text:
Fixing the basic AGW calcs II
Posted by Jeff Id on December 20, 2010
Judith just look at how bungled this "sensitivity" concept is .
(1) F = ε.σ.T⁴(definition of emissivity)
dF = 4.ε.σ.T³.dT + σ.T⁴. dε => dT = (1/4. ε.σ.T³).(dF – σ.T⁴. dε)
Ta = 1/S . ∫ T.dS (definition of the average temperature at time t over a surface S)
Now if we differentiate under the integral sign even if it is mathematically illegal because the temperature field is not continuous we get :
dTa = 1/S . ∫ dT.dS
Substituting for dT
dTa = 1/S . ∫ [(1/ 4.ε.σ.T³).(dF – σ.T⁴. dε)] . dS
Now this is a sum of 2 terms :
dTa = { 1/S . ∫ [(T/ 4.ε) . dε].dS } + { 1/S . ∫ [dF/4. ε.σ.T³].dS }
The first term is due to the spatial variation of emissivity.
It can of course not be neglected because even if the liquid and solid water has an emissivity reasonably constant and near to 1 , this is not the case for rocks , sable , vegetation etc . It is then necessary to compute the integral which depends on the temperature distribution.
E.g same emissivity distribution , different temperature distributions give different values of the integral and different "sensitivities".
The second term is more problematic.
Indeed the causality in the differentiated relation goes from T to F . If we change the temperature by dT , the emitted radiation changes by dF .
However what we want to know is what happens with T when the incident radiation changes by dF.
This is a dynamical question whose answer can not be given by the Stefan Boltzmann law but by Navier Stokes (for convection) , the heat equation (for conduction) and the thermodynamics for phase changes and bio-chemical energy.
OK as we can't answer this one , let's just consider the final state postulated as being an equilibrium.
Not enough , we must also postulate that the initial and final "equilibrium" states have EXACTLY the same energy repartition in the conduction , convection , phase and chemical energy modes.
In other words the radiation mode must be completely decoupled from other energy transfer modes.
Under those (clearly unrealistic) assumptions we will have in the final state dF emitted = dF absorbed.
Now comes the even harder part . The fundamental equation (1) is only valid for a solid or some liquids so the temperatures and fluxes considered are necessarily evaluated at the Earth surface.
If we took any other surface (sphere) going through the atmosphere , all of the above would be gibberish.
Unfortunately the only place we know something about the fluxes is the TOA because it is there that we will postulate that radiation in = radiation out.
This is also wrong (just look at the difference between the night half, the day half and the sum of both) but this is the basic assumption of all and any climate models sofar.
So what we postulate at some height R where the atmosphere is supposed to "stop" is :
FTOA = g(R,θ,φ) with g some function.
From there via radiative transfer model and assuming known lapse rate, we'll get to the surface and obtain F = h(R,θ,φ)] with h some other function depending on g (note that h , so F depends also on the choice of R e.g the choice where the atmosphere "stops")
Last step is just to differentiate F because we need dF in the second integral.
dF = ∂h/∂θ.dθ + ∂h/∂φ.dφ
Now substitute dF and compute the second integral . The sum of both gives dTa , e.g the variation of the average surface temperature.
We can also define the average surface flux variation :
dFa = 1/S . ∫ dF.dS
It appears obvious that {∫ [(1/ 4.ε.σ.T³).(dF – σ.T⁴. dε)] . dS} / ∫ dF.dS
(e.g dTa/dFa) will depend on the spatial distribution of the temperatures and emissivities on the surface as well as on the particular form of the h function which transforms TOA fluxes in surface fluxes.
It will of course also change with time but this dynamical question has been evacuated by considering only initial and final equilibrium states even if there actually never is equilibrium.
A careful reader will have noted and concluded by now that it is impossible to evaluate these 2 integrals because they necessitate the knowledge of the surface temperature field which is precisely the unknown we want to identify.
The parameter dTa/dFa is a nonsense which can only have a limited use for black bodies in radiative equilibriums without other energy transfer modes.
The Earth is neither the former nor the latter.
70 Responses to "Fixing the basic AGW calcs II"
December 20, 2010 at 8:10 am
Yes, the AGW story is filled with flaws.
But the most basic flaw are
a.) Ignoring well-documented variations in Earth's heat source – the Sun – and
b.) Earth's orbit inside the outer layer of the Sun – the heliosphere.
The next most serious flaw probably arises from the obsolete Standard Solar Model model of Earth's heat source
["Why the Model of a Hydrogen-Filled Sun Is Obsolete"} http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0410569v1
Oliver K. Manuel
December 20, 2010 at 12:53 pm
Tomas Milanovic makes the same mistake as Gerlich and Tscheuschner. He appears to think that if you can't solve a problem analytically, you can't solve it at all. That is, of course, not true. I bet he'd really freak if he ever looked at temperature profile measurements by satellite microwave emission measurements. That's another problem that can't be solved analytically. Worse, it's ill-posed, as are many inverse problems. You solve these problems iteratively by first making a best guess and then putting in other constraints like continuity and smoothness.
The 33 degree number is for a sphere at uniform temperature. But you only have to be fairly close to uniform for the error in the average temperature to be no more than a couple of degrees. The high heat capacity, rapid rotation rate and air and water circulation of the Earth makes the surface temperature close enough to uniform that the error is going to be less than 5 degrees. In other words, good enough.
The annual average TOA emission has been measured as a function of latitude and it's fairly flat. (Figure 1.1 Grant W. Petty, A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation, Second Edition) compared to the incident radiation absorption as a function of latitude. You can use this data to calculate meridional heat transfer. It's quite large, about 5 PW at the peak near 40 degrees latitude. The range in emission is about 150 to 270 W/m2. That corresponds to temperatures of 227 and 263 K compared to 255 K for a sphere at uniform temperature radiating an average of 239 W/m2. Note that the plot is by latitude which exaggerates the magnitude of emission from high latitudes.
December 20, 2010 at 1:05 pm
DeWitt #2,
You are for sure right about this, but that diagram would be a lot more convincing if the total areas of surplus and deficit were equal…. the diagram suggests a continuous net loss of energy, which is non-sense.
December 20, 2010 at 1:08 pm
forget my earlier comment; the units are watts per square meter, and the number of sqaue meters falls with increasing latitude. The diagram would be better if they somehow normalized to have the total areas (positive and negative) equal.
December 20, 2010 at 1:25 pm
In the end, many of those complexities don't matter when looking at the whole picture. The only significant energy source is the sun. The only way for the earth to dissipate energy to space is via radiation. So if the earth is the system under consideration, ignoring convection and conduction is correct. Convection and conduction are internal processes that redistribute the energy within the system, but the only escape for the energy from the system is radiative.
December 20, 2010 at 2:34 pm
forget my earlier comment; the units are watts per square meter, and the number of sqaue meters falls with increasing latitude. The diagram would be better if they somehow normalized to have the total areas (positive and negative) equal.
Dang it. I was just getting ready to convert that curve into text value, then do the integral including the cos(theta) factor.
Ryan O:
Convection and conduction are internal processes that redistribute the energy within the system, but the only escape for the energy from the system is radiative
Not sure I entirely agree here. Convection affects the height at which you get the "free radiation" condition (it's responsible for the environmental lapse rate of 7°C/km), which in turn affects the net surface warming.
Brian H: One can start with the assumption of a uniform temperature, then use first-order perturbation to compute the correction due to the nonuniformity of the temperature in some regions of the planet. Don't forget that the oceans have a relatively smoothly varying temperature with latitude. So corrections from extreme environments will not make a huge difference in the answer.
I'll mention that Arthur P Smith has a fairly complete description of the physics at work here.
He doesn't address the details of how one treats irregular globe, that would be a simple extension of his work.
I'd be interested in what people think of his arguments.
December 20, 2010 at 4:30 pm
Yep, but the energy cannot escape the earth via convection or conduction. It must escape via radiation. Convection certainly has an important influence on what happens to the surface, but does not change the amount of energy escaping the earth (at least once near-equilibrium is reached).
December 20, 2010 at 4:41 pm
I should specify something. From the perspective of a simple model, with no feedbacks, you can calculate what changes in the optical depth will do to surface temperature at equilibrium fairly easily. With a little more effort, you can calculate the transitory response. This is the first-order approximation. You don't need to know all the stuff that he thinks you need to know to do this. Stefan Boltzmann is sufficient.
Now, when you start adding in the other complexities, things do, indeed, get hairier. But is argument that the situation is intractable (even as an approximation) is not true. While an exact answer cannot be obtained, an estimate can, and depending on the data quality, confidence intervals can be placed on that estimate (not that this is done properly, but that's a separate issue). He is presenting the reasons why models must parameterize, not why an estimate of sensitivity cannot be obtained.
December 20, 2010 at 5:33 pm
Ryan O said
December 20, 2010 at 4:41 pm
"… But [the] argument that the situation is intractable (even as an approximation) is not true. While an exact answer cannot be obtained, an estimate can…"
The problem with an estimate is that the model solution will diverge from empirical conditions over time. The existing models seem to have diverged fairly rapidly. Lorentz regarded long range modeling as probably intractable and he's the guy who first discovered "strange attractors" while trying to model weather.
December 20, 2010 at 5:48 pm
By "model", I don't mean GCM. I mean mathematical simplification that makes the problem calculable. And yes, the time frame over which you forecast is important.
December 20, 2010 at 5:51 pm
Also . . . you seem to be implying that models will always diverge and are thus useless. First, this is not always true. Second, this is tantamount to saying we ought not to bother to calculate anything, since the act of reducing a problem to a set of equations always involves a model to a certain extent. Always.
December 20, 2010 at 5:56 pm
We sort of went over this chaos and predictability recently. My read of this is that the assumption is that expected change due to CO2 will overwhelm natural variability over the centennial timescale and therefore even though climate is chaotic at all timescales, you can neglect that over the next 100 years. It is probably a circular argument if you only use the recent temperature record for sensitivity estimates and believed that most of the record is explainable by natural variability.
December 20, 2010 at 7:06 pm
I'm no scientist but it fascinates me when I see them debating complex equations behind global warming all over the internet, which tells me the only thing I need to know:
The science is clearly not settled.
If you can all easily disagree and dismantle virtually every theory from either side then why don't the IPCC do it (no need to answer, I know why, but ask yourselves though).
December 20, 2010 at 11:11 pm
I'd be interested in what people think of his arguments.
I've done much the same thing, but in a my usual cruder, brute force style. You can get the lunar curve looking more like the real thing if you use a diffusive model for heat transfer into and out of the surface (not that I did, but you can). That way the temperature rises and drops faster at sunrise and sunset. An axis of rotation that is not perpendicular or parallel to the orbital plane will also make some small difference. Meridional heat transfer by air circulation probably makes the most difference at the highest latitudes. In theory with no atmosphere and a perpendicular axis of rotation the poles have a temperature of absolute zero or at least the CMB temperature. It only takes a tiny amount of heat transfer to raise that temperature a lot.
December 20, 2010 at 11:40 pm
Although the overall balance might be there, the sub-components are important. It's because of sub-components that we have emphasis on greenhouse gases. In a round about way, we now have early estimates of GHG contributions (day 1850-1920) being calculated from early guesses or proxies for (say) aerosols. The difference between two poor, opposing numbers is still a poor number.
The poor numbers enable political argument.
December 21, 2010 at 12:19 am
I asked myself, how much is of the earths surface temperature comes from the core?
This site suggest some areas can be heated at 350mW/m2
December 21, 2010 at 12:32 am
Jeff, a new smear campaign against global warming skeptics seems to have started here:
The domain was registered in the UK at:
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+44.8708883760 (fax)
Note the registration date: Record created on 14-Oct-2010
You can try contacting the owners of globalwarmingsuperheroes.com here:
Just paste in globalwarmingsuperheroes.com, fill in the captcha, and you'll get a form to contact the globalwarmingsuperheroes.com admin.
Globalwarmingsuperheroes.com is a domain controlled by three name servers at livedns.co.uk. All three of them are on the same IP network. The primary name server is ns1.livedns.co.uk. Incoming mail for globalwarmingsuperheroes.com is handled by one mail server at globalwarmingsuperheroes.com themselves. globalwarmingsuperheroes.com has one IP number (126.96.36.199).
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Any way for UK readers to find out who is behind this?
December 21, 2010 at 2:28 am
I found my old spreadsheet. Here's the graph of total power in Watts by latitude corrected for area. The problem with this graph is you lose the connection to effective temperature that you get with W/m2 compared to just W. It does show that you have to get fairly far from the poles to get much total power. Considering I digitized more or less by eye, it's almost a miracle that the incoming and outgoing power are only 2% different.
December 21, 2010 at 3:06 am
The problem is that you are not taking real account of the chaotic nature of the climate.
You are all working in an assumed equiblimrium seeking system.
All the sub sysrems on the earth play catchup, but never make it.
But above all that, the sun itself is chaotic, so the incoming amount of heat and probably more importantly, the magnetic flux, the cosmic ray count, cloudiness etc are forever fluctiating.
But not necessarily fluctiating around some mean.
Periodically, there is, not just a step change, but a complete change in circumatances and all the forces are different.
Some think we may have reached such a stage with the switch from cycle 23 to 24.
That will take some years to become clear.
Your calculations do not encompass what may or may not be happening.
And the effect, if any, of CO2 cannot rise above these forces.
CO2 emissions are just part of the internal system, not outside it.
December 21, 2010 at 6:25 am
Thanks the info Mr..
This blogs is beautiful
December 21, 2010 at 8:53 am
Ryan O,
You keep underscoring that energy only escapes via radiation, but are you forgetting some large heat sinks: Earth and Ocean?
December 21, 2010 at 9:49 am
Well, it wouldn't be escaping, then, would it? Sigh.
December 21, 2010 at 10:56 am
Hunter #24
Heat cannot escape via a heat sink – it's temporary storage that once it reaches equilibrium cannot absorb any more.
However, heat can be lost via the boiling of the top of the atmosphere into space. That must make up some almost-measurable loss that's not been included!
December 21, 2010 at 11:35 am
DeWitt #19,
I think the best way to make the heat balance versus latitude graph both have incoming and outgoing heat equal, and preserve information about rate of loss per square meter area, is to maintain the y-axis values as in the original graph, but adjust the x-axis scale to compensate for how the total area available for transfer declines with increasing absolute latitude. That is, the displacement of each data point along the x-axis from 0 should be proportional not to the latitude angle but to sine of that latitude angle, with the full range of the x-axis then being from -1 (south pole) to +1 (north pole). So, the units on the x-axis just change change from latitude to sin(latitude), and the extremes of the data (high latitudes) get compressed along the x-axis and so represent less area under the curve, even though the y-axis values continue to show the net loss per square meter.
December 21, 2010 at 1:15 pm
This is totally off topic, but perhaps some "lazy" day you will put up a thread on it. P Gosselin has some of the questions and answers of an interview Hans von Storch gave in German http://notrickszone.com/2010/12/21/hans-von-storch-on-media-politics-climate-science-and-activists/
Money quote —
Q: What has to improve with the public communication of anthropogenic climate change and what has to happen so that it gets better?
HvS: More openness to questions and skepticism; more skepticism with respect to the alarmists (i.e. the ones who have the more interesting "stories" for the media and politics); more resistance to attempts at using single events as proof that supports far-reaching statements (like on the irrelevance of the man-made greenhouse effect) on climate dynamics; caution in the argumentative use of the latest scientific findings ( much in Nature and Science later turns out to be in need of revision); evaluating scientific results from the methodical points of view, and less from the point of view of political application.
"Much in Nature and Science later turns out to be in need of revision"
For me, climate science often appears to be an exercise in incompetence on steroids. Of all the garbage that leaves me scratching my head, this is the one aspect that has me scratching the hardest. "Scientists" with a track record of screwing up their statistics put out a new study that supposedly changes scientific understanding. It hasn't been audited or replicated. Yet EVERYONE, alarmist and skeptic alike, immediately treats the announced conclusions of the study as if they are solid.
HvS is right, but he doesn't go far enough. Climate scientists (perhaps scientists in general) come off like a bunch of unquestioning Chicken Littles. They'll believe anything. Not only will they believe anything, they will extrapolate the shaky conclusions of a single, untested study even further. [Maybe it's the "science" culture. Look at the history of all the announcements about what is good for our health, oops — bad for our health, oops — good for our health again.] I'd have a lot more respect for the whole bunch of them if they were capable of saying "maybe, could be, interesting possibility, needs a whole lot more work."
December 21, 2010 at 1:27 pm
Re: Steve Fitzpatrick (Dec 21 11:35),
Like this? That does look better.
December 21, 2010 at 2:17 pm
DeWitt #29,
Yes, perfect. Much more informative; thanks. Now here is what I take away from the modified graphic:
1. The peaks of net emission fall near the limits of the tropics, but with greater peak emission in the north due to the desert bands (high emitting.. warm, few clouds, low absolute humidity) mainly in Africa.
2) The drop in emission near the equator (compared to surrounding low latitudes) suggests some positive feed-back for tropical moisture/clouds.
3) The lowest emission in the tropics is slightly north of the equator…. lying over the Amazon basin and central tropical Africa, where heavy daytime and early evening clouds, along with very high absolute humidity, reduce IR emission. There is a corresponding dip in the solar absorption curve at the same north latitudes, but not quite as large, suggesting that increasing albedo from thunderstorms does not quite balance the reduced IR emission due to clouds/moisture.
4) The extremely low emissions over Antarctica are consistent with the very low temperatures there, but in addition, indicate that the very low Antarctic temperatures are in large measure due to the thermal isolation of the continent from lower latitude heat by the cold Southern Ocean… very different from the Arctic.
Now an interesting (well to me!) graphic would be the plot of black-body temperature calculated for the emission rates vs sine(latitude). If subtracted from the average surface temperature versus latitude, you would have a green-house effect versus latitude graphic.
December 21, 2010 at 3:11 pm
Ryan O said on December 20, 2010 at 1:25 pm:
"In the end, many of those complexities don't matter when looking at the whole picture. … Convection and conduction are internal processes that redistribute the energy within the system, but the only escape for the energy from the system is radiative."
True, radiation is the only way out for the energy, but convection and conduction still make a difference. A radiating sphere (that's us!) with hot and cold spots will radiate more total energy than a sphere with the same heat evenly smeared out. The hot spots (since radiation is a T^4 function) will radiate an extra amount that is greater than the loss from the cooler spots. Also, if the hot spots are accompanied by massive atmospheric upwellings (like in a thunderhead)there will be an increase in radiative efficiency by moving the hot air closer to the upper atmosphere where IR transparency is higher.
Radiation is the only way out, but radiation is modulated by convection.
December 21, 2010 at 3:31 pm
Planetary average temperatures by definition are a time-averaged value over a geographical, topological and albedo varying object in a non-circular orbit around a slightly intensity-varying sun. The NASA data showing temperature variations by hemisphere and month show great differences, but if you go deeper into the time and location data, the variability becomes greater. We have multiple varying factors non-entirely linked, at least not in unique solution ways. All this considered, what is the 60 year or greater natural variability in insolation and planetary albedo? The varying factors are not in lockstep with each other. So: we say the total GHG give us a 33K boost over simple black/gray body radiation, but what is the +/- in terms of the insolation & albedo variations?
The assumption in CAGW is that the world is in a steady-state equilibrium, a static equilibrium. I doubt that very much. I expect the world to be in a dynamic equilibrium like all other physical and biologic systems on the planet. If true, then the 33K boost this year may be the 33.7 boost next year, and the 32.3K boost the year after. Or on a decadal sense. Or 60 year period.
In this case it is not the error bar that is important, but the natural variability of two contradicting parameters (themselves functions of other, numerous semi-independent variables): insolation and albedo. The non-cirularity of Earth's orbit at 1.6% means a 3.2% change in insolation or 13.6 W/m2, and at an albedo of 0.296, an absorbed variation of 9.6 W/m2. A 2% change in Earth's albedo equates to about 1.4 W/m2 and said to be equal to the CO2 radiative reduction with a doubling of CO2. With just those two variables considered, we can see 11.0 W/m2 surface and atmospheric heating variation must reasonably occur. That, according to the IPCC, is about enough to heat or cool the planet by 3-5K. Since we don't see such changes year to year, there must be feedback, dampening or a governor involved, but why do we assume (warmist assume, that is) that the effect is reduced to a 0.1-0.2K variation? And is this variation the only one? What about a +/- of 0.3K on a larger scale, or +/1.0 on an even larger scale?
We are lost in the minutae of climate variation, right down to the weather in southern Devonshire. But what can we say about a 0.6K temperature rise over 30 years if we don't even have a +/- insolation & albedo dynamic variation? The IPCC image of a static world at a planetary scale doesn't make sense to me. If we lived in a static world we would have climate and no weather.
December 21, 2010 at 4:27 pm
I agree with you 100% (and everyone else who mentions that conduction and convection play an important part). What I am trying to say is that it is a trivial task to obtain a first order approximation assuming no dynamical responses using only Stefan Boltzmann. This indicates that the "simple physics" dictate a temperature increase at equilibrium with an increase in C02. While not always true, the simply physics often indicates the direction the system will take due to the perturbation, albeit not necessarily the magnitude of the response.
From there, everything becomes much more complex. But given that the simple physics says increase in CO2 = increase in surface temperature, the argument that the feedbacks are so complex and incalculable that we can never even estimate what the magnitude of the increase will be simply doesn't hold any water for me.
With that being said, people who propose that any particular range of climate sensitivities have been "ruled out" are either intentionally misleading or hopelessly myopic. If even one or two of the known (and who knows about any unknown ones?) differ significantly from what is assumed to be true based on other simplifications and parameterizations, then that climate sensitivity number could change a great deal.
What I'm saying is that arguments like Tomas' serve to highlight the uncertainty in the sensitivity numbers that warmists pretend don't exist, but they do not prohibit estimates of the numbers from being obtained, nor do they prohibit assigning likelihoods to those numbers.
December 21, 2010 at 6:52 pm
SORCE satellite data: It was the Sun after all.
"Now, however, boffins working at Imperial College in London (and one in Boulder, Colorado) have analysed detailed sunlight readings taken from 2004 to 2007 by NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite. They found that although the Sun was putting out less energy overall than usual, in line with observations showing decreased sunspot activity, it actually emitted more in the key visible-light and near-infrared wavelengths.
These shorter wavelength forms of radiated heat penetrate the atmosphere particularly well to heat up the Earth's surface – just as the same frequencies get in through car windows to heat up its interior. The hot seats and dashboard – in this case the seas, landmasses etc – then radiate their own increased warmth via conduction, convection and longer-wave infrared, which can't escape the way the shortwave energy came in. This is why the car, and the planet, become so hot.
Thus the Sun, though it was unusually calm in the back half of the last decade, was actually warming the planet much more strongly than before."
December 21, 2010 at 9:55 pm
Unless the mere presence of additional CO2 changes the other constituents of the radiatively interacting media surrounding the planet, the first order effect is, indeed, warming. Changes to the amount and phase of water vapor are a response – not to the presence of additional CO2 through some chemical or quantum mechanical interaction – but to warming.
If your point is that calculations typically used to estimate the amount by which our atmosphere warms the surface make some unjustified simplifications, I do not have an argument against that. My point is that the first order effect can be calculated, and, based on the properties of CO2, the effect is, indeed, warming.
December 21, 2010 at 10:54 pm
Mark F #25,
I think the sink point is that we DO NOT know whether the sinks are gaining or losing at this point so don't know if there is no problem or it is WORSE THAN WE THOUGHT!!
Ryan O,
Do you know if additional CO2 in the Stratosphere drives out water vapor? This is one of many issues of atmospheric chemistry that I think are still open. Another question I have never had answered is how much anthropogenic CO2 increases the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere inhibiting the natural release of CO2 from the oceans. Maybe these are trivial and do not deserve answers. I do not know.
December 21, 2010 at 10:56 pm
Re: Steve Fitzpatrick (Dec 21 14:17),
Teff vs sine(latitude)
I think the dip near the equator represents the average position of the ITCZ. Lots of clouds so you're looking at mostly cloud top temperature rather than surface temperature.
I thought this one was interesting as well.
Seasonal variation in ocean heat content, NH, SH and global.
December 22, 2010 at 12:01 am
Thanks again. An eye-ball analysis suggests that the 'greenhouse' warming (surface temperature less effective emitting temperature) is ~35-40C in the tropics, but drops to very low values (certainly <10C on average) near the poles.
The ocean heat looks to me like it is mainly driven by orbital eccentricity (~7% more intensity in January than in July), although the difference in (higher albedo) land mass north between north and south hemispheres probably also contributes.
December 22, 2010 at 12:58 am
36 – gaining, losing, not the issue. In 24, Hunter cited heat escaping into oceans etc. Golf balls escape my house through the doors, and if they choose to hide in the cellar, they aren't escaping, they're being stored. Storing for future escape, perhaps, but most certainly not escaping from the house if they remain IN the house. A concept perhaps easily missed by a mind undergoing entropy, wherefrom disordered thoughts may escape.
December 22, 2010 at 1:48 am
Mark F,
Storage implies it can not go anywhere and stays in place. This is ONE of the false concepts that warmers tried to promote with CO2 STORING energy or preventing the energy from leaving the system. Energy will always be seeking a balance so there is no "storage" unless energy is expended to create a storage area. The expended energy then takes the place of the entropic flow being stopped within the storage area.
In 24 he is referring to energy fluxes. The flux can be positive or negative. In 24 it is positive for the oceans and negative for the OLR. This would NOT be a permanent state, but, it is also one of the arguments of the warmers that energy is building in the deep ocean. As we do not have decent measurements of it again, we do not know. IF it were happening it would be show as a lower energy at TOA!!
You golf ball really doesn't encompass the issue.
December 22, 2010 at 5:37 am
"Yep, but the energy cannot escape the earth via convection or conduction. It must escape via radiation."
But convection allows the point where the radiation occurs to change. Heat can be absorbed at the surface and radiated at altitude. Most of the cartoons I have seen assume that heat absorbed at the surface is radiated from the surface. That isn't the real world here on planet Earth.
December 22, 2010 at 11:28 am
43 and others. THe earth includes the atmosphere, which is implicit in all of the sane statements in this thread. I really don't give a hoot whether radiation takes place from the surface, or from the last atom or molecule at the edge of space, wherever that is, it's the only mechanism for energy escape from that system. It may move around, it may take place at different wavelengths. It's still just radiation.
December 22, 2010 at 6:13 pm
Re: Steve Fitzpatrick (Dec 22 00:01),
Here's another plot for completeness:
December 22, 2010 at 8:00 pm
45 DeWitt – please can you clarify what the source data and conditions are for that albedo plot? For example – is it averaged from measured data inc. clouds? Are angle of incidence effects relevant? Thanks
December 22, 2010 at 11:38 pm
Wow, if all the brains and energy went into providing clean water around the world or clearing up the plastic island in the Pacific we could really change the world. Yet you all seem to prefer devoting your clearly incredible intellects to different weather patterns possibly happening at an unknown and impossible to witness date in the future outside our own lifetimes. It is clearly a truism to state many academics are so caught in their minds they can't see the wood for the trees. The money spent on trying to reduce CO2 so far (with no success at all) could have solved at least one of the aforementioned problems along with malaria as there is only one supply of money and research time and that has been spent on trying to reduce an essential and most probably totally harmless trace atmospheric gas. As an outsider to the discussion I find all your obsession totally beyond reason.
December 23, 2010 at 12:37 am
Wow, if all the brains and energy went into providing clean water around the world or clearing up the plastic island in the Pacific we could really change the world. Yet you all seem to prefer devoting your clearly incredible intellects to different weather patterns possibly happening at an unknown and impossible to witness date in the future outside our own lifetimes.
If this were entirely theoretical, then you are right. It obviously isn't, since governments all over the world are attempting to use this very science in order to make very real changes. These changes affect both those with a high intellect and those without. Spending time understanding an issue is not wasted time.
It is clearly a truism to state many academics are so caught in their minds they can't see the wood for the trees.
It is clearly a truism to state many middle-aged bloggers from London suburbs can't understand science so they ridicule others for trying. Nothing is easier than stating clear truisms.
As an outsider to the discussion I find all your obsession totally beyond reason.
As an outsider to your blog I found your discussion of subjective, philosophical nonsense totally beyond reason.
Your unit of measure is unimportant. Don't be presumptuous.
December 23, 2010 at 9:03 am
48 David in Kingsbury – I find your comment a bit offensive. How do you know what other issues people who blog here also put their time and energy into? Sure – there are lots of problems in the world large and small, but I don't see how people coming together to share their knowledge and expertise in order to openly figure out what has been presented as a catastrophic medium term threat to mankind can be a bad thing.
December 23, 2010 at 11:59 am
It's primarily derived from Fig. 1.1 that I posted in comment 2 above. Petty does not reference the data source. I calculated albedo based on the difference between TOA annual average insolation by latitude and the energy absorbed curve. I have a large spreadsheet page with insolation by latitude and day of year. It took a while to assemble. You get one month's data for a given latitude. For 5 degree latitude steps, that's over 400 separate calls, assuming that varying longitude doesn't make a difference for averaging purposes. If I had sufficient R-fu, I could probably have automated the process, but it probably would have taken me as long to figure out the code as it did to just brute force manually download and copy.
December 23, 2010 at 12:40 pm
50 – Thanks DeWitt, comments noted and appreciated. I had a look at the NASA page you link in 50 and it seems to be a calculator not a measured data reporter?
Sorry to ask for more but please can you clarify the 400 calls?
I can see you need 24 * 15deg latitude sectors for a complete month's values (if I've understood this is calculated material I hesitate to call it data) for any given latitude band. For your figure of greater than 400 calls, are you saying that each 5deg latitude band is then made up from (say) 20 calls of 0.25deg intervals per 5deg latitude band?
Thanks in advance for any clarification.
December 23, 2010 at 2:07 pm
I asked for the revised curves to allow an estimate of the 'resistance' of the atmosphere of transport of heat as a function of latitude.
The difference between the absorbed and emitted energy curves is (of course) heat transported out of or into each latitude by atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. The difference between the surface temperature and the effective emission temperature is a measure of the 'delta-T' required to transport the net absorbed energy (that is the absorption less any heat carried away) to where it can be radiated to space at each latitude. That 'delta-T' divided by the net absorption at each latitude (total absorption less any heat carried way by the atmosphere or ocean) should give a measure of the atmosphere's resistance to heat transport (degree delta-T/watt/M^2). So in the tropics, the 'delta-T' looks like about 41C, while the net absorbed radiation is equal to the emitted radiation… about 255 watts/M^2.. and resistance = 0.161 degree per watt/M^2. If the average arctic surface temperature is ~256K, the average arctic emission temperature is ~242K, and the average absorbed energy is ~95 watts, then the atmosphere's resistance is about 0.147 degree per watt/M^2… almost the same as in the tropics!
So, it looks like moist convective heat transfer between the surface and upper troposphere in the tropics mainly compensates for IR absorption by water vapor… surface temperature is everywhere roughly a delta-T above the local radiative emission temperature, with that delta-T roughly proportional to net solar absorption locally at that latitude.
Of course, at high latitudes, the emission temperature is increased by substantial transport of heat from the tropics…. which keeps high latitudes much warmer than they would otherwise be. Adding GHG's will apply pretty much uniform radiative forcing everywhere, but much of this added forcing in the tropics will be transported from the tropics to high latitudes (which have much lower total surface area!), so warming from added GHG's should be substantially greater at high latitudes than at low… but we already knew that.
So double CO2 (3.71 watts/M^2). In the tropics, assume transport of 20% of that goes to high latitudes, and you will get about 0.8 C (blackbody) plus ~(3.71 * 0.8 * 0.161)= 0.48, and about 1.28C total surface temperature increase. At very high latitudes the increase would be up to 3+ times this, but since the area involved is small, the global average would remain ~1.6 degrees increase per doubling.
Interesting (well, to me at least).
December 23, 2010 at 3:28 pm
52 Steve – do you think that Ryan et el's findings on Antartic trends conflict with the theory of polar amplification?
December 23, 2010 at 5:54 pm
I don't know. I do know that Antarctica is very much more isolated (in a weather sense) compared to the Arctic (you can see how low it is in emissions). I suspect more isolation would mean less amplification, at least compared to the Arctic.
December 23, 2010 at 8:47 pm
Curious #53, I think what Gavin had to say regarding Antarctica might be relevant.
December 23, 2010 at 9:39 pm
55 Thanks RB – I followed the link Gavin gave to Miller et al:
but I don't feel I have the skills to evaluate how it relates to temperature. I think figure 11 graphic o) shows observed pressure fluctuations of magnitude of low single digit millibars. From a quick skim of the paper I didn't grasp to what magnitude this is expected to effect temperatures. The paper seems more of an abstract discussion of model qualities.
I haven't put any time into the other link he gave to the Shindell and Schimdt 04 paper. It starts with this sentence:
"While most of the Earth warmed rapidly during recent decades, surface temperatures decreased significantly over most of Antarctica."
which doesn't tally with my understanding of the graphic Ryan posted showing non significant trend areas greyed out.
December 24, 2010 at 1:53 am
Yes it's a calculator, but given the relative constancy of TSI at the TOA, a calculation should be very accurate. The site has links to files on the details of the calculation.
5 degree steps from -90 to +90 latitude is 37 separate latitudes, since you have to count the end points. 37 times 12 months is 444. I could eliminate some of the calls at high latitudes in winter because TOA insolation there is zero. The final data array has dimensions 37×366 (I picked 2008, a leap year)
December 24, 2010 at 2:01 am
Re: Steve Fitzpatrick (Dec 23 14:07),
In the tropics, assume transport of 20% of that goes to high latitudes, and you will get about 0.8 C (blackbody) plus ~(3.71 * 0.8 * 0.161)= 0.48, and about 1.28C total surface temperature increase.
That may be an underestimate of the transfer of heat and an overestimate of tropical warming. For constant relative humidity, it takes a lot more joules to warm moist air by 1 degree C than it does cold dry air. I believe the evidence is that during warmer periods when there were no polar ice caps and boreal forests existed in Antarctica, it wasn't very much warmer in the Tropics than it is now. Of course you have albedo feedback playing a part too.
December 24, 2010 at 2:38 am
It would appear the incoming energy distribution has changed with less UV and more Visible and IR, although a little UV did not decline!
December 24, 2010 at 2:44 am
" I really don't give a hoot whether radiation takes place from the surface, or from the last atom or molecule at the edge of space, wherever that is, it's the only mechanism for energy escape from that system. It may move around, it may take place at different wavelengths. It's still just radiation."
But when is an issue. The whole AGW issue was a small amount of energy that gets delayed so that it piles up to a point that the atmosphere was unable to radiate it fast enough!!
December 24, 2010 at 10:46 am
The problem is that exposure to UV radiation tends to damage optics in a way that reduces sensitivity in the UV more than in the visible and IR. I'm with Judith Lean on this. We need independent confirmation.
December 24, 2010 at 8:16 pm
57 Thanks DeWitt – that clarifies. However I think I'm still missing something – are you working on a surface segment at 0deg longitude?
For example if I do a calc for this month at 0deg longitude I get this result:
Daily Insolation Parameters
Latitude: 0.000 Longitude: 0.000
Time Zone: Greenwich Mean Time (Longitudes -7.5 to 7.5)
Local Standard Time is used, not Daylight Time.
For Daylight Time add 1 hour to times reported in table below.
Daily Cosine
Average of
Sunlight Zenith
Date Sunrise Sunset (W/m�) Angle
—- ——- —— —— —–
2010/12/01 5:45 17:53 415.45 0.729
02 5:46 17:53 415.14 0.728
03 5:46 17:53 414.85 0.728
04 5:46 17:54 414.57 0.727
05 5:47 17:54 414.31 0.726
06 5:47 17:55 414.06 0.726
07 5:48 17:55 413.83 0.725
08 5:48 17:56 413.62 0.724
09 5:49 17:56 413.42 0.724
10 5:49 17:56 413.24 0.723
11 5:50 17:57 413.08 0.723
12 5:50 17:57 412.94 0.722
13 5:50 17:58 412.81 0.722
14 5:51 17:58 412.71 0.722
15 5:51 17:59 412.62 0.721
16 5:52 17:59 412.56 0.721
17 5:52 17:60 412.51 0.721
18 5:53 18:00 412.48 0.721
19 5:53 18:01 412.48 0.721
20 5:54 18:01 412.49 0.721
21 5:54 18:02 412.53 0.721
22 5:55 18:02 412.58 0.721
23 5:55 18:03 412.66 0.721
24 5:56 18:03 412.75 0.721
25 5:56 18:04 412.87 0.721
26 5:57 18:04 413.00 0.721
27 5:57 18:05 413.16 0.721
28 5:58 18:05 413.33 0.721
29 5:58 18:06 413.53 0.722
30 5:59 18:06 413.74 0.722
31 5:59 18:07 413.98 0.723
If I do the same calc but at 90deg longitude I get this:
Daily Insolation Parameters
Latitude: 0.000 Longitude: 90.000
Time Zone: Bangladesh Standard Time (Longitudes 82.5 to 97.5)
Local Standard Time is used, not Daylight Time.
For Daylight Time add 1 hour to times reported in table below.
Daily Cosine
Average of
Sunlight Zenith
Date Sunrise Sunset (W/m�) Angle
—- ——- —— —— —–
2010/12/01 5:45 17:53 415.53 0.729
02 5:46 17:53 415.22 0.729
03 5:46 17:53 414.92 0.728
04 5:46 17:54 414.64 0.727
05 5:47 17:54 414.37 0.726
06 5:47 17:55 414.12 0.726
07 5:48 17:55 413.89 0.725
08 5:48 17:55 413.67 0.725
09 5:48 17:56 413.47 0.724
10 5:49 17:56 413.28 0.723
11 5:49 17:57 413.12 0.723
12 5:50 17:57 412.97 0.723
13 5:50 17:58 412.84 0.722
14 5:51 17:58 412.73 0.722
15 5:51 17:59 412.64 0.722
16 5:52 17:59 412.57 0.721
17 5:52 17:60 412.52 0.721
18 5:53 18:00 412.49 0.721
19 5:53 18:01 412.48 0.721
20 5:54 18:01 412.49 0.721
21 5:54 18:02 412.52 0.721
22 5:55 18:02 412.57 0.721
23 5:55 18:03 412.64 0.721
24 5:56 18:03 412.73 0.721
25 5:56 18:04 412.84 0.721
26 5:57 18:04 412.97 0.721
27 5:57 18:05 413.12 0.721
28 5:58 18:05 413.29 0.721
29 5:58 18:06 413.48 0.722
30 5:59 18:06 413.69 0.722
31 5:59 18:07 413.92 0.722
Not a big diference but it is a difference and I wonder if it matters or is relevant?
Anyway – time to get on with Christmas! Seasons Greetings to all, and best wishes for a peaceful, prosperous, healthy and happy New Year. C
December 25, 2010 at 2:02 pm
The surface of the Earth is close to a black body: water is opaque to infrared light, and so are most rocks and dirt. If the atmosphere were transparent to both short-wave and long-wave radiation, it would be uniformly cold all the way through. That's a clear starting point from which to estimate the effect of greenhouse gases.
If you dispute the uniform coldness of a transparent atmosphere, then have a look at the following argument, which shows that a temperature drop across the atmosphere in the absence of heat flow is a violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Once we accept that a transparent atmosphere would be uniformly cold, we calculate the surface temperature of the Earth for a transparent atmosphere in the manner you have all proposed. But you don't have to worry about changing surface temperature because most of the Earth has a uniform temperature during the cycle of the day: it is ocean.
Subtract your calculation from the observed Earth temperatures, and that's the best estimate we can come up with for the greenhouse effect. Perhaps it is latitude-dependent. But we don't have to get involved with non-black bodies.
If we want to estimate the effect of CO2 doubling, things are more complicated. We need some source of gas spectra, such as this one:
We have to divide the atmosphere into layers so we can analyze the absorption and radiation of heat by these layers. I have obtained the spectra for the various layers:
I also provide a simple program you can run on the spectra to determine the total power radiated for different temperatures and concentrations. But the temperature rise as you descend to the Earth is the result of the near-adiabatic compression of descending gas as part of the convection cycle that carries heat up from the surface. Venus is an extreme example.
So, all this to say, the average daily heat from the sun at a particular latitude in a particular season should allow us to calculate the transparent-atmosphere temperature of the surface, and thus by subtraction the season- and latitude-dependent greenhouse effect.
December 25, 2010 at 8:50 pm
"I believe the evidence is that during warmer periods when there were no polar ice caps and boreal forests existed in Antarctica, it wasn't very much warmer in the Tropics than it is now."
As best I can figure from internet references, Antarctica has been glaciated for at least 30 million years. Prior to that it was not surrounded by ocean, was connected to Africa and Australia, and was located considerably northward of it's present position. So the presence of boreal forests would not in themselves prove that the world was much warmer… although it probably was at least somewhat warmer. What does seem clear is that glaciation is a strong negative feed-back, due to increased albedo. Once glaciation begins to build considerable altitude as an ice sheet, the surface temperature would gradually fall, stabilizing/promoting further glacial growth.
December 26, 2010 at 1:55 pm
Re: Steve Fitzpatrick (Dec 25 20:50),
South America, not Africa. It wasn't very much further north (see Fig.1 here). In the Eocene there were no ice caps at either pole. There was no Antarctic bottom water. The benthic foraminifera d18O record shows that the deep ocean was quite warm until about 15 Mya. While an ice cap formed on Antarctica ~33 MYa, it apparently melted again about 25 Mya and didn't form again for another ~10 Myr. 65 Myr of Climate Change.
All that is irrelevant to whether tropical temperatures on a warmer planet were similar to current temperatures. This reference says that late Eocene sea surface temperatures were similar to current temperatures at low latitudes.
Our results, in conjunction with published data from other paleoclimate studies (using other types of proxy data and from other sites), imply that the low-latitude, late Eocene coastal ocean was characterized by warm surface temperatures (>26C in nonupwelling regions). On the basis of these data we infer late Eocene open ocean temperatures were similar to modern at low latitudes.
They then go on to irrelevant hand waving about how this was all due to greenhouse warming.
December 26, 2010 at 2:00 pm
are you working on a surface segment at 0deg longitude
I'm assuming that it all averages out over a year and if it doesn't, the difference is small. Besides, there was no way I was going to download data for different longitudes as well as latitudes.
December 26, 2010 at 4:08 pm
DeWitt #65,
You are right about Africa; it was South America. I remembered a diagram incorrectly.
Here is an interesting link:
As to the opening of the Southern Ocean, it appears that there is some uncertainty. For sure the circulation of the Southern Ocean is important to isolate Antarctica thermally.
January 1, 2011 at 11:14 pm
Thomas Milanovic gets it very wrong.
1. The temperatures, emissivities and albedo used in these simple calculations are effective radiative ones, as in "effective radiative temperature", Teff e.g. the temperature that would be calculated for an isotropic, isothermal earth in radiative balance with the solar input. Arthur Smith shows how this is done. TM claims that this cannot be done, but, in fact it is both definable and these effective parameters can and have been measured.
2. Hoelder's inequality shows that the temperature calculated from an area average over the surface, Tave would be less than the Teff.
3. In the simplest models of the greenhouse effect Teff (no atm) is calculated for an Earth without an atmosphere, and compared to an observed Tave. The 33K difference is a lower limit to this difference because Tave (no atm) must be lower than Teff (no atm).
4. Smith shows how, you can add complication, a rotating earth, a variation of T(X,t) with latitude, etc, and find Tave(no atm). You can, of course, also add convection, and more complicated models do this, so the question is what do you gain in understanding at what cost.
The S-B temperature used to describe the Earth with and without the greenhouse effect in the simplest models is calculated from balancing the solar energy flux flowing in and the IR energy being emitted. These are definable quantities put together for use in a simple model which can, and have been measured, mostly from satellites to a fair degree of accuracy. Oh yeah, Eli thinks the temperature field is continuous, at least as far as fluid dynamics goes.
January 7, 2011 at 5:41 pm
IN Control runs the IPCC models still warm without any changing values, they have an in-built warming regardless of co2 rising – could this be the 0.9w/m2 warming the ocean a little each year raising temps? Is this then attributed to man and co2 when mixed with the effect of rising co2 – mmmmm one wanders!


text:
Swiss-Belhotel Seef Bahrain Celebrates Ancient Arabain Book Launch
Swiss-Belhotel Seef Bahrain, voted the Best 4-Star Hotel at the 2017 GCC Food & Travel Awards, is exploring the art, culture and lives of an ancient Arabian civilization with a limited-edition book, Dilmun: Love and Peace in collaboration with the Rowaq Al Balqa Arts Foundation in Jordan
The 300-page collectors' edition features photographs and paintings from international artists to portray the everyday lives of the Dilmun, one of the oldest civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula who thrived over 5,000 years ago as part of a commercial centre; revealing how the community spread within the Middle East as well as their customs, arts, folklore and mythology.
Artwork from the Dilmun: Love and Peace book was exhibited in the hotel's ballroom at a launch event, with a ribbon-cutting ceremony, on 25 November 2017, with His Excellency Mohammed Bin Ibrahim Al-Mutawa, Minister of Cabinet Affairs and Sheikha Haya Al Khalifa in attendance. Schools, universities and organisations within Bahrain were invited to view the exhibition on the same day and take part in a workshop led by Jordanian artist, designer and filmmaker, Khaldoon Daoud.
The book launch continued on the following day with an exclusive cocktail reception held in the presence of His Excellency Shaikh Khaled bin Humood Al Khalifa, Chief Executive Officer of Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority. Also in attendance at the VIP event were ambassadors, diplomats and members of the media who widely reported the publication, along with several Swiss-Belhotel Seef corporate partners and clients.
A meeting at the Office of the Crown Prince also took place, with future plans to present a copy of Dilmun: Love and Peace to the Office of King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.
Gavin M. Faull, Chairman and President of Swiss-Belhotel International, explains how important the book project is in proudly highlighting the rich heritage of Bahrain.
"The Swiss-Belhotel Seef is designed as a contemporary stay in the heart of Manama's business and commercial district, yet there is also a deep connection to the roots of this incredible destination," said Mr. Faull
"Dilmun: Love and Peace book celebrates and values the history of Bahrain and this advanced and creative civilization; bringing a sense of the country's past, its peoples and its traditions to resonate with today's modern-day visitors," he added.
The Rowaq Al Balqa Arts Foundation, which partnered with Swiss-Belhotel Seef to produce the creative volume, focuses on preserving the region's art, culture and environment for future generations to come.
Dilmun: Love and Peace is available in Arabic, English, French, German and Italian; retailing for USD $160 exclusively at Swiss-Belhotel Seef Bahrain. A perfect gift for businesses, embassies and government ministries to present to corporate clients and valued partners, the book will also be displayed at key locations such as airport executive lounges, libraries and university faculties such as art and history departments

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Glass Bottom Boat- Definitive: A Year in the Nebula- Spring
Those who say "Hip-Hop is dead" surely have not yet heard the latest project from West Coast Hip-Hop duo, Glass Bottom Boat. Definitive: A Year in the Nebula—Spring is an album that should be on every Hip-Hop head's radar, especially the old-school enthusiast who appreciates first-class lyricism, and dreamy flows accompanied by boom bap instrumentals. Their music has a definite 90's throwback vibe— the type of sound that makes you reminisce about when Hip-Hop was made with old samplers, drum machines, floppy disks, and jazz, soul, and funk records. The overall production style demonstrates an ardent appreciation for golden era Hip-Hop customs, however the duo isn't afraid to incorporate their own unique, and progressive style into the mix.
Glass Bottom Boat consists of Tone Dogg Raw and Cal-S-thetics, long time friends who share not only an affinity for Hip-Hop music, but the innate talent to create it. They've been partners in Hip-Hop for nearly twenty years, ever since the early days of middle school, when they would exchange notebooks full of rhymes in homeroom class. After a long hiatus, this release is a re-introduction to their partnership. It also marks the beginning of an ambitious journey to release more projects in the seasons ahead. For production, they worked with several talented producers, including: EQ, Kev Brown, Duke Westlake, Jeepz, Rokem, Sumthin Gunny, and Cal-S-thetics himself.
The opening track, "Premium Blend," really encapsulates the overall, top-notch quality of the album. The production was handled by Duke Westlake, and he delivered a bass-driven, attention grabber that's heavy on the drum kick. It's one of those beats that force you into an involuntary head nod, no matter how hard you try to keep still. It's truly a work of perfect lyrical symmetry, as the MC's alternate verses, and metaphorically bust down your door to really show you what they've got. The chemistry they share, and the energy between them is clearly communicated on the track, and it definitely makes the listener excited to hear more.
The following track, "City Beat," is one of my personal favorites from the album. It features outstanding production from Cal-S-thetics, with the use of an SP-808EX. Smooth and ethereal, it's the perfect song to cruise to. It features buoyant, melodic elements, a laid-back drum beat, and a mellow vibe. The production and the lyricism combined really paint a picture, as Tone and Cal take the listener on a trip through a typical day in their city. Whether you're on the grind, or just cruising the streets, "City Beat," is about having pride in where you live. No matter where you're from, you are part of your city, and your city is part of you.
The song "Packing," takes a more serious turn, as the artists speak their minds on an issue that greatly affects our society—gun violence. It brings to light the unsettling reality of the world we live in, where mass shootings are on the rise. EQ handled the production on the track, and it's one of my favorite beats on the album. It's dark and grimy, with ominous horns and full, reverberating bass.
The song, "For the Fam," is an ode to their families. It begins with a sound clip from Cal-S-thetics' family, which sounds like it came straight out of his living room. You can hear his kids playing, wrestling with each other, and hollering joyfully, meanwhile his wife laughingly exclaims, "madness in this house." Then, the beat kicks in, which was produced by Sumthin Gunny. It has such an impressive atmospheric quality. It's comprised of boom bap drums around soft, blissful Spanish guitar, and jazz horns. The imagery is so true to life, and the listener truly gets a sense of what it feels like to be at one of their family functions. Tone Dogg Raw and Cal-S-thetics are both fathers, and family is everything to them. The love they have for their families, and how strongly they value quality time spent with them is clearly communicated on the track.
Similarly, the song "Merci" is an ode to their loved ones who have passed, and its purpose is to show gratitude to their families for being a vital source of support and inspiration for them throughout their lives. At the end of the song, the artists show the full extent of their appreciation by providing the listener with a sound clip of a multitude of "thank yous," said in thirty one different languages.
From beats, to rhymes, to subject matter, this album is high quality Hip-Hop. In a world where the lines that define Hip-Hop are blurred by so many new sub-genres, it is refreshing to hear a project that stays true to the elements the genre was founded upon. It is only a small sample of what's to come from the duo in the seasons ahead. Tone Dogg Raw and Cal-S-thetics are fully committed to Hip-Hop, and eager to release a wealth of material they have up their sleeves. Definitive: Spring is a breath of fresh air for the Hip-Hop community. It's a smooth, harmonious ride of beats and rhymes. It's Hip-Hop at its very core, and I can't help but wonder—where will the Glass Bottom Boat takes us next?


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Amiyah Scott was born Arthur Scott on January 11th 1988. Birthed in Manhattan NYC but raised in New Orleans Lousiana, Amiyah's confidence and outspoken attitude resonates with the culture of both the resilient cajun city and popular borough. At a very young age Amiyah recognized that the gender she identified with did not echo who she is truly. At the age of 15 Amiyah underwent a partial male to female transition and explained to her family that she no longer wanted to be identified as male. At the age of 17 Amiyah fully transitioned into female and consequently battled with her mother and father's acceptance.
Amiyah then moved out on her own and explored small entrepreneurship opportunities, as she strived to be independent as a teenager. As a teen and neo trans-superstar, she made her mark by trailblazing the New Orleans underground ballroom scene, and modeling/acting, providing a fresh and unique look. Soon after her move out, her parents came to visit her giving their acceptance and support. Amiyah describes that moment as pivotal and especially admires the restored relationship she regained with her father.
Though Amiyah struggled with bullying and acceptance throughout her entire life she never lets that deter her drive, ambition, and goals. Her brand in beauty, modeling and acting is trailblazing the trans community in just a short period of time. Amiyah is well known for her social media following and presence. VH1 crowned her King by reporting that Amiyah "is the first transgender model to amass a large social media following on instagram." Amiyah is also known for her unique, exotic and gorgeous look. Always keeping her hair, makeup, and fashion creative and heavily sought after.
Early 2015 Amiyah taped for 4 weeks, on Bravo's Hit reality series, Real Housewives of Atlanta. Although her tapings never aired Amiyah established good relationships with cast members who have hinted at Amyiah's bright future. She has now landed a starring role as Cotton in Lee Daniels' new series, Star, which airs January 2017.
Amiyah is a proud advocate of the LGBT community and has centralized her focus on giving Transgender Females a voice. Amiyah desires not only to be an inspiration to the LGBT community, but Amyiah longs to inspire anyone who has a dream. Her hope is that her story can motivate others to go after what they desire most, regardless of adversity and never lose sight of their goals.


text:
This blog post is adapted from a presentation I gave at Decibel Festival 2014. Links / images / embedded video materials are copyright of respective owners, presented here for educational purposes, no implication of endorsements in either direction. Another recap from the workshop can be found on Geek Wire. Also note that the wikipedia article on VJing is a great resource for further reading on this topic.
Video Jockey – in the 80's and 90's, the term "VJ" was popularly considered the video version of radio "Disc Jockeys," the person who introduced the next song on television.
In the late 90's and early 2000's, as the world of DJing evolved beyond simple curation of music with specializations like scratching, sampling, remixing and the like, so have VJs expanded their set of tools and techniques for live performance and production.
Today someone who is a VJ might appear to be something more akin to a video instrumentalist or visualist, someone who creates and manipulates images in ways similar to how a modern musician works with sound.
Personally I think of a pro VJ as a video art ninja and rockstar in one; capable of bridging the worlds of preproduction, live performance and post production. The methodologies involved are evolutions of those used for early film special effects and avant garde video artists from the 60's and 70's, well before the introduction of the MTV VJ era.
Genres of Live Visuals
Like the world of professional music, modern live video art has developed several distinct sub-genres of VJing. Some of the most commonly encountered today include:
- Show Visuals
- Media Remixing
- Live Cinema
- Set Design
- Interactive Installations
- Film and Music Video Production
- Art Objects
While these are very different fields, there is often a large overlap in the skill sets involved. Many VJs eventually find themselves specializing in one or more of these areas, or at least assisting on projects that fall outside of the scope of traditional production techniques. Likewise many people who start in these fields may find VJing to be something they want to learn more about.
To get a sense of what each of these fields looks like, let's look at some examples:
Show Visuals
Typically part of concert tours, in night clubs, churches and at other live events, show visuals are mainly found backing up or enhancing other elements of a live performance.
Sufjan Stevens / Age of Adz in Prospect Park with visuals by CandyStations.
Media Remixer
Covered by Mashable in its "10 Crazy Jobs That Will Exist in the Future" article, the "Media Remixer takes the job of DJ or VJ to another level by remixing various forms of media into one cohesive new project. These remixers will bring together audio, video, images and augmented reality to create projects ranging from marketing campaigns to wedding entertainment to installation art."
We don't have to wait for the future for this job, with artists like Eclectic Method taking on jobs like remixing 50 years of Doctor Who for the BBC.
Live Cinema
The live cinema artist mixes stories that have narrative elements. If there is a musical score, it is usually background to the visual performance and plot.
My first introduction to live cinema, The Light Surgeons, have been performing for nearly two decades.
Set Design
For many decades, designers have used video elements as backdrops or scenery on stage. While it is by no means a new idea, these virtual elements are increasingly becoming capable of interacting with actors as part of the performance.
New Creatures - Red Bull Murals: "A Heros Journey"
Digital Signage and Interactive Installations
Usually seen in storefronts, museums, art galleries, and festivals, interactive installations use similar techniques to show visuals and set design, but run off of input from the audience instead of performers. They can also include elements of narrative structures or data visualizations.
Syfy Upfront event by LEADDOG CREATØRS
Film and Music Video Production
The use of the VJ skills on a film set and music video production comes in many different forms.
In one potential use, similar to with set design, visuals are projected or otherwise incorporated into the scenery that is captured by a traditional camera setup.
Death Cab for Cutie, You Are a Tourist, a live shot, scripted, one-take music video shoot. Production by GoodCompany w/ Nicholas Gould.
An even more modern technique is using VJ software to capture in studio video performances, then mastering with traditional non-linear editing software to make a music video that mixes shots from real and virtual worlds.
DATA by Wolfshirt, made by recording the output of "shots" in a 3D game world running in sync with music production software.
Art Objects
As the technology used for making real-time video becomes smaller, another creative outlet for VJs has been the building of one-off art objects that include integrated displays or projectors.
"Found deep under the sea, this object carbon-dated to around 12,000BC contains the sum total of past and future human technological knowledge..."
A Common Tool and Skill Set
While the final result of each of these examples varies, many of the processes and technologies used by the artists were similar. For a VJ, it's about finding the combinations to create a unique visual style or figuring out an innovative way to get a job done.
Hardware – Displays
Ultimately the final place where the visuals appear is one of the most important aspects of a project. At large events, projectors, plasma screens, and LED walls are found. In the case of videos that are uploaded on the web or traditional broadcast, viewers might watch on a computer monitor or television
While typically in the domain of the lighting designer, at times the VJ can control them as part of the video rig.
Modern micro projectors and small low power LCD screens have also opened a lot of new possibilities for installations and art objects. Though it is becoming rare, some VJs still make use physical media film and photographic slide projectors at part of their setups.
Hardware – Playback
Standard physical media player devices that have video outputs such VCRs, DVD and Blu-Ray Players, media servers and video iPods. These can either be connected directly to displays, routed through other systems or used simply for backup feeds.
Hardware – Cameras
Whether shots of the performers, the audience or something else altogether, incorporating live camera feeds is a common task in event production.
In recent years camera technologies have themselves become more specialized for different use cases and visual artists have taken advantage of this. Webcams, night vision security cameras, depth sensing and even high end pro video cameras can all be found being used by VJs at live events. On the preproduction side, the ability to shoot high frame rate video on GoPro and newer mobile phones has made slow motion video capture both affordable and easier to use.
Hardware – Physical Controllers, Instruments and Sensors
One of the corner stones of visual performances is using a physical interface that allows for instrumental and gestural control over the output images. Standard protocols like MIDI, OSC and DMX make it possible for all kinds of gear to work together seamlessly together whether you use software or hardware tools.
Hardware – Mixers and Routers
When more than a basic connection is needed between a source and display, video mixers and routers are used by video techs to quickly switch or combine multiple images into a single output. These devices often also have features for cropping, resizing and applying other visual effects. Some mixers have been designed in a DJ style, complete with a sideways crossfader, whereas others are laid out for a standard live television production workflow.
Hardware – Cables and Converters and Power
The physical connections between each device in a chain are in the form of cables. Though wireless and network based options are becoming more prevalent, the majority of situations still use wired connections which come in two main varieties; analog and digital cables. When needed special converter boxes or adapter cables can usually be found to change from one format to another.
Analog Video Cable Types:
Coaxial (often requires RF converter)
Composite (1x RCA or analog over BNC)
Component (3x RCA or analog over BNC)
Digital Video Cable Types:
Display Port / Mini Display Port
SDI / HD-SDI (digital over BNC)
Ethernet / LAN (streaming video)
Along with video signals the modern VJ also typically has to connect hard drives, webcams, sensors, MIDI instruments and other devices to computers or other media players. USB, Firewire and Thunderbolt are fairly common on current systems. Older gear may require the use of serial (rs232) or MIDI cables. When working with lighting control systems individual DMX cables may be needed for each fixture.
For many video performers it is also necessary to integrate with the audio world. Whether you are receiving feeds for analysis and capture, or playing back soundtracks in movie files, it can help to be familiar with the different types of cables that will be encountered when talking with audio engineers: 1/8" (headphone jack), 1/4" (big headphone jack, can be mono or stereo), RCA, XLR and optical are the most common. Though many computers have built in ports for sound you may need to get additional hardware that connects over a digital connection such as USB or Firewire.
Though some things are powered by battery or as part of the connection type (such as USB or Firewire), another important note is to keep track of the proper power cables for each device. Even if the port is the same size be sure to check the amperage and wattage if you aren't sure it is the original adapter. When traveling to another country you may need to use additional special converters to plug into wall sockets to work with different electrical standards.
Hardware – Analog Synthesizers and Other Weird Stuff
Long before computers became the tool of choice for live visualists, other amazing tools were used to generate video signals or project images with light.
While much of the technology involved is either considered obsolete or nearly impossible to come by, there are modern day analog video synthesizers such as the LZX Industries synth that carry on the tradition. Additionally there is a continued movement to replicate these styles and techniques digitally with software, though some processes require very powerful computers to accurately emulate.
Software – Mac / Windows
VJ Software usually includes a suite of what you get from dedicated playback and mixing hardware, plus image processing FX, control data generators like audio analysis and LFOs, along with basic configuration settings for outputting to displays or recording to disk. Popular options include ArKaos, modul8, Resolume and VDMX. Some music production and DJ software packages are now starting to include their own add ons for video, though usually in a manor focused to the workflow that already exists within the application.
Software – iOS / Android
Simple tablet based mixing and FX apps can be fun starting points for new VJs to learn the basic concepts before moving on to professional level desktop software. Video synths and samplers can be used to create sample movies for playback or as live camera inputs for use in larger projects alongside desktop VJ software or hardware.
Software – Specialized Inputs and Outputs
Following new protocols like Syphon (Mac) and Spout (Win) for routing video between applications along with standards like MIDI / OSC / DMX for control information has come a new breed of programs that are designed to run alongside existing desktop VJ apps to add new input, output and processing features. One of the most popular use cases is projection mapping where tools like Mad Mapper, VPT, IR Mapio, MWM and Blendy Dome each have unique workflows designed for different kinds of mappings.
These protocols also make it possible for less mainstream software features to integrate easily into larger projects, such as interfacing with depth sensing Kinect cameras and other high end video capture devices, or playback of esoteric file formats.
Software – Pre and Post Production
In addition to real-time software, VJs also use the same tools as motion graphics designers and movie editors such as After Effects, Motion, C4D, iMovie and Final Cut Pro when creating video loops and polished demo reels for the web.
Software – Programming Environments and Creative Coding
For many people, using VJ software is a gateway drug of sorts into writing their own software tools. In some cases this can be in the form of plugins that load into existing software or connect using established protocols as described above, and for others it may mean the creation of a completely new application that runs independently. Quartz Composer, GLSL / WebGL, Processing, Max/MSP/Jitter, OpenFrameworks, Cinder, Unity, Touch Designer, vvvv and PD, are all excellent examples of established languages and frameworks being used by creative coding communities. This is where you'll be happy you paid a little attention in high school geometry and algebra classes.
Pioneers of VJing – from Ancient Greece to the 1990's
Though the technologies used have changed greatly over the years, the visual language of light, film and video has been a constantly growing part of human society. To become an expert VJ, it helps to have knowledge of the history and learned theories of the past, not just mastery of the modern technical aspects.
The use of light and images as part of live performances and pre/post production have been around for at two thousands of years with Aristotle's noted use of the infamous camera obscura technique to focus light through a small hole to create light images on walls in darkened rooms. Zoetropes, magic lanterns and pepper's ghost holograms are further examples of pre-cinema forms of live visual technologies that are still found being used today.
Though it would be some time before the idea of video instrumentalism would come around, the advent of film in the later 1800's is what set off the revolution that would eventually turn into VJing. The practices of cinematic language and montage editing developed by early experimental film artists like Sergei Eisenstein are as relevant in the clubs as they are in the art house movie theater. Color theory, the study of how colors mix and play together, has also been evolving for hundreds of years, and something that many visual artists will want to take into account when creating their works.
Film was the precursor to the technology that VJs get their name from: Video.
Though there were early experiments with video in the earlier part of the 20th century, it was first really introduced to society starting in the 1950's. Almost immediately artists began to find ways to include video beyond standard commercial use. The founder of the video art movement is often considered to be Nam June Paik who started to hack the electron tubes on televisions in the early 60's. Lillian Schwartz, Steina and Woody Vasulka, Dave Jones and countless other artists worked out of places like Bell Labs and the Experimental Television Center to do things with video signals and early computers outside of the mainstream.
Around the side time period, other non-video light projection techniques were being implemented by The Joshua Light Show to create a new form of psychedelic live concert visuals. These shows introduced some of the foundations of instrumental visual performance.
Another pre-VJ pioneer that paved the way was Laurie Anderson who along with being a prominent musician and visual artist spent a lot of time inventing fantastic new interfaces for interacting with these mediums:
On a technical level, early cinematic special effects and mixing was in some ways closer to the real-time methods used by VJs. As there was no concept of a non-realtime renderer, everything went straight to output. Even as it became possible to create rudimentary digital graphics on a computer, the use of "rescanning" material was a powerful way for production studios to get visual effects that would otherwise not be possible.
While much of this seems primitive by current standards, studios and VJs alike still take advantage of these techniques. Perhaps one of the most well known systems of the time was the Scanimate which was used to make a lot of the now classic commercials and animations seen on television in the 70's and early 80's. The styles of other esoteric video processors and synthesizers like the Rutt Etra from the time period are still replicated today.
As they became more powerful, computers of course came and once again changed what was possible when it came to manipulating images. However it wouldn't be until the late 1990's that they would be fast enough for anything beyond basic real-time video processing, leaving VJing to slightly lag behind advances in graphics used in television and movie production where most things could be rendered in advance. When it did become possible early VJs who had come from a musical background like EBN, Hexstatic and Coldcut were quick to make the connection between the performative and sequencing capabilities of MIDI instruments for creating groundbreaking new A/V pieces.
By the early 2000's modern VJing as we know it began to mature into the fields described above.
Getting Started With VJing
If something on this page inspires you to want to make some artwork of your own, my first suggestion is to find the easiest path to dive right in and figure it out as you go. Start by downloading sample loops and shoot footage of your friends to play with when trying out different software and hardware for remixing. Watch technical tutorial videos while reading about film editing and music theory. Find people in your local and online communities who are already in these fields and learn from them.
And most importantly, keep looking at how all of the pieces available can work together to make something amazing that comes from your own creativity. Plug everything into everything else and see what happens, even if it is just for fun.


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2521 N Evergreen Valley Dr, Suttons Bay, MI - 5.19 Acres
LISTING SOLD by Oltersdorf Realty, LLC on 2/8/2013
Asking Price: $288,000
Ideal main floor living is offered throughout this newer home on 5+ acres featuring: 2400 finished sq ft, open living room with gasfireplace, private den with beautiful French doors and built-ins,3 bedrooms, 2.5 baths, oversized master bedroom suite, hardwood flooring and walkout lowerlevel! Outdoor/indoor living is enjoyed from a 450 sq ft covered screened porch with a custom outdoor fireplace! Very private ridge top location offers picturesque views over Leelanau County's beautiful rolling countryside!


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Home : All Designs : Baby : Cute Baby : I Got My First Tooth Baby Boy : Personalized Baby Clothes : Personalized Newborn Layette - White
Have a baby who just got their 1st tooth? This unique I Got My First Tooth Newborn Layette is a great way to commemorate this milestone event with baby blue tooth.
Design First Loaded: 2009-11-23 19:42:20
100% combed ringspun cotton 5.8 ounce 1×1 baby rib sleeper. 3/8" flatlock binding at envelope neck and cuffs. Back sleeve flap to protect hands. Elastic opening at bottom.
Infant: 0-3 Months


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Life had not prepared me for the kind of decision I was being asked to make and that is why it felt like a different time, a different life. It was as if I had stepped outside of myself and watched someone else playing the part of me in some made-for-TV movie. The daily thoughts I have about my son and this situation, what happened then and how I feel now, all of it seems disconnected to this self that I define as me, today.
Yet, I know that who I am today is irrevocably tied to who I was then, what happened then, and what has happened since. Who I am tomorrow may be a divergence from who I am today or yesterday, but the scar left but what happened then cannot be erased. Whatever or whomever I will be when it's my time to die will still carry the mark of that moment.
(Continue reading "Noble, Part IV")


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How to Become a Herpetologist: Career Path Guide
If you want to become a herpetologist, you first need to determine if this career path is a good fit for you. If the following description sounds like you, then you're probably well suited for a career as a herpetologist:
Those who become herpetologists are strong in academics and are emotionally stable, as this is required to complete all of the necessary education and find a suitable job. Aspiring herpetologists must also have a very strong desire to study reptiles and amphibians, and be able to prepare articulate reports based on their methods and their findings.
If you've determined that you're interested in becoming a herpetologist, you'll need to know how to do it. Below we've outlined what you'll need to begin a career as a herpetologist. We've also included helpful information for this career, such as job description, job duties, salary expectations, a list of possible employers and much more!
Education Needed to Become a Herpetologist
Bachelor's Degree: A bachelor's degree is required for most entry-level herpetologist jobs, such as laboratory assistant. Ideally, candidates should have a degree in a field that provides students with a solid foundation in biology, specifically as it related to animals and ecology (as finding an undergraduate degree in 'herpetology' is rare), as well as coursework in 'herpetology' or 'biology of amphibians and reptiles'.
Master's Degree: Completing a master's degree related to herpetology is a great way to open doors for your career. Having a master's degree opens up doors to work as a research assistant, junior-level researcher, or earn a senior-level position with zoos, museums and wildlife management organizations. Also, some non-tenured teaching positions require only a master's degree.
Doctoral Degree: Having a Ph.D. in a field related to herpetology typically qualifies someone for the same positions as a master's degree, as well as teaching and primary research positions in herpetology. It may also qualify them for a higher level of pay than candidates with a master's degree.
Success Tip: Research successful herpetology graduate programs, such as those with a large faculty involved in herpetology, as well as a high number of successful graduates in the field.
Herpetologist Job Description
Herpetologists collect and analyze data to study the origins, behaviours, genetics, diseases and life processes of reptiles and amphibians. Their knowledge may be applied to various areas, such as caring for zoo animals, determining the effect of human activity on the habitat of animals, and developing cures and treatments for health conditions and diseases.
Herpetologist Job Duties
• Collect and analyze animal specimens
• Take inventory of animal population levels
• Ensure that research activities comply with environmental laws and regulations
• Study animals in their natural habitats
• Assess the effects of environment and industry on animal habitats
• Form recommendations for alternative operational procedures for industry based on interpretation of findings
• Present information by writing reports, scientific papers or journal articles, and by giving talks for schools, clubs, interest groups and park interpretive programs
• Classify animals by analyzing their characteristics
• Prepare preserved specimens or microscopic slides for studying the development and progression of disease
• Make recommendations on management systems and planning for wildlife populations and habit
Herpetologist Salary: How Much Do Herpetologists Make?
The salary level of herpetologists can vary depending on factors such as their level of education, their level of experience, where they work, and many others.
Herpetologist Salary Alberta: According to the 2011 Alberta Wage and Salary Survey, Albertans that are part of the Biologists and Related Scientists occupational group earn an average wage of $39.83 per hour.
Herpetologist Salary Canada: According to Service Canada, the average salary level of workers in the Biologists and Related Scientists occupational group is $56,406 per year.
Herpetologist Salary United States: According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median salary for workers in the Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists occupational group is $57,430 per year.
Getting Herpetologist Work Experience as a Student
As many jobs in biology, zoology and herpetology are highly competitive, it is extremely important to acquire practical experience during your undergraduate and graduate years.
Most university departments offer a number of summer job opportunities for research assistants. There may also be similar openings for summer students in government agencies and private industry. Be sure to ask your school's career resources counselor to give you information about any such opportunities.
These opportunities not only provide you with valuable work experience, they allow you to network and get your foot in the door with an organization in your field. This will be extremely useful when you apply for graduate school or a permanent job.
Who Hires Herpetologists? Where Do They Work?
The following types of employers typically provide jobs for herpetologists:
• Provincial/state and federal governments
• Environmental consulting firms
• Large resource-based corporations such as pulp and paper producers, oil and gas companies and mining companies
• Non-profit organizations such as Ducks Unlimited, Alberta Conservation Association, Trout Unlimited or Wildlife Habitat Canada
• Zoos, aquariums and nature centres
• Colleges and universities
• Herpetologists may also find work as specialized writers and photographers
Herpetologist Jobs
What all of herpetology jobs have in common is training in a biological field; herpetological emphasis is put there by the worker or by the project!
For example, a medical researcher with training in hematology might study blood of reptiles and amphibians (if they have an interest in herpetology). It is rare to find a job that considers someone to be a herpetologist first, they are typically specialists in other fields.
Careers Similar to Herpetologist
Listed below are careers in our database that are similar in nature to Herpetologist, as they may involve many of the same skills, competencies and responsibilities.
References: How to Become a Herpetologist
Please use the references below to find more information on the various aspects of a career as a herpetologist.
Alberta Learning and Information Services website: alis.alberta.ca
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles website: www.ssarherps.org
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics website: www.bls.gov
Scholarships for Becoming a Herpetologist
Scholarships listed for majors that apply to becoming a Herpetologist can be found on our Biology Scholarships page.
Success Tip: Be sure to apply for any scholarships that you even barely qualify for, as there are millions of dollars of scholarships that go unused every year due to a lack of applicants!
Becoming a Herpetologist: Applicable Majors
Studying one of the university majors listed below is an excellent starting point to becoming a herpetologist. Click on the links to find out what else you can do with these majors!


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If you want to participate in social platforms, you're most likely to go to Facebook and Twitter. Their interfaces make it very easy for you to interact with other people. The same can be said with YouTube if you're into watching videos. In the case of updating your professional resume, there's LinkedIn.
Many would admit that they only use this platform when they're in need of it. You can chalk these instances to those when they're approaching the end of one career or perhaps when in search for another one.
For those of you who are not aware, LinkedIn is also a place where you can channel your marketing efforts. Here are a few tips for you to consider:
Let Your Profile Speak For You. When you create your personal profile, be sure to convey from the start what you're trying to achieve. Give your contact information and don't make up names. Also, make use of the three URLs you are allowed to use and optimize them for keywords you're targeting for.
Extend your network. If you think someone can help you achieve your goals, extend an invitation to them. You can even import your contacts from other accounts but be sure to personalize each invitation. People tend to respond more positively if the messages accompanying the invitations are personalized.
Participate. Like all social networks, participate. Ask questions and answer them. Get in touch with other people and introduce them to other people who you think would be able to help out. Build connections that are helpful. Build a relationship, not just a connection with your colleagues.
Manage it properly. It only takes a few moments to manage your account. In that time, you'll be able to join groups and be active. Be conscious of what you say since this is not Facebook. This is a professional network.
Post relevant news. Unlike Facebook where people don't mind you sharing that you're eating cheerios for breakfast, update your status with relevant news pertaining to your industry.
Follow others. Keep up to date with the news of your industry by following the relevant people. You'll be able to receive updates on their status.


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Time for a facelift/
While I should probably start to use some kind of anti-aging face lotion, I am not talking about my actual face getting a lift. I am talking about a NEW blog! Wahooo
A bunch of random photos for this post!! =)
Kenna + Dakota
I decided a few weeks ago, and after hearing some of your comments, that I want to start a new blog. Since ota is on hold and I have been food-posting everyday, I think the blog needs to get jazzed up a bit, complete with a new name. I have the name already…do you want to know what it is?? ;)
I miss Kelsey!!! =(
My issues are figuring out if I should use blogspot or wordpress. I am finding frustrating issues with both. Right now I use blogspot but I use Livewriter to write the actual blogs. If you are not using livewriter, please try it out. It will make your life SO much easier!!
[rachel – ginette – me – I miss these girls SO much!!!! my 26th bday this year, July 3rd]
Okay, so with blogspot, I really can't find any free templates I like. I have found a few, but then I want to definitely add tabs in the header such as: about me, ota.info, my pantry, etc. It seems complicated messing with all of the code stuff.
[Some of my family came to visit us in Charlotte, on their way back to Ohio from Hilton Head, SC. They came on the 4th of July…I made a ton of food!]
With Wordpress, I have found a few templates that I really like. In the preview they show like 5 tabs at the top, but when I download and apply it, there are only 2 tabs. I don't get this!! I am finding Wordpress to be much more complicated to edit colors/fonts/etc. compared to blogspot and their "widgets" aren't as good either.
[My parents are amazing…wish we lived closer!]
What do you guys recommend? Does anyone have experience adding tabs?? Any help is greatly appreciated!!
[i LOVE grilling peaches]
No food today, how lame! I have to get a test done tomorrow AM and couldn't eat all day…There is a good line-up for tomorrow! Potato soup + caramel apples!! Can't wait to eat again!!!
[my bro plays his tabla drums at a few yoga studios…i got to go to one of the classes while he drummed..it was AWESOME!]
Niiiight all =)


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A SOUTH Essex chef is winging his way to Estonia to serve up some tasty dishes for England's best young footballers.
Antonio Viscariello, 46, who owns La Toscana, off the High Street in Billericay, got a last-minute call asking if he could spare his skills for two weeks to cook up some delights for the under 19 team as they set out for the European Football Champion-ships taking place in the Baltic country.
Mr Viscarello, who is Italian but was born in the UK, said: "I am friend's with Tim De'ath who takes care of the food for the first England team, and I have always said if he ever needed help to let me know.
"I got a call on Tuesday and I had to think about it and call them back, because it was such short notice.
"I didn't have to think about it for very long though, and I immediately rang back and said yes.
"It's going to be a great experience and I am a big football fan, so it brings together my two loves – being a chef and football."
The father-of-one to Ginevra, 12, will miss his daughter's birthday after leaving for the tournament on Friday.
He added: "I love being a chef and this is not a job where you cannot be 100 per cent committed.
"There is already a menu sorted out, but I can change anything if I want to and tailor it to the best of the players. I will be looking after them and doing the best I can.
"I am really excited about going out to meet the team, and it going to be a great couple of weeks."
England face Croatia in their first game in the tournament today. They will also face Serbia and France in their group.


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Dan Uggla's Celebrity Waiter Night; Atlanta Braves served for charity./
[caption id="attachment_16035" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Dan Uggla & Freddie Freeman"]
Last Monday, July 16th at STK Atlanta,
Dan Uggla
, second baseman for The Braves, hosted his second annual
Celebrity Waiter Night
STK Atlanta
in Midtown benefiting his foundation
Diamonds in the Rough
The sold-out fundraising event attracted 150 guests who enjoyed STK's signature cuisine served by Uggla and his teammates, fine wine and exciting silent and live auctions.
Emceed by
Matt Chernoof
Sandra Golden
of 680 The Fan, guests kicked off the eventing with a cocktail hour in the lounge of STK where not only did they get to bid on silent auction items, but they also got to mix and mingle with Uggla and his teammates
Freddie Freeman, Martin Prado, Mike Minor, Michael Bourn, Eric Hinske, Jair Jurrjens, Kris Medlen, Tyler Pastornicky
and former Braves player
Charlie Leibrandt.
[caption id="attachment_16036" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Martin Prado in his Atlanta Braves jersey."]
As guests filled the dining room, Uggla discussed his foundation, introduced the players, teased live auction items including dinner with Dan and his friends at STK, signed jerseys, concert tickets and more....and then quickly put his teammates to work.
With the help of STK's servers, The Braves traded in their bats, gloves and balls for aprons - bringing each table a four-course meal. Dinner was followed by a live auction that raised more than $50,000 for Uggla's Diamonds in the Rough Foundation, which strives to provide opportunities, support and resources to children and families in need. The primary focus of the foundation is to improve the lives of low-income children and children with cancer by providing daily support and life changing experiences.
[caption id="attachment_16040" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Tyler Pastornicky signing autographs in between serving courses."]
[caption id="attachment_16041" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Kris Medlen serving dinner."]
[caption id="attachment_16042" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Michael Bourn: Outfielder, server, hugger."]
[caption id="attachment_16037" align="aligncenter" width="478" caption="Your celebrity waiters. "]
Photos by Cory Mitchell
*For more information
please visit