text:
Chair: Jon Gunderson
Date: Thursday, 6 January 2000
Time: 2:00 pm to 3:30 pm Eastern Standard Time, USA
Call-in: Longfellow Bridge (+1) (617) 252-1038
Chair: Jon Gunderson
Scribe: Ian Jacobs
Kitch Barnicle
Harvey Bingham
Gregory Rosmaita
Dick Brown
Denis Anson
Jim Allan
Mickey Quezner
Marja Koivunen
Rich Schwertdfeger
Charles McCathieNevile
David Poehlman
Agenda [1]
[1] http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-ua/2000JanMar/0018.html
1.IJ: Draft a statement for time of publication, there is no authoritative
body that validates claims of conformance
2.IJ: Repropose the delivery mechanism of conformance statement to allow
documentation as an option
3.IJ: Propose a technique for using XSL to transform content
4.IJ: Follow up on EH's e-mail with some comments from this meeting related to issue LC#138 (will post as new issues if any)
5.IJ: Publish a new draft of requirements document that incorporates JG'sand other comments.
6.IJ: Send this resolution of issue LC#158 to the list for comment.
Objections from JG, DP.
7.JG: Review techniques for Guideline 8.3, 8.4, 8.6 to 8.9
Done (or almost).
8.JG: Draft a preliminary implementation report for CR consideration
Not Done.
9.DA: Identify the general items that apply to all software from ones in
the current list in Ian's requirements proposal.
10.DB: Ask IE Team about publication of review of IE 5 and Pri 1
11.DB: Find out how developers find out which appropriate triggers to use in Windows for using built-in accessibility features (i.e. sound sentry, show sounds, ...)
12.DP: Propose new Checkpoint 1.5 for access to system messages
13.GR: Send to the list techniques for how to use and control focus to not have new windows cause problems for usability. In particular, how this will work with ATs.
14.GR: Write a technique on how to create accessible installation Satus: May already be integrated.
15.MR: Review techniques for topic 3.1 (Multi-media)
16.MR: Review techniques for Guideline 4 (Multi-media)
17.MR: Run a multimedia player through the guidelines for January.
18.MQ: Ask Mark about meaning of comment raised in Issue #167
19.RS: Send editorial comments on Ian's proposal.
20.WC: Take form submission to GL WG to discuss issues related to
inadvertent submission.
21.EVERYONE: Review the "Unknown" category of Ian's proposal and
we'll discuss them at tomorrow's meeting.
1.Extra UA telecon scheduled 12 January 2000 at 12:00 pm to 1:30 pm Eastern
Standard Time, USA
2.Protocols and Formatting are holding a FTF meeting on 26-27 January 2000
at Sun's Microsystem in Cupertino - Silicon Valley
DA: Recall, some of the "native" checkpoints apply to every app.
IJ: I may implement DA's list with, e.g., an asterisk to indicate which ones may be system-wide.
GR: I think this info should be put in the Techniques document.
KB: Don't forget that the UA may do it better than the OS...
IJ: On to the "Unknown list"
KB: Since we require device-independent access to active elements, I need to get at these with the keyboard.
KB: There's a debate on the "CHI" list about whether content brings interface.
GR: This fits in with the argument that UI provided by the author is on par with UI provided by the UA.
Resolved: Navigation of active elements required because these are user interface elements. If you can't identify an active element for activation, it's useless.
Add to category "Requirements for content rendered natively", though it's UI in nature.
IJ: This is just a special case of 7.3 and so once 7.3 is settled, this one will follow.
DA: If the content is streaming and it hasn't arrived yet, is it available for searching?
IJ: Searching is done in a time-independent manner.
MK: You can interrogate the server of the streamed text.
Action MK: Find out techniques for sending text search requests to servers of streamed text.
HB: Rendered text excludes many attribute values.
a) UAs already do this.
b) Searching is essential for people with disabilities and a convenience for all users.
c) Users render the text content.
Notes: NN, IE, Opera don't allow you to search for it today.
Issue: Should searching equivalent text be an AT responsibility?
KB: Is it an argument that because ATs do this today that means that mainstream UAs should not?
RS: Suppose you have images turned on and search for alt text. You may confuse users by landing on the image.
IJ: But the text isn't rendered in that case. The goal is that: as soon as any user has access to the content, all users should have access to it.
Resolved: Create a category "The WG felt that this functionality is essential to users with disabilities."
a) User shouldn't have to understand underlying structure of a document to navigate it, but should be able to navigate. Thus details of "structural navigation" left ambiguous.
b) No minimal requirement obvious except that navigation is required as an essential functionality, otherwise too burdensome to have to reread the page from top to bottom.
c) ATs may provide specialized navigation, but some native implementation of navigation essential for access.
d) Structure available through the DOM. The Guidelines should encourage navigation in a manner appropriate for the rendering handled by the type of user agent being used.
DA: If we say that you have to do something natively, we have to be able to say what to do.
JG: This is closely linked to 7.6 for me. Like searching, it's a way to access content.
JG: Structured navigation hasn't been a requirement for desktop user agents.
- Backwards compatibility issue? Require structured navigation until the DOM is available.
JG: This functionality is useful for different media. Opera does this. Auditory browsers do this. We think that general purpose user agents should incorporate these for general audience.
IJ: Native structured navigation gets you part of the way for others.
KB: Structured navigation will help some users with disabilities: low vision, motor impairments.
Resolved: Essential functionality for some users with disabilities (low vision, physical).
IJ: This one follows 7.6
KB: The UA should convey all of the information specified by the author. I don't think we can ask the UA to go beyond what the author has specified.
IJ: Agreed. This is a special case of "access to all content".
DB: What does "purpose" mean? There's no "purpose" attribute?
GR: Minimal satisfying of this checkpoint: tool tip of the "summary" attribute.
Resolved: This is an important special case of access to content.
GR: (For the record, I think 8.3 (link info) should be P2).
DA: As user agents start to render summary, etc. authors are more likely to provide the information.
IJ: I think that it's important to make relationships inherent in markup available to all users, and developers may not realize this.
RS: Does 8.1 mean through programmatic means?
IJ: Not specified.
Action IJ: Make clearer that this is "information provided to the user."
DB: I'm not sure this should be P1. This is a tricky one since I don't think it's impossible to get at the information.
1) WG decided that table navigation was important, but could fall under general structured navigation provided that table semantics be preserved in a checkpoint as a native requirement.
2) This is important to render, whatever medium you're rendering to.
3) Important for users with blindness, motor disabilities, and cognitive disabilities since you have to memorize header information.
IJ: In this case:
- Render to user in the way you're rendering (e.g., graphically).
- Provide programmatic access (covered by DOM).
(In short, IJ doesn't think a change necessary since rendering is always "However you render it...")
Action Ian: Harmonize language in the spec so that a single expression is used to indicate "provide information to the user". (as opposed to programmatically). Indicate both explicitly when both.
Resolved: Leave "unknown" for now.
DA: This is a P2.
Resolved: Essential functionality for some users that must get through content serially or cognitive disabilities.
IJ: If native configs only, the issue is resolved (since configs provided natively).
DA: You could have a macro program that intercepts your keystrokes before they get to the UA.
Resolved: Required natively since it mostly addresses natively provided functionalities.
IJ: This is a special case of 10.8.
Resolved: These controls are provided natively by the UA.
Action IJ: Indicate that this is a special case of 10.3
Adjourned 15:38 ET


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Two more Couponians are here to share their summer exercise routines with you today. Jeanette used her Weight Watchers inspiration to start journaling, while Jessica decided to get the most out of her Jillian Michaels videos. Read on to hear all about these team workouts.
Name: Jeanette Pavini
Job: Coupons.com Savings Expert
Age: 51
Stats: 5'8″
Why the Change: I have kept food journals on and off for years. I had gone to a Weight Watchers meeting a decade ago and they spoke of "mindful eating" and being aware of what you put in your mouth.
The Workout: I began keeping track of the foods I ate and it really kept me on track. I became aware of what I ate and didn't just eat something because it was in front of me. I became accountable.
My Results: I lost about 30 pounds in four years with this journaling method. I didn't do this all of the time, and sometimes I would go months without journaling. But when I did, I felt better, ate healthier and lost some weight. Plus, if I ate that chocolate I really enjoyed it!
Name: Jessica Avanzino
Job: Coupons.com Contributor
Age: 27
Stats: 5'5″
Why the Change: I take spin class four times a week and I absolutely love it. The problem is you're on someone else's schedule, so if you work late or decide to sleep in on Saturday, then you miss your workout. I wanted to find a new exercise option that I could do on my own time. I also wanted to incorporate weights into my routine, so I decided to give Jillian Michaels workout videos a try.
The Workout: I started doing her 30 Day Shred video. The DVD consists of three half-hour workouts that get progressively harder. By week one, I already noticed a difference. I felt stronger and my clothes fit better. I found that to be pretty remarkable since it is such a short workout. After completing the 30 Day Shred, I bought several more DVDs and switched to a few times a week. It is great when I have a busy day and just want to squeeze in a quick workout.
What I've Learned: You have to be self-motivated or these DVDs just take up shelf space. I have tried other workout DVDs before and they only last one or two days. I think Jillian's approach works for me (she's very strict!), so this one stuck and kept me motivated.
What I Didn't Like: One drawback is you need to have a designated workout are in your home, which can be difficult if you're in a small space. At the beginning, I rearranged my living room furniture every time I wanted to exercise. That got old fast. Now I use the small floor space at the foot of my bed. It works, but turning your bedroom into a gym is not ideal.
What I'd Recommend: I bought about eight videos, but I really only use a couple. My two favorites are Ripped in 30 and No More Trouble Zones.
Before you shop: Have you ever kept a journal to stay on target with your diet and exercise? Or have you worked out to various videos in the past? Check out our workout series to see which routine is right for you this summer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mugabe Calls US Envoy, Johnnie Carson, An "Idiot"
"I hope he was not speaking for Obama. I told him he was a shame, a great shame, being an African American.
[Global: Africa News]
Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe has branded a top US envoy "an idiot" with a condescending attitude.
He said that Johnnie Carson, US assistant secretary of state for African affairs, wanted to dictate what Zimbabwe could and could not do.
The two spoke on the sidelines of last week's African Union meeting in Libya.
The Obama administration has been skeptical of the power-sharing government formed between Mr. Mugabe and his opposition rivals.
Mr. Mugabe told The Herald newspaper in Zimbabwe that nothing came out of his talks with Mr. Carson - his first meeting with a US government official for many years.
"You would not speak to an idiot of that nature," he said. "I was very angry with him, and he thinks he could dictate to us what to do and what not to do."
Mr. Mugabe pointed out that the South African Development Community (SADC) supported the unity government. "We have the whole of SADC working with us, and you have the likes of little fellows like Carson, you see, wanting to say: 'You do this, you do that.' Who is he?"
"I hope he was not speaking for Obama. I told him he was a shame, a great shame, being an African American."
Robert Mugabe met Mr. Carson on the sidelines of the AU summit Mr. Mugabe was also not fond of Mr. Carson's predecessor, Jendayi Frazer, who is also Black.
In May last year he described her as "a little American girl trotting around the globe like a prostitute" after she suggested that the then-opposition Movement for Democratic Change had won the disputed presidential election.
Meanwhile, Zimbabwean Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai has apologized to Mr. Mugabe after ministers from his party, the MDC, boycotted a cabinet meeting last Monday.
The ministers had decided instead to head to Harare airport to welcome Mr. Tsvangirai back from a tour of Europe and the United States, where he had been lobbying for aid for Zimbabwe.
He raised just $200m (£121m), not the $7bn the country's finance minister said the country needed to revive its economy.
President Obama committed $73 million, but said: "It will not be going to the government directly because we continue to be concerned about consolidating democracy, human rights, and rule of law."
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Support your local schools
By Michael P. Mazenko
Colorado Voices
"Be true to your school," the Beach Boys told us.
As author Thomas Friedman recently noted, the United States has "historically ensured our workforce kept up by steadily expanding public education." Education has always been the avenue by which individuals and societies improve. From the Morrill Land Grant Act that created our public universities to state constitutions that guaranteed a free and public education, education is the key to American achievement. However, that standard, the foundation of highly developed societies, is at risk. Caught in a whirlwind of political infighting, ideological battles, and fiscal challenges, public schools are facing an unprecedented retraction. Budgets are being cut, and schools are taking the hits.
From JeffCo to Denver to Cherry Creek, schools face fiscal crisis. In the past four years, schools have seen budgets slashed by tens of millions of dollars. Thus, schools aren't going to voters simply because they want more money. They have no choice. School boards aren't reaching out to communities because they want to but because they have to. After several years of statewide budget cuts, schools are operating far below necessary budgets, and many have had to deplete funds and cut programs. The Cherry Creek School District, for example, has seen an expanding student population at the same time it's operating on $40 million dollars less than several years ago. Voters should keep one thing in mind when evaluating education initiatives – no nation or state or community has ever improved the lives of its people by cutting its education budget. No education system has ever cut budgets and seen improved results.
That does not, however, mean voters should continually write blank checks to schools. Voters should certainly demand accountability. In fact, we have. From Senate Bill 191 to the adoption of Common Core to a thriving commitment to charter schools and reform, Colorado has taken the lead on accountability. But the goal should be to hold schools accountable without holding them hostage. For struggling schools, the idea is to reform them but not economically strangle them. Education initiatives in Colorado are not blank checks. They are grounded in greater accountability for students and teachers – and every tax dollar will be accounted for. Since moving to Colorado, I've learned valuable lessons about school budgets and community commitment to education. In Cherry Creek where I live, the community gets great results because they support their schools. And they support their schools because they get great results. It's a symbiotic relationship.
Amidst the criticism of public education these days there is much misperception. For example, while Gallup polls show faith in public education at its lowest point in decades, the same poll reveals that 75 percent of Americans are happy with their own child's school. And 85 percent of Americans are happy with their own education. And that's because a majority of schools are providing a high quality and world-class education. If you don't believe me, stop by an AP Calculus class at your local school. Many students are accomplishing more in high school than most of us did in college. And it's important for voters to understand their schools. So before making a snap decision about 3A/3B, visit a school or a school board meeting. Stop by your schools or ask your neighbor's kids about their experience.
A common criticism of public education is that America is falling behind the rest of the world – but the situation is more complicated. When correcting for high poverty schools above 25 percent, America's tests scores actually lead the world. In reality, our problem has always been in educating the poorest members of society, and schools have failed them in the past. But Colorado is making great strides in this area. From a thriving charter school movement in Denver to new STEM programs in Cherry Creek to a successful concurrent enrollment program in JeffCo, education is improving at all levels in the state.
Yet, even as schools improve to meet the needs of the community, financial challenges weaken their efforts. Whether it's expanding student populations requiring new wings on schools, or aging security systems that need upgrades for the twenty-first century, schools need support to continue serving the public. And, because those needs are no longer funded by the state and federal government, schools are turning to their communities. Voters should seek legitimate answers about the quality and funding of their schools.
And, then support education initiatives. Vote yes on school budgets and bonds.
And be true to your school.
Michael P. Mazenko (firstname.lastname@example.com) is an English teacher at Cherry Creek High School.


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Hey gals, are you "cool" and "open-minded?" Then why aren't you at the strip club? That's where the February issue of women's magazine Cosmopolitan says you should be.
Cosmo's Jessica Knoll spoke with club managers across the country about the growing trend: "Women – straight women – are infiltrating the gentlemen's club, in some cases outnumbering the male clientele."
Cosmopolitan, a self-proclaimed "lifestylist for millions of fun, fearless females who want to be the best they can be in every area of their lives," didn't say which area of a fun, fearless female's life is bettered by hanging around with strippers. But presumably the magazine's readership of over three million will figure it out.
Knoll said visits to the strip clubs by stars such as Rihanna and Katy Perry – the "celebrity endorsements" – along with the "sexual prowess" exhibited by exotic dancers confirm, "It's not just okay if you get your kicks from stuffing a few ones into a pretty girl's G-string, it's cool." She provided research to support her claim: 60 percent of women acknowledge an attraction to other women, according to the University of California at Santa Cruz.
If a woman wants to take the trend one step further, she should bring her significant other to the strip club party with her. Katherine Frank, PhD, author of "G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire" suggested to Knoll that attending as a couple will "make it clear that you're open-minded."
Gender studies Professor Hugo Schwyzer at Pasadena City College attributed the female club crowds to "authenticity," saying, "You simply can't identify your lust with the ridiculous flamboyance of male strippers." One young woman at a club told Knoll, "A woman's body is so much sexier than a man's," while another, middle-aged, woman said "it's a turn-on" to go with her boyfriend.
A stripper, Sara, admitted that the women clientele touch her more often than the males. The women "giggle and it's so cute," she explained. Knoll expanded on this issue, claiming that an "inquisitive graze" between a female stripper and a female client is like a "high five at a sporting event between teammates."
For Cosmo, strip clubs are harmless fun and games. But Bust Magazine (no social conservative publication) and Beauty from Ashes, a Florida organization established to aid victims of sexual exploitation and human trafficking, assert that strip clubs spell horror for women. They cite a study that finds that 100 percent of exotic dancers were physically assaulted in their clubs of employment. Beauty from Ashes offers another statistic: 51.2 percent of female exotic dancers faced threats with a weapon.
Knoll concluded that women's attraction to strippers is not only the fascination with a woman twirling about on a pole, but also, to a greater extent, a stripper's confidence, which "shows us a possibility that perhaps we can replicate in our own lives."
Replication may sound appealing when Cosmopolitan frames a culture trend as popular and "cool," but, as poet Robert Frost says, sometimes choosing the road less traveled by makes all the difference.


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ATLANTA — When Alex Rodriguez was a teenager, he played on a U.S. select club of high school all-stars. A teammate said recently that A-Rod's presence was intimidating, that he had a man's upper body.
Kids are kids. They gave him the benefit of the doubt. He was just considered better than anyone else.
Now, his entire career raises the question if he was just a better cheater than everyone else. The boy would-be king always wanted to do things in this game that no one had ever seen.
He's on the verge of something unusual, becoming the greatest player since Pete Rose to be banned from baseball. Rodriguez is facing a lifetime suspension for his involvement with anti-aging drug peddler Anthony Bosch, owner of the shuttered Biogenesis clinic near the University of Miami campus in Florida.
A-Rod could shorten the sentence to the remainder of this season and next if, like disgraced slugger Ryan Braun, he agrees to a deal.
Rodriguez's attorney, David Cornwell, told ESPN radio Monday that A-Rod will fight any discipline. Last week, Rodriguez had a lawyer on a conference call to discuss his quadriceps strain with the general manager, so that's clearly believable.
Problem is, nothing else with A-Rod is. He admitted to using steroids during his time with the Rangers. It was a byproduct of landing the largest contract in sports history, he insisted. He supposedly stopped when he was traded to the Yankees, where there's, um, no pressure, no expectations and an understanding owner.
Yeah, right.
A-Rod claims to love the game. It would be refreshing if he would just come clean. At least as much is allowed by law. He could say he made mistakes, that he was searching for the fountain of youth and fell into the urinal that was Biogensis. In this scenario, he would be eligible to return in 2015, while keeping $60 million of the $97 million the Yankees still owe him. That could function as a lifetime ban given that he has been aging in dog years, but it would keep the door ajar.
At this point, there's no defense for A-Rod, who, despite his 647 home runs, has become baseball's Lance Armstrong. Braun made sure of that when he caved to the evidence against him. Rather than fight, the former National League most valuable player accepted his punishment and disappeared. The Milwaukee Brewers all-star was exposed as a despicable liar, compromising friendships and business partnerships in an ill-fated move to spare his image and career.
Braun gave Bosch, a slimy character, instant credibility. A-Rod's one way out — that Bosch tainted samples or manipulated evidence — suddenly became a high-story leap to the pavement. Of course, MLB's relationship with Bosch creates squirms. He's exactly the kind of guy MLB should be trying to expunge, not help.
But MLB wants players punished, and suspensions for Texas' Nelson Cruz and Detroit's Jhonny Peralta could shape playoff races. And A-Rod is the big prize because there's a strong belief that he not only cheated but interfered with MLB's investigation of Biogenesis.
All reports say that MLB's evidence against A-Rod far exceeds anything it had on Braun. Revealing texts, phone calls, late-night meetings, it sounds so tawdry and immature.
That, however, is who A-Rod has become. He's not a player as much as a caricature. He has been reprimanded for playing in high-stakes poker games. He has been embarrassed by eating popcorn. His sanity has been questioned after the second opinion he received on his quad injury was from a doctor connected to steroids.
A-Rod could help the game move forward with an admission of mistakes. Then again, it's hard to find instances where A-Rod's priority wasn't helping himself.
His legacy is destroyed. He's not going to the Hall of Fame. Barry Bonds didn't get close last winter. A-Rod has a better chance of signing autographs with Rose at a main street card shop than gaining entrance to Cooperstown.
A-Rod has said he doesn't want to quit. Fine. But can he just end this charade?


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Final results at the 2013 North American Speed Sailing Invitational
12 selected riders from around the world
0ne location: Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts USA
Prize Purse: $27,000
It was an incredible two weeks of racing with conditions ranging from 15 knots to 40 knots of wind. The top selected speed sailors from around the world gave it everything they had on the beautiful waters of Nantucket. In the end it came down to Rob Douglas currently the world record holder and also the fastest man in the world at 55.65 knots taking home the gold. Then there was me, the Florida boy Damien, who was the littlest but I was persistent and battled it out everyday and after all the dust settled I ended up in second place with the second fastest time. In third place another Douglas brother Jamie who had some incredible results and rode very consistent the whole event.
The event, lasting two weeks, got in 10 races with a max top average speed of 50.193 knots over 250 meters wiith V max's over 53 knots. The evolution of speed is changing as some riders pushed slalom boards or a new brand of speed board called "Giant Speed" or "GS" to speeds averaging 44 knots in winds of 15 knots.A big thanks goes out to all the riders who flew in from around the world as well as the great race committee Robert Garrison, affectionally known as "Bear" Harding and Chris "The Mucht" Conrad, as well as the event sponsor and incredible competitor "Bill Lynch" for hosting such an incredible event. A big thanks goes to "The Black Dog" for supplying the riders with meals and world-class hospitality during the event.
Also a big thanks goes to Meanline Fins for the incredible trophies as well as having the top 4 competitors make it on the podiums. A big Thanks to my wonderful family and friends who are always supporting me in these endeavors!
So grateful for my sponsors: Cabrinha, GoPro, Oakley, Lynch, Meanline Fins, The Black Dog, NP, Runa, and Corner Five
Results and Photos Below: Photos curtesy of Jana Halirova, David Williams and the GoPro Hero3+


text:
Subscribe To Chris Morgan Hired To Script Another Fast And The Furious Sequel, Interactive Trailer Released Updates
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I'm not sure there are too many people out there who could tell you with a straight face that the Fast and the Furious movies are particularly well-written. Are they full of action? Absolutely. Is there plenty of eye candy for both men and women? Of course. Is the dialogue amazing and the story well crafted? Not so much. Still, writer Chris Morgan has used the franchise to create quite a nice niche for himself, having written the last three movies in the series, including the soon-to-be-released Fast Five. Apparently his gravy train isn't ready to park at the station just yet, however.
THR reports that Chris Morgan has signed a two-year first-look pact with Universal that will kick off with Morgan scripting Fast Six. Outside of the franchise, Morgan is also known for having written Wanted and the upcoming Keanu Reeves action flick 47 Ronin. He is also in the midst of developing a project based on Bakugan, a Japanese cartoon series about battling monsters.
A new interactive trailer for Fast Five has also been released, which you can check out below, courtesy of Yahoo! Fast Five will be released on April 29, and for more on the film be sure to check out our Blend Film Database.


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Based on the sporty Roewe 550 sedan, which is in turn based on the Rover 75, the MG6 Turbo is expected to return the engineered-in-England platform to Europe's wet shores.
The Rover 75 was a semi-successful last gasp before Rover collapsed and Roewe stepped in. Now, SAIC has returned the brand to the UK, selling the MG TF in small numbers as a way to warm Brits to the idea of a Chinese owned company. This MG6 Turbo could be the first mainstream model to cross the channel in large numbers.
Equipped with a development of the turbocharged 1.8-liter k-series engine, the Roewe MG6 Turbo uses the FWD version of the Rover 75 chassis. That chassis should mean the Chinese-built car will sail through EU crash tests, the 75 excelled in them, only failing to receive Euro NCAP's first 5-star rating due the lack of standard-fit head airbags.
This year is the 85th anniversary of the MG brand, expect SAIC to rush the MG6 to England in an effort to capitalize on that publicity.


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·
The Adoption and Safe Families Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 19 1997, the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997 (Public Law 105-89) was enacted by Congress in an attempt to correct problems that were inherent in the foster care system that deterred the adoption of children with special needs. Many of these problems had stemmed from an earlier bill, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, although they had not been anticipated when the law was passed. The biggest change to the law was how ASFA Amended Title IV-E of the Social Security Act regarding funding.


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Food & Drink
25 years on the 'dead stadium' tour
By Daphne Sashin, CNN • Updated 31st March 2014
View Gallery
14 Pictures
Robert Ondrovic
was at Shea Stadium for the Mets' first season there in 1964, and he was there for its last in 2008.
He's first to tell you it was one of the worst ballparks in America.
"Shea was outdated within four to five years. Everyone got tired of sitting in a concrete doughnut," said Ondrovic, 53, a New York lawyer and die-hard Mets fan, having grown up in Queens. "The pitch of the upper deck seating was too steep, and the concession areas and ramps beneath the stands were dank."
To a true fan, even the poorly designed venue offers an adventure when there's a chance to be part of baseball history.
Ondrovic has become something of an expert on past-their-prime parks. Nearly every baseball season for the past 25 years, he and three buddies from law school and college have taken in a major-league series at an "endangered" ballpark. They call it the
Dead Stadium Tour.
The four baseball junkies, of whom Ondrovic is the official archivist and photographer, have visited 18 now-defunct Major League parks. They've seen Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Tiger Stadium in Detroit, the Seattle Kingdome and many spots in between.
"We felt it was important to the history of the game to see these ballparks before they were torn down" or abandoned by Major League teams, said Rich Hauptschein, 54, an information systems consultant in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, and one of the group's founding members. "We always knew we could visit the new ones."
The group's tradition started in 1989 with a visit to Chicago's Comiskey Park, where the White Sox played from 1910 to 1990. One guy dropped out, and Ondrovic joined the tour the following year for their trip to Baltimore Memorial Stadium to see the Orioles play in their final season there. The foursome has been traveling together ever since.
During each trip, the guys take in a weekend series, schedule a few side trips and take lots of pictures. Ondrovic takes hundreds of photos before the game starts from high in the bleachers, far away from the action, but his favorite part of each trip is the group photo the quartet takes at each stadium.
video montage
of the photos in his archive show the men gradually aging and their children slowly joining in as the next generation. If there's a year when a team isn't planning to move, they try to predict which ballpark might be next to go, or else pick another ballpark out of a hat. After they've seen every existing major league team once, the guys will visit the teams in their new homes.
They're committed to continue the tradition for life, Hauptschein said.
"Others have visited all the stadiums, but they have done it during one summer," Hauptschein said. "We are able to bring our kids with us now and have them experience what it means to be committed to a cause and to share our love of baseball. I truly expect them to do this for their entire lives and pass it down to their kids."
Of the 18 retired ballparks, several dated to the 1960s and '70s, during the baseball building boom when practically every team moved to a generic "super stadium" that was designed first for football. Those decades saw the opening of the Houston Astrodome, Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia and the Seattle Kingdome among others.
Baseball teams began to leave those multipurpose facilities in the 1990s, after Baltimore's Camden Yards introduced an era of intimate "retro ballparks" built just for baseball. After that, practically every team wanted a new park, said Gary Gillette, co-chair of the
Society for American Baseball Research's
ballparks committee and the lead author of "Big League Ballparks: The Complete Illustrated History."
"Super stadiums with artificial turf was the defining way baseball was played from the mid-'60s to the mid-'80s. A big chunk of baseball history is tied up in those parks," said Gillette. He was impressed with the dead stadium tour, saying most people seem to want to see games in places that are "big, new, shiny and comfortable."
Many of the parks on the tour have been far from ideal baseball venues.
The Municipal Stadium in Cleveland, one of the country's earliest multipurpose stadiums, was so giant that if you sat in parts of the upper deck, "you felt like you weren't even in the park," Ondrovic said. "You might as well sit at home." The Cleveland Indians played at the lakefront stadium beginning in 1932. It was also known for its biting winds.
Then there was their 2009 trip to see the Florida Marlins at what was then called Dolphin Stadium, where "if you sat in your seat and looked straight ahead, you couldn't watch the game." The stadium, later renamed Sun Life, was home to the Florida Marlins from 1993 to 2011. The Miami Dolphins and the University of Miami Hurricanes football teams still play there.
The award for "world's ugliest stadium" and "the worst place to see any sporting event on the planet"?
That would be the Seattle Kingdome, Ondrovic said
"The lighting was horrible .... It's one thing if you're not going to play on grass, but at least pretend that you're going to play on something that resembles grass. It was so fake, it was just ugly. They could not blow that up fast enough." It was demolished in 2000.
There have been lots of other memorable moments. The bratwursts at the Milwaukee County Stadium were so good that the group went to the factory that made them and placed an order to ship back to New York, Ondrovic said.
At the Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, where the Pittsburgh Pirates played from 1970 to 2000, anybody with a ticket to the game could go on the field and meet the players beforehand.
"We had gloves and balls with us, and we played catch in the outfield," Ondrovic said. "It left a great memory -- you're out there having catch with your buddies, but you're out there on a major league field. It's wild."
Of all the parks and stadiums, Shea Stadium will remain Ondrovic's favorite for the memories it holds. It's where his dad took him to see his first baseball game, on his 4th birthday. He and his father attended 28 consecutive opening day games at Shea, until 2005, when Ondrovic's dad could no longer walk on his own and he carried his father to their seats for their final game together.
Robert Ondrovic and his dad in 2005 at Mets opening day in Shea Stadium. They saw 28 consecutive opening games there. His father died later that year.
Courtesy Robert Ondrovic
"No fan really thought of it as a 'good stadium,' and it had seen better times long before we finally got Citi Field built," he said. "But it was home away from home for me for over four decades, and I cherish every memory."
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Graphene in High-Frequency Electronics
By Keith A. Jenkins
This two-dimensional form of carbon has properties not seen in any other substance
This two-dimensional form of carbon has properties not seen in any other substance
The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded jointly to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov of the University of Manchester "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene." Essentially it was awarded for the discovery in 2004 of the form of carbon known as graphene, which led to an explosion of experimental and theoretical work with the material around the world. It is remarkable not only that the Nobel Prize was given for the discovery of a material (rather than for the elucidation of some physical principle), but also that the material was already in one of the most common substances in human history, and that the prize was awarded such a short time after the discovery.
In part, the speed of this recognition is due to the amazing excitement created by Geim and Novoselov's findings. According to Geim, several technical papers are published every day on the subject of graphene. This enthusiasm arose from the quick realization that graphene has many remarkable physical properties not seen in any other material.
What is graphene and what are its properties? It is a two-dimensional form of carbon, a single layer of carbon atoms, in which the atoms are arranged in a hexagonal chicken-wire or honeycomb configuration. It is found in nature and is simply one of the layers of the common substance graphite. Each layer of graphene stacked up to make graphite is only loosely bonded to the others. The layers adhere only by van der Waals forces, weak dipole-to-dipole attractions between adjacent molecules, rather than by stronger covalent bonds, in which the molecules share electrons. This loose bonding explains why graphite is a good lubricant. Technically, graphene was known since x-ray crystallography was able to uncover graphite's structure in the early 1900s, but it was not isolated into individual planes of graphene until 2004. And there was little interest in graphene by itself until Geim and Novoselov were the first to detail its properties.
Graphene is one of very few two-dimensional materials with a crystalline structure. Its physical layout and electronic properties result in many remarkable characteristics. It is an excellent heat conductor. It is flexible, yet 10 times stronger than any other measured material, at equivalent thicknesses. It is a good absorber of light over a wide spectrum, yet it is effectively transparent. (This dichotomy is not a paradox: A layer of graphene absorbs 2.3 percent of the light impinging on it, which is a lot for a single atomic layer, but still allows most light to pass through.) It is fairly chemically inert, yet when appropriately treated it is a sensitive electrical detector of very small concentrations of chemicals. And it has very high electron mobility, allowing the transit of electrical charges through the material at a rate that is at least 100 times greater, in its purest state, than conventional semiconductors used in electronics, such as silicon or gallium arsenide.
The property of very high electron mobility has excited the electronics community and led to countless predictions. Our apparently insatiable need for speedier computers and greater data throughput in wireless devices has resulted in a universal acceptance that electronic devices and circuits must be made to operate ever faster. The traditional way of achieving this result has been by reducing the size of transistors.
Transistors are made with the class of materials called semiconductors, which conduct electricity under some conditions but prevent its flow in others. That property lets the transistor act as an on/off switch for the binary signals used in computers. The quantum mechanical energy bands that form when atoms are bound together in a crystalline solid make it possible for currents in semiconductors to be carried by both positively charged and negatively charged particles. The negatively charged particles are electrons and the positively charged particles are called holes, implying a place where an electron is missing. Materials that conduct electrons are called n-type (for negative-type) and ones that conduct holes are called p-type (for positive-type). Both n-type and p-type materials can be used in transistors.
The field-effect transistor (FET) is the most common type used in modern computers. A gate electrode at the center of the device is separated from the semiconductor surface by a thin insulating layer. A current of electrons or holes passing between the FET's two terminals, called the source and the drain, is controlled by the amount of voltage on the gate. In an n-type FET, for instance, a positive voltage on the gate electrode forms a layer of electrons in the channel region, creating a conducting path in the semiconductor through which current flows.
To speed up a FET, the concept is simple: shorten the distance—the channel length—between the source and drain, and signals will pass between the terminals more quickly. This reduction of dimensions was dubbed scaling by IBM researcher Robert Dennard in the 1970s. (An important side benefit to scaling is that it leads to cramming more transistors into a given area, creating the potential of more functionality on a similarly sized semiconductor.)
However, the difficulty of continuing to reduce the size of conventional silicon-based transistors has caused many to think that the era of scaling is near an end. How can we then make transistors pass signals more quickly? The solution lies in the material of the transistor. Between the source and drain terminals of a transistor is the semiconductor. Although reducing the distance between source and drain increases speed, another way to achieve the same goal is to use a material that conducts electrical signals more rapidly. This aim is why graphene's mobility is important.
Mobility is a measure of the speed with which electrical signals travel through a material when a voltage is applied. It is easy to see that a material with higher mobility transmits signals faster than one of lower mobility if the dimensions are the same. Compared to other semiconducting materials, silicon actually has a relatively low mobility, but its use is widespread because it has lots of other advantages, such as great mechanical strength and relative ease of manufacture. However, transistors are made from materials that have higher mobility than silicon, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP), when they are destined for certain special applications, such as high-frequency wireless transmitters and receivers used in cell phones, or in specialized electronics such as military communications equipment. Graphene transistors may be expected to play a role in these applications because the highest mobility measured for graphene is greater than for the other compounds.
Many scientists and engineers around the world have become excited about the possibility of replacing silicon with graphene to make faster transistors and circuits. Even before graphene's properties were fully measured or understood, my colleagues and I at IBM, as well as other groups worldwide, believed we should jump right in and try to build transistors and circuits in a way that might lead to technology that could eventually be manufactured just as silicon is used today. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency also believed in this goal and supported this work. Not surprisingly, we encountered many difficulties, but the progress has been very rapid.
Graphite is made of a huge number of sheets of graphene stacked on top of each other. If a single layer of graphite is peeled off, we have graphene. A light pencil mark on paper may actually leave traces of graphene, as pencil "lead" actually contains graphite. But peeling off a single layer of free-standing graphene without having it buckle and fold is not the same as taking a sheet off a stack of paper.
Geim and Novoselov first obtained graphene by exfoliation using transparent tape: By repeatedly sticking the tape on graphite and removing it, they were able to sometimes transfer small flakes of graphene to another carrier material. This technique let them obtain enough graphene to do the seminal experiments that led to their Nobel Prize. This ease of producing graphene probably led to the intense and rapid interest in the material: Any university with a chunk of high-quality graphite, a supply of tape and patient graduate students could produce enough of the material to do some interesting experiments!
However, the flakes of graphene made this way are tiny: tens of micrometers in width. Such small pieces are enough for experiments but useless for the real electronics applications that our group had in mind. Modern electronic circuits are manufactured by wafer processing: Thin discs with a diameter of 200 or 300 millimeters, made of silicon or other materials, are treated with chemical and optical steps to make dozens or hundred of identical circuits simultaneously. For graphene electronics to be practical, graphene has to be made in larger amounts and sizes, and processed into circuits in a way that can be mass-produced.
At the moment there are two methods of producing graphene on this scale. Both involve processes to grow a single layer of atoms stretching across many centimeters—enormous for this material. Graphene is a picoscale (300 x 10–12 meters) material in one dimension, but macroscopic in its other two dimensions.
One growth method is the formation of an epitaxial layer (where the crystalline structure of the layer aligns to that of the substrate) of graphene on silicon carbide (SiC). At sufficiently high temperatures the silicon–carbon bonds will break and the silicon will evaporate from the surface, leaving exposed carbon atoms. If this event occurs with appropriate gases present, additional carbon atoms will adhere to those on the surface, forming the hexagonal pattern that makes graphene. This method has been used for a few years to produce 50-millimeter wafers with a silicon-carbide support structure covered completely by a layer of graphene, which can be patterned and formed into devices and circuits using many of the processing techniques found in conventional electronics fabrication. Wafers 100 millimeters in diameter are now becoming available, which makes this method even more attractive. Silicon carbide is particularly useful for radio frequency electronics: Unlike silicon, it is an insulator, so unwanted signals will not propagate from device to device through the substrate. Additionally, it is optically transparent. One drawback of the epitaxial graphene is that one of its surfaces is fairly tightly bonded to the base, impacting its mobility and making for a transistor that would be slower than one made of free-standing graphene.
Another method of producing wafer-scale graphene is growth through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon on a catalyst material. Good quality graphene has been produced using copper as the catalyst. If a wafer covered with copper is exposed to ethylene (C2H4) under appropriate conditions, a single layer of graphene forms on it. Of course, copper is a conducting material, and it connects all the graphene together, making it useless for circuits, so the graphene layer must be transferred to an insulating substrate before it can be put into production. The graphene is first coated with a polymer, then the copper on its underside is chemically etched away. The graphene/polymer sheet is placed on a carrier wafer, and the polymer is then removed, leaving a single sheet of carbon atoms. This technique can be used to cover 200- or 300-millimeter wafers with graphene, and any final substrate can be used. Therefore it's now possible to transfer the graphene onto already-fabricated circuits to make a hybrid technology. The drawback of the CVD method is that, at the moment, the mobility of the graphene is not as high as that formed from epitaxial growth, due to residues of the polymer adhering to the graphene, physical domains (places where the grid of carbon atoms doesn't align, creating boundaries) and even wrinkles in the graphene sheet. But with the amount of effort spent on generating graphene with CVD, this situation will probably improve.
A transistor made with graphene looks very much like a conventional FET, in that it has a region covered by an insulator under a gate electrode that controls the flow of electrons or holes from source to drain. However, the physical properties of graphene are very different from other semiconductors, and the mechanism of current control is altered, so the electrical properties of a graphene FET diverge quite a lot from conventional FETs.
The most important of these different properties is that graphene does not have a bandgap, an energy range in most nonmetals where electron states cannot exist. In other words, for graphene, as its electrons travel in orbitals around their carbon atoms, there is no energy difference between the conduction band (where electrons are free to move around and form bonds) and the valence band (where electrons are tightly bound to their atoms). Because of this property, some call graphene a gapless semiconductor and some call it a semi-metal. In semiconductor FETs, the bandgap allows the channel to be turned on or off—preventing or allowing a flow of electricity—by applying a voltage to the gate. Without a bandgap, graphene always conducts, but the amount of conduction is controlled by the number of charge carriers in the material. Thus, the current can be modulated, but it cannot be completely stopped. In silicon FETs, the ratio of the on current to the off current might be 1:104 or 1:105, but the ratio for graphene FETs may be smaller than 1:10. Also, in silicon FETs, a state called pinch-off occurs when part of the channel is effectively off, leading to a high resistance to current. High output resistance is required for transistors to amplify the input signal at the gate, which is needed for almost all practical circuits. But the absence of a bandgap in graphene means there is no pinch-off in its channel region, so achieving high output resistance is difficult.
Because silicon FETs can be turned off, they can be used for digital computers for which there are only two states allowed: on or off, current flowing or current blocked. In standard silicon-manufacturing technology, most of the transistors are off most of the time. With millions of transistors in an integrated circuit, this means the current flow is controllable. If the off-state of such transistors only resulted in a small reduction of current, then the circuits would require enormous amounts of power to keep them going, and we would never have home computers or portable electronic devices, because they would heat up and deplete their batteries very quickly. However, analog and radio frequency circuits, which modulate the amplitude of signals rather than turn them on or off digitally, are essentially always conducting. Silicon FETs can be used for digital or analog circuits, but graphene FETs are better suited—at the moment—just for analog circuits.
There are some other interesting differences between graphene and semiconductors. Because it is a purely two-dimensional material, it has no body, no bulk. All current flows on its surface. As a result, anything contacting graphene might affect its current flow by scattering it off the atoms of the contacting material. Additionally, in semiconductors the level of gate voltage required to turn the transistor on has been controlled by adding small amounts of other materials, in a process called doping. But doping in graphene is only possible through surface contact, which again is hard to control during manufacturing.
Finally, current sometimes flows equally well in both directions through a graphene FET. In silicon and other semiconductors with a bandgap, current is predominantly via either electrons or holes, as determined by the fabrication of the transistor. But graphene allows almost equal conduction of electrons and holes, so it is an ambipolar device. (However, when the graphene is made from silicon carbide, it becomes unipolar.) So far, this property is regarded as a nuisance, but there might be some unique applications resulting from this quirk. There have been demonstrations of frequency multipliers and dual-mode amplifiers (both used with communications signals) that make use of this peculiar property.
The result of these different behaviors can be seen in traditional direct-current (DC) electrical characteristics of the graphene FETs. The transfer characteristic relates the output current through the drain to the input voltage on the gate, from which transconductance is derived. Qualitatively this measurement shows how "strong" the device is: A stronger device delivers more current for a given input voltage than a weaker device. The output characteristic relates the drain current to the drain voltage, from which the output resistance is computed. Both transconductance and output resistance of any transistor need to be known to design analog circuits.
Yet in spite of the very different physics and resulting DC electrical behavior, it has been shown that graphene FETs behave very much like their semiconductor counterparts when they are operated at high frequency, under alternating-current (AC) conditions. This comparison is made by measuring each system's frequency response, its output signal strength when it is given a particular input signal.
The primary means of estimating frequency response is through the cutoff frequency. A universally used metric for describing the frequency response of FETs, cutoff frequency is a fundamental property indicating how quickly a signal can travel from the gate to the drain of the device, and all new device technologies are measured against both existing ones and projections of expected cutoff frequencies in the future.
This metric is derived from other measurements that describe the frequency dependence of the small-signal AC current gain of a transistor when the output is short-circuited. An AC voltage is applied to the gate at various frequencies, resulting in an AC input current. The measured output current (also AC) is divided by the input current, as a function of frequency. In the case of FETs, this only makes sense for AC measurements, as no DC current can flow through the insulating gate. If a FET is well behaved, this current gain should decrease as the inverse of the frequency. The point at which it falls to a value of 1 is the cutoff frequency.
Some of our earliest work with graphene FETs, which were actually made from tiny flakes of the material, showed the right AC behavior. The current gain drops with frequency, so "cutoff frequency" is a meaningful term. Additionally, cutoff frequency was shown to be proportional to the transconductance divided by gate capacitance, and cutoff frequency increased as the channel length was reduced. These three traits showed that in high-frequency operation, graphene FETs act a lot like semiconductor FETs, which nurtured the idea that graphene transistors could potentially be used in similar circuits. In a few short years, we have seen cutoff frequency increase from a few gigahertz to over 300 gigahertz, almost catching up with the most sophisticated semiconductor devices.
Frequency response depends inversely on the length of the gate, and proportionally to the transconductance, which is loosely proportional to mobility. Thus, to make faster devices, we can either reduce the gate length or use higher mobility materials. The work with graphene has consistently shown the advantage of its mobility. Compared to silicon FETs, graphene FETs have always had higher cutoff frequencies at the same gate length.
Transistors are one of the building blocks of electronic circuits, but unless they are connected, they don't have any useful function. Prior to the 1960s, transistors were connected to other electronic components—resistors, capacitors, other transistors and so on—by wires, then made into items such as radios and televisions. Then the era of modern electronics started, with the invention of the monolithic integrated circuit, in which all these components were fabricated together on a single substrate, eliminating bulky wiring, which led to miniaturization and a tremendous increase in function and variety. All of today's radios, phones and computers are made this way.
With that in mind, our team at IBM decided to start work on an integrated graphene circuit, while also developing improved graphene transistors. We realized we shouldn't wait until the transistors were perfect before we tried to make a circuit with them. The transistor is fairly simple compared to a circuit with interconnections and other components. We knew that in the process of developing an integrated circuit, we would uncover problems that were better faced as soon as possible, and we were eager to start.
The idea of the integrated circuit is that most or all of the circuit is built on the same substrate, using many steps to deposit and pattern layers of materials to create the required components. These steps are repeated on many locations on a wafer, yielding a large number of identical circuits produced on a single substrate. In semiconductor technology, these processes are numerous and very sophisticated. However, applying these steps to a wafer covered with graphene turned out to be challenging for several reasons. First, graphene has poor adhesion with the metals and oxides used in integrated circuits. Because the graphene layer is only a single atom thick, it is vulnerable to damage by some of the common etching processes. In addition, the substrate materials and dielectrics employed in the experimental graphene transistors were not all suitable for wafer-scale fabrication. Finally, the integrated circuit required a mixture of thick and thin metal layers, which requires different processing.
Discovering and then solving these problems took almost a year. More than 60 processing steps were required to make this integrated circuit, 5 or 10 times more than the number required to make a wafer full of single graphene transistors. The circuit was made from a silicon carbide wafer covered with epitaxially grown graphene. The result was a frequency mixer. The area of the circuit is less than 1 square millimeter. Although it uses only one FET, it is a sophisticated combination of devices, interconnectors, insulators and inductors.
Frequency mixers are at the heart of almost every wireless communication circuit, and they are required for a signal-detection principle of radio tuning invented by Columbia University electrical engineer Edwin Armstrong decades before transistors were developed. If we imagine building wireless electronics from graphene, a mixer is a very important circuit to use as a starting point. Mixers combine two signals of different frequencies, the radio frequency (RF) signal that carries the information over a long distance, and the local oscillator (LO) signal, which is used to convert the signal to a frequency that is usable by the receiver. The mixer produces a signal composed of the difference in frequencies of these two inputs (it also produces a sum signal, but this is actually an undesired by-product). If the input frequencies are of close value, then the difference between the two is quite low and might, for example, be in the audio range, even if the input signals are orders of magnitude higher than human hearing range.
The successful operation of the graphene mixer is illustrated in Figure 8, which shows a frequency spectrum of the output signal. The two inputs, the RF signal and the LO signal, are seen at 3.8 gigahertz and 4.0 gigahertz, respectively; as required by mixing, the difference signal is seen with a value of 200 megahertz. The unwanted sum signal is also present, but its amplitude is much suppressed by the impedance of an inductor in the output path. We made other measurements to validate the correct operation, with the conclusion that this graphene mixer is quite successful. It has a rather large signal loss, which is undesirable, but our experiments have shown us what we need to do to improve this outcome. Its level of integration is actually greater than some conventional mixers operating at similar frequency. Testing the mixer also gave us a pleasant surprise: It operates almost unchanged over a temperature range from 300 kelvin to 400 kelvin. Most conventional RF semiconductor circuits require additional feedback circuitry to enable operation over wide temperatures. In separate work done by our group at IBM, it has been found that graphene devices have a frequency response that is almost unchanged to a very low temperature of 4.3 kelvin, so it appears that graphene electronics has the very attractive property of being temperature-independent over a huge range.
Our graphene device has not been perfected. Some "amplifiers" actually attenuate signals instead, and the integrated mixer has a rather large signal loss. Although tremendous progress in exploiting graphene for RF circuits has been made in a very short time—just four years—there is still a lot to be done before it is ready to replace any existing technologies.
One major challenge is to preserve graphene's mobility. Pure graphene has a mobility that is 10 or more times higher than silicon, yet the cutoff frequencies seem to be running at only two times the values of silicon FETs at the same dimensions. This discrepancy results from graphene being all surface. When it is suspended, free of contact on both sides, it has high mobility. When something touches it, its mobility usually drops considerably, as the charge carriers (electrons and holes) scatter off the adjacent materials on their way through the graphene. Part of the problem comes from the substrate on which the graphene is grown or placed. Also, to make a gated device, there must be a dielectric (an insulator that can be polarized by an electric field) between the gate and the graphene. So a graphene FET inevitably has contact with materials that can rob it of some of its potential. There is considerable engineering effort to reduce the impact of contact by finding different materials and by altering the physical structure of the devices. If the mobility of free-standing graphene can be retained in a full transistor structure, it will be a tremendous leap ahead in electronics performance.
The physical device structure is presently limiting performance as well. The issue is resistance: Any resistance in the path from source to drain causes a reduction in transconductance, even if the graphene mobility is high. There are two locations in graphene devices with high resistance. One is at the contact between the metal electrodes and the graphene itself. Because of the chemical and quantum mechanical properties of graphene, this resistance is usually large, but there is work being done to see if it can be reduced. Its not known yet if this is a fundamental problem or "just" an engineering problem. The second source of resistance is the region between the gate graphene and the source and drain contacts, called the access region. Even though this is a fairly small distance, ungated graphene is of high resistance. It's as if part of the gate is not doing its job of turning the channel on. This is an engineering problem. Using the technique called self-alignment, which automatically creates a gate that almost fills the region between source and drain, it should be possible to greatly reduce the length of the access region, thereby reducing this unwanted resistance.
Output conductance is also a problem and can be seen in the output characteristic. The ideal FET has an output that is flat above a certain drain voltage, which is equivalent to an infinite differential output resistance. A small change of the gate voltage of a transistor causes a change in its drain current. If the output resistance is infinite, this current will flow to the load attached to the transistor—such as an external resistor or another transistor—which results in voltage or power amplification of the gate voltage. This amplification, or gain, is required for almost all electronic components; otherwise, the signal applied to the circuit will be attenuated and eventually lost. If the transistor, however, has a finite output resistance, some of the current modulated by the gate will be dissipated in the transistor and hence not transferred to the load. If too much of the current is lost in the transistor, there will be loss instead of gain, and the device will be useless. Graphene FETs tend to have rather poor output resistance when the gate lengths are small, so this problem is serious for graphene. If the channel is long, drain current saturation is seen, which is equivalent to high output resistance, but a long channel device has low frequency performance, and therefore may not be practical. Getting short-channel graphene FETs to saturate is challenging. There has been some recent progress based on very thin gate dielectrics, which basically improves the transconductance. Using a thin dielectric can also improve the drain current saturation. There's a lot left to be done, but some devices with gain have been demonstrated, and it looks like there is a path to improvement.
Like any analog circuit, graphene FETs have to face a problem of noise. All analog signals have unwanted noise: If it is too large, it masks or corrupts the transmitted signal. If noise is present at the input to an amplifier chain, it will be amplified along with the signal of interest; if there is noise added by the devices in the amplifier chain, there will be a net increase of noise at the output. At the moment we simply don't know if graphene makes a low-noise transistor, but perhaps it has lower noise than conventional semiconductors. Based on its conduction mechanism, many people believe it will be superior, but the experiments just haven't been done yet.
What if we can extend the electrical performance of graphene a bit more so it becomes as good as silicon, or even a little better? Then how might it be used? One interesting possibility is to combine graphene circuits with some other technology, such as conventional semiconductor circuitry, to exploit the best of each. A layer of graphene circuits might be placed on a patterned semiconductor wafer. The graphene layer can be used for analog and RF circuits, while the semiconductor part can be used for digital processing of the RF signals. A hybrid technology like this seems feasible now that we are able to transfer a single layer of CVD-grown graphene onto any substrate, including one that has been processed to contain circuits.
Looking further, we are considering some other attractive graphene properties. It is almost transparent, it absorbs light, it is flexible and strong and it works over a wide temperature range. Circuits made from graphene might be used for invisible electronics, such as on windows or glasses; for flexible circuits, for example, sewn into clothing; or for circuits to be used in extreme temperature environments, such as space and underground exploration. Although separate electronics may already exist for these situations, perhaps only graphene can be of use in these circumstances with the extra advantage of very high-frequency operation.
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Check out the handiwork of Josh Summana, the guy behind this very cool time lapse of a Tomb Raider digital painting. Naturally, he includes the grime and the cuts Lara suffers in her newest game. Gotta show us that grit.
It's difficult to watch paintings like this one and not feel awed by how much attention to detail is involved in making works of art, eh?
Pixel Vision #07 - Tomb Raider Contest (Time Lapse) [8bitEGO]


text: Courtyard Mission Valley San Diego is a wedding house and home decorator company from San Diego, CA. We provide a service for new home and house decor for wedding couples to make their current generation modern living dream successful. Courtyard Mission Valley San Diego is a professional wedding house and home decor has been part of the San Diego, California and nearby cities for many years. We specialize in additional features for exciting garden, car parking and reception decoration also.


text:
Gray named AL's top pitcher for April
OAKLAND -- Sonny Gray says he's not superstitious, nor is he intimidated by pitching in the Major Leagues.
Gray, who was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for April on Monday, figures once play starts, it's all about the game.View Full Game Coverage
OAKLAND -- Sonny Gray says he's not superstitious, nor is he intimidated by pitching in the Major Leagues.
Gray, who was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for April on Monday, figures once play starts, it's all about the game.View Full Game Coverage
"It's about getting guys out and winning games," Gray said before the Oakland Athletics opened a three-game series with the Seattle Mariners. "I have high expectations of myself, and every time I take the mound it's fun. I love my start day. I look forward to it the whole week."
Gray entered May 4-1 with a 1.76 ERA, one shutout and 37 strikeouts in 41 innings over six appearances (including one on March 31). It's his first career Pitcher of the Month honor, and he's the first A's hurler to take the award since Bartolo Colon in June last season.
Gray struck out a career-high nine batters on April 12 against the Mariners, at one point retiring 11 in a row. In his final start of the month, he shut out the Rangers at Globe Life Park, scattering three hits with one walk and six strikeouts for his first career complete game and shutout. It was Oakland's first complete game of the season.
Gray credits former Vanderbilt teammates and current Major League pitchers David Price and Mike Minor, among others, for helping him make an easy transition from college All-American to becoming the A's staff ace.
"I had a support system of guys in pro ball who were in my same spot and went through it before I did," Gray said. "Talking to those guys I felt prepared me for the Majors."
A's manager Bob Melvin was impressed when he was getting to know Gray.
"He's a happy-go-lucky guy who has always been confident since his college days," Melvin said. "He goes out and does his thing. The sky is the limit for him. He's come a long way in a short amount of time. He keeps getting better and better. He came up last year and pitched in some big games, started in the playoffs, and this year he's the Opening Day starter."
Gray said earning the award was exciting, but not something he ever thought about.
"When I look back at the first month of the season, we're in a good spot as a team and I'm glad to be a part of it," Gray said. "First of all, you just dream about pitching in the Major Leagues. And then to be put in a spot to start Opening Day in what is basically my first full season, that's not what I expected. I tried to take it and run with it. I want to compete every time out and continue to get better."
Rick Eymer is a contributor to MLB.com.


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johnquail necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 1518 diseños de 398 diseñadores freelance.
I'm looking for a web 2.0 style logo for my newly purchased domain name claim.com. Think fun, professional, but not corporate.
I currently run http://www.claims4free.co.uk. I like this site design (I just recently got the site redesigned), and so the design for claim.com will eventually look in a similar, but the logo is just isnt unique. I dont just want a font as a logo, I need something that little bit different to set it apart.
I like the simple changes in the skype logo, along with several other web2.0 style logos. I also like the subtle use of gradient in the skype logo.
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Officially authorized by John Wayne Enterprises, this collection boldly salutes Duke's American pride and heroism. Each issue in the collection is fully-sculpted and expertly handcrafted with true-to-life details and patriotic motifs. Hand-painting in subtle antiqued colors gives each sculpture a striking, timeless feel, and full-color artwork of the star in action adds to the thrill. Heavy demand is expected for this inspiring John Wayne collection, so don't miss out. Order now!
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Interesting Southern Italian violin, early 20th century
This modern Italian violin is the ideal choice for concertmasters and soloists — an assertive instrument with a voice that is powerful, brilliant, rich in overtones and radiant. It was crafted in the early 20th century and patterned after a very broad and sturdy model with a moderately high table and ribs, reflecting an interesting and mature design concept. On the inside of this perfectly preserved undamaged instrument, there is a label and a certificate by Italian organization ANLAI referring to Enrico Politi (the certificate can be viewed by a click on the certificate button below), but in our opinion no further verification can be gleaned about its provenance. Whereas the name of its true maker has been lost to history, this full-blooded Italian violin's clear and distinctive style clearly places its origins in Sicily or elsewhere in southern Italy. Its acoustic character is a magnificent match with its self-confident appearance, which is evident in the unconventional carving of the large and expressive scroll. A thick coat of orange-red oil varnish elegantly harmonises with the beautiful grain of the premium-quality spruce and interesting structures of the fine tight flames of the maple used for the two-piece back. We have meticulously set up the violin, and it is now ready to play. The experts at our workshop recommend it to sophisticated musicians who are interested in a "purebred" Italian string instrument with a respectable volume.
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Nope Noise frequency is correct in Hatari 2.0 and in all Hatari version since many years, it was just when rewriting the new cycle exact YM in the devel version that I forgot to take it into account.Steven Seagal wrote:For hi-hats in Hatari, we know it wasn't really the filter but noise frequency.
But even so, Troed confirmed me that hi-hats sounds from 7an were still not correct, which is due to too much filtering.
The filter is very subjective because it depends on the TV/monitor/connection. There is not only one good filter.
I recently could hear the output of my STE on PC speakers through the phono connection: yuck! To be accurate we should emulate all parasites due to bus activity, pixel colour etc.
On my STF connected to a rather good HIFI system I never heard such parasites. Maybe it's STE only (worse isolation ?), or maybe it's your cable ?
Only case when I hear some kind of parasite is if the YM doesn't play any sound and I turn the volume to the max on my old CRT monitor. Then the CRT's speaker can output a small noise that depends on what's on screen, but I think it's more a problem in the SCART cable (not enough isolation between each individual cable, so video RGB signals alter audio signal) than in the ST's output itself.
To record my STF output, I soldered more than 25 years ago a kind of do it yourself "stereo" board ; it's soldered directly on the pins of the 3 voices of the YM and there's really no noticeable parasites.


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Dr. Amy Burke wants to be an inspiration to single moms and new doctors. Except for the debt part.
Burke, 44, who grew up in Chittenango, near Syracuse, opened a new family practice several weeks ago on Southwestern Boulevard in Orchard Park.
She got pregnant, with twins, during her freshman year at LeMoyne College, an experience that added both challenges and blessings to her life. She has bachelor's degrees in biology from LeMoyne and nursing from Syracuse University, and an executive MBA from the University at Buffalo, where she also attended medical school.
"I'm a poor doctor," she said during a recent interview. "All my worth is right there on the wall."
How did you end up back in Western New York?
After I got out of medical school in 2005, I went back to Syracuse and did my residency in the same hospital where I used to practice as a nurse, St. Joseph's, which is an amazing hospital. I came back to Buffalo in February 2010 to take a job and do my MBA. I was working as a hospitalist for a group here. My male partners got more money than me. It was like, 'This was not going to happen.'
When you start out as a doctor, how much debt do you carry?
It is really expensive in this state to go to medical school. We're talking $40,000 to $50,000 a year. There are some students who have families that can support them, but most of us come out owing at least $160,000. Mine's $260,000, but I borrowed money to live on, so here I am in one of the lower-paying brackets of health care – that's fine, it's not about money, it's about going to work and loving what you do – but I have 30 years to pay a second mortgage, so I'm going to be one of those poor doctors for a really long time.
You had a tough freshman year in college.
Here I am, pregnant at 19. Their dad and I didn't survive (in a relationship), which is OK. I did two degrees, I did medical school and an MBA, and my girls know me more when I've been in school than out of school.
When I looked in my girls' eyes, I thought, 'Oh my God, I have two more reasons to be successful.' I want them to be successful people and so I have to be that, too.' So I woke up at 19 and said, 'The party's done.' I was so poor I couldn't afford a TV and I needed furniture. A friend found a couch on a side of the road. I sat on that couch till I finished at LeMoyne, and I worked as a waitress at Friendly's. I was on Medicaid. I overcame it. It's not that I was a special person, it's just that I had the right people help me at the right time, and the drive to do it, because I had the right people.
Brittany and Brandy are now 24 years old. They both graduated from LeMoyne and both are back at school. Brittany is at Houghton College right now. She's getting a business management degree. She also works as my secretary in my office. She calls me Dr. Burke and pretends she's not my daughter (mom says this with a smile any parent would recognize). She goes to classes at night, and she's doing so well. I'm very proud of her.
Brandy is in Syracuse now. She's been accepted at the UB exercise science program to go into the physical therapy program.
Is medical school more like "Grey's Anatomy" or "Scrubs?"
When I was a resident, people were watching 'Grey's Anatomy,' and you know 'Grey's Anatomy,' everybody's doing everybody. I said, 'If it is, I don't know about it. I just want to go to sleep at the end of the day.' … I'm sure there was some of that going on because some of the couples ended up getting married. It was like 'Scrubs' sometimes, the funny things that would happen. You remember the janitor who was really mean to everyone? That's exactly how it was. As a medical student, you were the lowest of the low. If a janitor looked at you the wrong way, you were in trouble.
If you're single and you want to meet a doctor, are there places in Buffalo to do that?
A lot of doctors marry within a hospital, or they marry friends, or they marry their high school sweetheart. For a male doctor, it could be a nurse, maybe even a secretary. I think women on the average might meet someone through a friend. So if you think of all that, where are you going to meet a doctor? I don't think it's at a bar.
What would be something that might surprise many Western New Yorkers about the medical school experience?
Many of us didn't live in Buffalo beforehand. After I left medical school, I met someone in Syracuse who lived in Buffalo, and he said, 'Oh, did you go here?' or 'Did you go there?' And I said, 'No. No.'
The thing is, after four years in medical school, unless you're from Buffalo you leave as ignorant about Buffalo as when you came. I knew how to get to each hospital and the few places we'd hang out at, but even now, being here a couple of years, I'm learning there's so much to do in Buffalo.
Burke is taking new patients who call her office, 362-3909. To learn more about her practice and views on health care reform, read the Refresh Buffalo Blog at BuffaloNews.com.
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Nigel's photo shows a young woman, perhaps in her twenties, with a lacy top and a wide brimmed hat (if indeed it can be called a hat - it looks more like a large bird's nest to me). Nigel believed the portrait to be of Maria Amelia Slater née Smith (1834-1913), daughter of John Smith, clockmaker of Derby, and wife of William Slater, stone merchant and lessee operator of Coxbench Quarry.
I have a pair of small round framed portraits of a "couple", one certainly my great-grandfather William Slater, and the other is [a copy of] this particular portrait. I feel very confident that it is his wife ... This mounted photograph is certainly printed and mounted after 1895 and possibly as late as 1913, if prepared for her daughters upon her death, from earlier material. If the subject is, say, 35 in the photograph, this would date the original photograph as about 1870... The small framed portraits were not taken at the same time [as each other] and they are framed in an amateur way, perhaps 1910-1930, but the fact that they are framed as a pair does, I feel, indicate "Mother and Father" ... The "Miss" Slater [written in pencil on the reverse of the mount] suggests to me that the print was done by one of the daughters, probably on the death of the subject in 1913. Two of the three daughters were still at home.My own analysis of the photograph produced a somewhat different conclusion. The card mount size and design on the reverse is of a type used by W.W. Winter from about 1898 until 1905-ish. The negative number (119073) also suggests that the photograph was produced in the early 1900s, although it could conceivably still have been a new negative of an older print. However, the style of clothing is, to me, contemporary with the card mount: the lace shawl covering her shoulders and large hat on her head is typical of the early 1900s, and I think very unlikely to have been taken much earlier than about 1898. I suggested to Nigel, therefore, that it might rather be a portrait of a daughter of Maria Amelia Slater. After some deliberation, Nigel responded:
I had for a long time carelessly assumed that as these two photos existed in identical small frames (in those frames they are small and old prints which also exist as larger formal prints) that they were William Slater and his wife whereas it is now clear to be that it is William Slater and his daughter, Alice. The correct details [for the subject are now:Thanks for the image and the anecdote, Nigel. The photograph and story fit in perfectly with my mental image of Emily Pankhurst and the suffragettes.
Alice Elisabeth Slater, born 3 Jan 1879, died 22 or 23 Dec 1956, eldest daughter of William Slater of 19 Vernon St, Derby, stone merchant & lessee operator of Coxbench Quarry, and partner of W.H. & J. Slater Brick and Pipe Works, Denby (near Ripley), and builders, Walker & Slater, Derby. She married Percy Hassal(l) Mellor On October 30 1907. I think therefore that the date of the photo could well be 1907, she would have been 28, that looks realistic.
Incidentally it has always been said that she was a suffragette and that when the census was taken she did not want to appear in it, so she slept the night in the office here at 19 Vernon street, the family home. (There was then no connecting door to the offices). She would have relied on my Great Grandfather to omit her when he completed the form that evening, and the family believed he did so. But when the 1901 census was published I was unsurprised to see that he did include her correctly !
P.S. This image sent to me by Nigel shows a somewhat different Alice Mellor, in a rather intriguing portrait taken in June 1918 by W.H. Puddicombe of Bideford (Devon). Any ideas what the outfit and rake were supposed to mean?
P.P.S. The web site of the Imperial War Museum has a feature entitled, "No job for a woman: The effects of war on womens' lives during the 20th and 21st centuries," which has a gallery of photographs of women doing various jobs normally done by men during the First World War. One of these is a woman in the Women's Forestry Corps, dressed in very similar clothes (see below) to those worn by Alice Mellor.
Bearing in mind that Alice's photo was taken in June 1918, it seems likely that she was occupied in some sort of agricultural work for the war effort. The creation of the Women's Land Army in 1917, was a response to the need to maintain agricultural production, when men working in that sector were being called up to the army to combat Germany's U-Boat campaign. I can also see her fitting right into this propaganda poster developed for recruitment purposes (from the Posters Collection on Michael Duffy's excellent First World War web site). In fact, the clothes are so similar - the hat, the short coat with broad belt, the sturdy shoes, the puttees up to just below the knees, all designed for working in the fields - I think it is probably a uniform!


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