text:
Combined cycle power plant
The classical Carnot heat engine
In electric power generation a combined cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy to drive electrical generators. The principle is that after completing its cycle (in the first engine), the temperature of the working fluid in the system is still high enough that a second subsequent heat engine extracts energy from the heat that the first engine produced. By generating electricity from multiple streams of work, the overall net efficiency of the system may be increased by 50–60%. That is, from an overall efficiency of say 34% (simple cycle), to possibly an overall efficiency of 62% (combined cycle), 84% of theoretical efficiency (Carnot cycle)
This can be done because heat engines are only able to use a portion of the energy their fuel generates (usually less than 50%). In an ordinary (non-combined cycle) heat engine the remaining heat (i.e., hot exhaust gas) from combustion is wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see below) thermal efficiency of around 62% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35–42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type. Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common. CCGT plants have advantages in that the first gas turbine cycle can often be brought online very quickly which gives immediate power, obviating the need for separate expensive peaker plants, and over time the second cycle will start which will improve fuel efficiency and provide further power.
In November 2013, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE assessed the levelised generation costs for newly built power plants in the German electricity sector. They gave costs of between 78 and 100 €/MWh for CCGT plants powered by natural gas.[1] In addition the capital costs of combined cycle power is relatively low, at around $1000/kW, making it one of the cheapest types of generation to install.[2]
- 1 Basic combined cycle
- 2 Design principles
- 3 Fuel for combined cycle power plants
- 4 Configuration
- 5 Efficiency of CCGT plants
- 6 Natural gas integrated power and syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle
- 7 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
- 8 Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)
- 9 Bottoming cycles
- 10 Historical cycles
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Basic combined cycle[edit]
The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the other is Rankine cycle which is a steam turbine cycle.[3] The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the gas turbine power plant cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.
The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cycle takes place at a low temperature and is known as the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes place by a waste heat recovery boiler in the bottoming cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases in the gas turbine reject heat. The feed water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d.
Steam generators[edit]
The steam power plant gets its input heat from the high temperature exhaust gases from gas turbine power plant.[3] The steam generated thus can be used to drive steam turbine. The Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB) has 3 sections: Economiser, evaporator and superheater.
Design principles[edit]
The efficiency of a heat engine, the fraction of input heat energy that can be converted to useful work, is limited by the temperature difference between the heat entering the engine and the exhaust heat leaving the engine.
In a thermal power station, water is the working medium. High pressure steam requires strong, bulky components. High temperatures require expensive alloys made from nickel or cobalt, rather than inexpensive steel. These alloys limit practical steam temperatures to 655 °C while the lower temperature of a steam plant is fixed by the temperature of the cooling water. With these limits, a steam plant has a fixed upper efficiency of 35–42%.
An open circuit gas turbine cycle has a compressor, a combustor and a turbine. For gas turbines the amount of metal that must withstand the high temperatures and pressures is small, and lower quantities of expensive materials can be used. In this type of cycle, the input temperature to the turbine (the firing temperature), is relatively high (900 to 1,400 °C). The output temperature of the flue gas is also high (450 to 650 °C). This is therefore high enough to provide heat for a second cycle which uses steam as the working fluid (a Rankine cycle).
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This temperature can be as low as 15 °C.
Typical size of CCGT plants[edit]
Plant size is important in the cost of the plant. The larger plant sizes benefit from economies of scale (lower initial cost per kilowatt) and improved efficiency.
For large-scale power generation, a typical set would be a 270 MW primary gas turbine coupled to a 130 MW secondary steam turbine, giving a total output of 400 MW. A typical power station might consist of between 1 and 6 such sets.
Gas turbines for large-scale power generation are manufactured by at least four separate groups – General Electric, Siemens, Mitsubishi-Hitachi, and Ansaldo Energia. These groups are also developing, testing and/or marketing gas turbine sizes in excess of 300 MW (for 60 Hz applications) and 400 MW (for 50 Hz applications). Combined cycle units are made up of one or more such gas turbines, each with a waste heat steam generator arranged to supply steam to a single or multiple steam turbines, thus forming a combined cycle block or unit. Combined cycle block sizes offered by three major manufacturers (Alstom, General Electric and Siemens) can range anywhere from 50 MW to well over 1300 MW with costs approaching $670/kW.[4]
Unfired boiler[edit]
The heat recovery boiler is item 5 in the COGAS figure shown above. Hot gas turbine exhaust enters the super heater, then passes through the evaporator and finally through the economiser section as it flows out from the boiler. Feed water comes in through the economizer and then exits after having attained saturation temp in the water or steam circuit. Finally it flows through the evaporator and super heater. If the temperature of the gases entering the heat recovery boiler is higher, then the temperature of the exiting gases is also high.[3]
Dual pressure boiler[edit]
In order to remove the maximum amount of heat from the gasses exiting the high temperature cycle, a dual pressure boiler is often employed.[3] It has two water/steam drums. The low-pressure drum is connected to the low-pressure economizer or evaporator. The low-pressure steam is generated in the low temperature zone of the turbine exhaust gasses. The low-pressure steam is supplied to the low-temperature turbine. A super heater can be provided in the low-pressure circuit.
Some part of the feed water from the low-pressure zone is transferred to the high-pressure economizer by a booster pump. This economizer heats up the water to its saturation temperature. This saturated water goes through the high-temperature zone of the boiler and is supplied to the high-pressure turbine.
Supplementary firing[edit]
Supplementary firing may be used in combined cycles (in the HRSG) raising exhaust temperatures from 600 °C (GT exhaust) to 800 or even 1000 °C. Using supplemental firing will however not raise the combined cycle efficiency for most combined cycles. For single boilers it may raise the efficiency if fired to 700–750 °C; for multiple boilers however, supplemental firing is often used to improve peak power production of the unit, or to enable higher steam production to compensate for failure of a second unit.
Maximum supplementary firing refers to the maximum fuel that can be fired with the oxygen available in the gas turbine exhaust. The steam cycle is conventional with reheat and regeneration. Hot gas turbine exhaust is used as the combustion air. Regenerative air preheater is not required. A fresh air fan which makes it possible to operate the steam plant even when the gas turbine is not in operation, increases the availability of the unit.
The use of large supplementary firing in Combined Cycle Systems with high gas turbine inlet temperatures causes the efficiency to drop. For this reason the Combined Cycle Plants with maximum supplementary firing are only of minimal importance today, in comparison to simple Combined Cycle installations. However, they have two advantages that is a) coal can be burned in the steam generator as the supplementary fuel, b) has very good part load efficiency.
The HRSG can be designed with supplementary firing of fuel after the gas turbine in order to increase the quantity or temperature of the steam generated. Without supplementary firing, the efficiency of the combined cycle power plant is higher, but supplementary firing lets the plant respond to fluctuations of electrical load. Supplementary burners are also called duct burners.
More fuel is sometimes added to the turbine's exhaust. This is possible because the turbine exhaust gas (flue gas) still contains some oxygen. Temperature limits at the gas turbine inlet force the turbine to use excess air, above the optimal stoichiometric ratio to burn the fuel. Often in gas turbine designs part of the compressed air flow bypasses the burner and is used to cool the turbine blades.
Supplementary firing raises the temperature of the exhaust gas from 800 to 900 degree Celsius. Relatively high flue gas temperature raises the condition of steam (84 bar, 525 degree Celsius) thereby improving the efficiency of steam cycle.
Fuel for combined cycle power plants[edit]
Combined cycle plants are usually powered by natural gas, although fuel oil, synthesis gas or other fuels can be used. The supplementary fuel may be natural gas, fuel oil, or coal. Biofuels can also be used. Integrated solar combined cycle power stations combine the energy harvested from solar radiation with another fuel to cut fuel costs and environmental impact (look ISCC section). Next generation nuclear power plants are also on the drawing board which will take advantage of the higher temperature range made available by the Brayton top cycle, as well as the increase in thermal efficiency offered by a Rankine bottoming cycle.
Where the extension of a gas pipeline is impractical or cannot be economically justified, electricity needs in remote areas can be met with small-scale Combined Cycle Plants, using renewable fuels. Instead of natural gas, Combined Cycle Plants can be filled with biogas derived from agricultural and forestry waste, which is often readily available in rural areas.
Low-grade fuel for turbines[edit]
Gas turbines burn mainly natural gas and light oil. Crude oil, residual, and some distillates contain corrosive components and as such require fuel treatment equipment. In addition, ash deposits from these fuels result in gas turbine deratings of up to 15%. They may still be economically attractive fuels however, particularly in combined-cycle plants.
Sodium and potassium are removed from residual, crude and heavy distillates by a water washing procedure. A simpler and less expensive purification system will do the same job for light crude and light distillates. A magnesium additive system may also be needed to reduce the corrosive effects if vanadium is present. Fuels requiring such treatment must have a separate fuel-treatment plant and a system of accurate fuel monitoring to assure reliable, low-maintenance operation of gas turbines.
A single shaft combined cycle plant comprises a gas turbine and a steam turbine driving a common generator. In a multi-shaft combined cycle plant, each gas turbine and each steam turbine has its own generator. The single shaft design provides slightly less initial cost and slightly better efficiency than if the gas and steam turbines had their own generators. The multi-shaft design enables two or more gas turbines to operate in conjunction with a single steam turbine, which can be more economical than a number of single shaft units.
The primary disadvantage of single shaft combined cycle power plants is that the number of steam turbines, condensers and condensate systems – and perhaps the number of cooling towers and circulating water systems – increases to match the number of gas turbines. For a multi-shaft combined cycle power plant there is only one steam turbine, condenser and the rest of the heat sink for up to three gas turbines; only their size increases. Having only one large steam turbine and heat sink results in low cost because of economies of scale. A larger steam turbine also allows the use of higher pressures and results in a more efficient steam cycle. Thus the overall plant size and the associated number of gas turbines required have a major impact on whether a single shaft combined cycle power plant or a multiple shaft combined cycle power plant is more economical.
The combined-cycle system includes single-shaft and multi-shaft configurations. The single-shaft system consists of one gas turbine, one steam turbine, one generator and one Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG), with the gas turbine and steam turbine coupled to the single generator in a tandem arrangement on a single shaft. Key advantages of the single-shaft arrangement are operating simplicity, smaller footprint, and lower startup cost. Single-shaft arrangements, however, will tend to have less flexibility and equivalent reliability than multi-shaft blocks. Additional operational flexibility is provided with a steam turbine which can be disconnected, using a synchro-self-shifting (SSS) Clutch,[5] for start up or for simple cycle operation of the gas turbine.
Multi-shaft systems have one or more gas turbine-generators and HRSGs that supply steam through a common header to a separate single steam turbine-generator. In terms of overall investment a multi-shaft system is about 5% higher in costs.
Single- and multiple-pressure non-reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems equipped with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 540 °C or less. Selection of a single- or multiple-pressure steam cycle for a specific application is determined by economic evaluation which considers plant installed cost, fuel cost and quality, plant duty cycle, and operating and maintenance cost.
Multiple-pressure reheat steam cycles are applied to combined-cycle systems with gas turbines having rating point exhaust gas temperatures of approximately 600 °C.
The most efficient power generation cycles are those with unfired HRSGs with modular pre-engineered components. These unfired steam cycles are also the lowest in cost. Supplementary-fired combined-cycle systems are provided for specific application.
The primary regions of interest for cogeneration combined-cycle systems are those with unfired and supplementary fired steam cycles. These systems provide a wide range of thermal energy to electric power ratio and represent the range of thermal energy capability and power generation covered by the product line for thermal energy and power systems.
Efficiency of CCGT plants[edit]
By combining both gas and steam cycles, high input temperatures and low output temperatures can be achieved. The efficiency of the cycles add, because they are powered by the same fuel source. So, a combined cycle plant has a thermodynamic cycle that operates between the gas-turbine's high firing temperature and the waste heat temperature from the condensers of the steam cycle. This large range means that the Carnot efficiency of the cycle is high. The actual efficiency, while lower than the Carnot efficiency, is still higher than that of either plant on its own.[6][7]
The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, if calculated as electric energy produced as a percentage of the lower heating value of the fuel consumed, can be over 60% when operating new, i.e. unaged, and at continuous output which are ideal conditions. As with single cycle thermal units, combined cycle units may also deliver low temperature heat energy for industrial processes, district heating and other uses. This is called cogeneration and such power plants are often referred to as a combined heat and power (CHP) plant.
In general, combined cycle efficiencies in service are over 50% on a lower heating value and Gross Output basis. Most combined cycle units, especially the larger units, have peak, steady-state efficiencies on the LHV basis of 55 to 59%. Research aimed at 1,370 °C (2,500 °F) turbine inlet temperature has led to even more efficient combined cycles and nearly 60% LHV efficiency (54% HHV efficiency) has been reached in the combined cycle unit of Baglan Bay, a GE H-technology gas turbine with a NEM 3 pressure reheat boiler, using steam from the HRSG to cool the turbine blades.
In May 2011 Siemens AG announced they had achieved a 60.75% net efficiency with a 578 megawatts SGT5-8000H gas turbine at the Irsching Power Station.[8] The General Electric 9HA was billed to attain 41.5% simple cycle efficiency and 61.4% in combined cycle mode, with a gas turbine output of 397 MW to 470 MW and a combined output of 592 MW to 701 MW. Its firing temperature is between 2,600 and 2,900 °F (1,430 and 1,590 °C), its overall pressure ratio is 21.8 to 1 and is used by Électricité de France in Bouchain. On April 28, 2016, this plant was certified by Guinness World Records as the worlds most efficient combined cycle power plant at 62.22%.[9] The Chubu Electric's Nishi-ku, Nagoya power plant 405 MW 7HA is expected to have 62% gross combined cycle efficiency.[10] For 2018, GE offers its 826 MW HA at over 64% efficiency in combined cycle due to advances in additive manufacturing and combustion breakthroughs, up from 63.7% in 2017 orders and on track to achieve 65% by the early 2020s.[11]
As of January 2017, Mitsubishi claims a LHV efficiency of greater than 63% for some members of its J Series turbines.[12]
Difference between HHV and LHV[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
To avoid confusion, the efficiency of heat engines and power stations should be stated relative to the Higher Heating Value (HHV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the fuel, to include or exclude the heat that can be obtained from condensing the flue gas. It should also be specified whether Gross output at the generator terminals or Net Output at the power station fence is being considered.
The LHV figure is not a computation of electricity net energy compared to energy content of fuel input; it is 11% higher than that. The HHV figure is a computation of electricity net energy compared to energy content of fuel input. If the LHV approach were used for some new condensing boilers, the efficiency would calculate to be over 100%. Manufacturers prefer to cite the higher LHV efficiency, e.g. 60%, for a new CCGT, but utilities, when calculating how much electricity the plant will generate, divide this by 1.11 to get the real HHV efficiency, e.g. 54%, of that CCGT. Coal plant efficiencies are computed on a HHV basis since it doesn't make nearly as much difference for coal burn, as for gas.
The difference between HHV and LHV for gas, can be estimated (using US customary units) by 1055Btu/Lb * w, where w is the lbs of water after combustion per lb of fuel. To convert the HHV of natural gas, which is 23875 Btu/lb, to an LHV (methane is 25% hydrogen) would be: 23875 – (1055*0.25*18/2) = 21500. Because the efficiency is determined by dividing the energy output by the input, and the input on an LHV basis is smaller than the HHV basis, the overall efficiency on an LHV basis is higher. Therefore sing the ratio of 23875/21500 = 1.11 one can convert the HHV to an LHV.
A real best-of-class baseload CCGT efficiency of 54%, as experienced by the utility operating the plant, translates to 60% LHV as the manufacturer's published headline CCGT efficiency.
Boosting efficiency[edit]
The efficiency of CCGT and GT can be boosted by pre-cooling combustion air. This is practised in hot climates and also has the effect of increasing power output. This is achieved by evaporative cooling of water using a moist matrix placed in front of the turbine, or by using Ice storage air conditioning. The latter has the advantage of greater improvements due to the lower temperatures available. Furthermore, ice storage can be used as a means of load control or load shifting since ice can be made during periods of low power demand and, potentially in the future the anticipated high availability of other resources such as renewables during certain periods.
Natural gas integrated power and syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle[edit]
A natural gas integrated power and syngas (hydrogen) generation cycle uses semi-closed (sometimes called closed) gas turbine cycles [13][14][15] where fuel is combusted with pure oxygen, and the working fluid of the cycle is a mix of combustion products CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (steam).
The integrated cycle implies that, before combustion, methane (the primary component of natural gas) is mixed with working fluid and converted into syngas (mix of H2 and CO (carbon monoxide)) in a catalytic adiabatic (without an indirect heat supply) reactor by using sensible heat of the hot working fluid leaving, in the simplest case, the gas turbine outlet. The largest part of produced syngas (about 75%) is directed into the combustion chamber of the gas-turbine cycle to generate power, but another part of syngas (about 25%) is withdrawn from the power generation cycle as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or their blend to produce chemicals, fertilizers, synthetic fuels, and etc.[16][17][18] The thermodynamic benefit owing to this modification is substantiated by exergy analysis. There are numerous technological options to separate syngas from working fluid and withdraw it from the cycle (e.g., condensing vapors and removing liquids, taking out gases and vapors by membrane and pressure swing adsorption separation, amine gas treating, and glycol dehydration).
All the environmental advantages of semi-closed gas turbine cycles as to an absence of NOx and the release of non-diluted CO2 in the flue gas stay the same. An effect of integration becomes apparent with the following clarification. Assigning the efficiency of syngas production in the integrated cycle a value equal to a regular syngas production efficiency through steam-methane reforming (some part of methane is combusted to drive endothermic reforming), the net-power generation efficiency (with accounting for the consumed electricity required to separate air) can reach levels higher than 60% [18] at a maximum temperature in the cycle (at the gas turbine inlet) of about 1300oC.
The natural gas integrated cycle with adiabatic catalytic reactor was firstly proposed at Chemistry Department of Moscow State Lomonosov University (Russia) in Prof. M. Safonov (late) group by M. Safonov,M. Granovskii, and S. Pozharskii in 1993.[16]
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)[edit]
An integrated gasification combined cycle, or IGCC, is a power plant using synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas can be produced from a number of sources, including coal and biomass. The system uses gas and steam turbines, the steam turbine operating off of the heat left over from the gas turbine. This process can raise electricity generation efficiency to around 50%.
Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC)[edit]
An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) is a hybrid technology in which a solar thermal field is integrated within a combined cycle plant. In ISCC plants, solar energy is used as an auxiliary heat supply, supporting the steam cycle, which results in increased generation capacity or a reduction of fossil fuel use.[19]
Thermodynamic benefits are that daily steam turbine startup losses are eliminated.[20]
Major factors limiting the load output of a combined cycle power plant are the allowed pressure and temperature transients of the steam turbine and the heat recovery steam generator waiting times to establish required steam chemistry conditions and warm-up times for the balance of plant and the main piping system. Those limitations also influence the fast start-up capability of the gas turbine by requiring waiting times. And waiting gas turbines consume gas. The solar component, if the plant is started after sunshine, or before, if there is heat storage, allows the preheat of the steam to the required conditions. That is, the plant is started faster and with less consumption of gas before achieving operating conditions.[21] Economic benefits are that the solar components costs are 25% to 75% those of a Solar Energy Generating Systems plant of the same collector surface.[22]
The first such system to come online was the Archimede combined cycle power plant, Italy in 2010,[23] followed by Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center in Florida, and in 2011 by the Kuraymat ISCC Power Plant in Egypt, Yazd power plant in Iran,[24][25] Hassi R'mel in Algeria, Ain Beni Mathar in Morocco.
Bottoming cycles[edit]
In most successful combined cycles, the bottoming cycle for power is a conventional steam Rankine cycle.
It is already common in cold climates (such as Finland) to drive community heating systems from a steam power plant's condenser heat. Such cogeneration systems can yield theoretical efficiencies above 95%.
Bottoming cycles producing electricity from the steam condenser's heat exhaust are theoretically possible, but conventional turbines are uneconomically large. The small temperature differences between condensing steam and outside air or water require very large movements of mass to drive the turbines.
Although not reduced to practice, a vortex of air can concentrate the mass flows for a bottoming cycle. Theoretical studies of the Vortex engine show that if built at scale it is an economical bottoming cycle for a large steam Rankine cycle power plant.
Historical cycles[edit]
Other historically successful combined cycles have used hot cycles with mercury vapour turbines, magnetohydrodynamic generators and molten carbonate fuel cells, with steam plants for the low temperature "bottoming" cycle.
See also[edit]
- Allam power cycle
- Cheng cycle
- Combined gas and steam
- Cost of electricity by source
- Heat recovery steam generator
- Hydrogen-cooled turbo generator
- Integrated gasification combined cycle
- ^ "Levelized cost of electricity renewable energy technologies" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE. 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- ^ "Cost and Performance Characteristics of New Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook 2019" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
- ^ a b c d Yahya, S.M. Turbines, compressors and fans. Tata Mc Graw Hill. pp. chapter 5.
- ^ "Combined-cycle, gas-fired unit costs coming in below expectations: Duke | S&P Global Platts". 2015-08-11.
- ^ "SSS Clutch Operating Principle" (PDF). SSS Gears Limited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
- ^ "Efficiency by the Numbers" by Lee S. Langston
- ^ "The difference between LCV and HCV (or Lower and Higher Heating Value, or Net and Gross) is clearly understood by all energy engineers. There is no 'right' or 'wrong' definition". Claverton Energy Research Group.
- ^ "Siemens pushes world record in efficiency to over 60% while achieving maximum operating flexibility". Siemens AG. 19 May 2011.
- ^ "Most efficient combined cycle power plant".
- ^ "Air-cooled 7HA and 9HA designs rated at over 61% CC efficiency". Gas Turbine World. April 2014.
- ^ "HA technology now available at industry-first 64 percent efficiency" (Press release). GE Power. December 4, 2017.
- ^ Record-Breaking Efficiency
- ^ Allam, Rodney; Martin, Scott; Forrest, Brock; Fetvedt, Jeremy; Lu, Xijia; Freed, David; Brown, G. William; Sasaki, Takashi; Itoh, Masao; Manning, James (2017). "Demonstration of the Allam Cycle: An Update on the Development Status of a High Efficiency Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Process Employing Full Carbon Capture". Energy Procedia. 114: 5948–5966. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1731.
- ^ US 6622470, Viteri, F. & Anderson, R., "Semi-closed Brayton cycle gas turbine power systems", issued 2003-09-23
- ^ US 5175995, Pak, P.; Nakamura, K. & Suzuki, Y., "Power generation plant and power generation method without emission of carbon dioxide", issued 1993-01-05
- ^ a b Safonov, M.; Granovskii, M.; Pozharskii, S. (1993). "Thermodynamic efficiency of co-generation of energy and hydrogen in gas-turbine cycle of methane oxidation". Doklady Akademii Nauk. 328: 202–204.
- ^ Granovskii, Michael S.; Safonov, Mikhail S.; Pozharskii, Sergey B. (2008). "Integrated Scheme of Natural Gas Usage with Minimum Production of Entropy". The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 80 (5): 998–1001. doi:10.1002/cjce.5450800525.
- ^ a b Granovskii, Michael S.; Safonov, Mikhail S. (2003). "New integrated scheme of the closed gas-turbine cycle with synthesis gas production". Chemical Engineering Science. 58 (17): 3913–3921. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00289-6.
- ^ Integrated solar combined cycle plants Archived 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Fossil Fuels + Solar Energy = The Future of Electricity Generation". POWER magazine. 2009-01-04. p. 1 (paragraph 7). Retrieved 2017-12-25.
- ^ Operational Flexibility Enhancements of Combined Cycle Power Plants p.3
- ^ Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems Archived 2013-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "ENEL a Priolo inaugura la centrale "Archimede"". ENEL. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
- ^ "Yazd Solar Energy Power Plant 1st in its kind in world". Payvand Iran news. 13 April 2007.
- ^ "Iran - Yazd integrated solar combined cycle power station". Helios CSP. 21 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
Further reading[edit]
- Steam & Gas Turbines And Power Plant Engineering ISBN C039000000001, R Yadav., Sanjay., Rajay, Central Publishing House, Allahabad
- Applied Thermodynamics ISBN 9788185444031, R Yadav., Sanjay., Rajay, Central Publishing House, Allahabad.
- Sanjay; Singh, Onkar; Prasad, B. N. (2003). "Thermodynamic Evaluation of Advanced Combined Cycle Using Latest Gas Turbine". Volume 3: Turbo Expo 2003. pp. 95–101. doi:10.1115/GT2003-38096. ISBN 0-7918-3686-X.
- Sanjay, Y; Singh, Onkar; Prasad, BN (December 2007). "Energy and exergy analysis of steam cooled reheat gas-steam combined cycle". Applied Thermal Engineering. 27 (17–18): 2779–2790. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2007.03.011.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combined cycle power generators.


text:
Florence House
373 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 8AA
Florence House, 373 Woodstock Road is approximately two miles north of Oxford city centre and is within easy reach of the Oxford ring road and the popular suburb of Summertown. Buses to and from the city run regularly along Woodstock Road.
Oxford Parkway Station is 7 minutes' drive, and is the best way into Central London to avoid Oxford city centre. Regular trains from Oxford serve Birmingham, London and the West Country.
Please click the pictures to enlarge them.
Above: Summertown, Le Manor aux Quat' Saisons, Cherwell Boathouse, The Radcliffe Camera, Summertown, Port Meadow

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ultra-Efficient Engines and Fuels
The Oxford group's contribution to the program is focussed on delivering fundamental scientific data on fuel spray behaviour and the auto-ignition characteristics of new fuels under the extreme in-cylinder conditions that characterise many of the novel combustion concepts being developed by our project partners.
A key element of our program, and a potentially significant legacy of the Ultra funding, has been the development of new facilities and optical diagnostic techniques. We will shortly (June 2017) be commissioning a dedicated cold-driven shock tube capable of proving controlled pressures and temperatures up to 150 bar and 1500 K for fuel spray and auto-ignition studies. We have, in a world first, built a portable system for Laser Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy (LITGS), and have applied this system to measure in-situ gas temperatures in a collaborator's test facility. We have also demonstrated, in another world first, high-speed LITGS, showing the measurement techniques potential for high-presicion temperature measurements in transient phenomena. A commercialisation agreement for the portable LITGS system has been signed with a leading supplier of laser diagnostic equipment.
Principal Investigator:
Professor Richard Stone, Professor Paul Ewart (Oxford Physics), Dr. Matt McGilvray
Post-Doctoral Researchers:
Dr. Joseph Camm, Dr. Luke Doherty, Dr. Felix Förster (Oxford Physics)
Graduate Research Students:
Louis Nicholson, XiaoHang (Leo) Fang
Funding and Support


text:
Banff & Lake Louise (AB)
This one is a banger. Win seven nights and five days on these hills, your lift tickets will be good at Mt. Norquay, Lake Louise, and Sunshine. Flights, rentals, and a three days of lessons are also included. You get to bring a friend so, choose wisely.
Bromley (VT)
Stay and ski at Bromley midweek for $79.50 a person (Sunday-Thursday). Weekends are $112 per person. Pray for snow.
Catamount (NY)
$20 lift tickets every Monday and Thursday (except holidays). Sweet. It's also $45 per person to stay and ski midweek. Call here.
Discrete & POW (Protect Our Winters)
At this contest you can win a Jones board, Salomon skis, a Liftopia and Backcountry gift certificate, POW goggles, Discrete gear, a fancy watch, and more. Yes to all of this.
Schweitzer (ID)
Starting 1/20/16 at midnight Schweitzer is selling three no blackout lift tickets for $168 (plus tax). That's $56 a ticket, saving you $17. The sale is only good for 24 hours, so set your alarms.
Ski Vermont (VT)
January is Learn to Ski & Snowboard month, and Ski Vermont wants to help you out. First timer one day packages are only $49 (including rentals, lesson, and bunny hill access). There are 13 participating resorts- book one here. Get three beginner packages for $129 and you can mix it up at these ten participating resorts.
Smugglers' Notch (VT)
Stay and ride for $129 a day with the Base Package ($64.50 per night and $64.50 for a lift ticket). They also have a pool.
Sun Valley (ID)
Sunday (1/24/16) is Ski For Air Service Day. Lift tickets are only $40. They sell out, so go ahead and call here for your ticket.
Snowbird (UT)
The midweek Stay and Ski deal is $139 per night. Lift tickets are $98, so your room is $41. This deal is good until 3/31/16 Sunday - Thursday. Get the hill to yourself.
Tamarack (ID)
Here's another midweek Stay and Ride deal. It's $115 per person midweek (Sunday- Thursday). Way better than staying on a friend's floor.


text:
[embedded content]
Tunisia will be the first country in the world to issue its national currency via advanced Blockchain technology according to Monetas CEO Johann Gevers in an interview with African technology portal TechMoran on Mobile Money and Blockchain.
Today more than 3 million Tunisians are excluded from the financial system, but more than 600,000 are already using the official digital eDinar. With the La Poste Tunisienne app powered by Monetas, eDinar will be used to make instant mobile money transfers, pay for goods and services online and in person, send remittances, pay bills, manage official government identification documents, and more. Total transaction fees will be of negligible cost, even from amounts less than a fraction of a dinar, and in most cases fees are paid by merchants. The maximum fee paid on a transaction will be less that 1 dinar. La Poste Tunisienne will strictly control the issuance and circulation of the eDinar in order to prevent it from being used for illegal transactions.
Speaking about this step towards a nationwide rollout, Monetas Founder and CEO Johann Gevers said:
"We are delighted to be working in partnership with the Tunisian Government, National Post, and DigitUs to increase financial inclusion with an open mobile money platform that is able to operate across mobile networks. This is an important first step towards a freer and more prosperous world."
The Monetas platform is an advanced crypto-transaction technology that uses a Blockchain secured digital notary to enable all kinds of financial and legal transactions, public or private, worldwide.
La Poste Tunisienne CEO M. Moez Chakchouk said:
"La Poste is a very important and trusted institution and is at the heart of financial inclusion efforts in Tunisia. At La Poste we are on a transformation journey to modernize our services with innovative technologies and power the digital economy. Digital, Mobile, and Internet, are all key components in this transformation. Monetas and Digitus help us to bring these ingredients to the table."
With the Monetas platform, institutions, individuals, and businesses can easily conduct transactions with all types of trade instruments, including all national and digital currencies. Seamless integration with Distributed Ledger and Blockchain Technologies ensures the platform is future-proofed.
From the interview at Techmoran:
Tunisia is the first country to use Monetas technology and we are currently working with several African partners to provide coverage to 12 markets in 2016. These partnerships will bring more than 300 million people into an incredible future of financial inclusion.
Tunisia will be the first country in the world to issue its national currency via advanced cryptofinance technology according to Monetas CEO Johann Gevers in an interview with TechMoran on Mobile Money & CryptoFinance .
The Monetas platform allows for a vast array of applications in many markets. We are focusing our initial deployments on Africa where this technology can benefit the largest number of people, in a continent where transaction costs are highest and access to banking is very low.
Africa is the prime candidate, and because of this mobile financial services have been very successful in eastern Africa. We believe that mobile financial services are rapidly growing in the region, and Monetas software grants individuals with economic freedom and prosperity through the use of a transaction platform that is magnitudes cheaper than any alternative, interoperable across mobile networks, and can process new financial tools.
Powering the financial inclusion of 2.5 billion unbanked people worldwide will begin in Africa, we will then go onto expand throughout Latin America, followed by South East Asia.
Tunisia is the first country to use Monetas technology and we are currently working with several African partners to provide coverage to 12 markets in 2016. These partnerships will bring more than 300 million people into an incredible future of financial inclusion.
The Monetas deployment in Tunisia is the first application for a full ecosystem of digital payments. With the La Poste Tunisienne android application powered by Monetas, Tunisians can use their smartphones to make instant mobile money transfers, pay for goods and services online and in person, send remittance, pay salaries and bills, and manage official government identification documents.
The Monetas system is a unique combination of cryptofinance technologies providing a faster, cheaper and more secure service than any other system. The cryptographically secured digital notary, a conceptual model which has been used successfully for several millennia, provides the flexibility and power to process any kind of financial or legal transaction in real time and at negligible cost, as well as interoperability with other distributed ledger technologies and mobile networks. The digital notary is not a financial intermediary, and never touches customer funds. It instead acts as a traditional notary would, thus eliminating the need and costs associated with financial intermediaries and central ledgers.
In Tunisia, Monetas has launched in partnership with the National government Tunisian Post office, La Poste Tunisienne (LPT) , and Tunisian technology startup DigitUs. The Tunisian Post is the backbone of the current payment infrastructure and together with Digitus, will address and acquire customers into the ecosystem, initially transitioning the existing 600,000 users of national digital eCurrency (eDinar) onto the new technology after due diligence is complete.
Read interview in full here.
- UC Berkeley Opens New Blockchain Lab – Steve Chen Appointed to Co-Lead Newly Formed Berkeley Blockchain Lab – December 10, 2017
- Peter Vessenes Announces Deluge Network To Support a Safe and Direct Way to Contribute Bitcoin Directly to ICOs – December 5, 2017
- EXMO Launches Token Sale with Blockstarter's ICO Solution – December 5, 2017
- AdHive, A Blockchain-Based Native Advertising Platform, Engages with WINGS DAO Platform – December 5, 2017
- Perkins Coie Adds SEC Attorney in San Francisco with Fintech and Blockchain Experience – December 5, 2017
- Cryptocurrency Monero Announces Breakthrough Online Shopping Initiative Featuring Top Global Artists' Music and Merchandise – December 5, 2017
- Bitcoin for a 'bit' of Caribbean paradise – December 5, 2017
- With the Launch of SunCoin, Solar Bankers Takes On the World's Energy Giants – December 4, 2017
- Blockchain News Is Merging With Token Report – November 30, 2017
- Mira launches Pre-ICO for Mira – an Easy and Convenient Way to Buy, Store and Send Cryptocurrency – November 23, 2017
- Dash and KuvaCash Partner to Fight Inflation in Zimbabwe with Cryptocurrency – November 22, 2017
- INS Ecosystem Partners with Ambrosus to Overhaul the Grocery Supply Chain – November 22, 2017
- Global Debt Registry Unveils Collateral Pledge Blockchain Proof of Concept – November 22, 2017
- Ripple Appoints Former New York State Superintendent of Financial Services Benjamin Lawsky to Its Board and Ron Will as CFO – November 22, 2017
- Advised by the Co-Founders of YouTube and Twitch, Theta Announces a Blockchain-based Video Delivery Network – November 22, 2017
- Modex adds top advisor from Google ahead of ICO – November 22, 2017
- Decentralized Ad Exchange AdEx Partners with INK to Handle the World's First Blockchain-based Ad Auction – November 22, 2017
- Zilliqa Lowers Funding Cap Despite Heavy Demand from Investors – November 22, 2017
- Health Startup Etheal Combines Blockchain Technology with Micro-Incentives to Build a Peer-Reviewed Global List of Health Professionals – November 22, 2017
- Bitquence Rebrands as Ethos.io, Charting a Course to Unlock Crypto and the Future of Investment for the Masses – November 22, 2017
- Eidoo Introduces User Friendly ICO Engine – Allowing Crypto Startups To Launch And Manage Their Own ICOs For Fundraising On The Blockchain – November 22, 2017
- Simdaq Launches Social Platform for Democratisation and Development of Cryptocurrency Trading – November 22, 2017
- Gameflip Shatters FLIP Pre-Sale Goals, Sets Sights on December 4, 2017 ICO – November 22, 2017
- Golden Alliance Gold Mining Launches Token Sale – November 22, 2017
- Genaro and Storj Labs Announce Collaboration and Product Integration – November 22, 2017
- Metal (MTL) Now Available on the Chinese Cryptocurrency Exchange – November 22, 2017
- Mark.space & Jaguar Land Rover Announce Cooperation – November 22, 2017
- Exscudo – EON Testnet Was Successfully Updated – November 22, 2017
- Valorem Foundation Launches All-new Cryptocurrency Platform – November 22, 2017
- WAX Partners with Xsolla to Offer Its Platform to More Than 2,000 Video Games – November 22, 2017
- Brave expands Basic Attention Token platform to YouTube – November 22, 2017
- Narrative Launches Blockchain Based Social Network That Puts Revenue In Your Pocket, Not Mark Zuckerberg's – November 22, 2017
- Gladius Uses Blockchain and Spare Bandwidth to Revolutionize Cyber Security – November 22, 2017
- Indorse Announces Partnership with App Store Cryptocurrency, AppCoins, ahead of MVP Launch – November 22, 2017
- Secutix And The Paléo Festival Nyon Announce The Success Of Their Blockchain Pilot Project – November 22, 2017
- ING launches major addition to blockchain technology: Zero-Knowledge Range Proof solution – November 22, 2017
- Cofound.it Announces Teams Participating in Upcoming Live Crowdsale Event – November 22, 2017
- PUBLIQ goes public: The blockchain and AI company that fights fake news announces the start of its Initial Token Offering – November 22, 2017
- Blockchain for Business SophiaTX Reveals New Details of Platform; Confirms Date for Token Generation Event – November 22, 2017
- BCShop.io Launches Partner Program – November 22, 2017
- World's First Social Entrepreneurship Platform Moms Avenue Challenges Etsy by Gearing Up With Blockchain – November 21, 2017
- WAX Partners with Xsolla to Offer Its Platform to More Than 2,000 Video Games – November 20, 2017
- Pundi X integrates NEM blockchain to Bring Cryptocurrency Payments Into Retail Stores – November 20, 2017
- Fujitsu Develops Security Technology to Safely Connect Blockchains – November 20, 2017
- Jibrel Network Announces a Highly Successful Pre-sale Round – November 20, 2017
- KRAFTWERK on Blockchain – November 20, 2017
- MintHealth: Empowering Patients to Take Control of their Health and Data via Blockchain Technology – November 20, 2017
- IBM Completes PoC Of Blockchain-based Shared KYC With Deutsche Bank, HSBC, MUFG And Cargill, IBM Treasuries – November 20, 2017
- LetsEnhance.io to process images on Neuromation Platform – November 20, 2017
- Blockchain And AI Researchers Propose A New Model To Return The Control Over Human Life Data To The Patients And Accelerate Biomedical Research – November 20, 2017
View All Articles


text:
Shine Trimmings & Fabrics
Shine Trimmings & Fabrics has a product range of 15,000 items - enough to please anyone making beautiful and unique costumes or dressing the stage.
The company has the unique ability to have many of its products (including Chiffon and Net), specifically dyed to match a selection of fabrics, including an exclusive range of Four Way Stretch Italian Linel.
Shine provides an effortless and enjoyable shopping experience both in its Port Melbourne Store and online.
Many of the Shine team of creative consultants have design, dressmaking and millinery experience and qualifications.
Shine provides delivery options online including Free Shipping and flat rate Express Delivery.
Shine also supplies Wardrobe departments for Theatre, Film & Television. Contact Shine Wholesale for more information about purchasing theirr products at wholesale prices.
"We invite you to create unique and beautiful costumes and look forward to helping you make your creation SHINE!"


text:
Next, they placed a sheet of graphene on top of the aligned bacteria and cooked the lot in a vacuum chamber heated to 250°C. This caused the bacteria to dehydrate and shrink, dragging the graphene sheet with them so that it took on the wrinkle patterns of the cells underneath it.
Crucially, bacteria do not wrinkle at random. Bacillus subtilis cells form wrinkles about 33 nanometres (billionths of a metre) apart—so that was the separation of the ridges imposed on the graphene. Unfortunately, this is too far apart to create a significant bandgap. The ridges do not disrupt graphene's electronic structure enough. To do that, they would have to be less than five nanometres apart. But Dr Berry thinks such distances might be achieved by using another species of bacterium, one with stronger cell walls—or, perhaps, different sorts of cells altogether.
Even the 33-nanometre wrinkles, though, give graphene some interesting properties. Instead of zipping randomly across it, electrons traversing a sheet of wrinkly graphene are channelled between the ridges. This suggests that, if the bandgap problem can be resolved, then placing bacteria in preset arrays to create complex channel patterns would be the equivalent of etching a silicon chip. Components like the logic gates which form the basis of computing could thus be created.
Before that happens, though, two other problems need to be resolved. One is removing the bacteria and releasing the wrinkled graphene. That will mean finding the right chemical to do the loosening. The other is reproducibility. Individual bacteria differ slightly, not least because they are often of different ages, so any product that used unsorted cells as templates would be unreliable. This might be dealt with by cell-sorting techniques, or even by synthesising artificial scaffolds that behave similarly to cells. These, though, are details. The important thing is that Dr Berry has managed to push graphene towards semiconductivity in a novel and intriguing manner. The search for an application for the stuff has taken a step forward.


text:
Invaluable Tips for Using a Clarifying Shampoo to Remove Hair Dye
Are you bored with the hair color you used on your last dye job? Then clarifying shampoo is just what you need to remove that hair color. Go through this HairGlamourista article to know more about it.
Geeta Dhavale
Last Updated: May 25, 2018
There's some good news for all those who love to highlight their hair or experiment with their hair color. It is indeed thrilling to see yourself sporting a different hair color after bearing that horrible ammonia smell for hours. But after few days, the color starts fading, and your hair starts looking dull, signaling a return of all the bad hair days for you. On such days, hair clarifying shampoo comes to your rescue. These shampoos are designed to be strong enough to remove residues and buildups that stay back after using styling products, oils, etc. Using it instead of your regular shampoo will help in fading your hair quicker than regular ones.
What Are Clarifying Shampoos?
Clarifying shampoos are like any other shampoos, but are high on acetic acid, which is known for its descaling abilities. It deep cleanses the accumulations on the hair strands that are caused due to the overuse of hair styling products, such as hair gel, hair spray, hair mousse, hair colors, and conditioners. This accumulated layer can weigh down your hair, making them flat and sticky. The accumulation or buildup on the hair also prevents the reflection of light, which makes your hair appear dull and lifeless. A clarifying shampoo removes this buildup from the hair and rejuvenates your hair giving it a clean, shiny, and silky appearance.
Some clarifying shampoos are so strong that they can even remove hair dye in a few washes by fading the color. You may want get rid of hair dye styles, which you thought would suit you, but didn't look all that great after applying. Or sometimes, you may want to look a little less flamboyant, as you may not want to flash colors in a formal board meeting. In such cases, clarifying shampoo is the best solution. With frequent use, it can remove the color completely from your hair, or you can use it till you achieve the desired color shade.
Using Clarifying Shampoo For Hair Dye
Using a clarifying shampoo to remove hair color is as simple as using a regular shampoo. You only have to check how strong the shampoo is and how long it will take to remove the color. Before you decide to remove the color, talk to your hair stylist who colored your hair. Share your discomfort about the new hair color and why you did not like this hair color. This will help your stylist understand your problem and based on that, he/she might suggest some color correction or can guide you about how to sport this newly colored hair. Even after this, if you decide to remove it, you can try clarifying shampoos.
Choose a clarifying shampoo that is meant for removing the hair dye. You can also choose any usual shampoo which is high in acetic acid. For this, you need to check out the list of ingredients on the bottle. If the acetic acid is closer to the top of the list, then it contains a high amount of acetic acid.
Once you choose the right clarifying shampoo, you need to wash your hair with it. You can choose to oil your hair before using clarifying shampoo. After using clarifying shampoo, your hair might become dry and frizzy. So you can try using mild conditioners to keep your hair soft and silky. You can also use conditioners meant for colored hair, that will nourish your hair better.
An important point to note is that if you have gone in for lightening hair, that is, if you have used hair dye colors to lighten excessively dark hair, then the clarifying shampoo cannot help you. In such cases, re-coloring your hair is the best way to change the color of your hair. So go ahead and sport myriad hues on your hair that will keep the diva alive in you.


text:
Students, join us for a pool party at the home of Jonathan and Melissa Travis. Come enjoy some swimming, yard games, and food. If it's still raining we'll still have fun games and food! We'll also recognize our graduating seniors! Friends are welcome!
Melissa Travis can be reached at 281-203-4566.


text:
I am staying at 35 this year, I think. I forget how old I am all the time anyway, so 35 it is.
~G~ made me a cheese omelet while P-Daddy brought me morning coffee in a birthday-gift wolf mug. The kids made me home-made cards and gifts. Insert throbbing heart here.
Today we all wore our all matching tie-dye shirts and wandered around the farmer's markets. I think we looked cool. We went to a bakery in search of a 1. safe 2. black forest cake and upon finding neither, came home and made a ghetto version. (But ~G~ told P-daddy it looked like we bought it from a bakery.)
We hung out a la familia today until ~G~ and I went to Home Depot where I bought more plants for the garden. And a new hoe.
I must be stopped.
I have a penchant for quoting LOTR each day, and on one particularly rough kiddie day,
I told Nikirj "Osgiliath is overrun."
It is an appropriate metaphor for our life here!
Saturday, June 23, 2007
Happy Birthday to Me
Posted by Unknown at Saturday, June 23, 2007
4 comments:
HAPPY BIRTHDAY!! Sounds like a wonderful day spent with family!!ReplyDelete
and there is nothing wrong with staying at 35!!
1) Very glad to hear you had a decent birthday :).ReplyDelete
2) Why on earth would I want to stop you?
3) Um, you're not 35?
4) Really happy the tie dye turned out.
- AnonymousJune 25, 2007 6:20 PM
Happy Birthday, you wonderful 35 year old!ReplyDelete
- KristenJuly 02, 2007 5:07 PM
Happy Birthday! Cancers rule. And I like the idea of sticking with 35. ;)ReplyDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Recruitment in National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) for the Post of Vikaskhand community Mobilizer on Contractual basis – 2011.
313 Vacancies for the post of Vikas khand Community Mobilizer has been announced by National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)of Madhya Pradesh (MP). So Applications are being invited from Eligible and Desirous Applicants by MP NRHM for filling up the vacant post of Vikas khand Community Mobilizer. Full detail information about this Recruitment Notification can be found in next few paragraphs after reading carefully which is given below –
Name of Post – Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer.
No. of Vacancy – Total – 313 ( Three Hundred thirteen only)
Essential Educational Qualification – Candidate must be degree holder of MSW with at least obtained 50% of marks from any reputed and recognized University/ Institution.
Desirable Qualification – Those Candidates who are having Diploma in Rural development/ Public Health/ Community Health/ Human development and diploma in basic of Computer application will be preferred for the post of Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer.
Age Limit – Age of Candidate should not be less than 21 years and not more than 35 years as reckoned on 01 January of 2012.
Relaxation in Age Limit – Candidates belongs to Reserved Category will get relaxation up to 40 years of Age For Male) and 45 years for Female Candidates. Female Candidates belongs to General Category and widow or divorced can apply up to 50 years of Age and Female Widow or Divorced Candidates If they belongs to Reserved Category may apply up to 55 Years of Age for the post of Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer.
Salary – Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer will be paid a fixed Salary of Rs. 8000/- (Eight thousand Rupees only) Per Month.
Nature and Period of Job – Candidates selected for the post of Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer will work on Contractual basis up to 31 March of 2012 after appointment. Duration of Job can be increased depends on the basis of Performance of Candidature.
Reservation in Vacancy – Reservation in vacancy will be given as per district wise roaster.
Application Fee – Candidates want to apply for the above post should enclose a non refundable Demand Draft of Rs. 50/- issued in favour of "District Health Society, MP Payable at Name of District (For which applied). SC/ST Candidates are exempted from Application fee.
How to Apply – Candidates having required Educational Qualification and Desirable qualification for the above post of Vikaskhand Community Mobilizer and Desired to Apply the same should apply only in prescribed format of Application form which can be downloaded through the link which has been provided below on this site. Application form should be filled very carefully, neatly and correctly in all respect. Candidate should attach zerox copies (attested by Gazetted Officer) of all the required and respective documents/ testimonials/ Certificates with the Application form. If Candidate want to apply for more than one district, they should apply separate application for each district. Local Resident will be preferred for their own district. Dully filled application form enclosed with all document should be sent to below mentioned address. Candidate should required to mentioned the Name of Post applied for on the envelope containing application form.
Address for Submission of Application form – Candidate should Send/ Submit their Application form to The Head Medical and Health Officer of their respective District.
Last Date of Submission of Application form – 16 January, 2012 (Monday) till 5.00P.M.
General Note – 1. Incomplete/ Late Received Applications will not be accepted.
2. Selection will be made on the basis of merit only.
3. State Health society reserves the right to cancel process of recruitment or application any time.
For More details about this Recruitment Notice regarding How to Apply, No. of Vacancy, Salary, Essential Qualification, Age Limit, Selection Process, Last Date of Submission of Application etc can be found on the link which has been given below on our site. Prescribed Application format can be also downloaded through this link –
Detailed Recruitment Information Link with Prescribed Application format
Further Updates about this Recruitment Notification and all other related information and jobs related updated notification follow the link of Official site of NRHM which has been given below —