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New Zealand X-mas
Matt Pro has an adoptive family here in Christchurch that has taken him in. They are friends of a friend and they say you can't choose your family, but if he could of chose his adoptive family I don't think he could of done any better. He is there for all the holidays and tends to go over quite a bit just to chill out. Also goes for the Kiwi tradition of getting the barbi (BBQ) going, which seems to happen every day in the summer. The picture on the right is of 13-month old Tahunuiarangi, Dave (grandfather) and Josie(mom).
We spent x-mas eve chilling out and watching a lot of tv including Sione's Wedding and No 2 , both are choice and I'd recommend them, especially the former. Also watched Bro-town, a funny animated show from here in NZ about 5 kids growing up here in Morningside.
When we rolled up X-mas morning to go over to Pat's (grandmother) brother's place they had gifts not only for him, but for myself as well. Josie and her (american) husband regularly get chocolates for the family and they went out of their way to get Matt and I dark chocolate. There are these huge bars of Ghana chocolate that has been imported since 1896. Yum. They were happy that I had mine half-eaten before we even ate lunch.
For the x-mas meal they made us a huge plate of broiled vegetables that included pumpkin, potatoes and kumara. Kumara is sweet potato-esque, but much better. Not as sweet and has an entirely different texture than any potatoes I have eaten. Had some pasta and veggie sausages as well. I didn't cook anything, which was nice, but odd. In the picture below you can see x-mas crackers (not the people), which apparently is a tradition as well. Is this so for anyone else? I've never seen it. I also never had cranberry sauce with Thanksgiving, so what do I know? There are toys and jokes inside which made the meal a bit more lively than otherwise may of been.
Another sort of tradition, since it is summer here over x-mas, is the 'X-mas day water gun fight'. Matt and I stayed inside the best we could to the taunts that the americans are 'weak'. The others managed to soak each other pretty well.
The house we were at for x-mas is in what I considered a normal suburb, but Matt informed me that it is not a regular suburb, but a 'lifestyle bloc'. It is close enough to Christchurch that you can commute there for a regular job, but large enough that you can still have animals and maintain some of traditional rural Kiwi culture. Behind the house were some fenced off sheep (four of the 43 million on the two islands, more than 10 for every person) and some chickens in what I guess would be a coop. I've never seen a chicken coop, but I imagine a place where you keep chickens can be a chicken coop so that's what it is in my mind.
It just dawned on me that I spent Christ's birthday in a town called Christchurch. That is especially funny; this is the most secular country I have ever been in and well, I am obviously not religious. Apparently the city is named after one of the schools at Oxford one of the original settlers went to. Why don't they change it? The place is so non-religious that I don't think anyone cares. I am going to try to post some images of the city in a separate post. For now enjoy the sheep:


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OXFORD, England, June 7 (UPI) -- British scientists say they have for the first time developed a way to use brain scans to objectively measure the levels of pain felt by patients.
Using magnetic resonance imaging, researchers have found distinct differences between the brains of people who are experiencing pain and those who are not. That means doctors may have a way to measure suffering based on something other than asking patients how they are feeling, The Sunday Times of London reported.
"Pain seems to increase the blood flow to certain parts of the brain, roughly in proportion to the amount of pain felt, and we can measure that activation in a brain scan," Irene Tracey, professor of anaesthetic science at Oxford University, told the newspaper.
She and her colleagues reportedly have found the brain employs a "pain matrix" wherein physical suffering typically activates more than a dozen parts of the brain -- a distinct contrast with other senses such as vision or hearing that only stimulate just one part of the brain.
The Sunday Times said the findings indicate pain could one day be measured objectively, a development that would have big legal and social implications.

subset: commoncrawl


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It is known that given a polygon $P$ with holes it is NP-hard to find a decomposition of $P$ into convex polygons, s.t. their number is minimized (even if Steiner points are allowed).
I am wondering if anything is known about the following problem:
Given a convex polygon $P$ which contains a collection $\mathcal{Q}$ of convex polygons in its interior, find a decomposition of $P$ into convex polygons such that no such polygon contains more than one polygon from $\mathcal{Q}$ and the number of convex polygons is minimized.
In the example below, $P$ is the black polygon, $\mathcal{Q}$ are the four blue polygons, and the red line segments induce a convex partitioning of $P$ where each face contains at most one polygon from $\mathcal{Q}$ .


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Dan4 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 83 diseños de 15 diseñadores freelance.
Dan founded KeywordValet in 2005, where he is currently the Principal Consultant. At KeywordVatet, he provides online marketing consulting services to web based properties and services. Past and current clients include ecommerce and lead generation web sites, where revenue can be directly tracked back to online marketing campaigns for positive Return on Investment scenarios. Projects include: Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Search Engine Marketing (SEM) – paid search advertising campaigns (Google, Yahoo, MSN), Web Analytics and Ecommerce Strategy Audits, Affiliate Marketing Management, Internet Business Development, Partnership Creation, Shopping Comparison Engine feed management, Online Product Marketing & Merchandising Studies, Web Site Usability Testing, Copy Writing, and CPA, CPL, CPM Online Media Placement & Management.
Prior to the launch of his current agency, Dan Brotman served as the Director, Online Marketing at Campustech.com, now a Super Affiliate of Journeyed.com, selling academic software and electronics to the education market. During his tenure at Campustech, Brotman tripled revenues and unique visitors. Before joining Campustech, Dan was tasked with SEO, SEM, affiliate marketing, online analytics, and online business development for 2 of the Top 300 Internet Retail sites: CallawayGolfPreowned.com and Golfsmith.com.
In the search engine space, we are experts, specializing in online marketing for small and medium business. Working with ecommerce and lead generation sites, we drive targeted visitors and prospects directly to your website using a variety of services:
Google Adwords, Yahoo & MSN/BING – drive traffic through Pay-Per-Click (PPC/SEM)
Website audit – use our experience to improve site content and read our game plan right off the bat;
Google Analytics – access your reports quickly;
Site optimization & management (SEO)– increase traffic with proper code;
Detailed monthly reporting – watch your investment work;
Consulting & support – enjoy full access to principal consultants.
Let US focus on getting you traffic, sales, and leads, so YOUR team can focus on what you do best, selling products or services.
This is a logo creation project for my SEM consultancy at http://www.KeywordValet.com. Please use the color palette (blue and green) in the present logo and I like the use of two different fonts for the words "Keyword" and "Valet"...though it should be one word. Feel free to be creative, as this is and online advertising management company. "Web 2.0" images, fonts, and treatments are welcome as well, but classic may be a good option, too. So basically, use some creativity on a brand new image and identity for my company. Use of a "Valet" in the image is welcome, but let's be a bit more creative than just a picture of Words and a Butler. I would also like some gradient treatment of the colors in the font. Let's also steer clear of anything resembling the late Ask Jeeves logo. Words in Font must be readable.
Thanks and Good luck!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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The Fastest Ways to Fund Your Home Renovation
Whether you're renovating for style or repair, making changes to your home is exciting --and daunting! Planning what to upgrade, where to purchase the supplies, who to trust to do the work are just some of the daunting tasks involved.
But there's one other detail that needs to be figured out before anything else: how to finance the renovation.
The cost of renovation varies quite a bit, but generally speaking, we're talking a few thousand.
As in most situations, saving for a big project is ideal, but it's not always possible. You may be able to crowdsource some of the funding by asking your parents for help or possibly asking friends and family for cash gifts for your wedding or birthday. But it's unlikely to be enough to finance your home makeover.
For a more sure way to get the
How To Fund Your Home Renovation
1. Refinance
This method is one of the most popular ways to fund many things, including home renovations. Similar to
The key here is that it "makes sense" for your loan and financial situation. To see if this is the right choice for you, please contact us.
2. Get a HELOC
If your interest is already low or maybe you've already paid off your loan and rather not refi, then consider a HELOC. A Home Equity Line of Credit is a way to access your equity without refinancing. Similar to a credit card, you "borrow" money against your home as needed. Unlike a regular credit card, the interest rates are much lower. One thing to note is that a HELOC is usually an adjustable rate loan. However, fixed-rates HELOC's are available, too.
Contact us to run a quick scenario on both so you can compare payments and rates.
3. Use a Home Equity Loan
Another home loan option that does not require refinancing is a Home Equity Loan. This type of loan requires you to take out the funds all at once, rather than "as needed" in a HELOC. The benefit of this loan is having a lump sum, which may be just what you need for your renovation. You'll also get the stability of a fixed rate with this type of loan.
Confused as to which loan is best for you? We're here to help! Contact us for an obligation-free consultation and get on your way to a renovated home at a cost you can afford.


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|A movie spun out of equal parts folk tale, fable and real-life legend about the mysterious, 1930s Tennessee hermit who famously threw his own rollicking funeral party... while he was still alive.
|Directed by:
|Aaron Schneider
|Robert Duvall, Sissy Spacek, Bill Murray, Lucas Black, Gerald McRaney, Bill Cobbs, Scott Cooper, Lori Beth Edgeman, Linds Edwards, Andrea Powell, Chandler Riggs, Danny Vinson, Blerim Destani, Tomasz Karolak, Andy Stahl


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Featured Content for Volume 2, Issue 16 - August 23, 2010
The Highest Title Is
Your Church Is Hurting Financially? Good!
The Reality of God's Sovereignty
Practical Pastor:
In addition to these features, all articles in this issue are found in the left sidebar.
Disciple is published on the 2nd and 4th Mondays of each month and delivered by e-mail. If you've found this site through a link or search engine, you can subscribe to be added to our e-mail list.
Don't forget, you can connect with us on our blog, by commenting on articles on the site, and by finding us on Facebook.
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Alchemy Marketing necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 91 diseños de 30 diseñadores freelance.
Alchemy Marketing
We are a marketing company that has continued to adapt based on opportunities that have become available. Alchemy is a company that goes in to bars and clubs as well as retail and service businesses and provides them with ways to quickly and cost effectively improve their current situations. We do not stop there though, our newest evolution has brought us into the world of sponsorships. Both sponsoring our selves and finding sponsors for existing companies, artists, talent or events. Essentially generating their budget. We are very aggressive, just so you get the idea our old name was Hostile Takeover, but with the way the economy is going right now that isn't exactly what a struggling business owner wants to hear when he picks up he phone. So its time to clean up our act and we can use your help.
We are reaching out to EVERYONE, business owners, college kids, club promoters, and big time talent. Everything from DJ Skribble to NFL players, to your corner pizza place. This is going to be in the hands of many of the brand names you are already familiar with.
Must Have
Alchemy Marketing
we are the stimulus plan
In terms of the design here is are ideas we have thought so far
the filigree on money intertwining and almost as part of the name
no specific colors but fewer the better
must be clear
and I have heard that listing words that we want to evoke from the design can help so here they are.
money, improvement, classy, aggressive, necessary, in demand, confident, different, west coast, unique, casual, stealth, filigree,
these are only suggestions, please do not hold to what we say, i want to see what ever it is you have in mind or got, we have no idea what we are looking for and will consider everything just please don't keep submitting the name in different fonts.
I want people to see this and think money and profit. It has to stick with them.
Artwork must be vector format, to see our old hostile takeover logo check it out here http://i53.photobucket.com/albums/g…pycopy.jpg
The logo will be used on business cards and letterhead and would be willing to pay a small additional fee for this to be done.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Dianefoushee necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 66 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
Rain Salon and Spa
My partner in crime (well, in life and business) and I have just taken over a luxury spa and salon in Eugene, Oregon. Our area is known for rain and for being just a wee bit quirky (Eugene actually has a Slug Queen competition yearly). Our community has two sides - we live with both academics and white color (go Ducks and the U of O) and blue collar mill workers and loggers. There are still communes out in the hills here'bouts... We're very proud of the fact that we have so many different types...and live together well.
Our target audience is probably more from the academic/white collar part of our little world. They're environmentally-oriented. They're interested in taking good care of the world around them...and of themselves. They don't mind pampering themselves...as a matter of fact, they known they're absolutely worth it.
We'd like the name/font and the overall logo to reflect as much of that SPIRIT as possible. Whimsical, perhaps, without being comical. Reflective of the elegance, luxury, and pampering they can expect from the moment they walk through the door.
The "R" in Rain should also be something we can take out to use separately (for instance, as a monogram on spa robes). The overall logo should be something that will lend itself to signage, letterhead, business cards, our "menu" brochures, etc.
We're not really experienced in this type of thing, so I'm hoping we've provided the type of information you need for inspiration. We chose not to upload anything we've looked at or thought of so far. In the first place, if we liked it that well, we wouldn't be here asking for your help. And, well, in the second place, we want to see YOUR inspiration...not a reflection of ours!
If you need more info at all, let us know. The logo designer we choose is likely to end up with other work. :)
THANKS in advance to all who submit a logo.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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COLOR gray
Our luxe, modern wallpapers are screen printed by hand
Warm gray lace pattern on an off white background
Pattern Story
Inspired by a painted mural in an old hotel bar in San Miguel de Allende, Diamante was created using a stippling technique to create a dramatic, yet delicate pattern.
See This Wallpaper In Action
How Much Wallpaper Should I Order
Visit Our FAQ section to learn how to measure your walls. If you'd still like more help, email us your wall measurements. We'd be happy to help! Shop our entire wallpaper collection.
How To Wallpaper
It's easier than you think. Watch our step-by step video. Or, read our detailed instructions.


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crafty chloe giveaway
As part of our Christmas gifts each year we always give a new book to each child, so I'm always on the lookout for books that are worthy of living on our shelves (and not just borrowed from the library once or twice). I was excited for Crafty Chloe to come out months before it actually did.
Part of the reason is that I was having lunch with Heather Ross (who illustrated the book) while visiting in New York when she was right in the middle of picking a publisher and finalizing details. I was so excited for a book that encourages crafting and making things and teaches young girls that the best gifts are handmade. Nothing against Fancy Nancy, but it's nice to have a heroine who knows her way around a glue gun.
This is the story of Chloe, a girl not so good at other things (like dancing or sports or video games), but VERY good at making things. When she gets invited to a friend's birthday party, she decides to make her present. There is, of course, a snotty girl named London who can't believe Chloe would make a present instead of buying one.
But after London's gift is ruined, Chloe saves the day with her handmade creation. As a clever tie in, there is also a Crafty Chloe blog with ideas for crafting projects from the book. And they have already announced a second book titled Dress Up Mess Up, coming out next year.
Heather graciously gave me one extra copy of Crafty Chloe to give away! Please leave a comment explaining why you like crafting with your kids and a winner will be picked later this week. (Deadline to enter: Friday November 30th at 10 PM. US residents only please!)
The randomly chosen winner is Christy, who left the comment, "Crafting with my daughter is something I dreamed of before having kiddos. It is everything I dreamed it would be and more! Your daughter might like the book Fanny by Hollie Hobby- similar message and so sweet.


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Hillary Clinton's campaign said Monday it will be releasing additional medical information about the Democratic presidential nominee in the next few days after her abrupt departure from a 9/11 anniversary ceremony following a health episode Sunday morning.
It was disclosed later Sunday she was diagnosed on Friday with pneumonia.
"I was supposed to rest five days," Clinton told CNN in an interview Monday night. "That's what they told me on Friday. I didn't follow that advice. I just want to get this over and done with and get back on the trail as soon as possible."
Clinton said she did not faint but "felt dizzy and did lose my balance a bit, but once I got in and sit down, cool off and have water, I immediately felt better."
Clinton spokesman Brian Fallon said on MSNBC the new information the campaign will release should assuage concerns about her health. He said Clinton will be back on the campaign trail by the middle of the week.
Clinton confirmed to CNN that "we will be releasing more information. We already met the standard of disclosure for past presidential candidates. We already met a high standard of transparency."
She added: "We know the least about Donald Trump of any candidate in history."
Trump, earlier Monday, said he hopes rival Clinton "gets well soon."
Trump said in an interview on "Fox and Friends" that, "Something's going on, but I just hope she gets well and gets back on the trail and we'll be seeing her at the debate." The first of three debates is scheduled for Sept. 26.
Later in an interview on CNBC, Trump said, "It's interesting because they say pneumonia, but she was coughing very, very badly a week ago. It's very interesting to see what's going on."
A video posted on social media showed Clinton was unsteady and clearly required support to enter her van after attending a Sept. 11 memorial event. Clinton's doctor said she was "overheated."
The 68-year-old former secretary of state was taken to daughter Chelsea's New York apartment and emerged about two hours later, telling onlookers: "It's a beautiful day in New York." She said she was "feeling better."
After an exam at her home in suburban New York, Clinton "is now rehydrated and recovering nicely," her doctor Lisa R. Bardack said.
In the CNN interview, Clinton said: "I am feeling so much better. I should have gotten some rest sooner."
Clinton stayed home to rest on Monday. An aide said she will do little more than phone into a fundraiser in San Francisco on Monday night.
She's skipping the event as well as the rest of her planned travel in California.
"It is a very tough schedule. You go from one city, you go to Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida, you know, all over," Trump told CNBC. "It's grueling work. There's no question about it."
Clinton's campaign on Monday responded to criticism that it didn't disclose the pneumonia diagnosis on Friday and kept silent for eight hours Sunday about the health scare.
"We could have done better yesterday, but it is a fact that public knows more about HRC than any nominee in history," the campaign's communications director Jennifer Palmieri tweeted.
"In contrast to HRC, Trump has been less transparent than any nominee in modern history," Palmieri said in a follow up tweet.
Trump said he's planning to release detailed health information from a new physical exam in the coming days.
"I saw what was going on with her and I said, 'You know, I'm going to go do something' and I actually took a physical last week and probably, I guess this week, will release the results of it," the Republican presidential nominee told CNBC.
He told "Fox and Friends" in a phone interview Monday that he'll "be releasing very, very specific numbers."
"Hopefully they're going to be good," he said. "I think they're going to be good. I feel great."
Trump's move is likely to increase pressure on Clinton to release more information about her health.
Clinton has so far released more details about her health than Trump.
Trump on Monday also put out a new ad highlighting Clinton's comments saying half of his supporters fit into a "basket of deplorables."
The ad features footage of Clinton speaking at a Friday fundraiser, where she said she would put "half of Trump's supporters" into "the basket of deplorables. Right? The racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic - you name it." She has since apologized for being "grossly generalistic."
A narrator in the ad says: "You know what's deplorable? Hillary Clinton viciously demonizing hard-working people like you."
Clinton said after the initial comments that she regretted saying "half of Trump's supporters." But she stood by her larger point that "it's deplorable that Trump has built his campaign largely on prejudice and paranoia and given a national platform to hateful views and voices."
Trump's campaign says it will spend around $2 million to run the ad this week in the battleground states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Florida.
Trump said on "Fox and Friends" that Clinton's comment is the "biggest mistake of the political season."
He said when he heard the comment, he "thought that it was not something that was within the realm of possible that she would have said it."
Trump added that being elected to the White House means, "You're president of all the people."
He continued to condemn Clinton's remark Monday afternoon in a speech at the National Guard Association Conference, saying it disqualifies her from running for office.
"She divides people into baskets as though they were objects, not human beings," Trump said.
In an interview with CNBC, Trump also accused Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen of keeping interest rates "artificially low" for political reasons.
Trump claimed Yellen is trying to keep the economy rolling to benefit President Barack Obama.
He said: "I think she's very political and to a certain extent, I think she should be ashamed of herself."
Trump claimed the Justice Department and FBI are also making decisions for political reasons.
He said he "used to think" the Justice Department and FBI were independent, "but that's obviously not possible because Hillary Clinton is guilty as hell and everybody knows it."
He was referring to the decision not to bring charges against Clinton for using a private email server during her tenure as secretary of state.


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Marc Watts necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 80 diseños de 20 diseñadores freelance.
Boss Group
My client, Boss Mentor, is a business leader in Australia. Boss Mentor provides strategies, advice & the tools for other businesses to succeed. Two books have been released and a blog section outlining some of the knowledge this company pertains is also available on the website.
The existing website can be found at http://www.bossgroup.com.au.
Other businesses including large corporations.
The main goals of the website are to:
educate and engage
New design should encompass the following traits:
professional, informative, high quality
What I mean by the above traits is that we are looking for a professional looking website as the company deals with other businesses and therefore needs to be perceived as professional. My clients advice and help she gives to other businesses is of very high quality and this needs to be reflected in the website design.
The overall goal of the company is to work with large businesses around Australia and the world and therefore to be perceived as a business leader.
My client would like to limit the green that is currently in the logo (see attached business card) and move towards a more professional looking colour including the gradient colours that can be found on the attached brochure images.
A further one or two bright colours maybe added to brighten up the design.
Whatever looks best is what my client would like.
Please refer to the powerpoint file for the layout and website page structure.
The main menu should be a dropdown so the design needs to show that.
The modules down the right side are also very important. It is a core focus on the website.
Therefore what is needed is:
- design similiar to the layout in the powerpoint file
- dropdown menu showing sub menu
Good luck.


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In my previous blogs, I have explained about MOU [better known as MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING] and how does it work. Also, that a Memorandum of Understanding or "MOU" is used at a variety of places starting from business, divorce, partnership firms, companies, familial relationships, government organisations, between Foreign and Indian Nationals etc. It is the general notion that a "MOU" is non biding and has got no legal validity in India. In my present blog, I shall discuss about another unanswered question which have had contrasting views and try to discuss each aspect and then conclude and comment upon the validity of "MOU" in India. The basic stressing areas shall include the following1. Introduction to the validity of "MOU"2. Legal position of "MOU" in Indian Law3. Enforceability of "MOU"a. In General b. International "MOU"c. "MOU" between two countries 4. Landmark Judgments 5. Personal Opinion6. Conclusion INTRODUCTION TO THE VALIDITY OF "MOU"A "MOU" is generally said to be a 'non-binding agreement' which does not have any legal enforceability and thus acts merely as a 'letter of intent' between two parties who mutually agree or disagree to do or not to something and on the basis of which another legally binding instrument is executed keeping all the previous understandings outlined in such "MOU" and giving it effect. As such we can decipher two things 1. A "MOU" is merely a statement of understanding between two or more parties which when made has no enforceability in the eyes of law as such an agreement has no intention to create a legal bond between such persons. As a result of which, if in case there is a breach of such "MOU" there is no relief. 2. It is a well-established rule of law that – "All contracts are agreements but, all agreements are not contracts". This is so because for a contract to be valid it needs to fulfil all the essential ingredients mentioned u/s 10 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872. One of which is – "an intention to create legal relationship between the parties to such contract". However, now the question arises that what if A "MOU" is drafted in such a manner that is fulfills all the ingredients of section 10??? Can such a "MOU" be a valid contract and be legally enforceable in a court of law???Can such a "MOU" compel the other person to oblige to the same and the breach of such "MOU" will be treated similar to that of a breach of contract??? It is also true that 'Nomenclature' of a contract or an agreement is not an index to determine the validity or invalidity of the same. Stating an agreement to be a "MOU" does not explicitly denote that such contract is non-binding.LEGAL POSITION OF "MOU" IN INDIAN LAWAs mentioned above, now that we can understand the fact that it is not necessary for a "MOU" to be non-binding. The question of whether such a "MOU" is legally binding or not depends upon the intent of the parties to create a legal relationship to that extent. Therefore, we can say that the legal position of "MOU" in Indian Law depends upon the intent by which such a document is made and thus such an intention of creating a legal relationship by way of such a "MOU" plays a pivotal role in determining the legal position of the same. Also, it must be noted that the construction of such "MOU" holds primary importance in setting the legality and the construction of words play a pivotal role in the same. If the parties intend to create a legal binding effect to a "MOU" then,a. The construction of the words shall be of such nature ü Use of the word 'shall' instead of 'may'ü 'would be' instead of 'can be'ü 'should be' instead of 'might be' So, on and so forth. The use of such words tries to create a legal relationship by making the other person liable to do a certain act. The words shall, would, should, instead of may, can, might are of a superior nature and bind the acts which follow after such words. b. "legal binding clause"ü A "MOU" would be legally binding if the parties thereto agree to insert any such clause, the literal meaning upon reading of which would mean that such a "MOU" intends to create a legal relationship between the parties to the contract and that the breach of such provisions would mean the same as a breach of a contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. c. In consistency with section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872ü If a "MOU" fulfills all the conditions laid down u/s 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 then, such a "MOU" should be treated as a contract as defined in section 2(h) of The Indian Contract Act, 1872. Hence, giving it a legal force. d. Insertion of a "dispute resolution clause"ü If a "MOU" inserts a dispute resolution clause, then, it binds the parties to perform their obligations as mentioned or specified in such "MOU". Non performance of which will lead to breach/dispute for which the "MOU" in itself shall contain a clause which shall provide the method in which such dispute shall be resolved in good faith and in an amicable manner. Thus, from the above we can say that – The principle legislation governing "MOU" in India is dealt with the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Also, in order to make a "MOU" legally enforceable it must have a clear intention to bind the parties to a contract whereby both come under specific obligation to perform their part of the duties. ENFORCEABILITY OF "MOU"As has been discussed earlier in this blog, the enforceability of a "MOU" depends upon the principle governing legislation. I.e. The Indian Contract Act, 1872. In light of this, the enforceability of "MOU" can be divided into 3 categories. a. In General b. International "MOU"c. "MOU" between two countries IN GENERALIn the general sense, the enforceability of a "MOU" can be divided into two categories. They are: 1. When it fulfills the conditions of a Contract as per The Indian Contract Act, 1872.ü If the "MOU" satisfies the conditions laid down u/s 10 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872 then, the performance of such obligations laid down in the "MOU" can be enforced vide The Specific Relief Act, 1963. ü However, such a relief shall only be granted under The Specific Relief Act, 1963 when, the damage caused to the aggrieved party by way of non-performance of obligation cannot be ascertained and compensation for in lieu of such damages fails to become an appropriate remedy. Sen Mukherjee and Co vs. Chhaya Banarjee [AIR 1998 / CAL 252]2. When it does not fulfill the conditions of a Contract as per The Indian Contract Act, 1872.ü In certain cases, the courts may find that the "MOU" lacks certain requirements to form a valid Contracts and hence the same cannot be enforced. ü However, even in the above circumstance a person has the right to approach to the court on the basis of: Ø Principles of promissory estoppel &Ø EquityMotilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. vs. State of Uttar Pradesh [AIR 1979, SC 621]ü Even beyond that, a "MOU" can be held as enforceable merely on the grounds of equity and on the basis of the general principles of equity irrespective of whatever deficiency it holds is still held to be a contract. Subimalchandra Chatterji vs. Radhanath Ray [AIR 1934, CAL 235]INTERNATIONAL "MOU"ü Any International "MOU" is executed in the form of a treaty or a covenant which is then registered under the 'United Nations Treaty Collection'.ü These International "MOU" should be registered and by doing so one avoids political diplomacy and secrecy.ü The enforceability of a National or International "MOU" does not differ. In both the cases, the enforceability is dependent upon the intention so conveyed through the construction of such "MOU" ü The title of such International "MOU" nowhere mentions whether it is a legally binding document or whether it is non-binding document. It is prudent to mention here that, The International Court of Justice in the year 1994, July 1st [Quatar vs. Bahrain] has expressed their views upon the legality of "MOU" and had also provided various standards to be maintained for the legality of such "MOU"INTERNATIONAL "MOU" BETWEEN COUNTRIESü As it has already been mentioned and is clear now that no "MOU" is legally binding without the clear intention of it making it as binding. ü Nevertheless, there are "MOU" between countries for a variety of reasons and some of them can be as follows. The "MOU" entered between two countries can have the object and purpose of: - 1. Exchanging resources between themselves 2. Exchanging technology between themselves 3. Student exchange programs4. Exchange of technical support 5. Military Support 6. Understanding of peace 7. Understanding of trade 8. Understanding of allies ETCü The above list though not exhaustive, mentions some of the reasons why two countries enter into a "MOU" and act accordingly. ü Also, every "MOU" must not be formally designed and executed, but those which have been formally designed and executed must be registered and include the exchange of some monetary value with the same. LANDMARK JUDGMENTSGiven below are a list of landmark judgments which have been held to be useful in deciding the legality or non-legality of "MOU" CASE LAWS WHERE "MOU" HAS BEEN DECLARED AS A LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT 1. BrikramKishore Parida v. Penudhar Jena2. Structural Waterproofing & Ors. v. Mr. Amit Gupta3. Jai Beverages Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir and Ors4. Millenia Realtors Private Limited v. SJR Infrastructure Private Limited 5. Motilal Padampat Sugar Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh6. M/s. Nanak Builders and Investors Pvt. Ltd. v Vinod Kumar Alag7. Kollipara Sriramulu vs. T. Aswathanarayana &OrsCASE LAWS WHERE "MOU" HAS NOT BEEN DECLARED AS A LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT 1. Monnet Ispat and Energy Ltd. v. Union of India and Ors2. Jyoti Brothers v. Shree Durga Mining Co PERSONAL OPINIONAfter going through all the above details, facts, and decisions one can conclusively conclude that a "MOU" is generally a non-binding agreement made for the purpose of making another agreement which shall rely upon the principles of such "MOU" and then carter them into a legally binding agreement. Going by the same logic it is stated by the courts that any agreement which is made for the purpose of making another agreement cannot be given the legal status of an agreement. So, to say, an agreement for an agreement is not enforceable. However, now the question arises that – if a "MOU" which is said to be an agreement on the basis of which another agreement is made which then becomes a contract and the breach of such contract shall be legally bending but not a "MOU". Then, would it be right to say that 1. A pre-mortgage agreement 2. A pre-sale agreement 3. A pre-lease agreement ETCOr, any such agreement which has the same purpose that which of a "MOU" merely having different names as mentioned above shall also come under the same purview and shall not be legally binding? To which I can deduce the following: - 1. Mere heading of any agreement shall not be used as an index to come to the decision of its legality or illegality. The contents of the same shall hold value and the agreement in full shall be taken into consideration with respect to equity and principles of promissory estoppel. 2. The construction and use of words in such agreement shall also be taken into consideration which will further help the reader to analyse the same and conclude whether such agreement was made with an intention to comply with or was it made just for namesake and was merely a promise. 3. Insertion of various clauses like "legal binding" "indemnification" "damage" "breach" which shall show the clear intention to make such agreement legally binding would play a pivotal role. 4. A "MOU" is said to be an agreement which needs to fulfil the valid requisites of a contract u/s 10 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872 as it is the guiding principle legislation. Hence it can be said that if any agreement [irrespective of its nomenclature] fulfils the conditions as laid down u/s 10 of such act shall be deemed to be legal and enforceable. CONCLUSION From the above we can finally come to the conclusion that: - 1. Any agreement to be a contract shall fulfil the provisions of section 10 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872. 2. An agreement may or may not be legally binding depending upon the intention between the parties who enter into a contract. 3. In its generic definition a "MOU" is defined to be a non-binding document, however, if there lies a clear intention of compliance then such "MOU" shall be binding. 4. It is a well-established rule of law that if a "MOU" fulfils all the conditions laid down u/s 10 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872 then, such a "MOU" shall be legally binding. 5. Apart from everything a "MOU" can be enforceable in spite of deficiencies on the grounds of equity and promissory estoppel as held in the case of Subimalchandra Chatterji vs. Radhanath Ray [AIR 1934, CAL 235].
Posted By
Shreyash Mohta
5 months ago
In my present blog, I shall be discussing on one of the most important aspects of a mutual divorce and that is MOU [Memorandum of Understanding]. My blog shall be stressing on the basic issues which are stated below:1. What is a MOU?2. Why is MOU important in a Mutual Divorce?3. Relevant Case Laws where MOU was held of utmost importancePresuming that one knows what a mutual consent divorce is, I shall still take a moment here and explain that in a few lines. So Mutual Divorce is basically when two couples, who have been staying separately for a period of 1 or more years and decide to part ways finally by way of a divorce, whereby both the parties [The Husband and The Wife] want a divorce from a each other and both of them set the terms unanimously about the divorce and the terms upon which they are divorcing each other and also the terms as to how shall their relation operate after such annulment of marriage. It is then, that such a divorce is said to be mutual when both the parties are consenting for the same thing at the same time against the same person upon the same terms and conditions and agree to annul the disturbed marriage with such terms and conditions which have been accepted together and freely consented by both. WHAT IS A MOU?Having discussed what a Mutual Divorce is all about let us now come to understand the basic crux on which such a type of divorce stands. I.e. MOU [Memorandum of Understanding]. Let this be said that a MOU is the basis upon which the Husband and Wife take divorce. It is more like a mutual settlement which has been penned down in writing and acts as a documentary proof of such terms which have been mutually accepted by the parties to the divorce. The term "MOU" has been used at a variety of places. They are used in Partnerships, Companies, Divorces, Settlements and also in General. The nature of the "MOU" changes from time to time and also varies according to the purpose of usage. The essence however, remains the same. The "MOU" acts as a Non – Binding, Non – Legal Agreement based upon which an Advocate prepares a "Separation Agreement" which when signed and notarized by the parties becomes legally binding and enforceable. The "MOU" in itself does not create any liability, it is just the basis of understanding which is taken into consideration while preparing the "Separation Agreement" "MOU" is the skeleton principle or guidelines which are taken into consideration while preparing the "Separation Agreement" and it is on the basis of the "MOU" that the former Agreement is made. A "MOU" deals majorly with the following things and provides the guidelines, on the basis of which "Separation Agreement" is created accordingly. They are as follows: -1. The understanding on the basis of which both the spouses are divorcing.2. The payment of maintenance and alimony.3. The basis on which properties shall be shared. 4. The decision about Child Custody/Guardianship and maintenance of the same.5. Duties and Liabilities of the Husband and Wife towards their child/children.6. Conditions of Separation after Divorce.WHY IS MOU IMPORTANT IN A MUTUAL DIVORCE?The "MOU" in a Mutual Divorce is of preliminary importance because such a divorce is not contested by any of the parties and henceforth, the basis of such divorce is settled mutually out of court and it is just that the parties enter the court room to obtain the decree for divorce on the grounds accepted by them mutually, of which the "MOU" is created at first and thereafter the "Separation Agreement" which after execution is signed and notarized and thereafter creates a legally binding effect on both the parties to comply with.The following are some of the reasons as to why creation of "MOU" in a Mutual Divorce is very important. They are: 1. It does not leave any scope of any further litigations as every minute detail is mentioned there and it is on the basis of such understanding that the divorce takes place. 2. The "MOU" acts as the document to rely upon during separation. Nothing more or nothing less can be taken or given than that which is agreed in the "MOU"3. It clearly demarcates the rights and liabilities, assets and debts, and other various claims which one can have over each other and all of them are laid settled in writing prohibiting any of them to enter into litigation for the same purpose.4. The major claims of maintenance and alimony are decided there and even in case there is a change in income standards this alimony [once decided shall not exceed]. Hence it reduces the burden to pay more alimony when one starts earning more. The payment medium remains static in spite of change in income which safeguards the husband.5. It articulates the understanding to writing which then becomes legally binding to enforce the same. 6. In case of breach of such understanding, either of the parties can sue the other for such breach in the same manner as that in case of breach of contract.7. The decisions relating to Custody of Children and maintenance of them are also well expressed and settled in this "MOU", thus avoiding frivolous litigation's to take up any extra burden for the well being of the child. 8. The distribution of Assets and Liabilities shall also be explained in the "MOU". ETC9. Such a "MOU" also safeguards the interests of the Husband from false allegations of Domestic Violence and cases of 498A after Divorce.10. It acts as a full and final settlement, after which no further litigation's can take place between the Husband and Wife with respect to the breakdown of marriage. However, if in case any one of the two breaches the terms of the "Separation Agreement" then the aggrieved person has all the rights to sue the person responsible for such breach and compel specific performance according to the MOU executed. Though the above list is not exhaustive, they are the major issues which get covered in a "MOU". By doing so the parties who want to take divorce avoid a huge process of litigation in deciding as to the above issues as it becomes cumbersome and also time consuming. "MOU" decides in advance everything that a court of law had to decide [if such "MOU" had not been executed beforehand]. It reduces the workload of the court by settling a lot of matters out of court with mutual consent which in other ways would have been brought to the courtroom for the judge to decide and then adjudicate upon the same. RELEVANT CASE LAWS WHERE MOU WAS HELD TO BE OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE1. Rajat Gupta vs Rupali Gupta2. Kapildeo Prasad Sah vs State of Bihar3. Case of Avneesh Sood4. S. Balasubramaniyam vs P. Janakaraju & Anr.5. Case of Dinesh Gulati6. Sureshta Devi vs Om Prakash7. Smruti Pahariya vs Sanjay Pahariya [2009]8. Anil Kumar Jain vs Maya Jain [2009]9. Hitesh Bhatnagar vs Deepa Bhatnagar [2011]10. Prakash Alu,al Kalandari vs. Mrs. Jahnavi Prakash Kalandari [2011]11. Mrs. Ishita Kunal Sangani vs Kunal Sudhir Sangani [2014]12. Rajiv Chhikara vs Sandhya Mathur [2017]13. Amardeep Singh vs Hardeep Kaur [2017]CONCLUSION In my honest opinion, I do believe that in the present scenario whereby frivolous litigation's have reached to such an extent that it is undermining the basic essence of statutory provisions which were once created to safeguard the interests of the women and now are being misused has took the matters of divorce at a tight spot for which till the present date there is no solution apart from fighting it out which does take a lot of time, energy and money. However, having made a Pre – Nuptial Agreement before marriage or A "MOU" cum "Separation Agreement" before the dissolution of marriage safeguards both the interests of the wife and the husband. Apart from that it also ends up in speedy disposal and timely justice. Also, it curtails the fear of false cases and untimely litigation's from either the husband or wife. Such a settlement is very much required and is the need of the hour whereby such disputes end by mediation and not litigation.
Posted By
Shreyash Mohta
5 months ago
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- What is contract law?
- What are the main features of contract law?
- What is the definition of a valid contract?
- What does it take for a contract to legally binding?
- What are the elements of a valid contract?
What is contract law?
Contracts are basically agreements that have the power of legal enforceability and protection. As per Section 2(e) of the Indian Contract Act 1872 (hereinafter referred to as the ICA), agreements refer to 'every promise and every set of promises, forming consideration for each other'. As per Section 2(h) of the ICA, a contract is "an agreement enforceable by law".
The basic gist of what contract is the following:
Proposal + Acceptance = Promise
Promise + Consideration = Agreement
Agreement + Enforceability = Contract
Therefore, Contract = Promise + Consideration + Enforceability.
*ICA is applicable to whole of India barring the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Essentials of a contract:
- Offer –
When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal. An offer is the penultimate act leading to an agreement. Once an offer is accepted, both parties are bound by the agreement. An offer must be clear, definite, and unambiguous.
- Acceptance –
When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise. Acceptance can happen through speech, writing, conduct/performance, etc. Acceptance must be unqualified, absolute, clear and definite.
- Consideration-
Consideration can be defined as the price of the promise made. Both parties must be giving and receiving consideration in order for the agreement to be supported by consideration. Consideration need not be adequate, it just needs to be valid in the eyes of law.
- Capacity to Contract-
Minors, people of unsound mind, and/or people who are disqualified from contracting by some law to which they are subjected to, are considered incompetent to contract. The Indian Contract Act does not explicitly state whether a contract with a minor is void or voidable. However, in the case of 'Mohri Bibee v. Dharmodardas Ghose' observed that contracts with a minor are void ab initio, and that no restitution of benefits can be claimed by the parties. However, a party entering into a contract with a minor can seek reimbursement for supplying 'necessities' to the minor.
- Consent-
For a contract to be legal, parties must have exercised their consent freely without unlawful manipulation. Consent is not considered to be free consent when there is presence of Coercion, Undue Influence, Fraud, Mistake, Misrepresentation(for eg. Active concealment of relevant facts). In absence of 'consensus ad idem' or meeting of minds, contract stands void.
- Lawful motive and object-
An agreement even if it satisfies all the above conditions would not be a contract if it is for an unlawful motive like selling prohibited narcotics or has an unlawful consideration like the promise of murdering someone in exchange of a particular amount of money.
Miscellaneous facts about Contract Laws:
- Wagering contracts are illegal in India, however some states allow restrictive betting, for example casino is allowed on certain conditions in Goa and Sikkim. Horse racing also enjoys legality as there are several factors to it like the kind of training given, nutrition provided etc. which don't make it a game of luck or chance. Case of 'Dr. K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of Tamil Nadu' observed that horse racing is a game of skill and cannot be deemed to be a game of pure chance, hence it is legal to bet on horse racing.
- Balfour v. Balfour – An agreement cannot be enforced if the parties did not intend on creating a binding agreement.
- Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. – Any person can accept a general offer that was made to the public at large, and the execution of the conditions for the offer will be considered as acceptance.
- Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose – Contract with a minor is void ab intio (void from the beginning)
- Kedar Nath v. Gorie Mohammad – An agreement in absence of consideration can be binding provided the promise took certain steps in furtherance of the object on the basis of the promise made by the promisor. (Rule of Promissory Estoppel)
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Miss Dior Blooming Bouquet By Christian Dior
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Montblanc Explorer Review
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TFWA 2019: New Editions Coming From the Panouge House
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Comme des Garcons Copper ~ new fragrance
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Tuesday scent of the day 10/15
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Loewe Jardines de Sabatini ~ new fragrance
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Hiram Green Launches a New Edition of Voyage: Voyage 2019
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Best in Show: Molinard (2019)
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TFWA 2019: COTY Hugo Boss: Boss Bottled Absolute
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text:
NineRoute Creative necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 759 diseños de 163 diseñadores freelance.
Seoul Food
This restaurant / food service organization is launching a Korean – American fusion fast food venture in a major metropolitan city. The entity is called Seoul Food, and is a play on words of the traditional ethnic soul food cuisine. The food products offered will be influenced by traditional Korean cuisine and ingredients, but modified to an American palate so dishes such as korean style: BBQ, fried chicken, tacos, grilled meats, etc. will be the foundation of the menu.
Typical consumers will be either (1) totally unfamiliar with Korean cuisine, or (2) have limited experience with these flavors / ingredients, so the winning entrant should bear in mind that the name should convey Korean influence but welcome new participants to this exciting cuisine selection. A Taco Bell or Chung King brand would be examples that have achieved this.
The food will be distributed in both retail locations and mobile food vans. For the mobile food service, it wil cater to both stationery locations and food / street festivals, so the consumer may not necessarily achieve a familiarity with the product as a result "seeing it in the same place every day."
The logo should include the name of the business "Seoul Food" and include our trademark, "Feed Your Seoul."
We are looking for a handcrafted logo that is informative, engaging and inviting. So clipart icons and the such are not desired. Having a logo that has a custom illustration is key to our brand differentiation from other parallel brands.
Attached are five (5) logos that we like.
The logo should be in a vectored format (.eps).
Once the logo is selected, there will be another contest for the design of the food van.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
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text:
Internals ToAttribute Visible
Internals ToAttribute Visible
Internals ToAttribute Visible
Specifies that types that are ordinarily visible only within the current assembly are visible to a specified assembly.
public ref class InternalsVisibleToAttribute sealed : Attribute
[System.AttributeUsage(System.AttributeTargets.Assembly, AllowMultiple=true, Inherited=false)]
public sealed class InternalsVisibleToAttribute : Attribute
type InternalsVisibleToAttribute = class
inherit Attribute
Public NotInheritable Class InternalsVisibleToAttribute
Inherits Attribute
- Inheritance
- Attributes
Signed assemblies
The following example uses the InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute to make an
internal method named
AppendDirectorySeparator in a signed assembly visible to another signed assembly. It defines a
FileUtilities class that includes an internal
AppendDirectorySeparator method. The InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute is applied to the assembly that contains the
FileUtilities class. The attribute allows an assembly named
Friend1 to access this internal member.
// The source code should be saved in a file named Example1.cs. It
// can be compiled at the command line as follows:
// csc /t:library /keyfile:<snkfilename> Assembly1.cs
// The public key of the Friend1 file should be changed to the full
// public key stored in your strong-named key file.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Friend1, PublicKey=002400000480000094" +
"0000000602000000240000525341310004000" +
"001000100bf8c25fcd44838d87e245ab35bf7" +
"3ba2615707feea295709559b3de903fb95a93" +
"3d2729967c3184a97d7b84c7547cd87e435b5" +
"6bdf8621bcb62b59c00c88bd83aa62c4fcdd4" +
"712da72eec2533dc00f8529c3a0bbb4103282" +
"f0d894d5f34e9f0103c473dce9f4b457a5dee" +
"fd8f920d8681ed6dfcb0a81e96bd9b176525a" +
public class FileUtilities
internal static string AppendDirectorySeparator(string dir)
if (! dir.Trim().EndsWith(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar.ToString()))
return dir.Trim() + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar;
return dir;
' The source code should be saved in a file named Example1.cs. It
' can be compiled at the command line as follows:
' vbc Assembly1.vb /t:library /keyfile:<snkfilename>
' The public key of the Friend1 file should be changed to the full
' public key stored in your strong-named key file.
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices
<Assembly:InternalsVisibleTo("Friend1, PublicKey=002400000480000094" + _
"0000000602000000240000525341310004000" + _
"001000100bf8c25fcd44838d87e245ab35bf7" + _
"3ba2615707feea295709559b3de903fb95a93" + _
"3d2729967c3184a97d7b84c7547cd87e435b5" + _
"6bdf8621bcb62b59c00c88bd83aa62c4fcdd4" + _
"712da72eec2533dc00f8529c3a0bbb4103282" + _
"f0d894d5f34e9f0103c473dce9f4b457a5dee" + _
"fd8f920d8681ed6dfcb0a81e96bd9b176525a" + _
Public Class FileUtilities
Friend Shared Function AppendDirectorySeparator(dir As String) As String
If Not dir.Trim().EndsWith(Path.DirectorySeparatorChar) Then
Return dir.Trim() + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar
Return dir
End If
End Function
End Class
If the following example is compiled into a strong-named assembly named
Friend1, the
Example.Main method in
Friend1 can successfully call the
FileUtilities.AppendDirectorySeparator method, although the method is internal to the
Assembly1 assembly. Note that if you are compiling in C# from the command line, you must use the /out compiler switch to ensure that the name of the friend assembly is available when the compiler binds to external references.
// The assembly that exposes its internal types to this assembly should be
// named Assembly1.dll.
// The public key of this assembly should correspond to the public key
// specified in the class constructor of the InternalsVisibleTo attribute in the
// Assembly1 assembly.
#using <Assembly1.dll> as_friend
using namespace System;
void main()
String^ dir = L"C:\\Program Files";
dir = FileUtilities::AppendDirectorySeparator(dir);
// The example displays the following output:
// C:\Program Files\
// The source code should be saved in a file named Friend1.cs. It
// can be compiled at the command line as follows:
// csc /r:Assembly1.dll /keyfile:<snkfilename> /out:Friend1.dll Friend1.cs
// The public key of the Friend1 assembly should correspond to the public key
// specified in the class constructor of the InternalsVisibleTo attribute in the
// Assembly1 assembly.
using System;
public class Example
public static void Main()
string dir = @"C:\Program Files";
dir = FileUtilities.AppendDirectorySeparator(dir);
// The example displays the following output:
// C:\Program Files\
' The source code should be saved in a file named Friend1.vb. It
' can be compiled at the command line as follows:
' vbc Friend1.vb /r:Assembly1.dll /keyfile:<snkfilename>
' The public key of the Friend1 assembly should correspond to the public key
' specified in the class constructor of the InternalsVisibleTo attribute in the
' Assembly1 assembly.
Module Example
Public Sub Main()
Dim dir As String = "C:\Program Files"
dir = FileUtilities.AppendDirectorySeparator(dir)
End Sub
End Module
' The example displays the following output:
' C:\Program Files\
Unsigned assemblies
The following example uses the InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute to make an
internal member of an unsigned assembly visible to another unsigned assembly. The attribute ensures that the
StringLib.IsFirstLetterUpperCase method in an assembly named
UtilityLib is visible to the code in an assembly named
Friend2. The following is the source code for UtilityLib.dll:
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
[assembly: InternalsVisibleToAttribute("Friend2")]
namespace Utilities.StringUtilities
public class StringLib
internal static bool IsFirstLetterUpperCase(String s)
string first = s.Substring(0, 1);
return first == first.ToUpper();
Imports System.Runtime.CompilerServices
<assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("Friend2")>
Namespace Utilities.StringUtilities
Public Class StringLib
Friend Shared Function IsFirstLetterUpperCase(s As String) As Boolean
Dim first As String = s.Substring(0, 1)
Return first = first.ToUpper()
End Function
End Class
End Namespace
The following example provides the source code for the
Friend2 assembly. Note that if you are compiling in C# from the command line, you must use the /out compiler switch to ensure that the name of the friend assembly is available when the compiler binds to external references.
#using <UtilityLib.dll> as_friend
using namespace System;
using namespace Utilities::StringUtilities;
void main()
String^ s = "The Sign of the Four";
using System;
using Utilities.StringUtilities;
public class Example
public static void Main()
String s = "The Sign of the Four";
Imports Utilities.StringUtilities
Module Example
Public Sub Main()
Dim s As String = "The Sign of the Four"
End Sub
End Module
Ordinarily, types and members with
internal or
private protected scope (in C#) and
Friend and
Private Protected scope (in Visual Basic) are visible only in the assembly in which they are defined. The InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute makes them also visible to the types in a specified assembly, which is known as a friend assembly. This only applies to
internal (
Friend in VB) or
private protected(
Private Protected in VB) methods only, but not
private ones.
The attribute is applied at the assembly level. This means that it can be included at the beginning of a source code file, or it can be included in the AssemblyInfo file in a Visual Studio project. You can use the attribute to specify a single friend assembly that can access the internal types and members of the current assembly. You can define multiple friend assemblies in two ways. They can appear as individual assembly-level attributes, as the following example illustrates.
They can also appear with separate InternalsVisibleToAttribute tags but a single
assembly keyword, as the following example illustrates.
<Assembly:InternalsVisibleTo("Friend2a"), _
The friend assembly is identified by the InternalsVisibleToAttribute constructor. Both the current assembly and the friend assembly must be unsigned, or both assemblies must be signed with a strong name.
If both assemblies are unsigned, the
assemblyName argument consists of the name of the friend assembly, specified without a directory path or file name extension.
If both assemblies are signed with a strong name, the argument to the InternalsVisibleToAttribute constructor must consist of the name of the assembly without its directory path or file name extension, along with the full public key (and not its public key token). To get the full public key of a strong-named assembly, see the Getting the full public key section later in this article. For more information about using InternalsVisibleToAttribute with strong-named assemblies, see the InternalsVisibleToAttribute constructor.
Do not include values for the CultureInfo, Version, or ProcessorArchitecture field in the argument; the Visual Basic, C#, and C++ compilers treat this as a compiler error. If you use a compiler that does not treat it as an error (such as the IL Assembler (ILAsm.exe)) and the assemblies are strong-named, a MethodAccessException exception is thrown the first time the specified friend assembly accesses the assembly that contains the InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute.
For more information about how to use this attribute, see the following topics:
Getting the full public key
You can use the Strong Name Tool (Sn.exe) to retrieve the full public key from a strong-named key (.snk) file. To do this, you perform the following steps:
Extract the public key from the strong-named key file to a separate file:
Sn -p snk_file outfile
Display the full public key to the console:
Sn -tp outfile
Copy and paste the full public key value into your source code.
Compiling the friend assembly with C#
If you use the C# compiler to compile the friend assembly, you must explicitly specify the name of the output file (.exe or .dll) by using the /out compiler option. This is required because the compiler has not yet generated the name for the assembly it is building at the time it is binding to external references. The /out compiler option is optional for the Visual Basic compiler, and the corresponding -out or -o compiler option should not be used when compiling friend assemblies with the F# compiler.
Compiling the friend assembly with C++
In C++, in order to make the internal members enabled by the InternalsVisibleToAttribute attribute accessible to a friend assembly, you must use the
as_friend attribute in the C++ directive. For more information, see Friend Assemblies (C++).
|InternalsVisibleToAttribute(String) InternalsVisibleToAttribute(String) InternalsVisibleToAttribute(String) InternalsVisibleToAttribute(String)
Initializes a new instance of the InternalsVisibleToAttribute class with the name of the specified friend assembly.
|AllInternalsVisible AllInternalsVisible AllInternalsVisible AllInternalsVisible
This property is not implemented.
|AssemblyName AssemblyName AssemblyName AssemblyName
Gets the name of the friend assembly to which all types and type members that are marked with the
|TypeId TypeId TypeId TypeId
When implemented in a derived class, gets a unique identifier for this Attribute.(Inherited from Attribute)
|Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object) Equals(Object)
Returns a value that indicates whether this instance is equal to a specified object.(Inherited from Attribute)
|GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode() GetHashCode()
Returns the hash code for this instance.(Inherited from Attribute)
|GetType() GetType() GetType() GetType()
Gets the Type of the current instance.(Inherited from Object)
|IsDefaultAttribute() IsDefaultAttribute() IsDefaultAttribute() IsDefaultAttribute()
When overridden in a derived class, indicates whether the value of this instance is the default value for the derived class.(Inherited from Attribute)
|Match(Object) Match(Object) Match(Object) Match(Object)
When overridden in a derived class, returns a value that indicates whether this instance equals a specified object.(Inherited from Attribute)
|MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone() MemberwiseClone()
Creates a shallow copy of the current Object.(Inherited from Object)
|ToString() ToString() ToString() ToString()
Returns a string that represents the current object.(Inherited from Object)


text:
When writing professionally, I almost never refer to myself, but I will here. Since seeing my first concerts, The Yellow Balloon at a car show at the old Pan Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles in 1967, and Rick Nelson & The Stone Canyon Band at the San Gabriel Civic in 1968, I guess I've probably seen close to 2,000 shows (heck, I've seen Jethro Tull/Ian Anderson 72 times, The Kinks & Eric Clapton each more than 50 times) — and this was my 12th Paul McCartney concert.
After all those years and all those concerts, I have never heard so many people say the same thing about one show: McCartney's Dodger Stadium concert Sunday night was the best concert they have ever seen. From people I spoke with and overheard while walking out of the stadium, to the people on the Dodgers shuttle bus to the Facebook comments and emails I received, the voluminous number of reviews were pretty much unanimous.
Conrad Pujdak of Monrovia is a high school classmate of mine and on his Facebook page he summed up what I heard from so many: "The show was a spectacular blend of The Beatles, Wings and his later works, but I felt like I was given the chance to experience a moment with The Beatles as well… It was the best concert I have seen."
McCartney, still robust at 72 years old (although his voice was at times hoarse, thin and quavering), continues to perform three-hour shows delivering more than three dozen songs, backed by the four musicians he's used since 2001.
There's a group of classics he does every night and everyone knows them (after 41 years, it's well past time to drop "Let Me Roll It" for something else like "Back Seat of My Car," "Wanderlust" or a fun "Sally G," etc.). So extensive is his catalog that on each tour he can slip in a nifty handful of songs he either hasn't performed in decades or has never performed.
For this current Out There Tour, the first-timers include the concert opener, "Eight Days a Week," that neither he nor The Beatles had ever played live before (the closest The Beatles got to performing it was when they lip synced to a recording of the song during a 1965 appearance on Britain's "Thank Your Lucky Stars" TV variety series).
Other debut performances on the tour include John Lennon's "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite" and "Lovely Rita," both from "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in 1967, his 1971 worldwide Top 5 hit "Another Day," and the kiddie ditty "All Together Now" that closes The Beatles 1968 animated film, "Yellow Submarine."
He's also showcasing songs he hasn't performed very often (or in years), including the Wings hits, "Listen to What the Man Said" and "Hi, Hi, Hi," for the first time since his first Beatles U.S. jaunt, "Wings Over America," in 1976; the pounding 1965 Beatles single, "Day Tripper," "And I Love Her," from 1964's "A Hard Day's Night;" and "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" from 1968's "White Album."
He sang the songs of tribute to the departed Beatles that he's been featuring live since 2002, "Here Today" for John and "George's "Something" (both versions were particularly effective) as well as to first wife, Linda ("Maybe I'm Amazed"), and the current Mrs. McCartney, Nancy (the 2012 "My Valentine" that should be a standard in a few years).
It's worth noting that during "The Long and Winding Road," a song of longing and tears, the visuals on the giant stage backdrop were of the Arizona desert were of the McCartney family ranch outside Tucson, a subtle reminder that this was Linda's favorite place. It was the place she died after a heroic battle with cancer at 56 in 1998.
Was McCartney's Dodger Stadium show the best concert ever? A whole lot of people who were there certainly thought so.
New Releases
Among the recently released albums, digital reissues, MP3 downloads and box sets are the 12-song "Rockabilly Riot! All Original" from former Stray Cat singer-guitarist Brian Setzer; "I'm Not Bossy, I'm the Boss" is the 12th studio album in 27 years from 47-year-old Irish alt folk and pop-rocker Sinead O'Connor; a 6-CD set, "Close-Up Series," is from alt folk-rocker Suzanne Vega; and a reissue of "The Best of The Animals" features 15 cuts from the classic U.K. version of the legendary British Invasion blues-rockers, including "House of the Rising Sun," "It's My Life" and John Lee Hooker's 1961 "Boom Boom."
A DVD, "Devo — Men Who Make The Music/Butch Devo & The Sundance Gig" includes concert footage from the new wave synth-poppers 1978 tour and its 1996 closing set at the 1996 Sundance fest; The "Complete Recorded Works 1952-62 (6 CD)" set from the country music duo, The Louvin Brothers, called by the New York Times, "the most influential harmony team in the history of country music," who performed and recorded together from 1940-1963, when Charlie Louvin had enough of brother Ira's drinking and abusive behavior and went solo (Ira died in 1965 at 41 when his car was hit by a drunk driver, while Charlie died of pancreatic cancer in 2011 at 83).
A 4-CD set, "Complete Recordings: 1956-1962" from jazz reedman Rahsaan Roland Kirk, who died from a stroke in 1977 immediately after a concert at age 41, includes his work with Quincy Jones, Brit jazzman Tubby Hayes and Roy Haynes and his takes on "Story Weather," "Fly Me To The Moon" and "A Taste of Honey" that was popularized by The Beatles in 1963 and Herb Alpert and The Tijuana Brass in 1965.
Steve Smith writes a new Classic Pop, Rock and Country Music News column every week. Contact him by email at email@example.com.