text:
Christian York Ellis
Baldwin Wallace University (Berea, Ohio)
"The history of this growth will command the attention of all future generations." In his succinct statement in 1916, eminent geologist and historian George Frederick Wright recognized the significance of the rapid expansion of industry in nineteenth-century northern Ohio.[1] His prediction rings true a century later. The region once led the United States in several manufacturing fields, but little has been written about the origins of this success. An incredible story can be explored quite literally just under the surface. Indeed, northern Ohio's industrial identity persists into the twenty-first century due to a transformation sparked by sandstone quarries. Substantial attention has been given to the local histories and technical functioning of the quarries themselves, but what impact did they have on the people and other industries around them?
In the 1840s, the industrial revolution spread to northern Ohio in the form of sandstone quarries that carried the region into the modern world, shaping its people and identity in the process. Resilient and hardworking people dug deep into the earth to cut and extract massive blocks of sandstone. The American ideals of liberty, self-reliance, and honest work were embodied in these early settlers and quarry laborers of northern Ohio. During its infancy, the region was rocked in a cradle of sandstone. This solid social and physical foundation provided by the quarries helped bring about and support one of the fastest growing and most powerful industrial centers in the world. Ohio would go on to play a significant role as it supported the Union through the perils of the Civil War and handily answered the crushing demands placed on American industries during the world wars of the twentieth century and beyond.
To the west of Cleveland, the cities of Amherst and Berea, two engines in the industrial vehicle that is northern Ohio, have intertwined origins as "quarry towns." Their shared histories illustrate the direct effects of this stone excavation business. Starting in the 1840's, this regional industry boomed for over a century before production and employment were reduced by the end of the twentieth century, leaving only a handful of active sandstone quarries in the northern Ohio of 2016. The quarries brought abundant economic and social benefits to northern Ohio that altered its society from agricultural to industrial.
The land that would become the state of Ohio was once a heavily forested wilderness that was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 15,000 years. By 1700, however, the area was severely depopulated partially due to the "conquering military sweep" of the gun-wielding and horse-riding Iroquois nations from the east.[2] Europeans and early American colonists knew this realm of rolling hills and ancient woodlands bordered by a Great Lake and a broad river as the Ohio Country. The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, passed by the Confederation Congress, placed this land within the Northwest Territory of the United States.[3] This valued land was fought over by the British, French, Americans, and various allied native nations until the end of the War of 1812 when it was secured by the United States. When it became a state in 1803, Ohio lacked any real identity except as a pioneer land on the frontier of the east coast. That would change quickly with the arrival of industry in the coming decades.
In the early 1800s, scores of determined settlers arrived along the southern shores of Lake Erie in an attempt to continue the American experiment. Because most of northern Ohio was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve before 1787, many of the area's earliest white settlers were from New England. They not only brought with them the physical supplies needed to create new towns, but also the mental courage that was needed to blaze new westward trails over the rough Appalachians with their families or alone in an effort to achieve a better life. These people were firm believers in a prosperous future and sought to create a solid social foundation for the western borderlands of the young American republic. What they could not know was that a solid foundation was already physically present: the ancient sandstone foundations upon which part of the southern lakeshore rests.
The great geologic forces of time and pressure create the buildup of sandstone, a sedimentary rock. Sand particles compressed over hundreds of millions of years under other materials combined with a chemical action eventually form sandstone, a natural resource.[4] The rock is found deep within the earth, but it is also sometimes visible above or just below the ground. Sandstone has been an extremely valuable asset to humanity. Since antiquity, sandstone has served as a popular building material for homes, temples, houseware, art, and countless other things. Sandstone oil lamps dating to 17,000 years ago have been discovered in the caves of Lascaux, France, the same site of the famous cave paintings.[5] Some types of sandstone are resistant to weathering, making it a wise choice in construction. 1,800 years ago, a farming people from southwestern North America known as the Anasazi built intricate sandstone buildings into cliffs that still stand today, complete with windows and distinct rooms.[6] Native Americans were the first to quarry and use the sandstone found in the area that would become Ohio. Sandstone walls of a fort existing at least 600 years ago have been recovered.[7] The impact sandstone has had on human history continued in Ohio.
Ohio is naturally rich with some of the highest quality sandstone in the world. When examining a categorical geologic map of Ohio, one can identify a vein of sandstone known as "Berea Sandstone." It runs like a huge hook north from Columbus in a narrow strip until widening into a great mass along the lakeshore before tapering again south of Cleveland. The main vein of Berea Sandstone is also referred to as "Amherst Stone," "Buckeye Gray," "Birmingham Buff," "Berea Grit," and "Blue Amherst," among other names including simply "northern Ohio sandstone," depending on the source. An Ohio Geological Survey report published in 1874 described this deposit and praised it for its durability, strength, color, and texture. The report continues: "These qualities are rarely found in as great perfection combined in one stone, and are such as fully warrant the high reputation it enjoys."[8]
Because the United States was initially grounded in an agrarian economy, some of the first American industrial developments and inventions had to do with improving the way people farmed. Eli Whitney's 1793 cotton gin, Cyrus McCormick's perfection of the mechanical reaper in 1837, and John Deere's steel plow of the same year are examples of this. Berea Sandstone in particular can have an exceedingly fine grit or texture, making it superior for sharpening farm tools and grinding grain, a fact that did not go unnoticed in this agrarian society. One of the first immediate uses of it was for creating grindstones. A grindstone is a cut circular stone with a square hole in the center for turning. For centuries, grindstones were used to sharpen farm tools and to mill grain, and this practice was no different in Ohio. During the early 1800s, sandstone began its long-lasting influence: "Such excellent local stones as Berea sandstone,"[9] were used in the mills of early pioneers. Substantial quarrying of sandstone along the Ohio River started in 1814; the uses there were many, including material for "[waterway] locks, dams, and buildings in Cincinnati."[10]
Utilizing northern Ohio sandstone on a larger scale began in 1828 when an industrious farmer named John Baldwin started to mine the sandstone on his land southwest of Cleveland and fashion it into grindstones which he sold "in the adjoining townships."[11] In doing so, he prompted one of northern Ohio's first forays into the Industrial Revolution. Manufacturing grindstones produced initial success. Knepper writes, "For a time Ohio's Berea sandstone was the source of over 80 percent of American grindstones; every farmer had one. Millstones were made of Berea sandstone also."[12] In addition, Baldwin sparked a "revolution in the construction industry," that made Berea Sandstone a very desirable building material in the United States and other countries through the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[13] He contributed to the founding of the city of Berea and expanded the sandstone quarry industry in northern Ohio. It thrived for a century and led to thousands of jobs for workers young and old, local and foreign.
John Baldwin inadvertently took the first step toward turning northern Ohio into an industrial powerhouse. As DeBlasio and Pallante state, "The discovery and early use of [the area's] sandstone resources began in the 1840s. From their humble beginnings, the small and independent enterprises emerged as a world famous industrial center."[14] Massive pits in the earth dominated Berea's city landscape. "Big Quarry," nearest to downtown Berea, was at its peak of production around 1880.[15] Quarrying in Berea continued on steadily until "decreasing demand for sandstone and the Great Depression closed the last of Berea's quarries in the mid-1930s."[16]
A mere twenty miles west of Berea, the city of Amherst also had its fortunes rise with the sandstone industry. Amherst and Berea were founded in 1811 and 1836 respectively, but their areas had already been surveyed and settled by Americans before existing as fully-fledged cities. Both towns had their origins as small agricultural communities. The sandstone quarry industry completely changed the fates of the towns. Without the quarries, these towns would surely be a fraction of their size today, likely still lingering on as tiny farm villages. Local historians in 1916 even went so far as to suggest that Amherst was "not really founded" until the quarries started up, showing the importance of the industry.[17] Amherst was officially designated as the "Sandstone Center of the World" by the Ohio Bicentennial Commission in 2003 (the name was popularly used since the late 1800s), and Berea's colloquial nickname used by the city website is "The Grindstone City." The presence of quarries in multiple cities (and on countless individual farms for smaller-scale use) indicates that the industry was a regional phenomenon. Like prospecting for a gold mine, money could be made by finding a site with sandstone hundreds of feet thick near the surface.
Amherst became a huge supplier of high quality sandstone, nationally and internationally, for about a century before employment in the industry dwindled in the mid-twentieth century, much like it did in Berea. Amherst's quarries "first began to cut sandstone for grinding stones and building materials during the 1840s."[18] Several quarries commenced production in the antebellum years when thousands of tons of stone were cut and shipped off. They continued to thrive through the 1860s as Paschen states: "During the Civil War, Amherst's quarries contributed mostly to the production of fine grindstones used to grind the grain that was the staple of the Union Army."[19] The Ohio Historical Marker outside the Amherst Town Hall reads: "Beginning in 1847, Amherst developed and prospered around the sandstone industry and its associated quarries. This sandstone proved to be an important economic blessing to our early settlers and is the foundation of Amherst's existence. Amherst sandstone shows lines of stratification or bedding when exposed in sections. Its natural beauty is enhanced by a virtual spectrum of rich and unique colors including deep reds, browns, yellows, and shades of gray. Amherst sandstone is well known for its quality, durability, and rich texture and has been utilized across the United States and throughout the world. Amherst is literally and figuratively built upon a rock, which extends deep in the earth."[20]
These remarks about the variety of colorful types of sandstone mirror the fact that the people were as individually interesting as the rocks for which they delved deeply. Ohio's social landscape changed dramatically after the 1840s, as scores of immigrants flooded the country looking for better opportunities and work. The names of Amherst and Berea were world famous for their quarries, and immigrants would come to the United States specifically looking for work in the fabled quarries of northern Ohio. Physical work such as quarrying was a popular choice for immigrants that could not speak English well and could not easily get non-physical work, or for those who were not established and needed immediate income upon settlement. The industry "brought hundreds of immigrants to work in the quarries from Germany, Poland, and England; many of their descendants remained and became business owners and professionals."[21] There was also considerable migration from Scotland, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, and more than a dozen other countries.[22] These workers found jobs in the quarries, joined American society, and made better lives for their children. The large influx of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe started in the late 1800s after the initial waves.
Quarrymen risked their lives in the difficult work; as Patricia Mote states, "Quarrying was treacherous work…Accidents were frequent and fatal."[23] Injuries on the job were common for quarrymen, especially the inhalation of stone dust that sometimes proved deadly. Local history sheds light on the life of a typical immigrant worker: "John Chihay, a Polish immigrant, came to the United States in 1913… Upon arrival, he began working for the Cleveland Quarries Company and advanced to channel machine helper by the mid-1920s."[24] Proving the dangerous nature of the work, his medical record indicates that in addition to suffering from silicosis (due to stone dust inhalation over the years), in 1915 his head was bruised, and in 1925 his toe was "smashed."[25]
The owners and other various executives and investors were able to handle these massive operations within the earth to extract thousands of tons of stone. While these individuals provided the necessary leadership, capital, investments, and major decisions for running quarries, the backbone of the industry was the unsung everyday worker, who made up the clear majority of the workforce. When the stone near the surface was depleted, workers delved deeper and deeper into the earth for its ancient treasure. In addition to general laborers, several positions were required or helpful in opening and operating a quarry such as horse or oxen wagon drivers, contractors, land surveyors, geologists, manual shovelers, machinists, hoisters, drillers, blacksmiths, carpenters, timber cutters, tool and water carriers, and foremen to oversee and direct the work. Later innovations required operators of derricks, steam shovels, channel cutters, and cranes. If the final product was intended to be sculpture or a building exterior, the finished and cut stone would be processed by yet another worker: a skilled artist to chisel statues (ranging in size greatly), relief images, engraved text, or specific shapes such as decorative columns.
Historian W.W. Williams visited what he called the "magnificent" sandstone quarries of Amherst, Elyria, and Brownhelm in the fall of 1877, while he and his colleagues were writing the voluminous History of Lorain County, Ohio that was published in 1879. Extensive local history is encapsulated in this illuminating text that describes part of northern Ohio at the height of the quarry industry. He writes, "I was hardly prepared to realize the vast magnitude of work going on here. The stone handled annually is simply enormous."[26] The activity of the quarries could certainly be detected a fair distance away due to the constant screeching and clicking of the machinery and the sight of the towering cranes that perched around the edges of quarry cliffs. It was a busy place full of activity that must have been a spectacle for passersby in horse-drawn carriages and trains. On foot, peering over the edge down into the workplace, the quarry must have seemed like a miniature city; Williams referred to the area as "the sand-stone district."[27] Of the foremen, Williams writes, "We found these foremen not only well informed, intelligent men, but some of them quite good geologists, who could talk about other rocks than Amherst sandstone."[28] The quarries in Amherst often reached extremely deeply into the earth, with some quarries reaching a depth of over 200 feet, deeper than Lake Erie.[29] A single quarry in Amherst during a four-year period from 1870 to 1874 yielded nearly one million cubic feet of stone.[30] The quarries gradually made northern Ohio's people accustomed to industry and ingrained the socio-economic aspects of an industrial identity rather than an agricultural one. Urbanization began in Ohio after the rise of the quarries with factories and workers "clustered in urban centers."[31] The late nineteenth to early twentieth century modernization of education, healthcare, and city infrastructure were also signs that Ohio's society was adapting to the presence of industry.[32]
Northern Ohio was unique due to the sheer number of grindstones and building blocks that were mass-produced, the high quality of the sandstone, and the wide range of recipients of the stone around the world. The international demand for northern Ohio's sandstone grindstones was so great that they were distributed as far away as Russia, South America, and Japan.[33] The state's spirit of innovation and growth would later spell the decline of the sandstone quarries with the invention of the early concrete mixer truck by an Ohioan in 1916.[34] This met the need for road building in the sprawling cities and suburbs of America. By the 1930s, concrete mixer trucks were used all over the country. Zachary Carpenter, current president of the Cleveland Quarries Company, stated, "Our industry has been most affected by concrete products…What was once built with stone is now often built with concrete."[35] Despite this competition, the Company still operates one sandstone quarry in 2016 on over 100 acres in Birmingham with an annual output of 18,000 tons for use in "commercial, industrial and residential applications."[36] Other sandstone quarries still function in the region such as the Kipton Quarry. The use of grindstones to sharpen tools mainly ended in the twentieth century as well, due to chemicals and abrasives replacing them.[37] By the time of the quarries' decline, however, northern Ohio was already fully industrial; the change had already been brought on in part by the quarries.
What remains of almost all the former quarry sites in northern Ohio today are eerily still lakes. When operations ceased, most quarry sites were simply abandoned for a variety of reasons. Nature slowly reclaimed them with rainwater, a process that started even while excavation work was still being done. Anna Nokes, a Baldwin University student, wrote in 1895: "Gradually the water came, first a little pool, then it rose higher and higher, until at last the workmen gathered up their tools and left the water to fill to the brim this basin they had made in the earth, until that place formerly so full of busy sounds was nothing but a quiet, blue body of water, glimmering in the sunlight."[38]
What made northern Ohio a prime area for industry, in our case, the sandstone quarry industry? Knepper offers eight categorical reasons that "combined to spur Ohio's development from an agriculturally dominant society to an industrially dominant society."[39] These eight attributes are location, natural resources, capital, energy, transportation, labor, technological innovation, and entrepreneurship; Ohio excelled in every category. Using Knepper's eight categories, the nuances involved in this question become clearer.
The location was perfect. Proximity to the lake, plenty of nearby forests for timber, and an abundance of north-running rivers with port cities combined with nation-wide railroad connections allowed industry and population to grow quickly. Cleveland enjoyed an average growth rate of 47% every decade for 60 years from 1870 to 1930.[40] Ohio is also close to the populated east coast, which contributed greatly to the relative ease and scale of westerly migrations.
The natural resource was there. Immense deposits of quality sandstone very near the lakeshore could be quickly quarried and shipped off. Thousands of huge slabs of sandstone were dug up, cut or ground into the desired form or size, loaded onto trains or ships, and sent to wherever the buyer wanted them, often in bulk. Knepper states, "Ohio was blessed with a variety of essential resources that settlers had used in the primitive industrial processes of the early nineteenth century. The new manufacturers quickly took advantage of the abundance of easily and cheaply accessible materials."[41]
In terms of capital, Williams' estimate for the yearly total revenue of the region's sandstone quarry industry in 1879 was $500,000, or in 2016 dollars, over $11 million a year, with the business increasing annually at the time.[42] After the initial investment of capital, when the quarries were dug and the stone began to be sold, the competing stone companies in the area made more capital as profit. The realization that sandstone could be used for "more commercial purposes" than for farmers' personal grindstones set off an explosion of commerce.[43]
Before more advanced machines were invented and applied, energy for extracting and finishing the sandstone first came from hand chisels. Draft animals initially provided the energy needed for hauling the stone until the advent of steam power, coal, and diesel engines. As for transportation, Williams states, "The quarrying business is here most eminently practicable and the stone land being near the lake, the question of transportation was ready solved, as soon as the work of taking out the treasure was commenced. The close proximity of the [railroads] offers another great advantage to those whose business it is to delve for a nation's building material."
By the 1830s, man-made transportation shortcuts such as the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal allowed ships carrying Ohio goods to bypass Niagara Falls and reach the Atlantic Ocean. Ohioans entered the worldwide export trade. However, canals paled in comparison to their successors: efficient trains that crisscrossed the state with 299 miles of railroad in 1850 and nearly 3,000 only a decade later in 1860.[44] Ohio had more railroad tracks than any other state.[45] People and materials could be moved quickly in any direction to and from Ohio. Ohio's railroad infrastructure allowed for unprecedented industrial development and population booms. As recorded in the 1860 U.S. census, with 2.3 million people, Ohio was the third most populous state in the country behind Pennsylvania and New York, with both of these states connected to Ohio through numerous railroads and canals. Therefore, Ohio was linked with the largest population centers of the United States.
Originally, local workers generally provided the labor for northern Ohio's quarries. However, Knepper notes that, amid the development, a shortage of local skilled labor was a hindrance to early industries. As enterprises expanded rapidly, two new sources emerged to meet Ohio's labor demands: young people leaving rural areas to work in cities, and immigrants looking for opportunity. By the late 1800s and the turn of the century, immigrants from abroad began to work industrial jobs in great numbers (they would accept lower wages than more established Americans).[46] In fact, immigrants and their first generation descendants were the "overwhelming majority of workers in the emerging manufacturing sector in early 20th century America."[47]
Technological innovation in the form of inventions such as dynamite in 1867, the steam powered drill in the 1880s, and the channel cutter in 1882, made the work safer and easier.[48] Local quarry owners conducted scientific experiments to try to invent new machines. One such owner was Baxter Clough, who was "always making experiments with machinery to cheapen the manufacture of stone, the majority of which proved successful; other quarry owners waiting the results, thus reaping the benefit of his experience."[49] According to Williams, northern Ohio had no shortage of ambitious entrepreneurs: "Most of the growth of the stone industry of Amherst and the adjacent country has been the result of the business, energy and tact of the present proprietors of the quarries."[50]
Sandstone quarries supported the contemporary industries of agricultural crop processing, timber logging, building construction, shipbuilding, blacksmithing, machine manufacturing, steelmaking, overseas transport, and railroads. They were overwhelming contributors to the regional effort for economic dominance and brought considerable wealth to the area. Sandstone was called the most important mineral resource in Lorain County at the height of the industry.[51] In addition to these physical and economic effects, the industry also had tremendous social consequences that resulted in a societal identity change. Due to the monolithic impact of the quarries, the region of northern Ohio has traditionally had a deeply rooted manufacturing identity. The passage from agriculture to industry was the defining aspect of 1800s America. It was experienced firsthand in northern Ohio with one of the first catalysts being sandstone.
The presence of the quarries initially placed direct demand on the nearby timber industry that provided logs for raising and dragging stone blocks and even for makeshift train tracks.[52] Timber was also needed to build housing for the workers, stone processing buildings, ladders, derricks, cranes, containers, tools, and in the shipbuilding industry (including wooden docks) to eventually distribute the stone worldwide. According to Paschen, docks were built "for the purpose of transporting the sandstone to various lake ports."[53]
The sandstone quarry industry also furthered infrastructural development. Quarry owners purchased and constructed trains and tracks specifically for hauling sandstone blocks out to mills and taking them to shipyards to be sent to rapidly developing cities. An important example was Chicago. It was desperately in need of new buildings and was eager to buy durable sandstone after the destructive fire of 1871. The same year, Lorain County quarry owner John Worthington built a railroad from Brownhelm Station near his quarry directly to Lake Erie for fast shipping. This became common, as competing quarry owners quickly connected their sites to larger rail lines; for example, in 1873 the main line of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad was connected via a railroad siding to the massive Gray Canyon Quarry in Amherst (it later became the largest single sandstone quarry in the world).[54] This railroad siding was later sold to a timber company, further enriching the logging industry.[55] Baxter Clough, owner of Gray Canyon Quarry, "built a dock for shipping, constructed a steam railroad, and improved machinery to reduce the cost of manufacturing cut stone."[56] John Baldwin in Berea similarly constructed railroads for his quarries. Sandstone itself was also used to build sturdy railroad bridges.[57] Eventually, trains were used to take the stone directly to other cities because the Lake Shore Railroad "made its rates so low that it was cheaper to ship by rail than by water."[58] An additional use for northern Ohio sandstone included "paving highways and installing sidewalks and curbings," again linking the industry with the growth of infrastructure.[59]
After the initial demand for grindstones, Ohio sandstone also became popular as a building material. The sandstone quarries have a strong connection with the construction industry. Countless buildings, public and private, including houses, were built from the foundation up or partially trimmed with the sturdy rock. Carpenter states, "The quarries were significant because the stone quarried was for a long time the building blocks of young America's infrastructure. Hundreds of courthouses, banks, residences and high rises are constructed from Berea sandstone because of its strength and durability."[60] Structures using Ohio sandstone were built in downtown Amherst, Berea, Lorain, Cleveland, Chicago, New York City, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., and countless other locations, including South America.[61] The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus and the Canadian Parliament buildings in Ottawa were also constructed using Ohio sandstone. Local sandstone was used in the construction of several buildings on the campuses of Baldwin Wallace University and Oberlin College.
In addition to structures, numerous statues and monuments were built from the durable stone. The Hope Memorial Bridge on the west side of Cleveland features iconic statues holding various vehicles to exemplify the evolution of transportation through the ages; these were carved from 43-foot-tall blocks of Amherst sandstone.[62] Geologists during the peak of the industry wrote that northern Ohio's sandstone was "everywhere highly appreciated for its beauty, durability, and the ease and certainty with which it is worked."[63] Locally, sandstone quarry workers were allowed to take unused scrap stone home to use for building house foundations and sidewalks that are still visible today.[64] Sandstone was indeed a community builder in northern Ohio, socially and physically.
The quarries also directly impacted other key northern Ohio industries. Knepper informs that sandstone "provides building stone and high-grade silicas for specialized use in the glass, foundry, and abrasives industries."[65] This claim is reinforced by Carpenter's statement: "Besides what the quarrying industry did for the building trades, at one point the quarry also produced firebrick which was used in the steel industries' kilns. This was a major source of income for the quarry at one time. Of course, the quarry also produced grindstones, which is really how Cleveland Quarries got its start. This played a major role in many industries."[66] Sandstone quarrying laid the framework for later industries, such as the famous steel and automobile enterprises, possibly worked by the same quarrymen or their descendants. Near Amherst and Berea are the port cities of Lorain and Cleveland. Both cities are known for the powerful steel mill industry that propelled the region through the twentieth century. The sandstone quarries also supported steelmaking in the area. Paschen writes, "Perhaps the least visible use of sandstone, to the general public at least, is in steel mills. Sandstone's unique properties- chemically inert, durable, and heat resistant up to 3,200 degrees- made it ideal for use in the mills as furnace lining, in acid tanks, soaking pit linings, in Bessemer converters, on ladles, cupolas, in hearth bottoms, and in mixers. Such versatility made sandstone an excellent building, paving, sharpening, [and] lining item that could withstand heat, cold, and chemicals without much damage."[67]As late as 1982, the iron and steel industries used "Ohio sandstone as a source of molding sand, refractory brick, and raw material for ferrosilicon."[68] In 2016, the northern Ohio sandstone quarry industry interacted with the petroleum business as well. Carpenter writes, "We produce cores from a special type of our stone that is used to test oil wells."[69]
There still remains enough of a demand for the area's sandstone that the industry can survive and even grow. A resurgence of the industry as an alternative building material for cities might occur in the future. The rapid growth of cities in the world put huge strains on the supply of sand for making concrete. The total disappearance of two dozen islands in Indonesia since 2005 due to the overzealous mining of sand demonstrates this shortage.[70] Geologists in 1874 speculated that the sandstone deposits were "inexhaustible," and anticipated that the stone "is destined to be far more largely drawn upon in future years than it has been."[71] Could sandstone once again become northern Ohio's next great worldwide material export? As Carpenter explains, "The quarries produce a product that still represents a quality natural resource that can't be matched by modern replications. Additionally, Berea Sandstone is part of this country's history and is a testament to quality craftsmanship and building methods."[72]
The social effects of quarries on northern Ohio were many and included bringing thousands of industrial workers to the area, developing two farming communities into urban centers famous for industry, the founding of universities and churches, boosting the area's population, and commencing a societal shift that acclimated agrarian people to industrial work. Industry in the late 1800s could not exist without a large workforce, and the quarries brought that workforce to northern Ohio. A driving force and early causal link for many future industries in northern Ohio, the quarrying business served as a social magnet for thousands of workers who settled in the area. In 1830, Amherst's population was 552, rising to 2,482 by 1870.[73] Similarly, Berea's population exploded from less than 100 individuals in 1827 to 1,628 in 1870.[74]
Between 1860 and 1890, Ohio workers' "wages increased faster than the cost of living."[75] With the economic strength and the large population needed to harness this new prosperity, Ohio became arguably the most important state in the country during this era. Political power manifested in the form of seven presidents from Ohio and a reputation for being a swing state in national elections. In 2016 Ohio ranked in as the seventh most populous state with 11.6 million people. It continues to experience substantial manufacturing output (nearly $100 billion in 2013) despite decreases of industrial labor forces in recent decades.[76]
The founding of Baldwin Institute in 1836 was possible only through the use of capital gained through the burgeoning quarrying industry. Baldwin would invest some of his profits into that establishment which would develop into what is now Baldwin Wallace University. The prosperity brought by that industry directly created educational institutions in Berea, further expanding its population and renown. A plaque on the campus offers a summation: "The Berea quarries formed the foundation for a local economy that sustained this community and provided the resources that gave rise to Baldwin Wallace University."[77] German Wallace College in Berea was established in 1864 mainly for the large number of German-speaking quarry workers and their families.[78] In addition to the living proof of northern Ohio residents today who are descended from immigrant quarry workers, substantial evidence can be found that suggests the immigrants and their descendants stayed in the area, exemplified by Berea's Polish Village neighborhood (with noticeable sandstone home foundations and sidewalks) and Amherst's annual German Festival (held in the "Sandstone Village" public history venue).
The sandstone quarries led northern Ohio out of age-old agricultural routine and into a world where industry yielded previously unimagined wealth. This paradigm shift is embodied in the life of Curtis Bailey: "Curtis Bailey's early life was confined to agricultural pursuits, which he followed until he attained his twenty-fifth year. In the spring of 1855 he removed, with his family, to Amherst Township, and entered the employ of Baxter Clough, to work in his stone quarries. At the end of the first year he became foreman, and has continued in his and the employ of the Clough Stone Company, as superintendent of their stone quarries, ever since…"[79]
The archetypal frame for how an industrial operation should function was laid down first by the sandstone quarry enterprises, and this example was followed by every other successful industry to follow in the region. People in 1830s Amherst and Berea, for example, were not familiar with mechanized modern industry. By the Civil War, industry was second nature to thousands in northern Ohio due to the quarries.
With a huge workforce experienced in industrial labor, Ohio produced huge quantities of material for both world wars. The state continued to have extreme economic success until the 1970s. To explain northern Ohio's rise to prominence, the story of the sandstone quarries must be examined. Without the infrastructure and industrial tradition that was created to ship out the sandstone, later industries would have faced more difficulty starting up. The broader significance of the quarries is that they marked the very beginnings of heavy industry in northern Ohio, a region that would eventually be known as a manufacturing colossus. Economic and physical effects of the sandstone industry included rapid expansion of transportation infrastructure and educational establishments, direct and indirect demand increases on the supplies of other enterprises, mass exportation of material goods including grindstones (which were used in various other industries), a lockstep relationship with the construction industry, and an influx of considerable wealth and local investment.
The sandstone quarry industry in northern Ohio has a place in the national history of the United States. The industrial revolution brought on by the quarries led to later industries and growth that took the United States into the twentieth century. This made Ohio history become national history. The quarries represent the first major step Ohio took to become an industrial state. This is a historically pertinent matter because the Union was certainly aided in the Civil War by its industrial advantage over the Confederacy. The early years of the quarry industry show that northerners chose to industrialize well before the war. Sandstone, sleeping dormant through the ages of the earth, awoke to serve a great purpose: contributing to northern Ohio's status as an industrial giant.
Another story has unfolded since the closing of many quarries. The natural formation of lakes at the formerly bustling sites prompted communities to take advantage of the situation. For example, in Berea, the site of the former "Big Quarry" is now known as Coe Lake, a park dotted with splendid fountains, a forest path, and a gazebo overlooking the water. Without the quarries these lakes would not exist. The former quarry sites continue to benefit all who visit them. Nature continues to give in a new way where it already provided so abundantly.
The author's email interview with Zachary Carpenter (current President of the Cleveland Quarries Company), August 24, 2016.
Christian Ellis: What does the company do in the present day?
Zachary Carpenter: "Cleveland Quarries and fabricates Berea sandstone for commercial, industrial and residential applications. We sell stone across the country for a variety of projects including new construction and restoration."
Ellis: How many quarries are operated and where?
Carpenter: "We presently operate 1 quarry that sits on over 100 acres on Birmingham Ohio."
Ellis: How much stone in terms of tons are quarried nowadays?
Carpenter: "We quarry upwards of 250,000 cubic feet per year, or 18,000 ton."
Ellis: Is sandstone the only type of stone that is quarried?
Carpenter: "Yes, only Berea sandstone in buff and gray colors. We do however fabricate other materials when requested to by our customers."
Ellis: What is the future outlook for the company?
Carpenter: "We are currently expanding our quarry and our fabrication capabilities. We continue to take on more complex jobs that require the newest cnc technology and old world hand crafting skills."
Ellis: Do you think the history of sandstone quarries in the 1800s has been overshadowed by other industries such as steel and automobile making?
Carpenter: "Most certainly. Our industry has been most affected by concrete products however. What was once built with stone is now often built with concrete. This spans from simple things like concrete pavers all the way to complex architectural accents that are often now done in pre cast concrete due to cost."
Ellis: Do you think the importance of the quarries in empowering the region and bringing in thousands of immigrant workers is an underrepresented fact?
Carpenter: "I am not sure. The quarries certainly employed a great many people in this region at one point but I cannot speak to what the effect that had on the local economy."
Ellis: How have other industries in northern Ohio interacted with the quarrying industry in the past?
Carpenter: "Beside what the quarrying industry did for the building trades, at one point the quarry also produced firebrick which was used in the steel industries kilns. This was a major source of income for the quarry at one time. Of course, the quarry also produced grindstones which is really how Cleveland quarries got its start. This played a major role in many industries."
Ellis: How do the other industries interact with the quarrying industry today?
Carpenter: "Primarily the quarry deals the building market. Really other industries affect the quarries more so than the opposite. Much like any construction, when business is good in the general economy our business tends to follow suit.
The quarries do interact with the petroleum industry as well. We produce cores from a special type of our stone that is used to test oil wells."
Ellis: Why were the quarries significant in the past?
Carpenter: "The quarries were significant because the stone quarried was for a long time the building blocks of young America's infrastructure. Hundreds of courthouses, banks, residences and high rises are constructed from Berea sandstone because of its strength and durability. Of course the quarries also provided employment, and provided grindstones to soldiers during the war."
Ellis: Why are they still significant or important today?
Carpenter: "The quarries produce a product that still represents a quality natural resource that can't be matched by modern replications. Additionally Berea sandstone is part of this country's history and is a testament to quality craftsmanship and building methods."
Ellis: Are there any plans to develop the quarries in Amherst and/or South Amherst into parks such as what has been done with a large quarry in Berea now known as Coe Lake?
Carpenter: "The quarries in Amherst will likely be developed into a residential community in the near future."
About the author
Christian Ellis is a senior history major at Baldwin Wallace University in Berea, Ohio. Born and raised in Lorain, Ohio, Christian is a Phi Alpha Theta member.
Recommended citation
Ellis, Christian York. "A Cradle of Sandstone: The Origins of Industry in Northern Ohio." Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History 7, no. 1 (April 2017).
[1] G. Frederick Wright, A Standard History of Lorain County, Ohio (Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1916), 2.
[2] George W. Knepper, Ohio and Its People (Kent: The Kent State University Press, 2003), 9-14.
[3] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 47.
[4] Arthur Getis et al., Introduction to Geography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011), 52.
[5] Jane Brox, Brilliant: The Evolution of Artificial Light (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010), 9-10.
[6] Jared Diamond, 1000 Events That Shaped the World (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2007), 63.
[7] Barbara Adams and Richard Carlton, "Ohio's Sandstone Industry," Ohio Geology Newsletter, Spring 1982, 1-3.
[8] J. S. Newberry, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 2, Geology and Paleontology (Columbus, Ohio: Nevins & Meyers, 1874), 217.
[9] Ibid., 126.
[10] Adams and Carlton, "Ohio's Sandstone Industry," Ohio Geology Newsletter, Spring 1982, 1.
[11] "Statement of John Baldwin, Presented by Dr. Henry Porter," 3, (November 5, 1874), Baldwin Wallace Library Archives.
[12] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 281.
[13] Mary K. Assad, Baldwin Wallace College (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2008), 8.
[14] Donna M. DeBlasio and Martha I. Pallante, Images of America: Amherst (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2010), 7.
[15] Patricia M. Mote and Susan Lee, Images of Modern America: Berea (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2015), 62.
[16] Ohio Historical Marker, "Berea Sandstone Quarries," (1998), Ohio Bicentennial Commission, Coe Lake Park, Berea, OH.
[17] Wright, A Standard History of Lorain County, Ohio, 531.
[18] Stephen H. Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 33.
[19] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 41.
[20] Ohio Historical Marker, "Sandstone Center of the World," (2003), Ohio Bicentennial Commission, 206
South Main St., Amherst, OH.
[21] Patricia M. Mote and Susan Lee, Images of Modern America: Berea (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing,
2015), introduction.
[22] Marley, Wendy F. and Nicholas J. Zentos. Ethnic Communities of Lorain County: A
History and Directory. N.J. Zentos, 2009.
[23] Patricia M. Mote, Legendary Locals of Berea (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2012), 48.
[24] DeBlasio and Pallante, Images of America: Amherst, 36.
[25] Ibid.
[26] W. W. Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio (Philadelphia: Williams Brothers, 1879), 26.
[27] Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio, 26.
[28] Ibid.
[29] Ibid., 60.
[30] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 68.
[31] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 303.
[32] Ibid., 303-310.
[33] Adams and Carlton, "Ohio's Sandstone Industry," Ohio Geology Newsletter, Spring
1982, 2.
[34] Ohio resident Stephen Stepanian developed prototype plans for a concrete mixer truck in 1916, "Who Invented the Portable Mixer Anyway?" The Aberdeen Group, 2000, accessed October 13, 2016, http://www.pdqcampbell.com/samples/J00C031.pdf.
[35] Zachary Carpenter, email message to Christian York Ellis, August 24, 2016.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 64.
[38] Ohio Historical Marker, "The Big Quarry," (1998), Ohio Bicentennial Commission, Coe Lake Park, Berea, OH.
[39] For a complete, in-depth analysis of these eight points, see Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 278-301.
[40] Barney Warf and Brian Holly, "The Rise and Fall and Rise of Cleveland" Annals, AAPSS 551, (May 1997): 210.
[41] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 279.
[42] Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio, 27.
[43] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 34.
[44] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 154.
[45] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 154.
[46] Ibid., 291.
[47] For a useful account on data and statistics, see, Charles Hirschman and Elizabeth Mogford, "Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920" Soc Sci Res. 38 (December 2009): 2.
[48] Hand tools were used at first in the quarries before gunpowder and later dynamite were used to blast away soil and to crack the sandstone for easier processing. For details, see, Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 54-58.
[49] For more information on Baxter Clough, "He always used his personal influence to help [his employees]
to be industrious, steady and frugal, to save their wages and secure homes, which a large number have done." Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio, 342.
[50] Ibid., 337.
[51] Newberry, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 2, Geology and Paleontology, 216.
[52] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 62.
[53] Ibid., 54.
[54] Ibid., 67.
[55] Wright, A Standard History of Lorain County, Ohio, 535.
[56] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 68.
[57] Wright, A Standard History of Lorain County, Ohio, 533.
[58] Ibid., 535.
[59] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 65.
[60] Zachary Carpenter, email message to Christian York Ellis, August 24, 2016.
[61] Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio, 336. For a fuller list of structures built with northern Ohio sandstone, see, "Restoration," Cleveland Quarries, accessed June 16, 2016, http://www.clevelandquarries.com/restoration.
[62] DeBlasio and Pallante, Images of America: Amherst, 81.
[63] Newberry, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 2, Geology and Paleontology, 216.
[64] Mote and Lee, Images of Modern America: Berea, 28.
[65] Knepper, Ohio and Its People, 281.
[66] Zachary Carpenter, email message to Christian York Ellis, August 24, 2016.
[67] Paschen, Quarry Town: The History of Amherst, Ohio 1811-1900, 65.
[68] Adams and Carlton, "Ohio's Sandstone Industry," Ohio Geology Newsletter, Spring 1982, 3.
[69] Zachary Carpenter, email message to Christian York Ellis, August 24, 2016.
[70] Vince Beiser, New York Times, June 23, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/opinion/the-worlds-disappearing-sand.html.
[71] Newberry, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 2, Geology and Paleontology, 216.
[72] Zachary Carpenter, email message to Christian York Ellis, August 24, 2016.
[73] The Cleveland Historical Team, "Amherst's Quarries," Cleveland Historical, accessed October 18, 2016, http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/258#.V_LCeSMrLSz.
[74] "Statement of John Baldwin, Presented by Dr. Henry Porter," 1, (November 5, 1874), Baldwin Wallace Library Archives.
[75] Ibid., 291.
[76] "Ohio Manufacturing Facts," National Association of Manufacturers, last modified February 2015, accessed November 2, 2016, http://www.nam.org/Data-and-Reports/State-Manufacturing-Data/2014-State- Manufacturing-Data/Manufacturing-Facts–Ohio/.
[77] Memorial Plaque, Durst Welcome Center, 115 Tressel St., Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH.
[78] Assad, Baldwin Wallace College, 8.
[79] Williams, History of Lorain County, Ohio, 343.


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Transport Information
Guatemala City to Lanquin
We recommend using Monja Blanca Buses. There's one going to Cobán every half hour. These are no chicken buses but they are public transportation so take care of your stuff. They have different kinds of buses we recommend taking the "SPECIAL". The buses will drop you off in Cobán. From there you have to take a public shuttle to Lanquín. Check Monja Blanca web site for more information: http://www.tmb.com.gt/home.htm
Phone: (502) 2338 1409 or (502) 2253 4869
Guatemala to Cobán: 4 to 5 hours.
Cobán to Lanquín: 2 to 3 hours
*Depends on traffic and weather.
Monja Blanca "Special": Guatemala City to Cobán: Q 70
Monja Blanca standard: Guatemala City to Cobán: Q 65 (makes many stops)
Public Shuttle: Cobán to Lanquín: Q 30
*One way prices.
Once in Coban town look for local transport to Lanquin or take a taxi to Transportes Martinez buses. This company operate coasters and small buses that go to Lanquin every half hour. Once in Lanquín ask the local for direction to Zephyr Lodge or find our free transport to the hostal located in the entrance of town.

subset: commoncrawl


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Generations Painting LLC Las Vegas, NV
At Generations Painting LLC we are painters providing gutters services, roofing, and much more to the Las Vegas, NV area. If you are looking for an excellent Las Vegas, NV Painting company, the best place to call is Generations Painting LLC. We are committed to ensuring that all your needs are met.
Be the first to write a review! Write a Review »


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"His disciples asked him, "Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?" Jesus' reply turned the disciples' world upside down: "Neither this man nor his parents sinned," said Jesus, "but this happened so that the works of God might be displayed in him."
John 9:2-3
There are two main messages in this incident. The first is that we should not presume that we know the mind of God in any given situation unless revelation indicates otherwise. The other message is that if we ask God why in these situations, He may very well tell us the answer if it will serve His purposes.
Luke 13:1-5 "There were present at that season some that told him of the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesus answering said unto them, Do you suppose that these Galileans were sinners above all the Galileans, because they suffered such things? I tell you, No: but, unless you repent, you shall all likewise perish. Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and killed them, do you think that they were sinners above all men that lived in Jerusalem? I tell you, No: but, unless you repent, you shall all likewise perish."
Jesus says here that not all calamities are personal judgment from God. He then adds that since all men and women are sinners, there is a judgment coming on those who do not repent. As my daughter, "Undone: Stepping into Simplicity", said, "Why would God single out Japan for harsh judgment more than anyone else?"
The story of Job tells of an individual who suffered from one hideous catastrophe to another until he had lost everything and everyone he loved except for his wife. His "friends" insisted that Job must have committed some horrible sin for God to punish him so severely. They were so wrong. God never did tell Job the why; He just showed Job that unless he could understand the mind of God, he had no business even asking why.
In Romans 8, Paul speaks of the fact that all of creation continues to to suffer due to the corruption of sin working in the world. I understand that these "natural disasters" are the result of this corruption. God may certainly use them in whatever way He will. In the absence of any other indication, I believe it is an opportunity for me to pray, a reminder for me to "examine myself" so that my life is right with God. Second, I should be praying for God's mercy and grace on the survivors of a catastrophe, that they might experience God's loving kindness, and find life and peace in Jesus.
So, what is your response to natural disasters? Other views than mine are welcome as long as they are stated respectfully.
The idea for this blog post was sparked at ILJ Boards


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New release
OSS specific BSD discussion (FreeBSD/NetBSD/OpenBSD)
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2 posts • Page 1 of 1
New release
Approximately when will another release be coming out?
Re: New release
MrL0Lz wrote:Approximately when will another release be coming out?
Still working on the Intel 945 chipset problems. So until that is fixed we aren't going to make any releases unless there's a big problem with FreeBSD itself.
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The French Baker - My Bit of Paris!
Before meeting up with Bam for some business opportunities(?), I got so hungry and my feet led me to one of my fave casual dining with its new look in Megamall. I think I've been craving for pasta lately so I didn't think twice on what to order.
I found a nice spot to eat alone and while surveying the new look of French Baker, I noticed this LCD screen. . .
I was really curious so I took a closer look. . .
Okay, so it showed all the orders being process. All the items ordered by the customers are shown on the screen with the exact time when the order was placed. Then the top portion which were in yellow are orders being cook and will be served in next. As you can see the queue was pretty long and it took some time until I see my order turned yellow on the screen.
The long wait could have been bearable if I had somebody to chat with but nevertheless my order came anyway without me noticing....
...creamy seafood pasta
lemon iced tea...
The past dish could have been perfect if they have freshly ground pepper... but they didn't have any. Still, it's a great meal as always and never did I get tired of going to Frech Baker, my bit of Paris!


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I currently do not have a family doctor – how do I find a family doctor?
If you do not currently have a family doctor contact Health Care Connect at 1-800-445-1822 http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/ms/healthcareconnect/public/ and they will connect you with a doctor. In the meantime, if you have a medical emergency, please seek medical care at the nearest emergency department.
What is urgent care?
Urgent Care is an after-hours service available to the rostered patients of the Chatham-Kent Family Health Team. The doctors within the CKFHT have an alternating schedule, 5 days a week, where they see patients with acute (urgent) conditions that require immediate attention.
Please note that this is not for emergency cases. Any emergency should be taken to the nearest emergency department or reported to 9-1-1.
You can find the after-hours schedule at http://ckfht.ca/urgent-care-shedule/
Can I only see my own doctor for urgent care?
No. If something requires immediate attention and your own doctor cannot see you – you will be offered the Urgent Care clinic, regardless of which doctor or which site within the health team is holding it.
How do I get an Urgent Care appointment?
Through your family physician's office. When an acute condition comes up, call your family physician's office.
Is the Urgent Care clinic only in Chatham?
No. The Urgent Care clinic is offered at all CKFHT sites (Chatham, Ridgetown, Dresden or Wallaceburg) – depending on which doctor is holding the clinic. The clinics will be held in each doctor's regular office, unless otherwise stated.
What is considered "acute" or "urgent"?
A condition that "comes up suddenly" is acute – including, but not limited to: a sore throat, ear/eye infection, rashes, animal bites, etc. Chronic conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure, medication refills, form completions, or annual physicals) are not considered urgent and should be managed through routine office appointments.
I work during the day, so can I wait for an after-hours clinic to see my doctor?
No. These clinics are intended for urgent/acute cases only. For any regular office appointment, you must call your doctor's office and schedule a regular visit with your doctor.
I don't have a doctor; can I see a doctor in Urgent Care?
No. Unfortunately this is a service available only to patients who have a doctor within the Chatham-Kent Family Health Team.
If you do not currently have a doctor contact Health Care Connect at 1-800-445-1822 http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/ms/healthcareconnect/public/ and they will connect you with a doctor. If this is a medical emergency please seek medical care at the nearest emergency department.


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The Benefits of Christian Marriage Counselling Services
Today, a lot of individuals have raised their concerns over the effectiveness of marriage counseling. After following up the lives of several individuals who sought Christian marriage counseling services, it was realized that a significant percentage of them ended up enjoying positive results. All in all, there are numerous factors that must be considered when trying to determine whether marriage counseling will suit troubled marriage or not. For example, they communicate with a couple and inquire whether both individuals are for the idea of seeking counseling services.
Among all types of marriage counseling, Christian based marriage counseling is preferred for its preference for Christian values and principles. In a bid to ensure that the clients get quality services, all Christian marriage counselors are properly trained on skills that are practical, and ones whose origin is backed by influential Biblical themes. Therefore, couples with troubled relationships are guided on ideal ways of proper understanding of God as well as one another. Moreover, the scriptures and the commandments are referred to ensure that no recommendations are made against the will of God.
If there is a situation where only one party shows more interest to save the marriage, Christian marriage counselors usually emphasize on working with him or her as this has proven to be successful in numerous circumstances. There are counselors who typically dictate to clients about what they are expected to do, but Christian based counselors make sure that their clients get the skills to be able to solve the problems they are facing at the moment as well as others that my happen in the future. In the end, the clients who have been assisted by Christian marriage counselors usually have elevated chances of strengthening and sustaining their marriage.
Since there is no prediction of what a given couple will be going through, counselors are sharp individuals whose skills cuts across all issues they can be presented with. As an example, Christian marriage counselors know how to deal with adultery matters that are known to be weighty. Furthermore, complexities involving the raising of children are brought to a good end with proper consultations of Christian marriage counselors. Since drugs are also sensitive that they affect the quality of marriage, church based counselors tend to work with such couples until they ascertain that the marriage is not in a threatened state.
While people nowadays are well informed about the benefits of counseling services, only a few benefit from them since they are known to be pricey. Even so, the price of services is a non-issue in Christian based marriage counseling centers. That said, no one should refrain from approaching any Christian based marriage counseling center for help. To be helped by a marriage counselor, you do not have to be married officially, therefore, individuals who are dating and looking forward to getting married can be helped as well.
Incredible Lessons I've Learned About Counseling


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When partaking of Thy numerous blessings, may we never forget to give Thee our thanks for the daily gifts we receive at Thy hand. Grant that all things may be to our good and Thy glory, for Jesus' sake. Amen.
(A William Nyce., and Hubert Bunyea. Grace Before Meals. Philadelphia, PA, 1911)


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You're going to be taught all of the fire signs. In case you see the fire when it's already roaring out of control, then it's safer to instead escape the property to security as speedily as possible as smoke inhalation is quite real and can result in serious effects moving forward. Therefore, the very best method to manage fire is by fire risk assessments. Due to this it cools the fire also. Locate other alternatives to be certain the fire isn't going to grow or will be too hard to control.
There are numerous strategies to halt fire from starting in a construction website and it's crucial that you understand these construction fire protection recommendations to make sure the security of the people working on the building site. That way for those who possess a fire at your house or company you can feel safe knowing your equipment will carry out how it should. If a fire breaks out, you got to realize that you simply are ready to tackle it correctly and this generally means using the correct type of extinguisher for the specific reason for the fire. When it occurs there is a lot of haziness in the room which makes it almost impossible to talk. With a lot of residents physically not able to move themselves, fires are a specific problem for the health care marketplace. Nobody likes to believe that there are going to really be a fire on the job.
The Honest to Goodness Truth on Fire Safety
Fire extinguishers arrive in various colours. In the event you have been trained to utilize a fire extinguisher this is the chance to utilize it, but ensure that you aren't in danger first. The fire extinguisher should remain clean. Various fire extinguishers use various stuff to extinguish fires and in addition, there are several sizes.
The Importance of Fire Safety
Some people believe the fire safety training will simply educate men and women the meaning of fire alarms in their houses. however, it is in fact more than that. Fire warden training could be accomplished by a fire consultant in a couple of hours and isn't costly or complicated. Fire extinguisher learning Brisbane makes it possible to know what kind of extinguishers you must execute in your premises.
Fire safety isn't something it is possible to overlook, you have to ensure the protection of your family members, your staff and your customers at all times. Lousy safety can result in accidental injury and maybe even passing. For a huge part of the 20th-century nobody took safety of folks, severely. Security and wellness at work involves training employees on fire prevention. It is just during an emergency, that you realise the worth of what you've missed. Fire emergencies can occur anywhere and at any given case of the day.
By attending such training, not only are you going to get to appraise the dangers of fire in your workplace, but in addition understand how to accurately take care of the circumstances nicely if ever you're in the center of it. The risks do not merely arrive externally but start internally too. Fire hazards have to be identified, though in preventive provisions, also it has to be clear how they'll be taken good care of.


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Preparing a Space, Preparing Yourself…Find a quiet, comfortable place for yourself–where you will not be disturbed. Create a safe, sacred atmosphere. Perhaps place a sacred object in sight and light a candle or incense. You might even play some gentle soothing music in the background. Relax your body. Breathe fully and perhaps do some light stretching. Sit comfortably. Close your eyes and focus your attention inward.
Contacting Your Spirit Guide…Set your spiritual intent to contact your spirit guide. If you like, do a prayer to ask for spiritual support as you make contact with your spirit guide.
Inwardly, call in your spirit guide. Start to open up your awareness of their presence. You may see them, feel their presence, hear them communicating, or somehow just know they are there. As spirit, say "hello" to your spirit guide. Allow yourself to receive a "hello" back from your spirit guide.
Breathe and just be in their presence. Without speaking, ask your spirit guide if they have a message for you. Be still and allow yourself to receive their spiritual communication. Just be…and listen.
After a few minutes, or when that feels complete, bring your palms together in front of your heart. Finish by saying,"Thank you" to your spirit guide–for all their support in life. Let go of focussing on your spirit guide and focus your attention on yourself.
Notice how you feel after doing the Meditation for Contacting Spirit Guide. Take a few deep breaths and, when you feel ready, open your eyes…
Give yourself some time to process this experience before moving on to other activities. You may want to journal, go for a quiet walk, or meditate with a focus on yourself.


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As an advancement on last weeks homework with drawing Winnie the Pooh in various poses we now had to draw the head of 1941's Superman from different angles after studying this reference. With this I learned how to incorporate this simple head construction into life drawing, simplifying something that seems complex before adding in the facial features. Following this exercise I learned that it was best to visualise superman's head in a tin can shape more so than think of the reference as only a 2d image. This way the head can be moved in a 3D space in different positions in contrast to the flat approach of drawing a head looking straight ahead. With this simplistic head shape it became easier to use lines to place the nose, eyes and mouth. I was surprised by how simplistic superman's design really was in contrast to how complex the character looks. I hope in future I will be able to create clever character designs such as this in a way that is both simplistic and aesthetically pleasing.
My Attempt:


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COVENTRY are pleased to announce two more signings for the 2017 season – with Lasse Bjerre and Josh Bates now confirmed for the club.
23-year-old Bjerre is the younger brother of earlier signing Kenneth, and joins the Buildbase Bees on a 6.64 average after racing for Redcar in the Premier League this year.
In previous campaigns, however, that average has been over eight and the Bees are confident in the Dane's ability to perform for them in the new SGB Premiership.
British Under-21 Champion Bates, meanwhile, returns to Brandon after an impressive debut season in Coventry colours which made him a wanted man throughout the league.
And the two riders are also set to be team-mates at Championship level as Bjerre is joining Bates in the Sheffield line-up next year.
Promoter Mick Horton said: "Seven of the nine clubs came in for Josh, so I feel very good about myself that he wanted to stay with us.
"He came on in leaps and bounds this year and I think he's only going to get better still.
"I know Lasse wasn't happy at Redcar last season, but he's going to be totally committed here and I think having Kenneth around him in the same team is going to help greatly.
"It went well for them the last time they rode together in the same side, and you know that with the family investment and all that goes with it they're going to be on top equipment."
Bates and the Bjerre brothers join new captain Danny King in the Coventry line-up with three more riders to be confirmed, and those announcements are expected shortly.


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My car has been misfiring and the engine light popped up. My car will not accelerate at times. Checked the code which comes up as p0122. I had a mechanic replace the TPS and the jeep was fine for 2 days, then the car was misfiring again and the engine light reappeared. Same code popped up. I took the jeep back and the mechanic put a "higher quality" TPS in my vehicle. After test driving the car, the engine light appeared again. The mechanic said it might be a electrical issue. So he replaced the throttle position sensor pigtail wiring connecter that goes to the harness and he swore that would fix it. The car was fine for a few hours and again the car is misfiring and the engine light came one again with the p0122 code. The mechanic said he doesn't know what it could be and to take it to the dealership because it can be my computer that is bad. What can be the issue here ? I can use the help
My car has 80000 miles.
My car has an automatic transmission.
Hi there. This article on the P0122 OBD-II error code is a very good one for you to read. It outlines what causes this code, common mistakes made (which it appears your mechanic falls into a few of these), and possible solutions. I would recommend having a professional mobile mechanic complete a check engine light inspection; which will allow them to download all error codes; and complete the right inspection that will determine whether or not the ECU is the issue.
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Women from the SLSO - Kristin Ahlstrom, Andrea Jarrett, Shannon Farrell Williams, Anne Fagerburg, Jennifer Nitchman, Dana Hotle, Felicia Foland, and pianists Nina Ferrigno and Kelly Karamanov - team up to play music written by women composers! Included on the program are works by composer Kristin Kuster who will introduce her pieces during the concert.
No tickets needed, but RSVPs are requestedRSVP EQUAL PLAY
Powell Hall718 North Grand BoulevardSt. Louis, MO 63103Directions
St. Louis Symphony Orchestra718 N. Grand Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63103
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Box Office 314-534-1700
Main Office 314-533-2500800-232-1880


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Water-based silicone oil also known as brightener, leather varnish, silicone oil. By special process to take advantage of special nature of Silicone guarantee stability, together with special emulsifier emulsifying ground into high stability of water-based emulsion.
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Nearly $40 Million Turned Over to State Treasury
Starting Sunday April 1st and lasting until June 23rd, Wisconsin residents in every county can look for their names in their paper of record to see if the State Treasurer's office is holding unclaimed property.
Milwaukee County will be first this year and has the most new names of people with unclaimed property than any other county in the state. Residents there can look in the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel for their names, their relatives' names or their neighbors this Sunday.
These are the new names we received at the end of last year from companies across the state and country. We print the new names every year, as required by state law, to make it easier for people to find cash they didn't even know was lost.
Companies turned over $39,160,521 to the State Treasury in 2011. This money belongs to all the people who will have their names printed in the papers over the next 3 months. However, the Office of State Treasurer has been holding unclaimed property since the early 1970's. We have $412,226,584 that we want to give back to the rightful owners.
Last year, my office returned more than $33 million. But even though we broke the record, we then took in another $39 million. There is a lot of unclaimed money out there!
Anyone can search for missing money on our website www.wismissingmoney.com24 hours a day, seven days a week. Online, you will find the new names that will be printed in the papers this year as well as all the old names dating back to the start of the unclaimed property statutes.
Related articles
- State Treasury Returning $1 Million per Week (wistatetreasury.wordpress.com)
- FAQ: What is "Unclaimed Property" (wistatetreasury.wordpress.com)
- Unpaid Insurance Claims Could Flood Unclaimed Property Coffers (wistatetreasury.wordpress.com)
- Wisconsin Veterans to Receive More Than $76,000 in Unclaimed Assets (wistatetreasury.wordpress.com)
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Overwhelmed is the perfect word to describe a slave lucky enough to be in the presence of Goddesses. When the aroma of worn nylons and butter soft designer shoe leather is driving him in overdrive, even listening an order is too big for him. This is why males need discipline and training and who better to do it than Goddess Ezada and Her friend Mistress Luna?
A House Of Sinn production
This is a golden opportunity for you to see a professional rider explain the right way to approach pony training, from the grooming all the way to its use by the strict Mistress Athena. Now all that is left is the actual riding and the cruel Lady will make sure Her property is well ridden and punished if he doesn't perform as he should... Enjoy!
A House Of Sinn production
Mistress Athena and Mistress Kennya met at the House Of Sinn a few weeks ago and They hit it of right away, They both love to humiliate and abuse Their slaves. After a few days of abuse, one is all blue and purple and the other one fresh to be used by the cruel Ladies but his clit dick has made quite an impression, opening the flood gates of humility and misery, all spiced up with the right amount of ash and smoke...
A House Of Sinn production
Female Domination starts with over the knee boots
Goddess Ezada is visiting with Her dear friend Mistress Luna; They know each other for quite some time and haven't met for a few years so a long discussion is overdo. Luckily for you, They love so much the soft leather boots They are wearing, that you get a very rare glimpse of the proper technique to be the perfect boot worshipper. Goddess Ezada's servant must learn to please Mistress Luna by kissing and cleaning Her over the knee boots exactly as She wants or he will be punished. And we all know how cruel this amazing Goddess can be...
A House Of Sinn production introducing the imposing Mistress Luna, an experienced Dominatrix that will make you crawl and beg just to be in Her presence. Enjoy Her first clip on Our store!
Three gorgeous Mistresses: Lilse von Hitte, Ezada Sinn and Roberta are enjoying a nice evening torturing a lowly slave. The worthless tickle toy is treated to a hard beating with several implements like floggers, whips and even the not so gentle palms of the lovely Mistresses. Hes tickled, slapped, teased and denied any pleasure of course, kicked with the wonderfully heeled boots of the three beauties in shiny pantyhose. His torment seems endless but hes taking it like a good boy, bound, gagged and completely at Their mercy.
A House Of Sinn production
No word invented for how small your dick is
Mistress Athena is an experienced Dominatrix and She has seen many slaves perform in one way or another. Of course most of you losers have really small dicks and She has seen that also but for some, there is no word in the dictionary that expresses how small that appendage is. Some are born with bigger dicks than the one presented for Her scrutiny and the mean Lady makes sure he understands in great detail just how inappropriate he is as a male specimen. Hew might even have better luck getting fucked than doing the actual fucking...
A House Of Sinn production introducing Mistress Athena, an english disciplinarian with a mean streak a mile wide that will own you heart and soul. Enjoy Her first clip on Our store!
Mistress Ezada Sinn is so gracious as to find a new home for a soon to be discarded black ballerina slut slave. He only knows how to suck cocks and get fucked by bulls but it looks like hes not very good at it because his former Mistress was disappointed by how few clients he could service. Lady Yna needs to be persuaded to take him on so he must show her his skills at sucking and licking heels and of course at dancing in his black ballerina heels.Will She be pleased with his efforts? Or just amused by his obvious lack of grace?
More to come on his future training!
A House Of Sinn production
Swallow every fucking piece of ash
When two Goddesses light Their cigarettes all you have to do is open up your pathetic mouth to eat all Their ash, breathe Their smoke and be thankful for it. Your are just a fucking loser with a mouthful of ash, only fit to lick the soles of Their boots and the ash and spit They dish out for you! So mouth open and be a good boy. You better swallow every fucking piece of ash... Chew and eat, is the only thing you are good for!
A House Of Sinn production
All dressed up for your spanking
This little sissy bitch wants to impress Mistress Courtney and he even manages to make Her smile with his pink lingerie set. There is only one problem, the cruel Lady likes to match Her slave's bottom to his outfit, after all a good outfit must match. This can only mean one thing, a thorough spanking, english style, over the knee of course...
A House Of Sinn production
Rug testing with Mistress Clarissa
Mistress Clarissa is having some of Her friends over for a visit at the House Of Sinn and She wants to impress Them with Her new squishy rug. A test run is in order so She can evaluate his skills; heavy trampling is a must, as well as foot worship and maybe even a massage if Her guests feel like it. Remains to be seen how well he can manage...
A House Of Sinn production
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Confirmation is a time of growth, development and reflection on one's individual journey of faith. To confirm one's faith is to respond to the questions of baptism and to express one's own desire to journey as a Christian in adulthood. Confirmation is not a graduation, but a life's commitment.
Confirmation at First Congregational UCC is designed to engage the student in the work of the church and with the members of the congregation. It is intended to be a lived experience of Christianity, living supported by the experience and gifts of the gathered community. The outcome is a relationship with a community of faith and an experience of practicing our faith together.
Our Confirmation program begins at grade eight and finishes when the student has completed the core experiences and has made his/her own decision to confirm in faith. The Confirmation program is flexible and allows time for commitments that students may have for athletics, music or work.
The Confirmation workbook, with a description of requirements, can be found here.


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Louise Keevil – New pic
Where learning comes to life
Home > Derwen College Blog
Louise Keevil – New pic
Derwen College supports #InternationalMotherEarthDay. Our students do their bit to look after the planet by collecting up and recycling all the college's cans, paper, cardboard and plastics in our dedicated recycling area. #learningforlife
Why not try a new craft this weekend, there are still a couple of spaces on our Stitched Coiled Vessels one day craft course. Please see website for details.https://www.derwen.ac.uk/events ... See MoreSee Less
Derwen College, Oswestry,
Shropshire SY11 3J A
t: 01691 661234
f: 01691 670714
Derwen College is a Registered Charity No. 1153280
and Registered in England and Wales as a Limited Company No. 8615826.
Derwen College is approved under Section 41 of the Children and Families Act


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I got my first taste of William Tenn through a short story called Null-P which came highly recommended by my fellow vintage paperback obsessive Teece. He had read this story in an anthology many years ago and I was pleased to discover that it also appeared in a recently acquired SF collection by August Derleth. I enjoyed it so much that I decided to find out what else Tenn had written and turned to the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (here) to undertake a little research.
William Tenn mainly wrote short stories, the ISFDB lists no fewer than sixty titles to his credit although he did pen one longform novel called Of Men And Monsters, a rather good review of which can be found on this excellent blog. After spending a while browsing through the list of published works I discovered that five collections of shorts and his sole novel had been issued as a uniform edition in 1968. My hunt began immediately.
A few weeks later, I had been lucky enough to track down five of the books without much trouble but the sixth eluded me. I eventually found a single copy being offered for sale by a US dealer but the price was far too high and he was unwilling to negotiate. It seemed that I had yet another incomplete series on my bookshelves. After learning of this predicament during a conversation about our latest finds, my friend kindly donated his copy to me and the circle was finally complete. This piece is therefore dedicated to Teece with thanks for being a constant source of literary inspiration… amongst many other things!
All the following books were published in 1968 by Ballantine, the artist responsible for the brilliantly psychedelic covers is sadly uncredited.


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Aromas of red apples, lemongrass, fresh bread and wild strawberries. This is a finely structured wine with apple, quince, red berry and complex yeast-derived flavours.
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Classic Pinot Noir nose of strawberry and raspberry with a splash of creaminess. With ripe berry and rhubarb flavours this wine is starting to show attractive development. Clean finish with a perfectly...
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A mixed case of sparkling wines purely for relaxation and enjoyment. Inclusive of single vineyard Italian Prosecco, uncommon sparkling from England and elegant champagne rose from...
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Just one thing:
Learn how to work the effing lights you put on your house, idiots.
I'm sick of all this random blinking and parts of bushes and flower-beds flashing random idiot colors at random idiot times.
You'd think after spending seventy bucks at wal-mart, and climbing all over your roof,
you'd want it to look good, even if only a little.
It's this kind of thing that makes me want to punch you in the throat.
Also- Happy Holidays, May the Magic of the Season give you diarrhea.
Sunday, December 25, 2005
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