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Summary: Osteopontin
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Osteopontin Edit Wikipedia article
- Not to be confused with Osteocalcin, Osteonectin or Osteoprotegerin (OPG).
Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone sialoprotein I (BSP-1 or BNSP), early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric),[5] is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene (secreted phosphoprotein 1). The murine ortholog is Spp1. Osteopontin is a SIBLING (glycoprotein) that was first identified in 1986 in osteoblasts.
The prefix osteo- indicates that the protein is expressed in bone, although it is also expressed in other tissues. The suffix -pontin is derived from "pons," the Latin word for bridge, and signifies osteopontin's role as a linking protein. Osteopontin is an extracellular structural protein and therefore an organic component of bone. Synonyms for this protein include sialoprotein I and 44K BPP (bone phosphoprotein).
The gene has 7 exons, spans 5 kilobases in length and in humans it is located on the long arm of chromosome 4 region 22 (4q1322.1). The protein is composed of ~300 amino acids residues and has ~30 carbohydrate residues attached including 10 sialic acid residues, which are attached to the protein during post-translational modification in the Golgi apparatus. The protein is rich in acidic residues: 30-36% are either aspartic or glutamic acid.
- 1 Structure
- 2 Biosynthesis
- 3 Biological function
- 4 Potential clinical application
- 5 Role in implantation
- 6 References
- 7 Additional images
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
General structure
OPN is a highly negatively charged, extracellular matrix protein that lacks an extensive secondary structure.[6] It is composed of about 300 amino acids (297 in mouse; 314 in human) and is expressed as a 33-kDa nascent protein; there are also functionally important cleavage sites. OPN can go through posttranslational modifications, which increase its apparent molecular weight to about 44 kDa.[7] The OPN gene is composed of 7 exons, 6 of which containing coding sequence.[8][9] The first two exons contain the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR).[10] Exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 code for 17, 13, 27, 14, 108 and 134 amino acids, respectively.[10] All intron-exon boundaries are of the phase 0 type, thus alternative exon splicing maintains the reading frame of the OPN gene.
Full-length OPN (OPN-FL) can be modified by thrombin cleavage, which exposes a cryptic sequence, SVVYGLR on the cleaved form of the protein known as OPN-R (Fig. 1). This thrombin-cleaved OPN (OPN-R) exposes an epitope for integrin receptors of α4β1, α9β1, and α9β4.[11][12] These integrin receptors are present on a number of immune cells such as mast cells,[13] neutrophils,[14] and T cells. It is also expressed by monocytes and macrophages.[15] Upon binding these receptors, cells use several signal transduction pathways to elicit immune responses in these cells (See Section 3 for more detail). OPN-R can be further cleaved by Carboxypeptidase B (CPB) by removal of C-terminal arginine and become OPN-L (Fig. 2). The function of OPN-L is largely unknown.
It appears an intracellular variant of OPN (iOPN) is involved in a number of cellular processes including migration, fusion and motility.[16][17][18][19] Intracellular OPN is generated using an alternative translation start site on the same mRNA species used to generate the extracellular isoform.[20] This alternative translation start site is downstream of the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal sequence, thus allowing cytoplasmic translation of OPN.
Various human cancers, including breast cancer, have been observed to express splice variants of OPN.[21][22] The cancer-specific splice variants are osteopontin-a, osteopontin-b, and osteopontin-c. Exon 5 is lacking from osteopontin-b, whereas osteopontin-c lacks exon 4.[21] Osteopontin-c has been suggested to facilitate the anchorage-independent phenotype of some human breast cancer cells due to its inability to associate with the extracellular matrix.[21]
Osteopontin is biosynthesized by a variety of tissue types including cardiac fibroblasts,[23] preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, odontoblasts, some bone marrow cells, hypertrophic chondrocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages,[24] smooth muscle,[25] skeletal muscle myoblasts,[26] endothelial cells, and extraosseous (non-bone) cells in the inner ear, brain, kidney, deciduum, and placenta. Synthesis of osteopontin is stimulated by calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3).
Regulation of the osteopontin gene is incompletely understood. Different cell types may differ in their regulatory mechanisms of the OPN gene. OPN expression in bone predominantly occurs by osteoblasts and osteocyctes (bone-forming cells) as well as osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).[27] Runx2 (aka Cbfa1) and osterix (Osx) transcription factors are required for the expression of OPN [28] Runx2 and Osx bind promoters of osteoblast-specific genes such as Col1α1, Bsp, and Opn and upregulate transcription.[29]
Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia (instances that stimulate kidney proximal tubule cells to produce calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)) lead to increases in OPN transcription, translation and secretion.[30] This is due to the presence of a high-specificity vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the OPN gene promoter.[31][32][33]
Extracellular inorganic phosphate (ePi) has also been identified as a modulator of OPN expression.[34]
Stimulation of OPN expression also occurs upon exposure of cells to pro-inflammatory cytokines,[35] classical mediators of acute inflammation (e.g. tumour necrosis factor α [TNFα], infterleukin-1β [IL-1β]), angiotensin II, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and parathyroid hormone (PTH),[36][37] although a detailed mechanistic understanding of these regulatory pathways are not yet known. Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are also known to increase OPN expression.[36][38][39]
Biological function
Role in biomineralization
OPN belongs to a family of secreted acidic proteins whose members have an abundance of negatively charged amino acids such as Asp and Glu.[40] OPN also has a large number of consensus sequence sites for post-translational phosphorylation of Ser residues to form phosphoserine, providing additional negative charge.[41] Contiguous stretches of high negative charge in OPN have been identified and named the polyAsp motif (poly-aspartic acid) and the ASARM motif (acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif), with the latter sequence having multiple phosphorylation sites.[42][43][44][45] This overall negative charge of OPN, along with its specific acidic motifs and the fact that OPN is an intrinsically disordered protein[46][47] allowing for open and flexible structures, permit OPN to bind strongly to calcium atoms available at crystal surfaces in various biominerals.[45][48][49] Such binding of OPN to various types of calcium-based biominerals ‒ such as calcium-phosphate mineral in bones and teeth,[50] calcium-carbonate mineral in inner ear otoconia[51] and avian eggshells,[52] and calcium-oxalate mineral in kidney stones[53][54][55] – acts as a mineralization inhibitor to regulate crystal growth.[56]
OPN is a substrate protein for a number of enzymes whose actions may modulate the mineralization-inhibiting function of OPN. PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) is one such enzyme, which extensively degrades OPN, and whose inactivating gene mutations (in X-linked hypophosphatemia, XLH) lead to altered processing of OPN such that inhibitory OPN cannot be degraded and accumulates in the bone (and tooth) extracellular matrix, likely contributing locally to the osteomalacia (soft hypomineralized bones) characteristic of XLH.[57][58][59]
Along with its role in the regulation of normal mineralization within the extracellular matrices of bones and teeth,[60] OPN is also upregulated at sites of pathologic, ectopic calcification[61][62] – such as for example, in urolithiasis and vascular calcification ‒ presumably at least in part to inhibit debilitating mineralization in these soft tissues.
Role in bone remodeling
Osteopontin has been implicated as an important factor in bone remodeling.[63] Specifically, research suggests it plays a role in anchoring osteoclasts to the mineral matrix of bones.[13] The organic part of bone is about 20% of the dry weight, and counts in, other than osteopontin, collagen type I, osteocalcin, osteonectin, bone sialo protein, and alkaline phosphatase. Collagen type I counts for 90% of the protein mass. The inorganic part of bone is the mineral hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. Loss of this mineral may lead to osteoporosis, as the bone is depleted for calcium if this is not supplied in the diet.
OPN serves to initiate the process by which osteoclasts develop their ruffled borders to begin bone resorption. It is also found in urine, where it inhibits kidney stone formation.
Role in immune functions
As discussed, OPN binds to several integrin receptors including α4β1, α9β1, and α9β4 expressed by leukocytes. These receptors have been well-established to function in cell adhesion, migration, and survival in these cells. Therefore, recent research efforts have focused on the role of OPN in mediating such responses.
Osteopontin (OPN) is expressed in a range of immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T and B cells, with varying kinetics. OPN is reported to act as an immune modulator in a variety of manners.[6] Firstly, it has chemotactic properties, which promote cell recruitment to inflammatory sites. It also functions as an adhesion protein, involved in cell attachment and wound healing. In addition, OPN mediates cell activation and cytokine production, as well as promoting cell survival by regulating apoptosis.[6] The following examples are found.[6]
Role in Heart
OPN expression increases under a variety of conditions of the heart, and is associated with increased myocyte apoptosis and myocardial dysfunction.[64]
OPN plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment in alcoholic liver disease.[14][65] OPN is important for the migration of neutrophil in vitro.[66] In addition, OPN recruits inflammatory cells to arthritis joints in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis.[67][68] A recent in vitro study in 2008 has found that OPN plays a role in mast cell migration.[69] Here OPN knock-out mast cells were cultured and they observed a decreased level of chemotaxis in these cells compared to wildtype mast cells. OPN was also found to act as a macrophage chemotactic factor.[70] In this study, researchers looked at the accumulation of macrophages in the brain of rhesus monkeys and found that OPN prevented macrophages from leaving the accumulation site, indicating an increased level of chemotaxis.
Cell activation
Activated T cells are promoted by IL-12 to differentiate towards the Th1 type, producing cytokines including IL-12 and IFNγ. OPN inhibits production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10, which leads to enhanced Th1 response. OPN influences cell-mediated immunity and has Th1 cytokine functions. It enhances B cell immunoglobulin production and proliferation.[6] Recent studies in 2008 suggest that OPN also induces mast cell degranulation.[69] The researchers here observed that IgE-mediated anaphylaxis was significantly reduced in OPN knock-out mice compared to wild-type mice. The role of OPN in activation of macrophages has also been implicated in a cancer study, when researchers discovered that OPN-producing tumors were able to induce macrophage activation compared to OPN-deficient tumors.[71]
OPN is an important anti-apoptotic factor in many circumstances. OPN blocks the activation-induced cell death of macrophages and T cells as well as fibroblasts and endothelial cells exposed to harmful stimuli.[72][73] OPN prevents non-programmed cell death in inflammatory colitis.[74]
Potential clinical application
The fact that OPN interacts with multiple cell surface receptors that are ubiquitously expressed makes it an active player in many physiological and pathological processes including wound healing, bone turnover, tumorigenesis, inflammation, ischemia, and immune responses1. Therefore, manipulation of plasma (or local) OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, bone (and tooth) mineralization diseases, osteoporosis, and some forms of stress.[6]
Role in autoimmune diseases
OPN has been implicated in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. For instance, researchers found that OPN-R, the thrombin-cleaved form of OPN, was elevated in the rheumatoid arthritis joint. However, the role of OPN in rheumatoid arthritis is still unclear. One group found that OPN knock-out mice were protected against arthritis.[75] while others were not able to reproduce this observation.[76] OPN has been found to play a role in other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune hepatitis, allergic airway disease, and multiple sclerosis.[77]
Role in cancers and inflammatory diseases
It has been shown that OPN drives IL-17 production;[78] OPN is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, melanoma and pleural mesothelioma; OPN contributes both glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial nephritis; and OPN is found in atheromatous plaques within arteries. Thus, manipulation of plasma OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cancer metastasis, osteoporosis and some forms of stress.[6]
Research has implicated osteopontin in excessive scar-forming and a gel has been developed to inhibit its effect.[79]
Role in colitis
Opn is up-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[80] Opn expression is highly up-regulated in intestinal immune and non-immune cells and in the plasma of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as in the colon and plasma of mice with experimental colitis.[80][81][82] Increased plasma Opn levels are related to the severity of CD inflammation, and certain Opn gene (Spp1) haplotypes are modifiers of CD susceptibility. Opn has also a proinflammatory role in TNBS- and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which are mouse models for IBD. Opn was found highly expressed by a specific dendritic cell (DC) subset derived from murine mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs)and is highly proinflammatory for colitis.[83] Dendritic cells are important for the development of intestinal inflammation in humans with IBD and in mice with experimental colitis. Opn expression by this inflammatory MLN DC subset is crucial for their pathogenic action during colitis.[83]
Role in allergy and asthma
Osteopontin has recently been associated with allergic inflammation and asthma. Expression of Opn is significantly increased in lung epithelial and subepithelial cells of asthmatic patients in comparison to healthy subjects.[84] Opn expression is also upregulated in lungs of mice with allergic airway inflammation.[84] The secreted form of Opn (Opn-s) plays a proinflammatory role during allergen sensitization (OVA/Alum), as neutralization of Opn-s during that phase results in significantly milder allergic airway inflammation.[84] In contrast, neutralization of Opn-s during antigenic challenge exacerbates allergic airway disease.[84] These effects of Opn-s are mainly mediated by the regulation of Th2-suppressing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) during primary sensitization and Th2-promoting conventional DCs during secondary antigenic challenge.[84] OPN deficiency was also reported to protect against remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), again using a chronic allergen-challenge model of airway remodeling.[85] Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that OPN expression is upregulated in human asthma, is associated with remodeling changes and its subepithelial expression correlates to disease severity.[86] OPN has also been reported to be increased in the sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics,[87] as well as the BALF and bronchial tissue of smoking controls and asthmatics.[88]
Role in muscle disease and injury
Evidence is accumulating that suggests that osteopontin plays a number of roles in diseases of skeletal muscle, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Osteopontin has been described as a component of the inflammatory environment of dystrophic and injured muscles,[26][89][90][91] and has also been shown to increase scarring of diaphragm muscles of aged dystrophic mice.[92] A recent study has identified osteopontin as a determinant of disease severity in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[93] This study found that a mutation in the osteopontin gene promoter, known to cause low levels of osteopontin expression, is associated with a decrease in age to loss of ambulation and muscle strength in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Role in hip osteoarthritis
An increase in Plasma OPN levels has been observed in patients with idiopathic hip OA. Furthermore, a correlation between OPN plasma levels and the severity of the disease has been noted.[94]
Role in implantation
OPN is expressed in endometrial cells during implantation. Due to the production of progesterone by the ovaries, OPN is up-regulated immensely to aid in this process. The endometrium must undergo decidualization, the process in which the endometrium undergoes changes to prepare for implantation, which will lead to the attachment of the embryo. The endometrium houses stromal cells that will differentiate to produce an optimal environment for the embryo to attach (decidualization). OPN is a vital protein for stromal cell proliferation and differentiation as well as it binds to the receptor αvβ3 to assist with adhesion. OPN along with decidualization ultimately encourages the successful implantation of the early embryo. A OPN gene knock-out results in attachment instability at the maternal-fetal interface.[95][96]
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- ^ David V, Martin A, Hedge AM, Drezner MK, Rowe PS (March 2011). "ASARM peptides: PHEX-dependent and -independent regulation of serum phosphate". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 300 (3): F783–91. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00304.2010. PMC 3064126 . PMID 21177780.
- ^ Martin A, David V, Laurence JS, Schwarz PM, Lafer EM, Hedge AM, Rowe PS (April 2008). "Degradation of MEPE, DMP1, and release of SIBLING ASARM-peptides (minhibins): ASARM-peptide(s) are directly responsible for defective mineralization in HYP". Endocrinology. 149 (4): 1757–72. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1205. PMC 2276704 . PMID 18162525.
- ^ Addison WN, Nakano Y, Loisel T, Crine P, McKee MD (October 2008). "MEPE-ASARM peptides control extracellular matrix mineralization by binding to hydroxyapatite: an inhibition regulated by PHEX cleavage of ASARM". J. Bone Miner. Res. 23 (10): 1638–49. doi:10.1359/jbmr.080601. PMID 18597632.
- ^ a b Addison WN, Masica DL, Gray JJ, McKee MD (April 2010). "Phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of mineralization by osteopontin ASARM peptides is regulated by PHEX cleavage". J. Bone Miner. Res. 25 (4): 695–705. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090832. PMID 19775205.
- ^ Kurzbach D, Platzer G, Schwarz TC, Henen MA, Konrat R, Hinderberger D (July 2013). "Cooperative Unfolding of Compact Conformations of the Intrinsically Disordered Protein Osteopontin". Biochemistry. 52 (31): 5167–75. doi:10.1021/bi400502c. PMC 3737600 . PMID 23848319.
- ^ Kalmar L, Homola D, Varga G, Tompa P (September 2012). "Structural disorder in proteins brings order to crystal growth in biomineralization". Bone. 51 (3): 528–34. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.009. PMID 22634174.
- ^ Azzopardi PV, O'Young J, Lajoie G, Karttunen M, Goldberg HA, Hunter GK (2010). "Roles of electrostatics and conformation in protein-crystal interactions". PLoS ONE. 5 (2): e9330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009330. PMC 2824833 . PMID 20174473.
- ^ Hunter GK, O'Young J, Grohe B, Karttunen M, Goldberg HA (December 2010). "The flexible polyelectrolyte hypothesis of protein-biomineral interaction". Langmuir. 26 (24): 18639–46. doi:10.1021/la100401r. PMID 20527831.
- ^ McKee MD, Nanci A (May 1995). "Postembedding colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry of noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins in mineralized tissues". Microsc. Res. Tech. 31 (1): 44–62. doi:10.1002/jemt.1070310105. PMID 7626799.
- ^ Takemura T, Sakagami M, Nakase T, Kubo T, Kitamura Y, Nomura S (September 1994). "Localization of osteopontin in the otoconial organs of adult rats". Hear. Res. 79 (1–2): 99–104. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(94)90131-7. PMID 7806488.
- ^ Hincke MT, Nys Y, Gautron J, Mann K, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, McKee MD (2012). "The eggshell: structure, composition and mineralization". Front. Biosci. 17: 1266–80. doi:10.2741/3985. PMID 22201802.
- ^ McKee MD, Nanci A, Khan SR (December 1995). "Ultrastructural immunodetection of osteopontin and osteocalcin as major matrix components of renal calculi". J. Bone Miner. Res. 10 (12): 1913–29. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650101211. PMID 8619372.
- ^ O'Young J, Chirico S, Al Tarhuni N, Grohe B, Karttunen M, Goldberg HA, Hunter GK (2009). "Phosphorylation of osteopontin peptides mediates adsorption to and incorporation into calcium oxalate crystals". Cells Tissues Organs (Print). 189 (1–4): 51–5. doi:10.1159/000151724. PMID 18728346.
- ^ Chien YC, Masica DL, Gray JJ, Nguyen S, Vali H, McKee MD (August 2009). "Modulation of calcium oxalate dihydrate growth by selective crystal-face binding of phosphorylated osteopontin and polyaspartate peptide showing occlusion by sectoral (compositional) zoning". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (35): 23491–501. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.021899. PMC 2749123 . PMID 19581305.
- ^ Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD (2000). "Osteopontin". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 11 (3): 279–303. doi:10.1177/10454411000110030101. PMID 11021631.
- ^ McKee MD, Hoac B, Addison WN, Barros NM, Millán JL, Chaussain C (October 2013). "Extracellular matrix mineralization in periodontal tissues: Noncollagenous matrix proteins, enzymes, and relationship to hypophosphatasia and X-linked hypophosphatemia". Periodontology 2000. 63 (1): 102–22. doi:10.1111/prd.12029. PMC 3766584 . PMID 23931057.
- ^ Boukpessi T, Hoac B, Coyac BR, Leger T, Garcia C, Wicart P, Whyte MP, Glorieux FH, Linglart A, Chaussain C, McKee MD (February 2017). "Osteopontin and the dento-osseous pathobiology of X-linked hypophosphatemia". Bone. 95: 151–161. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.11.019. PMID 27884786.
- ^ Barros NM, Hoac B, Neves RL, Addison WN, Assis DM, Murshed M, Carmona AK, McKee MD (March 2013). "Proteolytic processing of osteopontin by PHEX and accumulation of osteopontin fragments in Hyp mouse bone, the murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 28 (3): 688–99. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1766. PMID 22991293.
- ^ McKee MD, Addison WN, Kaartinen MT (2005). "Hierarchies of extracellular matrix and mineral organization in bone of the craniofacial complex and skeleton". Cells Tissues Organs (Print). 181 (3–4): 176–88. doi:10.1159/000091379. PMID 16612083.
- ^ Steitz SA, Speer MY, McKee MD, Liaw L, Almeida M, Yang H, Giachelli CM (December 2002). "Osteopontin inhibits mineral deposition and promotes regression of ectopic calcification". Am. J. Pathol. 161 (6): 2035–46. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64482-3. PMC 1850905 . PMID 12466120.
- ^ Giachelli CM (March 1999). "Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization". Am. J. Pathol. 154 (3): 671–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8. PMC 1866412 . PMID 10079244.
- ^ Choi ST, Kim JH, Kang EJ, Lee SW, Park MC, Park YB, Lee SK (December 2008). "Osteopontin might be involved in bone remodelling rather than in inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis". Rheumatology (Oxford). 47 (12): 1775–9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ken385. PMID 18854347.
- ^ Singh M, Dalal S, Singh K (2014). "Osteopontin: At the cross-roads of myocyte survival and myocardial function". Life Sci. 118: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.014. PMC 4254317 . PMID 25265596.
- ^ Apte UM, Banerjee A, McRee R, Wellberg E, Ramaiah SK (August 2005). "Role of osteopontin in hepatic neutrophil infiltration during alcoholic steatohepatitis". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 207 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.018. PMID 15885730.
- ^ Koh A, da Silva AP, Bansal AK, Bansal M, Sun C, Lee H, Glogauer M, Sodek J, Zohar R (December 2007). "Role of osteopontin in neutrophil function". Immunology. 122 (4): 466–75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02682.x. PMC 2266047 . PMID 17680800.
- ^ Ohshima S, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi N, Nishioka K, Umeshita-Sasai M, Mima T, Nomura S, Kon S, Inobe M, Uede T, Saeki Y (April 2002). "Expression of osteopontin at sites of bone erosion in a murine experimental arthritis model of collagen-induced arthritis: possible involvement of osteopontin in bone destruction in arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 46 (4): 1094–101. doi:10.1002/art.10143. PMID 11953989.
- ^ Sakata M, Tsuruha JI, Masuko-Hongo K, Nakamura H, Matsui T, Sudo A, Nishioka K, Kato T (July 2001). "Autoantibodies to osteopontin in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis". J. Rheumatol. 28 (7): 1492–5. PMID 11469452.
- ^ a b Nagasaka A, Matsue H, Matsushima H, Aoki R, Nakamura Y, Kambe N, Kon S, Uede T, Shimada S (February 2008). "Osteopontin is produced by mast cells and affects IgE-mediated degranulation and migration of mast cells". Eur. J. Immunol. 38 (2): 489–99. doi:10.1002/eji.200737057. PMID 18200503.
- ^ Burdo TH, Wood MR, Fox HS (June 2007). "Osteopontin prevents monocyte recirculation and apoptosis". J. Leukoc. Biol. 81 (6): 1504–11. doi:10.1189/jlb.1106711. PMC 2490714 . PMID 17369493.
- ^ Crawford HC, Matrisian LM, Liaw L (November 1998). "Distinct roles of osteopontin in host defense activity and tumor survival during squamous cell carcinoma progression in vivo". Cancer Res. 58 (22): 5206–15. PMID 9823334.
- ^ Denhardt DT, Noda M, O'Regan AW, Pavlin D, Berman JS (May 2001). "Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival". J. Clin. Invest. 107 (9): 1055–61. doi:10.1172/JCI12980. PMC 209291 . PMID 11342566.
- ^ Standal T, Borset M, Sundan A (September 2004). "Role of osteopontin in adhesion, migration, cell survival and bone remodeling". Exp. Oncol. 26 (3): 179–84. PMID 15494684.
- ^ Da Silva AP, Pollett A, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Sodek J, Zohar R (September 2006). "Exacerbated tissue destruction in DSS-induced acute colitis of OPN-null mice is associated with downregulation of TNF-alpha expression and non-programmed cell death". J. Cell. Physiol. 208 (3): 629–39. doi:10.1002/jcp.20701. PMID 16741956.
- ^ Yumoto K, Ishijima M, Rittling SR, Tsuji K, Tsuchiya Y, Kon S, Nifuji A, Uede T, Denhardt DT, Noda M (April 2002). "Osteopontin deficiency protects joints against destruction in anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (7): 4556–61. doi:10.1073/pnas.052523599. PMC 123686 . PMID 11930008.
- ^ Jacobs JP, Pettit AR, Shinohara ML, Jansson M, Cantor H, Gravallese EM, Mathis D, Benoist C (August 2004). "Lack of requirement of osteopontin for inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage damage in the K/BxN model of autoantibody-mediated arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (8): 2685–94. doi:10.1002/art.20381. PMID 15334485.
- ^ Chabas D, Baranzini SE, Mitchell D, Bernard CC, Rittling SR, Denhardt DT, Sobel RA, Lock C, Karpuj M, Pedotti R, Heller R, Oksenberg JR, Steinman L (November 2001). "The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease". Science. 294 (5547): 1731–5. doi:10.1126/science.1062960. PMID 11721059.
- ^ Steinman L (February 2007). "A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage". Nat. Med. 13 (2): 139–45. doi:10.1038/nm1551. PMID 17290272.
- ^ "Gel 'to speed up wound healing'". Health. BBC NEWS. 2008-01-22. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ a b Gassler N, Autschbach F, Gauer S, Bohn J, Sido B, Otto HF, Geiger H, Obermüller N (November 2002). "Expression of osteopontin (Eta-1) in Crohn disease of the terminal ileum". Scand J Gastroenterol. 37 (11): 1286–95. doi:10.1080/003655202761020560. PMID 12465727.
- ^ Sato T, Nakai T, Tamura N, Okamoto S, Matsuoka K, Sakuraba A, Fukushima T, Uede T, Hibi T (September 2005). "Osteopontin/Eta-1 upregulated in Crohn's disease regulates the Th1 immune response". Gut. 54 (9): 1254–62. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.048298. PMC 1774642 . PMID 16099792.
- ^ Mishima R, Takeshima F, Sawai T, Ohba K, Ohnita K, Isomoto H, Omagari K, Mizuta Y, Ozono Y, Kohno S (February 2007). "High plasma osteopontin levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease". J Clin Gastroenterol. 41 (2): 167–72. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e31802d6268. PMID 17245215.
- ^ a b Kourepini E, Aggelakopoulou M, Alissafi T, Paschalidis N, Simoes DC, Panoutsakopoulou V (March 2014). "Osteopontin expression by CD103- dendritic cells drives intestinal inflammation". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (9): E856–E865. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316447111. PMC 3948306 . PMID 24550510.
- ^ a b c d e Xanthou G, Alissafi T, Semitekolou M, Simoes DC, Economidou E, Gaga M, Lambrecht BN, Lloyd CM, Panoutsakopoulou V (May 2007). "Osteopontin has a crucial role in allergic airway disease through regulation of dendritic cell subsets". Nat. Med. 13 (5): 570–9. doi:10.1038/nm1580. PMC 3384679 . PMID 17435770.
- ^ Simoes DC, Xanthou G, Petrochilou K, Panoutsakopoulou V, Roussos C, Gratziou C (May 2009). "deficiency". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 179 (10): 894–902. doi:10.1164/rccm.200807-1081OC. PMID 19234104.
- ^ Samitas K, Zervas E, Vittorakis S, Semitekolou M, Alissafi T, Bossios A, Gogos H, Economidou E, Lötvall J, Xanthou G, Panoutsakopoulou V, Gaga M (2010). "Osteopontin expression and relation to disease severity in human asthma". Eur. Respir. J. 37 (2): 331–41. doi:10.1183/09031936.00017810. PMID 20562127.
- ^ Hillas G, Loukides S, Kostikas K, Simoes D, Petta V, Konstantellou E, Emmanouil P, Papiris S, Koulouris N, Bakakos P (Jan 2013). "Increased levels of osteopontin in sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics". Cytokine. 61 (1): 251–5. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.002. PMID 23098767.
- ^ Samitas K, Zervas E, Xanthou G, Panoutsakopoulou V, Gaga M (Feb 2013). "Osteopontin is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial tissue of smoking asthmatics". Cytokine. 61 (3): 713–5. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.028. PMID 23384656.
- ^ Porter JD, Khanna S, Kaminski HJ, Rao JS, Merriam AP, Richmonds CR, Leahy P, Li J, Guo W, Andrade FH (May 2002). "A chronic inflammatory response dominates the skeletal muscle molecular signature in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice". Hum Mol Genet. 11 (3): 263–72. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.3.263. PMID 11823445.
- ^ Haslett JN, Sanoudou D, Kho AT, Bennett RR, Greenberg SA, Kohane IS, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM (2002). "Gene expression comparison of biopsies from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and normal skeletal muscle". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 (23): 15000–15005. doi:10.1073/pnas.192571199. PMC 137534 . PMID 12415109.
- ^ Hirata A, Masuda S, Tamura T, Kai K, Ojima K, Fukase A, Motoyoshi K, Kamakura K, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S (2003). "Expression profiling of cytokines and related genes in regenerating skeletal muscle after cardiotoxin injection: a role for osteopontin". Am J Pathol. 163 (1): 203–215. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63644-9. PMC 1868192 . PMID 12819025.
- ^ Vetrone SA, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Kudryashova E, Kramerova I, Hoffman EP, Liu SD, Miceli MC, Spencer MJ (2009). "Osteopontin promotes fibrosis in dystrophic mouse muscle by modulating immune cell subsets and intramuscular TGF-beta". J Clin Invest. 119 (6): 1583–1594. doi:10.1172/JCI37662. PMC 2689112 . PMID 19451692.
- ^ Pegoraro E, Hoffman EP, Piva L, Gavassini BF, Cagnin S, Ermani M, Bello L, Soraru G, Pacchioni B, Bonifati MD, Lanfranchi G, Angelini C, Kesari A, Lee I, Gordish-Dressman H, Devaney JM, McDonald CM (2011). "SPP1 genotype is a determinant of disease severity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy". Neurology. 76 (3): 219–226. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318207afeb. PMC 3034396 . PMID 21178099.
- ^ El Deeb S, Abdelnaby R, Khachab A, Bläsius K, Tingart M, Rath B (July 2016). "Osteopontin as a biochemical marker and severity indicator for idiopathic hip osteoarthritis". Hip International : the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Research on Hip Pathology and Therapy. 26 (4): 397–403. doi:10.5301/hipint.5000361. PMID 27229171.
- ^ Kang YJ, Forbes K, Carver J, Aplin JD (2014). "The role of the osteopontin-integrin αvβ3 interaction at implantation: functional analysis using three different in vitro models". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 29 (4): 739–49. doi:10.1093/humrep/det433. PMID 24442579.
- ^ Johnson GA, Burghardt RC, Bazer FW, Spencer TE (2003). "Osteopontin: roles in implantation and placentation". Biology of Reproduction. 69 (5): 1458–71. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.020651. PMID 12890718.
Additional images
Further reading
- Fujisawa R (2002). "[Recent advances in research on bone matrix proteins]". Nippon Rinsho. 60. Suppl 3: 72–8. PMID 11979972.
- Denhardt DT, Mistretta D, Chambers AF, Krishna S, Porter JF, Raghuram S, Rittling SR (2003). "Transcriptional regulation of osteopontin and the metastatic phenotype: evidence for a Ras-activated enhancer in the human OPN promoter". Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1023/A:1022550721404. PMID 12650610.
- Yeatman TJ, Chambers AF (2003). "Osteopontin and colon cancer progression". Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1023/A:1022502805474. PMID 12650611.
- O'Regan A (2004). "The role of osteopontin in lung disease". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14 (6): 479–88. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(03)00055-8. PMID 14563350.
- Wai PY, Kuo PC (2004). "The role of Osteopontin in tumor metastasis". J. Surg. Res. 121 (2): 228–41. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2004.03.028. PMID 15501463.
- Konno S, Hizawa N, Nishimura M, Huang SK (2007). "Osteopontin: a potential biomarker for successful bee venom immunotherapy and a potential molecule for inhibiting IgE-mediated allergic responses". Allergology International. 55 (4): 355–9. doi:10.2332/allergolint.55.355. PMID 17130676.
- Rodrigues LR, Teixeira JA, Schmitt FL, Paulsson M, Lindmark-Mänsson H (2007). "The role of osteopontin in tumor progression and metastasis in breast cancer". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 (6): 1087–97. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1008. PMID 17548669.
- Ramaiah SK, Rittling S (2007). "Role of osteopontin in regulating hepatic inflammatory responses and toxic liver injury". Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 3 (4): 519–26. doi:10.1517/1742518.104.22.1689. PMID 17696803.
External links
- Osteopontin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This page is based on a Wikipedia article. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
This tab holds the annotation information that is stored in the Pfam database. As we move to using Wikipedia as our main source of annotation, the contents of this tab will be gradually replaced by the Wikipedia tab.
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External database links
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR002038The major event of endochondrial ossification is the proteolytic degradation of calcified cartilage and the extracellular matrix, and their substitution with bone-specific extracellular matrix produced and organised by osteoblasts [PUBMED:2033080]. One of the most abundant products of osteoblasts is osteopontin, a glycosylated phosphoprotein with a high acidic amino acid content and one copy of the cell attachment sequence RGD [PUBMED:2033080]. It is thought that osteopontin may act as a bridge between osteoblasts and the apatite mineral of the bone [PUBMED:2033080]. Osteopontin-K is a kidney protein, similar to osteopontin and probably also involved in cell adhesion [PUBMED:1414488].
Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
|Biological process
|cell adhesion (GO:0007155)
|ossification (GO:0001503)
Domain organisation
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We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database (reference proteomes) using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the UniProtKB sequence database, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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Alignment types
We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family:
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We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
|Representative proteomes
1Cannot generate PP/Heatmap alignments for seeds; no PP data available
Key: available, not generated, — not available.
Format an alignment
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We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
|Representative proteomes
|Raw Stockholm
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
HMM logo
HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
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This page displays the phylogenetic tree for this family's seed alignment. We use FastTree to calculate neighbour join trees with a local bootstrap based on 100 resamples (shown next to the tree nodes). FastTree calculates approximately-maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees from our seed alignment.
Note: You can also download the data file for the tree.
Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
|Seed source:
|Pfam-B_1593 (release 2.1)
|Previous IDs:
|Sequence Ontology:
|Bateman A
|Number in seed:
|Number in full:
|Average length of the domain:
|192.10 aa
|Average identity of full alignment:
|46 %
|Average coverage of the sequence by the domain:
|79.53 %
HMM information
|HMM build commands:
build method: hmmbuild --amino -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 45638612 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
|Model details:
|Model length:
|Family (HMM) version:
|download the raw HMM for this family
Species distribution
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This visualisation provides a simple graphical representation of the distribution of this family across species. You can find the original interactive tree in the adjacent tab. More...
This chart is a modified "sunburst" visualisation of the species tree for this family. It shows each node in the tree as a separate arc, arranged radially with the superkingdoms at the centre and the species arrayed around the outermost ring.
How the sunburst is generated
The tree is built by considering the taxonomic lineage of each sequence that has a match to this family. For each node in the resulting tree, we draw an arc in the sunburst. The radius of the arc, its distance from the root node at the centre of the sunburst, shows the taxonomic level ("superkingdom", "kingdom", etc). The length of the arc represents either the number of sequences represented at a given level, or the number of species that are found beneath the node in the tree. The weighting scheme can be changed using the sunburst controls.
In order to reduce the complexity of the representation, we reduce the number of taxonomic levels that we show. We consider only the following eight major taxonomic levels:
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- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
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- species
Colouring and labels
Segments of the tree are coloured approximately according to their superkingdom. For example, archeal branches are coloured with shades of orange, eukaryotes in shades of purple, etc. The colour assignments are shown under the sunburst controls. Where space allows, the name of the taxonomic level will be written on the arc itself.
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Anomalies in the taxonomy tree
There are some situations that the sunburst tree cannot easily handle and for which we have work-arounds in place.
Missing taxonomic levels
Some species in the taxonomic tree may not have one or more of the main eight levels that we display. For example, Bos taurus is not assigned an order in the NCBI taxonomic tree. In such cases we mark the omitted level with, for example, "No order", in both the tooltip and the lineage summary.
Unmapped species names
The tree is built by looking at each sequence in the full alignment for the family. We take the name of the species given by UniProt and try to map that to the full taxonomic tree from NCBI. In some cases, the name chosen by UniProt does not map to any node in the NCBI tree, perhaps because the chosen name is listed as a synonym or a misspelling in the NCBI taxonomy.
So that these nodes are not simply omitted from the sunburst tree, we group them together in a separate branch (or segment of the sunburst tree). Since we cannot determine the lineage for these unmapped species, we show all levels between the superkingdom and the species as "uncategorised".
Since we reduce the species tree to only the eight main taxonomic levels, sequences that are mapped to the sub-species level in the tree would not normally be shown. Rather than leave out these species, we map them instead to their parent species. So, for example, for sequences belonging to one of the Vibrio cholerae sub-species in the NCBI taxonomy, we show them instead as belonging to the species Vibrio cholerae.
Too many species/sequences
For large species trees, you may see blank regions in the outer layers of the sunburst. These occur when there are large numbers of arcs to be drawn in a small space. If an arc is less than approximately one pixel wide, it will not be drawn and the space will be left blank. You may still be able to get some information about the species in that region by moving your mouse across the area, but since each arc will be very small, it will be difficult to accurately locate a particular species.
Tree controlsHide
Download tree
- Save a text representation
Selected sequences
- (Uncheck all)
- graphically
- as an alignment
- sequence accessions
- sequences in FASTA format
The tree shows the occurrence of this domain across different species. More...
Species trees
We show the species tree in one of two ways. For smaller trees we try to show an interactive representation, which allows you to select specific nodes in the tree and view them as an alignment or as a set of Pfam domain graphics.
Unfortunately we have found that there are problems viewing the interactive tree when the it becomes larger than a certain limit. Furthermore, we have found that Internet Explorer can become unresponsive when viewing some trees, regardless of their size. We therefore show a text representation of the species tree when the size is above a certain limit or if you are using Internet Explorer to view the site.
If you are using IE you can still load the interactive tree by clicking the "Generate interactive tree" button, but please be aware of the potential problems that the interactive species tree can cause.
Interactive tree
For all of the domain matches in a full alignment, we count the number that are found on all sequences in the alignment. This total is shown in the purple box.
We also count the number of unique sequences on which each domain is found, which is shown in green. Note that a domain may appear multiple times on the same sequence, leading to the difference between these two numbers.
Finally, we group sequences from the same organism according to the NCBI code that is assigned by UniProt, allowing us to count the number of distinct sequences on which the domain is found. This value is shown in the pink boxes.
We use the NCBI species tree to group organisms according to their taxonomy and this forms the structure of the displayed tree. Note that in some cases the trees are too large (have too many nodes) to allow us to build an interactive tree, but in most cases you can still view the tree in a plain text, non-interactive representation. Those species which are represented in the seed alignment for this domain are highlighted.
You can use the tree controls to manipulate how the interactive tree is displayed:
- show/hide the summary boxes
- highlight species that are represented in the seed alignment
- expand/collapse the tree or expand it to a given depth
- select a sub-tree or a set of species within the tree and view them graphically or as an alignment
- save a plain text representation of the tree
Please note: for large trees this can take some time. While the tree is loading, you can safely switch away from this tab but if you browse away from the family page entirely, the tree will not be loaded.
For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the Osteopontin domain has been found. There are 2 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein sequence.
Loading structure mapping...


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28 Oct Making Granola with Hemp Seeds
Granola makes an awesome breakfast or mid-day snack. While you can buy it, it's often pretty expensive and you're unable to control any extra, unwanted ingredients. Once you've gathered up your favorite ingredients, making your own granola is pretty easy. Plus, it gives you chance to add hemp hearts and hemp oil, both packed with natural benefits, into the mix!
This recipe calls for hemp hearts, which are simply shelled hemp seeds, and hemp oil, which is produced by cold pressing hemp seeds. Besides the nutritional benefits, the hemp hearts and hemp oil will add a nice nutty flavor to the mix. Plus, the high amount of fiber contained in the hemp hearts will make sure that this granola keeps you full for a couple of hours.
1 ¼ cups hemp hearts
4 cups rolled oats
¾ cups dried shredded coconut
¾ cup almonds, sliced
½ cup sunflower seeds, shelled
½ cup sesame seeds
½ cup dried cranberries
¼ cup flax seed
1/3 cup hemp oil
½ cup honey
1 tsp vanilla extract
½ tsp ground cinnamon
½ tsp salt
Preheat the oven to 250 degrees. Mix the hemp hearts, rolled oats, coconut, almonds, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds and flax seed. In a separate bowl, whisk the hemp oil, honey, vanilla extract, cinnamon and salt. Pour the wet mixture over the dry ingredients and toss until everything is fully coated. Spread the mixture out in a roasting pan and bake for 2.5 hours. Stir the mixture every 30 minutes while it bakes. Once the 2.5 hours is up, pull the pan out and let the granola cool. Toss the dried cranberries with the mix.
This recipe will make you 10 cups of granola. Eat one half to a full cup per serving. Store the extra in an airtight container and keep it in the fridge.

subset: commoncrawl


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Yountville Live! Bubble Brunch/
April 3, 2016
Noon – 2PM
Click here for tickets!
We will be closing out Yountville Live for the second year in a row! The soulful brunch will be paired with soulful music in an up-close acoustic set by up and coming singer songwriter Kris Allen. Celebrate the the conclusion of the Yountville Live weekend's events with an elegant sparkling wine and mimosa bar.


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Asked by:
Common Issues - Connecting (Remote Desktop) to Virtual Machine
General discussion
This posting contains a list of some of the common problems that have been seen in early usage of Windows Azure Virtual Machines. These topics can be used as a guide to resolve some of the most common problems that are likely to occur when first using Windows Azure Virtual Machines
Potential issues that may be seen:
1.) Remote Desktop endpoint is missing
Each virtual machine that is created should have a remote desktop endpoint for the VM at port 3389. If this endpoint is deleted then a new endpoint must be created. The public port can be any available port number. The private port (the port on the VM) must be 3389.
2.) RDP fails with error: "The specified user name does not exist. Verify the username and try logging in again. If the problem continues, contact your system administrator or technical support."
RDP connection may fail when there are cached credentials. Please see the following article to resolve this problem: http://www.c-sharpcorner.com/uploadfile/ae35ca/windows-azure-fixing-reconnect-remote-desktop-error-the-specified-user-name-does-not-exist-verif/
3.) Failure to connect to uploaded VHD
When a VHD is uploaded to Windows Azure you must make sure that Remote Desktop is enabled on the VHD and an apporopriate firewall rule is enabled on the VM to open port 3389 (Remote Desktop port)
Messages posted to this forum are provided "AS IS" with no warranties
- Edited by Drew McDaniel [MSFT]Moderator Wednesday, June 6, 2012 11:04 PM
- Changed type Drew McDaniel [MSFT]Moderator Wednesday, June 6, 2012 11:04 PM
All replies
I cannot connect trough RDP anymore. So after reading this forum, i tried to change the VM size. I Increased the size from small to medium.
But the VM is starting since 1 hour. What to do now? When i delete the vm, and re provision the vm, i lost mij datadisk. For some reasen i aint able to attach a existing disk to a Virtual machine. This happend before. I tried to attach the disk trough the Azure Powershell, but i cannot connect to my subscription for some reason.
Have you been able to RDP to this or other VMs previously, or have you not been able to connect to any of the VMs? If you are unable to connect to any VM and you are connecting from behind a firewall then the issue may well be the firewall.
If you are able to connect to some VMs then please let me know if changing the size resolved the problem.
Messages posted to this forum are provided "AS IS" with no warranties
Yesterday I created my first VM, a 2012 server from gallery.
The RDP endpoint was created but not responding. I tried
- restarting the VM, no cure
- attaching a new 2008 R2 VM, was able to connect to new VM but still not the first
But after resizing the VM I was immediately able to connect.
I am also experiencing this issue with VMs. It seems to happen if i have not logged into a vm for about a day. there is nothing to indicate that the server is doing anything in the event log- so i assume the server is locked. restarting and changing the size of the VM have both worked for me to fix the issue.
Yes we do have a few RDP connection issues that we are working to resolve. We have a few fixes that will be going out in the next two weeks that should solve some of these issues. If you are still seeing issues after restart and resize then please follow these steps:
- Start a unique thread in the forum (for our internal tracking)
- Send email to email@example.com with your subscription ID, Deployment ID and a link to the thread.
Messages posted to this forum are provided "AS IS" with no warranties
None of these suggestions seem to help and I am still unable to connect to my VM. It's a Windows VM built from the BizTalk 2010 R2 vhd in the Gallery. Please help!
Ed Jones, MCPD, MCTS: BizTalk, WCF firstname.lastname@example.com http://talentedmonkeys.wordpress.com
Please follow these steps so that we can provide additional assistance directly with your VM:
- Start a unique thread in the forum (for our internal tracking)
- Send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with your subscription ID, Deployment ID and a link to the thread.
This will enable us to see what is happening in your specific instance and get you unblocked.
Messages posted to this forum are provided "AS IS" with no warranties
I'm having the same problem, intermittently. After I reboot, it usually works fine. At some indefinite point after that, I can no longer reconnect. I can try reprovisioning (I already did up from Medium -> Large intentionally) if this is a permanent fix, but I can't constantly reset my server to be able to RDP in!
Any ideas?
To whom it may concern:
I tried all of this and nothing helped. Then I found out my VM has been attached 2 Disks. One might have been attached wrongly (most likely automatically) after I created an Availability Set and the VM got restarted. Then I found out which Disk was the wrong one (the one without https) and removed it. Then I was able to remote right away! I hope this helps.
what seems to be the problem here is that you might need to setup a ACL permit rule to your IP address CIDR.
in the VM management console, please go to VM-> Endpoint. click on the RDP endpoint, and below you will find a "Manage ACL".
in the new pop-up window provide the CIDR of your system IP address and assign the permit rule to it.
you can generate a CIDR from http://www.ipaddressguide.com/cidr. for example my IP address is 192.168.1.1 I gave a CIDR of 192.0.0.0/8. it worked for me.
Hope this helps.
I could fix it doing the following
- Changed the existing Remote Desktop Endpoint private port to something like 3388
- Creating a new endpoint, with any public port and pointed to 3388 (not sure if this step is necessary, maybe it doesn't).
- Tried to connect to that new connection, didn't work
- Deleted the new endpoint. Edited the original one to point again to 3389.
- Tried to connect again as normally do, it worked!
Hope it helps


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As a boy Grant really wanted to be a footballer, since his childhood was basically spent kicking a bag of wind around, rain or shine. However, he plumped for an acting career when he decided to take Theatre Studies at North Hertfordshire College. It was then on to ALRA for a three-year acting course, and further years in mime with Desmond Jones and clown with Philippe Gaulier.
After all this and still addicted to the beautiful game, he has worked for the National Theatre, Clwyd Theatre Cymru, Peter Hall, Trestle, Hampstead Theatre, Basingstoke Haymarket, Theatre Royal Bath, PW Productions and Ultima Vez. He is also a core member of the Rude Mechanical Theatre Company, a commedia d'ell arte troupe that is arguably the best outdoor company in England. He plays guitar, mandolin and trombone.


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706: A Healthier Brain, More Energy and Reduced Weight: Understanding MCT Oil
For a while I wanted to do an episode that focused on ways to enhance the brain, to make sure it is running optimally. In doing so I came across an article about MCT oils. While they seem to be becoming a trendy new supplement, there is something to be said about their efficacy.
Today I talk about the benefits of MCT oil, not just for brain health, but all over fitness.
Things you will learn in this episode:
The definition of MCT oil
The benefits of MCT Oil
The difference between coconut oil and MCT's
Links from this episode
The benefits of MCT oil article by Wellness Mama
MCT Oil Benefits and Uses: A Health Supplement Guide by Karl Burton
Onnit - Your source for MCT oil and a variety of supplements to optimize your performance.
Thanks again for listening to the show! If it has helped you in any way, please share it using the social media buttons you see on the page.
Also, reviews for the podcast on iTunes are extremely helpful, they help it reach a wider audience. The more positive reviews the higher in the rankings it goes. Of course that means more peace in the world. So please let me know what you think. I read ever one of them.
Did you enjoy the podcast?


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You will receive 12 pieces of natural jute burlap cones.
The cone measures approximately 270 mm (10.5") from top to bottom. The opening measures approximately 100 mm (4") across for placing flowers (flowers not included). The cones are held together with a wooden button measuring 11 mm in diameter.
Excellent for indoor and outdoor celebrations. Decorate church pews, fences, pots, back of chairs, table place mats and just about anything you can think of.
Create a rustic look with burlap!
For standard shipping, please take note of the estimated approximate transit duration:
Destination and Approximate Transit Duration
Rest of Asia, Australia and New Zealand - 1 to 4 weeks
Europe and United Kingdom - 2 to 4 weeks
United States and Canada - 2 to 4 weeks
Rest of the World - 3 to 6 weeks
If you require to receive your order at a shorter time, express shipping is available. Please contact customer service at firstname.lastname@example.com to get a quote.


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The book attempts to explore the Bhakti Movement in Medieval India beginning from 7th century to 18t.
Most of the historical works written on Medieval India depict it as an era of dark ages, replete wit.
About The Book:- Provides Insight Into The Interesting And Thrilling History Of An Important Dynasty.
A careful examination of the monuments found in Orissa will convince anybody that the Aryan style in.


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Cayman Cookout - Seven Mile Beach, Grand Cayman Island
Truly one of the Caribbean's premier culinary events. Leading chefs such as Eric Ripert, Jose Andres and Anthony Bourdain invite attendees to join them as they explore the fascinating world of island flavors. And yes, there will be rum!
St Mortiz Gourmet Festival - St Moritz, Switerland
What do you do when you're not skiing at St Mortiz? You attend this memorable festival and enjoy meals prepared by Wolfgang Puck, Yoshihiro Takahashi, Tim Raue, Christian Scharrer, Andree Kothe, Mauro Colagreco, Yoann Conte and Moshik Roth - all at the Kempinski Grand Hotel des Baines. From Gourmet Safaris to the Grand Finale Dinner, here is cuisine equal to the beauty of the surroundings.
Coupe de Monde de la Patisserie - Lyon, France
If a chef can win at this competition, then he or she is among the very best in the world when it comes to all things sweet. Each year teams from around the world gather to compete in three categories: pastry, sugar sculpture and ice carving. There's fame to win and often dreams to be shattered. Yet each year every competing chef hopes their creation will astound the judges and launch a new culinary star.
Iceland Food and Fun Festival - Reykjavik, Iceland
Here is a festival that offers a full itinerary of fun as well as tempting cuisine. During the day steaming spas and mountain hikes are waiting for the eager while 15 internationally famous chefs prepare dinner using local ingredients in Reykjavik's leading restaurants. After dinner, the city's world-famous nightlife awaits. And that's just the first day!
Gourmand Book Fairs - Beijing and Paris
If you love cooking, then quality cookbooks are part of your life (and still, thankfully, a thriving part of the publishing world). And there is absolutely no better place to encounter the very best thann at the Gourmand Book Fair now held in both Beijing AND Paris. Now that's true internationalism.
South Beach Wine and Food Festival - Miami FL, USA
Sponsored by the Food & Wine Channel, this mega festival offers late night parties, intimate dinners, grand tastings, for-the-trade-only events and even activities for children - all overseen by a galaxy of TV culinary personalities.
Melbourne Food and Wine Festival - Melbourne, Australia
For this truly world-class gathering Down Under, Melbourne pulls out all the stops with one stunning event after another. Regional culinary weekends are matched with Master Classes taught by some of the world's best chefs. There are chef and winery dinners. But the event that no one wants to miss is dining at the world's longest lunch table in Alexandra Park.
Savour - Singapore, China
Four days of East-Meets-West classes and dining opportunities with some of the world's best culinary masters. Those attending can learn about fine wines, the secret life of oysters, the mysteries of a Spanish paella and how to make friends with a good cognac.
Taste of the Beach - Outer Banks NC, USA
Brace yourself for fantastic fun and fabulous food on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Beaches and barbecues start the fun as skilled chefs share the secrets for award-winning grilled meats and the reasons to try cooking coastal - Carolina style. Regional brew masters will explain how beer saved the world and why Carolina's wines are a true, but little known, American treasure.
Austin Food and Wine Festival - Austin TX, USA
They do things big in Texas and this famous Austin festival proves it. Over 50 chefs participate in a tour de force of America cuisine demonstrating the full range of the nation's culinary heritage. It's all here from Hispanic to German to Japanese to, well, innovative. And so is the music and the fun! Truly this is a 'capital' event not to be missed.
World Gourmet Summit - Singapore, China
Truly a world culinary summit in every sense of the word, this event brings a Michelin-starred group of executive chefs to Singapore to discuss topics ranging from fusion cuisine to contemporary concepts of food photography. Its ten days of what's best in the culinary world.
Worlds of Flavor - Napa CA, USA
Professional chefs are always looking towards the future and the developing trends they see coming. The Worlds of Flavor Conference is one place where they seek them out. Here the new emerging menu of the world is explored from ancient India to modern Turkey. Both technique and innovation are mutually explored in this insightful state-of-the-art gathering.
Good Food and Wine Show - Cape Town, South Africa
Cuisine isn't just about food. It's alsoabout lifestyle and this conference demonstrates that philosophy. In addition to master classes by leading South African chefs, the topics being presented also include the joy of fresh air dining and the evolution of modern tableware. From the first tablecloth to the final course, dining is about the life we choose.
Memphis in May Barbecue Festival - Memphis TN, USA
Memphis goes whole-hog when this grand and glorious festival comes to town to celebrate all things barbecue. After all the pork and beef are grilled to perfection, the master judges will have the very hard task of choosing the champion pit master of them all.
Selma Raisin Festival - Selma CA, USA
If you're going to celebrate all that raisins can be (snacks, bread, even wine), why not do it in Selma, the "Raisin Capital of the World". And each year that's just what thousands do each year at this product-focused fair. Started in 1980, bakers, wine-makers and growers gather together to celebrate the skills that transform a grape into a raisin.
Taste of Amsterdam - Amsterdam, The Netherlands
In you want a taste of heaven, then travel to Amsterdam and enjoy this stellar event. Chefs for the nation's leading restaurants share their signature dishes while wine and taste theaters explain how it's all done. Cooking Clubs offer attendees an opportunity to work directly with chefs. Nearby is the Festival's famed Farmers' Market.
Food and Wine Classic - Aspen CO, USA
One of America's premier culinary weekends featuring such famous chefs as Michael Symon, Jacques Pépin, José Andrés, Tom Colicchio, Gail Simmons and as well as over 50 other talented culinary professionals. Set in the beautiful Colorado Rocky Mountains, this is an event that many wait for all year long - and it is well worth the wait. Enjoy this feast (just be sure to bring your sunglasses)!
Arcata Bay Oyster Festival - Arcata Bay CA, USA
Seventy percent of the oysters consumed in America are harvested near Arcata Bay by just five companies. Each year for over twenty-three years their resulting bounty of Pacific and Kumomoto oysters are roasted, barbecued, fried or served with secret sauces to the waiting hungry (and cheering) crowds. Endless oysters - it doesn't get any better than this!
International Mango Festival - Coral Gables FL, USA
Each year for twenty-one years fruit experts from around the world gather at this unique conference to discuss just one thing - the marvelous mango. Together they compare and contrast hundreds of varieties from around the world as well as attend scientific lectures, enjoy fresh fruit smoothies and chef-led culinary demonstrations.
International Pinot Noir Celebration - McMinnville OR, USA
Located in the rolling hills of Oregon's wine country, this event is nothing short of being a gala celebration of all thing Pinot Noir. In short, it's all about wine - there are endless walk-about tastings and winery tours matched with memorable chef created meals and a Native American tradition style salmon bake as well.
626 Night Market - Arcadia CA, USA
Over 160 vendors make this once-a-year Asian heritage market a true cultural experience complete with food, fun and flare. Savory skewers of beef, lamb, shrimp and squid are enjoyed by attendees as they stroll among talented dancers and singers and the impressive prancing dragons. Style and spice are all here lingering long into a very special night of flavor.
Maine Lobster Festival - Rockland ME, USA
It's all things seafood at the Maine Lobster Festival. Once King Neptune and his seaworthy court have arrived, the culinary treats began to be served: Lobster, of course, but also steamed clams, crab cakes, fisherman platters, shore dinners, fried shrimp, haddock and calamari. There is endless music from major bands as well as tours of the local Coast Guard Station. Finally there is the crowning of the local Goddess from the Sea. It's a great five days of claws and awe!
Garlic Festival - Newchurch, Isle of Wright
Once off the mainland ferry from England, you've arrived at the magical Isle of Wright, known otherwise as the home of one of the world's great garlic festivals. There are cooking demonstrations by garlic-loving chefs as well as shared recipes and unique applications. Mixed in is a never-ending stream of traditional and popular music as well as heirloom beers, archery contests and fun for all the family. Once you've attended, you'll never look at garlic the same way again.
La Tomatina - Valencia, Spain
It all began in 1945 when disgruntled townspeople threw tomatoes at their city councilmen during a parade. And though banned by the dictator Franco as just too much freedom of expression during his reign of terror, after his death it was quickly reclaimed as a national tradition. Today the world joyfully gathers there for the world's greatest food fight, all thanks to truck loads of ripe red tomatoes.
Galway Oyster Festival - Galway, Ireland
Galway's Harbor is the site of the world's oldest oyster festival which began in 1954 when 34 oyster-loving individuals gathered to shuck the shelled wonder. Today over 22,000 eager diners crowd the same area to shuck, enjoy and drink stout and champagne - not a bad way to spend the day!
Mistura - Lima, Peru
In Spanish the word "mistura" means "mixture". As Latin America's largest culinary festival, this conference offers an opportunity to explore the diversity and richness of Hispanic cuisine. Chefs Gaston Acurio and Mauro Colagreco lead the way as culinary professionals are invited to discover an expanded world of salsa and maiz and so much more. This is the Latin world of food at its passionate best.
Wurstmarkt Festival - Bad Dirkheim, Germany
This is the oldest food festival in Germany. For over 570 years lovers of fine food and wine and more wine have gathered here to celebrate fellowship and fun. One hundred and fifty different wines are served in large wine halls and smaller schulkarchler stands. Nearby are served some of Germany's finest regional foods.
Oktoberfest - Munich, Germany
Hundreds of tables are set out and the barrels are rolled in. Once the Major taps the first kegs, the grandfather of all beer festivals begins - Oktoberfest in Munich. Lovely ladies in traditional German dirndl dresses carry stein after stein to thirsty guests all in giant beer 'garden' tents. Yaya! Yaya!
San Sebastian Gastronmika - Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
This legendary conference is located in a Spanish city whose chefs hold a total of 16 Michelin stars - could there be any better location? Over 12,500 culinary professionals attend this grand gathering of the very best in the culinary world. Discover one of the best annual culinary festivals.
Truffle Festival - Piedmontese, Italy
Nineteen different Italian towns come together to celebrate the highly esteemed Italian truffle. And while there are humorous donkey races and lavish medieval street pageantry, truffle white and black are definitely the true stars of multiple weekend celebrations. Here one can savor a true culinary luxury in rare abundance.
Caribbean Rum and Beer Festival - Grenada
As the cold winds begin to blow in northern cities, there's no better festival to attend than one offering warming rum. Flights of rum and distillery sampling are readily available as are rum cakes and other island treats. There is even a rum cocktail competition followed by a traditional island hog roast. What a wonderful way to stay warm while those to the North shovel snow!
Festival Gourmet Internacional - Puerta Vallarta, Mexico
For ten glorious days Puerta Vallarta plays host to some of the world's leading chefs, who create for a select number of guests unforgettable dinners matched to legendary wines. Final fireworks equal the many flavors of the conference.
Kona Coffee Cultural Festival - Kona HI, USA
Hawaii's famous volcanic island coffee is highlighted at this culinary event. Attendees can tour coffee farms and mills as well as watch bean picking contests, bag label art shows and participate in taste cuppings. Ah, Kona Coffee!
Bracebridge Dinner - Yosemite National Park CA, USA
Based on a story by the American author Washington Irving and adapted by the then young photographer Ansel Adams, this winter holiday extravaganza is so popular tickets are issued only by lottery. Since 1927 Squire and Lady Bracebridge have welcomed all to feast on fun and joy.
Christkindlemarkt - Nuremberg, Germany
Easily the world's most famous Christmas Market, this holiday festival is filled with the smells of roasted almonds, Nuremberg bratwurst and sweet gingerbread, all enjoyed with mulled wine and rum punch. Now that's Christmas!
Spices of the Caribbean Festival - Soufriere, St Lucia
Located at the elegant Jade Mountain Resort, leading regional chefs explore the culinary diversity of such local spices as nutmrg, ginger, vanilla and cloves to mention only a few of the Caribbean's wonders - all under the excellent direction of Executive Chef Allen Susser. The festival includes a 'spiced' rum party, but of course. Additionally there are beach and kitchen based cooking classes as well as a grand final banquet.


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Don't miss Medical Alley's premiere annual gathering – about you, for you! Reconnect with the colleagues and industry leaders that make Medical Alley the global epicenter of health technology and care. Celebrate our leadership, innovation and impact on improving and saving lives.
We'll deliver insights into the current state of Medical Alley, outline projections for 2017 and provide great content and comradery. Medical Alley IS powering the evolution of healthcare. There are still available opportunities to elevate your organization's profile and we've expanded our capacity after last year's SOLD OUT meeting!


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Construction Negligence
Construction negligence involves injuries to workers or visitors while on or near construction sites, often due to the unsafe nature of worksites. Power tools, debris, scaffolding, ladders, and heavy equipment create numerous, potentially dangerous, hazards.
If the injured party is an employee of an employer who created the unsafe condition, the victim can recover damages through workers' compensation. However, many incidents are complex and involve several parties who may compensate the victim and his or her family for injury or death for the negligence.
Depending on the circumstances, general contractors, subcontractors, the site owner, or the manufacturers of the tool or machine involved may be held liable for the injuries.
The attorneys at Walters, Papillion, Thomas, Cullens have successfully represented victims of construction accidents for more than 40 years. For more information, please see our FAQs regarding Construction Negligence or call Walters, Papillion, Thomas, Cullens to speak to one of our experienced Construction Negligence attorneys.Construction Negligence Resources:
National Safety Council
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Click here for all resources.BACK TO TOP


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In the spirit of full disclosure, melaniewinters.com is a compensated affiliate meaning we may make a small commission when you click on/purchase something through the ad-links in this post. This does not apply to the recipe links as these are just to take you to the blogs that the recipes can be found on and give proper credit to their creators.
Welcome back! Thanks for checking out this week's meal plan. For those of you who are new, the next few paragraphs are about my plans and some friendly reminders. You may want to check those out along with my tips for Pinterest meal planning and list-making on Google Keep. For those who have already read these reminders, scroll down for week two's fabulous recipes and grocery list!
You'll notice that many of my plans will include recipes that have similar ingredients or, better yet, make creative use of leftovers to help minimize your grocery list and the amount of time you need to spend in the kitchen on those busy weeknights.
You'll also notice that I only have dinners planned for Monday through Friday. I'm a realist. I know that we're all busy and the chances of you actually getting to a home-cooked meal every weeknight are low. So feel free to rearrange plans and postpone as needed to fit your busy life. Go pick up take-out when you need to save your sanity and save one of these for the weekend. Managed to actually make each of these throughout the week? Great job! When you're at a loss for what to make over the weekend, go treat yourself to a dinner out - you earned it!
Final note. I don't know how big your family is. You're going to want to look through the recipes and adjust amounts as needed - make sure you adjust your grocery list accordingly. Keep in mind that for plans that call for leftovers, you'll want to make sure to make more than enough of the original recipe to create leftovers. Essentially, any time I'm doing something in a crock pot, I'm making at least twice what I need so I have leftovers.
Meal Planning on Pinterest
I typically plan out the menu for my week on Pinterest. I have a board called "This Week's Menu" and I update it over the weekend or sometime before I plan on doing my grocery shopping. By pinning all of the recipes in one place for the week, it's just a few clicks to get the ingredients added to my grocery list (I use Google Keep), and a quick click each day to find my dinner recipe.
Menu for the Week
Monday: Detox Moroccan-Spiced Chickpea Glow Bowl
This meatless Monday dish fit for spring can be found on one of our favorite blogs, Pinch of Yum.
It's spring which means it's time to rejuvenate! Your body will thank you for this Morrocan Spiced Chickpea Glow Bowl. Filled with unique flavors, this is sure to add a much needed twist to your usual menu planning! Added bonus? It's perfect for a meatless Monday. To maintain a gluten free week, substitute a gluten free pita or bread.
Tuesday: Steak & Sweet Potato Bowls with Avocado-Cilantro Drizzle
This fresh and filling dish is brought to you by another one of our favorites, Iowa Girl Eats.
Packed full of fresh flavors and protein, this is a perfect spring dish from one of our favorite blogs, Iowa Girl Eats. The rest of the cilantro you picked up for Monday's meal will go to good use tonight.
Double (or triple) up on the Flank Steak so you can have leftovers for Thursday's meal.
Wednesday: One Pan Chicken with Garbanzos & Tomatoes
Enjoy hump day with an easy one from our own blog.
With chickpeas and tomatoes already on the grocery list this week, our one pan recipe fits right in! Combine and bake - that's all there is to this easy weeknight meal.
Thursday: Easy Steak and Veggie Wraps
One of our own recipes is made a little more hearty with leftover flank steak.
Beef up our easy veggie wrap recipe with leftover Flank Steak from Tuesday. Reheat the flank steak, add to the veggie wraps and enjoy! To maintain a gluten free week, substitute rice paper or gluten free tortillas/wraps for the spinach wraps.
Friday: Sheet Pan Cod with Sweet Peppers
This easy Friday Fish sheet-pan meal is from the lovely Garden in the Kitchen.
One pan, 25 minutes. Thank you Garden in the Kitchen for the easiest Friday meal ever and one that is going to perfectly round out this week of spring-inspired dishes.
Grocery List
Note: This may seem like an incredibly long list of ingredients, but the majority of items you should already have in your freezer, refrigerator or pantry. If you don't, go stock up so you don't need to add them to your grocery list every week. Once you get these items stocked up, the only things you should need to add to your grocery list are those listed in the "Additional Items" section.
- Tumeric
- Garam Masala
- Cucumbers
- Couscous
- Garden Spinach Herb Wraps (or GF wrap/rice paper wraps to keep this week gluten free)
- Mint
- Parsley
- Cilantro
- Avocados
- Bell Peppers/Sweet Peppers
- Roma tomatoes
- Matchstick Carrots
- Baby Arugula or Spinach
- Sweet Potatoes
- Pita Wedges (or GF pita wedges/bread to keep this week gluten free)
- Flank Steak
- Wild Cod
- Garden Vegetable Cream Cheese
- Crumbled Feta Cheese
- Olive Oil
- Vegetable Oil
- Onions
- Garlic
- Chili Powder
- Cumin
- Sea Salt
- Salt
- Pepper
- Cinnamon
- Cayenne
- Ground Ginger
- Red Pepper Flakes
- Garlic Powder
- Paprika
- Honey
- Canned Chickpeas (Garbanzo Beans)
- Canned Fire Roasted Diced Tomatoes
- Rice
- Greek Yogurt
- Lemon Juice
- Lime Juice
- Soy Sauce (GF soy sauce if you want to keep this week gluten free)
- Mustard
- Capers
- Bone in Chicken Breasts


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About GarlandThe Garland Company Inc. is one of the worldwide leaders of quality, high-performance roofing and building envelope solutions for the commercial, industrial
and institutional markets. For over 120 years, Garland has continually developed unique product and service offerings that have raised the bar of performance while exceeding the individual needs of customers throughout the world. Today, Garland's
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