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The Great Carry trade route was located in the lands of the Oneida Nation. The Oneida Nation was part of the Iroquois Confederacy which also included the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Nations. The Tuscarora Nation was the sixth and last to join the Iroquois Confederacy. At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, British officials recognized the importance of protecting the trade route and portage, so they built several small forts on either end of the Great Carry. In 1757, the French attacked the forts along the Great Carry and in German Flatts. Realizing that the small forts were inadequate, the British built one large fort, Fort Stanwix, to secure the area.
As colonists settled in New York, they encroached on the Confederacy's territory. To resolve the growing tensions, a Boundary Line Treaty was negotiated in 1768 at the site of old Fort Stanwix. In this treaty, delegates from the Iroquois Confederacy and the Delaware and Shawnee Nations ceded land to the British King to create a clear line beyond which the colonists could not settle.
1. Which of the six nations of the Iroquois Confederacy was located farthest to the east? Which was located farthest to the west?
2. What fort was built at the Great Carry, by whom, and why?
3. Why do you think the treaty line of 1768 was not drawn due north and south, but bends to the west of Oriskany and Fort Stanwix?
4. The boundary line of 1768 was highly controversial. If you were of the Mohawk, Oneida, Tuscarora, Shawnee, or Delaware Nations, how would you feel about the Boundary Line Treaty of 1768? If you had moved from Europe to America for the freedom to live anywhere you wanted, how would you feel about the Boundary Line Treaty of 1768?
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Periodic limb movements (PLMs) are characterized by involuntary movements of the lower extremity during sleep. The etiology of PLM has been suggested to involve the dopaminergic system which, in turn, can be modulated by estrogen. It is currently unknown whether PLMs are associated with the menopausal transition and/or concomitant vasomotor symptoms. The aim of the present study was to examine if objectively diagnosed PLMs (with and without arousals) are more common in postmenopausal women or in women with vasomotor symptoms. A secondary aim was to analyze the influence of PLMs on self-reported HRQoL.
A community-based sample of 348 women underwent full-night polysomnography. PLMs (index > 15) and associated arousals (PLM arousal index > 5) were evaluated according to AASM scoring rules. Health-related quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. The occurrence of peri- and postmenopausal symptoms were evaluated by a questionnaire and plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured.
After adjusting for confounding factors, vasomotor symptoms remained a significant explanatory factor for the occurrence of PLMs (adj. OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03-3.37). In women with PLM arousals, adjusted OR for vasomotor symptoms was 1.61, 95% CI 0.76-3.42. PLMs did not seem to affect HRQoL.
We found that clinically significant PLMs, but not PLM with arousals, were more common among women with vasomotor symptoms, even after controlling for confounding factors. Menopausal status per se, as evidenced by FSH in the postmenopausal range, was not associated with PLMs.
Wesström J; Ulfberg J; Sundström-Poromaa I; Lindberg E. Periodic limb movements are associated with vasomotor symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10(1):15-20.
Periodic limb movements (PLMs) during sleep were first described in 1953 as "nocturnal myoclonus," and were at that time thought to have similarities to nocturnal epilepsy.1 The pathophysiological mechanisms of PLMs are unclear, but abnormal hyperexcitability (or diminished inhibition) in the lumbosacral and cervical segments of the spinal cord have been hypothesized to be possible causes.2 PLMs are characterized by involuntary movements of the lower extremities, specifically the toes, ankle, knees, and hips, typically lasting between 0.5 and 10 seconds. The patient is usually unaware of the limb movements or the frequent sleep disruptions, and PLMs are often an incidental finding at polysomnography (PSG).3 PLMs may cause microarousals, leaving the affected patient fatigued the following day. Previously, it was assumed that PLMs were the cause of these arousals, but more recent studies have revealed that PLMs and arousals are associated in a more complex and non-unidirectional manner. Arousals can occur before, during, and after leg movements, indicating that the phenomenon is associated with an underlying arousal disorder.4
The exact prevalence of PLMs is unknown. They appear to be rare in children, to progress with advancing age, and to be more common in females than in males.5,6 In studies where PLMs have been objectively documented (PLM episodes/h of sleep > 5), the prevalence was 5% to 6% in younger adults, and 25% to 58% among elderly people.7 The diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is established when the affected individual also has insomnia and/or excessive daytime drowsiness. By subjective reports, the prevalence of PLMD has been estimated to be 3.9% in the general population.6
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Sleep disturbances affect a substantial fraction of women during the menopausal transition, and female sex hormones are possibly involved in the origin of PLMs. It is currently unknown whether PLMs are associated with the menopausal transition and/or concomitant vasomotor symptoms.
Study Impact: This study shows an association between symptoms related to declining levels of estrogen, i.e. vasomotor symptoms, and PLMs. Future studies should address the possibility of using hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with PLMD.
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensory-motor disorder that produces uncomfortable sensations and a constant urge to move the lower limbs, and has a typical diurnal pattern with a peak of symptoms during rest periods in the evening and at night. RLS has also been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).8 In contrast to PLMs, the diagnosis of RLS is based on the patient's subjective symptoms. PLMs are related to RLS, and the majority of patients with RLS display PLMs during sleep.9 Prior studies have discussed the possibility that hormones can play a role in the clinical manifestation of both PLMs and RLS in women.10 Among peri- and postmenopausal women who reported disturbed sleep, 36% fulfilled the criteria of PLMs and PLMs were one of the predictors of objective affected sleep quality.11 Estrogen therapy has been reported to reduce PLMs,12 and a later study observed that estrogen in addition to progesterone was more effective than estrogen alone in decreasing the prevalence of PLMs.13 RLS is approximately twice as common in women as men, and its prevalence increases following the onset of menopause.14,15 A previous report has suggested that RLS is associated with vasomotor symptoms.15
As sleep disturbances affect a substantial fraction of women during the menopausal transition,16 and as hormones such as estrogen and progesterone may influence both PLMs and RLS, the primary aim of the present study was to evaluate if PLMs are more common in postmenopausal women and/or in women with vasomotor symptoms, while adjusting for confounding factors. Another aim was to analyze the influence of PLMs on self-reported health related quality of life.
Ten thousand women (age ≥ 20 years) were randomly selected from the general population of the municipality of Uppsala, Sweden. Potential participants were sent postal questionnaires that included questions about demographics, sleep disturbances, and hormonal status, with a total response rate of 71.6%. In a second phase of the study, a sample of 400 women, aged 20 to 70 years that contained an oversampling of women who reported snoring17 were randomly selected from the responders of the first phase (n = 6,515). These women underwent a full night polysomnographic recording in their own homes (with the exception of 6 recordings, which were performed at the clinic). Women with severe somatic or psychiatric disease, who were likely not able to manage the ambulatory recording equipment, were excluded. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Medical Faculty at Uppsala University.
The ambulatory EMBLA system (Flaga Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland) was used for polysomnographic recordings. The recordings were performed between November 2001 and February 2004 and included bipolar continuous EEG recordings (C3-A2, C4-A1, left and right horizontal); electroculograms; airflow (nasal flow pressure sensor and oronasal thermistor); respiratory effort from piezoelectric belts around the abdomen and chest; finger oximetry; ECG; pharyngeal sounds by a piezo vibration sensor; and a body position sensor. Leg activity was recorded from both tibialis anterior muscles. An obstructive apnea was defined as cessation of airflow in both nasal pressure and oronasal thermistor ≥ 10 sec with continuing abdominal and thoracic movements. An obstructive hypopnea was defined as 50% reduction in both oronasal thermistor and nasal pressure ≥ 10 sec, compared with baseline, accompanied by abdominal and thoracic movements in combination with an arousal or an oxygen desaturation ≥ 3%. The obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was defined as the mean number of obstructive apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep.18 Data were downloaded to analysis software (Somnologica; Flaga Inc.). For a useful recording, a sleep time ≥ 4 h was required, and no parameter was allowed to be lost > 20 minutes during the recording. On the morning following the polysomnography, the fasting women returned to the sleep laboratory. Height and weight were measured, and a research nurse took venous blood samples. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated in kilograms per meters squared.
To obtain the maximum quality and objective assessment of the polysomnographic measures, each recording was evaluated according to PLM scoring rules from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM; 2007 Manual)19 by an external registered polysomnographic technologist who was blinded to the hormonal status of the individuals. PLM associated with arousals from apneas, hypopneas, or respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs) were not scored. A rate > 15 PLM episodes per hour of sleep (PLM index) is considered clinically significant.20
For the purposes of the present study, the diagnosis of PLM was made for women who had a PLM index > 15 (n = 93). In order to further examine the consequences of PLM arousals, women with PLM indexes > 15 and PLM arousal indexes > 5 were determined to be suffering from PLM arousals (n = 49). Two-hundred forty-three women with PLM indexes < 15 and PLM arousal indexes < 5 served as controls.
The following questionnaires were filled out on the same evening as the polysomnographic recording:
RLS was diagnosed according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group standardized criteria (modified 2003).21 The essential criteria for this syndrome were: (1) having an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs; (2) experiencing the urge to move or unpleasant sensations beginning or worsening during periods of rest or inactivity, such as lying down or sitting; (3) having the urge to move or experiencing unpleasant sensations that are partially or totally relieved by movement, such as walking or stretching, at least as long as the activity continues; (4) having the urge to move or experiencing unpleasant sensations that are worse in the evening or night than they are during the day, or which only occur in the evening or night. Each of these 4 criteria had to be met for the provisional study diagnosis of RLS in this study. Over time it has become clear that the positive predictive value of many RLS screening questionnaires may be low, and that many individuals who are identified as RLS sufferers by these screening questionnaires instead have other conditions that can mimic the features of RLS by satisfying the 4 diagnostic criteria.22 In the current study however, RLS status was only used for adjustments, and the low positive predictive value of this measure was thus not considered to be problematic.
The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate each patient's reported health. This instrument assesses an individual's health-related quality of life across a range of patient populations with different medical conditions. SF-36 scores range from 1 to 100 for each attribute. A high score indicates a better physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS),23 indicating better overall reported health.
Alcohol dependency was defined as a subject's having 2 positive answers on the 4-item CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty about drinking, Eye-opener drinks) questionnaire.24
The subjects in the current report also completed a study-specific questionnaire that included questions on medical history, smoking, physical activity, medication, and hormonal status. In this questionnaire, subjects were asked if they had ever smoked regularly > 6 months and whether they were currently smokers or ex-smokers. The level of physical activity during leisure time was categorized into 4 groups, with a value of 1 for the lowest and 4 for the highest level of activity. The 4 values were dichotomized as low activity (levels 1 and 2) and high activity (levels 3 and 4). A low level of physical activity was defined as spending most of one's time in front of the television, reading, or engaging in other sedentary activities. The highest level included regular physical activity such as swimming, jogging, tennis, aerobic exercise ≥ 3 h/week, or even more vigorous activities on a weekly basis. The categorization was adopted from a large population-based, prospective study on physical activity and mortality in women.25
Subjects were classified as having hypertension if they reported attending regular medical examinations for hypertension and/or answered "yes" to the question: "Do you have high blood pressure?" Similarly, those who answered "yes" to the question "Do you have diabetes?" and/or said that they attended regular medical examinations for diabetes were classified as having diabetes. Histories of previous myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke were also obtained by yes/no questions. Any type of regular medication was also documented.
Hormonal status was evaluated by the following questions: are you suffering from vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and sweating)? How many menstruations have you experienced within the last 6 months or the last year? When did you experience your last menstruation? Are you currently being treated with any female steroid hormones? Have you been treated with female steroid hormones in the past? If so, when did you terminate treatment? For the purpose of the present study, only women who answered these questions were included.
A blood sample was taken from each subject in order to measure circulating levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and hemoglobin (Hb) using routine methods at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital. However, during the study period, the laboratory methods for FSH determination were altered; therefore, the FSH levels in this study were used merely to confirm menopausal status, using the reference intervals determined for each laboratory method. Because many women used HRT or intrauterine hormonal devices, it was assumed that FSH levels in the postmenopausal range would be a better indicator of postmenopausal status than amenorrhea.
Unpaired t-tests for numerical data and χ2 tests for categorical data were used to analyze differences in characteristics, clinical and endocrine variables between subjects with PLMs index > 15, PLM arousals, and controls, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the risk, as approximated by the adjusted odds ratio (OR), of suffering from PLMs associated with vasomotor symptoms. The ORs, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated by means of multiple logistic regressions in order to determine the influence of potential confounding factors. The inclusion of confounding variables was based on significant findings in the bivariate analyses, with the exception of smoking and apneahypopnea index (AHI), which were forced into the model. The latter variable was included because of the oversampling of women with obstructive sleep disorder, which was categorized as having an AHI > 15. Measures of self-rated physical health, according to the SF-36-PCS, were categorized in quartiles, with subjects having scores in the highest quartile were denoted as controls. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
Four hundred women were recruited for the study. Complete PSG recordings were obtained from all subjects. Due to technical difficulties, PLMs could not be scored in 7 women. In addition, 49 women did not complete the questionnaire concerning hormonal status and were excluded. Hence, 344 women were available for analysis. Of these, 243 women had a PLM index ≤ 15 and a PLM arousal index < 5 and were denoted as controls. Ninety-three women had a PLM index > 15 (women with PLM); of these, 49 also had a PLM arousal index > 5 (women with PLM arousals). Women with PLMs and PLM arousals were approximately 5 years older than controls. Women with PLMs were less likely than controls to be employed. There were no statistically significant differences in BMI, smoking habits, alcohol dependence, or degree of physical activity between the PLM groups and controls (Table 1).
Population characteristics
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As expected, women with PLMs and PLM arousals reported RLS more often than controls, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (evidenced by AHI > 15) tended to be more common in women with PLMs (Table 2). Women with PLM arousals reported hypertension more often (Table 2). Although chronic diseases and history of cardiovascular disease were rare in the study population, women with PLMs and PLM arousals had lower self-reported physical health (SF-36-PCS) than controls, respectively.
Clinical variables in women with PLMs, women with PLM arousals, and controls
Wake time after sleep onset in women with PLMs was 71 ± 52 min, in women with PLM arousals 75 ± 52 min and in controls 64 ± 49 min in controls, p = 0.3 and p = 0.2 respectively. WASO in women with vasomotor symptoms was 73 ± 50 min and among those without vasomotor symptoms 63 ± 49 min, p = 0.1.
In our univariate analyses, FSH levels in the postmenopausal range and ongoing vasomotor symptoms were both associated with PLMs. Women with PLMs also reported the current use of hormonal replacement therapy more often than did controls, although this difference was not significant (p = 0.059; Table 3). A similar pattern was noted in women with PLM arousals, but none of the endocrine variables reached statistical significance (Table 3).
Endocrine variables in women with PLMs, women with PLM arousals, and controls
After adjusting for postmenopausal status (FSH in postmenopausal range), age, smoking, prevalence of RLS, prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (AHI > 15), and self-rated physical health, vasomotor symptoms remained a significant explanatory factor for the occurrence of PLMs (adj. OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03-3.37). Following adjustment for age, FSH in postmenopausal range did not remain a significant explanatory variable for the presence of PLMs. As expected, RLS was also significantly associated with PLMs (adj. OR 4.37, 95% CI 2.53-7.55; Table 4). A similar regression model was performed in women with PLM arousals, resulting in an adjusted OR for vasomotor symptoms of 1.61, 95% CI 0.76-3.42.
Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the explanatory variables of PLMs index > 15
The main finding of the present study was that women with PLMs more often suffered from peri- and postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms, whereas postmenopausal status per se, following adjustment for age, did not remain a significant explanatory variable. These findings are in accordance with the results from a previous study in women with RLS, in which vasomotor symptoms during the menopausal transition, but not postmenopausal status, were associated with increased occurrence of RLS.15
The mechanisms by which the consequences of decreased ovarian function (vasomotor symptoms) are associated with PLMs, but not with menopause per se (increased FSH levels), is not clear. The most straightforward explanation could be that women with PLMs have disturbed sleep and/or arousals, and thus might spend more time awake are more inclined to note vasomotor symptoms such as night sweats. In fact, we found a clear trend towards longer time awake after sleep onset in women with PLMs, PLM arousals and in women with vasomotor symptoms, but none of the results were significant. However, inferences about causal relationships between these sleep disturbing factors are not possible in this cross-sectional study design.
Vasomotor symptoms are considered to be indicative of estrogen deficiency, although no clear-cut relationship between serum concentrations of estrogen (or FSH) have been reported.26 It is thus possible that the loss of estrogen, which has multiple effects on neuronal function and neurotransmitter systems, might influence the propensity to develop PLMs. Estrogen receptors are expressed in brain areas responsible for sleep regulation. Estrogen signaling also increases the synthesis of acetylcholine, delays the turnover of serotonin, regulates serotonin transport and binding in the brain, and has both agonistic and antagonistic effects on the dopaminergic system. Long-term exposure to estrogen both increases dopamine uptake and decreases dopamine concentrations in dopaminergic areas in the brain. Of relevance to the study of PLM, it has been hypothesized that decreased estrogen levels worsen sleep movement disorders via decreasing the abundance of dopamine receptors or impacting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity, the enzyme that degrades dopamine.27 However, it may be informative to point out that there is no evidence on a direct link between dopamine levels and hot flashes.
Emerging evidence also suggests that symptoms associated with sleep-related movement disorders may be associated with a low oxygenation of peripheral tissues. Remodeling of capillary geometry and a lower maximal oxygen uptake has been found in the tibialis anterior muscle of RLS patients.28 Estrogen has been shown to improve vascularization29 and to also, via increased nitric oxide production and vasodilatation,30 ultimately increase the oxygen supply. Nitric oxide has recently been reported to influence dopaminergic processes, promoting speculation on that the actions of this molecule may provide a link between the peripheral and central hypotheses of the origin of RLS/PLM.31 In addition, higher metabolism in the periphery during night sweats could lead to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles, which leads to an increased excitability of nerve-muscle plates and to more frequent PLMs.32
Although PLMs were significantly associated with vasomotor symptoms in the present study, no such association was found in women with PLM arousals. It is likely that the current study simply did not contain enough women with PLM arousals to reveal significant associations with menopause and/ or vasomotor symptoms (indicating a type II error). With a larger sample of women with PLM arousals, it is possible that a positive association with vasomotor symptoms might have been revealed, but this remains to be established. On the other hand, arousals are common in women with PLMs, and spectral EEG may provide objective sleep measures indicating higher arousal levels in women with vasomotor symptoms.33 Our findings of an association between vasomotor symptoms and PLMs adds further complexity to the picture, and points to the fact that the mechanisms involved in arousals, whether associated with PLMs or vasomotor symptoms, remain insufficiently clarified.
In the current study, PSG recording were available for only a single night, which is an important limitation for the interpretation of our findings. Because of observed night to night variability of PLMs, particularly in RLS patients,34 it has been suggested that two consecutive full nights of PLM recordings may be necessary to make a valid estimate of the PLM index. However, this conclusion comes mostly from studies involving patients with sleep disorders such as RLS and PLMD.35
Another limitation is that the cohort of women in this study was originally sampled for the evaluation of sleep disordered breathing. Therefore, the data in this study may not be used to estimate population-based prevalence rates of PLMs (or RLS) in women. However, for the associative analyses between vasomotor symptoms, menopause, and PLMs, the study design was considered reasonable. Furthermore, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was adjusted for in the final regression analysis. The complex mechanisms underlying the association between OSA, RLS, and PLMs remain unclear. However, PLMs do not have an additive effect on the hypersomnia experienced by some sleep disordered breathing patients.36
Even though RLS has been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease less is known about PLM and CVD. Due to the overall healthy population, this study did not add any information on the association between PLM and CVD.
We conclude that vasomotor symptoms are independently associated with PLMs and that ovarian steroids may play a role in the clinical manifestations of PLMs. At present, we may only speculate upon the biological mechanisms underlying this association; future studies should address the possibility of using hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with PLMD.
This was not an industry supported study. The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine
apnea-hypopnea index
body mass index
cardiovascular disease
follicle stimulating hormone
health-related quality of life
hormone replacement therapy
International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd ed
leg movement
mental component summary
obstructive sleep apnea
periodic limb movement disorder
periodic limb movements
physical component summary
restless legs syndrome
Short Form Health Survey
The authors thank Jan Ifver, of the Dalarna County Medical Research Center, for support with statistical calculations and Paul Murphy, of the Sleep Medicine Institute Mölndal, Sweden, for evaluating the polysomnographic recordings
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subset: commoncrawl


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SFA Book Fair 2018
SFA Pre-K 2016-17
First Day 2016-17
First day 2015-16
SFA World Meeting 2015
2014 Harvest Ball
Pictures from the 2014 Harvest Ball
Where faith and education merge with excellence
112 Saxer Avenue Springfield, PA 19064
(610) 543-0546
Saint Francis of Assisi school was opened in 1929. We presently occupy three buildings, with the Pre-School classes held in the building adjacent to Conway Hall. The stone school building contains classrooms for Kindergarten, Grades 1-3, main office, computer lab, nurse's office, Delaware County Intermediate Unit remediation and counseling room. The brick building presently contains classrooms for Grades 4-8, principal's office, faculty room, Honors math classroom and contains a combination auditorium/gymnasium. St. Francis of Assisi School has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools since 1984.
Pictures from the 2014 Harvest Ball


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Andrew Wyeth: the Helga pictures
H.N. Abrams, 1987 - Art - 208 pages
Presents the more than 240 works from the collection of Leonard Andrews. These works center around one model, Helga Testorf, a neighbor in Chadds Ford, that Wyeth worked on in virtual secrecy for a a decade and a half.
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Andrew Wyeth: the Helga picturesUser Review - Not Available - Book Verdict
For 15 years, America's most popular living artist worked in secret with neighbor Helga Testorf as model. The resultsome 240 pencil sketches, watercolors, drybrush, and temperas, concerned with Helga ... Read full review
Common terms and phrases
16'A inches 18 inches 24 inches American Art American Artist Andrew Wyeth November Andrew Wyeth October Andrew Wyeth Verso Andy Armand Hammer Art Museum Art of Andrew Barracoon BLACK VELVET Boston Brandywine River Museum Brush Campfire Cape Coat Chadds Ford Colors by Andrew Crown of Flowers Day Dream Drawings by Andrew DRAWN SHADE drybrush EASTER SUNDAY Edward Hopper Exhibition of Water Farm Road feel figure Gallery of Art Greenville County Greenville County Museum Helga pictures Helga series Howard Pyle inches 1973 Signed inches 1973 verso inches 1978 Signed James Wyeth Kuerner landscape Letting Her Hair LODEN COAT lower left lower right masters Museum of Art N. C. Wyeth National Gallery Night Shadow ORCHARD OVERFLOW OVERFLOW OVERFLOW PAGEBOY painter painting PEASANT DRESS Pennsylvania portrait pose private collection realism studies SUN SHIELD tempera Thomas Eakins upper left upper right Watercolor and pencil Winslow Homer Wyeth Family Wyeth's art York


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Rescue Profile: Ed and Elias Stratton
Case #: 17111
On August 12, 2016, father and son, Ed and Elias Stratton, were making a normal trip to the local lodge to get some groceries that were being delivered to the area with a friend. Traveling down the Skwentna River was a trip they had made countless times in their airboat. This particular day, they decided to visit with friends at the lodge after picking up their supplies before heading home.
Elias Stratton, a college student and avid outdoorsman, recalls it being a pretty foggy and a rather chilly evening.
Rescue Profile: Deb Fuller
Case #: 16786
Conquering the mountainous North American Pacific Crest Trail is no walk in the park, but that never stopped Deb Fuller, a 63-year-old great-grandmother of six, and her husband Rick from taking on the trek.
The seasoned outdoor enthusiasts were determined to scratch the 2,650 mile trail off their bucket list. Luckily, with experience comes safety-consciousness, so the couple brought their SPOT GEN3® Satellite Messenger along for their adventure.
Rescue Profile: Han
Case #: 15918
While on a seven day hiking trip in Tasmania, Australia, Han Strating and his girlfriend were near New Pelion when they came across another hiker experiencing heart problems. Realizing the man was in need of serious medical attention; Han quickly pulled out his SPOT GEN3® and pressed the S.O.S. button. Luckily, there was a nurse with the individual who was already providing first aid to keep him stable while they waited for help.
Since the SPOT GEN3 belonged to Han, GEOS, reached out to his mother who happened to be his primary point of contact. Han's mother, who happened to be on the other side of the world and with no prior knowledge of his whereabouts, became very wary upon receiving the call from GEOS. Han says that his mom was "stressed for a few hours, but ultimately was happy and proud of what I did…" Within 2 ½ hours from when Han pressed the S.O.S button on his SPOT device to aid the fellow hiker, the Westpac Rescue helicopter arrived at their location to take the patient and his wife to Hobart Hospital. As soon as the helicopter took off, Han began notifying his friends and emergency contacts that he was indeed okay and not in danger.
Rescue Profile: Adam Noah
Case #: 16195
Early in the morning of March 10th, 2016, Adam Noah, a hunter from Baker Lake, Nunavut, headed out on his snowmobile for a day of caribou hunting. By the middle of the afternoon, when he was in a remote area about 45 kilometers east of Baker Lake, his snowmobile broke down. The temperature in that area was -40° Celsius.
For the past two years Noah says he has owned a SPOT GPS Satellite Messenger, which he carries with him as part of his emergency gear whenever he goes hunting or fishing. "We don't only use a snowmobile when we go out hunting or fishing. We always have a sled attached which carries survival gear. It gets so cold that you can't just go hunting for the day without emergency gear." For Noah, SPOT is an important part of his emergency gear.
Rescue Profile: Matt Oliver
Case #: 15932
Matt Oliver and four friends picked a beautiful day for snowmobiling in Steamboat Springs, CO. They set off on their ride around 10 AM and traveled a familiar route. A few hours into their ride, they decided to take a different path back to their vehicles. The new path led them to a creek ravine and they realized they were getting into dangerous avalanche terrain. They began strategizing the best way out.
The group of five experienced snowmobilers vacillated about driving back through their old tracks, but after determining their location via their GPS system, they decided it was safer to head down the creek for another half mile rather than driving back uphill. The thick blankets of snow made it very difficult for them to make much distance and they knew they couldn't continue on without putting themselves at a greater risk.
Luckily, Matt and his friends were well prepared with saws, thermals, boiling pots and Matt's SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger. "I pressed the S.O.S. on my SPOT to alert GEOS International Emergency Rescue Coordination Center, knowing that it would not be until morning when search and rescue could safely come help us," commented Matt. They made a fire and set up camp for the night. Meanwhile, GEOS contacted Matt's mom and dad to let them know of the situation. The family was advised that it would take some time for search and rescue to assist due to the situation of snow and avalanche danger.


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Simon's cat is a Flash animated web-serie incoming from United Kingdom. Directed from Simon Tofield the short episoded are released on youtube. Not really a novelty though but I only discovered them tonight and wanted to share fast cause I love it !!
Here are the 4 episodes already released:
- Episode #1 : Cat Man Do
- Episode #2 : Let Me In!
- Episode #3 : TV Dinner
- Episode #4, introducing another character, Simon's Sister's Dog : Fed Up
No doubt Simon Tofield knows well our pets
I really see one of our cats in the second video


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tweetpig necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 55 diseños de 15 diseñadores freelance.
Tweet Pig
We are a startup company for creating various twitter related management tools.
We want to have a fresh, clean, identity, and we want this logo to represent us.
Any user who has a twitter account. Power twitter users.
Ideally I would like a fresh, clean looking logo. I like the style of mac logos and icons. I like the glossy look present in many mac icons too.
For example:
Here are some examples of artwork I think are nice of related companies:
Although I would like my logo to be much nicer than all of those icons I listed.
The company name is Tweet Pig. I am not 100% opposed to having a pig worked into my logo, but I think I'd rather go for a hefty bird. If you have a cool idea involving a pig though that is fine too.
That being said please feel free to be very creative. I want to stand out above other twitter tools and be immediately identifiable.
It should also be obvious just from the logo that the company is for Twitter related tools and not for any random product.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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You must login before you can run this tool.
[Illinois]: Neural Systems Modeling Ch 1-5 Master Tool
Combination of all tools used in Chapters 1-5 of Neural Systems Modeling by Anastasio
Version 1.0bw - published on 18 Mar 2015
doi:10.4231/D3RX93F2Q cite this
This tool is closed source.
Published on
This tool is a computational companion to Tutorial on Neural Systems Modeling, which is a textbook for students beginning their study of computational neuroscience. More generally, it is intended for users who want to develop an understanding of neural systems modeling, but who lack specialized backgrounds in mathematics, computer programming, or neuroscience. The tool combines all book example models, each of which simulate the properties of a real neural system. These models supplement the textbook's introduction to the elegant and beautiful conceptual tools that provide real and satisfying insight into the workings of the brain. This tool contains models for chapters 1-5.
Source code and models are created by Thomas J. Anastasio.
Sponsored by
Anastasio, Thomas J. Tutorial on Neural Systems Modeling. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2010. Print.