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Survey Shows Skipping Doses and Taking Expired Pills Are Among Patients' Cost-Cutting Tactics
By Denise Mann
WebMD Health News
Latest Medications News
Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD
Sept. 27, 2011 -- Robert Schwartz, MD, recently got an email from a patient he was treating for high blood pressure. In the email, the patient told Schwartz that at $130 month, the cost of his prescription blood pressure drug was too steep.
Schwartz, a professor and chairman of family medicine and community health at University of Miami School of Medicine, made some calls and found a more affordable solution for his patient.
This is how it should look, but as the economy lags, growing numbers of people may be cutting corners with prescription medications and not telling their doctors about it.
According to a new poll of 2,038 adults by Consumer Reports, many are putting off doctor's visits, necessary medical procedures, and tests.
In addition, many people do not fill their prescriptions, take expired pills, skip doses, or split pills -- all to lower costs.
"The economy is taking its toll on consumers' health, not just their pocketbooks," says Lisa Gill, the editor of prescription drugs for Consumer Reports.
"They are cost cutting and in dangerous ways, especially with prescription medications," she says.
Schwartz agrees. "I see this type of thing every day," he says. "You explain to patients that cutting back on drugs or cutting pills in half is not a good thing. It's a constant duel."
Cost-Cutting Measures
So what are people doing to save a buck?
According to the survey:
- 16% said they hadn't filled a prescription.
- 13% reported taking an expired drug.
- 12% skipped a dose without first running it by their doctor.
- 8% split pills without direction from their doctor or pharmacist.
- 4% shared a prescription with someone else.
The sampling error in the survey is plus or minus 2.9%.
"They are doing many of these things to save money because they are struggling with medical costs," Gill says. "This fact really hit us over the head."
Doctors can find out the costs of medications in advance, she says.
"If a doctor doesn't have a discussion with a patient about cost in advance, the patient may pick up their prescription that first time, but will be less likely to go back for a refill," Gill says.
Just shy of 50% of people polled said they took at least one prescription medicine this year. On average, participants took 4.5 such drugs on a regular basis. Of these, only 5% said they left their doctor's office with information about cost. Fully 64% learned the cost when they picked up their medication at the pharmacy.
Cost should be a consideration when prescribing medications, especially those that must be taken for the long run, she says.
Generic vs. Brand Name
Some of the responsibility may fall on patients. "Ask if there is anything else in the same class of drugs that may work as well that is generic," Gill tells WebMD.
But some people may feel embarrassed to tell their doctors that they can't afford their medications, Schwartz says.
"Many prescription medications are very expensive, so that is part of the problem. And not enough people are using generics," he says. Forty-one percent of people polled said that their doctor recommended generics "sometimes or never."
Generic drugs are identical in chemical structure to their brand-name counterparts. They cost less and work as well as the brand-name drug. In most states, pharmacists must substitute generic drugs for brand-name drugs unless the prescribing doctor tells them to do otherwise.
In the new poll, 75% of people said that their prescriptions were filled with a generic. Close to 40% of these patients expressed concern -- and misconceptions -- about the use of generics. Misconceptions included believing that generics were not as good as the brand-name drug.


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I've mentioned before that I often put on movie soundtracks when I write. Soundtracks usually have no lyrics to distract me, and they're designed to invoke moods without tearing the audience away from the story, which makes them well suited for scrivener white noise.
I thought I'd recommend a few of the albums whose sections are starting to wear thin on my hard drive from excessive "Repeat All" play:
Music for the Body in the Bathtub – Kerry Muzzey
I like pretty much everything that Kerry Muzzey puts out, but this one is my favorite of his albums. It's a bunch of dark, emotional tracks whose titles form a narrative arc. Great for writing noir.
Medal of Honor (EA Game Soundtrack) – Ramin Djawadi
Ramin Djawadi's soundtrack for the EA game of the same name is loaded with Middle Eastern-themed dynamic and dramatic action tracks. Great for writing action scenes.
True Grit – Carter Burwell
The soundtrack to True Grit is basically the church hymn "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms" interpreted in a dozen different ways, but it works. I don't write Western, but if I did, this would be perfect background noise for it.
How To Train Your Dragon – John Powell
I love this soundtrack. It's a really well done blend of Gaelic and Norse influences—pipes and woodwinds and percussion and whatnot. It's very dynamic and vital, with some very soaring and majestic tracks. Great for "good mood" kind of writing.
Hole In The Paper Sky – Kerry Muzzey
This is my second-favorite Kerry Muzzey album. It's the soundtrack from a short film of the same name. The tracks are all very low-key and tender, the kind of stuff you'd find over an introspective montage in a movie. Lovely, lovely work.
L.A. Noire – Andrew & Simon Hale
Pretty much the perfect noire writing music, as the title suggests. This is the second game soundtrack on this list—game OSTs have advanced in quality to the point where the best ones can give the very best movie soundtracks a run for the money.
Game of Thrones – Ramin Djawadi
This is the soundtrack for the first season of the HBO adaptation of Game of Thrones. PERFECT for writing grimy, moody fantasy where everyone dies horribly. And it was composed by the same guy who did the Medal of Honor soundtrack. Write his name down—he's going to be a big name in movie scores.
And there you have some recommendations for writing music, in case you suffer from Playlist Fatigue and need some new material in the queue. I linked to the Amazon MP3 versions, where you can preview all the tracks on each album, but most of them are available on iTunes and all the other online music stores too.

subset: commoncrawl


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Trisha Yearwood Albums
- Christmas Together (2016)
- Icon (2014)
- PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit (2014)
- Greatest Hits (2007)
- Jasper County (2005)
- Inside Out (2001)
- Real Live Woman (2000)
Trisha Yearwood Lyrics
Trisha Yearwood's Photo
Trisha Yearwood Biography
One of the most popular female country singers of the '90s, Trisha Yearwood initially rose to fame as a protegee of Garth Brooks but quickly staked out her own identity as an a**ertive yet vulnerable modern woman. Yearwood was born in the small town of Monticello, GA, in 1964 and grew up on a farm owned by her father, who also worked as a prominent local banker. She loved Elvis Presley as a child and sang in musicals, choral groups, and talent shows while in school. She enrolled at the University of Georgia, but in 1985 she transferred to the music business program at Belmont College in Nashville. Yearwood served an internship with MTM Records and soon moved on to become an in-demand demo singer, which resulted in an up-and-coming Brooks hiring her as a backup vocalist. Yearwood appeared on Brooks' 1989 debut and its blockbuster follow-up, No Fences, and with the help of producer Garth Fundis, she staged a showcase performance in 1990 that landed her a record deal with MCA.br /br /Yearwood's self-titled debut album was released in 1991, and the lead single, "She's in Love With the Boy," rocketed to the top of the country charts, making her an instant star. Three more singles from the record -- "Like We Never Had a Broken Heart" (co-written by Brooks), "That's What I Like About You," and "The Woman Before Me" -- all went Top Ten, and Yearwood toured as Brooks' opening act, gaining immense exposure. As a result, she became the first female country singer ever to sell a million copies of her debut album -- and, a little bit later on, two million. Her follow-up was the acclaimed Hearts in Armor, which appeared in 1992 during the aftermath of a divorce. Two of its singles, "Wrong Side of Memphis" and the Don Henley duet "Walkaway Joe," reached the Top Five, and the record as a whole established Yearwood as an artist of creative ambition; like its predecessor, it also went platinum. The title track of 1993's The Song Remembers When went to number two, and she followed it with a Christmas album, The Sweetest Gift, in 1994; that year, she also married Mavericks ba**ist Robert Reynolds.br /br /In 1995, Yearwood released her fourth proper album, Thinkin' About You, another hugely popular collection that featured her second and third number one hits in "XXX's and OOO's (An American Girl)" and the title track, plus another Top Ten in "I Wanna Go Too Far." The record found her music hinting more at adult contemporary-style country-pop, a trend that continued on 1996's Everybody Knows. "Believe Me Baby (I Lied)" was another chart-topping smash, and the title track also made the Top Five. In 1997, Yearwood issued her first compilation, Songbook: A Collection of Hits, which became her first album to top the country charts and which also reached the pop Top Five. She also recorded the Diane Warren-penned ballad "How Do I Live" for the soundtrack of the movie Con Air, and it was nominated for a Best Song Oscar; it also reached number two on the country charts and nearly made the pop Top 20 as well (though its performance was hurt by a competing version from LeAnn Rimes). Two new singles from Songbook were also hugely successful: "In Another's Eyes," a long-awaited duet with Brooks, hit number two, and "Perfect Love" went all the way to the top. Yearwood won Female Vocalist of the Year awards from the CMA and ACM in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and she also picked up her first solo Grammy for "How Do I Live," giving her a sort of country equivalent of the Triple Crown.br /br /Now settled into her role as a big-voiced, crossover-friendly diva, Yearwood released her next all-new album, Where Your Road Leads, in 1998, with Tony Brown producing in place of Fundis. "There Goes My Baby," "Powerful Thing," and "I'll Still Love You More" all went Top Ten, and another duet with Brooks on the title cut made the Top 20. Also in 1998, Yearwood made her first real foray into acting, taking a recurring role on the CBS military drama JAG that would last for the next few seasons. Unfortunately, her marriage to Reynolds broke up, and 2000's Real Live Woman -- recorded with Fundis -- was a more personal outing that reflected some of her heartbreak and turmoil. Perhaps as a result, it sold fairly well in spite of not producing any major hit singles. With new producer Mark Wright behind the boards, Yearwood returned in 2001 with Inside Out, which topped the country charts and produced the Top Five smash "I Would've Loved You Anyway." Jasper County came out on MCA Nashville in 2005. ~ Steve Huey, All Music Guide


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Dernier message par venomik, le 14/07 à 14:53:00
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text: As of this post there are only 110 clips remaining. IF there are still people out there that are interested and the number goes over 1000. I will see what I can do to accommodate you. Anything more than the 1000 pc order I will have to collect pre payment for. I have all the money I could come up with tied up in this already.


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1973. Joey Montaperto's first day of high school, in a New Jersey suburb so painfully white it makes "My Three Sons" look exotic.
Things are about
to change.
Forced integration delivers two busloads of inner city kids to Roselle High, sending a collective shiver through the all-white student body. Jaws drop when "one by one, they pour out. Giants. Imposing black giants—and those were the girls. Then the boys swagger off the bus—or should I say grown men—howling, sneering, jive-talking and slapping palms." Nothing would ever be the same.
It isn't long before the racial conflict becomes personal. After NaNa, a brutal, yet artistic loner, saves him from a hallway ambush, their unlikely friendship turns 15-year-old Joey on to the cool world of black culture. Fascinated by the music of Etta James, Marvin Gaye, and the Funkadelics, Joey embraces the happenin' scene. Soon he's pimped out in purple Swedish knits (that were never worn in Sweden), Isaac Hayes glasses, and a sizzling Puerto Rican hairdresser on his arm. Esperanza. She completes his makeover with a mod shag afro.
Joey becomes obsessed with her. He whips himself into shape, boxing at a ghetto gym, and washes dishes at an Italian restaurant so he can afford to take her out. He even breaks into school with Na-Na to paint a larger-than-life mural of Esperanza. Only to discover that she already has a boyfriend--a dealer who's getting her hooked on heroin. Reeling from heartbreak, Joey searches for meaning in his life, finding inspiration in The Autobiography of Malcolm X. His parents think he's gone mad. Especially when he refuses his mother's homemade Italian sausage, announcing, "It's hard to be a good Muslim in this house." Joey freaks out his entire Catholic family — and the Mafia guys at work — as he finds his "soul".
Filled with heart and wisdom, The Edge of Whiteness is an autobiographical account of one adolescent's struggle to discover his identity. This timeless coming-of-age story is a humorous social commentary on the funky 1970's that's remarkably relevant today.
The Edge of Whiteness
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Benefit Corps, a New Kind of Company
For-profit corporations have become known over the past two decades for layoffs, outsourcing, and determination to maximize profits for investors—no matter the cost to employees, consumers, or the economy. But such practices may be waning: States across the U.S. are considering laws to enable entrepreneurs to create corporations that do as much for society as they do for their shareholders.
Maryland was the first state to pass Benefit Corporations ("B-Corps") legislation. Co-sponsored by State Senators Jamie Raskin and Brian Frosh and Delegate Brian Feldman, the law, which went into effect in October 2010, creates a new class of corporation committed to having a positive impact on the environment and society. Vermont and New York passed similar legislation in June. Legislators in other states, including California, Colorado, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Washington, are considering the issue.
Businesses incorporated under B-Corps laws have social goals and commitments written into company bylaws. This ensures that companies will no longer face the hard choice of sacrificing their socially beneficial goals in order to fulfill their responsibility to investors when, for example, an acquisition offer is on the table. Under traditional corporate law, company heads can't refuse such an offer for fear of a lawsuit from shareholders.
"There have been a number of socially conscious companies that have been forced to sell out to large corporations and end up sacrificing the public side of the equation," explains Raskin. "Ben & Jerry's is an excellent example. The directors of the corporation were required to accept a handsome buyout offer even though they knew the business would lose its soul."
B-Corps may choose any goals that will have a measurable "general public benefit." They can go totally "green," offer worker training or literacy programs, or host activities that promote the arts and sciences. Companies incorporated under the law will have to submit an annual report detailing not only their finances but also their good works.
According to Sean Smeeton, president of Taharka Brothers, the law is just the right match for his Baltimore-based ice cream company. The company works to dispel misperceptions about young men from Baltimore's underserved communities, while helping them gain work experience, leadership skills, and the opportunity to become stockholders in Taharka Brothers.
"The Benefit Corp movement should bring a change in mindset to the business world and entrepreneurs," says Smeeton. "The two will be able to acknowledge the vital role business can play in making the world a better place." —Walaika Haskins
According to a poll by 60 Minutes and Vanity Fair, most Americans want to protect Social Security.
To balance the U.S. budget, 61 percent favored taxing the rich, 20 percent chose cutting military spending, and only three percent were for cutting Social Security.
RootsAction is a new organization for "economic fairness, equal rights, civil liberties, environmental protections—and defunding endless wars." Supporters include Naomi Klein, Cornel West, Daniel Ellsberg, Barbara Ehrenreich, and Bill Fletcher Jr.


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K'naan Plants His Flag at The FillmoreWednesday, November 3rd, 2010
After eighteen months of touring that included kicking off the World Cup, K'naan chose San Francisco to be his final major stop. He performed to a packed crowd at The Fillmore last Thursday night. Of all the concerts I've seen in the Bay Area, this was one of the best: the venue, the artists, and the vibes dazzled the senses and resonated long after the last beat was finished.
Paper Tongues, a raucous rock band from North Carolina, warmed up the stage with an eclectic blend of hip-hop, funk, rock, and soul. K'naan, most famous for his anthem "Wavin' Flag," launched into his act with a breathtaking portrayal of the conflict in his native Somalia, of the street games and wretched violence, of his journey to the Americas and his search for identity in the midst of unexpected stardom. His rhymes ranged from disarmingly smooth to staccato and shrill, capturing the cultivation of his sense of self in the midst of the ravages of war. While the concert ostensibly promoted his latest album, Troubadour, he also pulled out some classics from his first album, such as "If Rap Gets Jealous."
A little on the venue. It's primarily standing room only, with an old-school bar to one side and plush balcony seats above the main floor. The Fillmore has a storied history in San Francisco and has been host to many of the greatest rock acts, including my personal favorite, The Grateful Dead. The space has good acoustics, perhaps too good—I'd strongly recommend a pair of earplugs if you want to be able to hear anything the next day.
I was able to record the song "Wavin' Flag," available here. I cut it down to a shorter version because the one K'naan played lasted for an epic 12 minutes. The sound quality is not the best, but you can still get a sense of how sick the un-mixed, original song is live.


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Corn futures ended the Friday session with most contracts steady to 2 1/4 cents lower, despite some bullish news from the USDA. This morning's onslaught of USDA reports saw 2018/19 US yield slashed by 2.5 bpa to 176.4 bpa, which dropped production to 14.420 bbu. After several balance sheet revisions, 18/19 ending stocks were trimmed by 46 mbu to 1.735 bbu. The quarterly Grain Stocks report showed Dec 1 corn stocks at 11.952 bbu, which is down 4.89% from last year and 140 mbu below the average trade estimate. On the bear side, world ending stocks are projected at 309.78 MMT, up 1 MMT from the Dec number. USDA left the Brazil production number at 94.5 MMT, with Argentina at 46 MMT, up 3.5 MMT.
Mar 19 Corn closed at $3.74 1/4, down 2 1/4 cents,
May 19 Corn closed at $3.82 1/4, down 2 cents,
Jul 19 Corn closed at $3.90, down 2 1/4 cents
Sep 19 Corn closed at $3.93 1/2, down 1 3/4 cents
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Soybean futures managed to squeeze out 1 to 1 1/2 cent gains in most contracts on Friday. Meal futures were up 60 cents/ton in the nearby contracts, with soy oil 6 points higher. The NASS Crop Production report showed US soybean yield at 51.6 bpa, down 0.5 bpa from the November update and below most estimates. That dropped production to 4.544 bbu. The new ending stocks projection from USDA is now at 910 mbu, 45 mbu below the previous number. In the quarterly Grain Stocks report, USDA showed Dec 1 soybean stocks at 3.736 bbu, a jump of 575 mbu from the year prior. In the world side of things, USDA saw tighter world carryout by ~8.61 MMT to 106.72 MMT. That was assisted by a 5 MMT cut to Brazil production as expected, now at 117 MMT. Argentina's output number was down 0.5 to 55 MMT. Chinese soybean consumption was cut 3.5 MMT from the December figure, with imports lowered another 2 MMT.
Mar 19 Soybeans closed at $9.14 1/2, up 1 1/4 cents,
May 19 Soybeans closed at $9.28 3/4, up 1 1/2 cents,
Jul 19 Soybeans closed at $9.42 1/4, up 1 1/4 cents,
Sep 19 Soybeans closed at $9.50 1/4, up 1 1/4 cents,
Mar 19 Soybean Meal closed at $306.10, up $0.60,
Mar 19 Soybean Oil closed at $30.87, up $0.06
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Wheat futures posted steady to 4 cent gains in the MPLS and CBT front months, while KC was steady to 2 1/2 cents lower. The monthly update to USDA's WASDE report saw US wheat carryout up 36 mbu to 1.01 bbu. That mainly came from revisions to the feed and residual number, with the quarterly stocks updated showing larger wheat stockpiles. The Grain Stocks report indicated that 1.999 bbu of wheat was in on-farm and off-farm storage on Dec 1. That was up 126 mbu from the same time last year. World ending stocks were seen down 0.57 MMT to 267.53 MMT. The Winter Wheat seedings report showed that 31.29 million acres of all wheat was planted this fall, well below estimates and down 1.31 mac from last year. That included 22.2 mac of HRW, 5.66 mac SRW and 3.44 mac of white winter wheat. Egypt's GASC purchased a total of 300,000 MT of wheat in their tender on Friday. Of the total, 120,000 MT was US and French origin, with 60,000 MT Ukrainian.
Mar 19 CBOT Wheat closed at $5.17 1/4, up 4 cents,
Mar 19 KCBT Wheat closed at $4.94 1/4, down 2 cents,
Mar 19 MGEX Wheat closed at $5.68 1/2, up 4 cents
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Live cattle futures settled with 42.5 cent to $1.075 gains on Friday, with Feb closing a dime off the high. Feeder cattle futures were up 57.5 cents to $1.025. The CME feeder cattle index was down 12 cents on February 7 at $141.69. Wholesale boxed beef prices were lower on Friday afternoon. Choice boxes were down $1.36 at $215.35 with Select 36 cents lower at $211.17. Week to date USDA estimated FI cattle slaughter is 614,000 head through Saturday. That is up 21,000 head from last week and 25,000 larger than the same week last year. A few cash sales ave been reported around $125 on Friday. USDA trimmed 2018 beef production by 75 million pounds to 26.864 billion. Production for 2019 was also revised lower by 175 million pounds to 27.61 billion.
Feb 19 Cattle closed at $127.375, up $1.075,
Apr 19 Cattle closed at $127.925, up $1.100,
Jun 19 Cattle closed at $118.100, up $0.950,
Mar 19 Feeder Cattle closed at $144.100, up $0.850
Apr 19 Feeder Cattle closed at $145.900, up $1.025
May 19 Feeder Cattle closed at $146.900, up $1.000
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Lean Hog futures closed the Friday session with most contracts 22.5 cents to $1.175 lower. The CME Lean Hog Index was down 27 cents from the previous day @ $56.89 on February 6. The USDA pork carcass cutout value was down 29 cents on Friday afternoon at an average weighted price of $64.82. The national base cash hog carcass value was down 13 cents in the PM report, with a weighted average of $49.43 USDA estimated FI hog slaughter for the week at 2.516 million head through Saturday. That is well above the previous week and the same week last year. The 2018 US pork production number was increased by just 10 million lbs to 26.32 billion by the USDA this morning
Feb 19 Hogs closed at $55.050, down $0.225,
Apr 19 Hogs closed at $58.425, down $1.175
May 19 Hogs closed at $66.400, down $0.950
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management
Cotton futures saw 23 to 30 point losses in most contracts on Friday. The delayed update to cotton production saw a yield drop of 22 pounds/ac to 838. An increase of 160,000 harvested acres saw production drop only ~200,000 bales to 18.390 million bales. The US carryout projection was down 100,000 bales to 4.3 million bales. On the world side, ending stocks were up 1.31 million bales to 75.5 million, as Chinese supply was revised higher on lower consumption. This morning's Cotton Ginnings report indicated that 16.663 million RB of cotton has been ginned this MY, with 15.993 million RB of that upland cotton. The Cotlook A Index was up 20 points on February 7 to 82.85 cents/lb. The USDA Adjusted World Price is 64.61 cents/lb through next Thursday, down 46 points from the previous week.
Mar 19 Cotton closed at 72.550, down 26 points,
May 19 Cotton closed at 73.690, down 23 points
Jul 19 Cotton closed at 75.010, down 30 points
--provided by Brugler Marketing & Management


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Welcome I am a 3rd generation artist, born in Duvernay, Laval, Quebec in 1958. My grandfather, Richard Wenzel Pranke was an art professor in Slovakia, and my father,a well known Quebec artist Walter W. Pranke, were my first motivators that inspired me at a very early age. My art education began at the age of 10 when I created a 32 sq ft mural for a school project. Because of my family's heritage in the love of arts, I studied numerous art literatures, volumes of artists work and other forms of media to develop my skills. Thanks to my father and my devotion to painting I continue to grow as an artist. Hope you enjoy my art !
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The hairstyle you choose has a great impact on your social interactions. A great hairstyle will leave a good impression about you, while a disadvantageous haircut can completely ruin an otherwise perfect look. Therefore, it is extremely important to choose a haircut that suits your individual face shape and personality. It probably happened to many of us that we have ended up with the wrong hairstyle. A bad haircut has a great impact on our confidence and self-esteem. Although, if you understand which are those factors that decide w... Read More


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"The Incredible Burt Wonderstone," "The Call" Open Friday
(NEW YORK) -- Here's a look at the new movies opening nationwide Friday:
-- The Incredible Burt Wonderston: Steve Carell is the titular character, who's one-half of a magic duo. Their popularity is threatened by a Criss Angel-like illusionist played by Jim Carrey. Steve Buscemi, Olivia Wilde, Alan Arkin and James Gandolfini also star. Rated PG-13.
-- The Call: Halle Berry is a 911 operator who takes action after she receives a call from a teen girl who's been abducted. Abigail Breslin, Morris Chestnut, Michael Eklund and Michael Imperioli also star. Rated R. [Click here to read a review]
Copyright 2013 ABC News Radio


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An NFL replacement official who worked Week 1's Seattle Seahawks-Arizona Cardinals game as a field judge, has officiated Seahawks regular-season practices for the past three years -- and therefore received paychecks from the team -- according to two sources affiliated with the locked-out referees.
That presents a conflict of interest the NFL strictly forbids.
Regular NFL officials are under strict guidelines to work only training-camp practices, with the NFL paying them for those to avoid bias. Those are the only occasions that the regular officials are allowed to be at team facilities outside of game day.
The NFL declined comment when reached on the matter. A Seahawks spokesman said via email, "Since Pete's arrival, we have had officials come in and work practice."
He declined to confirm if Sadorus worked for the team at any point but conceded it was "plausible."
Follow Albert Breer on Twitter @AlbertBreer


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SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) — Technology stocks managed to cut their losses in late trading Tuesday, but the majority of the sector still closed in the red, highlighted by losses from Electronic Arts Inc. and Rackspace Hosting Inc.
EA EA, -1.68% gave up 65 cents a share, or almost 5%, to close at $14.48. Late Monday, the videogame publisher reported better-than-expected sales for the fiscal fourth quarter, but also saw a sharp drop in active subscribers for its "Star Wars: The Old Republic" multiplayer game. Read more about EA's results and its 'Star Wars' subscribers.
Rackspace RAX, +6.00% ended the day with a loss of $5.16 a share, or almost 9%, at $52.64 after the data-center and cloud-technology company reported a fiscal first-quarter profit that missed Wall Street analysts' estimates. Rackspace said its results were affected by rising costs to meet demand for cloud computing.
Synchronoss Technologies Inc. SNCR, -3.65% shares plunged by $8.12, or almost 29%, to close at $20.22 after the developer of wireless software reported first-quarter results and gave a weaker-than-expected forecast for its fiscal year. Synchronoss specializes in software that wireless carriers use to process orders.
Declines also came from Apple Inc. AAPL, +0.48%, Hewlett-Packard Co. HPQ, -0.65% and Intel Corp. INTC, -0.96%
AOL Inc. AOL, -1.75%, which is scheduled to report quarterly results before the market opens on Wednesday, was down 13 cents a share at $24.67. Read Rex On Techs on AOL's earnings and its upcoming proxy battle.
Yahoo Inc. YHOO added a penny a share to close at $15.36. Reports emerged saying that Patti Hart, the Yahoo director who led the board committee that recommended hiring Chief Executive Scott Thompson, would resign. Read more about the ongoing drama with Yahoo.
Cisco Systems Inc. CSCO, -0.68% was down 37 cents a share to close at $18.71 ahead of its quarterly report, due after the close of trading Wednesday.
One of the few notable gainers was CommVault Systems Inc. CVLT, -0.44%, which rose $3.41 a share to $54.13. The data-management software firm reported a fiscal fourth-quarter profit that more than doubled from the year-ago period.
The Nasdaq Composite Index COMP, -0.83% fell 11.5 points to close at 2,946, while the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index SOX, -1.06% and the Morgan Stanley High Tech 35 Index MSH, +10.37% both ended the day in the red.


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The Storyline
The Harvard men's volleyball team will begin its 33rd season of play this weekend as it takes on Stevens Institute of Technology and New York University. The Crimson will first be in action Friday, Jan. 18 against Stevens at 7 p.m. before returning to the court Saturday, Jan. 19 at 4 p.m. against NYU.
Banner Year
Harvard is coming off one of the most successful seasons in program history, as the Crimson earned its first-ever national ranking in 2012 and finished the year at No. 15 in the AVCA Coaches Poll. Harvard posted an 18-6 overall record and took second in the EIVA with a 10-4 conference mark, with the team's 18 wins representing the third-highest total ever.
Head coach Brian Baise was tabbed as the EIVA Coach of the Year as a result of the squad's success while Matt Jones '12, DJ White and Rob Lothman all earned all-conference accolades.
Welcome Back
The Crimson returns 10 of 12 letterwinners from last year's squad which ranked seventh in the NCAA in hitting percentage (.298), 11th in aces (1.13), 14th in kills (12.49) and 15th in digs (8.87). Headlining the group of returners is outside hitter DJ White who competed for the US Men's Junior National Team this summer after earning All-EIVA first team honors as a freshman. All-EIVA second team selection Rob Lothman is back as the team's primary setter along with Nick Madden who ranked second on the squad with 3.01 kps in 2012. Caleb Zimmick, who led the team with a .409 hitting percentage and a 1.20 bps average before his season was cut short due to an injury, will also be back on court for his sophomore season.
Fresh Faces
Harvard has welcomed three newcomers to the roster for 2013; Branden Clemens, Alec Schlossman and Alister Bent. Clemens, a 6'7" opposite hitter from Carmel, Ind., joins the squad after winning back-to-back state championships while Alec Schlossman, a 6'3" outside hitter from Canyon Country, Calif., comes to Cambridge as a three-time All-Foothill League first team selection. Bent, a 5'7" libero from Weston, Fla., was a three-year letterwinner and earned Miami Herald All-County Honorable Mention status as a senior.
Captaining the Ship
Rob Lothman and Nick Madden will serve as the team's captains for the 2013 season. Lothman was named to the All-EIVA second team in 2012 after setting a career-high with 888 assists, the fifth-best single-season total in program history. Lothman directed the Crimson attack to a .298 hitting percentage, which ranked seventh in the NCAA, while his 10.1 assists per set were good for 18th in the nation. Madden, meanwhile, started all 24 matches last year for the Crimson and ranked second on the squad in kills (3.01) and points (3.6). His 268 kills in 2012 were good for eighth in program history while his 147 career blocks rank his sixth all-time.
Preseason Poll
Harvard was chosen fourth in the EIVA preseason poll with a total of 31 points. Penn State, the defending conference champion, was tabbed first with six first-place votes while George Mason and Princeton were chosen second and third, respectively, with one first-place vote apiece. Rounding out the eight-team field in order of predicted finish are St. Francis (Pa.), NJIT, Sacred Heart and Rutgers-Newark.
Bringing Home the Gold
DJ White started all four sets at outside hitter as the United States Men's Junior National Team defeated Canada to claim gold at the 2012 NORCECA Men's Junior Continental Championship (U-21). The Crimson sophomore started every set he played in; including each set in the semi-finals against Puerto Rico and finals, and the United States won all five of its matches in the six-day tournament to earn a trip to the 2013 FIVB Men's Volleyball Junior World Championship.
White ranked fourth overall in kills and hit .492 in the tournament. He recorded nine kills and three digs in the championship game.
Playing in the Pros
After rewriting the Crimson record books in his four seasons in Cambridge, former Harvard men's volleyball outside hitter Matt Jones '12 has signed a one-year contract with Volley Bartreng, a professional volleyball team in Luxembourg. The La Jolla, Calif., native will be the team's starting outside hitter during its 2012-13 campaign.
In his senior season, Jones was named to the All-EIVA first team after becoming the Crimson's all-time leader in kills (1,218), digs (452) and service aces (97). His 345 kills in 2012 were good for second-most in a single season, behind only the 391 kills Brady Weissbourd '09 tallied in 2009.


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Joey MacDonald took a puck in the neck while putting in some extra time with his teammates at the end of practice. He left the ice immediately. While it did not appear to be very serious, the Islanders did not have an update on MacDonald's status.
Trent Hunter had a doctor's appointment. As of 3:30 pm, the Islanders had not provided an update on the right wing. Radek Martinek practiced, but Scott Gordon did not make it seem as if the defenseman's return will be tomorrow when the Islanders host Florida in a New Year's Eve matinee.
Rick DiPietro took the full practice and a little extra work. After practice, both DiPietro and Gordon spoke with reporters but said nothing of substance about his health.
On the other hand, a very introspective Doug Weight met with the same reporters and said a lot. I'll have more on this later today, but I will cut to the chase: he loves Gordon and said he feels better and is playing his best hockey in more than five years thanks, in part, to the head coach. Weight also expressed his love for and faith in Garth Snow and the organization and spoke of how well Long Island and Islanders fans have treated him and his family.
And in a perfect world, Weight does not want to be traded. His preference is to stay with the Islanders and be part of the solution to turn things around. More later.


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You are looking at 1-20 of 843 articles
Academic Capitalism
Richard Münch
Academic capitalism is a unique hybrid that unites the scientific search for truth and the economic maximization of profits. It turns universities into enterprises competing for capital accumulation and businesses into knowledge producers looking for new findings that can be turned into patents and profitable commodities. In order to understand what this new institutional setting means for science and the evolution of scientific knowledge, science as a field in a Bourdieusian perspective, which operates in the tension field between autonomy and heteronomy, is explored. On this basis, crucial features of academic capitalism and their impact on science as well as the evolution of scientific knowledge are described. Academic capitalism is located in the zone of the intersection of scientific research, economic profit maximization, and innovation policy. The institutional conflicts of interest involved in the corporate funding of academic research are addressed. The logic of academic capital accumulation is spelled out by describing the entrepreneurial university. Field effects of academic capital accumulation on science, namely over-investment at the top and under-investment among the rank and file, are examined, along with the organizational effects of academic capital accumulation in terms of managerial quality assurance on diversity and creativity as crucial prerequisites of advancing scientific knowledge. The main results of the analysis are summarized and some guidelines for future research are presented.
Accountability and Responsibility
Robert Gregory
Accountability and responsibility are related ideas that are central to political, constitutional, and institutional arrangements in Western liberal democracies. However, political elites in non-democratic systems are generally not held accountable by citizens through such arrangements, and accountability is primarily a means of securing the compliance of state functionaries to the will of these elites. In liberal democracies the terms "accountability" and "responsibility" are often used in common discourse as if they were synonyms, but they are not. The former is a concept that embodies a number of different types, with a common theme of answerability by an accountor to an accountee, usually—but not necessarily—in a hierarchical relationship designed to ensure compliance and control. Responsibility, on the other hand, speaks of the associated but different domain of individual moral choice, where often conflicting duties of obligation are experienced by those in official positions. Beginning in the 1980s, the so-called new public management movement, which brought major changes to many Western systems of public administration, sought to enhance the accountability of public bureaucrats, especially their answerability to their elected political superiors. The effects have been mixed and uncertain, often with unintended consequences, such as the reinforcement of risk aversion and blame shifting and gaming behavior. The quest for accountability is inherently a political process, in which "holding to account" may often depend much less on any forensic determination of specific culpability and much more on evidential and political disputation, where the search for the "truth" is highly—and increasingly—contestable.
Activism of Political Parties in Africa
George M. Bob-Milliar
Since the early 1990s, African states have been democratizing. Political parties now dominate the public spaces in many African democracies. The past 26 years have witnessed the growth and consolidation of "party democracy" in Africa. This is the longest period of uninterrupted growth of electoral politics in many countries on the continent. Recent Afrobarometer surveys show that almost two-thirds (63%) of Africans support pluralistic politics. Party identification in sub-Saharan Africa has also been on the rise. Across 16 states Afrobarometer surveyed, a majority of Africans (65%) claim they "feel close to" a political party in their country. The mass public who identified with a particular political party increased by 7 percentage points between 2002 and 2015.
Political parties are the vehicles for citizens to engage in party activism. The women and men who join a political party become the party activists. Party activists are the lifeblood of the party organization. And political party activism in sub-Saharan Africa is geared toward the election of the party and its candidates into office. Consequently, party activism is a continuum of high-intensity and low-intensity political activities. Party activists vary in their levels of involvement. Thus, it is a mixture of fanfare and aggressive participation. Political party activism is a multifaceted process where party members undertake any of the following political activities: display a poster, donate money, help with fund-raising, deliver election leaflets, help at a party function, attend party meetings, undertake door-to-door campaigning, and run for party office. The involvement of party members usually varies from active engagement to passive attachment to the party. There were several motives for party activists getting involved in "high-intensity participation." Because of the crucial role party activists play in the intra- and inter-party competition, the parties provide some incentives to get members commitment. At the organizational level, party activists present themselves for election into party offices at the grassroots, regionally or nationally. They devote their time and financial resources in furtherance of the party agenda. In return, party activists expect the party to reward them with selective incentives when power is won. That said, more research is required at the country level to enable us to construct the profile of the African party activists.
Administrative Styles and Policy Styles
Louisa Bayerlein and Christoph Knill
There are distinct characteristics to the ways and procedures through which public administrations typically accomplish their daily tasks. The informal routines that characterize the behavior and activities of public administrations in the policymaking process are called administrative styles. They can be understood as the meso-level of organizational culture. Studying administrative styles is important for comparative research on policymaking because they capture and explain variance in policymaking and implementation beyond merely structural aspects or formal institutions. Similar to policy styles and regulatory styles, the concept of administrative styles has long been employed to describe state–society relationships. It has found to be a useful independent variable in the study various phenomena, such as divergent policy developments across European states, national idiosyncrasies in regulatory regimes or the impact of Europeanization on national administrations.
However, administrative styles can also be informative of the relationship between the bureaucracy with both their political masters and society and bureaucratic influence in policymaking. In this regard, one can distinguish two orientations underpinning administrative styles, namely positional and functional orientations characterizing informal bureaucratic routines and standard operating procedures. Depending on the prevalence of positional and functional orientations in behavioral patterns, it is possible to distinguish four ideal-typical administrative styles that apply to administrative routines of influencing the policymaking process: a servant style, an advocacy style, a consolidator style, and an entrepreneurial style. Variation in administrative styles across different organizations can be explained by two factors, namely the internal and external challenges they face. Understood this way, administrative styles could enable a comparative assessment of bureaucratic routines and influence in policymaking across different countries or sectors as well as in supra- and international bureaucracies.
The Advocacy Coalition Framework
Paúl Cisneros
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Please check back later for the full article.
Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins Smith introduced the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) in the late 1980s, to refine the theoretical and methodological tools available for the study of the policy process. In the past two decades, the framework has grown in use outside the United States, and it is now applied to study a broad range of policy arenas in all continents. ACF scholars have created a core community that regularly synthetizes findings from applications of the framework, giving the ACF the form of a true research program.
The ACF has three principal theoretical domains: advocacy coalitions, policy subsystems, and policy change. Expectations about the interactions between and within these domains are contained in 15 main hypotheses. The ACF posits that advocacy coalitions and policy subsystems are the most efficient way to organize actors interested in the policy process for empirical research. The policy subsystem is the main unit of analysis in the ACF, and there are four paths leading to policy change. The aspect that has received more attention in existing applications is the effect that external events have on policy change, and some areas in need of refinement include: policy-oriented learning, interactions across subsystems, the theoretical foundations to identification of belief systems, and how the interactions between beliefs and interests affect coalition behavior.
Advocacy Coalitions in Foreign Policy
Jonathan Pierce and Katherine Hicks
The advocacy coalition framework (ACF) was developed to explain policy processes where contentious coalitions of actors seek to translate competing belief systems into public policy. Advocacy coalitions may include interest groups, members of the media, scientists and academics, and government officials that share beliefs about a public issue and coordinate their behavior. These advocacy coalitions engage in various strategies using resources to influence policy change or stasis. As part of this process, advocacy coalition members may learn within and/or across coalitions.
This framework is one of the most prominent and widely applied approaches to explain public policy. While it has been applied hundreds of times, in over 50 different countries, the vast majority of ACF applications have sought to explain domestic policy processes. A reason for the paucity of applications to foreign policy is that some ACF assumptions may not seem congruent to foreign policy issues. For example, the ACF uses a policy subsystem as the unit of analysis that may include a territorial dimension. Yet, the purpose of the territorial dimension is to limit the scope of the study. Therefore, this dimension can be substituted for a government body that has the authority or potential authority to make and implement foreign policy. In addition, the ACF assumes a central role for technical and scientific information in the policy process. Such information makes learning across coalitions more conducive, but the ACF can and should also be applied to normative issues, such as those more common among foreign policy research.
This article introduces the ACF; provides an overview of the framework, including assumptions, key concepts and theories, and transferability of the ACF to foreign policy analysis; and discusses four exemplary applications. In addition, it proposes future research that scholars should explore as part of the nexus of the ACF and foreign policy analysis. In the final analysis, the authors suggest the ACF can and should be applied to foreign policy analysis to better understand the development of advocacy coalitions and how they influence changes and stasis in foreign policy.
Affective Intelligence and Emotional Dynamics in Voters' Decision Making Processes
Pavlos Vasilopoulos
Affective intelligence theory offers a novel and systematic treatment on the impact of affective reactions on citizens' information processes and political decisions based on neuroscience. Individuals have two distinct emotional systems that lead to two separate decision-making strategies. On the one hand, the disposition system, governed by enthusiasm and aversion, leads people to rely on habit or their sets of previously learned behaviors. On the other, the surveillance system is activated in novel or threating circumstances and is governed by anxiety. Once activated, anxiety leads individuals to seek for political information, break away from habitual political identifications, and consequently renders them more open to persuasion.
African Agency in International Politics
Jonathan Fisher
International Relations theory has tended to overlook the role of Africa and Africans in the international system. Traditionally, the discipline's most influential theorists have focused instead on relationships between and perspectives of "major powers." A growing body of work, however, has challenged these more limited efforts to conceptualize African agency in international politics. This scholarship has emphasized the significant space available to, and carved-out by, African states in molding the agendas of international institutions, and the role of African governments and advocacy networks in influencing the trajectory of major international debates around issues such as aid, development, trade, climate change, and migration. The study of African agency in international politics continues to wrestle with two key debates: the meanings of "agency" and "African." Much of the literature focuses primarily on the role and influence of African states rather than that of African citizens and communities. This focus provides, at best, only a partial and qualified view of the ways in which African agency is secured and exercised at the global level, particularly given the significant structural constraints imposed on Africa by global economic and political inequalities. The extent to which contemporary analysis captures the breadth of African engagement with the international system is also compromised by current state-centric approaches. It is thus necessary to examine a range of approaches adopted by scholars to deepen and nuance the study of African agency in international politics, including work on agenda-setting, mesolevel dynamics and microlevel dynamics.
The African Union: Successes and Failures
Thomas Kwasi Tieku
The African Union (AU), an international organization comprising all 54 independent states in Africa and Western Sahara, was established in May 2001 to, among other things, promote regional integration, interstate solidarity, peace, good governance and to enhance the African voice in the global system. Pan-African organization is like the proverbial forest that has bad trees dotted around its many good trees. The AU has been very successful in addressing the needs of the African political class but it is yet to make a significant difference in the lives of many ordinary Africans. The importance of the pan-African organization to African political elite is such that they would have created it today if it did not already exist. The AU has socialized African leaders to accept liberal values as the foundation of international cooperation in Africa; enhanced the agency of African political class on the world stage; and established progressive and innovative rules and norms for the African continent. It has also created many useful decision-making structures that have contributed to the prevention, management, and resolution of conflicts in Africa.
The AU has, however, been less successful in connecting its activities and programs to many ordinary Africans; providing common public goods and services valued by commoners in Africa; giving voice to the majority of young people in Africa; promoting intra-Africa trade, good governance, and financial independence of the African continent as well as struggled to address the expressed material needs and quotidian concerns of ordinary Africans.
The Aftermaths of Civil Conflicts
Jaclyn M. Johnson and Clayton L. Thyne
The devastating Syrian civil war that began after the Arab Spring in 2011 has reminded the international community of the many consequences of civil war. However, this conflict is simply one of many ongoing conflicts around the globe. Civil war has a number of effects on individual lives, the country experiencing the conflict, as well as the international system more broadly.
The humanitarian costs of civil war are steep. Individuals are negatively impacted by civil war in a myriad of ways. Three main areas of research are of interest: mortality, physical and mental trauma, and education. Several factors increase the number of deaths in a civil war, including a lack of democracy, economic downturns, and foreign assistance to combatants. Even if civilians survive conflict, they are likely to endure trauma that affects both mental and physical health. Strong evidence indicates that civil war spreads infectious diseases and severely diminishes life expectancy. Mental health is also likely to suffer in the face of conflict, as individuals often must overcome debilitating trauma. Finally, children are particularly susceptible in civil war settings. Children are often unable to continue their education as a consequence of civil war because combatants often target schools strategically or the state is unable to fund education as a result of funneling resources to the conflict.
Civil wars also pose a number of threats to the state itself. First, a state that has experienced a civil war is much more likely to have another civil war in its future. Conflict recurrence has been explained through the type of settlement that concludes the initial civil war, institutions that may prevent recurrence like proportional representation, and the role of third parties in providing peace-ensuring security guarantees. Beyond recurrence of war, scholars have looked at the impact that civil wars have on state-level institutions, including democratization. While most state-level effects of civil war seem to be deleterious, there may also be positive effects, specifically in terms of female representation. Civil war in sub-Saharan Africa has been shown to increase the number of female representatives, perhaps providing an avenue for gender equality.
Civil wars have ripple effects that impact neighboring countries and the international system more broadly. Proximate states are often challenged with an influx of refugees that may burden social programs or facilitate the spread of diseases and illicit arms. However, positive consequences of hosting refugees may include trading opportunities or economic growth from remittances. Moving beyond proximate states, civil wars have consequences for the entire globe. For example, civil wars have been demonstrated to spur international terrorism. The civil war literature has explored the various effects of conflict at the individual, state, and interstate level.
Agency and Structure in Foreign Policy Analysis
Jarrod Hayes
For much of the history of the study of international relations, and of foreign policy as a distinctive subfield, scholars have debated the relative weight of agency and structure in shaping the course of international events. Often, the significance of agency versus structure depends on the scope of inquiry. Efforts to identify broad patterns of social interaction tend to play up the significance of structure, while studies of specific events bring agency to the fore. International relations theory is typically associated with the former, and foreign policy analysis (FPA) is more closely linked to the latter. That association suggests that the question of agency versus structure in international outcomes is settled in FPA in favor of agency. An assessment of the literature in FPA shows such a suggestion to be wide of the mark. Not only does FPA struggle with the question of agency versus structure that pervades the study of international relations generally, but also it wrestles with how to reconcile agency and structure in the context of psychological constraints on human cognition. Thus, rather than resolving the debate between agency and structure, the literature on FPA shows that it extends down to the level of individual policymakers. The debate over the role of agency and structure occupies two axes. The first is the engagement of FPA with broader debates over agency and structure in international relations scholarship. The second is the tension between agency and structure in FPA that emerges once psychology is incorporated into the analytical matrix. In both cases, the significance of structure in the actual analysis of foreign policy is far greater than common conception recognizes. This reality means that FPA represents the cutting edge for theoretical and analytical efforts to understand the relationship between structure and agency in international outcomes.
Agenda Setting and Case Selection on the U.S. Supreme Court
Elizabeth A. Lane and Ryan C. Black
The Supreme Court's docket consists of thousands of cases each term, with petitioners hoping at least four justices will be compelled to grant review to their case. The decision to move a case from their docket to their calendar for oral arguments and all intermediate steps is what is known as the agenda-setting process. This is a fundamental step in the judicial process, as the Supreme Court cannot establish precedent and affect policy change without first deciding to review.
Agenda Setting and the Policy Process: Focusing Events
Thomas A. Birkland and Kathryn L. Schwaeble
Agenda setting is a crucial aspect of the public policy process. Sudden, rare, and harmful events, known as focusing events, can be important influences on the policy process. Such events can reveal current and potential future harms, mobilize people and groups to address the policy failures that may be revealed by such events, and open the "window of opportunity" for intensive policy discussion and potential policy change. But focusing events operate differently at different times and in different policy domains. Although the idea of focusing events is firmly rooted in Kingdon's "streams approach" to the policy process, focusing events are an important element of most contemporary theories of the policy process. But not every event works as a focusing event. The process by which a focusing event can yield policy change is complex and involves attention to the problems revealed by the event as well as evidence of learning from the event on the part of policymakers. Although focusing events are important, in many ways the concept remains underdeveloped, with few researchers seeking to understand the dynamics of these important events.
Agent-Based Computational Modeling and International Relations Theory: Quo Vadis?
Claudio Cioffi-Revilla
Agent-based computational modeling (ABM, for short) is a formal and supplementary methodological approach used in international relations (IR) theory and research, based on the general ABM paradigm and computational methodology as applied to IR phenomena. ABM of such phenomena varies according to three fundamental dimensions: scale of organization—spanning foreign policy, international relations, regional systems, and global politics—as well as by geospatial and temporal scales. ABM is part of the broader complexity science paradigm, although ABMs can also be applied without complexity concepts. There have been scores of peer-reviewed publications using ABM to develop IR theory in recent years, based on earlier pioneering work in computational IR that originated in the 1960s that was pre-agent based. Main areas of theory and research using ABM in IR theory include dynamics of polity formation (politogenesis), foreign policy decision making, conflict dynamics, transnational terrorism, and environment impacts such as climate change. Enduring challenges for ABM in IR theory include learning the applicable ABM methodology itself, publishing sufficiently complete models, accumulation of knowledge, evolving new standards and methodology, and the special demands of interdisciplinary research, among others. Besides further development of main themes identified thus far, future research directions include ABM applied to IR in political interaction domains of space and cyber; new integrated models of IR dynamics across domains of land, sea, air, space, and cyber; and world order and long-range models.
The Age-Structural Theory of State Behavior
Richard Cincotta
Over the past three decades, economic and political demographers, using various measures, have discerned that increased age-structural maturity makes significant statistical contributions to levels of per capita income, to educational attainment, to declines in the frequency of onsets of intrastate conflict, and to the likelihood of achieving and maintaining liberal democracy. Some of the stronger statistical relationships have been used in forecasts. For example, using the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) demographic projections, political demographers have relied on the strong statistical association between age structure and stable liberal democracy to forecast the rise of democracy in North Africa more than two years in advance (in 2008)—at a time when regional experts believed that forecast to be absurd.
Whereas critics remain skeptical of the murky causal connections of age-structural theory, its proponents counter that causality in the development of state capacity is complex and is less important than the theory's positive qualities (namely, that it is forward-looking, its statistical findings are easily repeated, its forecasts have outcompeted regional experts, and its predictive products can be readily adapted to the needs of intelligence foresight, defense planning, and foreign policy analysis). Perhaps most important, the age-structural theory of state behavior has yielded a surprising number of "novel facts"—new knowledge concerning the observed pace and timing of state political, social, and economic behaviors.
Agrarian Elites and Democracy in Latin America after the Third Wave
Belén Fernández Milmanda
The historical role of landed elites as obstacles to democratic consolidation in Latin America has been widely studied. Four decades after the onset of the third wave, however, the issue of how these elites have adapted to the new democratic context remains unexplored. The question of why these elites who supported military coups each time a government threatened their interests have mostly played by the democratic rulebook during the past four decades still needs to be answered.
Important structural and political transformations took place in Latin America during the last half of the 20th and the first decade of the 21st century that affected agrarian elites' incentives and capacity to organize politically. The first change was urbanization, which undermined agrarian elites' capacity to mobilize the votes of the rural poor in favor of their political representatives. The second was an increase in the importance of agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange and revenue for Latin American countries thanks to the commodity boom of the 2000s. The third change was the arrival to power of left-wing parties with redistributive agendas, threatening agrarian elites' interests in the region with the highest land inequality in the world. However, the fact that these governments relied on revenues from agriculture to fund their policy agendas created tension between the leftists' ideological preferences for a more equal distribution of land and their fiscal needs.
Dominant theories in political science suggest that democratization should lead to redistribution from the rich to the poor, as democracies represent the preferences of a wider spectrum of citizens than nondemocracies. Landowners, given the fixed nature of their assets, should be easy targets for increased taxation or expropriation. However, these theories understate landowners' capacity to organize politically and use democratic institutions to their advantage. In fact, if we look at contemporary Latin America, we see that four decades of democracy have not changed the region's extremely high land inequality.
Agrarian elites in Latin America have deployed a variety of political influence strategies to protect themselves from redistribution. In some cases, such as Chile and El Salvador, they have built conservative parties to represent their interests in Congress. In others, like Brazil, they have invested in multiparty representation through a congressional caucus. Lastly, in other countries such as Argentina and Bolivia, agrarian elites have not been able to organize their electoral representation and instead have protected their interests from outside the policymaking arena through protests.
A Historical Perspective on Violence Against and Policing of LGBTQ Communities
Courtenay W. Daum
Law enforcement has a lengthy history of policing LGBTQ communities. Throughout the 20th century, police utilized laws prohibiting same-sex sexual conduct to criminalize LGBTQ individuals, and to target public gathering places including gay bars. Sodomy prohibitions were supplemented by mental health diagnoses including assumptions about criminal pathologies among LGBTQ individuals and the government's fear that LGBTQ individuals' sexual perversions made them a national security risk to subject LGBTQ communities to extensive policing based on their alleged sexual deviance. The successes of the gay rights movement led the American Psychiatric Association to declassify homosexuality as a mental health disorder in the 1970s, and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that prohibitions on sodomy run afoul of the Constitution ended the de jure criminalization of LGBTQ individuals based on their sexual conduct.
Today, policing of LGBTQ communities consists of both overpolicing and underenforcement. Law enforcement regularly profiles some facets of LGBTQ communities in order to selectively enforce general criminal prohibitions on public lewdness, solicitation, loitering, and vagrancy—consistent with the goals of "quality of life" policing—on gay men, transwomen, and LGBTQ youth, respectively. The selective enforcement of these laws often targets LGBTQ people of color and other intersectionally identified LGBTQ individuals in order to criminalize their existence based on ongoing stereotypes about sexual deviancy. In addition, police regularly fail to recognize LGBTQ individuals as victims of crimes, with the exception of particularly heinous hate crimes, and do not adequately attend to their needs and/or subject them to secondary victimization. As such, the relationship between many LGBTQ communities and law enforcement continues to be characterized by antagonisms and mistrust.
Aid, Political Conditionality, and Other International Efforts to Support Democracy in Africa
Christine Hackenesch
Support for democracy, human rights, and good governance reforms in Africa has become a prominent objective in engagement by European Union (EU) institutions, EU member states, and the United States with African countries since the early 1990s. Western actors have gradually increased democracy aid, used sanctions, and developed a range of other instruments to support political reforms on the continent. Academic research has analyzed the "substance" and "content" of political reforms that Western actors seek to promote, what instruments they use, and how effective these instruments are in different political contexts. This body of work comes to mixed conclusions as to whether and under what conditions external support has contributed to democratic reforms in African countries between 1990 and 2015. Yet, evidence suggests that external democracy support has made some positive contributions and has been more effective in Africa compared to other regions. However, after a period of 25 years during which democracy support gradually became an important element in the United States' and European cooperation with African countries, this agenda is now under considerable pressure. Domestic challenges to democracy within Europe and the United States, domestic dynamics in African countries, and the rise of China as an alternative political model make it difficult for European and other external actors to contribute to political reforms on the continent. In this new era of uncertainty, there are three main areas to which policymakers as well as academic research should pay more attention. First, more debate is needed how the contestation of democratic norms in Europe and the United States affects not only the legitimacy but also the decision-making processes on democracy support. Second, more research is needed how urbanization, demographic change and digitalization and their combined effects influence political reforms in Africa and what implications emerge for democracy support. Finally, how China's more proactive and assertive foreign policy will affect democracy support in Africa is an area that policy-makers and researchers should follow closely.
Akamatsu Waves
Arno Tausch, Leonid Grinin, and Andrey Korotayev
In 1937, the Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu discovered specific links between the rise and decline of the global peripheries. Akamatsu's theory of development describes certain mechanisms whose working results in the narrowing of the gap between the level of development of the economy of developing and developed countries, and, thus, in the re-structuring of the relationships between the global core and the global periphery. Akamatsu developed his model on the basis of his analysis of the economic development of Japan before World War II, with a special emphasis on the development of the Japanese textile industry. Akamatsu's catch-up development includes three phases: import of goods, organization of the production of previously imported products, and export of those goods. This model proved to be productive for analyzing the development of many other developing countries, especially in East Asia, making the theory of flying geese popular among the economists of these countries, as well as the whole world. The "flying geese" model produces certain swings that may be denoted as Akamatsu waves. Akamatsu waves may be defined as cycles (with a period ranging from 20 to 60 years) that are connected with convergence and divergence of core and periphery of the World System in a way that explains cyclical upward and downward swings (at global and national levels) in the movements of the periphery countries as they catch up with the richer ones.
American Grand Strategy and Political Economy Theory
Kevin Narizny
Nearly everything a state does has distributional consequences, including grand strategy. Societal groups with different stakes in the international economy and defense spending often have conflicting strategic priorities, and these groups pursue their parochial interests by supporting the nomination and election of like-minded politicians. Thus, grand strategy is a product of political economy. An overview of American foreign policy over the last several decades illustrates this logic. In the 1980s, the Democratic and Republican coalitions had conflicting interests over the international economy, so the two parties diverged on grand strategy. The recovery of the Rust Belt in the 1990s and 2000s, however, brought increasing convergence. Political discourse over foreign policy was fiercely partisan, but, with the notable exception of George W. Bush's decision to go to war in Iraq in 2003, the two parties shared essentially the same view of America's role in the world. The disastrous outcome in Iraq led the Bush administration back to the middle ground in its second term, and Obama followed the same course. In contrast, the election of Donald Trump augurs change. Trump's electoral coalition consists of a different balance of interests in the international economy than that of past Republican presidents, so he is likely to pursue different strategic priorities.


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I find it sad that after all the work and effort the team have gone to in getting FUNcube built launched and operational so quickly after launch that some operators are clearly ignoring standard satellite operating procedures.
Tuning is and will be an issue until the Keplers are sorted and even then people still tuning in a rather cavalier fashion across the transponder looking for their uplink signal. It took me 4 days to find mine due to the busy transponder and not wanting to flatten other operators QSOs, but others appear to have total disregard to this.
Last night what I found even worse was when FUNcube was North of me (I'm in IO91, NW London) and there were operators much further South than me (QED much greater distance to the satellite) who were the strongest signals on the transponder. As a test I upped my transmit power to ask them to reduce power and even at 20 watts (I stopped at this level) I could not be heard over them. So what power/ERP are these stations running? It's crazy. I have a 9 element for 70cm uplink and don't usually need more than 5 watts to access.
On a brighter note there are many operators who do seem to be operating successfully and it has been nice to have QSO's with old friends and new.
Thanks once again to the team
Dave M0SAT


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Dermatology (Skin) Experts Serving Minnesota
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Find a Dermatology (Skin) Expert
Experts in the medical study of the physiology and pathology of the skin. Specialties include contact dermatitis, skin cancer, cosmetic reactions, pressure sores, melanoma, lupus, and skin surgery. Dermatology (Skin) experts serve as expert witnesses and forensic consultants in Minnesota legal matters, and provide expert reports and testimony for judges, attorneys, lawyers, law firms, insurance companies and government agencies in Federal and state court trials and arbitrations in Minnesota.
The listings below are of Dermatology (Skin) experts serving Minnesota.
Expert ListingsNational Medical Consultants, PC
Initial Case Screening at No Charge
Bayside, NY
National Medical Consultants, PC, is the premier medical review team from some of the finest institutions in the country. Initial screening based on the summary of your case is always performed by qualified doctors at NO CHARGE. Our services are only available to medical malpractice attorneys and LNC's.
Shimon Oami, MD
Shimon Oami, MD
Cedarhurst, NY
Dr. Oami is a highly experienced quadruple board certified pathologist with fellowship training and board certification by both the American board of pathology and the American board of dermatology. His areas of expertise include Dermatopathology, cytopathology, Anatomic, Surgical and Clinical Pathology, Cancer / Tumor pathology and pathology of preneoplastics conditions, Infectious disease pathology, Pap smear, ThinPrep and SurePath Gyn and Non Gyn exfoliative pathology, FNA pathology, Autopsy Pathology, Delayed diagnosis, Cause of Death, Causation and Standard of care. He has a deep understanding of the laboratory setting and processes and is very discerning of clinical implications involving the different intricacies of laboratory practice and as they apply to clinical practice. Expertise in clinico-pathologic correlation and deviation from standard of care have made him instrumental in securing judgments on behalf of plaintiffs and defendants alike. As an effective communicator with a compelling and logical trajectory of thought, he has been instrumental in ensuring success on behalf of the defense as well as in assisting to prosecute cases on behalf of the plaintiff. Those who have used his services describe him as "professorial, effective and convincing."
Stuart Shear, MD
Los Angeles, CA
Expert witness for dermatology, dermatology surgery and Dermatopathology. Dermatologist, 22+ years, in clinical practice of pediatric and adult dermatology and dermatologic surgery, acts as an expert witness in related areas. Emory (medical school); UCLA (Residency in Dermatology).


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No doubt inspired by his previous work on the franchise, Rovio recently commissioned artist Sam Spratt to whip them up some paintings of some Angry Birds.
They're as expressive as you'd expect from our former in-house artist, and unlike the mildly cranky birds you see in the game, look genuinely furious at... something.
"ANGRY BIRDS ARTIST SERIES" [Sam Spratt]


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image of Tesla Model S's at a rally, from Consumer Reports
British Columbians have now purchased more than 1,000 plug-in electric vehicles. Add in low-speed neighbourhood electric vehicles and owner conversions, and the number will be a bit higher.
As of Jan 31, 2014 Polk research (now a division of IHS) had tracked 912 plug-in electric vehicle registrations in BC, representing about 1/6 of all PHEV registrations in Canada to date. British Columbia has about 1/8 of Canada's population, so the numbers are largely in line with what we'd expect from the demographics.
Polk's data doesn't include the Toyota Prius Plug-in, Ford C-Max Energi or Ford Fusion Energi, however. Vehicle registrations for these plug-ins, is lumped in with sales of the regular hybrid versions. And through the end of 2013, these three models enjoyed Canadian sales of 594 units.
Assuming that BC represented 1/6 of these sales (being 99 vehicles) then British Columbia's plug-in population has hit four figures. At the end of January, sales would have been on the order of 912+99 = 1011. And that doesn't include any Prius Plug-in, C-Max Energi or Fusion Energi sales in the province in January.
Add probable sales in February to the mix, and we should be comfortably above the 1,000-car mark.
As always, my spreadsheet tracking plug-in sales in Canada and the U.S., and other related data, is at: www.tinyurl.com/CanadaEVSales


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Generally, power plant operators enter the workforce in entry-level positions and work their way up, sometimes to senior management positions. Currently a large portion of the workforce is retiring, creating a critical shortage of technical workers for many years to come.
Very few institutions provide training for entry-level operators. This is a unique, user-friendly program designed for people who have minimal knowledge of the industry, math, physics, or chemistry. The necessary science concepts are built into the program modules.
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Depending upon industry and location, entry-level power plant operators can make $13.00 to $20.00 per hour. After a few years of experience, generally the pay range is $18.00 to $30.00 per hour. Benefits are usually above-average for workers, and operators are rarely laid off.
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This program is for you if you seek entry-level employment in a power plant.
Max Ansari is a senior energy professional currently employed with Houston Industrial Training as Training Program Development Manager, comes with a broad base of experience. Max has a unique blend of electrical, mechanical, automation, thermal engineering, project management and people management skills.
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