about 400 megatons--9-30 gigaton range high depending if you're just trying to blow air into the way of a targeted orbiting battlestation or the whole darn ocean depth at the deepest point up like a spear.


text:
Paul Maxwell (I) (1921–1991)
Paul Maxwell was born on November 12, 1921 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He was an actor, known for Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Aliens (1986) and A Bridge Too Far (1977). He was married to Mary Lindsay. He died on December 19, 1991 in London, England.
See full bio »
Born:in Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDied:(age 70) in London, England, UK |


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AKC Champion And Hunting Bloodline Lab Puppies, Upcoming Litter!!! - Labrador Retrievers in Murfreesboro, Tennessee - Johnson's Labrador RetrieversAKC Champion and Hunting bloodline pure breed full blooded Labrador Retriever Puppies, upcoming litter. The puppies are due to be born July 28th, 2014. We are expecting all colors chocolate, yellow and black. We could also have fox red puppies. The puppies will be ready to go to their new homes September 8th, 2014. The puppies will come with their 1st set of shots. They will have had their dew claws removed and will be dewormed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age. The puppies will come with FULL AKC Registration papers. The prices are $800 for blacks, $800 for yellows and $1,000 for chocolates. The puppies will come with a 24 month written health guarantee. The puppies will be around kids and other pets. We are accepting $200 non-refundable deposits now! The deposit comes off the total price of the puppy. The mom is chocolate in color, she is AKC Registered. She has CH in her bloodlines, which means (Champion). Cocoa is 95 pounds. She is very smart and loves the water. The Dad is AKC and CKC Registered and has JH in his bloodlines, which means (Junior Hunter). Dakota is 85 pounds and is fox red in color and loves the water. He has a block head and a really nice body build. Call or text me (Kevin) at (256) 417-9638, If you would like to put a deposit down on one of the puppies. We now take any major credit card or debit card as a payment option. It is very safe and secure. We don't get your info, it goes right to Pay-Pal and you don't have to have a Pay-Pal account to make the payment. You can also come out in person and put your deposit down in cash, it's up to you. The puppies, mom and dad are in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee and that's where you would come and get the puppy. If you are to far away to come and get the puppy I can deliver the puppy to you personally myself for a reasonable fee. I have been breeding dogs for many years and I love it very much. I have a business license to raise and sell puppies in the state of Tennessee called Johnson's Labrador Retrievers. Check out my website at http://www.johnsonslabradorretrievers.com Thank you and God Bless! Ad location: Murfreesboro, Tennessee
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NewsFri Dec 10, 2010 - 11:25 am EST
UN and Planned Parenthood seek to decriminalize willful HIV infection
(Co-authored by Tyler Ament)
NEW YORK, December 9 (C-FAM) - A new campaign seeks to eliminate disclosure laws which require HIV positive individuals to inform their sex partners of their potentially deadly infection.
The campaign is led by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and UNAIDS, an umbrella group of UN agencies. Notably absent from this campaign is any recognition of the danger posed for the possible victims of a willful refusal to disclose HIV status.
As part of the campaign, IPPF released a collection of interviews entitled "Behind Bars", which implies that such criminal laws fuel stigma against HIV persons. Proponents of criminal laws assert, however, they are designed to help protect and prevent sexual partners from contracting a potentially deadly virus.
Some of the testimony of the interviewees in "Behind Bars" directly contradicts the assertions made by IPPF. An Egyptian doctor states that irresponsible behavior which results in a car accident deserves punishment just like the failure to disclose one's HIV status before engaging in sexual activity deserves punishment: "In the same way, if someone who knows that he is HIV positive is careless and just allows my son or my daughter to become HIV infected I would feel the same."
"Behind Bars" is part of a larger IPPF campaign, "Criminalize Hate Not HIV," launched at the International Aids Conference in Vienna in July. IPPF describes laws that make willful transmission of HIV to another person as too-costly, hindrances to prevention, and stigmatizing. The video promo for the campaign depicts various sexual scenes and appears to promote homosexual sex, drug use, and prostitution, which are listed by the Center for Disease Control as three of the most high risk behaviors responsible for the transmission of HIV.
"This clearly shows that IPPF believes that illicit sex is more important that life itself – and they are willing to risk other people's lives to advance their sexual agenda," said Wendy Wright, President of Concerned Women for America.
UNAIDS and the World Health Organization sponsored this year's International Aids Conference. IPPF and UNAIDS collaborated in sponsoring the "Stigma Index", whose website contains a major section calling for the decriminalization of HIV transmission.
IPPF contends, "The drive for criminalization of willful transmission of HIV is proving a costly intervention – in terms of time and money spent on investigating individual's private lives and determining the burden of proof – and seems to have had limited impact on HIV prevention."
However, Wendy Wright told C-Fam's Friday Fax that the costs of enforcing the laws are dwarfed in comparison to the costs associated with HIV/AIDS.
In March, IPPF made available their sex guide [EXPLICIT], "Healthy, Happy, and Hot" at a UN event sponsored by the Girl Scouts. The brochure states, "Some countries have laws that violate the right of young people living with HIV to decide whether to disclose…These laws violate the rights of people living with HIV by forcing them to disclose or face the possibility of criminal charges."
This article reprinted with permission from www.c-fam.org
Can you donate just $5 for PRO-LIFE?
LifeSite is the #1 most-read pro-life website on the Internet. But we urgently need your help to hit our spring campaign goal today.
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8 Responses to "WE'RE SO SORRY:"
I can't recall any of this. Was there a promo film of Uncle Albert?
Or could it be "I was in Paris waiting for a flight when this guy came up and said…have you got a light?" -
James Paul McCartney special but hmmm 1971 Miss Tammy? I think that's 1973.. March to be exact.
I guess these were taken on the set of the TV film.
Good God, I always found Linda to be very attractive, but she is SMOKIN' hot here.
Preach it, brother!
Linder's beauty could not be captured with inadequate vocabulary from any land. She was not just a vision…but an aura…an energy that was definitely polarized and it's own best magnifier. She radiated the happiness of a child and had eyes like the sky…which made her the perfect reflector for Paul to see himself in. I am completely thrilled to see the expressions on Paul's face in these pics. Has Paul EVER looked so completely complete? And that's in a way that that means her love belongs to him…but her beauty belongs to everyone! And he knows it!
Maybe, even the prettiest star in the sky…
(the beginning) -
Here's the video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81AsPshMKxo -
is he wearing one of his old pairs of Beatles boots on these pix?


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The art of Turkish marbling is called ebru. The technique is the transfer of color to paper without using a paintbrush.
Continue Reading »Voices and Visions and the BAACare asking artists to create works representing what "Islam Is..." to them for an art exhibit at the John Waldron Arts Center.
Continue Reading »Calligraphy is considered by many the highest form of Islamic art. Many calligraphers strive to beautify written Arabic to make it worthy of god.
Continue Reading »Indiana University's Christiane Gruber says there is one art form that virtually every "Islamic" culture prizes – calligraphy.
Continue Reading »


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GRAEME Swann and Tim Bresnan have been called up by England for next month's Champions Trophy after recovering from elbow injuries, with selectors deciding against resting the bowlers ahead of the Ashes series against Australia.
Swann and Bresnan, who have only just returned to action with their English county sides after missing the recent tour of New Zealand, are likely to be key members of England's team as they seek a first 50-over ICC trophy.
"They are all priorities this summer," national selector Geoff Miller, when asked whether the Ashes was more important than the Champions Trophy.
"This is a big series for us ... the medical staff have given them a pass and we are confident they can come through this.
"We'll just monitor how they are adapting and coping with the slight injuries they've had. They've shown that they are now past those injuries and ready to perform."
With Kevin Pietersen out with a knee injury, Ravi Bopara was recalled to a 15-man squad as one of seven batsmen and among the six survivors - along with Bresnan and Swann - from the last Champions Trophy in 2009.
Bopara has not played for England since September and has been in and out of the international set-up in all three formats, although he has played 83 ODIs, averaging more than 30.
"He's been given another opportunity because we know what he's capable of doing," Miller said. "He's got all the assets to his game - there's the bowling aspect which has come on very, very well, batting-wise we know what he's capable of doing, and he's very good in the field as well."
Chris Woakes got the nod over Jade Dernbach for the final seamer berth.
England will use the same squad for the three-match one-day series against New Zealand that precedes the Champions Trophy, which England hosts from June 6.
Pietersen won't be back until after the Champions Trophy, which is hosted by England and Wales with games staged in Birmingham, Cardiff and London, but is looking to return in time for the Ashes.
"We've performed well without Pietersen before," Miller said. "He's world class and you want world class in your side, but it's not to be on this occasion.
"He's got his knee problem but we've still got players that can take his place. We're quietly confident we can do well, with or without Kevin Pietersen."
England squad: Alastair Cook (captain), James Anderson, Jonny Bairstow, Ian Bell, Ravi Bopara, Tim Bresnan, Stuart Broad, Jos Buttler, Steven Finn, Eoin Morgan, Joe Root, Graeme Swann, James Tredwell, Jonathan Trott, Chris Woakes.


text: Meta Battle Subway PokeBase - Pokemon Q&A Login Register All Activity Questions Unanswered Tags Users Ask a Question Rules Chat Recent questions tagged last-resort 0 votes 1 answer 170 views I love these odd sets so much... phys porygon-z anyone? asked Nov 6, 2016 by Hoen King porygon-z adaptability competitive items oras last-resort 0 votes 1 answer 439 views Sketch+last resort?? (Read description)? asked Mar 8, 2015 by Mr.Trainer29 smeargle sketch last-resort 0 votes 2 answers 1,241 views Will using Choice Scarf/Band + Last Resort work even though it is its only move? asked Jun 21, 2014 by Toxicroak last-resort choice-items 0 votes 2 answers 1,305 views Last Resort or Sky Attack for Togekiss? asked Apr 13, 2013 by Oriodian togekiss last-resort movesets 0 votes 2 answers 636 views What if i use fling on my oppenent? asked May 27, 2012 by thepokemontrainerfan last-resort platinum stone evolution froslass 6 votes 2 answers 1,483 views Can I use last resort if it's the only move on my Pokemon? asked Apr 16, 2012 by Danny last-resort 1 vote 1 answer 577 views If my Togepi were to learn Last Resort, how could I use it if Togepi also learnt Baton Pass? asked Feb 3, 2012 by omg698 last-resort moves 2 votes 1 answer 1,093 views Is it possible to have Last Resort and one other move ONLY, and still be able to use Last Resort properly? asked Oct 20, 2011 by Sam Sam Sam Sam last-resort moves 1 vote 2 answers 2,497 views If last resort is your only move.. asked Sep 3, 2011 by Tysonyoshi last-resort 1 vote 2 answers 1,648 views How does Last Resort work? asked Dec 3, 2010 by Xapper last-resort explain To see more, click for the full list of questions or popular tags. Useful Meta Posts Vote for Sun/Moon moveset questions How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ


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- Nimetön
- Etelä-Afrikka, Nainen, 25-30
- Aloitteleva kulkuri
- 3 Arviot
Staff at hotel failed to pick up my hostel world booking so I was forced to reserve my place through the hotel directly the day I was flying out (this meant a second reservation fee), never had problems with hostel world before and use it for all my travels but I will be hesitant in the future. The hotel itself however was lovely and clean and the staff were friendly.
Tee varaus matkan varrella uusien Hostelworld-matkapuhelinsovellusten avulla.


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Review: G-Recorder backs up Skype convos to Gmail
Generic Company Place Holder G-Recorder Standard
PCWorld Rating
Although you can search through your Skype chat history with the simple CTRL + F hotkey (same as the Windows search function), you may prefer to instead have your Skype chat history automatically archived in your email account instead. After all, Skype doesn't by default provide an easy way for you to back up your chat and call history.
G-Recorder fills that niche by allowing Gmail account holders to back up their voice calls and chat messages in their email accounts where, of course, it is all fully searchable (which is perfect for anyone who spends a lot of time on the road and needs to access business calls and discussions). All audio calls are stored in your Gmail account as MP3 files, which makes it easy to play them back.
A Standard license costs $25, and a professional paid license is $40. Both are lifetime licenses. You can get a 14-day trial of either one to see if it's for you. This is one service I have absolutely no problem paying for.


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Kids Can Learn Roman Numerals
- Publisher: WebMetrics Software
- Genre: Education
- Released: 16 Nov, 2009
- Size: 1.3 MB
- Price: $0.99
- App Store Info
Kids Can Learn Roman Numerals teaches kids about Roman numerals. Most kids have to learn about Roman numerals in elementary school, so we provide an easy way for kids to learn and test their skills.Our software covers the Roman numerals 1 to 4999.
A Roman numeral converter is provided for converting between roman numerals and numbers.
Two levels of testing are provided. Level 1 matches the numbers and the numerals. Level 2 asks for a fill in the blank answer for mastering Roman numerals.
Scoring can be turned on or off for parents who do not like to use a point system.
What's New in Version 1.1
Changed graphics.Added ability to cycle through the Roman Numerals


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Up to 56% Off Online
Home, sweet Home: the "K4 Compact Home" high-pressure cleaner with water-cooled motor - for cleanliness around the home! This machine is compact with two handles and a telescopic handle - for easy transport and space-saving storage. The extra Home Kit contains the T250 surface cleaner for splash-free cleaning of large areas and 3-in-1 stone and facade cleaner (1l). This machine also features a Quick Connect gun, 6 m high-pressure hose, Vario Power spray lance (VPS) with twist action pressure regulation dirt blaster with powerful rotating pencil jet for removing stubborn dirt and water filter for pump protection. Two year manufacturer's warranty from date of purchase..
Karcher is the world's largest manufacturer of cleaning machines for indoor and outdoor use. Since inventing the pressure washer in 1950, Kärcher has gone on to develop a vast range of equipment for industrial, commercial and domestic application. Kärcher is a truly global business with turnover in excess of 1.4billion Euros. All equipment is designed and developed in Germany.
Kärcher is most famous as the world leader in pressure washers with over 60% of the total UK market. Kärcher manufacture two distinct ranges of pressure washer; the professional type (sometimes referred to as commercial or industrial) and the domestic type (sometimes referred to as DIY or consumer).
Kärcher's professional range of pressure washers is not readily available on the high street or in DIY superstores. A key feature of professional machines is their ability to deliver a greater volume of water at high pressure. Pressure Washers that deliver more water can clean with greater speed and efficiency. For this reason, when choosing a high pressure cleaner, water flow is usually more significant than pressure. The professional range is also far more rugged in design. In professional machines every major component is upgraded to provide optimum power, durability and prolonged service life.
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For more information call Euro Car Parts Customer Services Department on +44 (0) 203 788 7842 or Email the customer service department at email@example.com


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2000m. On an ergo. As fast as you can.
Sounds simple. It is. It is also torture. It is sort of hard to describe to people who have never done one, so I won't try. (Most of my readers I assume are boaties though => will have done a 2K before).
Anyway, this is what goes through my head while in the throes of a 2K ergo. I have done enough of them now that I pretty much always shout the same shit at myself, so this is a really quite accurate representation.
So, your entire day has been ruined by the fact you have to do a 2K at the end of it but you've finally arrived at your place of 2K-age. The ergs are all lined up and mocking you. Bastards. I usually at this point decide to be an antisocial bastard and plug into my mp3 player and put it on LOUD. This was my song of choice. EPIC. (I challenge you to put this through some headphones really loud and not feel like a complete hero afterwards).
So I listened to this in a completely immersive can-hear-nothing-else sort of way for a good old while until I felt like Thor and in a mood to completely smash that ergo in the face.
So yes, there I was in Goldie with trance leaking out from my headphones, essentially looking like a complete pillock. Bothered? Nope!
The whole 'feeling like a Norse God' thing was a little ruined by my glutes exploding with pain when I sat on the ergo. I can honestly say I have never been so ruined before starting a 2K. It was a little upsetting to be honest, when the act of simply sitting on an ergo made me whimper a bit.
But it was OK. I then made The Choice. I can summarise The Choice thus:
This has also been nicely put in another blog I read as "Choosing the Wrench". To the uninitiated it's rather acronym-y: blog writer is does CrossFit which to my knowledge is a US thing (I've certainly not heard of it over here, but them I not exactly moving in the right circles to hear about it) and WOD = workout of the day. However, I think the "because fuck you, that's why" approach is appropriate here.
What you do at 800m to go when the shit really hits the fan is a choice. You can stop or pull less hard and make the pain go away or you can fucking push harder and not let the erg get the better of you. You have to go to that place because you expect it of the crew around you and they expect it of you. If you have any self respect you expect if of yourself. 800m to go is like standing on the edge of an abyss which you must either throw yourself into, pain be damned, or turn and run away from. It is a primeval choice - fight or flight. And you must choose.
So then, everyone has warmed up and a deathly silence falls. You wait. You come to front stops and there is silence.
It seems like an eternity.
Then someone says 'go' and all hell breaks loose.
If you are not a badgering retard you will quickly settle away from r50 ridiculouso splits. I do this by swearing at myself. (You will see that this is a common theme).
The first K I usually fine passes without much thought. It certainly passes much faster than the second... It should in general feel "alright" (if it doesn't I tell myself that it does) - not comfortable "alright", but not balls-to-the-line yet. You hold your split. You get the 1 min barrier thing when the aerobic system kicks in but you know that is nothing.
The K passes. Shit gets real.
The mental battle begins.
I truely believe that a 2K test is made or broken by what you do with 800-500m to go. If you fuck up this, there is no return and you'll fuck up the entire test.
My sprint begins at 650m to go. The hammer falls.
I. WILL. NOT. LOSE. ANOTHER. BOAT. RACE. Quite literally, FUCK YOU OXFORD. FUCK YOU.
At this point I regret starting the sprint earlier. But 500m is nothing, right? Right?
The last 500m lasts FOREVER.
You are by now in a very strange place where nothing in the world matters but the split on the screen, the number of metres left to go and how fucking fast you can do it.
Kitchen sink is thrown at ergo. You have to do it stroke by bastarding stroke but you do it.
The is no pain, no surroundings, no anything but those decreasing numbers. You throw yourself into the abyss.
The metres fall to zero and there is nothing but pain.
I fucking hate the way it hurts the most just after you finish. Those 10 seconds after finishing a 2K are really quite something. Everything in your body is screaming at you but you feel so alive. The knowledge that you have truly ruined yourself while you lie immovable on the floor, or slumped in your footwell at the end of a race trying to breathe. It is living. It is why we row.
Till next time, ergo. Till next time.


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Pink Daisy Print Pants
$ 15.99
Runway inspired, ready-to-wear. Dress them up with pumps or down with flats either way, these pants are easy, breezy, and beautifully in style. Slim legs.Lined Shorts. Drawstring pull-on waist; Elasticized Ankel. Two Front Pockets. A pair of chiffon harem pants featuring a smocked waist. Slanted front pockets. Elasticized leg openings.


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Audi 80 GLS, 1978
The second generation of the success model Audi 80 was presented in Nuremburg on 30 August 1978. Designer Giugiaro was responsible for the elegant body form. Until the autumn of 1981, the top equipment version was the Audi 80 GLS. The GLS was only available with two different 75 hp 1.6-litre 4-cylinder engines and was succeeded by the Audi 80 CD in the autumn of 1981.
Engine: 4- and 5-cylinder petrol engine
4-cylinder diesel engine (also as turbodiesel)
Displacement: 1,272 cc to 2,144 cc
Power: from 55 hp at 5,800 rpm to 136 hp at 5,900 rpm
Series: 08/1978-07/1986
Production: 1,351,773 cars


text:
Component structure for nonstationary time series: Application to benchmark oil prices
The oil market is characterized by several hundreds of different grades of crude extracted from various locations on the planet, but prices of those grades are structured with reference to only a handful of benchmark varieties. In this context, the ability to predict near term benchmark oil prices takes on special importance. In this paper, we explore an approach to model the benchmark oil price behaviors using a structure of permanent and transitory components. This initial attempt seems very encouraging at least with respect to one-week ahead forecast and deserves further investigation. In contrast to the equities, the weekly oil permanent components do not seem to be explainable by fundamental factors. However, the returns of the short-run, transitory oil components or cycles, which differ in terms of their degrees of persistence, are mostly affected by contagion spillovers and not by the fundamentals. Their volatilities vary slightly in terms of their sensitivity to major geopolitical events. The overall findings underscore the importance of benefiting more from spillover-catching strategies over diversification ones in the short-run.
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Volume (Year): 17 (2008)
Issue (Month): 5 (December)
Pages: 971-983
Handle: | RePEc:eee:finana:v:17:y:2008:i:5:p:971-983 |
Contact details of provider: | Web page: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620166 |
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Andrew C. Harvey, 1990. "The Econometric Analysis of Time Series, 2nd Edition," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 2, volume 1, number 026208189x, September.
- Ming Chien Lo & Jeremy M. Piger, 2003.
"Is the response of output to monetary policy asymmetric? evidence from a regime-switching coefficients model,"
Working Papers
2001-022, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
- Lo, Ming Chien & Piger, Jeremy, 2005. "Is the Response of Output to Monetary Policy Asymmetric? Evidence from a Regime-Switching Coefficients Model," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 37(5), pages 865-886, October.
- Chang-Jin Kim & Jeremy Piger, 2000.
"Common Stochastic Trends, Common Cycles, and Asymmetry in Economic Fluctuations,"
Working Papers
0021, University of Washington, Department of Economics.
- Kim, Chang-Jin & Piger, Jeremy, 2002. "Common stochastic trends, common cycles, and asymmetry in economic fluctuations," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(6), pages 1189-1211, September.
- Chang-Jin Kim & Jeremy Piger, 2000. "Common Stochastic Trends, Common Cycles, and Asymmetry in Economic Fluctuations," Discussion Papers in Economics at the University of Washington 0021, Department of Economics at the University of Washington.
- Chang-Jin Kim & Jeremy M. Piger, 2000. "Common stochastic trends, common cycles, and asymmetry in economic fluctuations," International Finance Discussion Papers 681, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Chang-Jin Kim & Jeremy M. Piger, 2001. "Common stochastic trends, common cycles, and asymmetry in economic fluctuations," Working Papers 2001-014, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
- Chang-Jin Kim & Jeremy Piger, 2000. "Common Stochastic Trends, Common Cycles, and Asymmetry in Economic Fluctuations," Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers 1465, Econometric Society.
- Lien, Donald & Wilson, Bradley K., 2001. "Multiperiod hedging in the presence of stochastic volatility," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 10(4), pages 395-406.
- Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Li, Huimin & Jeon, Bang, 2003. "Causality and volatility spillovers among petroleum prices of WTI, gasoline and heating oil in different locations," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 89-114, March.
- Bali, Turan G. & Weinbaum, David, 2007. "A conditional extreme value volatility estimator based on high-frequency returns," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 361-397, February.
- Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Li, Huimin, 2008. "Sudden changes in volatility in emerging markets: The case of Gulf Arab stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 47-63.
- Eduardo Schwartz & James E. Smith, 2000. "Short-Term Variations and Long-Term Dynamics in Commodity Prices," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(7), pages 893-911, July.
- Hillard G. Huntington, 1994. "Oil Price Forecasting in the 1980s: What Went Wrong?," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 2), pages 1-22.
- Shirvani, Hassan & Wilbratte, Barry, 2007. "The permanent-transitory decomposition of the stock markets of the G7 countries: A multivariate approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(2), pages 352-365, May.
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