text:
No Longer the Nubile One
My daughter, at 12 years of age, has a page boy cut, little-girl legs that are lengthening and hips that are making an appearance, two demure curves. Tonight is her school concert, and she looks smashing in her scoop-neck shirt and short skirt, a uniform I could never wear, my legs too plump for a mini. Just as she is learning to use her clothes to reveal, I, nearing 50 and heavier than I've ever been, am learning to use them to conceal.
It's time to go. My daughter grabs her clarinet case, and we pile into the car. As we drive down dark roads, my daughter fits her instrument together in the backseat, moistening the reeds that make the music. "Your hair is so frizzy tonight," she tells me, and I nod yes because it's true. "And you're wearing that?" she says, leaning over to view my stretchy pants and long, loose shirt, the cuffs rolled. She scans me top to bottom, then eyes her father. Apparently, he gets a turn, too; thank God I'm not the only one. "With your long beard," she says, "you look like a lumberjack."
"I can pull over and shave," he says. "Better yet, why don't I shave in the school parking lot, in front of everyone?"
"Right," my daughter says and flops back in her seat. "Just do me a favor, you guys," she says.
"Whatever you want," my husband responds.
"Pretend you're not my parents," she says. "Pretend that we've never met."
"Eva!" I say. "Never."
"Why not?" my husband asks. "I remember being 12 and feeling exactly the same way."
As soon as we arrive, my daughter leaps from the car and disappears into the crowd of milling parents and students carrying all manner of instruments: curving French horns, trumpets with their flaring mouths, silver flutes and slender piccolos. A bell sounds, and we head inside to the concert hall, which dims and hushes. The children are seated, holding their instruments aloft, until the conductor waves his baton and they begin to play. The music they make mimics their young bodies, nimble and nubile and lovely, teetering on the edge of something bigger. My husband and I are in the back of the crowded hall in seats that feel cramped. With each passing stanza, I'm aware of my aging, bloated body and, inside me, my own secret song of shame.
How is it that our own children can make us feel shame? We're the ones, after all, who set the rules, give the warnings, define the lines. Yet despite our obvious authority, the truth is that there comes a time when the child wields a wand more magical and fierce than any tool her parent has. And so it is now with my daughter and me: As she approaches adolescence, I realize how much I want my old body back, the one I had when I was 20, or even 30—lean and athletic, the body that could do a backbend or a cartwheel on the grass in our front yard. Better yet, it was a body that could—and would—pose naked for the Polaroid, my husband clicking away, the pictures sliding from the slot all blank and milky, the image slowly resolving itself to form a nude woman flexing her substantial biceps or flashing a strong and graceful calf. Facing front, plainly posed, her neck dips down to her large breasts, the skin there thin as parchment, nipples the size of quarters topping off the two mounds. There I was. Here I am. These pictures are hidden in a pouch that is itself hidden in my desk. Lately, I've had the urge to show them to my daughter, if only to prove to her that, once upon a time, I could strut my stuff. And yet I won't show her. In the end, the photos are private, between my husband and me. Revealing them would be wrong. The very fact that my husband is holding the camera and that I am posing for him, nude, suggests that we are lovers on a romp.
Levi Brown
The closer my daughter gets to womanhood, her gaze turning sharp and critical, the more I find my confidence waning. I join one weight loss group, then, after a few weeks with no results, I quit and call another. The woman who answers sounds young and thin and annoyingly upbeat. "How many pounds do you want to lose?" she asks. I hadn't figured that far. "A lot," I say, thinking of my slender progeny. We go through the menu together, and I make my selections. The food arrives on my doorstep a few days later, cartons full of freeze-dried meals, the boxes steaming and hissing when I break them open with my daughter. We pull out packages of pancakes and syrup in a small, wrapped well; a chipotle-chicken sandwich with a freeze-dried side of pickles; sliced breast of turkey, the gravy in a cold lump. I sit amid the boxes, the food scattered on the floor around me. "I can't eat this stuff," I say.
"Sure you can," my daughter says. "It looks good!"
"If it looks so good, then why don't you eat it?" I grumble, suddenly feeling very small and young in the worst way. This happens sometimes, now that my daughter is on the cusp. We'll have an interaction, and I'll lose my place as her parent, as the adult. For a few brief moments, I become her peer, sour and sullen, all the more so because I can't find my footing there.
"I'm not the fat one," my daughter retorts. When she sees my face, she says, "Sorry, Mom—it's just that I worry about you."
I take the steps I need to take to bring my body back. I do it because of my daughter. I know it's possible: I've seen lithe, sexy, middle-aged women with long, shiny hair who look good in Lycra. If I try hard enough, might I become one of them? Part of me, though, is irked at my situation. A woman approaching 50 should have the right to some flab or at least the option to ignore the tyranny of pretty. I tell myself that in certain cultures—which ones I'm not sure—extra weight is considered a wonderful thing; the bigger a woman's bottom, the better. Somewhere in the world, my body might be fêted. My arguments don't soothe me, though. The bottom line is that I don't like my bottom, and living with a coming-of-age beauty doesn't make this realization any easier.
So I eat freeze-dried diet meals for two weeks, dutifully microwaving my preprepared feed. The meats, which look so succulent in the package pictures, are, in reality, grainy and tough; the sandwich buns are like dust in my mouth. The pickles have a tinny aftertaste. Still, I persist, using tall glasses of water to wash everything down. I step onto the scale every morning, the digital numbers blinking as they jockey for position. Finally, they come into focus, not moving, day after day, meal after freeze-dried meal, settled as stubbornly as mules, rigid and red, a shaming pronouncement: 180. I begin to get angry, ignoring my appetite and refusing to eat even a small square of chocolate. I begin to take off my earrings when I weigh in, then my watch, then my small star of David. No go. The numbers won't budge. They flicker and jiggle and then settle down: 180, 180, 180. I get the bad news naked, then go to my room and lie on my bed.
The house is empty except for me, and I let our cat, Laylo, walk the pudgy plank of my prone form; he likes my rolls and bulges. Then he curls up on my chest, where the deep-pink scars remain from my mastectomy 10 years ago—another body loss. The cat purrs, and I rub his head, grateful for the loose and lovely way he drapes me. When I wake, there's a feeling in me that something's not quite right, but what? I check to make sure the doors are locked, then the windows, through which I can see our open land and the forest beyond, where various creatures pace and cry. Upstairs, I open the door to my 7-year-old son's room, ignoring his handwritten sign: WRNING: CLUB MEMBRS ONLEE. His room has five skylights, and his bed is strewn with sun, the blankets and pillows warm to the touch. I go to my daughter's room next, facing her closed door with a feeling of dread I can't name. Her desk is piled high with papers; on her floor are more papers and a math textbook with a broken spine resting flat on its back. But I am drawn to my daughter's dresser, a beautiful antique I bought for her right after she was born. The wood is the hue of honey, and the surface is scratched here and there. Lately, my daughter has been complaining about her dresser. "Why is all our furniture antique?" she asks. "I don't want to be surrounded by stuff that's old and breaks."
When she makes comments like this, I'm reminded that she is still a child and that, like children everywhere, she is drawn to the bright and shiny, lacking any sense that worn yet beautiful things can link you to a past you might not have known you had.
I won't buy her a new dresser, I decide, tracing the ridges in the wood. As I stand there, running my hands over the surface of the bureau, it seems only natural that I would open her drawers, my mission not to snoop but to smooth, to organize. I pull out a pair of 6X jeans from one drawer. I lift her shirts and camisoles from another, each one smelling of clean. In her top drawer, I find her underwear stuffed in crevices, her socks mismatched. As I'm ferreting around in there, I suddenly feel a cool clasp, a padded mound. I pull it out, and dangling before me is a bra, a very small bra, to be sure, but a bra nonetheless, with a tiny rose in the crook between the two cups.
A bra. A bra! When did she get a bra? Why didn't she tell me? Isn't this the quintessential confidence between a mother and her preteen daughter, the pair making their way to the mall to buy the bra together, the mother helping adjust the straps, finding the right fit? The bra my daughter has bought is soft and small. I suddenly feel utterly inconsequential. I feel like a pendant on a string, dangling. My daughter doesn't need me.
If I were to work hard enough, I could slip into slenderness again, although it might take a semi-starvation diet to do it. As for my breasts, there is absolutely nothing I can do to bring them back. I had my mastectomy after a diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia and possible ductal carcinoma in situ, or, more plainly, stage 0 cancer. There was some question as to whether I needed a mastectomy, but I was tired of all the biopsies. Each month, it seemed, I'd sprout a new suspicious lump here or there, some big, others tiny and hard. I wanted to live free from the shadow of fear that cancer continually cast over my life, a life and career that were otherwise blooming. It was hard to enjoy any of it when my fibrous breasts were sending their threatening messages. So when the last biopsy came back packed with misshapen cells, cells that were on the very edge of cancer, I said, "Lop them off!" and swore I'd never regret it. I imagined that I'd finally be able to splash into my existence, like falling from a concrete rim into a warm blue pool full of caressing currents. Besides, apart from my husband's Polaroid pictures, I'd never much liked my mammary glands. They were far too big for my then-petite frame, straining my back and shoulders. The day before my mastectomy, my surgeon had suggested writing a good-bye letter to my breasts, and I'd laughed to myself. Good riddance was more like it.
When I awoke after surgery, the first thing I did was run my hand over my bandaged flatness. I felt no regret, even though the pain was pounding and red. I eventually healed, and then I did, indeed, plunge into the pool of my life. And I had no regrets until one day—today—after finding my daughter's first bra, I suddenly remembered what it was like for me long ago, when I, too, was a child on the verge of something bigger, my own breasts beginning slowly and lovely, rising up out of me.
Back in my own bedroom, I cry into cupped hands. The tears come from a place deep within me, a little knot of grief I hadn't even known I'd had. Ten years later, I am finally mourning my wrecked chest. I am mourning that there is nothing I can do to bring my breasts back. I am mourning that I will never, ever show my daughter what's now in their place, two shapeless lumps inflated by saline bags, scarred and with no nipples. They are icons of some sort of war, and of my high-cost victory. They are not icons of love or nurturing or a woman's beauty. My chest is ugly, perhaps horrific, and no amount of dieting can change that.
My daughter comes back from school early today and swings by me on her way to her bedroom. "Hello," I call out, and she says an obligatory "Hi," then disappears down the hall. I tiptoe after her, feeling like a thief. What am I doing? Why am I stalking my own child? Her door is closed. I don't knock. Instead, I ease it open quietly, slowly, peering in on her unaware. She's chewing on a hank of hair and typing fast on her keyboard, her back to me. Through her thin shirt, I can see the jut of her spine. "When did you buy your bra?" I finally ask her.
With her back to me, she answers without missing a beat. "About a week ago."
"Why didn't you tell me? I could have helped you out."
"Papa went with me," she says.
"Papa?" I say, aghast. "Why would you want Papa to go with you and not me?"
"I figured, you know," she says and then swivels so she's facing me. "You know," she says again, gesturing toward my chest. She was only 2 1/2 when I'd had my mastectomy. She visited me in the hospital, her face white and frightened as she scanned my bandages, the needles and tubes slipped into my skin.
"Just because I lost my breasts doesn't mean I can't help you buy a bra," I say.
"OK, Mom," she says.
I stand there in her door frame. "OK," she says again, and then, after another moment has passed, she says, "You can leave now. I'm kinda busy."
So I go.
There are coyotes where I live. They roam the roads and rule the woods, making it unsafe for dogs and cats to be out. Our cat, Laylo, is one tough nut, but that night, late, he slips out and I hear a high, horrid scream coming from the forest. In the morning, when I go outside, I find the corpse of our feline at the edge of a cluster of trees. He is torn up, his fur matted with blood, his body gone stiff. I cry into his fur, which is still warm, then I carry him back to the house and lay him on a towel on the counter. It's a Sunday, so everyone is at home, and we gather around the cat. "Let's all say something we loved about Laylo before we bury him," my daughter suggests. "I love the way he purred," my son offers. "I loved how he was a night warrior," my husband says. "I loved how acrobatic he was," my daughter adds. "I loved his smarts," I say, but I'm thinking of those quiet mornings, lying back naked on the bed, the cat atop me luxuriating in my warmth. I think of his rich, reverberating purr, how he lent me his loveliness for minutes at a time. I stroke his coat, weeping.
Ilan Rubin/Trunk Archive
Later that day, my husband and son go off together and it's only my daughter and me. "We need to bury Laylo," I say, and she nods, but neither of us moves. We look at the cat, his cream-colored belly, his white socks. We are joined by mourning, and I realize that my shame is gone. So, too, is my daughter's ever-critical eye, filled now with tears.
We carry the cat outside. The breeze has a bite, and the hairs on my arms rise in response. We find a suitable spot, under the pines in front of our house, a place Laylo liked to linger, making a bed of the sun-warmed pine needles gone golden on the ground. My daughter is holding the shovel, and now she raises it over her shoulder and strikes at the ground but doesn't make a dent. "Let me," I say, suddenly sure and confident. True, I am nearing 50. True, my curves have turned to lard and my breasts are gone. True, I miss my old self, a missing made more acute by my daughter's slow acquisition of everything I have lost. Could I have done more to stay slender? Might I have learned, at some earlier age, to cherish my body, a body that, in a very real sense, is sacred, a form I was given for only a brief period of time? You could say that I have failed my mandate, but that's not the whole truth.
Standing outside with my daughter that late afternoon, I see, for the first time, that my losses have also left me with a gritty strength, with capacities I cannot begin to calculate. My hands are cracked from the gardens I've grown and the flowers I've coaxed from the dark dirt. The lines around my eyes suggest everything I've seen, so much more than my daughter has. Now I take the shovel from her hands and expertly drive it into the earth again and again, cutting into the soil until a square grave emerges, my daughter watching, impressed by my strength.
I lower the cat with confidence and sadness; this is something I know how to do. I've buried my fair share of felines, canines, canaries, hamsters and, yes, people. I have loved and lost. I set Laylo down in his grave-bed and then, standing, I shovel soil over him until, layer by layer, piece by piece, his body disappears and all we have left of him is a mound of earth.
My daughter and I place a rock to mark the spot, while, in the woods—it is nearly night now—the coyotes start to howl. "I don't like it out here in the dark," my daughter says, looking back toward the house, its windows aglow. I put my arm around her. She presses herself against me. Soon, soon, we will enter the home I've made for her, but now, out here, my body becomes her shelter as I pull her into my plushness and give succor.
7 Life-Improving Benefits of Yoga


text:
Control-M awarded the highest cumulative score
Control-M named a Value Leader and praised for having the most comprehensive Big Data support. According to the EMA Radar Report, "BMC has a strong history in workload automation and is one of the best-established vendors in the market."
Read to learn how Control-M:
- Dramatically improves speed and quality of deployments by automating and simplifying application workflow creation across the development, test and production environments
- Proactively identifies bottlenecks directly impacting corporate SLAs through SLA-awareness and compliance management
Find out what sets Control-M apart from other solutions. Read the report today!

subset: commoncrawl


text: Share email Teradata and O'Reilly have partnered to host an exclusive AI Executive Meet Up on March 6, 2018 from 6:30-8:30PM at EPIC Steakhouse in San Francisco, CA. During the evening, you'll hear informal keynotes from Emily Drevets with HubPages and Atif Kureishy with Teradata. They'll discuss findings from Teradata's AI study and a preview of the upcoming O'Reilly book Real Business Outcomes From Artificial Intelligence by Emily. Space is limited.


text:
Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I found!
Quote from: freds on March 04, 2012, 07:00:32 PMI found!This one is working really great for me!!!
Texas, I need a link..
Quote from: LoveRocked on March 04, 2012, 07:26:21 PMTexas, I need a link.. I'm so sorry LR, I didn't come back to the thread.. were you able to see any of it?
Crap, they are all showing Nick!! looking....
Page created in 0.082 seconds with 33 queries.


text:
Fertile Thoughts FAQ
Here you can find answers to questions about how the board works. Use the links or search box below to find your way around.
How can I make an avatar?
Check out the following sites for help with making an avatar:
Avatar Maker
Free avatars
Avatar Maker
Free avatars
vBulletin CMS
The vBulletin CMS allows you and your users to create, edit and publish articles directly to your site. It combines a simple to use content manager with a unique organizational system that lets you control the smallest detail of the site from the number of sections, to the overall layout, to the placement of widgets and displays on each page.
Board Frequently Asked Questions
Chat Room Frequently Asked Questions
Social Groups Frequently Asked Questions
Fertile Thoughts Board Sponsorship Program Information
Under this section you will find information about what is Board Sponsorship? Why its needed? How can I or my organization become a sponsor and what are the costs?
Blog FAQ
The Blog system gives you your own personal space at Fertile Thoughts. Depending on how the administrator has configured the blog, you will be able to create your own entries and control who may view them.
About Us
Welcome to Fertile Thoughts! To read more about us, click here
DISCLAIMER: Fertile Thoughts allows advertisers to publish information about their services. Fertile Thoughts does not provide medical advice or endorse any particular service or approach to treating infertility. We encourage people to learn as much as possible about the range of options available before committing to any one. We also encourage users to share their thoughts on all fertility options on our forums.


text:
More children aged 3 and younger are now being treated for autism in Massachusetts, a new study finds.
One in 129 children in Massachusetts born between 2001 and 2005 was enrolled in early intervention programs for an autism spectrum disorder by their third birthday, according to the study.
Over the five-year period, the proportion of children aged 3 and younger getting treated rose from one in 178 among children born in 2001 to one in 108 for those born in 2005 -- a 66 percent increase.
Much of the increase in diagnosis occurred among boys, which increased by 72 percent from 2001 to 2005, compared to about 39 percent among girls, the investigators found.
The study authors said they aren't sure if the reason for the rise is because greater awareness and better availability of services means kids are getting diagnosed and into treatment sooner, or if autism itself is becoming more common.
"We are showing an increase in diagnoses in autism, and there are multiple things that could be contributing to that," said study author Dr. Susan Manning, who was a maternal and child health epidemiologist at the Massachusetts Department of Public Health at the time the research was conducted.
Those factors could include efforts by the state department of public health to promote early identification and referral of children with autism spectrum disorders, national efforts to promote autism screening such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's "Learn the Signs, Act Early" campaign, and media coverage that's resulted in increased public awareness.
"A certain portion of the increase could be due to an actual increase in autism," Manning said.
The Massachusetts numbers, Manning noted, are comparable to estimates from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for older kids, which put the number of 8-year-olds with autism at one in 110, while another study found that one in 91 children aged 3 to 17 has autism. And a recent study from South Korean researchers found an estimated one in 38 South Korean children -- or 2.6 percent -- has an autism spectrum disorder.
Other experts said the study likely reflects an increase in kids under age 3 getting help for autism, not an increase in prevalence.
Researchers relied on data from birth certificates and on children enrolled in early intervention programs for autism. In 1998, Massachusetts established the Early Intervention Specialty Services Program for kids with autism, which offers free intensive programs for young children who screen positive for autism spectrum disorders.
While the screening checklist is helpful in determine who might have autism, it isn't a definitive diagnosis, said Irva Hertz-Picciotto, deputy director of the MIND Institute (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) at University of California, Davis.
"The paper is most useful for assessing utilization of services and health planning, and is just plain not comparable to estimates from, say the CDC's ADDM [Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring] Network," Hertz-Picciotto said.
The study was released online May 16 in advance of publication in the June print issue of the journal Pediatrics.
According to background information in the article, the average age of diagnosis for autism remains at 3.5 to 5 years old.
The paper seems to show that kids in Massachusetts at least are beginning to get diagnosed and into treatment sooner -- good news, said Dr. Rebecca Landa, director of the Center for Autism & Related Disorders at Kennedy Krieger Institute.
"This paper highlights the fact that more children are getting autism spectrum disorder services," Landa said. "All those working hard to identify these early signs of autism spectrum disorder and promote the fact that early intervention helps, that's starting to have a public impact."
In 2001, white children were more likely to be diagnosed with autism than black or Hispanic children. However, by 2005, those disparities had largely disappeared, perhaps because of outreach efforts specifically targeted at minorities, Manning said.
Infants younger than 24 months of age whose mothers' primary language was not English or were foreign-born were less likely to be diagnosed with autism.
Boys were from four to five times more likely to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder than girls, the researchers found.
"We're really trying to highlight the importance of early diagnosis and getting children into intensive services early," Manning said.
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that's characterized by problems with social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted interests and behaviors.
Sunday, May 22, 2011
More children aged 3 and younger are now being treated for autism in Massachusetts, new study finds
From HealthDay News:
Posted by BA Haller at 10:26 PM


text:
17 Week Study in 1 Thessalonians, Lesson #5/
Don't rush through this week's lesson. Take time to really look at what God has included in this chapter. To get started click on the picture to download or print out the lesson.
The Online Ministry of Lisa Hughes
Weekly in-depth, inductive Bible studies full of application for the strengthening of your faith. These studies are designed for women who want more from the Bible and want to see that reflected in their changed lives.
Each Monday morning I'll be posting a new Bible study for you to print out and use.
Though I try to edit my lessons carefully, things still slip by me. If you notice misspellings, punctuation errors, wrong verse references, or just have trouble with an awkwardly phrased question, please email me to let me know. I appreciate your help--and need it! Just click on the button below. Thanks so much!
If you want to "share" any of the links on Facebook, Twitter, or Linked In just click on the share button at the bottom of each post. You'll see a pull-down menu that will allow you to easily share things on your social media. If you'd like to "pin" something on your Pinterest board look for the "Pin It" button that will appear on each Bible study picture when you hover over it with your cursor. Use your social media to encourage other women to study the Bible with you!
Don't rush through this week's lesson. Take time to really look at what God has included in this chapter. To get started click on the picture to download or print out the lesson.
The online ministry of author, Bible study, and conference teacher Lisa Hughes. If you're looking for inductive, in-depth Bible studies, you've come to the right place! Devotionals will keep you encouraged in your walk with the Lord.
If you've been blessed and encouraged by any of the Bible studies or resources here, consider how you can give to support Scripture Paths.
Looking for a specific study or lesson or devotion? Use the search feature below.
Use the reset and the rest of summertime as a means of being more effective when things start back up again.


text:
|Detection and quantification of neu related proteins in the biological fluids of humans
|Carney et al.
|Method for prognosticating response to cancer therapy
|Quantitative immunoassay utilizing liposomes
|Rokugawa et al.
|Determination of status in neoplastic disease
|Slamon et al.
|Target-sensitive immunoliposomes- preparation and characterization
|Method and composition for the treatment of tumors by administering a platinum coordination compound and a calcium channel blocker compound of the dihydropyridine class
|Honn et al.
|Monoclonal anti-human breast cancer antibodies
|Frankel et al.
|Methods and compositions for detecting human tumors
|Cline et al.
|Monoclonal antibodies to human breast carcinoma cells and their use in diagnosis and therapy.
|Recombinant antibodies and methods for their production.
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/977,453, filed Nov. 18, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/147,461, filed Jan. 25, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/143,912, filed Jan. 12, 1988, now abandoned, which applications are incorporated herein by reference and to which applications priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 120.
exposing a cell to said antibody of claim 10, and
determining the extent of binding of said antibody to said cell.
This invention is in the fields of immunology and cancer diagnosis and therapy. More particularly it concerns antibodies specifically binding growth factor receptors, hybridomas that produce these antibodies, immunochemicals made from the antibodies, and diagnostic methods that use the antibodies. The invention also relates to the use of the antibodies alone or in combination with cytotoxic factor(s) in therapeutic methods. Also encompassed by the invention is an assay for tyrosine kinases that are involved in tumorigenesis.
Macrophages are one of the effector cell types that play an important role in immunosurveillance against neoplastic growth in vivo. In vitro, cell-mediated cytotoxicity requires selective binding between activated macrophages and target cells as well as the concomitant release of cytotoxic factors. Some of the cytotoxic factors secreted by activated macrophages include reactive oxygen species such as the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, arginase, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Acquired resistance to the toxic effects of these factors by tumor cells could be one mechanism which leads to the onset and spread of tumor formation in vivo.
The observation that TNF-a can act as a potent effector of the macrophage-mediated antitumor response provides a rationale for its use in further studies on the regulation of tumorigenesis in vivo and tumor cell growth in vitro. The genes encoding TNF-α and TNF-β, a structurally related cytotoxic protein formerly known as lymphotoxin, have been cloned and the corresponding proteins expressed in Escherichia coil. These proteins display an array of biological activities, including induction of hemorrhagic necrosis of Meth A sarcomas in vivo, inhibition of the growth of certain tumor cells in vitro, synergistic enhancement of the in vitro anticellular effects of IFN-γ, activation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions, and inhibition of lipid biosynthesis. Recently, rHuTNF-α was shown to augment the growth of normal diploid fibroblasts in vitro. The divergent proliferative responses in the presence of rHuTNF-α are sometimes related to variations in TNF binding.
Growth factors and their receptors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and they also appear to play a key role in oncogenesis. Of the known proto-oncogenes, three are related to a growth factor or a growth factor receptor. These genes include c-sis, which is homologous to the transforming gene of the simian sarcoma virus and is the S chain of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); c-fms, which is homologous to the transforming gene of the feline sarcoma virus and is closely related to the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R); and c-erbB, which encodes the EGF receptor (EGFR) and is homologous to the transforming gene of the arian erythroblastosis virus (v-erbB). The two receptor-related proto-oncogenes, c-fms and c-erbB, are members of the tyrosine-specific protein kinase family to which many proto-oncogenes belong.
Recently, a novel transforming gene was identified as a result of transfection studies with DNA from chemically induced rat neuroblastomas. This gene, called neu, was shown to be related to, but distinct from, the c-erbB proto-oncogene. By means of v-erbB and human EGFR as probes to screen human genomic and complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries, two other groups independently isolated human erbB-related genes that they called HER2 and c-erbB-2 respectively. Subsequent sequence analysis and chromosomal mapping studies revealed that c-erbB-2, and HER2 are species variants of neu. A fourth group, also using v-erbB as a probe, identified the same gene in a mammary carcinoma cell line, MAC 117, where it was found to be amplified five- to ten-fold.
This gene, which will be referred to herein as HER2, encodes a new member of the tyrosine kinase family; and is closely related to, but distinct from, the EGFR gene as reported by Coussens et al., Science 230, 1132 (1985). HER2 differs from EGFR in that it is found on band q21 of chromosome 17, as compared to band p11-p13 of chromosome 7, where the EGFR gene is located. Also, the HER2 gene generates a messenger RNA (mRNA) of 4.8 kb, which differs from the 5.8- and 10-kb transcripts for the EGFR gene. Finally, the protein encoded by the HER2 gene is 185,000 daltons, as compared to the 170,000-dalton protein encoded by the EGFR gene. Conversely, on the basis of sequence data, HER2 is more closely related to the EGFR gene than to other members of the tyrosine kinase family. Like the EGFR protein, the HER2 protein (p185) has an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain that includes two cysteine-rich repeat clusters, and an intracellular kinase domain, indicating that it is likely to be a cellular receptor for an as yet unidentified ligand. HER2 p185 is referred to as p185 or the HER2 receptor herein.
Southern analysis of primary human tumors and established tumor-derived cell lines revealed amplification and in some cases rearrangement of the EGF receptor gene. Amplification was particularly apparent in squamous carcinomas and glioblastomas. The HER2 gene was also found to be amplified in a human salivary gland adenocarcinoma, a renal adenocarcinoma, a mammary gland carcinoma, and a gastric cancer cell line. Recently, Slamon et al., Science 235, 177 (1987) demonstrated that about 30% of primary human breast carcinoma tumors contained an amplified HER2 gene. Although a few sequence rearrangements were detected, in most tumors there were no obvious differences between amplified and normal HER2 genes. Furthermore, amplification of the HER2 gene correlated significantly with the negative prognosis of the disease and the probability of relapse.
To investigate the significance of the correlation between overexpression and cellular transformation as it has been observed for proto-oncogenes c-mos and N-myc, a HER2 expression vector and a selection scheme that permitted sequence amplification after transfection of mouse NIH 3T3 cells was employed by Hudziak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84, 7159 (1987). Amplification of the unaltered HER2 gene in NIH 3T3 cells lead to overexpression of p185 as well as cellular transformation and tumor formation in athymic mice.
The effects of antibodies specifically binding growth factors or growth factor receptors has been studied. Examples are discussed below.
Rosenthal et al., Cell 46, 301 (1986) introduced a human TGF-α cDNA expression vector into established non-transformed rat fibroblast cells. Synthesis and secretion of TGF-α by these cells resulted in loss of anchorage-dependent growth and induced tumor formation in nude mice. Anti-human TGF-α monoclonal antibodies prevented the rat cells from forming colonies in soft agar, i.e. loss of anchorage dependence. Gill et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 259, 7755 (1984) disclose monoclonal antibodies specific for EGF receptor which were inhibitors of EGF binding and antagonists of EGF-stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity.
Drebin et al. in Cell 41, 695 (1985) demonstrated that exposure of a neu-oncogene-transformed NIH 3T3 cell to monoclonal antibodies reactive with the neu gene product, cause the neu-transformed NIH 3T3 cell to revert to a non-transformed phenotype as determined by anchorage independent growth. Drebin et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83, 9129 (1986) demonstrated that in vivo treatment with a monoclonal antibody (IgG2a isotype) specifically binding the protein encoded by the neu oncogene significantly inhibited the tumorigenic growth of neu-transformed NIH 3T3 cells implanted into nude mice.
Akiyama et al. in Science 232, 1644 (1986) raised antibodies against a synthetic peptide corresponding to 14 amino acid residues at the carboxy-terminus of the protein deduced from the c-erbB-2 (HER2) nucleotide sequence.
Growth factors have been reported to interact in both a synergistic and an antagonistic manner. For example, TGF-α and TGF-β synergistically enhance the growth of NRK-49F fibroblasts, whereas PDGF down regulates EGF receptor function on 3T3 cells. A variety of transformed cells secrete factors which are believed to stimulate growth by an autocrine mechanism. Sugarman et al., Cancer Res. 47, 780 (1987) demonstrated that under certain conditions, growth factors can block the antiproliferative effects of TNF-α on sensitive tumor cells. Specifically, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and recombinant human transforming growth factor-α (rHuTGF-α) were shown to interfere with the in vitro antiproliferative effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α (rHuTNF-α) and -β on a human cervical carcinoma cell line, ME-180. The inhibitory effect could be observed at EGF or rHuTGF-α concentrations of 0.1 to 100 ng/ml, and was maximal between 1 and 10 ng/ml. This response was apparently not due to down regulation of the TNF receptor or to alteration of the affinity of TNF-α for its receptor. Since the antiproliferative effect of recombinant human interferon-γ was not significantly affected by the presence of EGF or rHuTGF-α, the inhibition was specific for recombinant TNFs and was not due solely to enhanced proliferation induced by the growth factors. Neither growth factor had a substantial protective effect on the synergistic cytotoxicity observed when tumor cells were exposed simultaneously to rHuTNF-α and recombinant human interferon-γ. TGF-δ can also interfere with the antiproliferative effects of rHuTNF-α in vitro. At concentrations of less than 1 ng/ml, TGF-β significantly antagonized the cytotoxic effects of rHuTNF-α on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Since EGF, platelet-derived growth factor, and TGF-β all enhanced NIH 3T3 cell proliferation, but only TGF-β interfered with rHuTNF-α cytotoxicity, the protective effects of TGF-β were not related in a simple manner to enhanced cell proliferation. rHuTGF-α and TGF-β did not have a significant protective effect against rHuTNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity on two other tumor cell lines, BT-20 and L-929 cells.
It is an object of the subject invention to provide antibodies capable of inhibiting growth factor receptor function.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved assay for the HER2 receptor.
It is a further object of the invention To provide improved methods of tumor therapy.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells which overexpress a growth factor receptor and/or growth factor.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a method for treating a tumor by treatment of the tumor cells with antibodies capable of inhibiting growth factor receptor function, and with cytotoxic factors such as tumor necrosis factor.
A still further object of the invention is to provide an assay for tyrosine kinases that may have a role in tumorigenesis.
Other objects, features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following description and the appended claims.
The subject invention relates to monoclonal antibodies specifically binding the external domain of the HER2 receptor. The invention also relates to an assay for the HER2 receptor comprising exposing cells to antibodies specifically binding the extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor, and determining the extent of binding of said antibodies to said cells. Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies capable of inhibiting the HER2 receptor function. A further embodiment of the invention relates to administering a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies capable of inhibiting growth factor receptor function, and a therapeutically effective amount of a cytotoxic factor. A still further embodiment of the invention is an assay for tyrosine kinases that may have a role in tumorigenesis comprising exposing cells suspected to be TNF-α resistant to TNF-α, isolating those cell which are TNF-α resistant, screening the isolated cells for increased tyrosine kinase activity, and isolating receptors and other proteins having increased tyrosine kinase activity.
FIG. 1a shows TNF-α resistance of NIH 3T3 cells expressing various levels of HER2 p185. FIG. 1b shows macrophage cytotoxicity assays for NIH 3T3 cells expressing various levels of HER2 p185.
FIG. 2 demonstrates the level of TNF-α binding for a control cell line (NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr) and for a cell line overexpressing HER2 p185 (HER2-3800).
FIG. 3 shows inhibition of SK BR3 cell growth by anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies.
FIG. 4 is a dose response curve comparing the effect of an irrelevant monoclonal antibody (anti-HBV) and the effect of monoclonal antibody 4D5 (anti-HER2) on the growth of SK BR3 cells in serum.
FIGS. 5a, 5b and 6a show percent viability of SK BR3 cells as a function of increasing TNF-α concentration and anti-HER2 p185 monoclonal antibody concentration. Each Figure shows the results for a different anti-HER2 p185 monoclonal antibody. FIG. 6b is a control using an irrelevant monoclonal antibody. In FIGS. 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b, .circle-solid.--.circle-solid. represents TNF-α alone; .box-solid.--.box-solid. represents antibody (Ab) alone; .smallcircle.--.smallcircle. represents 100 Uml TNF-α and ΔAb; .quadrature.--.quadrature. represents 1000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb; and Δ--Δ represents 10,000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb.
FIG. 7 shoes percent viability of MDA-MB-175-VII cells as a function of increasing TNF-α concentration and anti-HER2 p185 monoclonal antibody concentration. In FIG. 7, .circle-solid.--.circle-solid. represents TNF-α alone; .box-solid.--.box-solid. represents antibody (Ab) alone; .smallcircle.--.smallcircle. represents 100 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb; .quadrature.--.quadrature. represents 1000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb; and Δ--Δ represents 10,000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb.
FIG. 8 shows percent viability of NIH 3T3 cells overexpressing HER2 p185 as a function of increasing TNF-α concentration and anti-HER2 p185 monoclonal antibody concentration. In FIG. 8, .circle-solid.--.circle-solid. represents TNF-α alone; .box-solid.--.box-solid. represents antibody (Ab) alone; .smallcircle.--.smallcircle. represents 100 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb; .quadrature.--.quadrature. represents 1000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb; and Δ--Δ represents 10,000 U/ml TNF-α and ΔAb.
A new application of antibodies to inhibit the growth of tumor cells has been discovered. Surprisingly it has been found that by inhibiting growth factor receptor function, e.g. the HER2 receptor function, cell growth is inhibited, and the cells are rendered more susceptible to cytotoxic factors. Thus, for example, breast cancer cells which are refractory to TNF-α alone can be made susceptible to TNF-α if the cells are first treated with antibodies which inhibit growth factor receptor function. The increase of susceptibility has been demonstrated using the HER2 receptor and monoclonal antibodies directed against the HER2 receptor, and tumor necrosis factor-α.
The method of this invention is useful in the therapy of malignant or benign tumors of mammals where the abnormal growth rate of the tumor is dependent upon growth factor receptors. Abnormal growth rate is a rate of growth which is in excess of that required for normal homeostasis and is in excess of that for normal tissues of the same origin. Many of these tumors are dependent upon extracellular sources of the growth factor recognized by the receptor, or upon synthesis of the growth factor by the tumor cell itself. This latter phenomenon is termed "autocrine" growth.
The methods of the subject invention is applicable where the following conditions are met:
(1) the growth factor receptor and/or ligand (growth factor) is expressed, and tumor cell growth depends upon the growth factor receptor biological function;
(2) antibodies specifically binding the growth factor receptor and/or ligand inhibit the growth factor receptor biological function.
While not wishing to be constrained to any particular theory of operation of the invention, it is believed that the antibodies inhibit growth factor receptor biological function in one or more of the following ways:
(a) The antibodies bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor and inhibit the ligand from binding the receptor;
(b) The antibodies bind the ligand (the growth factor) itself and inhibit the ligand from binding the receptor;
(c) The antibodies down regulate the growth factor receptor;
(d) The antibodies sensitize tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of a cytotoxic factor such as TNF-α;
(e) The antibodies inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor.
In cases (f) and (g), the antibodies inhibit growth factor receptor biological function indirectly by mediating cytotoxicity via a targeting function:
(f) The antibodies belong to a sub-class or isotype that upon complexing with the receptor activates serum complement and/or mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), e.g. IgG2a antibodies;
(g) The antibodies which bind the receptor or growth factor are conjugated to a toxin (immunotoxins);
Advantageously antibodies are selected which greatly inhibit the receptor function by binding the steric vicinity of the ligand binding site of the receptor (blocking the receptor), and/or which bind the growth factor in such a way as to prevent (block) the ligand from binding to the receptor. These antibodies are selected using conventional in vitro assays for selecting antibodies which neutralize receptor function. Antibodies that act as ligand agonists by mimicking the ligand are discarded by conducting suitable assays as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For certain tumor cells, the antibodies inhibit an autocrine growth cycle (i.e. where a cell secretes a growth factor which then binds to a receptor of the same cell). Since some ligands, e.g. TGF-α, are found lodged in cell membranes, the antibodies serving a targeting function are directed against the ligand and/or the receptor.
Certain tumor cells secrete growth factors that are required for normal cellular growth and division. These growth factors, however, can under some conditions stimulate unregulated growth of the tumor cell itself, as well as adjacent non-tumor cells, and can cause a tumor to form.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) has dramatic stimulatory effects on cell growth. In purified receptor preparations, the EGF receptor is a protein kinase that is activated by the binding of EGF. Substrate proteins for this kinase are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. The receptors for insulin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and other growth hormones also are tyrosine-specific kinases. It is believed that ligand binding to the receptor triggers phosphorylation of certain proteins by the receptor and in this way stimulates cell growth. About one-third of the known oncogenes encode proteins that phosphorylate tyrosine residues on other proteins. It is believed that these oncogene products trigger responses analogous to the responses of cells to growth factors and hormones. The erbB oncogene product is a portion of the EGF receptor that lacks the hormone-binding domain and may give rise to a constitutive growth-stimulating signal.
One embodiment of this invention is a method of inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of antibodies that inhibit the HER2 receptor biological function of tumor cells.
Overexpression of growth factor receptors increases the resistance of cells to TNF as demonstrated below. Overexpression of the HER1 receptor (EGF receptor), met receptor-like protooncogene product, and HER2 receptor all show this increased resistance. It is shown in the Examples below that amplified expression of HER2, which encodes the HER2 receptor (p185), induces resistance of NIH 3T3 cells to the cytotoxic effects of macrophages or TNF-α. Induction of NIH 3T3 cell resistance to TNF-α by overexpression of p185 is accompanied by alterations in the binding of TNF-α to its receptor. Overexpression of p185 is also associated with resistance of certain human breast tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α.
In another embodiment of the invention, tumor cells are treated by (1) administering to a patient antibodies directed against the growth factor and/or its receptor, that inhibit the biological function of the receptor and that sensitize the cells to cytotoxic factors such as TNF, and (2) administering to the patient cytotoxic factor(s) or other biological response modifiers which activate immune system cells directly or indirectly to produce cytotoxic factors.
The cytotoxic factor, such as TNF-α, exerts its cytostatic (cell growth suppressive) and cytotoxic (cell destructive) effect. Examples of useful cytotoxic factors are TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1, INF-γ and IL-2, and chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5FU, vinblastine, actinomycin D, etoposide, cisplatin, methotrexate, and doxorubicin. Cytotoxic factors can be administered alone or in combination. In a still further embodiment of the invention, the patient is treated with antibodies which inhibit receptor function, and with autologous transfer therapy, e.g. LAK or TIL cells.
Tumor necrosis factors are polypeptides produced by mitogen-stimulated macrophages or lymphocytes which are cytotoxic for certain malignantly transformed cells. The anti-tumor effect of TNF-α is known to be synergistically potentiated by interferons. The anti-tumor effect of TNF-α and TNF-β in admixture are additive, as are the antiviral effects of interferons alpha and beta.
The tumor necrosis factors include TNF-α and TNF-β. The former is described together with methods for its synthesis in recombinant cell culture, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,674, in copending U.S. Ser. No. 881,311, filed Jul. 2, 1986, and in European Patent Application 0168214; the latter is described in European Patent Application 0164965. Each of the documents is hereby incorporated by reference. The TNF-α and TNF-β described in these patent documents includes cytotoxic amino acid sequence and glycosylation variants. TNF-α and TNF-β from non-recombinant sources are also useful in the method of this invention.
The preferred TNF is mature human TNF-α from recombinant microbial cell culture. The TNF ordinarily will have a cytolytic activity on susceptible L-M murine cells of greater than about 1×106 units/mg, wherein a unit is defined as set forth in the above-described patent application.
In another embodiment of the subject invention, one or more additional cytokines and/or cytotoxic factors are administered with TNF-α, egs. interferons, interleukins, and chemotherapeutic drugs.
The compositions herein include a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as those heretofore used in the therapeutic administration of interferons or TNF, e.g. physiological saline or 5% dextrose, together with conventional stabilizers and/or excipients such as human serum albumin or mannitol. The compositions are provided lyophilized or in the form of sterile aqueous solutions.
Several variables will be taken into account by the ordinary artisan in determining the concentration of TNF in the therapeutic compositions and the dosages to be administered. Therapeutic variables also include the administration route, and the clinical condition of the patient.
The cytotoxic factor(s) and antibodies inhibiting growth factor receptor function are administered together or separately. If the latter, advantageously the antibodies are administered first and the TNF thereafter within 24 hours. It is within the scope of this invention to administer the TNF and antibodies in multiple cycles, depending upon the clinical response of the patient. The TNF and antibodies are administered by the same or separate routes, for example by intravenous, intranasal or intramuscular administration.
The method of the subject invention can be used with tumor cells which overexpress growth factor receptor and/or ligand where antibodies can be produced which inhibit the growth factor receptor function. A cell (e.g. breast tumor cell) overexpresses a growth factor receptor if the number of receptors on the cell exceeds the number on the normal healthy cell (e.g. normal breast tissue cell). Examples of carcinomas where the HER2 receptor is overexpressed (and thus the method of the subject invention is applicable), are human breast, renal, gastric and salivary gland carcinomas.
A further embodiment of the invention is an assay for identifying receptors and other proteins having increased tyrosine kinase activity, and for identifying oncogenes that transform cells. Amplification of certain oncogenes encoding tyrosine kinases correlates with TNF-α resistance. If cells are selected for resistance to TNF-α, some of these will have increased tyrosine kinase activity. Some of the tyrosine kinases will be receptors. The genes encoding the tyrosine kinases are then cloned using standard techniques for the cloning of genes. Identification of the receptor or other protein permits the design of reagents which inhibit receptor (or other protein) function and induce cellular sensitivity to cytotoxic factors as demonstrated herein with HER2. Identification of the receptor also permits subsequent identification of the receptor's ligand. The assay comprises exposing cells suspected to be TNF-α sensitive to TNF-α, and isolating those cells which are TNF-α resistant. The TNF-α resistant cells are then screened for increased tyrosine kinase activity, and receptors and other proteins having increased tyrosine kinase activity are isolated.
In accordance with this invention, monoclonal antibodies specifically binding growth factors or growth factor receptors such as the HER2 receptor, were isolated from continuous hybrid cell lines formed by the fusion of antigen-primed immune lymphocytes with myeloma cells. Advantageously, the monoclonal antibodies of the subject invention which bind growth factor receptors, bind the extracellular domain of the receptors. In another embodiment of the invention, polyclonal antibodies specifically binding the growth factors or growth factor receptors are used.
The antibodies of the subject invention which are used in tumor therapy advantageously inhibit tumor call growth greater than 20%, and most advantageously greater than 50%, in vitro. These antibodies are obtained through screening (see, for example, the discussion relating to FIG. 3). The anti-HER2 receptor monoclonal antibodies of the subject invention which are used in tumor therapy are capable of inhibiting serum activation of the receptor.
Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional antibody (polyclonal) preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are useful to improve the selectivity and specificity of diagnostic and analytical assay methods using antigen-antibody binding. A second advantage of monoclonal antibodies is that they are synthesized by the hybridoma culture, uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared from supernatants of cultured hybridoma cells or from ascites induced by intra-peritoneal inoculation of hybridoma cells into mice.
The hybridoma technique described originally by Kohler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol. 6, 511 (1976) has been widely applied to produce hybrid call lines that secrete high levels of monoclonal antibodies against many specific antigens.
The route and schedule of immunization of the host animal or cultured antibody-producing cells therefrom are generally in keeping with established and conventional techniques for antibody stimulation and production. Applicants have employed mice as the test model although it is contemplated that any mammalian subject including human subjects or antibody producing cells therefrom can be manipulated according to the processes of this invention to serve as the basis for production of mammalian, including human, hybrid cell lines.
After immunization, immune lymphoid cells are fused with myeloma cells to generate a hybrid cell line which can be cultivated and subcultivated indefinitely, to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies. For purposes of this invention, the immune lymphoid cells selected for fusion are lymphocytes and their normal differentiated progeny, taken either from lymph node tissue or spleen tissue from immunized animals. Applicants prefer to employ immune spleen cells, since they offer a more concentrated and convenient source of antibody producing cells with respect to the mouse system. The myeloma cells provide the basis for continuous propagation of the fused hybrid. Myeloma cells are tumor cells derived from plasma cells.
It is possible to fuse cells of one species with another. However, it is preferred that the source of immunized antibody producing cells and myeloma be from the same species.
The hybrid cell lines can be maintained in culture in vitro in cell culture media. The cell lines of this invention can be selected and/or maintained in a composition comprising the continuous cell line in the known hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. In fact, once the hybridoma cell line is established, it can be maintained on a variety of nutritionally adequate media. Moreover, the hybrid cell lines can be stored and preserved in any number of conventional ways, including freezing and storage under liquid nitrogen. Frozen cell lines can be revived and cultured indefinitely with resumed synthesis and secretion of monoclonal antibody. The secreted antibody is recovered from tissue culture supernatant by conventional methods such as precipitation, ion exchange chromotography, affinity chromatography, or the like.
While the invention is demonstrated using mouse monoclonal antibodies, the invention is not so limited; in fact, human antibodies maybe used and may prove to be preferable. Such antibodies can be obtained by using human hybridomas (Cote et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985)). In fact, according to the invention, techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies" (Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 6851 (1984); Neuberger et al., Nature 312, 604 (1984); Takeda et al., Nature 314, 452 (1985)) by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity (such as ability to activate human complement and mediate ADCC) can be used; such antibodies are within the scope of this invention.
As another alternative to the cell fusion technique, EBV immortalized B cells are used to produce the monoclonal antibodies of the subject invention. Other methods for producing monoclonal antibodies such as recombinant DNA, are also contemplated.
The immunochemical derivatives of the antibodies of this invention that are of prime importance are (1) immunotoxins (conjugates of the antibody and a cytotoxic moiety) and (2) labeled (e.g. radiolabeled, enzyme-labeled, or fluorochrome-labeled) derivatives in which the label provides a means for identifying immune complexes that include the labeled antibody. The antibodies are also used to induce lysis through the natural complement process, and to interact with antibody dependent cytotoxic cells normally present.
The cytotoxic moiety of the immunotoxin may be a cytotoxic drug or an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial or plant origin, or an enzymatically active fragment ("A chain") of such a toxin. Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof used are diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (fromPseudomonas aeruginosa) ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolacca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, and enomycin. In another embodiment, the antibodies are conjugated to small molecule anticancer drugs. Conjugates of the monoclonal antibody and such cytotoxic moieties are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents. Examples of such reagents are SPDP, IT , bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters such a dimethyl adipimidate HCl, active esters such as disuccinimidyl suberate, aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde, bisazido compounds such as his (R-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine, bisdiazonium derivatives such as bis-(R-diazoniumbenzoyl)ethylenediamine, diisocyanates such as tolylene 2,6-diisocyanate, and bis-active fluorine compounds such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The lysing portion of a toxin may be joined to the Fab fragment of the antibodies.
Advantageously, monoclonal antibodies specifically binding the external domain of the target growth factor receptor, e.g. HER2 receptor, are conjugated go ricin A chain. Most advantageously the ricin A chain is deglycosylated and produced through recombinant means. An advantageous method of making the ricin immunotoxin is described in Vitetta et al., Science 238, 1098 (1987) hereby incorporated by reference.
When used to kill human cancer cells in vitro for diagnostic purposes, the conjugates will typically be added to the cell culture medium at a concentration of at least about 10 nM. The formulation and mode of administration for in vitro use are not critical. Aqueous formulations that are compatible with the culture or perfusion medium will normally be used. Cytotoxicity may be read by conventional techniques to determine the presence or degree of cancer.
Cytotoxic radiopharmaceuticals for treating cancer maybe made by conjugating radioactive isotopes (e.g. I, Y, Pr) to the antibodies. The term "cytotoxic moiety" as used herein is intended to include such isotopes.
In another embodiment, liposomes are filled with a cytotoxic drug and the liposomes are coated with antibodies specifically binding a growth factor receptor. Since there are many receptor sites, this method permits delivery of large amounts of drug to the correct cell type.
Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
The present invention also involves a method based on the use of antibodies which are (a) directed against growth factor receptors such as HER2 p185, and (b) belong to a subclass or isotype that is capable of mediating the lysis of tumor cells to which the antibody molecule binds. More specifically, these antibodies should belong to a subclass or isotype that, upon complexing with growth factor receptors, activates serum complement and/or mediates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by activating effector cells such as natural killer cells or macrophages.
The present invention is also directed to the use of these antibodies, in their native form, for therapy of human tumors. For example, many IgG2a and IgG3 mouse antibodies which bind tumor-associated cell surface antigens can be used in vivo for tumor therapy. In fact, since HER2 p185 is present on a variety of tumors, the subject antibodies and their therapeutic use have general applicability.
Biological activity of antibodies is known to be determined, to a large extent, by the Fc region of the antibody molecule (Uananue and Benacerraf, Textbook of Immunology, 2nd Edition, Williams & Wilkins, p. 218 (1984)). This includes their ability to activate complement and to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as effected by leukocytes. Antibodies of different classes and subclasses differ in this respect, and, according to the present invention, antibodies of those classes having the desired biological activity are selected. For example, mouse immunoglobulins of the IgG3 and IgG2a class are capable of activating serum complement upon binding to the target cells which express the cognate antigen.
In general, antibodies of the IgG2a and IgG3 subclass and occasionally IgG1 can mediate ADCC, and antibodies of the IgG3, and IgG2a and IgM subclasses bind and activate serum complement. Complement activation generally requires the binding of at least two IgG molecules in close proximity on the target cell. However, the binding of only one IgM molecule activates serum complement.
The ability of any particular antibody to mediate lysis of the tumor cell target by complement activation and/or ADCC can be assayed. The tumor cells of interest are grown and labeled in vivo; the antibody is added to the tumor cell culture in combination with either serum complement or immune cells which may be activated by the antigen antibody complexes. Cytolysis of the target tumor cells is detected by the release of label from the lysed cells. In fact, antibodies can be screened using the patient's own serum as a source of complement and/or immune cells. The antibody that is capable of activating complement or mediating ADCC in the in vitro test can then be used therapeutically in that particular patient.
Antibodies of virtually any origin can be used according to this embodiment of the present invention provided they bind growth factor receptors such as HER2 p185and can activate complement or mediate ADCC. Monoclonal antibodies offer the advantage of a continuous, ample supply. In fact, by immunizing mice with, for example, HER2 p185, establishing hybridomas making antibodies to p185 and selecting hybridomas making antibodies which can lyse tumor cells in the presence of human complement, it is possible to rapidly establish a panel of antibodies capable of reacting with and lysing a large variety of human tumors.
Therapeutic Uses of the Antibodies
When used in vivo for therapy, the antibodies of the subject invention are administered to the patient in therapeutically effective amounts (i.e. amounts that eliminate or reduce the patient's tumor burden). They will normally be administered parenterally, when possible, at the target cell site, or intravenously. The dose and dosage regimen will depend upon the nature of the cancer (primary or metastatic), its population, the site to which the antibodies are to be directed, the characteristics of the particular immunotoxin (when used), e.g., its therapeutic index, the patient, and the patient's history. The amount of antibody administered will typically be in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg of patient weight.
For parenteral administration the antibodies will be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form (solution, suspension, emulsion) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable parenteral vehicle. Such vehicles are inherently nontoxic, and non-therapeutic. Examples of such vehicles are water, saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils and ethyl oleate may also be used. Liposomes may be used as carriers. The vehicle may contain minor amounts of additives such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability, e.g., buffers and preservatives. The antibodies will typically be formulated in such vehicles at concentrations of about 1 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml.
The selection of an antibody subclass for therapy will depend upon the nature of the tumor antigen. For example, an IgM may be preferred in situations where the antigen is highly specific for the tumor target and rarely occurs on normal cells. However, where the tumor-associated antigen is also expressed in normal tissues, albeit at much lower levels, the IgG subclass may be preferred for the following reason: since the binding of at lease two IgG molecules in close proximity is required to activate complement, less complement mediated damage may occur in the normal tissues which express smaller amounts of the antigen and, therefore, bind fewer IgG antibody molecules. Furthermore, IgG molecules by being smaller may be more able than IgM molecules localize to tumor tissue.
There is evidence that complement activation in vivo leads to a variety of biological effects, including the induction of an inflammatory response and the activation of macrophages (Uananue and Benecerraf, Textbook of Immunology, 2nd Edition, Williams & Wilkins, p. 218 (1984)). Tumor cells are more sensitive to a cytolytic effect of activated macrophages than are normal cells, Fidler and Poste, Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 5, 161 (1982). The increased vasodilation accompanying inflammation may increase the ability of various anti-cancer agents, such as chemotherapeutic drugs, radiolabelled antibodies, etc., to localize in tumors. Therefore, antigen-antibody combinations of the type specified by this invention can be used therapeutically in many ways and may circumvent many of the problems normally caused by the heterogeneity of tumor cell populations. Additionally, purified antigens (Hakomori, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 2, 103 (1984)) or anti-idiotypic antibodies (Nepom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 2864 (1985); Koprowski et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 216 (1984)) relating to such antigens could be used to induce an active immune response in human cancer patients. Such a response includes the formation of antibodies capable of activating human complement and mediating ADCC and by such mechanisms cause tumor destruction.
Described herein are serological methods for determining the presence of HER2 p185. Essentially, the processes of this invention comprise incubating or otherwise exposing the sample to be tested to monoclonal antibodies and detecting the presence of a reaction product. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many variations of these basic procedures. These include, for example, RIA, ELISA, precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation and immuno-fluorescence. In the currently preferred procedures, the monoclonal antibodies are appropriately labeled.
The labels that are used in making labeled versions of the antibodies include moieties that may be detected directly, such as radiolabels and fluorochromes, as well as moieties, such as enzymes, that must be reacted or derivatized to be detected. The radiolabel can be detected by any of the currently available counting procedures. The preferred isotope labels are 99 Tc, 14 C, 131 I, 125 I, 3 H, 32 P and 35 S. The enzyme label can be detected by any of the currently utilized colorimetric, spectrophotometric, fluorospectro-photometric or gasometric techniques. The enzyme is combined with the antibody with bridging molecules such as carbodiimides, periodate, diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde and the like. Many enzymes which can be used in these procedures are known and can be utilized. Examples are peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, β-D-glucosidase, β-D-galactosidase, urease, glucose oxidase plus peroxidase, galactose oxidase plus peroxidase and acid phosphatase. Fluorescent materials which may be used include, for example, fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, auramine, dansyl, umbelliferone, luciferia, 2,3-dihydrophthalazinediones, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The antibodies may be tagged with such labels by known methods. For instance, coupling agents such as aldehydes, carbodiimides, dimaleimide, imidates, succinimides, bid-diazotized benzadine and the like may be used to tag the antibodies with the above-described fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and enzyme labels. Various labeling techniques are described in Morrison, Methods in Enzymology 32b, 103 (1974), Syvanen et al., J. Biol. Chem, 284, 3762 (1973) and Bolton and Hunter, Biochem J. 133, 529(1973) hereby incorporated by reference.
The antibodies and labeled antibodies may be used in a variety of immunoimaging or immunoassay procedures to detect the presence of cancer in a patient or monitor the status of such cancer in a patient already diagnosed to have it. When used to monitor the status of a cancer, a quantitative immunoassay procedure must be used. If such monitoring assays are carried out periodically and the results compared, a determination may be made regarding whether the patient's tumor burden has increased or decreased. Common assay techniques that may be used include direct and indirect assays. If the sample includes cancer cells, the labeled antibody will bind to those cells. After washing the tissue or cells to remove unbound labeled antibody, the tissue sample is read for the presence of labeled immune complexes. In indirect assays the tissue or cell sample is incubated with unlabeled monoclonal antibody. The sample is then treated with a labeled antibody against the monoclonal antibody (e.g., a labeled antimurine antibody), washed, and read for the presence of ternary complexes.
For diagnostic use the antibodies will typically be distributed in kit form. These kits will typically comprise: the antibody in labeled or unlabeled form in suitable containers, reagents for the incubations for an indirect assay, and substrates or derivatizing agents depending on the nature of the label. HER2 p185 controls and instructions may also be included.
The following examples are offered to more fully illustrate the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.
Amplified Expression of p185HER2 and Tyrosine Kinase Activity
A series of NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing various levels of p185 were constructed as disclosed in Hudziak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84, 7159 (1987), hereby incorporated by reference. The parental cell line had a nontransformed, TNF-α-sensitive phenotype. The control cell line (NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr) was prepared by transfection with pCVN, an expression plasmid encoding neomycin resistance as a selectable marker, and dihydrofolate reductase (which encodes methotrexate resistance and which permits amplification of associated DNA sequences). pCVN-HER2 (which encodes, in addition, the entire 1255 amino acid p185 receptor-like tyrosine kinase under the transcriptional control of the RSV-LTR) was introduced into NIH 3T3 cells in a parallel transfection. Transfectants were selected by resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic G418. The pCVN-HER2 primary transfectants (HER2-3) do not have a transformed morphology and fail to grow in soft agar. Stepwise amplification of HER2 expression by selection in 200 nM (HER2-3200), 400 nM (HER2-3400), and 800 nM (HER2-3800) methotrexate, however, results in transformation as judged by morphological criteria, the ability to grow in soft agar, and the ability to form tumors in nude mice.
The amplification of expression of p185 was documented by immunoprecipitation from cells chat were metabolically labeled with 35 S-methionine. The tyrosine kinase activity associated with p185 in these cell lines was measured by autophosphorylation in vitro For an autoradiograph of 35 S-methionine labeled p185, 200 μCi of 35 S-methionine (Amersham; 1132 Ci/mmol) was added to 1.5 ml of methionine-free labeling medium, containing 2% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. 1.0×106 cells of each type were counted by Coulter counter, plated in 60 mm culture dishes (Falcon), and allowed to adhere for 12 h. Following an 8 h labeling period the cells were lysed and the HER2-encoded p185 was analyzed. For an autoradiograph of self-phosphorylated HER2-receptor tyrosine kinase, the p185 was immunoprecipitated and the pellet was resuspended in 50 μl of tyrosine kinase reaction buffer. The samples were incubated at 4° C. for 20 min. The self-phosphorylated p185 from the various cell lines was then visualized by autoradiography following gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight markers used were myosin (200 kD) and β-galactosidase (116 kD). The results showed that expression of p185 and its associated tyrosine kinase increased in parallel during amplification. Quantitative densitometry of the in vitro autophosphorylation reactions showed that the tyrosine kinase activity increased at least 5 to 6-fold between HER2-3 and HER2-3200 and between HER2-3200 and HER2-3400, while only a small difference was observed between HER2-3400 and HER2-3800 (see the Tyrosine Kinase column of Table 1 below).
Relative amounts of tyrosine kinase present in each of the cell types of Table 1 were determined by taking ratios of the areas under the curves obtained by scanning autoradiograms (using an LKB2202 laser densitometer). The autoradiograms had been exposed for various times to allow for linearity in the determinations, and then normalized by comparison to the HER2 primary transfectant (HER2-3).
Resistance to TNF-α
The cell lines described above were then tested for sensitivity to TNF-α and macrophage-induced cytotoxicity.
In FIG. 1a, TNF-α resistance of the control cells and the HER2-transfected NIH 3T3 cells is shown. Cells were seeded into 96-well microtiter plates at a density of 5,000 cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. The cells were allowed to adhere for 4 hrs before the addition of a range of concentrations of TNF-α. Specific activity of the TNF-α (recombinant human TNF-α) was 5×107 U/mg as determined in an L-M cell cytotoxicity assay in the presence of actinomycin D. After incubation at 37° C. for 72 hr, the monolayers were washed with PBS and stained with crystal violet dye for determination of relative cell viability. These measurements were repeated six times. Results from a representative experiment are shown in FIG. 1a.
In FIG. 1b, macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity assays are shown. TNF-α resistant cells (neo/dhfr HTR) were derived by subculturing a clone of NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr in media containing 10,000 U/ml TNF-α. For macrophage cytotoxicity assays, NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr, HER2-3800 and neo/dhfr HTR cells were seeded into 96-well microtiter plates as in 1a above. Human macrophages were obtained as adherent cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors. Adherent cells were scraped and resuspended in media, activated for 4 hr. with 10 μ/ml E. coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Sigma) and 100 U/ml of recombinant human interferon-gamma (rHuIFN-γ, Genentech, Inc.). The cell suspension was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1200 rpm and the resulting pellet was washed with media to remove the LPS and rHuIFN-γ. The macrophages were resuspended in media, counted, and then added to the target cells to obtain the desired effector to target ratios. After a 72 hr incubation at 37° C., the monolayers were washed with media and 51 Cr was added to each well for determination of viability 51 Cr uptake.
|Correlation between HER2-associated tyrosine kinase levels and resistance to TNF-α Percent Tyrosine Cell Type Viability Kinase
1. NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr
3.6 ± 0.6
2. NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr400
8.3 ± 1.0
*not measured
Percent viability is given at 1.0×104 cytotoxicity units per ml of TNF-α. The breast tumor cell lines were obtained from the ATCC and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin.
As shown in FIG. 1a and Table 1, stepwise amplification of HER2 receptor expression resulted in a parallel induction of resistance to TNF-α. The primary transfectants (HER2-3), which do not have a transformed phenotype, demonstrated little increased resistance. However, the transformed lines HER2-3200, HER2 -3400 and HER2-3800 do show a stepwise loss in sensitivity to TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity as compared to NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr (FIG. 1a and Table 1), although the MDA-MB-175-VII cells had elevated p185 expression compared Co the TNF-α sensitive BT20 and MCF7 cell lines. In correlation with the levels of p185 expression (Table 1), the difference in sensitivity of HER2-3200 and HER2-3400 (27.5% vs. 48.4% viability at 1×104 U/ml TNF-α) is greater than the difference between HER2-3400 and HER2-3800 (48.4% vs. 58.7% viability, see FIG. 1a and Table 1). A similar result was obtained when NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr and HER2-3800 were compared for sensitivity to activated macrophages (FIG. 1b). These data suggest that amplification of the expression of HER2 induces resistance to TNF-α, and also show that this correlates with resistance to an important component of the early host defense mechanism, the activated macrophage. Amplification of the control plasmid (pCVN) in the cell line NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr400 did not induce increased resistance to TNF-α (Table 1). This demonstrates that neither gene transfection or gene amplification, per se, has any effect on the sensitivity of cells to TNF-α.
The observation that NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing high levels of p185 were resistant to cytotoxicity induced by TNF-α or macrophages suggested that this may be one mechanism leading to tumor development. To test this possibility six breast tumor cell lines were screened for amplification of HER2 and sensitivity to TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity. The results (Table 1) demonstrated that sensitivity to growth inhibition by TNF-α is inversely correlated with the expression of HER2-associated tyrosine kinase measured in vitro autophosphorylation assay for BT-20, MCF7, MDA-MB-361 and SK-BR-3. Two of the TNF-α-resistant breast tumor cell lines (MDA-MB-175-VII and MDA-KB-231), however, had no demonstrable amplified expression of HER2 as compared to the HER2-3 control (Table 1), although the MDA-MB-175-VlI cells had elevated p185 expression compared to the TNF-α sensitive BT20 and MCF7 cell lines. These results are consistent with previous reports of the frequency of HER2 amplification in primary breast tumors and tumor-derived cell lines, and suggest the existence of other cellular mechanisms which may lead to TNF-α resistance.
Experiments also showed that overexpression of the EGF receptor, and cellular transformation by the src oncogene, correlates with resistance to TNF-α.
TNF-α Receptor Binding
In order to investigate whether the TNF-α receptor was altered in HER2-3800, as opposed to NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr, the binding of 125 I-labeled TNF-α was compared between these cell lines. FIG. 2 shows a TNF-α receptor binding analysis. Displacement curves show binding of 125 I-TNF-α to NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr and HER2-3800. Competition binding assays were performed. Briefly, a suspension of 2.0×106 cells were incubated in a final volume of 0.5 ml of RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Binding of 125 I-TNF-α (0.2×106 cpm) to the cells was determined in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of unlabeled TNF-α at 4° C. under saturation equilibrium conditions. Each data point represents the mean of triplicate determinations. After incubation overnight, cells were washed twice with incubation buffer and cell bound radioactivity was determined. Non-specific binding was ≤10% of total binding.
The results showed a 2-3 fold increase in total specific binding for HER2-3800 as compared to NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr (FIG. 2). In addition, the displacement curve for binding on HER2-3800 is also shifted toward lower affinity binding as compared to NIH 3T3 neo/dhfr (FIG. 2).
Production of Anti-HER2 Monoclonal Antibodies
Five female Balb/c mice were immunized with HER2 amplified NIH 3T3 transformed cells over a period of 22 weeks. The first four injections each had approximately 107 cells/mouse. They were administered intraperitoneally in half a milliliter of PBS on weeks 0, 2, 5, 7. Injections five and six were with a wheat germ agglutinin partially purified membrane preparation which had a whole protein concentration of about 700 μg/ml. A 100 μl/injection was administered to each mouse intraperitoneally on weeks 9 and 13. The last injection was also with the purified material but was administered three days prior to the date of fusion intravenously.
Bleeds from the mice were tested at various times in a radioimmunoprecipitation using whole cell lysates. The three mice with the highest antibody titers were sacrificed and spleens were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line X63-Ag8.653 using the general procedure of Mishell & Shiigi, Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, p. 357-363 (1980) with the following exceptions. Cells were plated at a density of approximately 2×105 cells/well into ten 96 well microtiter plates. Hybrids were selected using hypoxanthine-azoserine rather than hypoxanthine-aminoptern-thymidine (HAT).
Hybridoma supernatants were tested for presence of antibodies specific for HER2 receptor by ELISA and radioimmunoprecipitation.
For the ELISA, 3.5 μg/ml of the HER2 receptor (purified on the wheat germ agglutinin column) in PBS was adsorbed to immulon II microtiter plates overnight at 4° C. or for 2 hours at room temperature. Plates were then washed with phosphate buffered saline with 0.05% Tween 20 (PBS-TW20) to remove unbound antigen. Remaining binding sites were then blocked with 200 μl per well of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS-TW20 and incubated 1 hour at room temperature. Plates were washed as above and 100 μl of hybridoma supernatant was added to each well and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plates were washed again and 100 μl per well of an appropriate dilution of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin coupled to horseradish peroxidase was added. The plates were incubated again for 1 hour at room temperature and then washed as above. O-phenylene diamine was added as substrate, incubated for 15-20 minutes at room temperature and then the reaction was stopped with 2.5M H2 SO4. The absorbance of each well was then read at 492 nm.
For the radioimmunoprecipitation, first the wheat germ purified HER2 receptor preparation was autophosphorylated in the following manner: a kinase solution with the following final concentrations was made: 0.18 mCi/ml γP32 -ATP (Amersham), 0.4 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM MnCl2, 10 μM ATP, 35 μg/ml total protein concentration of partially purified HER2 all diluted in 20 mM Hepes, 0.1% triton 10% glycerol buffer (HTG). This reaction was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. 50 μl hybridoma supernatant was then added to 50 μl of the kinase reaction and incubated 1 hour at room temperature. 50 μl of goat anti-mouse IgG precoated protein-A sepharose CL4B, at a sepharose concentration of 80 mg/ml, was added to each sample and incubated 1 hour at room temperature. The resulting immunocomplexes were then washed by centrifugation twice with HTG buffer and finally with 0.2% deoxycholate 0.2% Tween 20 in PBS, in a microfuge and aspirated between washes. Reducing sample buffer was added to each sample and samples were heated at 95° C. for 2-5 minutes, insoluble material Was removed by centrifugation and the reduced immunocomplex was loaded onto a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel containing SDS. The gel was run at 30 amp constant current and an autoradiograph was obtained from the finished gel.
Approximately 5% of the total well supernatants reacted with the HER2 receptor in the ELISA and/or radioimmunoprecipitation. From this initial 5% (about 100), some hybrids produced low affinity antibodies and others suffered from instability and stopped secreting antibodies leaving a total of 10 high affinity stable HER2 specific antibody producing cell lines. These were expanded add cloned by limiting dilution (Oi, V.T. and Herzenberg, L. A., "Immunoglobulin Producing Hybrid Cell Lines" in Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, p. 351-372 Mishell, B. B. and Shiigi, S. M. (eds.), W. H. Freeman and Co. (1980)). Large quantities of specific monoclonal antibodies were produced by injection of cloned hybridoma cells in pristaned primed mice to produce ascitic tumors. Ascites were then collected and purified over a protein-A sepharose column.
Screening of Antibodies
The 10 high affinity monoclonal antibodies were then screened in a number of assays for anti-transformation or anti-tumor cell activity. Monoclonal antibodies were selected on the basis of growth inhibiting activity against the human tumor line SK BR3 which is derived from a breast tumor and contains an amplified HER2 gene and overexpresses the HER2 p185 tyrosine kinase. The initial screen used conditioned medium (medium in which the cells were grown for several days containing any secreted products of the cells including antibodies produced by the cells) from the hybridoma cell lines.
SK BR3 cells were plated at 20,000 cells/35 mm dish. Either conditioned medium from the hybridoma parent line (producing everything but anti-HER2 monoclonals) as a control, or the anti-HER2 monoclonals were added. After 6 days, the total number of SK BR3 cells were counted using an electronic Coulter cell counter. Cells were grown in a 1:1 mixture of F-12 and DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine, and penicillin-streptomycin. The volume per plate was 2 mls/35 mm dish. 0.2 mls of myeloma conditioned medium was added per 35 mm dish. Each control or anti-HER2 MAb was assayed in duplicate and the two counts averaged.
The result of the survey is shown in FIG. 3. Monoclonal antibody 4D5 (ATCC CRL 10463, deposited with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA under the Budapest Treaty on May, 24, 1990) markedly inhibited the growth of the breast tumor line SK BR3. Other anti-HER2 antibodies inhibited growth to a significant but lesser extent (egs., MAbs 3E8 and 3H4). Still other anti-HER2 antibodies (not shown) did not inhibit growth.
A repeat experiment using purified antibody rather than hybridoma conditioned medium confirmed the results of FIG. 3. FIG. 4 is a dose response curve comparing the effect of an irrelevant monoclonal antibody (anti-HBV) and monoclonal antibody 4D5 (anti-HER2) on the growth of the SK BR3 cell line in 10% fetal bovine serum.
Down Regulation of the HER2 Receptor
The SK BR3 cells were pulse labeled with 100 uci 35 S-methionine for 12 hours in methionine-free medium. Then either an irrelevant (anti-Hepatitis B surface antigen) or anti-HER2 MAb (4D5) was added to the cells at 5 μg/ml. After 11 hours, the cells were lysed and HER2 p185 immunoprecipitates and the proteins were analyzed by a 7.5% acrylamide gel followed by autoradiography. The SDS-PAGE gel of the 35 S-methionine labeled HER2 p185 from SK BR3 cells demonstrated that the HER2 levels are downregulated by MAb 4D5.
Treatment of Breast Tumor Cells with Monoclonal Antibodies and TNF-α
SK-BR-3 breast tumor cells were seeded at a density of 4×104 cells per well in 96-well microtiter plates and allowed to adhere for 2 hours. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 4D5 or irrelevant isotype matched (anti-rHuIFN-γ MAb) at 0.05, 0.5 or 5.0 μ/ml for 4 hours prior to the addition of 100, 1,000 or 10,000 U/ml rHuTNF-α. After a 72 hour incubation, the cell monolayers were stained with crystal violet dye for determination of relative percent viability (RPV) compared to control (untreated) cells. Each treatment group consisted of 6 replicates. The results are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. These Figures show that incubation of cells overexpressing HER2 receptor with antibodies directed to the extracellular domain of the receptor induce sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. Equivalent treatment of breast tumor cells MDA-MB-175 VII gave similar results (see FIG. 7). Treatment of human fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38) with MAb resulted in no growth inhibition or induction of sensitivity to TNF-α as expected.
Treatment of NIH 3T3 Cells Overexpressing HER2 p185 with Monoclonal Antibodies and TNF-α
NIH 3T3 HER2-3400 cells were treated with different concentrations of anti-HER2 MAbs as in the above described treatment of SK-BR3 cells. The results for MAb 4D5 are shown in FIG. 8. The results indicate that cells other than of breast tumor cell lines which overexpress the HER2 receptor are growth inhibited by antibodies to the HER2 receptor, and sensitivity to TNF-α is induced in the presence of these antibodies.
In Vivo Treatment of NIH 3T3 Cells Overexpressing HER2 with Anti-HER2 IgG2A Monoclonal Antibodies
NIH 3T3 cells transfected with either a HER2 expression plasmid (NIH 3T3400) or the neo-DHFR vector were injected into nu/nu (athymic) mice subcutaneously at a dose of 106 cells in 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. On days 0, 1, 5 and every 4 days thereafter, 100 μg (0.1 ml In PBS) of either an irrelevant or anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody of the IgG2A subclass was injected intraperitoneally. Tumor occurrence and size were monitored for the 1 month period of treatment.
|Tumor Size of Survivors: Length × Width Average # Tumors/ in mm2 Group # Cell Line Treatment # Animals at 31 Days
Irrelevant MAb
6/6 401
B Virus)
2H11 anti-HER2
2/6 139
3E8 anti-HER2
0/6 0
4 neo/DHFR None 0/6 0
Table 2 shows that the 2H11 MAb has some anti-tumor activity (MAb 2H11 has very slight growth inhibiting properties when screened against tumor line SK BR3) and the 3E8 MAb gives 100% tumor growth inhibition during the course of the experiment.
While the invention has been described in what is considered to be its preferred embodiments, it is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalents included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalents.


text:
Senate group reaches immigration deal
A powerful group of senators from both parties has reached a deal on the outlines of a comprehensive immigration overhaul, a development that will drive an emotional debate on a hot-button issue unseen in Washington for more than half a decade.
The group unveiled the basics of its proposal at a Monday news conference on Capitol Hill, essentially laying down a marker on the issue one day before President Barack Obama heads to Las Vegas to unveil more details about his own immigration proposal.
Story Continued Below
( PHOTOS: 20 quotes on immigration reform)
According to a five-page document provided to POLITICO, the sweeping proposal — agreed to in principle by eight senators — would seek to overhaul the legal immigration system as well as create a pathway to citizenship for the nation's roughly 11 million illegal immigrants. But establishing that pathway would depend on whether the U.S. first implements stricter border enforcement measures and new rules ensuring immigrants have left the country in compliance with their visas. Young people brought to the country as children illegally and seasonal agriculture industry workers would be given a faster path to citizenship.
The broad agreement by the influential Gang of Eight senators amounts to the most serious bipartisan effort to act on the highly charged issue since George W. Bush's comprehensive measure was defeated in the Senate in 2007.
It remains to be seen if Obama will embrace the Senate effort, or how closely his own proposal hews to the Senate one. But the Senate proposal is expected to take precedence on Capitol Hill, given that bipartisan backing will be crucial to getting anything through the Democratic-controlled Senate — let alone the Republican-controlled House.
( PHOTOS: 9 wild immigration quotes)
The bipartisan coalition includes influential Democrats such as Majority Whip Dick Durbin of Illinois and Sen. Chuck Schumer of New York, No. 3 in the leadership. It also has the backing of Sen. Bob Menendez, the Cuban-American Democrat from New Jersey poised to be chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. And it has the support of Colorado Sen. Michael Bennet, the new chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee.
Republican heavy-hitters also have signed onto the deal's framework, including two veterans of the bruising 2007 effort: Sens. John McCain of Arizona and Lindsey Graham of South Carolina. But it also won the support of Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, a rising GOP star and possible future presidential candidate. And the freshman Arizona Republican, Jeff Flake, who endorsed similar comprehensive plans during his House tenure, has also backed the proposal.
( Also on POLITICO: Poll: W.H. backed on immigration)
House Republicans are likely to be a tougher sell, but Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) recently endorsed Rubio's approach and could be an important partner in selling the legislation to conservatives.
Many of the details have yet to be worked out since the plan has not yet been turned into legislation. There are bound to be fights within the group and off Capitol Hill as the legislative process begins in earnest, and it's unclear whether the bipartisan group can stick together.


text:
Search Constraints
1 entry found
Search Results
Memo from Linus Pauling to Admiral R. S. Holmes
- 1943-Oct-26
Memo regarding Pauling Oxygen Meter submarine model, which was developed by Arnold Beckman during World War II. The British Navy has put in orders for the instrument, and here Pauling inquires as to why the United…
- Author Pauling, Linus, 1901-1994
- Addressee Holmes, R. S.
- Subject United States. Office of Scientific Research and Development. National Defense Research Committee, Oxygen--Measurement, Scientific apparatus and instruments, Great Britain. Royal Navy, World War (1939-1945), and Beckman Instruments, inc.