text:
Peacebuilding is an intervention that is designed to prevent the start or resumption of violent conflict by creating a sustainable peace. Peacebuilding activities address the root causes or potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful conflict resolution and stabilize society politically and socioeconomically.
The activities included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule of law mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. Researchers and practitioners also increasingly find that peacebuilding is most effective and durable when it relies upon local conceptions of peace and the underlying dynamics which foster or enable conflict.[1]
The exact definition varies depending on the actor, with some definitions specifying what activities fall within the scope of peacebuilding or restricting peacebuilding to post-conflict interventions.
Even if peacebuilding has remained a largely amorphous concept without clear guidelines or goals,[2] common to all definitions is the agreement that improving human security is the central task of peacebuilding. In this sense, peacebuilding includes a wide range of efforts by diverse actors in government and civil society at the community, national and international levels to address the root causes of violence and ensure civilians have freedom from fear (negative peace), freedom from want (positive peace) and freedom from humiliation before, during, and after violent conflict.
Although many of peacebuilding's aims overlap with those of peacemaking, peacekeeping and conflict resolution, it is a distinct idea. Peacemaking involves stopping an ongoing conflict, whereas peacebuilding happens before a conflict starts or once it ends. Peacekeeping prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict; it does not address the underlying causes of violence or work to create societal change, as peacebuiding does. It also differs from peacebuilding in that it only occurs after conflict ends, not before it begins. Conflict resolution does not include some components of peacebuilding, such as state building and socioeconomic development.
In 2007, the UN Secretary-General's Policy Committee defined peacebuilding as follows: "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and sustainable development. Peacebuilding strategies must be coherent and tailored to specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives."[3]
Approaches to peacebuilding[edit]
There are two broad approaches to peacebuilding.
First, peacebuilding can refer to direct work that intentionally focuses on addressing the factors driving or mitigating conflict. When applying the term "peacebuilding" to this work, there is an explicit attempt by those designing and planning a peacebuilding effort to reduce structural or direct violence.
Second, the term peacebuilding can also refer to efforts to coordinate a multi-level, multisectoral strategy, including ensuring that there is funding and proper communication and coordination mechanisms between humanitarian assistance, development, governance, security, justice and other sectors that may not use the term "peacebuilding" to describe themselves. The concept is not one to impose on specific sectors. Rather some scholars use the term peacebuilding is an overarching concept useful for describing a range of interrelated efforts.
While some use the term to refer to only post-conflict or post-war contexts, most use the term more broadly to refer to any stage of conflict. Before conflict becomes violent, preventive peacebuilding efforts, such as diplomatic, economic development, social, educational, health, legal and security sector reform programs, address potential sources of instability and violence. This is also termed conflict prevention. Peacebuilding efforts aim to manage, mitigate, resolve and transform central aspects of the conflict through official diplomacy as well as through civil society peace processes and informal dialogue, negotiation, and mediation. Peacebuilding addresses economic, social and political root causes of violence and fosters reconciliation to prevent the return of structural and direct violence. Peacebuilding efforts aim to change beliefs, attitudes and behaviors to transform the short and long term dynamics between individuals and groups toward a more stable, peaceful coexistence. Peacebuilding is an approach to an entire set of interrelated efforts that support peace.
In the 1970s, Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung first created the term peacebuilding through his promotion of systems that would create sustainable peace. Such systems needed to address the root causes of conflict and support local capacity for peace management and conflict resolution.[3] Galtung's work emphasized a bottom-up approach that decentralized social and economic structures, amounting to a call for a societal shift from structures of coercion and violence to a culture of peace. American sociologist John Paul Lederach proposed a different concept of peacebuilding as engaging grassroots, local, NGO, international and other actors to create a sustainable peace process. He does not advocate the same degree of structural change as Galtung.[4]
Peacebuilding has since expanded to include many different dimensions, such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and rebuilding governmental, economic and civil society institutions.[3] The concept was popularized in the international community through UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali's 1992 report An Agenda for Peace. The report defined post-conflict peacebuilding as an "action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict"[5] At the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations began creating a peacebuilding architecture based on Kofi Annan's proposals.[6] The proposal called for three organizations: the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was founded in 2005; the UN Peacebuilding Fund, founded in 2006; and the UN Peacebuilding Support Office, which was created in 2005. These three organizations enable the Secretary-General to coordinate the UN's peacebuilding efforts.[7] National governments' interest in the topic has also increased due to fears that failed states serve as breeding grounds for conflict and extremism and thus threaten international security. Some states have begun to view peacebuilding as a way to demonstrate their relevance.[8] However, peacebuilding activities continue to account for small percentages of states' budgets.[9]
The Marshall Plan was a long-term postconflict peacebuilding intervention in Europe with which the United States aimed to rebuild the continent following the destruction of World War II. The Plan successfully promoted economic development in the areas it funded.[10] More recently, peacebuilding has been implemented in postconflict situations in countries including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Northern Ireland, Cyprus and South Africa.[11]
Components of peacebuilding[edit]
The hits included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule of law mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. To accomplish these goals, peacebuilding must address functional structures, emotional conditions and social psychology, social stability, rule of law and ethics and cultural sensitivities.[12]
Preconflict peacebuilding interventions aim to prevent the start of violent conflict.[13] These strategies involve a variety of actors and sectors in order to transform the conflict.[14] Even though the definition of peacebuilding includes preconflict interventions, in practice most peacebuilding interventions are postconflict.[15] However, many peacebuilding scholars advocate an increased focus on preconflict peacebuilding in the future.[13][14]
There are many different approaches to categorization of forms of peacebuilding among the peacebuilding field's many scholars.
Barnett et al. divides postconflict peacebuilding into three dimensions: stabilizing the post-conflict zone, restoring state institutions and dealing with social and economic issues. Activities within the first dimension reinforce state stability post-conflict and discourage former combatants from returning to war (disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, or DDR). Second dimension activities build state capacity to provide basic public goods and increase state legitimacy. Programs in the third dimension build a post-conflict society's ability to manage conflicts peacefully and promote socioeconomic development.[16]
1st Dimension | 2nd Dimension | 3rd Dimension | ||
A mixture of locally and internationally focused components is key to building a long-term sustainable peace.[12][17] Mac Ginty says that while different "indigenous" communities utilize different conflict resolution techniques, most of them share the common characteristics described in the table. Since indigenous peacebuilding practices arise from local communities, they are tailored to local context and culture in a way that generalized international peacebuilding approaches are not.[18]
Local, customary and traditional | International |
Major organizations[edit]
Intergovernmental organizations[edit]
The United Nations participates in many aspects of peacebuilding, both through the peacebuilding architecture established in 2005-6 and through other agencies.
- Peacebuilding architecture
- UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC): intergovernmental advisory body[7] that brings together key actors, gathers resources, advises on strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and highlights issues that might undermine peace.[19]
- UN Peacebuilding Fund (PBF): supports peacebuilding activities that directly promote post-conflict stabilization and strengthen state and institutional capacity. PBF funding is either given for a maximum of two years immediately following conflict to jumpstart peacebuilding and recovery needs or given for up to three years to create a more structured peacebuilding process.[20]
- UN Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO): supports the Peacebuilding Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding Fund and helps the Secretary-General coordinate UN agencies' peacebuilding efforts.[7]
- Other agencies
- Peacebuilding Portal: provides information and develops communication networks in the peacebuilding community to build local, national, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations' capacity
- UN Department of Political Affairs: postconflict peacebuilding
- UN Development Programme: conflict prevention, peacebuilding, postconflict recovery[21]
The World Bank and International Monetary Fund focus on the economic and financial aspects of peacebuilding. The World Bank assists in post-conflict reconstruction and recovery by helping rebuild society's socioeconomic framework. The International Monetary Fund deals with post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding by acting to restore assets and production levels.[21]
The EU's European Commission describes its peacebuilding activities as conflict prevention and management, and rehabilitation and reconstruction. Conflict prevention and management entails stopping the imminent outbreak of violence and encouraging a broad peace process. Rehabilitation and reconstruction deals with rebuilding the local economy and institutional capacity.[22] The European Commission Conflict Prevention and Peace building 2001-2010 was subjected to a major external evaluation conducted by Aide a la Decisions Economique (ADE) with the European Centre for Development Policy Management which was presented in 2011.[23] The European External Action Service created in 2010 also has a specific Division of Conflict Prevention, Peacebuilding and Mediation.
Governmental organizations[edit]
- French Ministry of Defence: operations include peacekeeping, political and constitutional processes, democratization, administrative state capacity, technical assistance for public finance and tax policy, and support for independent media
- French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs: supports peace consolidation, including monitoring compliance with arms embargoes, deployment of peacekeeping troops, DDR, and deployment of police and gendarmerie in support of the rule of law
- French Development Agency: focuses on crisis prevention through humanitarian action and development
- German Federal Foreign Office: assists with conflict resolution and postconflict peacebuilding, including the establishment of stable state structures (rule of law, democracy, human rights, and security) and the creation of the potential for peace within civil society, the media, cultural affairs and education
- German Federal Ministry of Defence: deals with the destruction of a country's infrastructure resulting from intrastate conflict, security forces reform, demobilization of combatants, rebuilding the justice system and government structures and preparations for elections
- German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development: addresses economic, social, ecological, and political conditions to help eliminate the structural causes of conflict and promote peaceful conflict management; issues addressed include poverty reduction, pro-poor sustainable economic growth, good governance and democracy
- Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA): following the bill passed by the Swiss Federal Parliament in 2004 which outlined various measures for civil peacebuilding and human rights strengthening, the Human Security Division (HSD) of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) has been responsible for implementing measures which serve to promote human security around the world. It is the competence centre for peace, human rights and humanitarian policy, and for Switzerland's migration foreign policy.[24] To this end, the FDFA gets a line of credit to be renewed and approved by Parliament every four years (it was CHF 310 million for the 2012–2016 period.) Its main peacebuilding programmes focus on 1. the African Great Lakes region (Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo), 2. Sudan, South Sudan and the Horn of Africa, 3. West Africa and Sahel, 4. Middle East, 5. Nepal, 6. South Eastern Europe and 7. Colombia.
United Kingdom
- UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office: performs a range of reconstruction activities required in the immediate aftermath of conflict
- UK Ministry of Defence: deals with long-term activities addressing the underlying causes of conflict and the needs of the people
- UK Department for International Development: works on conflict prevention (short-term activities to prevent the outbreak or recurrence of violent conflict) and peacebuilding (medium- and long-term actions to address the factors underlying violent conflict), including DDR programs; building the public institutions that provide security, transitional justice and reconciliation; and providing basic social services
United States
- United States Department of State: aids postconflict states in establishing the basis for a lasting peace, good governance and sustainable development
- United States Department of Defense: assists with reconstruction, including humanitarian assistance, public health, infrastructure, economic development, rule of law, civil administration and media; and stabilization, including security forces, communication skills, humanitarian capabilities and area expertise
- United States Agency for International Development: performs immediate interventions to build momentum in support of the peace process including supporting peace negotiations; building citizen security; promoting reconciliation; and expanding democratic political processes[25]
- United States Institute of Peace:
Nongovernmental organizations[edit]
- Alliance for Peacebuilding: Washington D.C.-based nonprofit that works to prevent and resolve violent conflict through collaboration between government, intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations; and to increase awareness of peacebuilding policies and best practices
- Berghof Foundation: Berlin-based independent, non-governmental and non-profit organisation that supports efforts to prevent political and social violence, and to achieve sustainable peace through conflict transformation.
- Catholic Relief Services: Baltimore-based Catholic humanitarian agency that provides emergency relief post-disaster or post-conflict and encourages long-term development through peacebuilding and other activities
- Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War: Organisation in London that promotes peacebuilding as an alternative to military security via a Peace Tax Bill and reform of the £1 billion UK Conflict, Stability and Security Fund.
- Conciliation Resources: London-based independent organisation working with people in conflict to prevent violence and build peace.
- Crisis Management Initiative: Helsinki-based organization that works to resolve conflict and build sustainable peace by bringing international peacebuilding experts and local leaders together
- IIDA Women's Development Organisation is a Somali non-profit, politically independent, non-governmental organisation, created by women in order to work for peacebuilding and women's rights defence in Somalia.
- Initiatives of Change: global organization dedicated to "building trust across the world's divides" (of culture, nationality, belief, and background), involved in peacebuilding and peace consolidation since 1946[26] and currently in the Great Lakes area of Africa,[27] Sierra Leone and other areas of conflict.
- International Alert: London-based charity that works with people affected by violent conflict to improve their prospects for peace and helps shape and strength peacebuilding policies and practices
- International Crisis Group: Brussels-based nonprofit that gives advice to governments and intergovernmental organizations on the prevention and resolution of deadly conflict
- Interpeace: Geneva-based nonprofit and strategic partner of the United Nations that works to build lasting peace by following five core principles that put people at the center of the peacebuilding process
- Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group: Since 1992 models and supports relationships among adversaries, while creating how-to documentary films. From 2003-2007, with Camp Tawonga brought hundreds of adults and youth from 50 towns in Palestine and Israel to successfully live and communicate together at the Palestinian-Jewish Family Peacemakers Camp—Oseh Shalom - Sanea al-Salam [28]
- Peace Direct: London-based charity that provides financial and administrative assistance to grassroots peacebuilding efforts and increases international awareness of both specific projects and grassroots peacebuilding in general;
- Saferworld: UK-based independent international organisation working to prevent violent conflict and build safer lives;
- Search for Common Ground: international organization founded in 1982 and working in 35 countries that uses evidence-based approaches to transform the way communities deal with conflict towards cooperative solutions;
- Seeds of Peace: New York City-based nonprofit that works to empower youth from areas of conflict by inviting them to an international camp in Maine for leadership training and relationship building;
- United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY Peacebuilders): The Hague-based network of young leaders and youth organizations that facilitates affiliated organizations' peacebuilding efforts through networking, sharing information, research and fundraising
- Tuesday's Children: New York-based organization that brings together teens, ages 15–20, from the New York City area and around the world who share a "common bond"—the loss of a family member due to an act of terrorism. Launched in 2008, Project COMMON BOND has so far helped 308 teenagers from 15 different countries and territories turn their experiences losing a loved one to terrorism into positive actions that can help others exposed to similar tragedy. Participants share the vision of the program to "Let Our Past Change the Future." [29]
- Karuna Center for Peacebuilding: U.S.-based international nonprofit organization that leads training and programs in post-conflict peacebuilding for government, development institutions, civil society organizations, and local communities
- Nonviolent Peaceforce: Brussels-based nonprofit that promotes and implements unarmed civilian peacekeeping as a tool for reducing violence and protecting civilians in situations of violent conflict
Research and academic institutes[edit]
- Center for Justice and Peacebuilding: academic program at Eastern Mennonite University; promotes peacebuilding, creation care, experiential learning, and cross-cultural engagement; teachings are based on Mennonite Christianity
- Center for Peacebuilding and Development: academic center at American University's School of International Service; promotes cross-cultural development of research and practices in peace education, civic engagement, nonviolent resistance, conflict resolution, religion and peace, and peacebuilding
- Irish Peace Institute: promotes peace and reconciliation in Ireland and works to apply lessons from Ireland's conflict resolution to other conflicts
- Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies: degree-granting institute at the University of Notre Dame; promotes research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace
- United States Institute of Peace: non-partisan federal institution that works to prevent or end violent conflict around the world by sponsoring research and using it to inform actions
- University for Peace: international institution of higher education located in Costa Rica; aims to promote peace by engaging in teaching, research, training and dissemination of knowledge necessary for building peace
- swisspeace: a practice-oriented peace research institute that is associated with the University of Basel, Switzerland; analyzes the causes of violent conflicts and develops strategies for their peaceful transformation.
Role of women[edit]
Women have traditionally played a limited role in peacebuilding processes even though they often bear the responsibility for providing for their families' basic needs in the aftermath of violent conflict. They are especially likely to be unrepresented or underrepresented in negotiations, political decision-making, upper-level policymaking and senior judicial positions. Many societies' patriarchal cultures prevent them from recognizing the role women can play in peacebuilding.[30] However, many peacebuilding academics and the United Nations have recognized that women play a vital role in securing the three pillars of sustainable peace: economic recovery and reconciliation, social cohesion and development and political legitimacy, security and governance.[31][32]
At the request of the Security Council, the Secretary-General issued a report on women's participation in peacebuilding in 2010. The report outlines the challenges women continue to face in participating in recovery and peacebuilding process and the negative impact this exclustion has on them and societies more broadly. To respond to these challenges, it advocates a comprehensive 7-point action plan covering the seven commitment areas: mediation; post-conflict planning; financing; civilian capacity; post-conflict governance; rule of law; and economic recovery. The action plan aims to facilitate progress on the women, peace and security agenda. The monitoring and implementation of this action plan is now being led jointly by the Peacebuilding Support Office and UN Women.[33] In April 2011, the two organizations convened a workshop to ensure that women are included in future post-disaster and post-conflict planning documents. In the same year, the PBF selected seven gender-sensitive peacebuilding projects to receive $5 million in funding.[31]
Porter discusses the growing role of female leadership in countries prone to war and its impact on peacebuilding. When the book was written, seven countries prone to violent conflict had female heads of state. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia and Michelle Bachelet of Chile were the first female heads of state from their respective countries and President Johnson-Sirleaf was the first female head of state in Africa. Both women utilized their gender to harness "the power of maternal symbolism - the hope that a woman could best close wounds left on their societies by war and dictatorship."[34]
Ongoing efforts[edit]
The UN Peacebuilding Commission works in Burundi, Central African Republic, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra Leone[35] and the UN Peacebuilding Fund funds projects in Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guatemala, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Uganda.[36] Other UN organizations are working in Haiti (MINUSTAH),[37] Lebanon,[38] Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq.
The World Bank's International Development Association maintains the Trust Fund for East Timor in Timor-Leste. The TFET has assisted reconstruction, community empowerment and local governance in the country.[39]
As part of the War in Afghanistan and the War in Iraq, the United States has invested $104 billion in reconstruction and relief efforts for the two countries. The Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund alone received $21 billion during FY2003 and FY2004.[40] The money came from the United States Department of State, United States Agency for International Development and the United States Department of Defense and included funding for security, health, education, social welfare, governance, economic growth and humanitarian issues.[41]
Civil society organisations sometimes even are working on Peacebuilding themselves. This for example is the case in Kenya, reports the magazine D+C Development and Cooperation. After the election riots in Kenya in 2008, civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, for instance the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) and peace meetings organised by the church and they supported the National Cohesion and Integration Commission.
In 2010, the UNPBC conducted a review of its work with the first four countries on its agenda.[42] An independent review by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting also highlighted some of the PBC's early successes and challenges.[43]
One comprehensive study finds that UN peacebuilding missions significantly increase the likelihood of democratization.[44]
Jennifer Hazen [2] contends there are two major debates relating to peacebuilding; the first centres on the role of the liberal democratic model in designing peacebuilding activities and measuring outcomes and the other one questions the role of third-party actors in peacebuliding.
Regarding the debate about the role of the liberal democratic model in peacebuilding, one side contends that liberal democracy is a viable end goal for peacebuilding activities in itself but that the activities implemented to achieve it need to be revised; a rushed transition to democratic elections and market economy can undermine stability and elections held or economic legislation enacted are an inappropriate yardstick for success. Institutional change is necessary and transitions need to be incremental. Another side contends that liberal democracy might be an insufficient or even inappropriate goal for peacebuilding efforts and that the focus must be on a social transformation to develop non-violent mechanisms of conflict resolution regardless of their form.[2]
With regards to the role of third-party actors, David Chandler [45] contends that external support creates dependency and undermines local and domestic politics, thus undermining autonomy and the capacity for self-governance and leaving governments weak and dependent on foreign assistance once the third-party actors depart. Since the logic of peacebuilding relies on building and strengthening institutions to alter societal beliefs and behaviour, success relies on the populations' endorsement of these institutions. Any third party attempt at institution building without genuine domestic support will result in hollow institutions - this can lead to a situation in which democratic institutions are established before domestic politics have developed in a liberal, democratic fashion, and an unstable polity.
Séverine Autesserre [46] offers a different approach, which focuses on the role of everyday practices in peacebuilding. She argue that the foreign peace builders' everyday practices, habits, and narratives strongly influence peacebuilding effectiveness.
Barnett et al. criticizes peacebuilding organizations for undertaking supply-driven rather than demand-driven peacebuilding; they provide the peacebuilding services in which their organization specializes, not necessarily those that the recipient most needs.[47] In addition, he argues that many of their actions are based on organizations precedent rather than empirical analysis of which interventions are and are not effective.[9] More recently, Ben Hillman has criticized international donor efforts to strengthen local governments in the wake of conflict. He argues that international donors typically do not have the knowledge, skills or resources to bring meaningful change to the way post-conflict societies are governed.[48][49]
Perpetuation of cultural hegemony[edit]
Many academics argue that peacebuilding is a manifestation of liberal internationalism and therefore imposes Western values and practices onto other cultures. Mac Ginty states that although peacebuilding does not project all aspects of Western culture on to the recipient states, it does transmit some of them, including concepts like neoliberalism that the West requires recipients of aid to follow more closely than most Western countries do.[50] Barnett also comments that the promotion of liberalization and democratization may undermine the peacebuilding process if security and stable institutions are not pursued concurrently.[51] Richmond has shown how 'liberal peacebuilding' represents a political encounter that may produce a post-liberal form of peace. Local and international actors, norms, institutions and interests engage with each other in various different contexts, according to their respective power relations and their different conceptions of legitimate authority structures.[52]
See also[edit]
- Conflict resolution
- Nation-building
- Peacemaking
- Peacekeeping
- State-building
- Environmental peacebuilding
- Religion and peacebuilding
- Peace and conflict studies
- ^ Coning, C (2013). "Understanding Peacebuilding as Essentially Local". Stability: International Journal of Security and Development. 2 (1): 6. doi:10.5334/sta.as.
- ^ a b c 454654, Jennifer M. (2007). "Can Peacekeepers Be Peacebuilders?". International Peacekeeping. 14 (3): 323–338. doi:10.1080/13533310701422901.
- ^ a b c Peacebuilding & The United Nations, United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office, United Nations. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ Keating XXXIV
- ^ "An Agenda for Peace". UN Secretary-General. 31 Jan 1992. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ Barnett 36
- ^ a b c "About PSBO". United Nations. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ Barnett 43
- ^ a b Barnett 53
- ^ Sandole 92, 101
- ^ Sandole 35
- ^ a b Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). "Approaches- Peacebuilding". Conflict Management Toolkit. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ a b Keating XXXVII
- ^ a b Sandole 13-14
- ^ Sandole 12
- ^ Barnett et al 49-50
- ^ Mac Ginty 212
- ^ Mac Ginty, R (2012). "Against Stabilization". Stability: International Journal of Security and Development. 1 (1): 20–30. doi:10.5334/sta.ab.
- ^ "Mandate of the Peacebuilding Commission". United Nations. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "How we fund". United Nations. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ a b Barnett et al. 38
- ^ Barnett et al. 43
- ^ ADE, Thematic Evaluation of European Commission Support to Conflict Prevention and Peace-building, Evaluation for the Evaluation Unit of DEVCO, October 2011, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/2011/1291_docs_en.htm<>
- ^ See the 2012 report of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) [1]
- ^ Barnett et al. 38-40
- ^ Edward Luttwak "Franco-German Reconciliation: The overlooked role of the Moral Re-Armament movement", in Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson (eds.), Religion, the Missing Dimension of Statecraft, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp37-63.
- ^ See the 2012 report of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA), page 20 [2]
- ^ Peacemaker Camp 2007, website
- ^ [3].
- ^ Porter 190
- ^ a b "Policy Issues". United Nations. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ Porter 184
- ^ "Women's Participation in Peacebuilding" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Porter 185
- ^ a b "United Nations Peacebuilding Commission". United Nations. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Where we fund-United Nations Peacebuilding Fund". United Nations. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Keating 120
- ^ Mac Ginty 180
- ^ Keating XLII-XLIII
- ^ Tarnoff 14
- ^ Tarnoff 2
- ^ "2010 Review". United Nations. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Moore, Jina. "United Nations Peacebuilding Commission in Africa". 9 Dec 2011. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Steinert, Janina Isabel; Grimm, Sonja (2015-11-01). "Too good to be true? United Nations peacebuilding and the democratization of war-torn states". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 32 (5): 513–535. doi:10.1177/0738894214559671. ISSN 0738-8942.
- ^ David Chandler, Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-building, London: Pluto Press, 2006.
- ^ Autesserre, Severine (2014). Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Barnett 48
- ^ Hillman, Ben (2011). "The Policymaking Dimension of Post-Conflict Governance: the Experience of Aceh, Indonesia". Conflict Security and Development. 11 (5): 133–153.
- ^ Hillman, Ben (2012). "Public Administration Reform in Post-Conflict Societies: Lessons from Aceh, Indonesia". Public Administration and Development. 33: 1–14. doi:10.1002/pad.1643.
- ^ Mac Ginty 38
- ^ Barnett 51
- ^ Oliver P Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace, Routledge, 2011
- Andersson, Ruben; Weigand, Florian (2015). "Intervention at Risk: The Vicious Cycle of Distance and Danger in Mali and Afghanistan". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 9 (4): 519–541. doi:10.1080/17502977.2015.1054655.
- Autesserre, Severine (2014). Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention. UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Barnett, Michael; Kim, Hunjoon; O'Donnell, Madalene; Sitea, Laura (2007). "Peacebuilding: What Is in a Name?". Global Governance. 13: 35–58.
- Duffield, Mark R. (2010). "Risk-Management and the Fortified Aid Compound: Everyday Life in Post-Interventionary Society". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 4 (4): 453–474. doi:10.1080/17502971003700993.
- Keating, Tom; Knight, W., eds. (2004). Building Sustainable Peace. Canada: United Nations University Press and The University of Alberta Press. ISBN 92-808-1101-0.
- Mac Ginty, Roger (2011). International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-27376-4.
- Porter, Elisabeth (2007). Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39791-9.
- Richmond, Oliver (2011). A Post-Liberal Peace. UK: Routledge.
- Sandole, Dennis (2010). Peacebuilding. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4165-2.
- Schirch, Lisa (2006) Little Book of Strategic Peacebuilding. PA: Good Books.
- Schirch, Lisa (2013) Conflict Assessment & Peacebuilding Planning. CO: Lynn Reinner Press.
- Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Vesna (2017). "Owning the Peace in International Interventions: a Delusion or a Possibility?".
- Tarnoff, Curt; Marian L. Lawson (2011). Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy (Technical report). Congressional Research Service. R40213.
External links[edit]
- Catholic Relief Services: Peacebuilding
- United Nations Peacebuilding Commission
- United Nations Rule of Law: Peacebuilding, on the relationship between peacebuilding, the rule of law and the United Nations.
- Building Cultures of Peace: Transdisciplinary Voices of Hope and Action, Elavie Ndura-Ouédraogo and Randall Amster (eds.), UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.
- Peace, Peacebuilding, Peacemaking, in: Berghof Glossary on Conflict Transformation (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Berghof Foundation. 2012. pp. 59–64. ISBN 978-3-941514-09-6. Retrieved 6 March 2015.


text:
The Black Eyed Peas hit "Boom Boom Pow" may have zoomed to the top of the charts, but lead singer Fergie has opened up about a time in her life when she hit rock bottom.
After finding success with the girl group Wild Orchid at the age of 17, Fergie found that she couldn't handle the transition from adorable child star to adult artist.
Initially life in a pop group was "fun." "I left home and moved in with one of the girls in the group, Stephanie," Fergie tells the U.K's The Sunday Times Magazine. "It was great times. I bleached my hair platinum-blonde."
But as the band tanked Fergie's the dream began to turn sour, "I thought it would be disloyal if I left, but I wasn't happy any more with the music we were doing," admits the Dutchess. "I really internalized it and found my outlet in the underground club scene and the raves."
"I had a blast but those things can only last for so long," the 34-year-old says. "I'm actually lucky that I hit it as hard as I did because it took me to a place where I knew I never wanted to do it again."
That place? A dependency on drugs.
"It started with ecstasy. I loved ecstasy. Loved it, loved it. It was great at first, then it just went…" [she mimes a crashing plane].
Then came her addiction to crystal meth.
"It ruins you," she says, admitting she became so paranoid she blacked out the windows of her apartment, convinced she was under FBI surveillance, the paper reports.
And she narrowly escaped with her life after her dealer pointed a gun to her head on a trip to East L.A. "Yeah, that was crazy" she says, 10 years after she last did drugs. "Don't mess with East L.A. Thank the lord I'm here."
But after losing everything and moving back in with her parents Fergie began to get her life together.
What about her brush with gangland L.A? "It was very alluring, very romantic," she confesses, "Well, I romanticize it. I thought it was artistic. I still think gangsters are cute."
So, how did she meet her husband of nine months, Josh Duhamel?
"I started becoming attracted to qualities that didn't involve guns and drugs and gangs," she says. "I changed my behavior through therapy and started becoming attracted to things like integrity and loyalty. Who would be a good father? Who would be a good husband?"
Sounds like Transformers hunk Josh fitted the bill!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Product Highlights
You Pay: $108.75
The AudioQuest Big Sur RCA to RCA Cable combines a host of features to provide you with audio signal transmission with reduced distortion and improved fidelity. This audio cable utilizes solid perfect-surface copper+ conductors in a double-balanced asymmetrical geometry with foamed-polyethylene insulation, a metal-layer noise dissipation system, and cold-welded gold-plated pure "purple-copper" RCA plugs.
With lesser amount of oxide, impurities, and grain boundaries, the solid perfect-surface copper+ conductors help in reducing the magnetic and electrical interference within the cable. Double-balanced asymmetrical geometry lowers the impedance on the ground plane and improves the dynamic response of the signal. The foamed-polyethylene insulation creates an air insulator around the conductors which significantly reduces the energy absorption and distortion in the cable.
This cable uses cold-weld connections for ensuring that the joints between the cable and hardware do not degrade the signal clarity. The gold-plated pure "purple-copper" RCA plugs improve electrical conductance and will not oxidize, tarnish, or corrode.
Type | RCA to RCA |
Conductor | Solid perfect-surface copper+ conductors |
Cable Length | 3.2' (1.0 m) |
Packaging Info | |
Package Weight | 0.35 lb |
Box Dimensions (LxWxH) | 8.3 x 6.1 x 1.2" |


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Welcome To
Wisconsin for Bernie Sanders 2016
Nationally-Bound District Delegate Caucuses
Sunday April 17th – 1pm sign in, 2pm caucus
Sunday May 1st – 1pm sign in, 2pm caucus
Bernie has won the Wisconsin primary! 31 district-level delegates will be going to the Democratic National Convention on behalf of Bernie at the end of July. YOU CAN VOTE FOR WHO WILL ATTEND IN YOUR DISTIRCT! All you have to do is be a registered voter, and show up to both your county caucus on SUNDAY APRIL 17th and your district caucus on SUNDAY MAY 1st to vote for the delegates of your choosing! You must attend both caucuses to vote for the nationally-bound delegates.
Click here to get more information
Find the April 17th caucus location in your county


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:) giggles.. He looks like he is wearing some of the food.Great pic
Here's looking at you! Grackles are worse than starlings. Google the suckers. We have literally million of them here.
ARGH!!! I am yelling and waving at the monitor to scare him away! Laura-They can just eat someplace else. They are messy, scary to the other birds, and quite piggish. (By the way, I don't like them much).
Good one ....
Great shot, Laura! Thanks!
What's a grackle? Don't think we have them here. Didn't know starlings were bullies. Learn something new every day. Love the pics of birds on jigidi.
They chase everything away!
The worst are the grackles. Arghhhhh!!! Those beady yellow eyes.
I know laura. That's what my niece tells me when I say I just want the little pretty birds on my feeder. She says the big ugly ones likes to eat too......sigh.
He looks a little wet. You know, lyndee, I have to keep telling myself that they need to eat, too. Sigh. Thank you very much, chickie and morris!
What chickie said!!
Nice shot Laura!
It's hard for them to hang onto my suet feeder but they try!


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The Plymouth Eagles Auxiliary #1900 presented the Marshall County Drug Free Indiana Local Coordinating Council with a check on June 22nd. These funds are to be used to continue to educate the public on the drug problem in our area and to help find a solution to the problem.
At the presentation was (from left to right is) Joanne King, Vice President; Dawna Embree, Secretary and Sherry Hann, Trustee of the Plymouth Eagles Auxiliary #1900, Mayor Mark Senter and Melody Krueger from Drug Free Indiana Local Coordinating Council
Laura Mann Correspondent.
Tags: auxiliary, donates to LCC, drug free LCC, eagles, marshall county
This entry was posted on July 2, 2010 at 4:44 pm and is filed under News. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.


text:
10:28 AM - February 21, 2012 by MMChrisS
REDWOOD CITY, Calif. – February 21, 2012 – Electronic Arts Inc. (NASDAQ: EA) announced today that it has delivered the first true HD console experience on a hand-held gaming device with the launch of EA SPORTS™ FIFA Soccer on the PlayStation® Vita handheld entertainment system, available now in retail stores throughout North America and Europe. The first game ever developed for the PlayStation Vita by EA SPORTS features the award-winning FIFA Soccer console quality gameplay, graphics, game modes and authenticity.
"FIFA Soccer on PlayStation Vita represents a quantum leap forward for hand-held gaming, delivering the HD console quality experience in the palm of your hands," said Vice President and Executive Producer Kaz Makita. "The level of quality that is now achievable is a very exciting landmark for the FIFA Soccer franchise and in gaming."
Described by IGN as "a must-have launch title" and by Play Magazine as "one of Vita's best games", EA SPORTS FIFA Soccer on PlayStation Vita features the same physics-based, data driven technology that powers FIFA Soccer gameplay on the PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system across eight different game modes. The largest and most complete experience for handheld ever created by EA SPORTS includes authentic 11 versus 11, Be A Pro, Tournament Mode with over 50 real-world competitions, a full in-depth Career Mode, and head-to-head online.
In addition, FIFA Soccer features innovations that utilize front and back multi-touch screens, creating a more responsive, intelligent and unique gameplay experience. Touch Screen Shooting delivers pin-point accuracy and removes the element of "hit and hope" from shooting, Touch Screen Passing opens up the field of play for more creative, precision passing, and Touch Screen Free Kick Control enables players to swipe a finger to aim and curl the shot around the wall. The game also features over 30 officially licensed leagues and 500 officially licensed clubs in 11 v 11 matches in authentic stadiums from around the world.
Editors Note: I'm reviewing FIFA Soccer on the Vita, it should be finished by week's end!! Who else is playing FIFA on the Vita, what do you think?


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Definitions of phonogram
n. - A letter, character, or mark used to represent a particular sound.
n. - A record of sounds made by a phonograph.
The word "phonogram" uses 9 letters: A G H M N O O P R.
Direct anagrams of phonogram:
monograph nomograph
Words formed by adding one letter before or after phonogram (in bold), or to aghmnoopr in any order:
e - gramophone s - monographs nomographs phonograms y - nomography
List all words starting with phonogram, words containing phonogram or words ending with phonogram
All words formed from phonogram by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ph ho on no og gr ra am
Browse words starting with phonogram by next letter
Previous word in list: phonocardiography
Next word in list: phonogramic
Some random words: luau blab bub aeneous mm eel lea
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See how much better I am about posting when I have a theme, even posts that are not tied to the theme?
Yesterday, two people shared two stories with me about the town in which I now live.
There's this.
And also this.
You know, just another day in New Hampshire.
But I bowled a 161 last night.
(Seriously, that first story is very sad. But anyone who wants to engage me in discussion on the Free Staters? That may be what the comments here are for.)
Friday, June 17, 2011
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Rohit Sharma came up with a brilliant batting performance while Dwayne Smith too did a superb job with the bat to help Mumbai not only beat Perth, but do so in a thumping fashion to seal a spot in the semi-finals. Put in to bat, the Scorchers posted a daunting total of 149/6 thanks to Sam Whiteman, who scored a fine 51 not-out off 32 balls. Nathan Coulter-Nile was the pick of the Mumbai bowlers, finishing with excellent figures of 3/19 from his four overs. The 2011 CL champions had to reach the target in 14.2 overs to better the net run rate of Otago and qualify for the next round. They managed to do so thanks to a blistering knock from Rohit, who scored an unbeaten 51 off just 24 balls while Smith, with his 48 off 25, was equally responsible in powering Mumbai to the semis.
Mumbai faced a gargantuan task when it was their turn to bat, needing to score at more than 10.5 an over to make it to the next round. Smith started off well, smashing a four and a six off Michael Beer in the opening over before managing a boundary off Jason Behrendorff in the next. However, his partner Sachin Tendulkar's dismal tournament continued as he fell for a second-ball duck, flicking Behrendorff straight to Whiteman at deep square-leg. Glenn Maxwell, promoted to number three, hit a couple of boundaries, but he also could not continue for too long as he outside-edged a Behrendorff delivery to Brad Hogg at short third-man to head back on 10.
Meanwhile, Smith continued batting aggressively as he treated the Perth bowlers with disdain. He again hit a four and six off Beer in the fifth over, before spanking Joel Paris for a boundary in the following over to power Mumbai past 50. Rohit joined the party, getting off the mark with a six off Paris, before edging the bowler to the third man fence to take Mumbai to 66/2 after 6. In the over after that, Smith welcomed Brad Hogg with a huge hit over deep mid-wicket, but the Chinaman bowler had the last laugh as the West Indian, who pulled a short delivery to deep square leg, saw Behrendorff take a brilliant catch and departed two short of a well-deserved fifty.
Smith's departure however, did not give Perth any respite as Rohit kept dealing in boundaries and had Pollard for company as they kept Mumbai in the hunt. Rohit deposited Ashton Agar for a maximum over extra cover, Pollard thumped Hogg for a boundary, before the Mumbai skipper slog-swept the spinner for a six in the 9th over to take Mumbai to three-figures. The carnage continued as Rohit flicked Joel Paris to the mid wicket boundary and followed it up with a superb six over long off before scoring yet another boundary to put Mumbai firmly in command at 117/2 at the end of the 10th over.
The hard-hitting Pollard was largely a spectator in a fifty run stand that came off just 28 balls before he too got into the act with a six and a four off Behrendorff in the 12th over. The stylish Rohit then went on to bring up his 26th T20 fifty to take Mumbai closer to a semis berth. While Pollard was not there to see the team through - bowled by Hogg on 23 - the skipper, who led from the front, stayed till the end and watched Ambati Rayudu finish it off in style with consecutive sixes off Agar in the 14th over.
Earlier, the IPL-6 champs needed to restrict Perth to as low a total as possible and they began well by keeping the openers in check. Although they could not pick up early wickets, Harbhajan Singh and Coulter-Nile kept Simon Katich and Agar under a tight leash, not letting the Australian pair score freely. While Agar scored some boundaries during the power-play, there were quite a few dot balls as well and at the end of six overs, Perth's run-rate was less than 5. Agar, who upped the ante with back-to-back boundaries off Rishi Dhawan was given a reprieve when he was on 30 as Dinesh Karthik missed a simple stumping opportunity to deny Maxwell a wicket. The miss was not too costly though as Pragyan Ojha, introduced in the 10th over, struck a couple of blows to leave the Australian side struggling. His first dismissal was that of Agar (35), who was again beaten after coming down the track, but the keeper did not have to do anything on this occasion as the ball went on to strike the stumps. Two deliveries later, Katich (13) too was bowled by the left-arm spinner to leave Perth struggling at 57/2 after 10 overs.
The arrival of Hilton Cartwright and Whiteman boosted the Scorchers' scoring-rate as the pair started off with a flurry of boundaries. Both scored a four each off Ojha in the 12th over before Whiteman hit consecutive boundaries off Maxwell in the next. Pollard, who bowled the 14th over, also conceded a couple of fours while Whiteman deposited Harbhajan over long on for a maximum in the 15th over to power Perth past the 100-run-mark. This was Harbhajan's final over and it turned out to be profitable as he gave away 18, which included two fours off Cartwright's bat apart from the six by Whiteman, and in the process the Australian pair raised the fifty-run stand in quick time.
Coulter-Nile, who was re-introduced in the 16th over, dismissed Cartwright and Ashton Turner off consecutive deliveries. The Australian quick bowled a yorker to castle the stumps and send back Cartwright on 28 off 20, before producing a similar delivery to Turner (0), who also was late in bringing his bat down and saw the stumps disturbed. Coulter-Nile went on to pick up his third wicket in the penultimate over of the innings when Marcus North (3) failed to clear Pollard at long on. Whiteman, meanwhile was scoring the crucial boundaries. After hitting Pollard for a six over fine leg in the 18th over, the left-hander lofted Coulter-Nile straight down the ground for a four. Tom Triffit fell to Dhawan in the final over but they did not stop Whiteman, who hit two boundaries to register his maiden T20 fifty and power Perth to a sizeable total.
Rohit, Smith power Mumbai to semis
Gokul Gopal in Bangalore •
Rohit Sharma's brilliant unbeaten fifty powered Mumbai to the semis. © Cricbuzz
© Cricbuzz
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BB with Mac New to all of this, so there's alot of questions coming. I have the 9700, since 2 days back. And recently switched from PC to Mac. So my question is, i have a hosted exchange for my mail, contacts and calendar. For me, it doesnt matter if i use exchange, google, mobile me or whatever. But i want to have a system where it works "over the air" preferrably. I want to be able to make a note in my blackberry, and it updates automatically on the computer aswell. The thing is also, i use a nokia phone sometimes also. Thats when certain problems accur, for instance mobile me, wont sync over the air with a nokia phone, correct ? So what "system" should i use, i would prefer to be able to do it over the air as i said, but i can live with managing sync with contacts and notes by plugging in one phone to the computer, and then the other phone to the computer. But i want my mails coming directly, i wont settle with anything less on that point. But what program or "system" should i use for easy and problemless sync ps. I wanna be able to use a mailadress from my own domain aswell as a "standardmail" (me.com / gmail or whatever) BB 9700 Computer Nokia phone thx |
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Course Title: Fire Fighter Fitness and Wellness
Title Abbreviation: FIRE FIGHTER FIT/WELL
Department: PE
Course #: 161
Credits: 2
Variable: No
IUs: 2.5
EPC: n/a
Course Description
This course is designed to meet the needs of the students preparing themselves for a job in the fire department. Twice a week the students will be in an active setting, preparing them to meet the job performance testing requirements. One hour a week this course addresses issue of physiological and psychological well-being. Topics to be discussed include nutrition principals, fitness parameters and stress management. Techniques are presented to help the students incorporate a total health and fitness program into their lifestyle. Course fulfills PE 100 requirement.
Prerequisite: Students must be enrolled in the Fire Protection Tech program.
Contact Hours (based on 11 week quarter)
Lecture: 11
Lab: 22
Other: 0
Systems: 0
Clinical: 0
Intent: Distribution Requirement(s) Status:
Academic Elective
Equivalencies At Other Institutions
Learning Outcomes
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
General Education Learning Values & Outcomes
Revised August 2008 and affects outlines for 2008 year 1 and later.
2. Critical Thinking
Definition: The ability to think critically about the nature of knowledge within a discipline and about the ways in which that knowledge is constructed and validated and to be sensitive to the ways these processes often vary among disciplines.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 2.2 Analyze issues and develop questions within a discipline.
3. Communication
Definition: Understanding and producing effective written, spoken, visual, and non-verbal communication.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 3.2 Recognize, produce and demonstrate appropriate interpersonal, group, and public speaking skills. 3.3 Demonstrate effective listening skills. 3.6 Recognize, comprehend, and use visual communication appropriate to a given context.
4. Community & Cultural Diversity
Definition: Recognizing the value of human communities and cultures from multiple perspectives through a critical understanding of their similarities and differences.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 4.2 Understand, value and respect human differences and commonalities as they relate to issues of race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, disabilities and culture.
6. Individual Awareness & Responsibility
Definition: Understanding, managing, and taking responsibility for one's learning and behavior in varied and changing environments.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 6.1 Identify ethical and healthy choices and apply these personally, socially, academically, and professionally. 6.3 Apply successful organizational strategies of planning, goal setting, prioritizing, resolving conflict, and managing time to specific goals and/or projects. 6.4 Use self-reflection to recognize and define a sense of self-identity in personal, social/gender, and/or cultural/global terms and in relationship to others. 6.5 Develop self-monitoring and self-advocacy skills to effect positive life changes.
8. Mathematical Reasoning
Definition: Understanding and applying concepts of mathematics and logical reasoning in a variety of contexts, both academic and non-academic.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 8.1 Analyze problems to determine what mathematical principles apply. 8.2 Correctly apply logical reasoning and mathematical principles to solve problems. 8.3 Interpret information and reasoning expressed mathematically (for example in spreadsheets, diagrams, charts, formulas, etc.). 8.4 Communicate mathematical information effectively.
9. Scientific Literacy
Definition: Understanding scientific principles, and analyzing and applying scientific information in a variety of contexts.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 9.1 Demonstrate an understanding of fundamental scientific concepts. 9.3 Analyze, apply, and communicate scientific concepts and principles in context (for example, in technological, personal, and/or professional situations).
10. Technology
Definition: Understanding the role of technology in society and using technology appropriately and effectively.
Outcomes: Students will be able to . . . 10.2 Demonstrate an understanding of legal, ethical, and environmental issues in the use and misuse of technology. 10.4 Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of technology in one's personal and professional life.
Course Contents


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Why in the world do behavioral economists who study our flaws and irrational quirks advocate centralized power in the hands of a small group of flawed overlords? If people are irrational, so are government regulators, only they have corrupting monopoly power.As such, I agree that it is important that behavioral economists grasp the concept of public choice, but also for public choice to grasp the concept of behavioral economics. There exist reasons for why the market often overcomes behavioral biases, but then there also exist markets in which those mechanisms don't function well. And most likely, we can trace these mechanism failures to arguments past public choice economists have made about the failure of government. That is my conjecture, and I hope to be able to pursue further analysis of health care under this framework.
Sunday, November 18, 2012
Voter and Consumer Irrationality: An Extension
Questioning rational choice is not a sufficient basis for arguing for government intervention. But my past few posts questioning standard market propositions in the case of health care are not meant to promote every single government regulation. Rather, I wonder if we can try to further the study of economics and public policy by reversing the typical way public choice economics is applied.
When I think of public choice economics, I think of papers about how the marginal costs and benefits of lobbying lead to poor government policies or how decentralizing the functions of governments leads to a competitive equilibrium with better governmental policies. At its core, I interpret this line of analysis as using the success of markets to explain why governments fail. Markets succeed because marginal costs line up with marginal benefits, and thus governments fail because these costs and benefits are distorted. Markets succeed because there is competition between firms, and thus governments fail because there is no competition. What I want to propose is that we change the direction of this line of thought, and start from the vast literature on why governments fail, and see if that can teach us about why certain markets fail.
This is why I think behavioral economics is so important. By reducing biases down to core psychological first principles, it highlights the connection between government and market failure. But we should also make sure to avoid thinking that policy makers themselves are perfectly rational. As John Papula pithily points out:
3 comments:
Ok, I still have some criticisms, but I'm going to stop haranguing you now. You've been very generous in responding to my criticisms; thanks! I hope your further researches are fruitful.
(I'll just say one thing though: stop being obsessed with the labels "market" and "government". Just try to predict the outcomes of human behavior wherever you find it. That's economics.)Saturos,
That's a good call on focusing on behavior. Again, I just mean to work on frameworks for now. I had a conjecture about the "specialty doctor" argument that I've heard from both sides that is based on these kinds of psychological principles, and I hope to attack this more concrete issue soon.
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Happyfox Inc
Happy Fox Inc. provides help desk software and are the producers of HappyFox, which is a help desk ticketing system that is hosted on cloud, supporting multiple customer support channels like email, voice and live chat. HappyFox is owned by Tenmiles Technologies, the team behind the customer support on premise solution called Help Desk Pilot and online event registration service called DoAttend. They are based in Irvine, CA.
Company Info
- HQ Location
- United States
- Year Founded
- 2011
- Employees
- 30
- Website
- happyfox.com
Products by Happyfox Inc
Company Headquarters
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Dana Carvey
this wiki
Dana Carvey | |
Date of Birth: | June 2, 1955 |
Years on SNL: | As Cast Member: 1986-1993 As Host: October 22, 1994 October 26, 1996 October 21, 2000 February 5, 2011 As Special Guest: November 2, 1996 Cameos: November 20, 1993 November 8, 1997 October 16, 1999 April 8, 2000 May 7, 2016 November 5, 2016 |
Dana Thomas Carvey (born June 2, 1955) was a cast member on SNL from 1986 to 1993.
Dana Carvey had a minor role in "Halloween II", and co-starred on "One of the Boys" in 1982 (a short-lived television sitcom that also starred Mickey Rooney, Nathan Lane, and Meg Ryan). In 1984, Carvey had a small role in Rob Reiner's film "This Is Spinal" (playing a mime) with fellow comedian and then SNL cast member Billy Crystal. He also starred in the short-lived movie-based action show "Blue Thunder".
Carvey became a household name, when he joined the SNL cast in 1986. Along with newcomers Phil Hartman, Kevin Nealon, Jan Hooks, and Victoria Jackson, he helped to reverse the show's declining popularity and made SNL "must-see" TV once again. His breakout character was The Church Lady, the uptight, smug, and pious host of "Church Chat." Carvey said he based the character on women he knew from his church while growing up, who would keep track of the attendance of other church-goers. He became so associated with the character that later cast members like Chris Farley referred to Carvey simply as "The Lady". Carvey's other original characters included Garth Algar, Hans (from Hans and Franz) and The Grumpy Old Man (from Weekend Update appearances).
Carvey did an impression of independent candidate Ross Perot, during the 1992 US presidential election campaign; In a prime-time special before the election, Carvey played both George H. W. Bush and Perot in a three-way debate with Bill Clinton. As Perot, Carvey declined to say the show's signature "Live from New York" opening line, telling Carvey-as-Bush "Why don't you do it, live-boy?".
In 1992, Carvey joined Mike Myers to bring their popular "Wayne's World" sketch to the silver screen with "Wayne's World, the movie". A sequel was filmed and released in 1993, titled "Wayne's World 2". Carvey left SNL the same year. He held the record for having said "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" most often, until Darrell Hammond surpassed him. Carvey's SNL work won him an Emmy in 1993 for "Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program" (he has a total of six Emmy nominations).After Carvey left SNL, NBC executives hoped to get Carvey to take over the 12:30 a.m. (ET) weeknight spot in the network's lineup in 1993 when David Letterman left his show, "Late Night with David Letterman". A big Letterman fan, Carvey rejected the offer, causing embarrassment for the network, which had publicly floated his name. Eventually, the 12:30 spot went to Conan O'Brien. In 1994, Carvey starred in the film "Clean Slate". 1995, Carvey filmed his first HBO stand-up special, Critic's Choice. The show featured Carvey doing many of his SNL impersonations, as well as making fun of the premium station's name, pronouncing it "huhbo". In 1996, he reprised many of his SNL characters for the critically-acclaimed, but short-lived prime-time variety show on ABC, called "The Dana Carvey Show". The show was most notable for launching Robert Smigel's cartoon "The Ambiguously Gay Duo." In 1997, Carvey underwent open-heart surgery for a blocked artery, but the doctors operated on the wrong artery. Carvey later sued for medical malpractice and was awarded $7.5 million. He has had to undergo a total of five medical procedures (four angioplasties and one surgery) to correct his heart problems. Carvey stated in an interview with Larry King that he donated all the money awarded to him to charity. Carvey returned to films in 2002, starring in the comedy "Master of Disguise", which was panned by critics, but managed about $40 million at the North American box office.
Carvey eventually withdrew from the limelight to focus on his family. He later said in an interview that he does not want to be in a career, in which his kids would already be grown with him having neglected spending time with them. Carvey made an appearance at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards, reprising his SNL character Garth Algar with host Mike Myers for a Wayne's World sketch. On June 14, 2008, Carvey filmed a second HBO stand-up special (the first in 13 years), "Squatting Monkeys Tell No Lies".
Carvey is number 90 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time.
Impressions/Characters Edit
Impressions Edit
- Abe Vigoda
- Adolf Hitler
- Al Gore
- Andy Rooney
- Barney Frank
- Bert Convy
- Bill Clinton
- Bill Cosby
- Bill Moyers
- Bob Dylan
- Cary Grant
- Casey Kasem
- Charles Grodin
- Dan Quayle
- David Duke
- David Lee Roth
- Dennis Miller
- Dick Cheney
- Ellen DeGeneres
- Frank Zappa
- Gallagher
- Garry Shandling
- Gary Crosby
- George Burns
- George F. Will
- George H. W. Bush
- George Michael
- George Plimpton
- Hillary Rodham Clinton
- Hugh Grant
- Jacques Cousteau
- Jerry Brown
- Jim McKay
- Jimmy Carter
- Jimmy Stewart
- Joel Siegel
- John McLaughlin
- John Travolta
- Johnnie Cochran
- Johnny Carson
- Jordan Knight
- Katharine Hepburn
- Keanu Reeves
- Keith Richards
- Kirk Cameron
- Michael J. Fox
- Mickey Rooney
- Neil Young
- Paul McCartney
- Pol Pot
- Prince Albert
- Prince Charles
- Ray Combs
- Regis Philbin
- Richard Gephardt
- Richard Nixon
- Robin Leach
- Ronald Reagan
- Ross Perot
- Rudy Boesch
- Scott Hamilton
- Siegfried Fischbacher
- Strom Thurmond
- Suze Orman
- Ted Bundy
- Ted Koppel
- Thomas Edison
- Tom Brokaw
- Walter Mondale
- William Demarest
- Woody Allen
Characters Edit
- Brad
- Buddy Precisely, manager of Celebrity Restaurant
- Ching Chang
- Chris, Pat's love interest
- The Church Lady
- Derek Stevens
- One of the Elevator Fans
- Garth Algar
- The Grumpy Old Man
- Hans (from Hans and Franz)
- Lane Maxwell
- Larry Roman
- Lyle Billup the Effeminate Heterosexual
- Lyle Clark from Toonces the Driving Cat
- Mishu from Miss Connie's Fable Nook
- One of the Two Sammies
- Marco, one of The Kitchen Boys
- Massive Headwound Harry
SNL Career Edit
- 1986-1993: Repertory Player
- October 22, 1994: Host
- October 26, 1996: Host
- October 21, 2000: Host


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Album Notes
Two decades deep into his recording career, Ben Lee is comfortable in his skin -- comfortable enough to indulge in a bit of unrepentant positivity on Love Is the Great Rebellion, his tenth solo album. Thanks in part to Brad Wood's gleaming production -- he previously helmed Lee's 2009 album The Rebirth of Venus -- Love Is the Great Rebellion is big, bright, and cheerful, but much of its relentless optimism is due to none other than the singer/songwriter himself, who is eager to spread good vibes wherever his songs are sung. Although he can dip into sheer hippie-dippiness -- "Happiness" is a worthy sequel to Donovan, so it's fitting Lee's father-in-law deigns to make a cameo here -- generally the polished punch of Wood's work pushes Love Is the Great Rebellion into sunny positive pop. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine


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EPNT (E Major x The Heroes 4 Hire) - Big Cake
By richard | 4 years ago
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Featured last summer with EP single Where You Came From?, E Major makes his triumphant return to our pages as one-third of EPNT—a crew composed of the Baltimore emcee and production duo Heroes 4 Hire. On their collaborative Booth debut, the Heroes' head-nodding throwback boardwork bangs in the back as Major fills us in on his plans to accumulate that Big Cake. EPNT's debut album, Serious Business, has yet to receive a drop date, but those who like what they're hearing can keep it locked to The DJBooth for all the latest details.
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Aqua Sphere Phantom Elite Wetsuit Pure performance. Zero hype. Designed with race-bred technology and inspired by elite athletes like Terenzo Bozzone and Faris Al Sultan, the Phantom tears apart the marketing hype and material myths of other suits. It's fast, fluid, insanely flexible and PR-ready. Aqua Sphere Phantom Elite Wetsuit Technologies: Core Power System (CPS) – patent pending: The integrated system stabilizes the core muscles (abdominal and back) to improve posture and provide a more streamlined body position in the water, which results in a tighter, more powerful hip rotation. Good posture focuses the core muscles on generating powerful hip rotation resulting in increased propulsion, as opposed to engaging the core muscles to correct poor body position and posture. Having better posture keeps you straighter in the water, resulting in increased range of motion in the shoulders, lengthened arm extension, and less drag. This means youll expend less energy tra
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Well, Orange Truck Guy signals Red Truck Guy to roll his window down, so Red Truck Guy does so, figuring Orange Truck Guy needs directions somewhere. Well, Orange Truck Guy looks at Red Truck Guy and says, "Turn off your TV."
Well, Red Truck Guy was flabbergasted. Turn off your TV, he thought? First off, he doesn't watch much TV to begin with. Second, his cable had been off for two weeks already, (more on this later).
So R (Red Truck Guy) looks at O (Orange Truck Guy) and says, "What?!" "When you get home, don't turn on your TV," replies O. "Okaaaay..." R replied once more. Then O commences to poke himself in the forehead, saying "Think about it!"
This scared R. He was freaked out. Well, in this frame of four seconds of lightning-quick thought and grooving to Juno Reactor, the light had turned green. Green means go, so R went go. R continued on, still confused, but forgetting it. Well, O passed R one more time, and as O passed, he extended his arm out his window, with his palm facing forward, fingers curled in and thumb extended vertically. (This is also known as a Thumbs-up.) R shook his head in wonderment and continued the five more blocks to home.
R got home, checked his electronic mail and got a bite to eat. (R had not yet discovered e2). Cable guy came, fixed R's cable, and left. R turned the TV on, flipped through the normal garbage and thought about it for two seconds, then he followed O's advice and turned his TV off.
Who knows what effect this had on R, but the world will never know. R probably would have done so anyway since he had a good book to read, but it seemed like a good idea since he was instructed to do so by a man in an orange truck.
If you're a fan of science fiction, turn off that TV and go read a novel instead.
The market for original, non-media-based SF novels is shrinking alarmingly. Books are where SF writers make their money; it's been a long, long time since anyone was able to make a decent living writing SF short stories, and it looks like the day is coming when novelists won't be able to support themselves, either. Star Trek/Bab 5/etc. novels are fun, but let's face it, they're literary junk food, and don't do anything to expand the boundaries of the genre. And right now, they're the dominant market share.
And think about this: the average advance for a 80,000-120,000 word SF novel is $5,000. Most books don't earn much past their advances, so that's often all a writer gets for what represents several months (if not years) of work. On those terms, a writer needs to put out four books a year to make as much as a filing clerk. Or (if he or she has become a bit of a "name" writer) he or she gives up on original work and joins the stable of writers churning out media tie-in novels (which generally pay at least $7,000 and can go into five figures for established/well-agented writers).
Sound bad? It's worse if you consider that Paramount will pay $5,000 for a Star Trek story idea. That's right, not a script, but an idea pitched over the phone. And even at their best, I don't think any of Trek's $5,000 plotlines have a tenth the artistic merit (or the entertainment value) of the 5-cents-a-word SF novels that are sitting neglected on bookstore shelves around the U.S.
TV SF is (with a few exceptions) fun, cheap, mindless entertainment, but remember that the best SF ideas always start in fiction and, if we're lucky, make their way into media (William Gibson was paving the way for The Matrix back in the mid-1980s). I've never seen it work the other way around. So head to your local bookstore and make an investment in the future health of SF.
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Join Grover as he learns lots of new words in Hebrew and is welcomed by the Rechov Sumsum family. Come along and sing the Aleph-Bet song and find out what GroverÆs favorite Hebrew word is.
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On board air for general purpose use - ?
I would be interested in installing an on board air system for general use purposes. As of right now I don't see me getting air lockers so the sole use would be for general use i.e. tires, camping gear, etc.
So....school me on an on board air system. Which unit, components, tips, tricks, etc. In other words which unit would you buy and what all parts would be needed? Also please tell me why you would go with the unit and parts that you suggest/recommend. Also, would you go thru the trouble of getting an sPOD with the air gauge connected to it? Thanks. |
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I have the Heavy-Duty Viar on-board air compressor. I originally bought it only to air up my tires after a trail run. I recently decided to install air lockers and was able to plumb into it easily. I don't have a pressure gauge for it (other than the one on the tire inflation line) and don't really see a purpose for one for any of my needs.
I started with the basic unit and added the lockers a year later. Other than the lockers, I don't have any extras. I do however, plan on plumbing the air line somewhere (I haven't decided where) so I don't have to raise my hood to connect the air hose for my tires. Here is a picture of the unit installed. The picture is from the Viair people (it's much cleaner than under my hood) and I'm not running the S-pod. You don't have to have air lockers (there are plugs installed where the solenoids are in the pic) or an S-pod, but you can see they would all fit together well if you decided to upgrade in the future. |
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I installed the arb lot from Northridge.com. I use it for the very same purpose that u want one for, the reason I went with this kit is because it had everything I needed (line, tips, wire harness altho I already had an spod installed) install was really simple and all the parts fit well together.
Attachment 263168 Attachment 263169 http://northridge4x4.com/shop/arb-je...compressor-kit |
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I plan on adding lockers at some point but at the moment just have an arb compressor hooked up under the hood with an air line plumbed to my front grill with a quick disconnect so I don't have to pick up my hood to fill up. My line is long enough to get to all my tires and I can air up my 31"s in around 5-8min total from 8psi ish to around 28psi. I just didn't have the space or $$ for a bigger system but the Vlair systems are really amazing. I looked at them too. The other reason I went ARB was that it was a ready to go harness to add the lockers which doesn't sound like a factor for you. (Yet ;) )
You probably are going to want something with a tank for your purposes but here's where mine landed anyway. Good luck! Edit* I have a switch in the cab but it is not hooked to my spod with either air or wires. Attachment 263381 Attachment 263382 Attachment 263383 |
I too went with the ARB unit from Northridge. Really clean install. It did need a dedicated 25A circuit though, it blew a 20A run that I gave it at first. Luckily I had wiring and a relay already in place that could handle 25A. |
I've seen some folks install the compressor under passenger seat... what's the pro's/con's of under hood vs. under seat.
I've done the under seat install. Sorry, no pics at this time, the Jeep is at the dealer for a warranty issue and awaiting parts.
I installed an ARB CKMTA-12 twin compressor using the bracket from Carolina Metal Masters. The compressor itself is wired straight to the battery with the leads and fuses provided by ARB in the box with the compressor. It is switched through the Spod. ARB uses heavy leads to power the compressors but uses an internal relay for switching on this unit, so the switch wires are run to the Spod on my install. I fabricated a bracket to mount a 2.0 gallon air tank from Viar underneath the jeep between the resonator and driveshaft on the drivers side of the Jeep. All of the plumbing was done with 3/8 air brake line. This product is similar to plastic and used on all class 8 commercial road tractors for air brake and air system lines. It has a burst pressure of over 1000lbs and a working pressure of up to 200 psi. It uses brass compression fittings so the install is very easy and very robust. I have a 10th anniversary Rubi, so the front bumper converts to a stubby. I used one of the bolt holes on the back of the bumper that is for bolting the bumper extension on as a bulkhead to mount a 90 degree quick disconnect. In the rear I drilled a hole in the bracket which holds the bumper corner to the frame and used this as a bulkhead for the rear quick disconnect. This makes for a very neat and hidden system with great capability. Although it isn't the cheapest route by far. |
I went with the same main setup as Parker65 (ARB dual and used the Carolina bracket - they make 2 btw - 1 that is fixed and 1 that moves with the seat; mine is fixed). Only downside I can see to the fixed bracket is it puts your compressor real close to your floor - your elbow connector will pretty much touch your carpet right there. My install is not as exotic though. I installed my switch at the compressor and I simply ran a viair braided air hose (18") from the compressor (off an elbow) with a quick disconnect at the end of it for easy access. It is hidden under the rear passenger floor mat when not in use and I can easily get to all 4 tires from it with my ARB tire inflation kit (that line is just long enough to reach the front driver side tire without having to pull it through the cab). It is simple and works great.
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I bought a Rugged Ridge A-pillar switch box for my lights (fog, driving, off road and rear) and placed my air pump switch there (it's the round red one on top) |
I appreciate all the input. What are some good complete kits available? I saw where some mentioned the ARB kit from northridge4x4. Any others?
What about this kit? Would it work on a '13 model JKU? Quadratec® On Board Air System with Tank for 07-11 Jeep® Wrangler & Wrangler Unlimited JK - Quadratec] Would you even need the tank if you use it for what I have mentioned or if you don't use the system a whole lot? |
Pretty much, the only time you'd need a system with a tank is if you are going to be using the system to run air tools. I'm not sure if the Quadratec setup would work on your Jeep, I'd have to call them. The same thing with the Viair units sold by AirWerkz: Air Werkz - VIAIR Onboard Air Systems & Diesel Truck Accessories , they show their units will only fit up to 2012 models. If you are thinking about their kits, you should give them a call to see if it will fit.
On a side note, both Quadratech and AirWerkz are forum members. If you buy from Quadratech, you can use the code SaharaTango for free shipping. If you are wanting to buy from AirWerkz, you should give them a call and see if they have any deals for forum members. |
What about CO2 or SCUBA tanks? When I looked into this 4 years ago (and did nothing) there were several companies selling SCUBA tank based systems. The advantage (as far as I can recall) is that these systems could generate much higher air flow than the compressor based systems, therefore allowing you to air up much more quickly at the end of a day of wheelin'. The downside(s) included initial cost, as well as the ongoing cost of refills. Plus, with a compressor you aren't out of air until your rig is out of gas. On the other hand, you can carry a small compressor that runs off of a cigarette outlet as a backup.
Thoughts? |
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In Prayer
Thomas E. Hinds 5/25/2012 5:24:26 PM
Incredible image! A very deserving Finalist! #1465173Renee Doyle 5/26/2012 4:03:24 AM
Looks like you had an amazing trip to India!! Another stunning capture Cheryl! Congratulations! #10151787JO ANN CLEVELAND 5/26/2012 5:57:37 PM
Congratulations on your outstanding finalist Cheryl, I love it!jo ann c. #10154102
Cheryl Schneider 5/28/2012 10:34:51 AM
Thanks, everyone! #10157289JO ANN CLEVELAND 5/29/2012 12:17:25 PM
So glad to see this as a 1st Place Gold winner Cheryl!Very well deserved!
jo ann c. #10159272
Kay E. Mahoney 5/29/2012 1:02:14 PM
Congratulations on your first place winner, Cheryl. #10159395Mary Beth Aiello 5/29/2012 1:07:09 PM
Gorgeous, Cheryl. Huge congrats on your First Place Gold. #10159422Kay Beausoleil 5/29/2012 1:20:54 PM
Congratulations, Cheryl, on your First Place win for this simple and moving image! #10159501Kimber Wallwork-Heineman 5/29/2012 3:54:36 PM
Congratulations! SImply lovely #10159903Renee Doyle 5/29/2012 5:54:48 PM
BIG congratulations on this very well deserved Winner Cheryl!! #10160130Usman M. Bajwa 5/29/2012 10:47:13 PM
Well seen and framed, Cheryl. Big Big CONGRATZ on your First Place Win!!!UB. #10160638
Katarina Mansson 5/29/2012 11:27:03 PM
Lovely sight excellently captured. Congratulations on your winner Cheryl! #10160674Lindley Johnson 5/30/2012 6:53:43 AM
Wonderful composition, and a terrific image. Congratulations on your excellent First Place Winner, Cheryl. #10161225Rolando Rosito 5/30/2012 2:05:30 PM
A great winner Cheryl, congratulations! #10161825Andre Larose 5/31/2012 5:06:03 AM
Beautiful capture and composition.Congratulations Cheryl! #10162701
Thomas E. Hinds 5/31/2012 6:24:56 PM
Congratulations on this amazingly beautiful Winner! Superb work, Cheryl! #10163666Cheryl Schneider 6/1/2012 10:48:47 AM
Thanks everyone! I'm in Namibia with spotty internet. Just logged on and was pleased to see your comments. #10164660Patrick Rouzes 6/2/2012 1:14:33 PM
CONGRATS on this incredible Gold Medal Winner, Cheryl!Cheryl Schneider 6/2/2012 1:20:57 PM
Thanks, Patrick! #10166073David M. Montero 6/8/2012 12:35:00 PM
I apologize for my tardiness. Congratulations on your gold award for this marvelous capture Cheryl! #10173079
Exif: F Number: 4, Exposure Bias Value: 0.00, ExposureTime: 1/20 seconds, Flash: did not fire., ISO: 500, White balance: Manual white balance, FocalLength: 40.00 mm, Model: NIKON D3
Uploaded on 3/26/2012 12:48:32 AM
Camera: Nikon D3 Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Cheryl Schneider. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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We rescue all breeds of horse, rehab them, and then find them amazing homes.
Racing, breeding prospects/pedigree and sales analysis.
Max Chasers is an organization dedicated to animals (donations needed. No fosters except horse on email a.k.a. firstname.lastname@example.com)
A farm limited liability company using a trade name in the transaction of business must file a Trade Name Registration with the Secretary of State…
9 yr old Paint mare, 16.0. Done it all. Equestrian Team, Hunter Jumper, Won Waterloo Hunter Trials first time out. Dressage, Trail, Camps on picket…
Raise paints & Quarter horses. Have five stallions, 2 paint, 2 quarter horses and an arabian
Family Farm in Byron, MI specializing in the special care for abused/rescue horses. Along with training, and caring for the equine.


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Aeroblaze | |
| |
Attribute | Gold |
Anime | |
First appearance | BakuNano Explosion |
Aeroblaze is Horridian's BakuNano in Bakugan: Mechtanium Surge.
Aeroblaze self-propels itself high into the clouds, unloading a firestorm of flames scorching anything that lies beneath itself.
Bakugan: Mechtanium Surge
In BakuNano Explosion, Horridian used Aeroblaze against the Bash Brothers and defeated both of them in one shot.
Aeroblaze was seen again in Mind Search. It was used by Horridian against Wolfurio and Lanzato but lost to Trister.
It appeared again in A Hero Returns. It was used by Horridian to defeat Drago.
Anubias used it again in Unfinished Business. Horridian tried to defeat Drago with it but Drago instead destroyed Jamsaber, Aeroblaze, and Hyper Pulsor by using Dragon Force Striker.
- Aeroblaze bears a large resemblance to Vilantor Gear from last year's toyline when in Bakugan form.


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Top 25 Inbound Marketing Articles of the Week: Jan 4, 2013
It's a new year – time for a new strategy? Maybe you're just committing to a sharper focus on your online marketing efforts. In the spirit of keeping you on top of the latest trends and news, we're introducing a weekly roundup including the top 25 posts related to SEO, social media, email marketing, content marketing and more. You're welcome.
Search Optimization
- Afraid you're making a major SEO blunder? Entrepreneur reveals the top five deadly sins of SEO and content marketing. (Hint: Don't try to undertake this vast effort alone.)
- Have you heard about the Fiscal Cliff? If you're not already sick of hearing that term, Search Engine Watch joins the "Fiscal Cliff" bandwagon and talks justifying your investment, achieving ROI and avoiding a fall from the SEO Fiscal Cliff.
- Using WordPress as a website platform? You're not alone. But using an established platform or template doesn't negate the need to focus on SEO. Ghacks.net offers five tips for maximizing SEO with WordPress.
Social Optimization
- Should our schools be teaching social networking to students? The Independent thinks so, making some good points about teaching proper social media etiquette at a young age.
- Did you fall into the "Google+ is a passing trend" school of thought? Well, it turns out G+ isn't going anywhere anytime soon. Really – even The Wall Street Journal says so. But it's not necessarily due to popularity, rather Google's determined tactics which essentially force users to join.
- This wouldn't be a worthy new-year roundup without a shout out to the many articles rounding up the best of 2012, whether a focus on the best applications, most popular social networks and so forth. One we found particularly intriguing is Digital Trends' hit list identifying the top social network moves of 2012, proving once and for all that social media is in it for the long haul. Accomplishments include Facebook finally going public, Instgram's rapid rise to the big leagues and more.
- Few things are more important than knowing you're getting some sort of ROI from your social media efforts. Fortunately, there's an easy solution: Google Analytics. Search Engine Watch breaks the process down into five steps.
Local Optimization
- It's 2013: The year the default number of items in a list post became "13." To honor the beginning of this lucky-number year, Search Engine Land offers up a 13-step checklist for optimizing semantic markup to boost local SEO efforts.
- Is Foursquare conquering the local search market? Small Business Search Marketing discusses why Foursquare just might be the next major local search player.
- Among ClickZ's 10 digital marketing predictions for 2013 is mobile's influence on the local search market. The rise in the use of smartphones is making local search marketing a major point of influence for advertisers.
Email Marketing
- How can email be a viable marketing channel today, when our inboxes are cluttered with endless amounts of spam and we rarely have time to read the important messages, let alone a sponsored advertisement from a mailing list? That's exactly the question Arshiya Khullar ponders in a post for Pitch On Net, reaching out to three leaders in the digital media space for their opinions on the future of email marketing.
- Pitching via email? Check out these five tips from Young Entrepreneur Council at Business2Community on making your next email pitch a winner.
- Email marketing isn't just for the business-to-consumer markets; it can be a useful strategy for reaching B2B customers as well. ClickZ offers up eight strategies for using email as a business-to-business marketing tool.
Mobile Optimization
- Is mobile part of your 2013 marketing plan? Mobile Marketing Watch features an infographic demonstrating the top things on the mobile marketing wish list for 2013.
- Now that the holidays are over, is your mobile advertising campaign over, too? Mobile commerce is growing rapidly and doesn't have to be limited to the peak shopping season. Fast Company talks about planning your mobile commerce strategy throughout the year.
- Adblock Plus is a newer app which helps mobile users block – you guessed it –mobile ads. Will it change the face of mobile marketing in 2013? In a post for Venture Beat, Oxygen 8 Group's James Harrison offers his predictions.
Content Marketing
- Content marketing has been on the shortlist of small to medium-size businesses throughout 2012. Brafton outlines the most important content marketing takeaways from 2012.
- Content marketing is important. You get it. But many small and medium-size businesses struggle with implementation due to time or budget constraints. Find out what other SMBs struggle with in relation to content marketing at 1to1Media.
- Remember when SEO was the only thing that mattered? Then content marketing came around and now the two go hand-in-hand. Mashable investigates the way the rules of SEO have changed within the content marketing landscape.
Conversion Optimization
- All your content marketing, social media and local and mobile advertising efforts are meaningless without conversion optimization. CRO is one of Unbounce's favorite topics and they hit the mark again with this roundup of 16 fresh conversion resources you shouldn't miss.
- Most marketers are amazed the first time they're introduced to heat maps. Who would have thought we'd ever have such a sophisticated insight into the way visitors respond to our web pages? But more importantly, how can we turn this information into useable data? ConversionXL outlines 19 things we can learn from those numerous heat map tests.
- Could usability and accessibility be hurting your conversion rates? Without getting feedback from your visitors, you could be turning them away with simple – and easily fixed – mistakes. Multilingual Search investigates the ways usability and accessibility could be influencing your conversion rates.
Reputation Management
- Reputation management is so crucially important, one college is even offering students free tools to manage their online reputations. Check out the story at Chief Information Officer.
- Getting by with the bare minimum in reputation management? The U.K.'s Real Business talks about what true reputation management entails and how to avoid BP-esque blunders.
- What happened to Instagram? The company has faced the brunt of criticism in recent weeks. Read what Direct Response's Rich Gorman has to say at Virtual Strategy magazine.
Did we miss something really incredible? Call us out if we did in the comments below.
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