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And now look how high that entrance is when you're at ground level! The edge of the pyramid in this photo isn't even as steep as it is in real life, because of the angle from which I took this shot. It's a fairly good haul up to the entrance, let alone to the top of the pyramid! |
Once at the entrance, it's then a 63 meter long hunched-over walk down this 27 degree ramp into the pyramid. The entrance in this photo would be square, except for the old arab man who was sitting there. Perhaps he was looking after the air pump, whose pipe you can see on the left of the ramp, or perhaps he was "guarding" the pyramid. Nevertheless, when I came out I took this as another Baksheesh Moment, and gave him a little something for his efforts, whatever they were. Despite the pumping of air, it was very hot and sticky inside the pyramid, even on a day which was rather cold and windy outside. |
There are three rooms or chambers inside the pyramid, joined by a single corridor. The ancient Egyptians didn't come up with the idea of the arch as a load-bearing mechanism in stone buildings, so when they did construct rooms in stone structures they either used lots of stone pillars spaced close together, as in many of the "hypostyle halls" found in temples, or they used large slabs of stone for the ceiling, or when they wanted a larger room, they built so-called "corbelled" ceilings like this one in the 12 meter high first chamber, with higher and higher levels of stone moving slowly in towards the center, the huge mass of stone above the room keeping the ceiling from falling in on itself. The black writing in two corners of this photo is graffiti left by people who marked their names in the mid-1800s in their own personal strivings towards immortality. |
Here's the second corbelled chamber, which is directly beneath the apex of the pyramid. The staircase leads up to a passageway to the final chamber. Thieves were breaking into burial chambers even from the earliest days, so the passageways inside the pyramids were deliberately made to be difficult to follow, with deep pits for unwary grave robbers to fall into and stone blocks called portcullises which were lowered from the ceiling to block the path. Nevertheless, almost all of them were eventually ransacked. |
The third corbelled chamber is the burial chamber, which is 15 meters high and lacks ornamentation, unlike the much later highly decorated tombs in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens. As you can see from this photo, all of the chamber's contents have been removed and its floor has been excavated, in an unsuccessful attempt to find other passageways. |
Both the Bent Pyramid and its close neighbour the Red Pyramid were built by the pharoah Sneferu, about 2,600 BC. His son Cheops went on to build the Great Pyramid at Giza. For such an early structure, the Bent Pyramid is massive, the same height as the Red Pyramid, which also makes it the third-highest in all of Egypt. The shape which gives it its name is something of a mystery, the result perhaps of a design error or cost cutting. |


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SpaceX is expected to attempt a third launching of the Falcon 9 rocket and six Orbcomm satellites late Sunday afternoon, but weather is a concern.
Showers and thunderstorms are expected and Air Force meteorologists predict a 20 percent chance of adequate weather. The launch window has been widened from the normal hour to 5:30 p.m. to 8:08 p.m.
Weather forced Saturday's launch to be canceled and fluctuating rocket tank pressures stopped Friday's attempt.
Published at 3:18 PM EDT on Jun 22, 2014

subset: commoncrawl


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NEW ORLEANS — Jennifer Hudson will join the chorus from Sandy Hook Elementary School to sing "America the Beautiful" before Sunday's Super Bowl game.
NFL spokesman Brian McCarthy said Thursday that the Grammy and Oscar-winning singer would join the Sandy Hook chorus. It features 26 children from the school in Newtown, Conn., where 20 first-graders and six adults were killed in a Dec. 14 shooting rampage.
The performance will be part of CBS's pre-game show before the game between the San Francisco 49ers and the Baltimore Ravens, and will be broadcast live. Alicia Keys will sing the national anthem.
Children who survived the shooting rampage also recorded a version of "Over the Rainbow" to raise money for charity. Proceeds benefit the United Way of Western Connecticut and the Newtown Youth Academy.
Watch the Early Season Premiere of "Smash" Featuring Guest Star Jennifer Hudson
[iframe http://xfinitytv.comcast.net/watch/Smash/5062446237108341112/16649795625/Jennifer-Hudson-Talks-Smash/embed 580 476]
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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The Parc y Scarlets club fell to a 27-21 defeat at the Millennium Stadium, ending the season as both losing cup finalists and league nearly men, finishing fourth in the table after topping the table at one point.
But Buchanan refuses to accept talk of it being a disappointing season, instead insisting that things can only get better for his young charges. He said: "I wouldn't say it's been a season of near misses, rather one showing us all the start of things to come.
"I wanted to challenge at the top end of Welsh rugby this year, and I feel we are getting pretty close to doing that."
The Llanelli boss conceded errors made by his side ultimately cost them the match.
"We played a huge amount of attacking rugby early on and didn't take advantage of what we created," said Buchanan. "But that is cup rugby, we have to learn from our mistakes but to be fair we are a pretty honest side and being so young we are bound to make mistakes from time to time.
"Neath are a good side and should be congratulated on their win, but we contributed a large amount to what was a very exciting game.
"I feel we can hold our heads high and say we contributed to a cracking game of rugby."
Now, all eyes are on whether Buchanan's youngsters can grow up into a trophy winning side next year. "It would have been nice to win the Swalec Cup today, but it wasn't to be and now next season cannot come quick enough," he added.
"We want to be competitive next year, and although we must not get ahead of ourselves I want us to be up there with the best of them.
"It is all about taking things forward and channelling ourselves. We have a group of younger players who I know will be coming on even stronger next season."


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Mindanao enjoys new Postpaid Plan P250 from Sun Cellular
Right on the heels of its intensified network expansion program, Sun Cellular launched its first salvo of new and better value postpaid plans, the Postpaid Plan 250 and initially offered it in Mindanao.
According to Senior Vice President for Postpaid and New Business Ricky Pena, "Given the immense demand for Sun Cellular's best-value services in Mindanao, we have specifically chosen the region as our pilot area for this subscription plan offering."
The new postpaid plan which costs only Php250.00 per month, will entitle subscribers to unlimited Sun-to-Sun texts, four hours of Sun-to-Sun calls, 500 texts to other networks plus a free Samsung E1080 phone!
Thus, this new offering is perfect for those who want to enjoy unlimited texting and still be able to call their contacts from regularly. Bundled with the generous allocation of texts to other networks, the postpaid plan P250 will also attract those who want to stay in touch but do not want spend much.
For the past 5 years, Sun Cellular has been the preferred choice of over half of new postpaid plan subscribers . Its postpaid subscriber base continually grows steadily and increasing by more than 30% year after year in January 2012 versus the same period last year.
According to Pena, "This 2012, we are focusing on boosting our network signal strength by augmenting and optimizing our existing cell sites, and taking advantage of synergies with our sister companies in the PLDT Group. Our extensive network strengthening campaign will be complimented with products that best suit the needs of the locals in the areas we are expanding to."
He also expressed his confidence on the widened Mindanao coverage, opining, "As we move to further establishing a more extensive network, our subscribers in Mindanao may now enjoy our best-value postpaid plans in areas where before we were not present."
"This will also benefit customers in other areas outside Mindanao as they can now get in touch with their family and other loved ones in the new areas we are now in using their Sun Cellular lines, he concludes."
Sun Cellular is a member of the PLDT Group.
Related Posts
Power talaga ng products & services ng SUN! 🙂
[…] users in the region. They can join a few exciting games during the meetup and hopefully, Sun Cellular which has just strengthened their signal in Mindanao (read here) will be supporting the meetup […]
sounds great! I must visit their center tomorrow.


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Rookie winger Jayson Megan scored his first NHL goal and defenseman Brooks Orpik had a career-high three assists to lead the Penguins to a 3-1 victory against Carolina at PNC Arena tonight.
The victory snapped a three-game losing streak for the Penguins (8-4).
They played much of the game without right winger Chuck Kobasew, who adjourned to the locker room after absorbing a hard hit from Hurricanes defenseman Tim Gleason about eight minutes into the opening period.
There was no immediate word on the nature or severity of Kobasew's injury.
Tanner Glass put the Penguins in front, 1-0, at 8:25 of the opening period, when he punched in a Megna rebound from the inner edge of the left circle for his second goal of the season.
Megna's assist was his first point in the NHL. Orpik got the first of his assists.
The Penguins had control of the game and an 11-2 edge in shots when center Brandon Sutter was penalized for tripping at 14:15. Right winger was penalized for slashing at 15:32 and Carolina capitalized on the two-man advantage to tie the game.
NHL Headlines
Penguins end slump with 3-1 win over Hurricanes
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | Oct 29


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This inexpensive but effusively energetic film is set in Louisiana's Cajun country of the 19th century. Belizaire (Armand Assante), unofficial spokesman for his people, butts heads with local bigots who want to rid the area of Cajuns. Belizaire's former girlfriend (Gail Youngs) is now the common-law wife of the film's main antagonist (more
All Belizaire the Cajun cast + crew photos


text: My husband and son order an omelette and it was cold. My husband complained and was given the same omelette that had been warmed up in the microwave and was leathery. My husband and sister-in-law complained to the manager who was very defensive and as compensation only offered us free coffees. We think we shouldnt have had to pay for... More


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Web Content Display
FF-55-2012 A. No person may take, possess, transport, buy, sell, or offer for sale weakfish less than 12 inches total length in state waters or within 200 miles of shore in the Atlantic Ocean except as provided below: below. II. HARVEST LIMITS A. GILL NETS: IV. GENERAL INFORMATION A. This proclamation is issued under the authority of N.C.G.S. 113-170.4; 113-170.5; 113-182; 113-221.1; 143B-289.52; and N.C. Marine Fisheries Commission Rules 15A NCAC 03H .0103 and 03M .0512. November 9, 2012


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Today's large font headline on Drudge screams "Shield Law Sponsor: Bloggers 'Probably Not' Considered Journos". Note that the bill in question is not law yet and the words of the sponsor aren't particularly binding in the absence of express language in the bill.
I wish I had noticed where Drudge plastered last Thursday's headline (which he linked) that the Delaware Supreme Court, whose opinion is law at least in Delaware, ruled that bloggers can remain anonymous in most circumstances. I doubt it was plastered as largely.
He reported the adverse-to-bloggers decision in Apple vs. Does but I looked for and never found the report that the California appellate court is willing to hear argument about whether to overturn it.
Maybe I'm being too hard on Matt Drudge but let's not forget his famous quote:
Powered by SidelinesIn the end I really don't care what I'm called, as long as it's not blogger.


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~ The Truth Will Set You Free ~
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Posted: Saturday, November 28, 1998
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THE OCCULT J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis - The Occult Overtones In Their Writings - by Wes Penre, November 28, 1998, updated January 1, 2005 -
(This essay will be updated with new information as it comes in. Your contribution is much appreciated. My e-mail address can be found here) A shorter version of this essay was posted on the Internet in 1998 under a previous title: J.R.R. Tolkien - The Middle-Earth Saga and the Illuminati
Wes Penre
eyond doubt, there are lots of obvious links between Tolkien's imaginary world and the occult teachings of different secret societies. You who have read "Lord of the Rings", and "Silmarillion" in particular might know what I am talking about.
My own first contact with Tolkien's world was in 1968, when a European radio station presented "The Hobbit" as a summer-series. It was very well produced, with different voices for different characters, background sounds and singing even; I was totally fascinated. A whole scenario in 3D was playing inside my head, and for me it was very real. I was stuck in front of the radio every morning the whole summer through, and when Thorin died at the end, I was crying - like if I had lost a long gone friend. I experienced the same thing two years later when I read "Lord of the Rings" - the episode when Gandalf fell to his death in the depths of Moria (and the enormous relief when he later reincarnated).
J.R.R. Tolkien
My Own Experience with Tolkien
Throughout my teens, Tolkien was a big part of my life, and when he died in 1973 I thought the world must have come to an end. Seemed like he had so much more to give, and still the masterpiece which I'd been waiting for - the "Silmarillion" - was not yet released. Terrible ...!
However, his son, Christopher Tolkien, later put Silmarillion together and to my big satisfaction it was released, I think in 1977.
Of course, Tolkien was a professor in the English language and a wonderful storyteller, no doubt about that, but there is something more to it. Long before I knew anything about occultism, I had the feeling parts of his story was true in some way. Had Middle-Earth existed some time in the past? (Tolkien himself refers to it as old England.)
Tolkien, the Bible and the Illuminati
Some of the following can only be speculations, but I think it is interesting to debate it, and I welcome any comments on it from you, the reader. I will attach my e-mail address at the bottom of this article, so you can give me your viewpoints and feedback on the subject, if you wish.
When we discuss the matter of the secret societies and the Illuminati(1), it's inevitable to make the comparison to Tolkien. Sauron is of course Satan/Lucifer with his occult power, and Gandalf is a member of a Brotherhood called "The Wizard's Council", which is a secret society in itself with magic rituals and esoteric wisdom.
The hobbits would from this viewpoint be the ignorant homo sapiens, who don't want to get involved and don't know very much about what is going on around and above them anyway. Just like in the world today, ignorant people are used for "greater purposes" by the secret societies, without knowing that they are being used.
Then there are the orchs, of course. I can't help comparing them to the small, gray aliens with their underground bases and malign intents. It seems like the Grays are hybrids and hence "created" and crossbred. So were the orchs, created by Melkor, the "fallen angel". Interesting also that Tolkien created a whole separate world with tunnels underneath the mountains. Many secret societies claim that the Earth is hollow and strange creatures live underneath the surface of the Earth.
A funny thing is (and I'm sure many Tolkien fans will recognize this), that you have a very clear picture inside your head of how the different creatures and characters in the saga look like. Sometimes you study pictures drawn by artists, related to Tolkien's world, and you sometimes get quite upset, because you "know" that's not the way they looked like. The opposite also happens. You think, yeah! This artist really got it! Do you recognize this? Personally, I think most of the characters in the movie "Lord of the Rings" pretty much confirm my own picture of how they should look like.
It's interesting from this viewpoint to compare the power-struggle of Middle-Earth with the power-struggle on Earth today, as we know it from a magical point of view(1). Because that's exactly what is going on today - an occult power-struggle above ordinary people's heads. We are the "ignorant", the "sheep", and the magicians are the "shepherds" (from an occult standpoint, not a Christian), eager to keep the sheep within their fold, so they themselves can stay busy with creating an empire for them to rule over.
Similar to many occult Masters, Tolkien got the idea to his masterpiece after he had been wounded in the first World War. He didn't know from where he got the idea, it just "came to him" (discussed in the Swedish book "Sagan om Tolkien", by Åke Ohlmarks, Norstedts 1971). Many occultists have had the same experience - some strange power(s) just channeling through them. Also, Tolkien was a professor in Oxford, which is controlled by the Illuminati. Question: was Tolkien a part of the Brotherhood to some degree? Did he know the occult technology, or is everything just a coincidence? He himself said he used parts of the Beowulf saga and the old Icelandic myths to create his own epos, but that doesn't explain everything. Hopefully we will understand this better as we continue the discussion in this essay.
The Sumerian Scriptures
Tolkien was very aware of the Sumerian Scriptures. If you look at the Genesis in "Silmarillion", you see the similarities to old Sumer. Eru is from this sense Anu, the alien king/god of Sumer, and "ainur" would be the "Anunnaki". Melkor (Satan) is the fallen angel, Sauron's (Lucifer's) teacher. There is also another connection, a play with words. Moriah is the name the Illuminati use about themselves, for their Order(1), and Tolkien uses the word Moria, referring to the hidden, secret realm in the tunnels under Misty Mountains. Symbolically the realm of Moria could be compared to the Realm of Moriah, the place where secrets are kept. The sorcerer (Gandalf) fell into the depths together with the Balrog; died and were reborn, coming out even wiser, dressed in white instead of grey. White is wisdom. Saruman chose the other road and joined the Black Order of Mordor. He eventually caved himself in (as most black magicians do), and the good forces celebrated victory.
There are more "coincidences" with the Sumerian scriptures. This is an excerpt form the the website "Tolkien's Lord of the Rings: Truth, Myth of Both?":
"Dr. Ralph C. Wood, Professor of English at Baylor University and an expert on Tolkien's work, described those "lesser gods" or ruling spirits. Notice that the reigning God sounds more like the aloof deity of deism than the caring God of the Bible. Other "gods" would fit right into Norse and Celtic mythology (two areas of research that fascinated Tolkien):
"At the top stands Ilúvatar, the All-Father, corresponding roughly to the One whom Christians call God the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth. From him all things proceed, and to him all things return. He is the beginning and the end, the One who shapes all events to his own purposes. He... only rarely intervenes in his Creation, preferring instead to work through... fifteen subordinate beings.... "Manwë, the Good and Pure.... is most concerned with air, wind, clouds, and the birds that fly. Manwë's spouse is Varda, the Exalted. She made the stars, established the courses of the Sun and Moon, and set the morning and evening star Eärendil in the sky. Thus is she known to the elves as Elbereth (Star-Queen) and Gilthoniel (Star-Kindler). She listens to the cries of both men and elves in order to come to their aid and succor. Next comes Melkor ("He who arises in Might"). Ilúvatar gave to him greater power and knowledge than to any of the other Valar.... He desired to have his own power to create things out of nothing--to give them true Being--as the All-Father did. So he searched in the Void for the Flame Imperishable, disturbing the original Music which Ilúvatar had created to keep the Timeless Halls in harmony.... Ulmo ("pourer, rainer") is... lord of waters... he dwells in the Outer Ocean or in the waters underneath Middle Earth, governing the movement of all oceans and rivers. Ulmo cares greatly for the Children of Ilúvatar, advising them by direct appearances, by dreams, or through the music of waters.... "Irmo ("master of desire") is the author of visions and dreams...."(2) emphasis added"
"At the top stands Ilúvatar, the All-Father, corresponding roughly to the One whom Christians call God the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth. From him all things proceed, and to him all things return. He is the beginning and the end, the One who shapes all events to his own purposes. He... only rarely intervenes in his Creation, preferring instead to work through... fifteen subordinate beings....
"Manwë, the Good and Pure.... is most concerned with air, wind, clouds, and the birds that fly. Manwë's spouse is Varda, the Exalted. She made the stars, established the courses of the Sun and Moon, and set the morning and evening star Eärendil in the sky. Thus is she known to the elves as Elbereth (Star-Queen) and Gilthoniel (Star-Kindler). She listens to the cries of both men and elves in order to come to their aid and succor.
Next comes Melkor ("He who arises in Might"). Ilúvatar gave to him greater power and knowledge than to any of the other Valar.... He desired to have his own power to create things out of nothing--to give them true Being--as the All-Father did. So he searched in the Void for the Flame Imperishable, disturbing the original Music which Ilúvatar had created to keep the Timeless Halls in harmony....
Ulmo ("pourer, rainer") is... lord of waters... he dwells in the Outer Ocean or in the waters underneath Middle Earth, governing the movement of all oceans and rivers. Ulmo cares greatly for the Children of Ilúvatar, advising them by direct appearances, by dreams, or through the music of waters.... "Irmo ("master of desire") is the author of visions and dreams...."(2) emphasis added"
Just like the Sumerian Gods, the Tolkien "lesser gods" were lords over the elements; Ulmo was the "Lord of Waters" as were Enki in the Sumerian Scriptures.
Was Tolkien an occult or a Christian writer?
Christians are divided into two camps with regards to Tolkien's books. One camp says there are allegorical links between his myth and Biblical truth, while the other camp points out the occult links, and emphasizes that "Lord of the Rings" was written to deceive and mislead people, and steer them away from God and into the occult:
"Sadly, many professing Christians via the lie that anything done by a 'Christian' is acceptable, have accepted the occult. Tolkien was defined to be a Christian. Satan then got acceptance for his evil occult series of Lord of the Rings by gullible people that believe anything done by a 'Christian' is acceptable..." "...Satan has used Tolkien and his occult series in very successful attacks against both the lost and professing Christians. The devil succeeded in getting the occult accepted by both groups, the lost and professing Christians and Tolkiens [sic] demonic works played a major role in the process. Tolkiens [sic] occult stories were first published in the 1950's. It is interesting to note that Tolkien took 12 years to write his occult stories and he released them in the 13th year. He was a true occultist and the devil was pleased and blessed his work!" (3)
"Sadly, many professing Christians via the lie that anything done by a 'Christian' is acceptable, have accepted the occult. Tolkien was defined to be a Christian. Satan then got acceptance for his evil occult series of Lord of the Rings by gullible people that believe anything done by a 'Christian' is acceptable..."
"...Satan has used Tolkien and his occult series in very successful attacks against both the lost and professing Christians. The devil succeeded in getting the occult accepted by both groups, the lost and professing Christians and Tolkiens [sic] demonic works played a major role in the process. Tolkiens [sic] occult stories were first published in the 1950's. It is interesting to note that Tolkien took 12 years to write his occult stories and he released them in the 13th year. He was a true occultist and the devil was pleased and blessed his work!" (3)
"John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892-1973) was a man of many contradictions. For example:
Back in 1969, he wrote a letter affirming that "the chief purpose of life, for any one of us, is to increase according to our capacity our knowledge of God by all the means we have, and to be moved by it to praise and thanks." (8) Yet the primary focus of his life was his mythical Middle-earth, headed by a distant and impersonal "God" who might confuse rather than clarify the nature of the Biblical God. In his personal letters (many are included in a book titled The Letters of J. R. R Tolkien), he expressed caution toward occult practices. But he equipped his team of mythical heroes -- the fellowship of the Ring -- with the pagan powers that God forbids. For example, "Gandalf [a helpful wizard] is able to wield potent magic... To do battle with the forces of darkness, Gandalf the Grey can call upon not only his spellcraft, but also his staff of power and the Elven sword Glamdring." (9) Tolkien once told a Jesuit friend: "The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work... the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism."(11) People defending Tolkien, saying he was a strict Roman Catholic and thus Christian, should read more about Roman Catholicism and especially the Jesuit Order. Both these "religious" groups are nothing but front groups for the Illuminati - the power that is currently controlling political events in the background, to create a One World Government, and to pave the way for the "AntiChrist". Challenging question: Was Tolkien actually also a Jesuit in secret? A staunch Roman Catholic, he affirmed his faith in the One God who created the universe. But his mythical God stopped creating before the work was finished, then turned the rest over to a group of lesser gods or "sub-creators." In other words, Tolkien invented a hierarchy of deities that defied the Biblical God's wise warnings concerning both real and imagined idolatry." (5)
Tolkien once told a Jesuit friend: "The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work... the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism."(11) People defending Tolkien, saying he was a strict Roman Catholic and thus Christian, should read more about Roman Catholicism and especially the Jesuit Order. Both these "religious" groups are nothing but front groups for the Illuminati - the power that is currently controlling political events in the background, to create a One World Government, and to pave the way for the "AntiChrist". Challenging question: Was Tolkien actually also a Jesuit in secret?
A staunch Roman Catholic, he affirmed his faith in the One God who created the universe. But his mythical God stopped creating before the work was finished, then turned the rest over to a group of lesser gods or "sub-creators." In other words, Tolkien invented a hierarchy of deities that defied the Biblical God's wise warnings concerning both real and imagined idolatry." (5)
Personally, no matter what Tolkien's intentions were, I believe that the effect his epos created was an increased interest in the occult. I can speak from my own experience; after had read his books, I wanted to know more about magic and sorcery, and directly or indirectly, his work eventually led me to one of the occult secret societies, where I became a member. However, I finally realized how I was used there for evil purposes, and left.
Today we have Dan Brown and "The Da Vinci Code", which also has helped to increase the interest in the occult. Brown says he is neutral regarding whether the secret societies are benevolent or malign, but his books present them as mysterious, and working for humanity. The same thing goes with Hollywood and movies like "National Treasure" and other similar films. They present a wrong picture of what secret societies are, most likely as a counter-attack against serious researchers like myself and many others. (After I wrote this paragraph, I accidentally stumbled upon the following article, http://www.styleweekly.com/article.asp?idarticle=9607, which further gives strength to these arguments. I quote from the forth and fifth paragraph of this article, published on December 29, 2004, but I strongly advise you to read the full article, as it continues in the same manner):
"Last year's "The Da Vinci Code" has made Dan Brown enough money to start his own religion, as well as inspiring a number of nonfiction titles to seek the truth behind his premise of secret societies, da Vinci's art, and the bloodline of Jesus Christ. "Cracking the Da Vinci Code" by Simon Cox and "Cracking Da Vinci's Code" by James Garlow look for flaws in Brown's conspiracy. But Martin Lunn's "Da Vinci Code Decoded: The Truth Behind 'The New York Times' #1 Bestseller," despite having a bulky name, got the farthest up the charts. All of them seem to have forgotten that Brown's book was a best seller in fiction. Unfazed by the allegations of embellishment, a new version of the book came out this year: "The Da Vinci Code Special Illustrated Edition," so we don't have to rely on Brown's descriptions of the art anymore.Magic and ingenuity made two series top sellers for both adults and children [my emphasis]. After five books and three movies, interest in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books are still strong. Now a boxed set collects the first five books of the adventures of the boy in wizard school..."
Tolkien's books have had a great influence on people and they paved the road for other forms of occultism. Games like Dungeons and Dragons were heavily influenced by Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings". In addition, his books influenced a numerous of other authors to write similar stories, which boosted an interest in the occult and magic. In my upper teens, I started writing fantasy short stories and novels myself, obsessively inspired by Tolkien. This was in the early 70's, but when I tried to get them published I was met by a very interesting remark from the book publishers. Now in retrospective, this remark makes sense. They often said that it was "too early to publish these kinds of stories", but that I should wait another 5-8 years. They "expected" a new trend on the book market, and that trend was the "Fantasy genre". Now, looking back, I know they were right. Suddenly, the bookstores were overloaded with fantasy novels and they sold like water in Sahara, and still do, now boosted by the movie trilogy "The Lord of the Rings", Harry Potter and more.
Were they psychic, or how else did they know that people would want fantasy novels in 5-8 years? There is nothing esoteric about it; actually this is a typical phenomenon. The same thing happens in the occult music industry(4). The book- and music industries decide the future trend and start promoting it on a big scale, and they know exactly how to get people interested; how to do that is already thoroughly researched by them. As with everything else in big business, politics and banking, the trends are always set in the direction of creating a New World Order, whether the artist, writer, or common man is aware of it or not. Those two media - books and movies - are excellent tools for the Illuminati, because their message reaches millions of people at once. Therefore, the fantasy genre is an introduction to the acceptance of the occult, which has to be looked at in a broader perspective, as we rapidly are heading towards a global, occult Super state. The occult rock group, Led Zeppelin, also used Tolkien's fantasy world in a few of their songs; the best known are probably "Ramble on" "The Battle of Evermore".
Now, was Tolkien a Christian or an occult writer?
"Decades ago, when witchcraft and wizardry were hidden from public view, young "Middle-earth" visionaries had no real-life place to test the new suggestions. That has changed. Through books, local covens, the Internet and other available sources, seekers can easily find tutors and practices that turn wizardly fantasy into practical occult reality. This sobering fact makes our world today radically different from the times when Tolkien and his friends shared their stories with each other.(5)
Tolkien himself denies any supposed allegorical link between his myth and Biblical truth, it's not fair to hold his stories accountable to that truth. Nor is it wise to continue claiming that they teach us God's truth. Those who do could easily be tempted to lower their guard, set aside discernment, internalize the fascinating suggestions and be drawn to occult images.
In "The Fellowship of the Rings" Gandalf falls into the depths of Moria and dies, just to reincarnate later, much wiser, from Gandalf the Grey to Gandalf the White. Here is Tolkien:
"Gandalf is not, of course, a human being (Man or Hobbit). There are naturally no precise modern terms to say what he was. I would venture to say that he was an incarnate 'angel'...(6)
And now this:
"This incarnate "angel" wouldn't fit into the host of Biblical angels. But he could well fit in the hierarchy of "devas" or "angels" and ascended masters in the elaborate spiritual system called Theosophy or "Ancient Wisdom." Popularized by Madame Helena Blavatsky, this esoteric blend of Hinduism and Western occultism received its doctrines from "ascended masters" or spirit guides such as Djhwal Khul who channeled his messages to the medium Alice Bailey." (5)
Interestingly enough, shortly after I had published the first version of this article on the Internet in 1998, I got a letter from a visitor, who was told by a high initiated witch, that both Tolkien and C.S. Lewis were initiated in the H.O.G.D. (The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn), which is a deeply occult, black magic secret society. The Golden Dawn is closely related to Madame Blavatsky's "Theosophical Society". During a discussion about Tolkien and his work, this male witch commented that "The Hobbit" and the rest of the Middle-Earth series was merely an elementary 'primer' for witchcraft. He was even a bit irritated at the lack of background knowledge about Tolkien among the people gathered. Later he added C.S. Lewis to the conversation as another well known literary figure who was initiated in the H.O.G.D. If this is true or not is hard to say, but it is interesting and well worth looking further into. However, there are more indications that both Tolkien and Lewis had Golden Dawn connections. The following website is no longer on the Internet, but I still have a saved copy of it, so I am hereby re-posting it: "Hermetic Imagination: The Effect Of The Golden Dawn On Fantasy Literature".
Another allegory Tolkien uses is the one about Atlantis, the legendary continent that sank into the ocean. In Tolkien's world, the equivalence to Atlantis would be Númenor, the big island to the west where the Great Kings of a Divine bloodline, lived. Just like with Atlantis, Númenor sank into the ocean in a devastating catastrophe, and the survivors escaped to Middle-Earth where they mingled with "ordinary" humans. This is almost exactly how the story about Atlantis is told as well; how the blue-blooded survivors escaped the catastrophe, to Egypt and other places in the Mediterranean.
Map of Tolkien's Númenor, the island that sank into the ocean. The five corners of the island also form the shape of a Pentagram (this image was sent to me by a visitor). Here is Tolkien again, discussing Atlantis. He is talking about a dream he had, or was it maybe channeled information?:
"Númenor is my personal alteration of the Atlantis myth and /or tradition, and accommodation of it to my general mythology. Of all the mythical or 'archetypal' images this is the one most deeply seated in my imagination, and for many years I had a recurrent Atlantis dream: the stupendous and ineluctable wave advancing from the Sea or over the land, sometimes dark, sometimes green and sunlit." (7)
In fact, Tolkien mentioned something that could be interpreted as "channeling":
"...the thing seems to write itself once I get going...." The Letters of J. R. R Tolkien, page 91.
Occult Symbolism in the Lord of the Rings One thing is certain; J.R.R. Tolkien was very fascinated by occult symbolism. His epos has an abundance of it. Let us pick a few examples:
The picture to the left is taken from a website called "The Lord of the Rings Symbolism", The following is taken from this website, and I paste it here for the argument's sake. I have added my own comments to those of the author. My comments are in [bold letters and in brackets]:
"The first installment of Tolkien's 'The Lord of the Rings' was released on DVD and video this week in Britain. When I first saw the film 'The Fellowship of the Ring' at the cinema I noticed a very familiar set of symbols. Now that the film is now widely available it seems timely to take a closer look at this symbolism, and invite further debate. The symbolism in question appears on the door to the dwarven caverns of Moria, a gateway that initially blocks the progress of the beleagured Fellowship.
A symbolic arch is supported by 2 pillars, themselves wrapped by climbing vegetation. The arch bears an inscription written in an ancient form of Elvish, saying "The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria. Speak, friend, and enter." Drawn below the arch are seven stars and a crown, and below these can be found a much larger star (the 'Star of the House of Fëanor').
This motif is very similar to the Royal Arch of the Freemasons, who also incorporate seven stars into the space below the arch. Their arch is comprised of 7 houses of the zodiac, whose position in the sky binds the Duat. As such, the seven stars cannot denote the Pleiades star cluster in Taurus, nor the Corona Borealis, or Northern Crown. They are also not suggestive of any stars present in the Duat itself, specifically around Sirius or Orion. The 'Star of the House of Fëanor', however, may be analogous with Sirius if we compare the Door of Durin and the Freemasonic Royal Arch. This then gives us a very specific sky location, into which are incorporated a crown and seven stars.
For reasons which will become apparent in a moment, I proposed that this symbolism might be the same as that of Niburu, indicating its perihelion location in the sky.
When I first suggested this 6 months or so ago, I received a very informative e-mail from Greg Frey, and I would like to share his thoughts with you here:
"The gateway to Moria in the movie is reproduced directly from Tolkien's drawing in the book "Lord of the Rings". His symbols I'm afraid have nothing to do with alchemy or anything else esoteric. They are a reference to the 7 Dwarven Kings and their rings of power. To understand the symbolism in Tolkien you would need to read the Silmarillion also by Tolkien. Although some parallels will be found with esoteric symbolism I think you would do well to remember that Tolkien was a devout Christian. The parallels I mentioned will be evident for two reasons, neither of them conscious on Tolkien's part: 1) His sources are pagan (The Kalevala, the Ring Cycle of the Niebulung, ancient Celtic and Germanic myth, etc.) and 2) in writing the Silmarillion he accessed the Collective Unconscious of the human race, where many of these archetypal symbols are deeply embedded."
Indeed, the seven stars may well be representative of the seven rings of the Dwarven Lords rather than anything astronomical per se, but I think that Greg's final point is very important. There is a lot of subconscious archetypal imagery at play here, in a Jungian sense, and the initial source of the symbolism may be very deep indeed. Of course, being a devout Christian need not preclude one from esoteric interests. Most Freemasons are Christian, and the new Archbishop of Canterbury is not above the donning of a Druid's mantle! [I am certain of one thing with regards to this: Tolkien was a highly educated man, and his symbolism is not coincidental. He knew about the occult symbols, and he DID use them for some hidden purpose. Wes Penre]. Let us compare Tolkien's Door of Durin with the Royal Arch and the equivalent alchemical imagery:
Tolkien's Gate
The Freemasonic "Royal Arch"
The Royal Arch is fascinating because it gives us a particular sky location for this symbolism, one that should not include 7 stars. It also boasts a cometary star, highly suggestive of the rogue 10th Planet, Nibiru [sic], in this context. Is Nibiru [sic] the crowned Eagle, the Returning King of the celestial deep? Tolkien also gives us the crown among the seven stars. This symbolism is very powerful, and the Door of Durin might therefore be seen as one of Initiation. Could the Crown be that of Christ? [or that of the Illuminati Royal bloodline? Wes Penre?] If we look at the same symbolism deployed on the Talisman of Orpheus then this parallel becomes very clear indeed:
I think this helps to answer Greg Frey's point about Tolkien. His mixture of Pagan sources and Christian belief is quite Gnostic, in the broadest sense of the word, and is in keeping with the arcane mixture of symbols that we are comparing here. If Nibiru [sic] was the Messianic Star then its archetypal signature within the Collective Unconscious would be very strong. Tolkien's incredible imagination would be fertile ground for its re-emergence.
Even if Tolkien was unconsciously applying these symbols, apply them he did. The parallels are too striking to be entirely coincidental [I agree! Wes Penre]. But more tantalising is the possibility that he consciously applied symbols from Pagan sources that were very ancient and mysterious, ones that have been largely eradicated, or altered beyond recognition, by orthodox Christian belief.
Only through the passing down of these ancient symbols by esoteric schools such as Alchemy are we even able to make these comparisons. Was Tolkien an Initiate, then? I can't answer this question, but I'm tempted to think so. I would certainly be interested in researching this possibility.
Is the Crown and its companion Seven Stars equivalent to the Messianic Star, taking the guise of the dark star Nibiru [sic] and its moons? This is a more speculative claim, but one that may be deserving of some consideration.
Aragorn's Breastplate
A similar set of symbols is deployed by Tolkien for the Kingdom of Gondor. As well as the White Tree of Gondor, seven stars are also apparent on the Gondor flags (as pointed out to me by Martin Wells). In this case these cannot denote the seven rings given to the dwarves, as Gondor is a kingdom of men. But things become even more intriguing when looking at the symbols used on the breastplate of Aragorn upon his Coronation, towards the end of the movie 'Return of the King'.
This black breastplate shows the same seven stars and crown symbol that is used on the Door of Moria, that has the Masonic connotations we have looked at. Of course, Tolkien was himself Roman Catholic, and surely no Freemason (although Roman Catholics are sometimes Masons, I am given to understand) [Being a Roman Catholic certainly does not exclude him from being a Freemason as well, although I have not so far seen such a connection in his case. It's not well known, but like Mr. Lloyd implies here, one thing does not exclude the other. Wes Penre], but he does seem to have dipped into the iconography of the Royal Arch degree nevertheless (see above).
It's more difficult to dismiss this 'coincidence' in the case of Aragorn's breastplate. He is, after all, the returning King, intimately connecting the meaning of the symbols with the Royal Arch. There are self-evident analogies with a Messianic return, connected with celestial imagery. It's easy to create a meaningful link to the return of an ancient 'Royal' Planet.
When I saw this symbolism in the film I couldn't help but be impressed with the Egyptian styling. The crown looks a little like a scarab, but might also represent a Winged Disc. The larger design below is presumably a stylised version of the White Tree of Gondor, and looks to have a central focus of a Cross, or Crucifix. Again, this is in keeping with the 'Talisman of Orpheus', with its Crucified figure (Bacchus/Orpheus/Christ) below the semi-circle of seven stars and the crescent.
The Cross and the Tree may be inter-changeable symbols, which creates quite a striking parallel between the imagery used by Tolkien and the ancient esoteric symbols that I associate with the Dark Star. It's a bizarre thread to develop, I know, but the symbolism speaks for itself.
The Rosicrucian Crown and Seven Stars
Greg Jenner has kindly supplied me with some examples of Masonic Symbology that correlate well with Tolkien's own. The most striking (so far) is this one, which Greg describes as follows: "It is a certificate of membership in 'The Societas Rosicruciana' in Anglia founded in 1886 by a group of Freemasons." This is the 'Rosicrucian Society in England'. My copy of 'The Rungs of the Ladder' (1999) by Michael J. Stayt emphatically notes that this is not a Masonic order, but a Society of Freemasons. Here is an image of the certificate on the left, and a detail on the right. Greg has highlighted the fiery Crown and seven stars symbolism in colour:
Regarding the nature of the Masonic Rosicrucian Society, Michael Stayt goes on to write:
"The qualification for membership is to be a Master Mason and a Christian. Perhaps even more important is the need to be interested in the deeper subjects surrounding Freemasonry and a willingness to study them. The Society was formed in 1865...Each of the First Order ceremonies covers a specific aspect of esoteric study and marks a specific stage in the personal development of the Frater (Brother) involved... The Society encourages study of all arcane and esoteric subjects, but from a theoretical rather than a practical standpoint. Time is devoted to the presentation of papers and members are exhorted to write and present papers. These may be on any non-Masonic subject, but examples might include:...astrology, astronomy, alchemy, theosophy...and especially the Kabbalah."
Which is very interesting because there is an almost Gnostic flavour to this Christian Masonic area of study. It feels a lot like my Dark Star theory itself, in fact, where an unusual set of symbols can be found across a wide variety of religious, esoteric and mythological disciplines, requiring a wide net to be thrown. In the Rosicrucian certificate above, the Nibiruan [sic] symbols are elevated above the Sun, above the Zodiac and even above the Cross itself (much like the Talisman of Orpheus). It implies an extra-solar presence. They are also identical to Tolkien's symbolism.
This is a remarkable find, and I'm very grateful to Greg Jenner for passing this along."
© Andy Lloyd 24th January 2004
* * *
Thus ends Mr. Andy Lloyd's comments.
I am constantly getting information from readers, and as I go along I will post what is relevant and interesting in this regard. This morning, on January 2, 2005, I got an email from a person who is an initiate in the A.'. A.'., which is a group of people who study Aleister Crowley's Magick and practice it, without being a member of a specific secret society. He told me that Tolkien indeed was an initiate for some time, but was excluded because of "incompetence" (in studying and practicing Magick?). This particular Crowley adept gave me the following comparison between some of the characters in the "Lord of the Rings" and the world today:
Frodo = aspirantGandalf = The Secret Chief of the A.'. A.'. (Aleister Crowley)Saruman = Golden Dawn adept (Mathers, who was the Grand Master of the Order while Crowley was aliveSauron = ChoronzonAragorn = SpiritArwen = BodyThe Ring = Magick powersVolcano = AbyssThe Ring Wraiths = Initiate in the Black Brotherhood (The Illuminati)
In this aspect it is interesting to note that Frodo, the aspirant, after had completed his work, was fully accepted by the Brotherhood, was initiated and allowed to leave his old "ordinary, ignorant human [hobbit] life" and join the Illuminated Ones. This was symbolically done when Frodo left Middle-Earth together with Gandalf and the Elves at the end of "The Return of the King". Bilbo also left (was accepted into the Order) after he had shown that he could overcome his ego and be in control over the temptation from the "One Ring of Power". His final battle with the temptation from the Ring was in Rivendell, just before Frodo decided to go alone to Mordor. At that point Bilbo passed the requirements and were initiated into the Higher Order; became Illuminated.
Also, the comparison with Gandalf and Saruman is interesting, too. Aleister Crowley [1875-1947] and S.L. MacGregor Mathers [1854-1918] were friends at first, but became arch enemies eventually, when Crowley left the Golden Dawn and became the head of the OTO. Mathers never forgave him for bringing some of the "secret" knowledge out in the open, and the two magicians started a magic(k)al battle, which Crowley (Gandalf) won, and Mathers (Saruman) ended up as a broken man and eventually caved in mentally and physically, and died.
To me, contrary to the information I was given above, Aragorn is BODY and Arwen is SPIRIT. Arwen was half Elf and half human, which means she is "enlightened" and one of the "Old Race" (compared to the root races in Theosophy). When Aragorn became KING he symbolized the end of the Third Age (the "Old Order") and now became the first KING of the Fourth Age ("The New World Order"), the King of Man. By marrying Arwen he became "fulfilled". He was of the Illuminated Royal Bloodline, in direct line from Isildur (king Salomon). Arwen (Spirit) to me symbolizes the full circle, when the blue-blooded king of the Illuminati bloodline sits on the throne to rule over mankind, possessing secret knowledge through Arwen (Spirit).
Another interesting thing is the symbol Sauron uses - The One All-seeing Eye, compared to The All-seeing Eye of Freemasonry/Illuminati), also printed on the One-Dollar Bill:
which is the same symbol as this one:
which is the "Eye of Horus", or the "Eye of Lucifer", of Freemasonic origin.
J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S Lewis
Tolkien and C.S. Lewis were both Oxford professors and members of a society among the University professors - "The Inklings". Stories go with that this society was just a friendly meeting place for them, a relaxed club where they used to read their own books and work in progress, and discuss them. This may be correct, but if there was more to it, the following is interesting. It's taken from a lecture by Bill Cooper called "The New Covenant" and is not on the subject of Tolkien or Lewis, but about the Illuminati and their beliefs. But before we discuss that, let us look at the following names the two authors used for their book characters. We already discussed Tolkien above, but also look at the name "Galgalum" here below, meaning "The Guide". Compare it with Gollum in Tolkien's world - he who guided Frodo and Sam to Mordor.
C.S. Lewis on the other hand, who wrote the books of Narnia, another fantasy world, used a Lion God (also a symbol for the "God" of the Illuminati - Satan/Lucifer). This Lion God he called Aslan, compared to the Brotherhood's "Asalam" (see below).
Walt Disney is another example; he was a 33 Degree Freemason of the Scottish Rite, and his entire life he spun threads from the Mystery Schools into the children's minds with the purpose of getting them used to the occult, for days to come. Could it be that Disney indoctrinated the kids, and Lewis and Tolkien "took care" of the indoctrination of the teenagers and the adults? Speculations, but still ...
Here below follows an extract from Bill Cooper's lecture:
...Green then was told, probably accurately, that the members of thiscollege, the Gnostics, had gathered across many countries, but wereunited by Magnalucius's teachings, the heart of which is the secretdoctrine of the unicorn. What is this secret doctrine? There are interesting scripturalparallels with it, and the biblical account of Lucifer's, or Satan's,fall from heaven. The first unicorn--wrapped in a cloud came he. By a bright whirlwindborne along, he descended gently from the heavens to the infant fieldsof earth, even before the fires of its forming were yet. Thus, did theunicorn possess the brightness of the light that he might drive alldarkness and obscurity from him. He was called "Asalam" --ofunicorns, the first born. A creature fearfully wrought and wonderful tobehold, bearing a horn of spiral light that is the sign of Galgalumthe Guide. [my emphasis]
Could it be that Tolkien used the name Gollum from "Galgalum the Guide"?
Interestingly enough, former Illuminati mind controlled slaves have stated that Tolkien's epos is used by them in mind control
"One ring to rule them all,One ring to find them,One ring to bring them all,And in the darkness bind them!"
There is a whole website with research on Lewis' "The Chronicles of Narnia". There they discuss in depth the theological aspects of the epos. It is interesting reading, and I advise you to check it out to build your own opinion. The name of the website is "Into the Depth of the Chronicles of Narnia".
(After have read the specific footnote you are interested in, click the 'back button' on your browser to go back where you were in the text)
(1) http://illuminati-news.com/moriah.htm.
More Resources:
Tolkien At the End of Time - Alchemical Secrets of The Lord of the Ring The Inklings: Lewis, Tolkien and Barfield explore Theosophy and Reincarnation
Wes Penre is the owner of the domain Illuminati News and the publisher of the same. Please also check out his MySpace website: http://www.myspace.com/wespenre.
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Two cylinders at 27C are connected by a closed stopcock ystem. One cyclinder contains 2.4 L of hydrogen gas at o.600 atm; the other cylinder contains 6.8L of helium at 1.40 atm. Assume valve take up no room. what is the total pressure when the valve is open ? I don't know how ...
October 15, 2009 by Suzie
a) Co(H2O)6^2 + 4 Cl^‐1 (aq) ⇄ CoCl4^‐2 (aq) + 6 H2O (l) Rewrite the net ionic equation above including the energy term where appropriate. The Delta H for this reaction is +50 kJ/mol. b) Silver chloride (AgCl) is a white solid. For the equilibrium reaction ...
October 4, 2015 by Victor
A mixture of H2, S, and H2S is held in a 1.0-L vessel at 90°C and reacts according to the equation H2(g) + S(s) H2S(g). At equilibrium the mixture contains 0.46 g of H2S and 0.40 g H2. (a) Write the equilibrium-constant expression for this reaction (Kc). I got Kc= [H2S]/[H2] ...
February 7, 2012 by Yelnats
4. Calculate the Gibbs' free energy change for the reaction Mg(s) + H2O(g) → MgO(s) + H2(g) carried out at 100ºC given the data below. Under these conditions is this reaction product favoured? ΔHºformation (kJ mol^-1) MgO(g) -602 H2O(g) -242 H2(g) 0 Mg(s) 0 Sº...
July 19, 2014 by John
A reaction yields 3.75 L of nitrogen monoxide. The Volume is measured at 19 *C and a pressure of 1.10 atm. What mass of NO was produced by the reaction?
April 9, 2012 by CHEMMY
A 0.0583 mol sample of formaldehyde vapour, CH2O, was placed in a heated 0.359 L vessel and some of it decomposed. The reaction is CH2O(g)---> H2(g) + CO(g). At equilibrium, the CH2O concentration was 0.0449 M. What is the value of Kc for this reaction? my answer was 0....
April 20, 2013 by alex
We have this reaction : HCO3- + OH- => CO3^-2 + H2O Specify the conjugate pairs and , which direction the reaction equilibrium shift ? and How ( as a rule ) ?
July 14, 2014 by MAD
I would really appreciate some help on this problem. =) At 218 C, Kc = .00012 for the equilibrium NH4HS(s)<==> NH3(g)+ H2S(g) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of NH3 and H2S if a sample solid NH4HS is placed in a closed vessel and decomposes until equilibrium is ...
March 15, 2007 by Jenn
Calculate the partial pressures and total pressure (in atm) exerted by 0.838 mol of methane, 0.184 mol of ethane and 0.755 mol of neon contained in a 4.00 L container at 27 C. PV=nRT for methane (4.00L) X = (0.838 mol)(0.08206 L-atm/mol-K)(300.15 K) X = 5.160 atm PV=nRT for ...
December 23, 2009 by Anonymous
In one experiment, 50.0ml of 0.10M CH3NH2, is mixed with 20.00ml of 0.10 M CH3NH3Cl. The kb of CH3NH2 is 3.70*10^-4. a) write the chemical reaction for the equilibrium which becomes established, using H2O as a reactant. b)Write the net-ionic equation that occurs when Ba(OH)2 ...
February 27, 2010 by James
If four grams of Oxygen and four grams of Helium are placed in a five liter vessel at 338 K, what will be the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure in the vessel?
March 5, 2015 by Greg
Write the dissociation reaction and the corresponding Ka equilibrium expression for each of the following acids in water. (Use the lowest possible coefficients. Include states-of-matter under SATP conditions in your answer. Omit water in your answer.) (a) HC_2H_3O_2 (b) Co(H2O...
March 3, 2012 by Chris
Chemistry -Dr. Bob
Reacting 1 L of H2(g) with 1 L C2H2(g) (both at STP) results in the formation of 1 L of C2H4(g) if the reaction is maintained at the same conditions (STP) and goes to completion. If this reaction produced 6.3 kJ of heat (absorbed by the surroundings), calculate: a) the PV work...
January 20, 2016 by Sanaya
Chem II
The equilibrium constant, Kp for the reaction PCl5 <---> PCl3 + Cl2 is 1.05 at 250 degrees C. The reaction is started with PCl5, PCL3 and Cl2 at 0.177, 0.223, and 0.111 atm at 250 degrees C. When the reaction comes to equilibrium, the pressure of _________ PCl3 must have...
June 16, 2008 by Ken
For :H2O(g) --> H(g) + OH(g); At 3000K and P(total)=1.00 atm, from your K value calculate system composition from 1.00 mol H2O(g) and no products initially. The K I got (using Delta G superscript zero = [Delta H superscript zero]-[T* Delta S superscript zero)=]) was 9.5x10...
July 31, 2014 by Briana
given the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 500 K, 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) <==> 2 NO2 (g) Kc = 6.2x10^5 calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction expressed as partial pressures, Kp. the answer is 1.51x10^4. How do i get this?
March 28, 2012 by alex
Can someone help me understand this? The function p(d)=1+d/33 gives the pressure in the atmosphere (atm) at a depth in the sea (d is in feet) Note that P(0)=1 atm, P(33)=2 and so on find the pressure at 150 feet. The pressure at 150 feet is ? atm?
June 18, 2008 by Anonymous
"The osmotic pressure of a saturated solution of strontium sulfate at 25C is 21 torr. What is the solubility product of this salt at 25C (Hint: calculate molarity from the colligative properties eqn of osmotic pressure and use it in the equilibrium expression" I converted torr...
March 17, 2010 by Kiki
A classic experiment in equilibrium studies dating from 1862 involved the reaction in solution of ethanol and acetic acid to produce ethyl acetate and water. The reaction can be followed by analyzing the equilibrium mixture for its acetic acid content. In one experiment, a ...
March 13, 2011 by gs
Given the following information: Ni(OH)2(s) Ni2+(aq) + 2 OH (aq) Ksp=6.0 x 10 16 H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH (aq) Kw=1.0 x 10 14 What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction, Ni(OH)2(s) + 2 H+(aq) Ni2+(aq)+ 2 H2O(l)
April 20, 2012 by Frank
For the reaction: N2+3H2 <-----> 2NH3 1.000 mol N2 and 1.000 mol H2 are placed in a 1.000 L container and allowed to establish equilibrium. When equilibrium is established the [N2] =0.921M. Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of hydrogen and ammonia. Calculate K.
April 19, 2015 by Julia
Chemistry please help!
What happens to the following reaction at equilibrium if the pressure is decreased? 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) A. The equilibrium shifts left because Q > K. B. The equilibrium shifts right because Q < K. C. The equilibrium shifts left because Q < K. D. The equilibrium ...
September 19, 2016 by Laura
To a tank already containing N2 at 2.0 atm and O2 at 1.0 atm, we add an unknown quantity of CO2 until the total pressure is 4.6 atm. What is the partial pressure of the CO2?
October 11, 2012 by Stacy
To a tank already containing N2 at 2.0 atm and O2 at 1.0 atm, we add an unknown quantity of CO2 until the total pressure is 4.6 atm. What is the partial pressure of the CO2?
October 11, 2012 by stac
The solubility of CaCO3 at 25 degrees celsius is 6.90*10-5M. The reaction is CaCO3(s)-->Ca 2+(aq) + CO3 2-(aq) <-- a. Calculate the concentration of Ca +2 and CO3 -2 at equilibrium. b. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the dissolution reaction. (also known as the ...
February 13, 2008 by Sophia
a 5.0 dm3 sample of oxygen at a pressure of 200 kPa and 2.0 dm3 sample of nitrogen at a pressure of 500 kPa are introduced into a 2.5 dm3 vessel. what is the total pressure in the vessel?
April 10, 2011 by sandra
Chem HW!! Difficult! HELP!
Urea (H2NCONH2) is used extensively as a nitrogen source in fertilizers. It is produced commercially from the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. 2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) ---Heat pressure---> H2NCONH2(s) + H2O(g) Ammonia gas at 223°C and 90. atm flows into a reactor at a rate...
April 5, 2013 by Jane
In a reaction vessel, the following reaction was carried out using 0.250 mol of NH3 and 0.100 mol of N2, 4NH3(l) + N2 (g) = 3N2H4 (l) what is the compositon in moles in the vessel when the reaction is completed? Is the answer: 0 mol NH3, 0.063 mol N2, and 0.188 mol N2H4?
November 14, 2011 by Lisa
The molar concentrations for the reactants and products at equilibrium are found to be [HCl] = 0.80 M, [O2] = 0.20 M, [Cl2] = 3.0 M, and H2O = 3.0 M. What is the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction? the complete reaction is 4HCl+O2=2Cl2+2H2O i got this answer ...
November 19, 2012 by tracy
physical chemistry
For the process CH4(g) = C(s) + 2H2(g) A reaction is started in a rigid vessel at 1000 K with 1 mole of methane and 1 mole of hydrogen gas at 10 bar. Use table C.3 from your text to determine how many grams of carbon should be formed after the reaction has reached equilibrium.
November 12, 2010 by patrick
for the vaporization of water at 1.00 atm, delta H=43.54 kj/mol at 298 K and delta H= 40.68 kj/mol at 373 K. the constant-pressure heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3 J/molK. calculate the constant pressure heat capacity for H2O(g).
May 9, 2011 by anna
To increase the solubility of a gas at constant temperature from 1.20 g/L at 1.4atm to 2.3 g/L the pressure would have to be increased to ______ A. 0.37 atm B. 0.7 atm C. 1.37 atm D. 2.7 atm
May 4, 2010 by Kathie
15.8 grams of potassium chlorate is decompossed and the gas is colected over water at 29 degrees celcius when water vapor pressure is 30 mmHg. Assuming 100% yeild of products, what is the total pressure in the vessel after the reaction in complete?
November 8, 2012 by ash
Given: Ti=298K V=.005 L Pt=1 atm P H20 vapor= .0313atm P air= .9687 atm you increase the temperature to 338K; the total pressure remains 1 atm, but the volume increases. Determine the volume at the new temperature (assume water vapor reaches equilibrium at 338K) PLEASE help!! ...
July 5, 2012 by Kellie
Phosphorus pentachloride decomposes according to the chemical equation PCl5(g) -----> PCl3 (g)+ Cl2(g) Kc= 1.80 at 250 degrees C A 0.206 mol sample of PCl5(g) is injected into an empty 3.30 L reaction vessel held at 250 °C. Calculate the concentrations of PCl5(g) and PCl3(...
September 30, 2013 by Katherine
Consider the reaction 2 SO2 + O2 in equilibrium with 2 SO3 . At 25°C Ho = -197.78 kJ and So = -187.95 J/K. Using this information, calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 50°C. (R = 8.314 J/K) Enter your answer using TWO significant figures.
April 6, 2011 by Laura
An ice cube of mass 10g at -10C is added to the beaker containing 150mL of water at 88.5C. Assuming no heat is lost to the surrounding; calculate the equilibrium temperature for the liquid after the ice melts.(Heat of fusion for H2O = 6.01 kJ/mol. Heat of vaporization 40.67kJ/...
June 21, 2012 by Bill
An ice cube of mass 10g at -10C is added to the beaker containing 150mL of water at 88.5C. Assuming no heat is lost to the surrounding; calculate the equilibrium temperature for the liquid after the ice melts.(Heat of fusion for H2O = 6.01 kJ/mol. Heat of vaporization 40.67kJ/...
June 21, 2012 by Anonymous
) Calculate the amount of unreacted aqueous ethanoic acid (CH3COOH(aq)) in the sample taken for titration with aqueous potassium hydroxide(KOH(aq)). Clearly show the steps in your calculation. (1 mark) (v) Hence calculate the amount of aqueous ethanoic acid CH3COOH(aq)) in the...
June 18, 2014 by jsame
For the reaction 1 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) <==> 1 CaCl2(aq) + 1 H2O(l) + 1 CO2(g) Calculate K, the equilibrium constant, from thermodynamic data at 293 K. (Hint #1: Assume that S and H do not change with temperature.) (Hint #2: Work in J/mol)
December 14, 2011 by Faith
1) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between Cu(NO3)2 * 3 H2O and NaOH. Underline the formula for the precipitate produced by this reaction. (The water of hydration in Cu(NO3)2 * 3 H2O appears as liquid water on the right side of the equation) 2) Calculate ...
May 17, 2010 by Sarah
A STUDENT STUDYING THE FE+3- HSCN equilibrium put into a test tube 10.00ml of 2.00 x 10-3 M Fe(NO3)3 with 10.0 mL of 2.00 x 10-3 M HSCN.THE H+ in the resulting solution was manteined at 0.500.By spectrophotometric analysis of the equilibrium solution, the equilibrium ...
September 18, 2011 by da
consider the following changes at constant temperature & pressure H2O(s) --yields-- H20(l); Delta H1 H2O(l) --yields-- H2O(g); Delta H2 H2O(g) --yields-- H2O(s); Delta H3 Using Hess's law, the sum of the deltas is a. equal to 0 b. sometimes greater than zero, sometimes less ...
November 14, 2012 by marcus
Chem II - Equilibrium
For the reaction at 430 degree C, H2 + I2 <=> 2HI Kc = 54.3. Initially 0.714 moles of H2 and 0.984 miles of I2 and 0.886 moles of HI are placed in a 2.40 L vessel. The equilibrium concentration of H2 and I2 are _____. Ok, I tried this by changing the moles to M by ...
June 16, 2008 by Ken
For the reaction: A+B <-----> 2C (all gases) 2.0 mol A, 2.8 mol B and 1.0 mol C are placed in a 2.0 L container and allowed to reach equilibrium. When equilibrium is established [C]=0.75 M. Calculate all equilibrium concentrations. Calculate K. I am so confused!
April 19, 2015 by Julia
Phosphorus trichloride gas and chlorine gas reacts to form phosphorus pentachloride gas: PCL3(g) +CL2(g) = PCL5(g). A vessel is CHARGED WITH A MIXTURE OF PCL3(g) and CL2(g), which is allowed to equilibrate at 450K. At equlibrium the partial pressures of the three gases are ...
October 19, 2011 by MIndy
What happens to the following reaction at equilibrium if the pressure is decreased? 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) A. The equilibrium shifts left because Q < K. B. The equilibrium shifts right because Q < K. C. The equilibrium shifts right because Q > K. D. The equilibrium ...
September 11, 2016 by jessie
Can somone please explain this problem to me? The hydrolysis equilibrium constant (Ka) for NH2NH3+ is 5.88E-9 (eq. 1). (eq. 1): NH2NH3+(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq) + NH2NH2(aq) Calculate the value of the base dissociation constant (Kb) for NH2NH2 as shown in the reaction (eq. 2...
May 5, 2010 by John
Is the answer for part c 0.91? A 1.0 L ball containing Ar at 5 atm is connected to a 10.0 L ball containing N2 at 2atm. A)Calculate the partial pressures and mole fractions of Ar and N2 after the valve is opened and the gases are allowed to mix (they fill the balls on both ...
March 14, 2016 by Nevaeh
Calculate ΔG° (in kJ/mol) for the following reaction at 1 atm and 25 °C: C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l) (unbalanced) ΔGf° C2H6 (g) = –32.89 kJ/mol; ΔGf° CO2 (g) = –394.4 kJ/mol; ΔGf° H2O (l) = –237.13 kJ/mol
April 10, 2016 by holly
1. The bombardier beetle uses an explosive discharge as a defensive measure. The chemical reaction involved is the oxidation of hydroquinone by hydrogen peroxide to produce quinine and water: C6H4(OH)2 (aq) + H2O2 (aq) C6H4O2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l) ...
October 29, 2009 by Mahir
A baker uses sodium hydrogen carbonate as the leavening agent in a banana nut quickbread. the baking soda decomposes according to two possible reactions. 1. 2 NaHCO3 = Na2CO3+H2O+CO2 2. NaHCO3+H=H2O+CO2+Na. calculate the volume in mL of CO2 that forms at 180 degrees C and .975...
October 7, 2010 by Missy*
Heyy, Okay so I have a question that I'm trying to figure out how to do and I'm really lost, I was hoping somebody might be able to give me a hand. Thanks in advance. The question in general is, I know that the vapour pressure of CCl4 is 98mmHg at 25 degrees C. This also means...
September 16, 2007 by Tracy
The reaction AB(aq)->A(g)+ B(g)is second order in AB and has a rate constant of 0.0282 M^{-1} s^{-1} at 25 Celsius. A reaction vessel initially contains 250 mL of 0.105 M AB which is allowed to react to form the gaseous product. The product is collected over water at 25 ...
January 13, 2012 by Yuni
Which of the following statements is not true? 1.Chemical equilibria are examples of reversible processes. 2.When multiple reaction steps are in equilibrium, then the equilibrium constant for the net reaction is the product of the individual reactions. 3.The equilibrium ...
February 25, 2015 by danny
(CH3)N2H2(l) + 2N204(g) = 3N2(g) + 4H2O(l) + 2CO2(g). consider the reaction b2n 150g of liquid (CH3)N2H2 & 80L of N2O4 at 27 degree celcius & a pressure of 2 atm. The gases produced are collected at 27 degree celsius in an evacuated 250L. Calculate: a) Partial pressure of ...
September 8, 2011 by alia
A pressure vessel contains a large volume of CO2 gas at 10 atm pressure. A membrane composed of a poly(ether ketone) polymer with thickness 100 microns and net effective area of 100 cm2 covers a small perforated port in the container. The solubility of CO2 in the polymer at 10...
June 1, 2013 by Anony mous
A pressure vessel contains a large volume of CO2 gas at 10 atm pressure. A membrane composed of a poly(ether ketone) polymer with thickness 100 microns and net effective area of 100 cm2 covers a small perforated port in the container. The solubility of CO2 in the polymer at 10...
June 1, 2013 by Anony mous
the function, p(d) =1 d + ____ 33 gives the pressure, in atmospheres (atm), at an depth d in the sea (d is in feet). Note that p(0)=1 atm, p(33) =2 and so on. find the pressure at 120 feet. The pressure at 120 fee is ____ atm.
September 23, 2009 by spirit73
A 2.5L flask @ 15 degrees C cntains three gases. The partial pressure of N2 is 0.32 atm, and the partial pressure of the other two gases, He and Ne are 0.15 atm and 0.42atm respectivly. What is the total pressure in atm on the 2.5L flask?
April 25, 2011 by ALEX6
The initial state consists of a closed system containing one mole of water (liquid) at 85°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The immediate surroundings are also at 85°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. The change in state is described as this one mole of liquid forming vapor at 85°C, ...
October 3, 2013 by Elaine
Chemistry Help Please
Using standard thermodynamic data from Appendix L of your text, calculate the equilibrium constant at 298 K for the following chemical reaction: CO(g) + H2O(l) CO2(g) + H2(g). Show work please! Thank you!!!
March 16, 2014 by Layla
A 2.30 mole quantity of NOCl was initially in a 1.50 L reaction chamber at 400°C. After equilibrium was established, it was found that 20.0 percent of the NOCl had dissociated: 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction.
March 17, 2011 by Anonymous
Calculate no: of moles of cl2 produced at equilibrium when 1 mole of pcl5 is heated in 10 DM vessel kc 0.041
May 1, 2016 by jagna
A mixture of 3.00 volumes of H2 and 1.00 volume of N2 reacts at 344 C to form ammonia. The equilibrium mixture at 110.0 atm contains 47.00 % NH3 by volume. Calculate Kp for the reaction, assuming that the gases behave ideally.
March 8, 2015 by Anonymous
The pressure gauge on a tank registers the gauge pressure, which is the difference between the interior pressure and exterior pressure. When the tank is full of oxygen (O2), it contains 10.0 kg of the gas at a gauge pressure of 43.0 atm. Determine the mass of oxygen that has ...
December 13, 2014 by shawn
Helium is mixed with oxygen gas for deep-sea divers. Calculate the percent by volume of oxygen gas in the mixture if the diver has to submerge to a depth where the total pressure is 4.7 atm. The partial pressure of oxygen is maintained at 0.20 atm at this depth.
October 1, 2015 by HannahSparks
A 2.60-mol sample of oxygen gas is confined to a 5.03-L vessel at a pressure of 7.95 atm. Find the average translational kinetic energy of the oxygen molecules under these conditions.
June 22, 2013 by Josie
An unknown liquid fills a square container of sides 10 m. What is the density of a material if the pressure 5 m below the surface is 1.6 atm? Assume g=10 m/s^2 and the pressure at the surface of the liquid is 1 atm. Also assume that 1 atm = 10^5 Pa. (Hint: make sure to use the...
March 25, 2013 by Pri
the solubility of argon in water at 25 degrees celcius is 0.0150M. what is the henry's law constant of Ar if the partial pressure of argon is 0.00934 atm. A)0.000140 M/atm B)0.623 M/ atm C)1.61 M/atm D) 4.10 M/atm K=Pgas/Cgas Post your work if you get stuck.
April 27, 2007 by natali
The solubility of NH3 in H2O is 518 g/L at a partial pressure of 760.0 torr. a. Calculate the value of the Henry's Law constant for NH3 b. Calculate the solubility of NH3 in H2O at a partial pressure of 225.0 torr.
December 6, 2011 by JD
A 0.960mol quantity of Br2 is added to a 1.00 L reaction vessel that contains 1.23mol of H2 gas at 1000 K. What are the partial pressures of H2, Br2, and HBr at equilibrium? At 1000 K, Kp=2.1×106 and ΔH∘ = -101.7 kJ for the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)⇌2HBr(g).
February 3, 2014 by Myles Tan
How many grams of CS2(g) can be prepared by heating 12.9 moles of S2(g) with excess carbon in a 7.00 L reaction vessel held at 900 K until equilibrium is attained? Stoichiometry is 1 to 1
February 21, 2013 by Moni


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Largest Minnesota state employee unions OK contracts
- 12 August, 2013 //
- Bill Salisbury, Political Animal //
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Members of Minnesota's two largest state employee unions have voted to ratify new contracts that will provide 3 percent cost-of-living pay increases this year and next.
The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees Council 5 and the Minnesota Association of Professional Employees announced the results after ballots were counted Monday.
AFSCME represents 19,000 blue-collar state workers, and MAPE has about 13,000 technical and white-collar members.
MAPE said more that 97 percent of its members approved the contract. AFSCME declined to release results of its vote.
The Dayton administration has now reached tentative agreements with five of its nine state employee bargaining units, the Department of Management and Budget reported.
In exchange for the raises, AFSCME and MAPE members will be required to start paying 5 percent of the premium for single coverage health insurance starting Jan. 1. The state currently pays the full cost. Union members will continue to pay 15 percent of premiums for dependent coverage.
"Bargaining involves give and take between labor and management. The employer didn't get everything it wanted, and the union didn't get everything we wanted," Jo Pels, AFSCME's chief negotiator, said in a statement. "This is a fair agreement for hard-working state employees and the citizens of Minnesota."
Mike Landers, co-chair of MAPE's negotiations team, issued a statement saying, "We believe we negotiated a fair contract and are delighted to see our membership agreed with us."
The contracts, which would boost wages retroactive to July 1, now go to a legislative subcommittee on employee relations, which must act within 30 days or the contracts take effect. If the panel rejects the agreements, they does not go into effect. The 2014 Legislature will take a final vote on the contract.


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The East-West Center in Honolulu is accepting applications until Jun 24 for the 2016 China-United States Journalists Exchange: Sep 17-Oct 1, to visit Beijing, Zhengzhou and Hong Kong (for US journalists) and Sep 25-Oct 1, to visit Houston, Texas and Washington, DC (for Chinese journalists).
The 6 free seminars, established by Metcalf Institute for Marine & Environmental Reporting to honor Lord's outstanding contributions to environmental journalism, take place in 2012-2013 and are open to Southern New England journalists reporting for Rhode Island audiences. Next in the series is Predicting and Responding to Extreme Weather Events on September 20, 2013. Space is limited; apply asap.
The East-West Center in Honolulu is accepting applications until October 8th for the 2014 Pakistan-United States Journalists Exchange, March 30-April 19, 2014. Pakistani journalists visit Washington, D.C., New York City and Columbia, Missouri. U.S. journalists visit Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan.
This one-year, post-graduate, multimedia fellowship begins late summer 2015. The fellow creates multimedia projects for and manages and maintains the SHF Wire website; works with undergraduate interns to develop multimedia projects; and provides leadership to a team to produce news stories and projects. Includes stipend and free housing. Apply by April 1st.
The Alicia Patterson Foundation awards grants of $40,000 for twelve months and $20,000 for six months (includes covering costs of travel and research costs) to working journalists to pursue independent projects of significant interest and to write articles based on their investigations for The APF Reporter. Apply by Oct 1.
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Home › Forums › Gear Forums › Gear (General) › What ultralight pack for my 11 year old daughter – one week village to village hiking in France (August)?
Jun 27, 2012 at 6:10 pm #1291456
I've been researching ultralight packs for her and am more confused than ever.
She is 5'3" tall, weights 88 lbs, and torso length is 18-19". She is a a tall skinny string bean.
Will not be carrying tent or food or sleeping bag. Weather is likely to be very hot with some chilly eves and occasional morning rain. She will be 7 nights on the trail, staying mostly in village refuges and small hotels. I have bought nothing yet.I am assuming I can make the whole thing less than 10 lbs in weight, but I will have to do most of it mail order as all the NYC stores are out of everything light.
I welcome advise from anyone who will take the trouble to give it.
My own pack weighs 3.5 pounds. Am considering trading it in if I can't get my own weight to 15 or less, but I think I can as I trade in antiquated clothing for the whisper weight t-shirts and such. But really the issue is my daughter. I don't want to compress her spine and want this introduction to hiking to really make her want to keep doing it.
Jun 27, 2012 at 6:54 pm #1890675You have tons of options. You won't really have to carry much water, or food obviously. It sounds like her load will be just more or less her clothes and maybe rain protection and minor items.
Personally, I wouldn't bother spending $300 on an ultralight cuben fiber pack or something like that. You would have to buy it smaller than you could use and you have better options to shift weight (e.g., you just carry more).
I'd recommend some of the lighter options in the daypack category. One option might be those camel bak hydration packs, I know that my 10 year old thinks those are the most awesome invention ever. But I would probably just save the $100 and buy a $40 junior backpack like the REI tarn 18 or the Deuter Jr. pack, both are lightweight.
Jun 27, 2012 at 7:11 pm #1890677You might want to consider the Osprey Talon 22. It weighs 1 lb, 12 oz, more than you need but it will be very comfortable for your daughter in the small size and she can use it again in the future on simple overnights, etc. Great pack and one I used for my 10 year old son last year. It's also just $100 and full of pockets to help your daughter organize her things like jacket, camera, water, snacks, etc.
Jun 28, 2012 at 6:18 pm #1890965My son really likes his REI Stoke 29
1.5 pounds.
Jun 29, 2012 at 7:33 am #1891047I would take a look at GoLite. They are affordable and super lite weight.
Jun 29, 2012 at 7:50 am #1891049+1 on the GoLite packs.
My son's actually about the same size, 5'2" and not quite 90lb. He carried my old women's Jam2 on our last hike in the Grand Canyon with a little over 20lb.
Jun 29, 2012 at 8:12 am #1891054maybe look at an REI flash 30 pack.
On sale at the REI outlet now for $50Otherwise, I'd say a Jam35 is a pretty good option.
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A world-wide team of volunteers is helping to create a low budget, lightning location network using a low frequency radio receiver.
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Muslims in Mannaar expose systemic inability of SL State in delivering justice to victims
Muslims in Mannaar expose systemic inability of SL State in delivering justice to victims
Security tightened in Colombo[TamilNet, Wednesday, 25 June 2003, 10:48 GMT]Inpector General of Police, T.E.Anandarajah, told the press in Colombo Wednesday that additional security measures are being instituted in Colombo following the killings of intelligence officers. Sri Lanka police and Special Task Force (STF) soldiers are being deployed to increase spot checks, the IGP said. Additional check points are also being introduced, the IGP added. Meanwhile, in a special meeting held at the Defence Ministry premises Monday afternoon it was decided to provide additional security to intelligence officers, John Amaratunge, Minister of Internal Affairs. Minister of Defence, Tilak Marapana, Commanders of armed forces and the IGP participated in this meeting. |
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