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3M™ Fibrlok™ II 2529 Universal Optical Fiber Splice is designed to splice any combination of 250 µm or 900 µm coated fibers without any electrical power. This high-performance splice is simple and easy to use.
3M™ Fibrlok™ II 2529 Universal Optical Fiber Splice offers a fast and permanent splice by utilizing the metallic splicing element that is inside the thermoplastic body and cap. This splice is designed to withstand a temperature range of -40 to 167 degrees F (-40 to 75 degrees C).


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Quarter Barrel w/ Relief - Wine Bar
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text: BUSINESS Lack of State Cash Prevents New Ukrainian Film Projects From Launching 10:23 AM PDT 4/14/2015 by Vladimir Kozlov FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Courtesy of Festival de Cannes Miroslav Slaboshpitsky, director of "The Tribe," is among Ukrainian filmmakers waiting for state cash for new projects The cinema agency's obligations for films already in production exceed the organization's budget. Ukraine's cash-strapped state agency for cinema is unable to fund any new projects, with meager funds released to filmmakers this year earmarked for completion of movies already in production. Although the agency held a contest for new projects last December, even those that received the best grades from experts will have to wait for state cash. The $2.7 million (63.8 million hryvnias) slated for filmmakers this year is not even going to cover the cinema agency's obligations for funding projects from last year. Under earlier contracts, the agency is to pay out $5.2 million (120.7 million hryvnias) this year, reporter Ukrainian online newspaper Gazeta.ua. Among Ukrainian directors who are waiting for state cash to launch new projects is Miroslav Slaboshpitsky, whose movie Plemya (The Tribe) won the Critics Week Grand Prize in Cannes last year. His new project, Luxemburg, took part in the cinema agency's contest and was among those that were highly praised by the experts. Ukraine's film funding system collapsed last year when, after the ouster of president Viktor Yanukovych, Russia annexed Crimea and pro-Russian separatists in the country's Southeast began armed clashes with government forces. As part of austerity measures, last year's budget of the cinema agency was reduced, causing several projects to come to a halt. Meanwhile, the agency confirmed it is looking for ways to improve the funding situation for the film industry. "The cinema agency, together with the culture ministry, are taking all efforts to ensure stable funding for the [film] industry within budgetary constraints, also looking for alternative sources of support for the national cinema," said Filipp Ilyenko, head of the cinema agency, in a statement on the organization's website. Earlier this year, the idea of introducing an exhibition tax on foreign films was discussed but hasn't yet been made into a law. FACEBOOK TWITTER EMAIL ME Vladimir Kozlov firstname.lastname@example.com @thr


text:
Getting in Touch
Please feel free to contact the author directly by emailing Kenneth Kinsler at firstname.lastname@example.com. Send your thoughts, or maybe set-up a date for some coffee if you ever intend to vacation a few days on the "World's Most Famous Beach," Daytona Beach, Florida!
For media, press, and interviews, you can reach out directly to the author's publicist, David Kinsler of dkmedia, LLC.
Think Snow
David Kinsler
Principal, dkmedia, L.L.C.
Phoenix/Los Angeles


text:
Felix Hernandez's son Jeremy has a reputation for taking after his dad. After spending time around the Seattle Mariners' clubhouse for a few years, it seems Jeremy has picked up a few things from his father and some of his teammates.
Jeremy showed off those skills yet again on Father's Day, throwing out the first pitch to his dad prior to the start of the M's game.
How did he do?
He was awesome. Jeremy — who has grown quite a bit over the years — stood just in front of the rubber and fired a strike to his dad at home plate. Jeremy came out in full uniform and showed off his delivery from the stretch. He was a natural.
He's done this before
That should come as no surprise to people who follow the Mariners. It's not the first time Jeremy has impressed M's fans with his skills. He threw out a first pitch at a game in 2015, and then showed off his arm at spring training in 2016. Jeremy's spring training performance had some fans calling for the Mariners to sign him.
What happened after the pitch?
Jeremy met his dad at home plate and they performed their own secret handshake.
They even have their own secret handshake. pic.twitter.com/Nff7E0LMPP
— Mariners (@Mariners) June 17, 2018
What's next for Jeremy?
If Jeremy is to follow in his dad's footsteps and play in the majors, don't expect him to be a pitcher. Felix Hernandez told Ryan Divish of the Seattle Times that Jeremy loves to hit.
He's got a long way to go before that becomes a reality. Then again, based on how he's going, we expect Jeremy to be hitting home runs during batting practice at Safeco Field as soon as next season.
– – – – – – –
Chris Cwik is a writer for Yahoo Sports. Have a tip? Email him at email@example.com or follow him on Twitter! Follow @Chris_Cwik
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text:
Selena Gomez left a party with Josh Hutcherson after they spent the night flirting. The newly single beauty, who split from her on/off boyfriend of two years Justin Bieber this month, was seen dancing with the The Hunger Games star at a Golden Globe Awards afterparty at the Beverly Hilton Hotel on Sunday night before later leaving the event together. A source told gossip website HollywoodLife.com, "She was dancing and flirting with Josh." The insider claims that Selena seemed to have the approval of her good pal Vanessa Hudgens, who she attended the bash with and who previously dated Josh.
The eyewitness revealed, "[Vanessa] was there to witness it. Selena was dancing and having lots of fun and flirting with Josh. Vanessa needed to go to the bathroom and asked me where the restroom was, and I told them both [Vanessa & Selena] and they went. Josh followed them, and Selena and Josh left the Beverly Hilton together. Justin is in no way on her mind whatsoever." Selena is said to have broken up with Justin, 18, because he was too needy for her. A source previously said: "Justin is super needy and can be a big baby around Selena. It's hard for him to make real friends because he likes the temporary attention of strangers, but didn't see how it hurt Selena.
"Selena didn't feel Justin was respectful of their relationship. She was constantly catching him in positions with other girls that would make her uncomfortable. She would get super jealous," the source explained. The couple broke up shortly after holidaying in Mexico where they had planned to ring in the New Year together but got into a huge argument on December 30 after Selena allegedly found text messages from other girls on his phone. Selena then fled back to the US. A source said that Justin reportedly told her before she left, "Don't let the door hit you on the way out!"


text:
Silicon nitride
Sintered silicon nitride ceramic
|Preferred IUPAC name
Silicon nitride
|Other names
3D model (JSmol)
|ECHA InfoCard
|EC Number
PubChem CID
|Molar mass
|140.283 g·mol−1
|grey, odorless powder[1]
|3.17 g/cm3[1]
|Melting point
|1,900 °C (3,450 °F; 2,170 K)[1] (decomposes)
Refractive index (nD)
|Main hazards
|When heated to decomposition, silicon nitride may emit toxic fumes of ammonia and ozone. Contact with acids may generate flammable hydrogen gas.[3]
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)
|not listed
|Related compounds
Other anions
|silicon carbide, silicon dioxide
Other cations
|boron nitride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|verify (what is ?)
|Infobox references
Silicon nitride is a chemical compound of the elements silicon and nitrogen. Si
4 is the most thermodynamically stable of the silicon nitrides. Hence, Si
4 is the most commercially important of the silicon nitrides[4] and is generally understood as what is being referred to where the term "silicon nitride" is used. It is a white, high-melting-point solid that is relatively chemically inert, being attacked by dilute HF and hot H
4. It is very hard (8.5 on the mohs scale). It has a high thermal stability.
The material is prepared by heating powdered silicon between 1300 °C and 1400 °C in a nitrogen environment:
- 3 Si + 2 N
2 → Si
The silicon sample weight increases progressively due to the chemical combination of silicon and nitrogen. Without an iron catalyst, the reaction is complete after several hours (~7), when no further weight increase due to nitrogen absorption (per gram of silicon) is detected. In addition to Si
4, several other silicon nitride phases (with chemical formulas corresponding to varying degrees of nitridation/Si oxidation state) have been reported in the literature, for example, the gaseous disilicon mononitride (Si
2N); silicon mononitride (SiN), and silicon sesquinitride (Si
3), each of which are stoichiometric phases. As with other refractories, the products obtained in these high-temperature syntheses depends on the reaction conditions (e.g. time, temperature, and starting materials including the reactants and container materials), as well as the mode of purification. However, the existence of the sesquinitride has since come into question.[5]
It can also be prepared by diimide route:[6]
- SiCl
3 → Si(NH)
4Cl(s) at 0 °C
- 3 Si(NH)
2 → Si
2(g) at 1000 °C
Carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide in nitrogen atmosphere at 1400–1450 °C has also been examined:[6]
- 3 SiO
2 → Si
The nitridation of silicon powder was developed in the 1950s, following the "rediscovery" of silicon nitride and was the first large-scale method for powder production. However, use of low-purity raw silicon caused contamination of silicon nitride by silicates and iron. The diimide decomposition results in amorphous silicon nitride, which needs further annealing under nitrogen at 1400–1500 °C to convert it to crystalline powder; this is now the second-most important route for commercial production. The carbothermal reduction was the earliest used method for silicon nitride production and is now considered as the most-cost-effective industrial route to high-purity silicon nitride powder.[6]
Electronic-grade silicon nitride films are formed using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or one of its variants, such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD):[6][7]
- 3 SiH
4(g) + 4 NH
3(g) → Si
4(s) + 12 H
2(g) at 750-850oC[8]
- 3 SiCl
4(g) + 4 NH
3(g) → Si
4(s) + 12 HCl(g)
- 3 SiCl
2(g) + 4 NH
3(g) → Si
4(s) + 6 HCl(g) + 6 H
For deposition of silicon nitride layers on semiconductor (usually silicon) substrates, two methods are used:[7]
- Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) technology, which works at rather high temperature and is done either in a vertical or in a horizontal tube furnace,[9] or
- Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technology, which works at rather low temperature and vacuum conditions.
The lattice constants of silicon nitride and silicon are different. Therefore, tension or stress can occur, depending on the deposition process. Especially when using PECVD technology this tension can be reduced by adjusting deposition parameters.[10]
Silicon nitride nanowires can also be produced by sol-gel method using carbothermal reduction followed by nitridation of silica gel, which contains ultrafine carbon particles. The particles can be produced by decomposition of dextrose in the temperature range 1200–1350 °C. The possible synthesis reactions are:[11]
- SiO
2(s) + C(s) → SiO(g) + CO(g) and
- 3 SiO(g) + 2 N
2(g) + 3 CO(g) → Si
4(s) + 3 CO
2(g) or
- 3 SiO(g) + 2 N
2(g) + 3 C(s) → Si
4(s) + 3 CO(g).
Silicon nitride is difficult to produce as a bulk material—it cannot be heated over 1850 °C, which is well below its melting point, due to dissociation to silicon and nitrogen. Therefore, application of conventional hot press sintering techniques is problematic. Bonding of silicon nitride powders can be achieved at lower temperatures through adding additional materials (sintering aids or "binders") which commonly induce a degree of liquid phase sintering.[12] A cleaner alternative is to use spark plasma sintering where heating is conducted very rapidly (seconds) by passing pulses of electric current through the compacted powder. Dense silicon nitride compacts have been obtained by this techniques at temperatures 1500–1700 °C.[13][14]
Crystal structure and properties[edit]
There exist three crystallographic structures of silicon nitride (Si
4), designated as α, β and γ phases.[15] The α and β phases are the most common forms of Si
4, and can be produced under normal pressure condition. The γ phase can only be synthesized under high pressures and temperatures and has a hardness of 35 GPa.[16][17]
The α- and β-Si
4 have trigonal (Pearson symbol hP28, space group P31c, No. 159) and hexagonal (hP14, P63, No. 173) structures, respectively, which are built up by corner-sharing SiN
4 tetrahedra. They can be regarded as consisting of layers of silicon and nitrogen atoms in the sequence ABAB... or ABCDABCD... in β-Si
4 and α-Si
4, respectively. The AB layer is the same in the α and β phases, and the CD layer in the α phase is related to AB by a c-glide plane. The Si
4 tetrahedra in β-Si
4 are interconnected in such a way that tunnels are formed, running parallel with the c axis of the unit cell. Due to the c-glide plane that relates AB to CD, the α structure contains cavities instead of tunnels. The cubic γ-Si
4 is often designated as c modification in the literature, in analogy with the cubic modification of boron nitride (c-BN). It has a spinel-type structure in which two silicon atoms each coordinate six nitrogen atoms octahedrally, and one silicon atom coordinates four nitrogen atoms tetrahedrally.[18]
The longer stacking sequence results in the α-phase having higher hardness than the β-phase. However, the α-phase is chemically unstable compared with the β-phase. At high temperatures when a liquid phase is present, the α-phase always transforms into the β-phase. Therefore, β-Si
4 is the major form used in Si
4 ceramics.[19]
In addition to the crystalline polymorphs of silicon nitride, glassy amorphous materials may be formed as the pyrolysis products of preceramic polymers, most often containing varying amounts of residual carbon (hence they are more appropriately considered as silicon carbonitrides). Specifically, polycarbosilazane can be readily converted to an amorphous form of silicon carbonitride based material upon pyrolysis, with valuable implications in the processing of silicon nitride materials through processing techniques more commonly used for polymers [20].
In general, the main issue with applications of silicon nitride has not been technical performance, but cost. As the cost has come down, the number of production applications is accelerating.[21]
Automobile industry[edit]
One of the major applications of sintered silicon nitride is in automobile industry as a material for engine parts. Those include, in diesel engines, glowplugs for faster start-up; precombustion chambers (swirl chambers) for lower emissions, faster start-up and lower noise; turbocharger for reduced engine lag and emissions. In spark-ignition engines, silicon nitride is used for rocker arm pads for lower wear, turbocharger for lower inertia and less engine lag, and in exhaust gas control valves for increased acceleration. As examples of production levels, there is an estimated more than 300,000 sintered silicon nitride turbochargers made annually.[6][12][21]
Silicon nitride bearings are both full ceramic bearings and ceramic hybrid bearings with balls in ceramics and races in steel. Silicon nitride ceramics have good shock resistance compared to other ceramics. Therefore, ball bearings made of silicon nitride ceramic are used in performance bearings. A representative example is use of silicon nitride bearings in the main engines of the NASA's Space Shuttle.[22][23]
Since silicon nitride ball bearings are harder than metal, this reduces contact with the bearing track. This results in 80% less friction, 3 to 10 times longer lifetime, 80% higher speed, 60% less weight, the ability to operate with lubrication starvation, higher corrosion resistance and higher operation temperature, as compared to traditional metal bearings.[21] Silicon nitride balls weigh 79% less than tungsten carbide balls. Silicon nitride ball bearings can be found in high end automotive bearings, industrial bearings, wind turbines, motorsports, bicycles, rollerblades and skateboards. Silicon nitride bearings are especially useful in applications where corrosion, electric or magnetic fields prohibit the use of metals. For example, in tidal flow meters, where seawater attack is a problem, or in electric field seekers.[12]
Si3N4 was first demonstrated as a superior bearing in 1972 but did not reach production until nearly 1990 because of challenges associated with reducing the cost.
Since 1990, the cost has been reduced substantially as production volume has increased. Although Si
4 bearings are still 2–5 times more expensive than the best steel bearings, their superior performance and life are justifying rapid adoption. Around 15–20 million Si
4 bearing balls were produced in the U.S. in 1996 for machine tools and many other applications. Growth is estimated at 40% per year, but could be even higher if ceramic bearings are selected for consumer applications such as in-line skates and computer disk drives.[21]
High-temperature material[edit]
Silicon nitride has long been used in high-temperature applications. In particular, it was identified as one of the few monolithic ceramic materials capable of surviving the severe thermal shock and thermal gradients generated in hydrogen/oxygen rocket engines. To demonstrate this capability in a complex configuration, NASA scientists used advanced rapid prototyping technology to fabricate a one-inch-diameter, single-piece combustion chamber/nozzle (thruster) component. The thruster was hot-fire tested with hydrogen/oxygen propellant and survived five cycles including a 5-minute cycle to a 1320 °C material temperature.[24]
In 2010 silicon nitride was used as the main material in the thrusters of the JAXA space probe Akatsuki.[25]
Silicon nitride has many orthopedic applications.[26][27] The material is also an alternative to PEEK (polyether ether ketone) and titanium, which are used for spinal fusion devices.[28][29] It is silicon nitride's hydrophilic, microtextured surface that contributes to the material's strength, durability and reliability compared to PEEK and titanium.[27][28][30]
Metal working and cutting tools[edit]
The first major application of Si
4 was abrasive and cutting tools. Bulk, monolithic silicon nitride is used as a material for cutting tools, due to its hardness, thermal stability, and resistance to wear. It is especially recommended for high speed machining of cast iron. Hot hardness, fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance mean that sintered silicon nitride can cut cast iron, hard steel and nickel based alloys with surface speeds up to 25 times quicker than those obtained with conventional materials such as tungsten carbide.[12] The use of Si
4 cutting tools has had a dramatic effect on manufacturing output. For example, face milling of gray cast iron with silicon nitride inserts doubled the cutting speed, increased tool life from one part to six parts per edge, and reduced the average cost of inserts by 50%, as compared to traditional tungsten carbide tools.[6][21]
Silicon nitride is often used as an insulator and chemical barrier in manufacturing integrated circuits, to electrically isolate different structures or as an etch mask in bulk micromachining. As a passivation layer for microchips, it is superior to silicon dioxide, as it is a significantly better diffusion barrier against water molecules and sodium ions, two major sources of corrosion and instability in microelectronics. It is also used as a dielectric between polysilicon layers in capacitors in analog chips.[31]
Silicon nitride deposited by LPCVD contains up to 8% hydrogen. It also experiences strong tensile stress, which may crack films thicker than 200 nm. However, it has higher resistivity and dielectric strength than most insulators commonly available in microfabrication (1016 Ω·cm and 10 MV/cm, respectively).[7]
Not only silicon nitride, but also various ternary compounds of silicon, nitrogen and hydrogen (SiNxHy) are used insulating layers. They are plasma deposited using the following reactions:[7]
- 2 SiH
4(g) + N
2(g) → 2 SiNH(s) + 3 H
- SiH
4(g) + NH
3(g) → SiNH(s) + 3 H
These SiNH films have much less tensile stress, but worse electrical properties (resistivity 106 to 1015 Ω·cm, and dielectric strength 1 to 5 MV/cm).[7][32] These silicon films are also thermally stable to high temperatures under specific physical conditions. Silicon nitride is also used in xerographic process as one of the layer of the photo drum.[33] Silicon nitride is also used as an ignition source for domestic gas appliances.[34] Because of its good elastic properties, silicon nitride, along with silicon and silicon oxide, is the most popular material for cantilevers — the sensing elements of atomic force microscopes.[35]
The first preparation was reported in 1857 by Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Friedrich Wöhler.[36] In their method, silicon was heated in a crucible placed inside another crucible packed with carbon to reduce permeation of oxygen to the inner crucible. They reported a product they termed silicon nitride but without specifying its chemical composition. Paul Schuetzenberger first reported a product with the composition of the tetranitride, Si
4, in 1879 that was obtained by heating silicon with brasque (a paste made by mixing charcoal, coal, or coke with clay which is then used to line crucibles) in a blast furnace. In 1910, Ludwig Weiss and Theodor Engelhardt heated silicon under pure nitrogen to produce Si
4.[37] E. Friederich and L. Sittig made Si3N4 in 1925 via carbothermal reduction under nitrogen, that is, by heating silica, carbon, and nitrogen at 1250–1300 °C.
Silicon nitride remained merely a chemical curiosity for decades before it was used in commercial applications. From 1948 to 1952, the Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, New York, applied for several patents on the manufacture and application of silicon nitride.[6] By 1958 Haynes (Union Carbide) silicon nitride was in commercial production for thermocouple tubes, rocket nozzles, and boats and crucibles for melting metals. British work on silicon nitride, started in 1953, was aimed at high-temperature parts of gas turbines and resulted in the development of reaction-bonded silicon nitride and hot-pressed silicon nitride. In 1971, the Advanced Research Project Agency of the US Department of Defense placed a US$17 million contract with Ford and Westinghouse for two ceramic gas turbines.[38]
Even though the properties of silicon nitride were well known, its natural occurrence was discovered only in the 1990s, as tiny inclusions (about 2 µm × 0.5 µm in size) in meteorites. The mineral was named nierite after a pioneer of mass spectrometry, Alfred O. C. Nier.[39] This mineral might have been detected earlier, again exclusively in meteorites, by Soviet geologists.[40]
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- ^ ITEM # SI-501, SILICON NITRIDE POWDER MSDS Archived 2014-06-06 at the Wayback Machine. metal-powders-compounds.micronmetals.com
- ^ Mellor, Joseph William (1947). A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. 8. Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 115–7. OCLC 493750289.
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- ^ a b c d e Nishi, Yoshio; Doering, Robert (2000). Handbook of semiconductor manufacturing technology. CRC Press. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0-8247-8783-7.
- ^ Morgan, D. V.; Board, K. (1991). An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 27. ISBN 978-0471924784.
- ^ "Crystec Technology Trading GmbH, Comparison of vertical and horizontal tube furnaces in the semiconductor industry". crystec.com. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Crystec Technology Trading GmbH, deposition of silicon nitride layers". Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Ghosh Chaudhuri, Mahua; Dey, Rajib; Mitra, Manoj K.; Das, Gopes C.; Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2008). "A novel method for synthesis of α-Si3N4 nanowires by sol-gel route". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (1): 5002. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9a5002G. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/015002. PMC 5099808. PMID 27877939.
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- ^ Nishimura, T.; Xu, X.; Kimoto, K.; Hirosaki, N.; Tanaka, H. (2007). "Fabrication of silicon nitride nanoceramics—Powder preparation and sintering: A review". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 8 (7–8): 635. Bibcode:2007STAdM...8..635N. doi:10.1016/j.stam.2007.08.006.
- ^ Peng, p. 38
- ^ "Crystal structures of Si3N4". hardmaterials.de. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Jiang, J. Z.; Kragh, F.; Frost, D. J.; Ståhl, K.; Lindelov, H. (2001). "Hardness and thermal stability of cubic silicon nitride". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 13 (22): L515. Bibcode:2001JPCM...13L.515J. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/13/22/111.
- ^ "Properties of gamma-Si3N4". Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved 2009-06-06. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ^ Peng, pp. 1-3
- ^ Zhu, Xinwen; Sakka, Yoshio (2008). "Textured silicon nitride: Processing and anisotropic properties". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (3): 3001. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9c3001Z. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/033001. PMC 5099652. PMID 27877995.
- ^ Wang, Xifan; Schmidt, Franziska; Hanaor, Dorian; Kamm, Paul H.; Li, Shuang; Gurlo, Aleksander (2019). "Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry". Additive Manufacturing. 27: 80–90. arXiv:1905.02060. Bibcode:2019arXiv190502060W. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.02.012.
- ^ a b c d e Richerson, David W.; Freita, Douglas W. "Ceramic Industry". Opportunities for Advanced Ceramics to Meet the Needs of the Industries of the Future. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. hdl:2027/coo.31924090750534. OCLC 692247038.
- ^ "Ceramic Balls Increase Shuttle Engine Bearing Life". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Space Shuttle Main Engine Enhancements". NASA. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Eckel, Andrew J. (1999). "Silicon Nitride Rocket Thrusters Test Fired Successfully". NASA. Archived from the original on April 4, 2009. Cite uses deprecated parameter
- ^ Orbit Control Maneuver Result of the Venus Climate Orbiter 'AKATSUKI'. JAXA (2010-07-06)
- ^ Olofsson, Johanna; Grehk, T. Mikael; Berlind, Torun; Persson, Cecilia; Jacobson, Staffan; Engqvist, Håkan (2012). "Evaluation of silicon nitride as a wear resistant and resorbable alternative for total hip joint replacement". Biomatter. 2 (2): 94–102. doi:10.4161/biom.20710. PMC 3549862. PMID 23507807.
- ^ a b Mazzocchi, M; Bellosi, A (2008). "On the possibility of silicon nitride as a ceramic for structural orthopaedic implants. Part I: Processing, microstructure, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 19 (8): 2881–7. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3417-2. PMID 18347952.
- ^ a b Webster, T.J.; Patel, A.A.; Rahaman, M.N.; Sonny Bal, B. (2012). "Anti-infective and osteointegration properties of silicon nitride, poly(ether ether ketone), and titanium implants". Acta Biomaterialia. 8 (12): 4447–54. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.038. PMID 22863905.
- ^ Anderson, MC; Olsen, R (2010). "Bone ingrowth into porous silicon nitride". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 92 (4): 1598–605. doi:10.1002/jbm.a.32498. PMID 19437439.
- ^ Arafat, Ahmed; Schroën, Karin; De Smet, Louis C. P. M.; Sudhölter, Ernst J. R.; Zuilhof, Han (2004). "Tailor-Made Functionalization of Silicon Nitride Surfaces". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (28): 8600–1. doi:10.1021/ja0483746. PMID 15250682.
- ^ Pierson, Hugh O. (1992). Handbook of chemical vapor deposition (CVD). William Andrew. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-8155-1300-1.
- ^ Sze, S.M. (2008). Semiconductor devices: physics and technology. Wiley-India. p. 384. ISBN 978-81-265-1681-0.
- ^ Schein, L.B. (1988). Electrophotography and Development Physics, Springer Series in Electrophysics. 14. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-642-97085-6.[page needed]
- ^ Levinson, L. M. et al. (17 April 2001) "Ignition system for a gas appliance" U.S. Patent 6,217,312
- ^ Ohring, M. (2002). The materials science of thin films: deposition and structure. Academic Press. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-12-524975-1.
- ^ "Ueber das Stickstoffsilicium". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 104 (2): 256. 1857. doi:10.1002/jlac.18571040224.
- ^ Weiss, L. & Engelhardt, T (1910). "Über die Stickstoffverbindungen des Siliciums". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 65 (1): 38–104. doi:10.1002/zaac.19090650107.
- ^ Carter, C. Barry & Norton, M. Grant (2007). Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-387-46270-7.
- ^ Lee, M. R.; Russell, S. S.; Arden, J. W.; Pillinger, C. T. (1995). "Nierite (Si3N4), a new mineral from ordinary and enstatite chondrites". Meteoritics. 30 (4): 387. Bibcode:1995Metic..30..387L. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01142.x.
- ^ "Nierite". Mindat. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
Cited sources[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silicon nitride.
- Peng, Hong (2004). Spark Plasma Sintering of Si3N4-based Ceramics: Sintering mechanism-Tailoring microstructure-Evaluating properties (PhD thesis). Stockholm University. ISBN 978-91-7265-834-9.


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by Latina Storyteller Olga Loya
In these warm and engaging story-excerpts professional Storyteller Olga Loya relates some of her life-story and her attempts to reconcile the two worlds and realities of 'American' and 'Mexican American'. Audio-segments, story-text and classroom activities will engage students in exploring what it means be fluent in more than one culture at a time. The unit assists teachers to move beyond the Mexican-American experience to anyone who has been caught between two worlds and two identities. Use this unit to celebrate Hispanic Heritage month or to practice storytelling skills and to probe issues of difference and belonging.
Storyteller Olga Loya tells of her experience growing up Mexican American in Los Angeles, trying to choose between the Latino and Anglo cultures, and realizing that she might belong to even more than two cultures and that perhaps there was a way to live with all of them.
This is a perfect lesson plan to use with students while talking about immigration, issues of being bicultural, or about how to use personal stories to address an issue.
A great lesson especially for Language Arts and Social Studies classrooms!
Lesson Plan
Download the Nepantla: Between Worlds lesson plan (PDF)
Story Excerpts
The following MP3 tracks are story excerpts for use with the Nepantla: Between Worlds lesson plan. Please note that these excerpts are protected by copyright and are exclusively for educational use.
Story Excerpt #1 — Nepantla: Between Worlds — 2:35 minutes
Story Excerpt #2 — Spanish is Dangerous — 2:14 minutes
Story Excerpt #3 — Grandma Talk — 2:28 minutes
Story Excerpt #4 — Why Do You Want to Go to College? – 3:26 minutes
Story Excerpt #5 — But You Don't Look Mexican — 3:45 minutes
Story Excerpt #6 — What Does a Mexican Look Like? – 2:47 minutes
Story Excerpt #7 — My Own Rhythms – 1:41 minutes
Story Excerpt #8 — Mezcla: The Best of Both — 1:22 minutes
Story Excerpt #9 — Bridge Between Worlds — 1:46 minutes
(Need help to download the MP3 Story Excerpts? Click here for directions.)
About Olga Loya
Storyteller Olga Loya was captivated by the vivid stories her Mexican grandmother and father would tll. Absorbing all of their secrets and following the tendrils of memory that bind people and families, Olga fashioned and invented herself, out of her own substance and imagination, a stirring universe of creation. Growing up in a up in the barrio of East L.A. where family rituals and traditions were the center of her emotional life, the young Latina, performing improvisation as a girl, has mastered the vocabulary of artful storytelling. With her poetic eloquence Olga's stories are an impassioned quest to keep alive not only the fabric of her family but the larger Latino culture, richly robed in folktales, ancient myths, and history.


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Blood stocks could run out over Christmas
19th December 2017
NHS calling on more people to donate blood over fears blood stocks could rung dangerously low.
Read All ►
Smartphone used to scan blood
7th May 2015
Smartphone has been used to detect parasites in blood samples.
Read All ►
Contaminated blood legal case begins
15th January 2015
Legal case in the UK begins to challenge compensation scheme by men who contracted hepatitis C from contaminated blood.
Read All ►
Blood app developed
6th August 2014
A team has developed a blood diagnosis app that can analyse blood cells via a smartphone.
Read All ►
Sheep could hold key to treatment against C diff
3rd December 2013
Welsh biotech company say sheep could help combat C diff.
Read All ►
Check for blood in your urine
15th October 2013
Public health campaign says to check for blood in urine, even if it is just once, as it could be a sign of cancer.
Read All ►
Can draining blood cut cholesterol?
4th December 2012
A visit to the GP could soon involve having blood drained to help reduce risk of disease.
Read All ►
Blood 'booster' tested
1st October 2012
Worldwide trial being led by a London hospital of drug designed to aid recovery of patients with heavy blood loss.
Read All ►
Electronic reporting pilot at NHSBT
10th September 2012
NHS Blood and Transplant pilot an electronic reporting pilot with nine hospitals in England.
Read All ►
Blood donor plea
8th May 2012
Welsh Blood Service officials say some areas of the country have only four days supply of blood.
Read All ►


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Friday, June 25, 2010
SiOnyx Rasies $6.3M in a $12M round
In a June 22nd, 2010 SEC Form D filing, SiOnyx has disclosed they have raised $6.3M of a proposed $12M equity offering.
Posted by Roy Kaller at 7:34 AM
Labels: SiOnyx
1 comment:
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Home Visiting
The Home Visiting program helps parents take baby steps towards building a loving, safe and healthy home for their children. It is rooted in the belief that early, nurturing relationships are the foundation for life-long, healthy development. The program gives parents and caregivers the knowledge and tools to ensure their children are nurtured in a loving, safe and engaging environment.
The program is designed for parents facing challenges such as single parenthood; low income; childhood history of abuse and other adverse child experiences; or challenges related to substance abuse, mental health issues, and/or domestic violence.
Families are enrolled prenatally or up to when the child is three. Once enrolled, families work with Family Support Specialist until age five or until the child enters kindergarten.
Cope offers at least one home visit per week for the first six months after the child's birth. After those initial months, visits are based on families' needs and progress over time. Typically, home visits last one hour.
The Home Visiting program includes:
Screenings and assessments to determine family's risks and needs
Home visiting services
Routine screening for child development and maternal depression
Supporting parents in setting and reaching personal goals, such as furthering their education, gaining employment or improving their mental or physical health
Referrals to additional resources to help address the family's specific needs
A parent's personal resources - including knowledge, skills and attitudes toward parenting - impact their relationship with their baby. This program helps parents develop their personal resources to improve family functioning, strengthen the parent-child relationship, promote child well-being and prevent adverse childhood experiences.
For more information about the Home Visiting program and our other services, contact us at 707.252.1123 or email@example.com.
Cecilia's Story
Cecilia first came to Cope when she was pregnant with twins. Struggling to make ends meet, estranged from the baby's father and without supportive family nearby, Cecilia felt unprepared for motherhood. She enrolled in the Healthy Families™ Home Visiting program and worked with her Family Support Specialist on setting goals to give her and her babies a better future, including: developing a strategy for a healthy pregnancy and birth, securing affordable housing, accessing financial assistance resources; and enrolling in classes at Napa Valley College. Today, Cecilia is raising two healthy boys, has a part time job, is working toward her college degree and is pursuing a career in healthcare.


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This week's Vincent Award goes to Christoph Strasser. Cycling is on my radar right now because I am getting ready to ride on my 3rd Bike Across Kansas (BAK) event, a 500-mile bike ride across Kansas. Christoph Strasse did this milage (556.8 miles to be exact) all in one day and broke an 11-year record for the most miles ridden in a 24-hour time period. Christoph rode his record-breaking ride across farmland in south Berlin and broke the previous record of 521 miles.
The original story can be found at OutsideOnline.com.


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GARDEN GROVE – As the large wooden doors part at the front of Kieu Chinh's house, they reveal an oasis of calm amid a crowded, bustling city.
The famed Vietnamese actress' four-bedroom home is built of materials that are both familiar and modern.
For Chinh, they summon wistful memories of growing up with her late father in war-ravaged North Vietnam.
The faded red tile floors mimic the brick in her father's ranch house in Hanoi, North Vietnam – where Chinh, now 73 – ran around as a toddler. In every nook of this sprawling home is a piece of teak furniture, a vibrant painting, an antique drum, an embroidered peacock and dragon tunic worn by Vietnamese royalty, a book about acupuncture – all of which rouse memories.
Toward the back of the house is a wooden tea bar. Three varieties of bamboo – green, black and golden – grow in the backyard. A winding meditation path lined with pomegranate and bodi trees, under which the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment, wraps around a temple.
And inside the temple are Chinh's greatest treasures – a bronze bell, a drum and a giant Buddha seated on a lotus flower. Each of the lotus petals is adorned with a smaller Buddha carved in intricate detail.
"Every little thing in this house takes me back to a time and to a place where I can never go back," she says. "These are the sights, smells and sounds of Vietnam."
This is not just any house, but a museum of memories. And Chinh is its owner, curator and biggest fan.
But over the last few months, Chinh has been selling away the home of her dreams – piece by piece. Chinh, an actress who has had key roles in TV shows such as "M.A.S.H" and movies such as "The Joy Luck Club," is facing the possibility of losing her home.
"It breaks my heart to sell these pieces," she says. "But it's something I must do."
It isn't the first time she lost a beloved home.
During the middle of the last century, Chinh's father was a high-ranking official under the French who ruled North Vietnam.
Her mother died when Chinh was a toddler, but she grew unusually close to her father whom she recalls as a man of superior taste and sophistication. Her sister and brother were a few years older, but it was Chinh who rarely left her father's side.
They rode horses together on the property, a large ranch aptly named Kim Ma Gia Trang – The Estate of the Golden Horses. And as their home became a gathering place for artists — painters, poets, musicians – little Chinh sat in her father's lap, listening as the grownups exchanged ideas.
But in 1943, when Chinh was about 6, the estate was bombed by Allied Forces attacking the Japanese who then occupied North Vietnam, and Chinh's journey was launched.
She moved with her family, first to a smaller house near the Hanoi Zoo, and, when that was razed, to yet another house in Hanoi, where she lived until she was 16.
Then Chinh, like millions of others, was forced to flee North Vietnam as the communists gained power. She remembers the day when her father pushed her into a plane bound for South Vietnam. He was going to find her older brother, he said, and soon join her in Saigon.
Chinh never saw him again.
In South Vietnam, she was taken in by family and friends and, at 18, she was married. She also was discovered by American filmmaker Joseph Mankiewicz outside a sidewalk cafe in Saigon. With the help of Vietnamese filmmaker Bui Diem, she launched an acting career and soon became a household name in South Vietnam.
Still, she was unable to settle down.
Chinh fled Vietnam in April, 1975, days before the fall of Saigon. Her goal was to get to her children who attended a boarding school in Toronto.
Soon, stateless and penniless, Chinh found herself clad in rubber boots, a raincoat and mask as she hosed down miles of chicken droppings in a Canadian farm – making $2.25 an hour. Help came in the form of movie star Tippy Hedren, star of the Alfred Hitchcock classic "The Birds." Hedren sponsored Chinh and her family as they became American citizens.
"I stayed in her Hollywood home for several months," Chinh says. "(I) wore her clothes."
A career in Hollywood beckoned. As Chinh landed movie roles, she and her family were able to move to a modest home in Studio City. Although she divorced in 1982, Chinh's professional life flourished. In 1995, she moved to Newport Beach.
Still, the yearning to build her museum of memories remained.
In 2005, Chinh bought a half-acre lot in Garden Grove and, a year later, she built her home there.
"This was exactly what I wanted," she says.
The home is a gathering place and a school of sorts for her three children and four grandchildren.
"They can see their roots," she says, laughing, "and eat Grandma's food."
Chinh's finances were healthy until two years ago. She spoke regularly at seminars and conferences, and had contracts with companies such as Pfizer, MCI Telecommunications and Kellogg.
She was hopeful that she would breathe her last in this home, surrounded by loved ones and cherished memories.
But her dream has been broken yet again.
"Many years ago, I lost my homes because I was a victim of politics," she says.
"Today, I'm a victim of economics."
Acting jobs have been scarce and, for a year or so, Chinh tried selling her house through word of mouth. She doesn't want the bank to take it.
"Why would they care about my museum?"
Still, the housing market hasn't cooperated. In the past year the estimated value of her home has fallen by a third, to $1.3 million.
She put the house on the market in May. And then she started selling off her cherished pieces – one by one. So far, she's moved 10 smaller pieces.
"It's extremely difficult for me to do this," she says.
Still, Chinh believes another move is inevitable.
She sees it as part of a pattern in her life, a continuing journey from the mountainous world of North Vietnam to Southern California.
"I'm not worried," Chinh says. "I will be thankful, stand up straight and move on. It's what I've always done."
But wherever she goes, she will keep the memories of her father and of her homeland alive.
"I will move from a larger museum to a smaller museum," she says, smiling.
Contact the writer: 714-796-7909 or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Days 41–50
Day Forty-One
March 2, 2017
Bless President Trump on this forty-first day of his presidency. Thank You for answering our prayers regarding his address last evening. As we cross over into the month of March, grant him great grace as he deals with the vipers, the vultures, and the white-washed sepulchers.
Proverbs 15 tells us...Read More


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Changes in Mississippian global paleogeography derived from the reconfiguration of the continents have been suggested to result in a change in oceanic circulation, carbon cycling, as well as in global cooling. Here, integrated δC chemostratigraphy and foraminiferal biostratigraphy across the Mississippian (late Tournaisian, Visean, early Serpukhovian; MFZ6-MFZ16 foraminiferal biozones) of the Gongchuan section located in the isolated Bama Platform in the Youjiang Basin, South China, are presented. The δC trend shows an abrupt decline during late Visean (Asbian-early Brigantian; MFZ13-14). This decline is also observed in subequatorial western Euramerica, whereas coeval sections in subequatorial eastern Euramerica show consistently elevated δC values across the entire Visean. The δC decline in western Euramerica and the South China Block (eastern Paleo-Tethys) coincides with a global regression with a suggested glacioeustatic origin, the onset of high-frequency climate and sea-level oscillations, and the closure of the Rheic seaway between Euramerica and Gondwana. We propose a model explaining the divergence of δC records resulting from the closure of the Rheic seaway and development of upwelling zones in the western margin of Euramerica and the eastern Paleo-Tethys realm. Quantitative microfacies analysis across the Mississippian succession in the Gongchuan section shows facies-independent disappearance of corals and increased proportion of cortoids and filter-feeding organisms at the onset of the Asbian δC decline, which may support an increase in nutrient level that can be expected as a result of upwelling.
Hinweis: Dieses Forschungsportal enthält nur Inhalte, welche für die Veröffentlichung freigegeben sind.


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Type designer, wood engraver, painter and sculptor
Reiner was introduced to type design by Ernst Scheidler. He left Germany in 1923 to come to the United States with the goal of selling a series of sans serif faces, which had not yet gained popularity.
Work History
Stephenson Blake
Fonts Designed:
Meridian (1927)
Corvinus (1929)
Gotika (1932)
Floride (1939)
Matura (1939) : Designed for Monotype
Sinfonia/Stradivarius (1945)
Reiner Script (1951)
Reiner Black (1955)
Bazaar (1956)
Mercurius (1957) : Designed for Monotype
London Script (1957) : Designed for Stephenson Blake
Pepita (1959) : Based on Reiner's own handwriting. Designed for Monotype.
Contact (1968)


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Should You Have Antivirus Software On Your Mac?
This is an age-old question. I have a household with 7 computers. About half are MAC OS X based. All are running Time-Machine backups, one of my favorite features under MAC OS X.
On the Windows XP side the answer is a clear yes. I don?t think I would last a week, without having a virus attack. On windows XP in my opinion antivirus is a must have. You need antivirus especially if you have High School age children or College age children.
The Windows Vista side of the house the answer is not so clear you might be able to do without it, if you had too. With 2 kids in college, the minute they touch a computer, it?s under attack. Yet the Windows Vista operating system by design is much more secure.
On the MAC OS X side, I have avoided putting antivirus on the computers. I have done it for two reasons:
- I don?t want it slowing down my computer
- I hate paying the 40-60 dollars a year.
On top of that its not just antivirus, they want you give you SPAM filters, firewalls, etc. Not only does it all not slow down your computer, but also one day you try to do something only to find out the firewall is preventing it from happening. So for over two years, I have avoided buying, installing antivirus software for all my machines running the MAC OS X operating systems and I have had no problems. Yes two of those computers are with college age children. So my natural bias is you don?t need it.
Given the state of the world, lets get back to the question at hand. Should you have antivirus software on your mac ?
This Article recently appeared in ZDNET….
Mac OS X targeted by Trojan and backdoor tool
By Matthew Broersma ZDNet.co.uk
Posted on ZDNet News: Nov 21, 2008 4:38:55 AM
Two pieces of malicious software affecting Apple's Mac OS X appeared this week: a Trojan horse with the ability to download and install malicious code of an attacker's choice, and a hacker tool for creating backdoors, according to security vendors.
The Trojan ? called 'OSX.RSPlug.D' by Intego, the Mac security specialist that discovered the threat ? is a variant on an older piece of malicious code but with a new installer, Intego said.
"It is a downloader, and it contacts a remote server to download the files it installs," Intego said in an advisory. "This means that, in the future, the downloader may be able to install payloads [other] than the one it currently installs."
In other respects the Trojan is similar to previous versions of RSPlug, which first surfaced in October 2007, Intego said. It installs a piece of malicious code known as DNSChanger, which routes the user's internet traffic through a malicious DNS server, leading users to phishing websites or pages displaying advertisements.
The Trojan is found on porn websites posing as a codec needed to play video files, a technique used to trick the user into downloading and installing it.
Intego said OSX.RSPlug.D has been widely confused with a separate threat publicized this week by several security firms. That threat is called OSX.TrojanKit.Malez by Intego and OSX.Lamzev.A by other vendors, including Symantec and Trend Micro.
OSX.Lamzev.A is a hacker tool designed primarily to allow attackers to install backdoors in a user's system, according to Intego. However, the company dismissed the tool as a serious threat because a potential hacker has to have physical access to a system to install the backdoor.
"Unlike true malware and Trojan horses, OSX.TrojanKit.Malez requires that a hacker already have access to a Mac in order to install the code," Intego stated.
To read the remainder of the story….
Mac OS X targeted by Trojan and backdoor tool
So back to the original question.
Given the state of the world, lets get back to the question at hand. Should you have antivirus software on your mac ?
Given the popularity the Mac has had of late. We will see more Viruses targeted at the Mac OS. You need to think about how you use the computer, the type of sites you visit. The types of emails, your firends send you. As much as I have enjoyed saving the money for not having purchased antivirus for my MAC the past few years, it might be time to re-think having it.
To Quote Apple Corporation on This
"The Mac is designed with built-in technologies that provide protection against malicious software and security threats right out of the box."
I found this quote in an article on Gizmodo.com . The article was titled
Apple Removes Antivirus Support Note, Reiterates OS X's Built-In Protection
Posted Michael Corey,
Founder & CEO, Ntirety


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Judy Simmons - Inspirations from Nature, Art Quilting Class
Judy Simmons - Inspirations from Nature
October 31 - November 6, 2010
All Levels Art Quilting Class
In this week long study, students explore color and texture in their journey to create an art quilt drawing inspiration from nature. Students learn many exciting machine and surface design techniques including machine lace, machine texture, bobbin work, dimensional and off the edge appliqué, creative methods of machine appliqué and using sheer overlays. Surface design techniques include stamping, paint sticks, Angelina fibers and microwave dyeing. If time allows, ways to finish the edge including facings and pillowcase edge will be covered.
There will be several short slide presentations along with many visuals to get creative juices going. Many handouts for reference will be given
Judy Simmons earned her degree in Home Economics from New York State University at Oneonta. As a teacher of sewing and design, creative clothing became her first love later developing into art quilts and wearable art. Judy loves designing and creating "one of a kind" pieces, using various surface design techniques as well as extensive thread work in the form of needlelace, bobbinwork, cutowork and quilting. Her favorite techniques include dyeing and painting with procion mx dyes as well as Turkish marbling. Her newest love is that of image transferring using transparencies, mediums, paper documents and image paper. Combining this with color lifting, printing and screening, allows her unlimited possibilities. Presently Judy is working on a series using old photos and documents to create unusual but subtle backgrounds for her work.
Her quilts have been exhibited and won awards at local, regional and national shows. The American International Quilt Association, National Quilting Association and American Quilter's Society have honored her quilts with awards. Her wearable art has won and continues to be exhibited on national and international levels including the countries France, Japan, Austria and Canada. Judy is a 7 time designer for the prestigious Fairfield Fashion Show. She has won 7 awards including the Excellence in Surface Design award from the nationally recognized fashion show sponsored by the American Quilter's Society.
Her publications include: American Quilter, Craft and Needlework Age, Ladies Circle Patchwork Quilts, McCalls Quilting, Patchwork Patter, Patchwork Quilt Tsushin (Japan), Quilt magazine, Quilter's Newsletter, Quilt World, Sewing and Fine Needlework (cover), and Through the Needle; the Quilt Art Calendar 1988 featured her "Nosegay" quilt which is also part of the permanent collection of quilts at the Museum of American Quilters. The Bernina 1994 calendar features one of her original creations for the month of December.
Judy has published a book on machine techniques entitled Machine Needlelace and Other Embellishment Techniques. It is published by Martingale and Company. Judy's second book Creative Marbling on Fabric deals with the very old and beautiful art form of Turkish marbling.
Judy has taught and lectured all over the United States as well as the Caribbean, Canada and Japan. She has appeared on the HGTV cable show Simply Quilts.
For more information, click here.


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Colossal Sphere Molds OUT OF STOCK
Roll with the high rollers with Tovolo's Sphere Ice Molds. The innovative and clever design gives you a 2.5" sphere, perfect to accompany your whiskey, scotch, or bourbon. The slow melting sphere will bring out the full flavor and add a splash of class to your next drink.
• BPA Free • Dishwasher Safe • Food Safe
• BPA Free • Dishwasher Safe • Food Safe


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Sometimes a gaming series has so much legacy and heritage woven into its very fabric, that changing direction seems impossible. After the public had gotten their hands on Bioshock 2 (while it was accepted as a good sequel by many) fans of the series seemed ready for a change of scene and Irrational Games apparently were already on the same page.
There are many interesting articles floating around the internet regarding the events which ultimately led to the end of Irrational as we knew it. One of the best I found was written by Polygon in which former employees shed some light on how the development of Infinite was shaped from an internal perspective: it's a fascinating but also sad read which you can find here. With the massive success of Bioshock behind them, it seems Ken Levine had earned plenty of favour with their publisher and so went into a creative overdrive. Many ambitious ideas were tested for the next Bioshock game and as early footage shows: Infinite went through many iterative cycles. Elizabeth was initially shown as a far more involved combatant whose powers were immense. However, in the final version, she is more of resource gatherer who can also call in various structures to help the player. It is clear that in the interest of getting the game over the finish line many of the original concepts had to be scrapped but in March 2013 the game released to the relief of many. So only three years on let us take to the skies for the final game in the Bioshock journey.
To the Sky
In Bioshock Infinite you take the role of Booker DeWitt, a private detective with a dark past who has been tasked with travelling to Columbia to find a girl. The game opens in a storm at sea and with you being ferried towards a lighthouse by two very odd people you will later know as the Lutece twins. Right from the off something doesn't feel right and as you enter the lighthouse you see a note 'Bring us the girl and wipe away the debt'. After finding a dead body who has clearly been tortured to death you end up atop the lighthouse where you find three bells, obviously. When you ring the three bells in the right order you are treated to a scene right out of Close Encounters with red lights beaming down from the dark clouds above. Booker ends up being presented with a red chair which on sitting down turns into a device that propels him skyward and into the unknown.
As you breach the clouds the city of Columbia unfolds below you and you are treated to one of the most breathtaking sights I've ever seen in a game. Huge monuments erupt from huge chunks of city which are casually floating miles above the earth like intricately designed helium balloons. As whatever thrust brought you here cuts out, you soon become aware that gravity is now acting upon your craft but you are soon reassured by the sound of a chute opening above you and the pod immediately slows to a gentle descent.
First impressions
As you fall in a seemingly precise trajectory the city catches you from the air and you are lowered down into the depths of Columbia. It's clear you have landed in some kind of religious shrine dedicated to the Founder of the city and his late wife. Images of the self-proclaimed profit, Zachary Hale Comstock are everywhere around and it's immediately clear this guy loves to promote his own image. Warm sunlight emanating from the stain glass windows shimmering off the water covering the shrine floor and this leads you towards a congregation of followers. Here you are given an impromptu baptism by the priest who seems to be enjoying pushing your head under the water a little too much. You awake in nearby gardens and set off on your search for the girl that will indeed wipe away the debt.
What follows is by far one of the most beautiful, serene and captivating introductions to a game I've ever had the pleasure of playing. The city of Columbia opens up around you with impossibly large statues and buildings towering into the pastel blue sky. The sun is low and bathes the busy streets in hazy light, hummingbirds flitter around your head and there is a wonderful sense of peace here. The year is 1912 and this era of America has been painstakingly recreated but of course with the added layers of its own fantastic world. In one scene a floating barge rises adjacent to yours carrying a barber quartet that proceeds to serenade young couples out for a stroll in the prestige gardens. The attention to detail is phenomenal and certainly one of the highlights of the game.
Black and White
It very becomes clear that this recreation of America has also come with some of the ugliest sides of human nature and history: racism and elitism are rife in Columbia. Under the rule of Comstock, the city has become a pseudo-Christian utopia which despite a very high opinion of itself still mimics the very worst of the civilisation it sought to break from. As the games introduction draws to a close you come to a stage where a black man and white woman are heckled simply for being in a relationship. You are given the choice of throwing an object at the couple or the presenter: which of course is the start of the moral anchors we see in all Bioshock games. Regardless of your choice, the people see the mark of the 'false Shepard' on your hand 'AD' and the games combat starts in earnest.
As you move through the world of Columbia racism remains a strong theme throughout, posters will declare the need for racial purity, bars will state 'whites only' and even public toilets have been designated, Black/White. It is not only in Columbia itself that we see racism but also when we observe a themed history of Columbia the player is given a tour of the horrific events this floating metropolis has been involved in. As someone who doesn't have a racist bone in my body, I found these elements of Infinite profound, extremely sad and yet I applaud the developers for taking on such heavy subjects. It is unfortunate that the moralistic choices the player's makes don't change the outcome of the game like in previous games but this might have caused problems with the planned DLC. As the game progresses it is clear civil unrest has gripped the city with the underclasses now forming open revolt under the banner of the Vox Populi (voice of the people)
Sum of Parts
So in terms of setting it's clear Columbia and Rapture couldn't be more different but how does the game actually play? Well, some basic elements of previous Bioshock games remain, the Plasmids have now been named Vigors but the end effect is the same: you quaff them down to gain superhuman powers. Most of them have just been reworked and tweaked a little, such as the killer bees have now been replaced by killer crows. Fire and lightning powers have also come over and are pretty much the same bag as before. There are a few interesting new Vigors such as Bucking Bronco (knocks enemies into the air for a period of vulnerable weightlessness) or Undertow (which can wash enemies away or wrench them over to you with squid-like arms. You can also combine these effects for some pretty devastations results, such as Murder of Crows combined with Devils Kiss is awesome to watch. Booker can also pick up 'gears' which are essentially pieces of gear that grant various skills, these items occupy one slot and can be swapped out with others depending on the circumstances you find yourself in. There are also infusions to find around the gameworld and are usually given as a reward for searching through hidden areas, these add one point to either maximum health, shield or salt (Eve).
Conventional weapons also still play a part in combat and range from light pistols to sniper rifles and even the old RPG. As you progress weapons and Vigors can be upgraded as certain vending machines for cash which you pick up from the game world. For some bizarre reason in Infinite we can only carry two weapons at a time. This convention isn't unheard of in gaming but when in previous games we've been given a whole arsenal to carry this move for me felt like part of a wider dumbing down effect.
One new element that did survive the creative process was the Sky-Line, which is an elaborate rail system that connects the city and is used to transport heavy goods. Now it allows Booker to leap on (with a magnetised Sky-Hook) and ride the rails at high speed. This is fantastic fun and also helps Booker out manoeuvre enemies in combat situations, you can also knock people off the Sky-Line who are brave enough to give chase and you can even land on foes knocking them flying.
I have to say that despite all the pieces being present there is something definitely missing from the formula in regards to combat. It could be the fact we now play in a wide open space whereas down in Rapture we were boxed in. There also seems to be a lack of playfulness in this Bioshock. The first and second game I loved messing with devices, creating traps and having my own two little sentry turrets puttering along behind me. Indeed, it was this adaptive AI and clever use of systems that game the original game such a unique feel. Even more so in Bioshock 2, we had so many ways to 'play' with the enemies but much of these options now seem missing in Infinite. Right back when IrrationaI first started showing off the game there seemed to be a far deeper relationship between Booker and Elizabeth in combat, but to the dismay of many the final game seems rather light.
It's complicated
As always I do not wish to delve too far into the story as the secrets of Infinite are the magic beans that give this game it's incredible punching power. Fairly early in the game, you meet the girl you have been paid to find. Elizabeth is a young lass who has been imprisoned her entire life inside an elaborate tower. The amount of detail as well as some exquisite scenes pulls you forward and builds intrigue like nothing else. The meeting between Booker and Elizabeth is one of my favourite parts of the game and Irrational clearly spent a lot of time getting it just right. Elizabeth is larger than life and has so much personality it is difficult not to instantly like her: this is helped by some excellent voice acting by Courtnee Draper.
Acting as both guardian and custodian: Songbird is a huge mechanical beast that never leaves the tower unwatched. As Elizabeth breaks free from the tower her only friend now begins to hunt for her among the many floating islands of Columbia. There are some truly awesome scenes as Songbird opens building tops like cans of beans looking for her.
As with all other Bioshock outings, past events as well as the important/intimate thoughts of key characters are strewn across your path on Voxaphones. Like in previous games these snippets of dialogue fill in the blanks for the player and allow us to get a handle on the bigger picture. Most you cannot miss but some are very cleverly hidden which it why I would urge you to scour every area and make good use of Elizabeth's ability to pick locks/decipher secret codes.
For all the spit and polish this is my least favourite of all the Bioshock games because I feel like whatever that secret sauce was in the original - it is missing here. With a triumph like Bioshock under his belt Ken and his team wanted to create something even bigger that would improve on every aspect of what made the original so special. Looking in from the outside we will never really understand what this process was like or how events unfolded within the team at Irrational. We saw many small glimmers of something greater over the development cycle of Infinite and it is always bittersweet when these gems have to be lost for the greater good.
There is no denying Bioshock Infinite is an incredible game that hits so many highs in areas such as storytelling, world building and atmosphere. Many, (including myself) set out thinking we had a good bead on what this game was about, only to sent reeling by the twists and turns that Ken Levine does so well. Regardless of how the game plays the end sequence of Infinite is and will be one of the most talked about for years to come.
Of course, this is not where the story ends because after Infinite was released fans were also treated to two additional pieces of story content: Burial at Sea Part 1 and 2. In my next and final piece for the Bioshock collection please join me for what I consider to be essential content for anyone who has followed this story so far. Thank you for reading my retro review for Bioshock Infinite on PC. You can follow me on Twitter @riggedforepic to never miss a review or article.


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Home » Nick Verreos » Project Runway » Project Runway Castings » Project Runway Los Angeles Season 7 Castings » Tim Gunn » W Hotel Los Angeles » W Hotel Westwood » Zoe Glassner » PROJECT RUNWAY.....Nick Verreos and Tim Gunn Project Runway Season 7 Casting
PROJECT RUNWAY.....Nick Verreos and Tim Gunn Project Runway Season 7 Casting
Posted by Nick Verreos Labels: Nick Verreos, Project Runway, Project Runway Castings, Project Runway Los Angeles Season 7 Castings, Tim Gunn, W Hotel Los Angeles, W Hotel Westwood, Zoe Glassner
Nick Reunites with Tim Gunn--and Zoe Glassner!Judges Get Your Pad and Pencil! Nick Verreos, Zoe Glassner and Tim Gunn at the LA Project Runway Season 7 Castings, W Hotel Los Angeles This past Monday--yes, on Memorial Day--was the one and only Los Angeles Casting for next season's Project Runway. I know, we haven't even seen Season 6 and we are casting Season 7? Yep, that's how TV works kids! I was privileged enough to have been asked to join Fashion Mentor GOD, Mr. Tim Gunn, as well as the stylish and infectiously friendly Marie Claire shopping editor, Zoe Glassner for another run at finding America's Next Great Designer!The castings took place at the chic W Los Angeles Hotel in Westwood. Soon after I arrived at 9:30 AM, I made the mistake of grabbing my coffee and walking out into the gorgeous W Hotel pool area. It was a mistake because, of course, all I could think of was "Oh wait, I can't use the pool, I've got to work!" Not for Nick: The W Hotel Pool It certainly was "all work and no play" as Tim, Zoe and I proceeded to see a day's full of aspiring Project Runway contestants, who came as far as Hawaii and Oregon (as well as LA, Palm Springs and the SF Bay Area) for "a chance of a lifetime" at this final LA Castings. Kicking Under The Table: Nick Verreos, Tim Gunn and Zoe Glassner prepare to see the aspiring designers We saw many talented designers, assistant designers, store owners as well as fresh-out-of- fashion school students--some even from my alma mater, the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising/FIDM. There was DRAMA, snippy verbal fights and amusing adulations. I hope they caught it all on film--oh wait, I think there was a camera!! Could there be another "Road To The Runway: Season 7"? If there is, I hope it didn't catch Tim and I kicking each other under the table. Now, speaking of that W Hotel pool, I never got to use it, but Tim, Zoe and I did end our day with some yummy cocktails and spicy nuts at the adjacent W Hotel Whiskey Blue Bar. It was a perfect ending to a productive Memorial Day of Project Runway Season 7 castings.


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Domestic Space at Beth Shean
The houses on the Lower Terrace (LTN, LTE and LTW in field notes) are an archaeological mess. Families and individuals, of varying social status, occupied the tel throughout the Byzantine period and under Arab rule. As a result, walls criss-cross each other, rooms became reused and subdivided. At some point, as Jordan Pickett writes briefly about, liturgical material found itself scattered throughout the terrace areas. Therefore, recreating any specific domestic assemblages is next to impossible. The archaeologist struggles even to reconstruct the areas for cooking, a staple part of any attempt to understand what late antique people did at home. Equally, the Penn Excavations (1921-1933) had specific interest in the older layers, and dug through these areas very quickly and not with that much care. Nevertheless, enough remains survive, mostly deposited in unused cisterns and found in the houses of the Lower Terrace, to situate the Byzantine occupants of the site in a world in which people ate, drank, shopped, and lived.


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As the turkey, stuffing, and cranberry sauce have been put away, another Maine high school football season came to a close yesterday. Portland and Deering capped off the season with their annual Thanksgiving Day tilt, won by Portland 41-13. Today marks the first Friday since late August there hasn't been a high school football game to attend somewhere.
Speaking of the Thanksgiving Day feast, there is much to digest with what transpired on the gridiron over the last twelve Friday nights and Saturday afternoons. As we try to shed those extra calories today, I thought it would be appropriate to reflect and share some thoughts on the recently completed season.
The 2015 Maine high school football season saw a number of dormant programs rise up. Programs such as MDI, which was 3-6 a year ago, made a strong run into the play-offs. Brewer, two years removed from a 1-7 campaign, reached the regional final. Perhaps no program achieved a greater turnaround than Old Town. The Coyotes, 2-6 a year ago, having packed up their gear before the calendar hit November, advanced to the Northern Maine final undefeated before falling to eventual state champion Winslow. Combine that with the fact the program had been a perennial doormat from the late 90's until just recently and you realize how remarkable the turnaround was.
Old Town played an exciting brand of football, featuring tremendous athleticism in the person of senior wide receiver Andre Miller. They brought back one of the top quarterbacks in the region in Jake Jarvis. Coupled with a strong running game, they could put points on the board. The 27 points the Coyotes scored in their regional final matched the entire point total Winslow had given up all season to that point.
Speaking of the regional final, the atmosphere in Old Town for that game was as good a high school football environment as I've witnessed in some time. Both communities were well represented with their support. There were also a number of non-partisan fans of the game there that night. Add one of the best high school bands in the state and you had the makings for what a championship contest should feel like.
Success came quickly for a couple of new programs. Medomak Valley, playing in their first varsity season, went 6-2 on the campaign in the Little Ten Conference. As a new program, playing down a class from where their school's enrollment would normally place them, they were not eligible for postseason play. The season was highlighted by a victory in their opener, a 14-13 win over perennial power Bucksport.
Houlton, in their second varsity sojourn, was able to mount a 4-4 record, good enough to earn their program's first play-off berth. The future looks bright for the Shiretowners. In speaking with a number of people, the feeder program is in good shape, helping to ensure success for years to come.
When you think of successful high school football programs in Maine, especially if you've followed the sport for any length of time, you conjure up thoughts of fields with smokestacks in the background. Towns like Rumford, Bucksport, Jay, Lincoln, Winslow, and Millinocket come to the forefront. It would seem unlikely then for communities such as Falmouth and Yarmouth to be able to field prominent teams. Not only have those towns broken the football stereotype, they have done so competing for athletes with very strong soccer programs. Yarmouth, whose soccer team won the state championship, advanced to a state title game of their own, a rare feat indeed. Falmouth achieved their best season in program history by reaching the Southern Maine 'B' final where they fell to Marshwood.
Despite the resurgence of latent teams and the rise of newer programs, at the end it was deja vu for the state's elite. For the first time, teams from all classes repeated as state champions. Thornton Academy, Marshwood, Winslow, and Oak Hill all took their opponents best shot, yet all came up victorious in the end.
Speaking of elite programs, the crown jewel if you were to be a high school football coach in Maine has to be Thornton Academy. According to the football state championship game program, they boast an enrollment of 1,450 students, which is the largest of any school in Maine. Couple that with an outstanding feeder program, top-notch facilities, and tremendous community support. This is a juggernaut which should be at or near the top for years to come.
Mother Nature must have been a fan of Maine high school football this year. The football season is typically marked by how many layers are added by fans when attending games. This year, not only were all games precipitation free, at least in the Bangor area, very few were played in the cold either. How many November night playoff games have been played in sixty degree temperatures? Not many, I don't believe. The first snow of the year even held off a day after the final gold ball was hoisted. We were definitely spoiled this year.
With three years now completed under the four class format for high school football, I would consider the change a success. This year produced four outstanding state championship games. The real impetus behind the change was to narrow the enrollment gap, particularly with the former class A schools. In looking at championship weekend, the MPA got it right. While some would like to see the four games split evenly, two and two at each site, the current format allows each game to be showcased individually. As a fan of Maine high school football, I want to be able to see all the games and with this format I can do just that. It also allows for the games to be televised statewide.
I would like to see a change in class A, doing away with the regional format. When Windham and Portland played in the regional final, do we really think they were concerned with winning the "Northern" Maine championship or were they merely part of the final four teams in class A? My guess would be the latter. I propose the fourteen schools in 'A' be divided into three divisions for scheduling purposes. Each team would play all the schools in their division and would play nine regular season games. An eight team statewide playoff would follow, with the two finalists playing on gold ball Saturday.
The Drive. Those two words will likely be mentioned in the annals of Brewer football for some time. Nineteen plays, fifty-seven yards. Eight minutes to decide whether you move on or pack up the gear until next fall. That was the scene on a balmy November night at Reggie Clark Memorial Field in Skowhegan with the hometown Indians holding a 15-8 lead. Facing a fourth and three at midfield, Brewer elected to go for it. As a hobbled Brewer quarterback Logan Rogerson ran around the left end, he stretched for the chain, first down. The drive continued. It was who's tougher than who football at its finest. Three or four yards a pop, move the chains. On the nineteenth play, facing a fourth and goal at the one, with seconds to play, Trey Wood was able to sneak the ball over the goal line. There was no question what the Witches would do next. Trailing 15-14, Brewer lined up for two. Dylan Severance went to his left virtually untouched into the end zone for the winning score setting off bedlam on the Witches sideline and among their supporters.
A number of teams were likely asking themselves the question 'what if' as the season came to a close. For Foxcroft Academy, what if their quarterback, Hunter Smith wasn't lost for the season with an injury suffered in their exhibition game? What if Brewer had their full compliment of players in their Northern Maine championship game? What if Brunswick had a healthy Will Bessey against Marshwood? Same for Yarmouth and their talented running back Cody Cook.
Most of all, when I look back on the 2015 high school football season, I'll remember those I had the good fortune to spend many Friday nights and Saturday afternoons with. People that may not have a dog in the fight but still enjoy the games just the same. There are certain people when you go someplace you know you have to see. I always enjoy going to Winslow and spending some time with longtime coach Jim Poulin.
A tip of the cap goes out to all the players who donned the pads, the coaches who put in the preparation, as well as anyone involved in the game, which made 2015 such an enjoyable season in Maine high school football. Let's do again in about 39 weeks!


text: It's no secret that I despise Face Book. Yup, I'm on it and I check it frequently. But every time I go on, I throw up in my mouth. How much validation does one need about their marriage, their children, their professional success….Every day. My brother jokes about the "singles" counterpart to all of the annoying parents. Let's just say it has to do with a lot of status updates on sunsets and cocktails. And to round it out, my husband has a habit of quoting really bad lines from movies. And fittingly, the winner of his bad quote list goes to…."Drop…the 'the.'" Below, the much hyped over Instagram camera. Get it. And then just post them on the fridge!


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...to grandma's house for the weekend! Here is Seth calling to tell her we'll be on our way first thing in the morning.
I snapped these only a little while ago- yes my child is still awake at almost eleven o'clock at night. He is just refusing to sleep. But we'll both be headed to bed soon.
So I will be away for a few days- I need the mental "time off" right now. It will be a weekend of talking with my mom, enjoying fresh air, maybe some writing and reading- just clearing my head. I'll check my email, but otherwise I'll be offline until Tuesday morning.
Have a spectacular weekend friends.


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Semiconductor Device Research Group
A research group at Georgia Tech led by: Dr. Shyh-Chiang Shen
Research Area: III-Nitride lasers, LEDs, detectors and transistors.
Research interests
The SRL has been actively researching on III-nitride (III-N) devices since 2005. The major emphasis of these research projects are:
- Wide bandgap semiconductor device design, fabrication, and characterization
- Expanded research toward high-performance III-N integrated circuits and integrated optoelectronics.
We have a 1,000 square-feet of class-1,000 cleanroom laboratory along with a semiconductor characterization room that is home to several semiconductor fabrication and measurement systems. We also access other fabrication facilities at Georgia Tech (such as MiRC and CCS) to conduct our research projects.
Our research focuses on wide-bandgap semiconductors, including their applications in optoelectronics and power electronics. The research is heavily sided on novel device design, validation, and manufactuable fabrication technology development. Read on for an explanation of why we concentrate on gallium nitride (GaN).
Research Projects
- High-power III-N Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors (HFETs) and MISFETs
- InGaN Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs)
- Bipolar switches: PIN rectifiers, etc.
- InGaN Blue/green lasers
- UV Laser Diodes
- DUV single-photon detectors & avalanche photodiodes (APDs)
Read on to learn about III-Nitride Semiconductors
SRL Facility Tour
Publication List
About Prof. S.-C. Shen
We are constantly looking for highly motivated students with strong semiconductor physics background for III-N optoelectronic device research.
We also would like to work with students with great interests in III-N power electronics research. Our research focuses on physical electronic device implementation and performance enhancement study.
The research involves cleanroom and laboratory work, augmented by computational simulations when necessary for detailed device physics study for next-generation devices and circuits.
Contact information
Shyh-Chiang Shen
Associate Professor
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
777 Atlantic Drive, NW
Atlanta, GA 30332-0250
Bunger-Henry Building, room 307
(404) 894-1884
Copyright ©2005—2006 S.-C. Shen.


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Rare Genomics Featured in Wired/
Wired Magazine's article, "How one boy's mystery disease could hold the key to solving our biggest health threats," shares Rare Genomics founder Jimmy Lin's journey to connect new developments in cancer genetic research to rare diseases. Authors Emma Bryce and Matthew Reynolds illustrate the impact of social entrepreneurship in the sciences with the Rare Genomics Institute. Read more at Wired.


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Airush Lithium ZERO
Airush Lithium ZERO
The Airush Lithium introduces a revolutionary new kite size and configuration to the range, taking the all-terrain performance of the name into the lightest of wind.
The Airush Lithium 18m Zero takes the concept of making lighter kites to a new level by eliminating all struts. With four years of development along side the Airush One, the result of reducing struts and overall weight highlights the obvious benefit, resulting in the most innovative light-win d kites on the market. At 3.4 kg the 18m Zero is comparable in weight to a regular 10m kite.
Large kites do not need to be sluggish and slow. Quick and live ly, the Airush Lithium Zero, eliminates unnecessary material and drag, making response and steering effortless and fun. Boasting unbeatable power to weight ratio the Zeros jumping and hang-time capabilities are amazing.
Not only quick, the Zero is ideal for the lightest wind wave riding with minimal drag giving the words "drifting" and "stability" a whole new meaning. Just park your kite and watch the Zero follow you as you ride the wave down the line.
The Airush Lithium Zero breaks the barriers of lightwind riding on a LEI kite. The Zero is extremely light at 3.4 Kg making it stable to fly and manoeuvre in such lightwinds. At 3.4 kgs, the 18m Zero weighs about the same as your average 10m kite.
Featured on all the 2014 Airush Kites, with the exception of the Razor Team and DNA, the V3 Bridle System adds not only to the safety benefits, but also contributes significantly to the feeling and performance of the kites. The positioning of the bridle attachment points on the LE of the kite, combined with the V pulleys, gives a very smooth and responsive de-power. This allows for steering that is light, but direct enough to feel where your kite is while riding. This also enables the kite to be steered and controlled when the kite is completely de-powered which is ideal for wave riding.
The Supported Leading Edge C-Kite, or SL-C, is dedicated to riders who want the most out of a 4-line. The SL-C concept gives a C-Shape arc, which delivers great turning and direct response in combination with Support Leading edge range and relaunching.
The Lithium Zero 18 is a must for lightwind freeriding. We started this design along side the Airush One around 2008-2009 and the most important thing that we noticed was the power to weight ratio. The Kite is extremely nibble and easy to manoeuvre in such lightwinds making it perfect for everyday riders want to go out in 6-12 knots. Before Lightwind kites were all about high aspect for racing, extremely high upwind angles and purely performance – the technology and weight saving properties of the Lithium Zero 18m makes such lightwind riding possible and enjoyable for your everyday freerider. This kite pulls like a train, you'll be amazed how much power you have when riding in such lightwind!
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Get an Exclusive Marvel TV Poster at San Diego Comic-ConBy Lisa Weseman | Jul 23rd, 2014
Can't wait for season two of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the premiere of Marvel's Agent Carter? Then stop by the Marvel Booth (#2329) at San Diego Comic-Com for a free Marvel TV poster!
This poster is the first artwork to feature both Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Marvel's Agent Carter, and is available exclusively to Comic-Con attendees while supplies last.
The piece by artist Matt Ferguson, known for his work with both Marvel Studios on the Phase 1 box set, showcases Agent Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Grant Ward, Skye, Fitz, and Simmons, alongside Peggy Carter.
What will be the fallout from Ward's betrayal? Find out when Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. returns TUE SEPT 23 9|8c.
COMIC-CON DETAILS: Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. | Marvel's Agent Carter


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Erica Miranda has been here
Sea Pines Forest Preserve, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
175 Greenwood Dr, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina| Map |
Add to trip
Recent User Reviews
Senior Traveler Erica Miranda
Warren, Ohio
- Visited: June 2013
- Submitted: Jun 21, 2015
- Traveled with:
Big Kids (6-8)
Island Nature at it's best.Flag review
We visited the Indian Shell Ring and Stoney Barnyard Ruins. Very cool! The Shell Ring helps you imagine what life was like 4,000 year ago. The Stoney Barnyard Ruins shows how natural resources were use to build with years ago.
Tips for Families
You could spend a 1/2 hour at each location.
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By Cliff Ollier
A new book has been produced on the coast of South Australia (1). It is essentially about coastal geomorphology and includes much that I shall not mention here such as tectonics, coastal processes, coastal management and human impacts on coasts. This brief note presents, mainly in their own words, what they have to say about aspects of carbonate production.
The South Australian coast originated with the separation of Antarctica and Australia about 43 million years ago, but the continental margin is well to the south of the present coast. During higher sea levels of the Late Eocene (37 to 34 Ma), the coast stood several hundred kilometres landward of its present location.
Some parts of the South Australian coast are exceptionally stable while other parts have moved up and down, to make a series of fault blocks. The Last Interglacial (130-118 ka ago) shoreline stood ~2 m higher than present sea level on the stable parts. Sediments deposited at that time are called the Glanville Formation. Fringing the coast of Eyre Peninsula on the stable Gawler Craton, the Glanville Formation lies at 2 m above present sea level but it has been tectonically depressed (-7 m at Port Adelaide), uplifted on Fleurieu Peninsula (+10 m at Normanville; +6 m at Victor Harbor), depressed at Goolwa (-0.8 m) in the Murray Estuary and progressively uplifted on the Coorong Coastal Plain to a maximum of +18 m near Mount Gambier.
The Glanville Formation contains inter-tidal, warm water fauna, including the mollusc Anadara trapezia (now locally extinct) which shows this higher than present shoreline was warmer than the present. At the height of the Last Glacial Maximum, some 22,000 years ago, sea level was about 125 m below the present level. Large areas of continental shelf were exposed as dry land, and wind blew sediments inland. After that sea level rose and reached present levels about 7,000 years ago.
Apart from bedrock areas the coasts are dominated by carbonate sands in beaches and dunes. At many points in the book the authors refer to the 'carbonate factory' that produces it, and even claim it is "… part of the world's largest temperate carbonate factory".
"The sources of the sediment for these coastal successions were the Lacepede and Bonney Shelves, which represent a subtidal carbonate factory with the prolific growth of calcareous marine invertebrates such as molluscs, bryozoans, coralline algae, echinoids, and foraminifers. The post mortem attrition of these organisms leads to the formation of sand-sized sedimentary particles of calcium carbonate".
"In Gulf St Vincent seagrasses thrive in the subtidal and intertidal shallow warm waters, with extremely productive calcareous algae, foraminifers and molluscan organisms manufacturing vast amounts of calcareous sediment. The accumulation of these … sediments has generated the resultant wide intertidal and supratidal flats visible today by causing the shoreline to aggrade (build up) and prograde (build seawards)".
"The dominant processes of coastal development in the protected, tidally dominated waters of the northern Spencer Gulf are related to the massive production and accumulation of biogenic skeletal carbonate fragments derived from coralline algae, foraminifers, molluscs and bryozoans; the site is a 'major carbonate factory', sequestering much CO2."
Furthermore aeolianite dunes also depend on the process. "The aeolianites are primarily composed of marine carbonate, reflecting the absence of streams delivering terrestrial, quartzose sediments to the coast".
"The sand-sized particles of calcium carbonate derived from the mechanical abrasion of marine invertebrates were entrained landwards by inner-shelf currents, and subsequently brought on land by aeolian processes to form thick dune deposits, which are interbedded with relict soil profiles (paleosols) that formed during periods of lower sea levels. The presence of aeolianite reflects the prolonged history of aridity of the Australian continent and the paucity of terrigenous-clastic sediment delivered to much of the coastline of southern Australia".
"The coastline of South Australia is part of the world'smobdro for ios largest aeolianite (dune limestone) temperate sedimentary carbonate province, which extends from western Victoria to north of Shark Bay, Western Australia. The aeolianite deposits attest to the high calcium carbonate bioproductivity of the surrounding continental shelf environments".
And the carbonate sand is important even offshore:
"It has been demonstrated that the Murray Canyons Group [submarine canyons] is still being actively modified, with sediment transport to the oceanic deeps more than 100 km from the foot slope. Given the lack of river sediment supply, the marine carbonate 'factories' of the Lacepede Shelf provide the main supply of sediments for turbidity currents. Initially, canyon erosion involved mainly land-sourced sediment, with later cutting predominantly by biogenic carbonates produced on the continental shelf".
In the debates about Global Warming, now usually referred to with the less specific title Climate Change, the alarmists place much emphasis on the role of carbon dioxide. First its role as a greenhouse gas was supposed to cause warming. Then to demonise it further it was supposed to cause 'acidification' of the oceans, despite the fact that the oceans have been alkaline throughout their existence on Earth. We are supposed to reduce the production of anthropogenic carbon dioxide to 'protect' the ocean.
The 'carbonate factories' described here show that carbon dioxide is vital for the production of carbonate sands and ultimately limestone, and of course for the formation of the past and presents coasts. It is part of the big geochemical picture: carbon dioxide originates from volcanic eruptions and is fixed by limestone formation. Trying to reduce the carbon dioxide content of the ocean by reducing emissions by human activities is not only futile, but if it could be done it would have harmful consequences on all the carbonate fixing animals and plants in the ocean, and ultimately on the shape of the continent.
(1) Coastal Landscapes of South Australia
by Robert P. Bourman, Colin V. Murray-Wallace and Nick Harvey
$132.00 | 2016 | Paperback | 978-1-925261-20-2 | 420 pp
FREE | 2016 | Ebook (PDF) | 978-1-925261-21-9 | 420 pp
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20851/coast-sa
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Looking for Residential Sales Associates for our exclusive listing. Attractive remuneration package (with basic or Full commission).
- New launch, exclusive listing
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Interested candidates, please apply by submitting an application through the link below.