text:
Slope Stabilization
This chapter pertains to the design of earth slopes as it relates to road construction. It particularly concerns slope stability and which slopes should be used under average conditions in cuts and embankments. Some of the subjects covered are geologic features that affect slope stability, soil mechanics, indicators of unstable slopes, types of slope failures, and slope stabilization. Road failures can exert a tremendous impact on mission success. It is vital that personnel engaged in road-building activities be aware of the basic principles of slope stability. They must understand how these principles are applied to construct stable roads through various geologic materials with specific conditions of slope and soil. Basic slope stability is illustrated by a description of the balance of forces that exist in undisturbed slopes, how these forces change as loads are applied, and how groundwater affects slope stability and causes road failure. GEOLOGIC FEATURES There are certain geologic features that have a profound effect on slope stability and that can consequently affect road construction in an area. Many of these geologic features can be observed in the field and may also be identified on topographic maps and aerial photographs. In some cases, the presence of these features may be located by comparing geologic and topographic maps.
The following paragraphs describe geologic features that have a significant effect on slope stability and the techniques that may be used to identify them: Faults The geologic uplift that accompanies mountain building is evident in the mountainous regions throughout the world. Stresses built up in layers of rock by the warping that accompanies uplift is usually relieved by fracturing. These fractures may extend for great distances both laterally and vertically and are known as faults. Often the material on one side of the fault is displaced vertically relative to the other side; sometimes igneous material or serpentine may be intruded into faults. Faults are the focal point for stress relief and for intrusions of igneous rock and serpentine; therefore, fault zones usually contain rock that is fractured, crushed, or partly metamorphosed. It is extremely important to recognize that fault zones are zones of geologic weakness and, as such, are critical in road location. Faults often leave topographic clues to their location. An effort should be made to identify any faults in the vicinity of a proposed road location. The location of these fault zones is established by looking for Saddles, or low sections in ridges, that are aligned in the same general direction from one drainage to another. Streams that appear to deviate from the general direction of the nearby streams. Slope Stabilization 10-1
FM 5-410 Notice that the proposed locations of the fault zones on the topographic map follow saddles and drainages in reasonably straight lines. Aerial photographs should be carefully examined for possible fault zones when neither geologic maps nor topographic maps offer any clues. An important feature of a fault zone slide that may be detected from aerial photography is the slick, shiny surface caused by the intense heat developed by friction on sliding surfaces within the fault zone. Field personnel should be alert for on-theground evidence of faulting when neither geologic maps nor topographic maps provide definite clues to the location of faults. Bedding Plane Slope There are many locations where sedimentary or metamorphic rocks have been warped or tilted and the bedding planes may be steeply sloped. If a road is planned for such an area, it is important to determine the slope of the bedding planes relative to the ground slope. In areas where bedding planes are approximately parallel to the slope of the sidehill, road excavation may remove enough
support to allow large chunks of rock and soil to slide into the road (see Figure 10-1). If preliminary surveys reveal that these conditions exist, then the route may need to be changed to the opposite side of the drainage area or ridge where the bedding planes slope into the hillside. SOIL MECHANICS The two factors that have the greatest effect on slope stability areSlope gradient. Groundwater. Generally, the greater the slope gradient and the more groundwater present, the less stable will be a given slope regardless of the geologic material or the soil type. It is absolutely essential that engineers engaged in locating, designing, constructing, and maintaining roads understand why slope gradient and groundwater are so important to slope stability. Slope Gradient The effects of slope gradient on slope stability can be understood by discussing the stability of pure, dry sand. Slope stability in
sand depends entirely on frictional resistance to sliding. Frictional resistance to sliding, in turn, depends on The slope gradient that affects the portion of the weight of an object that rests on the surface. The coefficient of friction. Normal Force. The fraction of the weight of an object that rests on a surface is known as the normal force (N) because it acts normal to, or perpendicular to, the surface. The normal force changes as the slope of the surface changes. The upper curve in Figure 10-2, page 10-4, shows how the gradient of a surface changes the normal force of a 100-pound block resting on the surface. When the slope gradient is zero, the entire weight of the 100-pound block rests on the surface and the normal force is 100 pounds. When the surface is vertical, there is no weight on the surface and the normal force is zero. The coefficient of friction converts the normal force to frictional resistance to sliding (F). An average value for the coefficient of friction for sand is about 0.7. This means that the force required to slide a block of sand along a surface is equal to 0.7 times the normal force. The lower curve in Figure 10-2, page 10-4 shows how the frictional resistance to sliding changes with slope gradient. The lower curve was developed by multiplying the values of points on the upper curve by 0.7. Therefore, when the slope gradient is zero, the normal force is 100 pounds, and 70 pounds of force is required to slide the block along the surface. When the slope gradient is 100 percent, the normal force is 71 pounds (from point 3 on the upper curve), and 50 pounds (or 71 pounds x 0.7) is required to slide the block along the surface (from point 3 on the lower curve). Downslope Force. The portion of the weight that acts downslope provides some of the force to overcome frictional resistance to sliding. The downslope force, sometimes known as the driving force, also depends on the slope gradient and increases as the gradient increases (see Figure 10-3, page 10-5).
Obviously, when the slope gradient becomes steep enough, the driving force exceeds the frictional resistance to sliding and the block slides. Figure 10-4, page 10-6, shows the curve for frictional resistance to sliding (from Figure 10-2, page 10-4) superimposed on the curve of the driving force (from Figure 10-3, page 10-5). These two curves intersect at 70 percent (35 degree) slope gradient. In this example, this means that for slope gradients less than 70 percent, the frictional resistance to sliding is greater than the downslope component of the weight of the block and the block remains in place on the surface. For slope gradients greater than 70 percent, the block slides because the driving force is greater than the frictional resistance to sliding. This discussion has been confined to the case of pure, dry sand, a case which is seldom found in soils, but the principles of the effects of slope gradient and frictional resistance to sliding apply to any dry soil. Shear Strength. A block of uniform soil fails, or slides, by shearing. That is, one portion of the block moves past another portion in a parallel direction. The surface along which this shearing action takes place is called the shear plane, or the plane of failure. The resistance to shearing is often referred to as shear strength. Pure sand develops shear strength by frictional resistance to sliding; however, pure clay is a sticky substance that develops shear strength because the individual particles are cohesive. The presence of clay in soils increases the shear strength of the soil over that of a pure sand because of the cohesive nature of the clay. A dry clay has considerable shear strength as demonstrated by the great force required to crush a clod with the fingers. However, as a dry clay absorbs water, its shear strength decreases because water films separate the clay particles and reduce its cohesive strength. The structure of the clay particle determines how much water will be absorbed and, consequently, how much the shear strength will decrease upon saturation. There are some clays, such as illite and Slope Stabilization 10-3
kaolinite, that provide relative stability to soils even when saturated However, a saturated montmorillonite clay causes a significant decrease in slope stability. Saturated illite and kaolinite clays have about 44 percent of their total volume occupied by water compared to about 97 percent for a saturated montmorillonite clay. This explains why montrnorillonite clay has such a high shrink-swell potential (large change in volume from wet to dry) and saturated clays of this type have a low shear strength. Thus, the type of clay in a soil has a significant effect on slope stability. Granitoid rocks tend to weather to sandy soils as the weathering process destroys the grain-to-grain contact that holds the mineral crystals together. If these soils remain in place long enough, they eventually develop a significant amount of clay. If erosion removes the weathered material at a rapid rate, the resulting soil is coarse-textured and behaves as a sand for purposes of slope stability analysis. Many soils with a significant clay content have developed from granitoid material. They have greater shear strength and support steeper cut faces than a granitoid-derived soil with little clay. The relative stability among soils depends on a comparison of their shear strength and the downslope component of the weight of the soil. For two soils developed from the same geologic material, the soil with the higher percentage of illite or kaolinite clay has greater shear strength than a soil with a significant amount of montmorillonite clay. Groundwater A common observation is that a hillslope or the side slopes of a drainageway may be perfectly stable during the summer but may slide after the winter rains begin. This seasonal change in stability is due mainly to the change in the amount of water i n the pores of the soil. The effect of groundwater on slope stability can best be understood by again considering the block of pure sand. Frictional resistance to sliding in dry sand is developed as the product of the coefficient of friction and the normal force acting on the surface of the
failure plane. A closeup view of this situation shows that the individual sand g-rains are interlocked, or jammed together, by the weight of the sand. The greater the force that causes this interlocking of sand grains, the greater is the ability to resist the shear force that is caused by the downslope component of the soil weight. As groundwater rises in the sand, the water reduces the normal force because of the buoyant force exerted on each sand grain as it becomes submerged. Uplift Force The uplift force of the groundwater reduces the interlocking force on the soil particles, which reduces the frictional resistance to sliding. The uplift force of groundwater is equal to 62.4 pounds per foot of water in the soil. The effective normal force is equal to the weight of the soil resting on the surface minus the uplift force of the groundwater. The following example illustrates the calculation of the effective normal force. If 100 pounds of sand rests on a horizontal surface and contains 3 inches (or 0.25 foot) of groundwater, then the effective normal force is 100 - (62.4 x 0.25) = 100 - 15.6 or 84.4 pounds. This shows how groundwater reduces frictional resistance to sliding. The frictional resistance to sliding with this groundwater condition is 84.4 x 0.7 (average coefficient of friction for sand), which equals 59.1 pounds. As a comparison, for 100 pounds of dry sand on a horizontal surface the frictional resistance to sliding is 100 x 0.7 or 70 pounds. The following examples further emphasize how the presence of ground water can decrease slope stability by reducing the frictional resistance to sliding: First, a layer of dry sand 5 feet thick is assumed to weigh 100 pounds per foot of depth. The downslope component of the dry weight and the frictional resistance to sliding for dry
FM 5-410 sand was calculated for various slope gradients as in Figure 10-2, page 10-4, and Figure 10-3, page 10-5. Next, 6 inches of groundwater is assumed to be present and the frictional resistance to sliding is recalculated, taking into account the uplift force of the groundwater. The results of these calculations are shown in Figure 10-5. Note: In a dry condition, sliding occurs when the slope gradient exceeds 70 percent. With 6 inches of groundwater, the soil slides when the slope gradient exceeds 65 percent. For a comparison, assume a dry sand layer only 2 feet thick that weighs 100 pounds per foot of depth. Again, assume 6 inches of groundwater and recalculate the downslope component of the soil weight and the frictional resistance to sliding with and without the groundwater (see Figure 10-6). Note: With 6 inches of groundwater, this thin layer of soil slides when the slope gradient exceeds 58 percent. These examples demonstrate that the thinner soil mantle has a greater potential for sliding under the same ground water conditions than a thicker soil mantle. The 6 inches of groundwater is a greater proportion of the total soil thickness for the 2-foot soil than for the 5-foot soil, and the ratio of uplift force to the frictional resistance to sliding is greater for the 2-foot soil. A pure sand was used in these examples for the sake of simplicity, but the principles still apply to soils that contain varying amounts of silt and clay together with sand. Although adding soil may decrease the effect of uplift force on the frictional resistance to sliding, it is dangerous to conclude that slopes can be made stable solely through this approach. The added soil reduces uplift force, but it may increase another factor that in turn decreases frictional resistance, resulting in a slope failure. Decreasing the uplift force of water can be best achieved through a
properly designed groundwater control system. Seepage Force There is still another way that groundwater contributes to slope instability, and that is the seepage force of groundwater as it moves downslope. The seepage force is the drag force that moving water exerts on each individual soil particle in its path. Therefore, the seepage force contributes to the driving force that tends to move masses of soil downslope. The concept of the seepage force may be visualized by noting how easily portions of a coarse-textured soil may be dislodged from a road cut bank when the soil is conducting a relatively high volume of groundwater. SLOPE FAILURE Slope failure includes all mass soil movements on Man-made slopes (such as road cuts and fills). Natural slopes (in clear-cut areas or undisturbed forest). A classification of slope failure is useful because it provides a common terminology, and it offers clues to the type of slope stability problem that is likely to be encountered. Types of slope and road failures are remarkably consistent with soils, geologic material, and topography. For example, fastmoving debris avalanches or slides develop in shallow, coarse-textured soils on steep hillsides; large, rotational slumps occur in deep, saturated soils on gentle to moderate slopes. Rockfalls and Rockslides Rockfalls and rockslides usually originate in bedded sediments, such as massive sandstone, where the beds are undercut by stream erosion or road excavation. Stability is maintained by the Competence of the rock. Frictional resistance to sliding along the bedding planes.
These factors are particularly important where the bedding planes dip downslope toward a road or stream. Rockslides occur suddenly, slide with great speed, and sometimes extend entirely across the valley bottom. Slide debris consists of fractured rock and may include some exceptionally large blocks. Road locations through areas with a potential for rockslides should be examined by specialists who can evaluate the competence of the rock and determine the dip of the bedding planes. Debris Avalanches and Debris Flows These two closely related types of slope failure usually originate on shallow soils that are relatively low in clay content on slopes over 65 percent. In southeast Alaska, the US Forest Service has found that debris avalanches develop on slopes greater than 65 percent on shallow, gravelly soils and that this type of slope failure is especially frequent on slopes over 75 percent. Debris avalanches are the rapid downslope flowage of masses of loose soil, rock, and forest debris containing varying amounts of water. They are like shallow landslides resulting from frictional failure along a slip surface that is essentially parallel to the topographic surface, formed where the accumulated stresses exceed the resistance to shear. The detached soil mantle slides downslope above an impermeable boundary within the loose debris or at the unweathered bedrock surface and forms a disarranged deposit at the base. Downslope, a debris avalanche frequently becomes a debris flow because of substantial increases in water content. They are caused most frequently when a sudden influx of water reduces the shear strength of earth material on a steep slope, and they typically follow heavy rainfall. There are two situations where these types of slope failure occur in areas with shallow soil, steep slopes, and heavy seasonal rainfall. The first situation is an area where stream development and geologic erosion have formed high ridges with long slopes and
steep, V-shaped drainages, usually in bedded sedimentary rock. The gradient of many of these streams increases sharply from the main stream to the ridge; erosion has created headwalls in the upper reaches. The bowlshaped headwall region is often the junction for two or more intermittent stream channels that begin at the ridgetop. This leads to a quick rise in ground water levels during seasonal rains. Past debris avalanches may have scoured round-bottom chutes, or troughs, into the relatively hard bedrock. The headwall region may be covered with only a shallow soil mantle of precarious stability, and it may show exposed bedrock, which is often dark with ground water seepage. The second situation with a high potential for debris avalanches and flows is where excavated material is sidecast onto slopes greater than 65 percent. The sidecast material next to the slope maintains stability by frictional resistance to sliding and by mechanical support from brush and stumps. As more material is sidecast, the brush and stumps are buried and stability is maintained solely by frictional resistance to sliding. Since there is very little bonding of this material to the underlying rock, the entire slope is said to be overloaded. It is quite common for new road fills on steep overloaded slopes to fail when the seasonal rains saturate this loose, unconsolidated material, causing debris avalanches and flows. Under these circumstances, the road fill, together with a portion of the underlying natural slope, may form the debris avalanche (see Figure 10-7). Debris avalanches and debris flows occur suddenly, often with little advance warning. There is practically nothing that can be done to stabilize a slope that shows signs of an impending debris avalanche. The best possible technique to use to prevent these types of slope failures is to avoid Areas with a high potential for debris avalanches. Overloading steep slopes with excessive sidecast.
Engineers should learn the vegetative and soil indicators of this type of unstable terrain, especially for those areas with high seasonal groundwater levels. If unstable terrain must be crossed by roads, then radical changes in road grade and road width may be required to minimize site disturbance. Excavated material may need to be hauled away to keep overloading of unstable slopes to an absolute minimum. The location of safe disposal sites for this material may be a serious problem in steep terrain with sharp ridges. Site selection will require just as much attention to the principles of slope stability as to the location and construction of the remainder of the road. Slumps and Earthflows Slumps and earthflows usually occur in deep, moderately fine- or fine-textured soils that contain a significant amount of silt and/or clay. In this case, shear strength is a combination of cohesive shear strength and frictional resistance to sliding. As noted earlier, groundwater not only reduces frictional resistance to shear, but it also sharply reduces cohesive shear strength. Slumps are slope failures where one or more blocks of soil
have failed on a hemispherical, or bowlshaped, slip surface. They may show varying amounts of backward rotation into the hill in addition to downslope movement (see Figure 10-8, page 10-12). The lower part of a typical slump is displaced upward and outward like a bulbous toe. The rotation of the slump block usually leaves a depression at the base of the main scarp. If this depression fills with water during the rainy season, then this feature is known as sag pond. Another feature of large slumps is the hummocky terrain, composed of many depressions and uneven ground that is the result of continued earthflow after the original slump. Some areas that are underlain by particularly incompetent material, deeply weathered and subject to heavy winter rainfall, show a characteristically hummocky appearance over the entire landscape. This jumbled and rumpled appearance of the land is known as melange terrain. Depressions and sag ponds allow winter rains to enter the ground water reservoir, reduce the stability of the toe of the slump, and promote further downslope movement of the entire mass. The mature timber that usually covers old slumps often contains jackstrawed, or crazy, trees that lean at
many different angles within the stand. This indicates unstable soils and actively moving slopes (see Figure 10-9). There are several factors affecting slumps that need to be examined in detail to understand how to prevent or remedy this type of slope failure. The block of soil that is subject to slumping can be considered to be resting on a potential failure surface of hemispherical shape (see Figure 10-10). The block is most stable when its center of gravity is at its lowest position on this failure surface. When the block fails, its center of gravity is shifted to a lower, more stable position as a result of the failure. Added weight, such as a road fill, at the head of a slump shifts the center of gravity of the block to a higher, more unstable position and tends to increase the potential for rotation. Similarly, removing weight from the toe of the slump, as in excavating for a road, also shifts the center of gravity of the block to a higher position on the failure surface. Therefore, loading the head of a slump and/or unloading the toe will increase the potential for further slumping on short slopes (see Figure 10-11). The chance of slumping can be reduced by shifting the center of gravity of a potential slump block to a lower position by following the rule: Unload the head and load the toe.
If it is absolutely necessary to locate a road through terrain with a potential for slumping, there are several techniques that may be considered to help prevent slumps and earthflows. They are Improve the surface drainage. Lower the groundwater level. Use rock riprap, or buttresses, to provide support. Install an interceptor drain. Compact fills. Surface Drainage. Improving the surface drainage is one of the least expensive and most effective techniques, but it is often overlooked. Sag ponds and depressions can be connected to the nearest stream channel with ditches excavated by a bulldozer or a grader. Figure 10-12, page 10-14, shows the theoretical effect on the groundwater reservoir of a surface drainage project. Improved drainage removes surface water quickly, lowers the groundwater level, and helps stabilize the slump. Groundwater Level. Lower the groundwater level by means of a perforated pipe that is augered into the slope at a slight upward
angle. These drains are usually installed in road cutbanks to stabilize areas above an existing road or below roads to stabilize fills. Installing perforated pipe is relatively expensive, and there is a risk that slight shifts in the slump mass may render the pipe ineffective. In addition, periodic cleaning of these pipes is necessary to prevent blockage by algae, soil, or iron deposits.
Rock Riprap, or Buttresses. Stabilize existing slumps and prevent potential slumps by using rock riprap, or buttresses, to provide support for road cuts or fills (see Figure 10-13, page 10-15). Heavy rock riprap replaces the stabilizing weight that is by excavation during road construction (see Figure 10-11). Another feature of riprap is that it is porous and allows groundwater to drain out of the Slope Stabilization 10-13
slump material while providing support for the cut slope. Interceptor Drain. Install an interceptor drain to collect groundwater that is moving laterally downslope and under the road, saturating the road fill. A backhoe can be used to install interceptor drains in the ditch along an existing road. Figure 10-14 shows a sample installation. Fills. Compact fills to reduce the risk of road failure when crossing small drainages. Compaction increases the density of the material, reduces the pore space, and thereby reduces the adverse effect of ground water. The foundation material under the proposed fill Slope Stabilization 10-14
should be evaluated as part of the design process to determine if this material will support a compacted fill without failure. Roads may often be built across gentle slopes of incompetent material with a high groundwater table by overexcavating the material, placing a thick blanket of coarse material, then building the road on the blanket (see Figure 10-15, page 10-16). The coarse rock blanket distributes the weight of the roadway over a larger area and provides better drainage for groundwater under the road. Soil Creep Many of these slope failures may be preceded and followed by soil creep, a relatively slow-moving type of slope failure. Soil
FM 5-410 creep may be a continuous movement on the order of less than 1 foot per decade. The indicators of soil creep may be subtle, but you must be aware of the significance of this type of slope failure. Soil creep, at any moment, may be immeasurable; however, when the effect is cumulated over many years, it can create stresses within the soil mantle that may approach the limit of frictional resistance to sliding and/or the cohesive shear strength along a potential shear failure surface. Soil creep is particularly treacherous in conjunction with debris avalanches. The balance between stability and failure may be approached gradually over a number of years until only a heavy seasonal rain or a minor disturbance is necessary to trigger a catastrophic slope failure. Soil creep also builds up stresses in potential slumps so that even moderate rainfall may start a slow earthflow on a portion of the slope. Depending on the particular conditions, minor movement may temporarily relieve these stresses and create sags or bulges i n the slope; or it may slightly steepen the slope and increase the potential for a major slump during the next heavy rain. The point to remember is that soil creep is the process that slowly changes the balance of forces on slopes. Even though an area may be stable enough to withstand high seasonal groundwater levels this year, it may not be able to 5 years from now. STABLE SLOPE CONSTRUCTION IN BEDDED SEDIMENTS Construction of stable roads requires not only a basic understanding of regional geology and soil mechanics but also specific, detailed information on the characteristics of soils, groundwater, and geology where the road is to be built. This following paragraphs present techniques on road location and the soil and vegetative indicators of slope instability and high groundwater levels. Bedded sediments vary from soft siltstone to hard, massive sandstone. These different geologic materials, together with geologic processes and the effect of climate acting over long periods of time, determine slope gradient, soil, and the rate of erosion. These factors also determine the particular type of slope stability problem that is likely to be encountered. There are four slope stability problems associated with distinctive sites within the bedded sediments. They are Sandstone - Type I. Sandstone - Type II. Deeply weathered siltstone. Sandstone adjoining ridges of igneous rock. Sandstone - Type I Type I sites are characterized by sharp ridges with steep slopes that may show a uniform gradient from near the ridgetop to the valley bottom. The landscape is sharply dissected by numerous stream channels that may become extremely steep as they approach the ridgetop. Headwalls (bowl-shaped areas with slope gradients often 100 percent or greater) may be present in the upper reaches of the drainage. The headwall is usually the junction for several intermittent streams that can cause sharp rises in the groundwater levels in the soil mantle during winter storms. It is quite common to note groundwater seepage on exposed bedrock in the headwall even during the summer. Figure 10-16 shows a block diagram that
illustrates the features of Type I sites. This area was taken from the topographic map of the upper Smith River in Oregon (Figure 10-17, page 10-18). The soils on the most critical portions of Type I sites are coarse-textured and shallow (less than 20 inches to bedrock). These soils are considered to be unstable on slopes greater than 80 percent. In areas where groundwater is present, these soils are considered to be unstable on slopes considerably less than 80 percent.
Debris avalanches and debris flows are the most common slope failure on Type I sites, and the headwall region is the most likely point of origin for these failures. Road construction through headwalls causes unavoidable sidecast. The probability is high for even minimum amounts of sidecast to overload slopes with marginal stability and to cause these slopes to fail. Observers often comment on the stability of full bench roads built through headwalls without realizing that debris avalanches may have occurred during construction before any traffic moved over the road.
FM 5-410 Unstable-Slope Indicators. There are certain indicators of unstable slopes in Type I sites that may be used during road location. They are Pistol-butted trees (see .Figure 10-18). Sliding soil or debris or active soil creep caused these trees to tip downslope while they were small. As the tree grew, the top regained a vertical posture. Pistol-butted trees are a good indicator of slope instability for areas where rain is the major component of winter precipitation; however, deep, heavy snow packs at high elevations may also cause this same deformation. Tipped trees (see Figure 10-19). These trees have a sharp angle in the stem. This indicates that the tree grew straight for a number of years until a small shift in the soil mantle tipped the tree. The angled stem is the result of the recovery of vertical growth.
Tension cracks (see Figure 10-20). Soil creep builds up stresses in the soil mantle that are sometimes relieved by tension cracks. These features may be hidden by vegetation, but they definitely indicate active soil movement. Road-Location Techniques. Techniques for proper road location on Type I sites include the following: Avoid headwall regions. Ridgetop locations are preferred rather than crossing through headwall regions. Roll the road grade. Avoid headwalls or other unstable areas by rolling the road grade. Short, steep pitches of adverse and favorable grade may be included, Construction Techniques. Consider the following techniques when roads must be constructed across long, steep slopes or above headwall regions where sidecast must beheld to a minimum:
Reduce the road width. This may require a small tractor with a more narrow blade (for example, a D6) for construction. A U-shaped blade results in less sidecast than a straight blade, possibly because of better control of loose material. Control blasting techniques. These techniques may be used to reduce overbreakage of rock and reduce the amount of fractured material that is thrown out of the road right-of-way and into stream channels. Remove material. Hauling excavated material away from the steepest slopes may be necessary to avoid overloading the lower slopes.
Select safe disposal sites. Disposal sites for excavated material should be chosen with care to avoid overloading a natural bench or spur ridge, causing slope failure (see Figure 10-21, page 10-20). The closest safe disposal site may be a long distance from the construction site but the additional hauling costs must be weighed against the damage caused by failure of a closer disposal site with a higher probability of failure. Fill saddles. Narrow saddles may be used to hold excess material by first excavating bench roads below and on each side of the saddle. The saddle may then be flattened and the loose
greater than 40 inches), with a clay content as high as 50 to 70 percent. The soils on the steeper slopes may be as deep as 40 inches, but the bedrock is fractured and weathered so there is a gradual transition from the soil into the massive bedrock. It is these factors of deeper soils, higher clay content, gentler slopes, and a gradual transition to bedrock that makes this terrain more stable than the terrain on Type I sites. The factors that characterize Type II sites also cause this terrain to have more slope failures due to slumps and earthflows. The most unstable portions of Type II sites are the steep, concave slopes at the heads of drainages, the edge of benches, or the locations where ground water tends to accumulate. Road failures frequently involve poorly consolidated or poorly drained road fills and embankments greater than 12 to 15 feet on any of the red clayey soils. Soil creep also creates tension within the clayey soils at the convex ridge nose where slope gradients may be onfy 50 percent. Excavation for roads at these points of sharp slope convexity sometimes causes failure of the embankment. Unstable-Slope Indicators. Vegetative indicators of unstable portions of the landscape include mature trees that tip or lean as a result of minor earthflow or soil creep on the steeper slopes. Tipped or leaning trees may also be found on poorly drained soils adjacent to the stream channels. Actively moving slopes may show tension cracks, particularly on the steeper slopes. There are several good indicators that may be used to determine the height that groundwater may rise in the soil and roughly how long during the year that the soil remains saturated. Iron compounds within the soil profile oxidize and turn rusty red or bright orange and give the soil a mottled appearance when the groundwater rises and falls intermittently during the winter. The depth below the soil surface where these mottles first occur indicates the average maximum height that this fluctuating water table rises in the soil. At locations where the
material that rolls downslope will be caught by the benches. Excavated material may be compacted on the flattened ridge to buildup the grade. Choose the correct culvert size. A culvert should carry the maximum estimated flow volume for the design storm. Protect slopes. Culverts must not discharge drainage water onto the base of a fill slope. Culverts should either be designed to carry water on the natural grade at the bottom of the fill or downspouts or half-round culverts should be used to conduct water from the end of shorter culverts down the fill slope to the natural channel. Sandstone - Type II Type II sites have slopes with gradients that range from less than 10 percent up to 70 or 80 percent. The longer slopes may be broken by benches and have rounder ridges, fewer drainages, and gentler slope gradients than those on Type I sites. Headwalls are rare, and small patches of exposed bedrock are only occasionally found on the steeper slopes. The soils on the gentle slopes developed over many centuries and are deep (often
water table remains for long periods during the year, the iron compounds are chemically reduced and give the soil profile a gray or bluish-gray appearance. The occurrence of these gleyed soils indicates a soil that is saturated for much of the year. Occasionally, mottles may appear above a gleyed subsoil, which indicates a seasonally fluctuating water table above a subsoil that is subject to prolonged saturation. Engineers should be aware of the significance of mottled and gleyed soils that are exposed during road construction. These indicators give clues to the need for drainage or extra attention concerning the suitability of a subsoil for foundation material. Road-Location Techniques. Techniques for locating stable roads on Type II sites include the following Avoid steep concave basins. Do not locate roads through these areas where stability is questionable, as indicated by vegetation and topography. Ridgetop locations are preferred. Choose stable benches. Benches may offer an opportunity for location of roads and landings, but these benches should be examined carefully to see that they are supported by rock and are not ancient, weathered slumps with marginal stability. Avoid cracked soil. Avoid locating a road around convex ridge noses or below the edge of benches where tension cracks or catsteps indicate a high probability for embankment failure. Construction Techniques. Certain design and construction practices should be considered when building roads in this terrain. Avoid overconstruction. If it is necessary to build a road across steep drainages, avoid overconstruction and haul excess material away to avoid overloading the slopes. Avoid high cut embankments. An engineer or soil scientist may be able to suggest a maximum height at the ditch line for the particular soil and situation. A rule-of-thumb estimate
for maximum height for a cut bank in deep, clayey soils is 12 to 15 feet. Pay special attention to fills. Fills of clayey material over steep stream crossings may fail if the material is not compacted and if groundwater saturates the base of the fill. Fill failures in this wet, clayey material on steep slopes tend to move initially as a slump, then may change to a mudflow down the drainage. To avoid this, compact the fill to accepted engineering standards, paying special attention to proper lift thicknesses, moisture content, and foundation conditions. Also, design drainage features, where necessary, to control groundwater in the base of a fill. For example, consider either a perforated pipe encased in a crushed rock filter or a blanket of crushed rock under the entire fill. Deeply Weathered Siltstone This stability problem originates in siltstone that is basically incompetent and easily weathered. Slumps and earthflows, both large and small, are very common when this material is subjected to heavy winter rainfall. The landscape may exhibit a benchy or hummocky appearance. Slopes with gradients as low as 24 percent may be considered unstable in deeply weathered siltstone with abundant water. Unstable-Slope Indicators. Vegetative and topographic indicators of slope instability are numerous. Large patches of plants associated with set soils indicate high groundwater levels and impeded drainage. Conifers may tip or lean due to earthflow or soil creep. Slumps cause numerous benches, some of which show sag ponds. Blocks of soil may sag and leave large cracks, which gradually fill in with debris and living vegetation. The sharp contours of these features soften in time until the cracks appear as blind drainages or sections of stream channel that are blocked at both ends. The cracks collect water, keep the groundwater reservoir charged, and contribute to active soil movement. Slope Stabilization 10-21
Road-Location Techniques. Techniques for locating stable roads through terrain that has been derived from deeply weathered silt-stone include the following Check for indicators of groundwater. Avoid locating roads through areas where groundwater levels are high and where slope stability is likely to be at its worst. Such locations may be indicated by hydrophytes, tipped or leaning trees, and mottled or gleyed soils. Consider ridges. Ridgetop locations may be best because groundwater drainage is better there. Also, the underlying rock may be harder and may provide more stable roadbuilding material than weathered siltstone. Ensure adequate reconnaissance. Take pains to scout the terrain away from the proposed road location, using aerial photos and ground reconnaissance to be sure that the line does not run through or under an ancient slump that may become unstable due to the road construction. Construction Techniques. Special road design and construction techniques for this type of terrain may include the following Drainage ditches. Every effort should be made to improve drainage, both surface and subsurface, since groundwater is the major factor contributing to slope instability for this material. Sag ponds and bogs may be drained with ditches excavated by tractor or with ditching dynamite. Culverts. Extra culverts should be used to prevent water from pending above the road and saturating the road prism and adjacent slopes. Road ditches. They should be carefully graded to provide plenty of fall to keep water moving. A special effort should be made to keep ditches and culverts clean following construction.
Sandsone Adjoining Ridges of Igneous Rock This slope stability problem in bedded sediments is caused by remnants of sandstone adjoining ridges of igneous rock. As a general rule, any contact zone between sedimentary material and igneous material is likely to have slope stability problems. Unstable-Slope Indicators. The igneous rock may have caused fracturing and partial metamorphosis of the sedimentary rock at the time of intrusion. Also, water is usually abundant at the contact zone because the ig neous material is relatively impermeable compared to the sediments; therefore, the sedimentary rock may be deeply weathered. Road-Location Techniques. Special road location techniques for this type of slope stability problem include the following Pay attention to the contact zone. Examine the terrain carefully on the ground and on aerial photos to determine if the mass of sandstone is large or small relative to the igneous rock mass. If the sandstone is in the form of a relatively large spur ridge, then the contact zone deserves special attention. The contact zone should be crossed as high as possible where groundwater accumulation is at a minimum. Elsewhere on the ridge of sandstone, the stabilty problems are the same as for Type I or Type II sandstone. Consider an alternative location. If the remnant of sandstone is relatively small, such as a ridge nose, then the entire mass of sandstone may be creeping rapidly enough to be considered unstable and the road should be located above this material in the more stable igneous rock. Construction Techniques. Design and construction techniques to be considered are as follows: Avoid high embankments. The sedimentary rock in the contact zone is
FM 5-410 riprap may be necessary if the cut embankment must be high. Ensure good drainage. It is good a practice to put a culvert at the contact zone with good gradient on the ditches to keep the contact zone well drained. Other drainage measures, such as drain tile or perforated pipe, may be necessary.
likely to be fractured and may be somewhat metamorphosed as a result of the intrusion of igneous rock. In addition, the accumulation of groundwater is likely to have caused extensive weathering of this material. The road cut height at the ditch line should be kept as low as possible through this zone. Support by rock


text:
Increasingly sought after "Sgian Brew" in tight, Hi Nickel ladder type pattern damascus steel. 80mm "blade" ( blunt to suit the bottle tops!!! ) and 45mm tang.
Have not been hardened but perfectly adequate as they are. Take a nice "blued" hardening ( easily done - ask us for advice ) if so desired.
Also in plain polished steel ( not shown )
Full list of all our sgian dubhs, sgian brews, dirks & damascus steel products.
Ordering - How it Works
1. Browse the categories, adding the items that interest you to the cart.
2. Submit the order to us with your full contact details.
3. We assess the order and calculate the most cost effective carriage option.
4. Finally, we contact you, advise the preferred carriage option and request payment.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
rare-posters.com | Dealer in antique posters and prints. | Authenticity and satisfaction guaranteed.
Item Number: D686
Title: McCall's Magazine
Date: Aug. 1932
Artist: Neysa McMein
Size: 11"x14"
Comments: Lovely McCall's Magazine cover by Neysa McMein. McMein was both a great illustrator and glamorous celebrity of the era. Lots of great photos, fashion artwork and ads
Price: $39
Condition: Very Good, slight wear typical of old magazines, this is the complete magazine


text:
Separation Anxiety
From Wikipedia:
…a psychological condition in which an individual experiences excessive anxiety regarding separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment.
Paraphrased from an online forum discussing NaNoWriMo (National Novel Writing Month):
"I'm almost done with my novel and I feel like someone close to me is about to die."
Symptoms of separation anxiety include headaches, anxiety, malaise, and nightmares.
I'm typically the type of person who plows through hard situations, head down, determined to get to a calmer place and let reaction take its hold. I repress it, you see, remaining in control at all times until I am alone and can act like a human where nobody can see. As my friend and I say, we take our butch pills, flex, and try not to react to the difficult emotional stimuli in our lives.
But that's never really successful, is it? Stress doesn't magically disappear like some nightmare monster when you turn your back on it. It acts up; it comes back; it manifests in odd ways.
Publishing my first novel has been something like this. I have hunkered down, accepted the good and the bad, and thought I was okay. Then the headaches started. Then I couldn't sleep. I tried to conjure up the fantasies that always precede writing and came up with a blankness of imagination I'm not accustomed to. The only things that came to me were the characters I have recently loosed into the world.
What followed was a lack of desire to do anything at all: write, read, watch TV, work, etc. I seem to be unable to focus on anything unless I tune out everything else. As a notorious multi-tasker, this is an odd state of mind for me.
It hit me over the weekend: I miss Austin and Cris, Quinton, Taylor, Pearl, etc. And not just a little bit. I miss them a lot.
They will always be with me, of course, but they aren't only mine anymore. People can see and read and witness what has been inside of my head for years. I have read other people say publication is like sending your children out to college. They are on their own, to sink or swim, and some people will love them, other people will be mean to them, and most others won't care at all.
A few entries ago I mentioned that I was going to start the new project that next day, and I did. But it wasn't the project I intended to start. And it went nowhere. I wrote a page of notes, stopped, and haven't returned. I listened to an entire audio book in two days. I lazed around, thinking about nothing. I listened to a lot of music and tried to focus. All that came to me was an urge to work on Winter's Trial…but I can't. It's done. It's over. There's nothing more to do with it.
And that hurt me. But it also made me happy. I have been contacted by some absolutely lovely people who tell me that they love my characters, that they feel for them, that they have cried and laughed with them. And that…well, I can't describe it because I haven't plumbed the depth of those feelings.
But today I had some extra time at work and picked up research for the Ambitious Project I have mentioned before. (Unfortunately, the Senior Vice President of the company I work for Apparated out of nowhere at my desk as a pictures of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII glared out from my monitor. I couldn't even pretend that it was work related. Thankfully, I was able to give him what he needed when people three levels above me couldn't, and he hasn't mentioned my perusing Wikipedia. Hooray for continued employment!)
But the research was a start. Then I thought about the smaller project (the one I intended to start) and came up with something I like. Then Quinton's jerkface mate sprung into my head to tell me how the next wolf novel should start. Damn it, he was right, too. It's much better than what I had planned…if somewhat bloodier than Taylor's graduation where I had intended to start things. And finally an ogre from the Ambitious Project stomped through my head and demanded attention.
I still miss Cris and Austin, but they will be around. And apparently, they will be joined in my head by several other projects now clamoring for attention. Mers, super heroes, Quinton's mate, and a bitch giant. All different stories, all wanting attention.
Hopefully I can get over this feeling of separation, this absurd empty nest feeling, this almost pretentious attachment to my characters to give these people the attention they deserve.
The thought gives me angina.


text:
How to Help Your Teen Cope with their Anxiety
Guest Post by Dr. Katheleen Hart
What would happen if your teen could relate to their anxiety, rather than with intense fear and discomfort, but with openness and curiosity? Or even better, could you imagine your teen viewing anxiety as a helpful emotion? If you're a parent with an anxious teen, I recommend helping your teen get comfortable with sitting with their feelings of anxiousness and discomfort rather than rescuing your teen from their anxiety.
How is anxiety helpful? Anxiety is a primal alarm system genetically built into all of us. It signals threats in our environment that can be physical, social or emotional. Whether it is cars passing near a crosswalk, a person violating your personal space, or someone being verbally aggressive or bullying you, our bodies respond to these signals with anxiety. We are programmed to take action when these signals go off. Our bodies signal anxiety in three ways: fight, flight or freeze.
With teens, it's important to listen to and honor their internal cues of anxiety. Their anxiety can guide them to take action. For instance, just before a big sports game or a big test, your teen's anxiety typically increases. First, it's important for your child to recognize the physical sensations as anxiety increases and it's helpful to label them. "Oh, it sounds like you're feeling anxious right now". Second, ask your son or daughter if they can be open to experiencing the physical state of anxiety. "Where do you feel it in your body? Do you feel it in your chest like a heavy weight, or difficulty breathing, a tightening in your throat, or tingling in your hands?" Try to help them be open to experiencing their anxiety and discomfort with a sense of neutrality. "Can you be with these anxious sensations that you're feeling?"
When you help your teen lean into their anxiety, then they can explore what the source of their anxiety is. You can ask, "What's your anxiety telling you?" For example, is it telling them that today's volleyball game is different from yesterday's practice? Is it telling them that the person they're talking to is creepy and they need to end this conversation? Is it telling them that they need to stop procrastinating and do their homework?" When your teen can accept their anxiety and allow it to work for them and not against them, it can serve as a motor to get them to focus and complete tasks or take action to keep them physically and emotionally safe.
So here's when anxiety gets complicated. Another thing about humans and anxiety is, unlike other animals, our evolved brains can create imaginary threats. Unfortunately, the primal parts of our brain can't always distinguish the difference between real threats and imagined threats. Therefore, if your teen imagines that they are going to fail a test, or do poorly in a race, then their bodies will fire off the same physical warning and distress signals. In these situations, you want to help your teen explore their anxiety. "What's your anxiety telling you right now? Is this a real threat or unreal threat? Are you overestimating the danger ahead of you by magnifying an imagined negative outcome to an event? Are you catastrophizing what might happen?"
I like to coach teens to activate their wise mind. This is the part of our minds that is reasonable and rational, and collects factual information. The wise mind realistically assesses the level of threat based on evidence, and is willing to accept threats with openness and positivity. For example, "Tomorrow's exam will be challenging, however, if I plan ahead and study, then I most likely will be able to get the job done and, do a high quality job. I've been a student for ten years after all." The wise mind views future thoughts with a positive outlook. It asks, what do I want to happen? The anxious mind, on the other hand, wants to focus on the future by asking, what's going to go wrong?
Lastly, anxiety gets worse when your teen engages in safety behaviors, which are often avoidance behaviors. For example, if your teen has a fear of saying "no" to friends who ask them for favors, then when they don't ever say no, their fear increases over time. Leaning into fears is the best way to manage them. By encouraging your teen to tell their friends, "No, I wish I could be of help, but I'm really swamped with work right now," you're helping them cope with their anxiety and influencing them to use their voice in the process. Parents can unintentionally foster safety behaviors in their teens by supporting them to avoid uncomfortable situations.
It can be hard to watch your son or daughter struggle with anxiety, but listening and asking questions can help them get to the root of what is causing it. While having anxiety is a common feeling, you can also have the discussion on whether or not it would be helpful to seek professional help should it start to interfere with their everyday life. Having a parent to lean on and process these emotions with is an important step in learning how to cope with their anxiety now, and potentially long-term.
Insert Bio
Dr. Kathleen Hart is a licensed psychologist who works with children, teens and young adults who struggle with anxiety and eating disorders. Dr. Hart received her doctorate in Counseling Psychology from Boston College and received her clinical training at The Children's Hospital of Boston; The Cambridge Hospital and the Children's Hospital of Colorado. Dr Hart is currently serving as board president of the Eating Disorders of Maine. Several of her research findings have been published in Journal of Psychological Assessment, Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology and the Journal of Sex Roles. Visit her website to learn more.
PLEASE NOTE: The writers of this article are not medical professionals. The information in this column is not intended and should not be construed as providing medical or psychological advice, but rather to offer readers information and provide a perspective to better understand the lives of themselves and their children. Articles on this website may be opinion based. The articles are not intended to provide an alternative to professional treatment or to replace the services of a physician, psychiatrist, psychotherapist or other licensed medical professional. If you do have health or safety concerns, please get in touch with a healthcare professional.


text:
- ITV Report
- ITV Report
Two teenagers killed in Romania avalanche
Live updates
- ITV Report
The Jewel Raiders
ITV's Tonight programme tracks down the Romanian criminal mastermind behind one of Britain's biggest jewellery heist gangs.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Two teenagers killed in Romania avalanche
Two teenagers have died in an avalanche in Romania after a blast of wintry weather hit the country.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Romanian crowds create EU flag on 27th day of protest
The EU flag symbolises unity between European countries.Read the full story ›
Romania to scrap corruption decree after mass protests
The Romanian government will scrap a decree to decriminalise some corruption offences on Sunday, Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu said.
Mr Grindeanu said in a televised speech: "We'll hold an extraordinary meeting on Sunday to repeal the decree, withdrawn, cancel it ... you understand, and find a legal way to make sure it does not take effect."
The emergency measure was pushed through and published at 3am on Wednesday, and would decriminalise bribery in office and give amnesty to dozens of officials already accused of corruption.
The u-turn comes after a public backlash in which tens of thousands of people took to the streets in mass protests across the country.
- ITV Report
Why are violent protests taking place in Romania?
More than 250,000 Romanians have taken to their nation's streets in the biggest anti-corruption demonstration since the fall of communism.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Fire engulfs Romanian nightclub injuring at least 44
Revellers reportedly jumped from the upper level of the lakeside venue to escape the flames.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Footballer Ekeng dies after on-pitch collapse
The Cameroonian international collapsed just seven minutes after coming onto the field, according to reports.Read the full story ›
- ITV Report
Romania expelled from the Eurovision Song Contest
Country has been expelled after national broadcaster failed to pay its fees.Read the full story ›
Romania: The fallout from the Bucharest nightclub fire
The fire killed 63 people on 30 October last year - but how did this tragedy bring down a government?Read the full story ›
Protests as Romanian nightclub death toll rises
Protests have been held in Romania as the death toll rises from the nightclub fire.
Three more victims of the nightclub fire have died, bringing the total death toll from the blaze to 44.
The government resigned last week after thousands of protesters took to the streets to express their anger at the government, which many regard as corrupt.
The demonstrations have continued, with more protests held this weekend.
The fire at the Colectiv nightclub left 109 other people in hospital, 48 of them in a serious or critical condition.
The medical director of the state burns hospital, Cristian Nitescu said a man died late on Saturday.
Mediafax news agency reported two other patients died early on Sunday, including a Turkish man studying in Romania, and a woman who worked at the club's bar.


text:
Dessy Bridesmaids 2995
or make 4 interest-free payments of $88.75 AUD fortnightly with More info
This style is not displayed in our retail store.
Choose a flattering fit for an evening event. This lux chiffon full-length sleeveless dress hugs curves with a shirred detail skirt front and back. Enjoy a draped V-neck front and an elegant flowing skirt.
As this item is a pre-order and takes 12 weeks to deliver, it is non-refundable. Please plan accordingly.
Please view the Dessy Size chart here
There are no reviews yet.Leave a Review


text:
porcini steak with mushroom camargue rice
It's an idea that's bubbled around my head for ages so when I saw this recipe for porcini mushroom rump on Michelle's site that was the kick I needed to follow it through. And it was everything I imagined. The concentration of dried porcini in beef provides an umami kick that's hard to beat. Combined with nutty, stock-infused rice this is a real treat.
Porcini steak with mushroom camargue rice (serves 2):
Handful of dried porcini mushrooms
Couple of sprigs of thyme leaves
½ an anchovy
2 x 300g rib-eye steaks
200g Camargue red rice
500ml beef stock
10 chestnut mushrooms, sliced
1 onion, sliced
1 clove of garlic, crushed
½ a lemon
- Put the porcini and thyme in a food processor and chop it until it's as fine as you can get it. Add the anchovy and some black pepper and blitz a little more. Rub all over the steaks with a splash of olive oil and leave to marinate for a couple of hours or as long as you've got.
- Get the beef stock on to boil and add the rice. Simmer for 30 minutes until the rice is tender.
- 15 minutes before the rice is ready, sweat the sliced mushrooms and onion in a frying pan with a little oil. Toss occasionally until these are tender, then add the garlic.
- To cook the steak, brush off any loose rub ingredients while you get a griddle pan reallllly hot. When it's smokin', lay the steak on and cook for a couple of minutes on each side. Make sure you rest the steaks well for beautiful texture.
- While the steak rests drain the rice and toss together with the mushrooms and onions. Add a blast of lemon juice to lift it up.
- Add a sprinkle of smoked sea salt and a dash of extra virgin olive oil to the steak and serve with the rice.


text:
A nine-year-old boy was hit by a car in Eastbourne town centre at the weekend.
Police said that at 3.23pm on Sunday May 22 a blue Ford Focus car, driven by a 62-year-old man from Eastbourne, and the young pedestrian on foot were in collision in Grove Road.
The boy, from Ewell, Surrey, suffered slight injuries and was treated at the Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton.
He was not detained. The car driver was unhurt.
Officers say the collision occurred after the boy had got out of a car to post a letter.
Don't miss out on all the latest breaking news where you live.
Here are four ways you can be sure you'll be amongst the first to know what's going on.
1) Make our website your homepage at www.eastbourneherald.co.uk/
2) Like our Facebook page at Text to display
3) Follow us on Twitter @Eastbournenews
4) Register with us by clicking on 'sign in' (top right corner). You can then receive our daily newsletter AND add your point of view to stories that you read here.
And do share with your family and friends - so they don't miss out!
The Eastbourne Herald - always the first with your local news.
Be part of it.


text:
Featured pages
Rotary Carshalton Park - welcome! Please scroll/swipe down through this page to find out more about us, in addition to the pages linked in the menu, top-left.
Top of the Form
Nonsuch Primary School wins the Final match of the 2019 Sutton Schools "Top of the Form" TOTF is a competition for local primary school children. This quiz is based on the popular radio and later television series first aired during the 1950's and 60'details
Easter Egg Hunt Carshalton Park
Good Friday - April 19th 2019 10:00am to 1:pm For families with young children. Includes Easter Bonnet Parade (Kids and Adults!) All proceeds go to local charities.details
About us
The Rotary Club of Carshalton Park is a group of individuals enjoying working together in a worldwide organisation to make a positive difference in the community; locally, nationally and internationally.
We work with other community leaders to create and deliver community projects and raise money to facilitate them.
Rotary News
Be part of a global network of volunteers, trying to make the world a better place. Please also see the 'links & news' page for information from the local district and live feeds from Rotary International and Rotary International in GB&I.
Family Rotary club use skills to kick-start local charities
Rotary members unite to tackle world hunger
Meetings & Venue
Where and when:
The Oaks Golf Club, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton SM5 4AN 07925 213952


text:
Getting Connected
Many organizations on campus support students interested in pursuing law or related fields. Please see the list below for a few representative examples:
- Black Pre-Law Society: The Black Pre-Law Society's (BPLS) purpose is to assist Black students in their preparation for legal careers and to provide valuable educational and social services to the Black community as a whole. Please contact the Black Community Cultural Center (https://bcsc.stanford.edu/) for an updated list of contacts.
- Derechos: http://derechos.stanford.edu/
- Environmental Law Society: https://law.stanford.edu/environmental-law-society-els/
- Haas Public Service Center: Opportunities for public service across disciplines, fellowships, and more. https://haas.stanford.edu/
- Stanford Debate Society: https://debate.stanford.edu/
- Stanford in Government: https://sig.stanford.edu/
- Stanford Mock Trial: http://mocktrial.stanford.edu/about/
- Stanford Pre-law Society: http://web.stanford.edu/group/SPLS/
Law Programming
Upcoming Pre-Law Programs this Quarter
Helpful Links
The links below cover a multitude of resources that previous Stanford students have reported helpful.
Law School Transparency
Our mission rests on the three pillars of our theory of action: reform, information, and accountability. We develop legal education policy ideas, shape the national debate of these ideas, and challenge law schools, state bar associations, and the American Bar Association to change business as usual.
Employment Information, by School
American Bar Association, Report on Legal Jobs
ABA Report disclosures
Official Guide to ABA Approved Law Schools
Boston College Law School Locator 2016-2017
National Association for Law Placement (NALP)
- Law School Directory: http://www.nalplawschoolsonline.org/
- Pre-law portal: http://www.nalp.org/prelaw_portal
- NAPLA/SAPLA Book of Lists: https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/offices/careers/pdf/Law%20School/2015-2016-NAPLASAPLA-Book-of-Lists.pdf
NAPLA SAPLA Book of Law School Lists
Online publication that lists law school academic programs, clinical programs, scholarships, admission policies, and other information. Individual schools should be contacted for more information.


text:
AWS CEO Andy Jassy talks about new features in Amazon's cloud, responds to moves from rivals, and gives an assessment of how far the industry has to go in the cloud era. CNBC's Jon Fortt brings you closer to the entrepreneurs and executives who are crafting the future in technology and beyond.
Fortt Knox is a weekly podcast from CNBC anchor Jon Fortt. Previous episodes of the program can be found here.


text:
ARM mbed is the chipmaker's development platform for the Internet of Things. Released last year, it includes a free operating system that can be embedded in devices, a server framework for handling device connections, and a set of tools for software devices.
It's all tailored to ARM's Cortex-M line of microcontroller chips, which put an emphasis on minimizing power consumption and wireless connectivity, and have become popular in smartwatches and wearables.
Running on that foundation, the mbed OS provides features like a diverse wireless protocol stack (including Bluetooth low energy, cellular, ethernet, Thread, WiFi, Zigbee, and 6LoWPAN), end-to-end security, and support for open standards. Developers can write apps for mbed OS using C++, using both command-line and web-based development tools.
Mbed Device Server manages connections between multiple devices, and between devices and apps or cloud services. It supports a wide variety of open-source protocols for transmitting data, and provides a Rest API to make that data accessible to the rest of the Internet.
ARM is leveraging a large developer community and well-connected partner network to build support for mbed. The ecosystem includes giants from across the worlds of embedded computing and cloud services like IBM, Ericsson, Atmel, Freescale, Telefonica and Salesforce.
A full 3.0 release of the platform is expected at ARM's Techcon in October of this year.
Learn more at mbed.org, on their developer site or in the video below.
Related: IoT Software Guide,Mbed Starter Kit, IPSO Smart Objects


text:
MINNEAPOLIS - Whatever it takes. In March that's all that counts.
Michigan State had to reinvent itself Sunday to keep its season alive. Defenders turned into scorers. Three-point specialists became rebounders. The guy who always misses the big free throws made them.
The Spartans needed all of that to get past 10th-seeded Southern Cal, 74-69, in a Midwest Regional second-round game at the Metrodome. Second-seeded Michigan State (28-6) will face No. 3 Kansas in a regional semifinal game Friday in Indianapolis.
During the 40 hours of intensive game-planning to face the Trojans, Spartans coach Tom Izzo told his team to learn from the performance of Memphis' Roburt Sallie in the Tigers' first-round win over Cal State-Northridge. Sallie was averaging 4.5 points, but poured in 35 to foil an upset bid.
"Someone has to step up and do things people didn't think they were capable of," he said. The Spartans took the cue.
Travis Walton, MSU's defensive stopper, scored a career-high 18 points. Durrell Summers, one of the Spartans' biggest 3-point threats, hauled in a career-best eight rebounds. And Draymond Green, a 61% free throw shooter with a rep for missing in the clutch, made four of six from the line in the last six minutes.
In a taut game that had 16 ties and 14 lead changes, Walton put the Spartans ahead for good 71-69 on a jumper off a feed from Kalin Lucas with 3:39 to play. At that point, MSU already had ratcheted up its defense a notch and it would hold Southern Cal (22-13) without a basket for the final 4:36. USC coach Tim Floyd called Walton's play "a real surprise."
"(Walton) caught us off guard," said Dwight Lewis, who led USC with 19 points. "He's a great defender. He's quick . . . and can get to the basket. We didn't think he could hit 17-foot jump shots like he did."
Neither did Walton, a senior and one of the few Spartan recruits of this decade yet to play in a Final Four. Walton missed two of his first three shots and then was surprised to hear Lucas imploring him to shoot more. "He was getting wide open," Lucas said. "When I would create, he'd be wide open . . . so I told him to keep putting them up."
"I was shocked he made some of those shots," Izzo said.
Summers had 11 points and Devlon Roe and Lucas 10 each for MSU. DeMar Rozen had 18 points for Southern Cal.
USC (22-13) was badly hampered when Brooklyn product Taj Gibson got into foul trouble early in the second half. The junior center, who went 10-for-10 in a 24-point performance in Friday's first-round win over Boston College, was limited to 23 minutes and scored three points before fouling out with 5:28 to play.
"He's a playmaker and we could no longer play through the inside," Floyd said.
With the score still 71-69, Daniel Hackett stole a crosscourt pass and had a clear path to a layup and a tie score, but lost the handle and turned it over. Goran Suton made a pair of free throws at the other end for a four-point lead with 1:19 left. Hackett and Lewis both missed 3-pointers on the ensuing possession and Hackett missed a baseline drive with 14 seconds left and the margin still four. Green was fouled and made one of two free throws to ice it.
"They played great defense," Floyd said. "They're one of the best."


text:
We met Stephanie and Adam a few years ago and knew this day was coming...and it finally happened!
Their wedding was a blast to shoot. They had a live funk band at the reception and I think this was the first time I danced while shooting. It was an awesome party and end to a perfect day.
Stephanie and Adam, you are an awesome couple, and we wish you both the best!
- BeccaRead More


text:
CupcakKe! w/ Angela Petriello
Main Topic
We explore rapper Cupcakke's sexually charged songs, staunch feminism, queer ally-ship and lyrical genius.
Catching Up
Juju is getting used to transformations at his day job, Phil is still sick while contemplating self-destructive voices in his head, and Johnny is training for a marathon while eating way too much candy.
Queer Artist Spotlight:
"Glow" by Bitch
Guest: Angela Petriello
Juju takes our Resident Friend Angela Petriello through a whiplash maze of questions exploring her love for Janelle Monae, Beyonce's witchcraft, and Aretha Franklin's legacy.
NURSE DOM! HELP! (Pop News)
Kehlani calls out ignorant fools criticizing her queer pregnancy, Taylor Swift somehow surpasses Kanye West in the land of being woke, and Adam Lambert prepares for a live TV tribute to "Wicked" the musical. Spooky Ooky!
Queer Artist Spotlight:


text:
Hallelujah Diet Overview
The Hallelujah Diet is a diet plan (book) consisting of meal recipes, food you should and should not eat, and other guidelines that will help you stay fit and healthy. Its foundation came from a Biblical passage from the book of Genesis. The passage is all about eating God's gift to mankind—fruit-bearing trees, herbs, and all edible plants.
From this alone, we can conclude that this program is a vegan diet. It encourages you to eat more organic food and avoid meat and processed food. Likewise, it inspires you to do regular exercise, enjoy the health benefits of sunlight and fresh air, and drink lots of pure and clean water.
As you go on reading it, it'll also teach you how to get rid of things that cause stress and emotional imbalance. There are sections that would tell you the importance of getting enough sleep and rest. It also has pages that will tell you how to set your goals and priorities right, make choices, and achieve success.
Hallelujah Diet Manufacturer
Originally, this diet plan was designed by Rev. George Malkmus and his wife in 1992. Rev. Malkmus was diagnosed with cancer back then, which inspired him and his spouse to change their way of living. After eating only plant-based food and surviving cancer, Rev. Malkmus was inspired to write a book that is now "The Hallelujah Diet."
The manufacturer of this book and its programs are called The Hallelujah Diet. Their CEO is Rev. Malkmus' son, Paul Malkmus. According to him, their diet plan is a "transformational journey that will change your life."
For questions and comments about the product, you can use the contact form on their website to send them a message. If you prefer contacting them via phone or ordinary mail, you can check their website too to see the contact information. They have several offices in the US and in other countries.
What's The Best Alternative To Hallelujah Diet?
Considering the details we found about Hallelujah Diet and its possible side effects, we would say it's not the best one out there. After checking many other competitor products, we found a better and really effective diet plan. Check out its detailed review HERE.
Who Should Use Hallelujah Diet?
The manufacturer says that this diet plan is for anyone who wants to stay fit and healthy. However, medical experts believe otherwise. According to them, it is probably most beneficial only to vegans and vegetarians.
Recent reports also say that the diet plan might not be helpful to those who do regular exercises. Since it discourages the consumption of meat and other food rich in protein, it might make you weaker than normal. Remember too that meat is a rich source of protein. Taking it out from a diet makes protein intake insufficient.
What Makes Hallelujah Diet Work?
Hallelujah Diet focuses its benefits at the cellular level. When your cells are nutrient-deficient, you become prone to acquiring diseases because your immune system weakens. Likewise, such deficiency causes your energy levels to drop down and make you fatigued.
The manufacturer believes that processed, refined, and other unhealthy foods weaken your cells. Hence, to restore and preserve your cellular health, you need to eat plant-based food. According to them, this shall restore the body's ability to heal itself.
Fruits and vegetables provide the body with lots of vitamins and minerals as well as antioxidants. Because of these nutrients, your body is able to fight possible illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
This diet ensures that you only eat fresh and plant-based food, consisting of raw fruits and vegetables. They also have supplements and support systems to compensate for the other nutrients that plant-based food doesn't have.
Hallelujah Diet Side Effects
If you'll notice, the diet contains no protein and calories. Medical experts believe that this is actually harmful as the body also needs protein to function well. When you only eat fruits and vegetables, you might experience health problems such as:
- being underweight
- low energy levels
- indigestion
- sugar imbalance
There are also research studies saying that eating only fruits and vegetables may cause a lot of mineral-deficiency. These minerals include calcium, B vitamins, selenium, biotin, and zinc.
Since this diet is also protein and calorie restrictive, it might slow down your body's metabolism process. There is also a chance that it will increase your cravings, weaken your muscles, and suppress your immune system.
Hallelujah Diet Dosage and Instructions
For this diet to work, you need to eat 85% raw food and 15% cooked plant-based food. Here are some tips on what food to eat:
Raw/Living Food
- vegetables, beans, peas
- banana milk and almond milk
- raw nuts and seeds (in moderation only)
- vegetable juices
- whole grains
- fresh herbs and seasonings
- 15% consumption of fresh or dried fruit
Cooked Plant-Based Food
- steamed/sautéed vegetables
- cereals, bread, pasta (whole grain)
- cooked beans and stewed fruit
- vegan soups (home-cooked)
- herbal teas
- cheese and milk (non-dairy)
Hallelujah Diet also strongly recommends avoiding the following:
- meat, fish, and dairy products
- processed food (canned goods, refined grains, etc.)
- salted and roasted nuts/seeds
- alcohol, coffee, powdered tea and juice, soft drinks, cocoa
If you're going to read the book, it will provide you with a complete list of the food you need to eat and avoid. It also has recipes and meal plans, plus tips and guidelines on how to implement the program.
Best Places to Buy Hallelujah Diet
The Hallelujah Diet is available through the manufacturer's official website. You have the option to buy either the book alone, without the supplements or vice versa.
The product is also available on some online retailers like Amazon.
Latest Hallelujah Diet Reviews
There are many Hallelujah Diet reviews available online, particularly the book. There are only limited ones with respect to its supplements.
Most of the customers praised the product for being effective. They said that they really felt great and healthy after following the diet plan.
However, there are also customers who didn't like the way the product worked for them. According to them, following the diet plan kind of made them weak and sick. Some even complained of having stomach pains and other side effects.
Others also mentioned that the book isn't informative and comprehensive enough. They said it didn't meet their expectations.
Is Hallelujah Diet Legit Or A Scam? Conclusion…
Hallelujah Diet seems to be legit. It has many positive reviews, and its manufacturer looks credible and reputable enough. It's also quite impressive that they have supplements to compensate for the nutrients that fruits and vegetables do not have.
However, it seems like a lot of medical experts, nutritionists, and even customers do not approve of the diet's principles. They agree that fruits and vegetables are good for the body, but they said that you need protein and calories as well to be able to function properly. Proteins, after all, are the building blocks of cells. Calories are needed for energy. This is accurate enough as there is various research that could back up this claim.
In our opinion, Hallelujah Diet can be effective if you're trying to detoxify. However, if you're trying to be fit and healthy, it might be a better option resorting to diet plans that provide all the nutrients that your body needs.
You may still want to avail of this program. However, we highly recommend consulting a doctor or dietitian first before starting it.


text:
A group of involved parents, students, and teachers met at the Collége des Savoirs school to allow the teachers to show the parents what has been going on at the school during the past few months. These parents, students, and teachers have given their group the nickname of "Noyau" to symbolize their commitment with the school, that includes their frequent assistance with the Students' Learning Gardens and their dedicated participation in parent-teacher meetings. This meeting began with the Garden Supervisor showing the group the progress in the composter. They talked about how in the near future, more waste is going to be added to one compartment and the old waste will be transferred to a second compartment to continue decomposing.
After this, parents were invited to sit in on a lesson about decimals, fractions, and percentages. This lesson was taught using grids drawn in the sand to represent the sale of vegetables. For example, 100 Congolese francs represents the 100 squares drawn in the sand. After this, students and parents engaged in an activity that made the students ask ten yes/no questions to various people and present their findings using fractions, decimals, and percentages. At the end of the lesson, the students and parents were split into two teams and by only using gestures given by their team, one member of each team had to guess a word the teacher had written on the board behind them. The students really enjoyed this game.
After this lesson, the Noyau worked together to harvest a portion of the garden and collaborate on how to use the garden in the near future. Since the dry season is approaching for the DRC, a suggestion was made to plant tomatoes, spikes, spinach, sorrel and amaranths, as these plants grow better during the dry season than other crops.
The involvement of the parents with the school helps improve the quality of education that the students are receiving. The teachers are constantly learning about new teaching methods for the Teacher Learning Circles that impress the parents and improve their work with their students. With the introduction of the raised planting beds, students are more involved with their school and learning many ways to improve their future.


text:
I'm so glad December is over. It was an emotionally exhausting month for me and I hated every single day of it. But it's over... When I got up on the morning of January 1st it was like a huge weight had been lifted off me. I'm ready to participate in life once again.
I'm starting this year just like I did last year- with an online class at Sketchbook Skool. It's going to be even more fun this year because a couple of my Twitter friends, Jane and Mary, are joining me in the Expressing Class. If any of you reading this decide to take this class with us, give me a holler so I can look for you in class. Don't worry if you aren't a great sketcher as I am only mediocre at best. But if I only did things I was good at all I'd do is sit on the beach, watch TV, eat and sculpt. That's extent of my skills.
The classes I took last year were Beginning, Storytelling and Playing. I was a bit intimidated as I started the first class but soon was having too much fun. There were some very talented artists in the class but many were inexperienced people just like me who just wanted to learn and do something new. I had only used acrylic paints before so watercolor was a brand new medium for me.
Although the instructors will tell you all you need for the class is a sketchbook and pen, it's a lot more fun if you have some of the other supplies they teach you to use. I would recommend having:
Sketchbook- I love the wire bound Strathmore Watercolor 140 lb. Visual Journal. The Dick Blick prices are much cheaper than Michael's. I do so much erasing and layers of water colors that the 140 holds up the best for me.
Mechanical pencil- I use a cheap Papermate .7 that I picked up at Target.
Eraser- Some of artists teaching at Sketchbook Skool recommend always sketching with a pen. That didn't work for me as I was so afraid of screwing up that I was paralyzed and afraid to start. I'm much bolder with a pencil and the knowledge that I could erase if I didn't like what I sketched.
Basic set of watercolors- I use a 24 color set of Sakura Koi Watercolors
Brushes- I use the same brushes I already had for acrylics. I recently invested in some Ninji water brushes that I really like.
Gouache- I use a cheap 24 set of Reeves.
Waterproof pens- I like the Sakura Micron and Copic pens. I find I use the black and sepia the most.
These basic supplies will fill all your needs for the SBS classes and they will last a long time. Here's to creating 2016 in our own individual way- hope I see you all in class!


text:
6'8" Trimcraft Surfboards Burner 2+1 - Abstract
sold out
6'8" Trimcraft Surfboards Burner 2+1 - Abstract
A shortboard for those of us who don't 'shortboard'.An extremely versatile board for travel and daily driver use – the Burner has found loving homes under the feet of slop-surfing weekend warriors and globe-trotting barrel hunters alike.A slightly forward wide-point gives you tons of flow and glide, but the modernized rocker curve and foil produce a positive, responsive and forgiving experience.Designed by Ryan Lovelace, this is one of the most popular boards in our line around the world.
We ship world wide. Contact us for a shipping quote.
Add To Cart
Length: 6'8"
Width: 20 1/2"
Thickness: 2 3/4"


text: Like all WWE games, 2K14 uses the Yukes engine commonly called the "Smackdown" engine, since it's been used now dating back to the Smackdown! series on PS2. However, while it was a fun series at a time (Here Comes the Pain!), it's been pure garbage for a while. The latest jumps so far off of the quality-cliff, that as I write this, it's developer is jobless. There may be justice in this world!


text:
Tue, 27 December 2016
Joining me on episode 72 of One Happy Podcast is a guest who has been visiting Aruba for 8 years, Kellie Shackleton. She first discovered Aruba thanks to a timeshare presentation in Florida. This led to Kellie discovering her ideal timeshare property, La Cabana. She can usually be found traveling with a group of friends to the island a couple of times each year. Thankfully I was able to catch up with Kellie in between visits to Aruba. She was just on the island about a month ago and will be returning very shortly.
This episode of One Happy Podcast is all about how a group of girls spends their time on One Happy Island. Kellie is nice enough to show us La Cabana through her eyes and also educate us on how Blue-Green timeshares work. Over the course of this interview, we also talk about various experiences, restaurants, and activities Kellie and her friends have enjoyed on Aruba.
On This Episode of One Happy Podcast you will:
Restaurants and Properties mentioned this episod
Links and Resources Mentioned on this episode of the show:
Direct download: EP72_-_Exploring_LaCabana_with_Kellie_Shackleton.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 3:00am EDT
Thu, 8 December 2016
For some of you episode 71.5 of One Happy Podcast will be familiar as it is a remix of the Thanksgiving episode. Since that particular episode of the show was so time sensitive I decided to cut out the part that was no longer relevant and repost. The reason for this is because Aruba Ray's Comedy show is still happening over at the Aruba Marriott Stellaris and it is absolutely amazing.
I've been to this comedy show probably 6-8 times and each time is funnier than the last. What I didn't want to happen is even one person missing out on getting this information. Prior to going to my first comedy show I honestly didn't think I wanted to take time out of Aruba to sit inside a comedy club. After I took that chance the first time, I will never miss a show. To this day we still laugh about some of the jokes we heard at that very first show.
A few times each year, Ray brings down some of his fellow comedians from New York City and they recreate a comedy club down on the island. The intimate venue seats maybe 100 patrons or so and each night there are 3 or 4 comedians featured. Listen to the episode to hear about the show directly from Aruba Ray Ellin and then head on over to Arubacomedy.com to check out the lineups for a particular night and to purchase tickets.
Aruba Ray's Comedy Lineup:
Visit Arubacomedy.com for all the information
Links and Resources Mentioned this episode of the show:
Direct download: EP71_and_a_half_-_Closing_out_the_year_with_Aruba_Rays_Comedy.mp3
Category:general -- posted at: 11:29pm EDT


text:
Helena Escalante on Transcreating EntreGurus.com and Writing for the Ear
Play the Episode
If you can't see the player above, click here to listen.
Subscribe to Feisworld Podcast with just one click! New episodes are released every Thursday anywhere you get your podcast.
About Our Guest
Helena Escalante and I met through Seth Godin's altMBA in early 2017. We spent just about a month together working on various projects and "ship it" constantly. As one of the ideas that came out of altMBA, Helena started her blog, Entre Gurus, attracts thousands of readers daily from around the world.
Helena is a fireball, full of energy. You can't help feeling upbeat, life is good when you are around her. After altMBA, we kept in touch with Gustavo Serafini's (also a guest on Feisworld) weekly Mastermind Group, when Helena more fully unveiled her potential and helpful nature as a colleague and a friend.
To learn more about and from Helena, check out her daily blog: https://entregurus.com/
To discover what Helena means by "writing for the ear", check out this resource here.
Show Notes:
[08:00] You mention that a podcast is likely going to be part of EntreGurus as well. Since the content is in both English and Spanish, are there going to be different podcasts or the same?
[10:00] How do you feel about translations? How can you express the same emotion in one language and the other?
[11:00] What are some of the things you have learned that you wish you knew before, now that you started with this podcasting journey.
[13:00] How do you "write for the ears"? What are some of your examples?
[16:00] Are you planning on writing for your podcast, and recorder it afterwards? Or would you prefer having a list of bullets and improvise a little bit.
[18:00] What are brain writing and brain mapping?
[25:00] Can you share with us your origin story? Where did you grow up and when did you move to the US?
[26:00] How old where you at the time you were helping your parents with their business? What did you do to help them?
[28:00] Do you think your parents influenced what you do today, your interests and your love for knowledge?
[29:00] Was your path unusual for a Mexico City-based family?
[30:00] How did it make you feel when you were young that your parents had such different activities and ways of living compared to other Mexican families?
[33:00] What brought you to the US?
[36:00] When did you start your own business and why did you choose to do that?
[37:00] What are some of the services your business provides?
[40:00] What is your experience hiring a contractor for a task? What lessons did you learn and what do you look for?
[45:00] How did you decide to become an entrepreneur? Why did you join altMBA?
[59:00] How do people find you and connect with you?
Discover your true potential through REAL stories of
One story, delivered to your inbox, every week.
Favorite Quotes
[10:00] One of the things that I love is this term called 'transcreation': you are not just translating, you are taking a little bit of freedom of changing the message to where it really resonates but without taking anything away from the essence. It's really that act of transcreation that you are putting together when you go from one language to another.
[13:00] I have come to believe that one of the best things you could do is not sound canned. Also, it is very different to write for an audience that it's going to be reading, versus an audience that is going to be listening. You have to write 'for the ear'.
[16:00] We all have this 'reading' detector. You know who is reading and who is not, so you want to give them what they want, which is that connection with you.
[32:00] There were times in which I wish I didn't work because something was happening. But overall I really enjoyed the work, and also, I really enjoyed meeting foreign people and showing them Mexico. That part of becoming some sort of an Ambassador to my country I love and cherish.
[36:00] My professional life when I was an employee was always focused on marketing, advertising, public relations, international relations, and trade. I always saw each of those as a separate one, until I got this lightning moment that put all of those together. That moment connected all those dots and I said 'Yes, I can do that'.


text:
Handguns For Concealed Carry, Protection And Self-Defense, In Vermont
The debate in Vermont and elsewhere in the country about the 2nd amendment is one that will go one for many years to come, and regardless of which side of the debate you are on there are some simple and undeniable facts, the world has changed, there are evil people and organizations in the world and even in our county.
Every citizen in Vermont one must be prepared for all possible contingencies, and we at US Precision Defense firmly believe that a responsibly and legally armed citizen is a safe citizen. One of the single best forms of self-defense protection that can be carried concealed on one's person is in fact a Handgun; it can stop a violent attack like no other weapon.
Whether in Vermont, or really anywhere in the country and if confronted by a violent criminal or some mentally deranged evil person a Handgun in the hands of someone that is trained and prepared for an armed encounter has the ability to stop that evil, quickly and decisively.
In Vermont or anywhere US Precision Defense can help you become a responsible, confident Handgun owner that is ready to defend themselves and their family, anywhere they happen to be.
The Vermont state constitution states: "That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the State as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to and governed by the civil power."
The Vermont state constitution dates back before the US Constitution and the bill of rights.
The term "Vermont Carry" is widely used by gun rights advocates to refer to allowing citizens to carry a firearm concealed or openly without any kind of permit requirement, however this term is being replaced by the more generic or politically correct term of "Constitutional Carry". Vermont law does not distinguish between residents and non-residents of the state; both have the same right to carry while in Vermont.
The "Unrestricted & No Issue" classification means that the state of Vermont does not require or even issue Concealed Carry permits (CCW) to its residents for concealed carry in the state.
While this means any Vermont resident can carry concealed inside the state's boundaries without a permit, it also means a Vermont resident cannot carry concealed in other states that allow non-resident concealed carry since they do not possess a physical concealed carry permit. A way to avoid this situation is to obtain a concealed carry permit from a state that grants permits to non-residents and use that permit for out-of-state concealed carry. Florida and Utah are popular options for this method due to the ease of approval and these states have reciprocal agreements with a large amount of states.
Vermont is one of only three states in America that allows anyone to carry concealed weapons without a permit. The other two states are Alaska and Arizona. Additionally, Vermont is one of few states in the nation that allow citizens younger than the age of 21 to carry. In Vermont, anyone age 16 or older can carry handguns openly or concealed. For youths under the age of 16, parental consent is needed before a handgun can be carried.
Currently Vermont recognizes the CCW permits of 47 other states. US Precision Defense maintains a database of all U.S. handgun laws of all 50 states including all reciprocity agreements, and is available to the public. Gun Laws can be found on our Home page, Reciprocity maps.
Vermont already boasts a high rate of gun ownership along with the least restrictive laws of any state in the county. Vermont is currently only one of three states that allow a citizen to carry a concealed firearm without a permit. This combination of plenty of guns and few laws regulating them has resulted in a crime rate that is the THIRD lowest in the nation!
Recently Florida who now has over 1 million CCW permits issued released their newest crime statistics, they had a 26% drop in violent crimes. This punches some holes in Bloomberg's theories and those of the current Obama administration. These facts drive gun control zealots crazy. The proof is in the math.
The right to hunt is enshrined in the Vermont Constitution; the state is often considered the most liberal in the country yet surprisingly has no state gun control laws. A 2001 study found that 42 percent of Vermont homes had firearms, above the national average of 31.7 percent. Yet the state's rate of homicide by firearms is so low the numbers don't register in statistics kept by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The nationwide cry for gun control by the liberal media in the wake of recent mass shootings and in the course of the failed effort to pass tougher gun laws in Congress has been heard in Vermont. But it hasn't taken hold, and for good reason. Vermont is proof that guns have a positive social value. In a quote by the Governor; "The fact is Vermonters don't own weapons to kill and maim other human beings. They own weapons to manage our natural resources and to carry on hunting traditions that are the glue to our family units and the glue to our communities."
In Vermont the following statement was posed to the public; "Outside of criminology circles, relatively few people can reasonably estimate how often people use guns to fend off criminal attacks. If policymakers are truly interested in harm reduction, they should pause to consider how many crimes, murders, rapes, assaults, robberies— are thwarted each year by ordinary persons with guns. The estimates of defensive gun use range between the tens of thousands to as high as two million each year."
Keep up on the latest politics in regards to our 2nd amendment right as a member of US Precision Defense.