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Handicap (golf)
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A golf handicap is a numerical measure of a golfer's potential ability.
In stroke play, it is used to calculate a net score from the number of strokes played during a competition, thus allowing players of different proficiency to play against each other on somewhat equal terms. In match play, the handicap difference between players is used to determine the number of strokes the high handicap player should receive from the low handicapper during the playing of their round. The higher the handicap of a player, the poorer the player is relative to those with lower handicaps. Official handicaps are administered by golf clubs with regional and national golf associations providing additional peer reviewing for low and very low handicaps respectively. Exact rules relating to handicaps can vary from country to country.
Handicap systems are not used in professional golf. Amateur golfers who are members of golf clubs are generally eligible for official handicaps on payment of the prevailing regional and national association annual fees. Other systems, often free of charge, are available to golfers who are ineligible for official handicaps.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Course rating and slope
- 3 Calculating a score
- 4 Example
- 5 Slope rating
- 6 Peer review
- 7 History of the USGA system
- 8 Handicapping in the United Kingdom and Ireland
- 9 EGA Handicap System
- 10 Australian handicap system
- 11 World Handicap System
- 12 Other systems
- 13 References
- 14 External links
A USGA handicap is calculated with a specific arithmetic formula that approximates how many strokes above or below par a player might be able to play, based on the ten best scores of their last twenty rounds.[1] The R&A (now a separate organization from the Royal and Ancient Golf Club), based in St Andrews, Scotland, has no jurisdiction over handicapping. The administration of handicapping systems in countries affiliated to the R&A is the responsibility of the national golf associations of those countries. These bodies specify slightly different ways to perform this calculation for players. The details of these calculations are presented below.
A golfer's net score is determined by subtracting the player's handicap from the gross score (the number of strokes taken). The net scores of all the competing golfers are compared and (generally) the person with the lowest score wins.
Contrary to popular opinion, a player's handicap is intended to show a player's potential, not a player's average score. The frequency by which a player will play to their handicap is a function of that golfer's handicap, as low handicappers are statistically more consistent than higher handicappers. The USGA refers to this as the "average best" method. So in a large, handicapped competition, the golfer who shoots the best with respect to his or her abilities and the normal variations of the score should win.
While there are many variations in detail, handicap systems are generally based on calculating an individual player's playing ability from his recent history of rounds. Therefore, a handicap is not fixed but is regularly adjusted to increases or decreases in a player's scoring.
In the United States, handicaps are calculated using several variables: The player's scores from his most recent rounds, and the course rating and slope from those rounds. A handicap differential is calculated from the scores, using the course slope and rating, and the player's handicap differentials are used to calculate the player's handicap.
A golfer whose handicap is zero is called a scratch golfer. A golfer whose handicap is approximately 18 is called a bogey golfer.[2]
Course rating and slope[edit]
In the United States, each officially rated golf course is described by two numbers: the course rating and the slope rating. The course rating of a particular course is a number generally between 67 and 77 that is used to estimate the average "good score" by a scratch golfer on that course. The slope rating of a particular course is a number between 55 and 155 that describes the relative difficulty of a course for a bogey golfer compared to a scratch golfer. These two numbers are used to calculate a player's handicap differential, which is used to adjust a player's score about par according to the slope and rating of the course. The slope rating for a golf course of average difficulty is 113.[3]
For each officially posted round, the player's handicap differential is calculated according to the following formula:
ESC score is the number of strokes for a round, after equitable score control adjustment, which allows for a maximum number of strokes per hole, for handicap computation purposes only, based on the player's course handicap.
The differential is rounded to the nearest tenth.
The handicap index is then calculated using the average of the best 10 differentials of the player's past 20 total rounds, multiplied by 0.96. Any digits in the handicap index after the tenths are truncated. If a golfer has at least 5 but fewer than 20 rounds posted, the index is calculated using from one to nine differentials according to the following schedule:
|Number of rounds
|Differentials to use
|5 or 6
|lowest 1
|7 or 8
|lowest 2
|9 or 10
|lowest 3
|11 or 12
|lowest 4
|13 or 14
|lowest 5
|15 or 16
|lowest 6
|lowest 7
|lowest 8
|lowest 9
Updates to a golfer's index are calculated periodically according to schedules provided by state and regional golf associations.
The handicap index is used with the course's slope rating to determine the golfer's course handicap according to the following formula:
The course rating is not used to determine a course handicap. The result is rounded to the nearest whole number.
The course handicap is the number of strokes to be deducted from the golfer's gross score to determine the net score.
For example, the following table shows the impact of the same score at two different tee positions at the same course, and the resulting handicap differential:
White tees:
- Gross score: 85
- Course rating: 69.3
- Course slope: 117
- Yields a handicap differential of 15.2. If this golfer's handicap index is 10.5, the course handicap would be and the net score would be 85 − 11 = 74.
Blue tees:
- Gross score: 85
- Course rating: 71.9
- Course slope: 124
- Yields a handicap differential of 11.9. If this golfer's handicap index is 10.5, the course handicap would be and the net score would be 85 − 12 = 73.
Additionally, before making the above calculation, the gross score must be adjusted using the equitable score control table, which removes the effect of abnormally high individual hole scores by establishing a maximum score per hole depending on the player's handicap index. For example, a golfer with a course handicap of 20 through 29 can record a maximum of 8 strokes on any one hole for handicap calculation purposes only.
Calculating a score[edit]
The handicap is used to determine on which holes a player (or team) is granted extra strokes. These are then used to calculate a "net" score from the number of strokes played ("gross" score).
To find how many strokes a player is given, the procedures differ between match play and stroke play. In match play, the difference between the players' (or teams') handicaps is distributed among the holes to be played. For example, if 18 holes are played, player A's handicap is 24, and player B's handicap is 14, then A is granted ten strokes: one on each of the ten holes identified by the handicap numbers 1 through 10 on the scorecard and no strokes on the remaining eight. If A's handicap is 36 and B's handicap is 14, A is granted 22 strokes: one on each of the 18 holes to be played, and an additional one on each of the four holes identified by the handicap numbers 1 through 4 on the scorecard.
The procedure in stroke play is similar, but each player's handicap (rather than the difference between two players' handicaps) is used to calculate extra strokes. Therefore, a player with handicap 10 is granted one stroke on each of the ten holes identified by the handicap numbers 1 through 10 on the scorecard and no extra strokes on the remaining eight. A player with a handicap of 22 is granted 22 strokes: one on each of the 18 holes and an additional one on each of the four holes identified by the handicap numbers 1 through 4 on the scorecard.
Example for the calculation of "net" results: Assume that A is granted one stroke on a par four hole and player B is granted none. If A plays six strokes and B plays five, their "net" scores are equal. Therefore, in match play the hole is halved; in stroke play both have played a "net" bogey (one over par). If both play five strokes, A has played better by one "net" stroke. Therefore, in match play A wins the hole; in stroke play A has played a "net" par and B a "net" bogey.
There are five golfers: Scott, Craig, Minty, Danny, and Les of various abilities who are in a strokeplay competition against each other. To the right are the players and their handicap indices. The course (from the tees being played) has the following slope: 120.
|(120/113) * 14.8
|(120/113) * 9.9
|(120/113) * 1.5
|(120/113) * 26.4
|Cooked Les
|(120/113) * 12.4
So, using the formulas above, here are their course handicaps from the tees being played (note that only the slope is used to determine the handicap):
|91 - 16 = 75
|86 - 11 = 75
|74 - 2 = 72
|99 - 28 = 71
|88 - 13 = 75
And, finally, to the right are their gross and their net scores. Danny wins because he has posted the lowest Net score.
Slope rating[edit]
The slope rating is the USGA mark that indicates the measurement of the relative difficulty for a bogey golfer compared to the course rating. Slope rating is computed from the difference between the bogey rating and the course rating. The lowest slope rating is 55, and the highest is 155. The average slope rating is 113. To compute the handicap strokes from a given set of tees on a specific course with a slope of "s" given a handicap index of "h," the following formula is used: (s/113)*h rounded to the nearest integer. NOTE: In the bogey formula calculation 5.381 is a set factor for men (4.24 for women) regardless of course rating etc..
Example: A male golfer plays a course with Slope Rating 126, and Course Rating 72.5. Per the formula, compute 126 / 5.381 + 72.5 = 95.9 - which predicts the bogey golfer's average of his ten best (out of twenty) scores would be approximately 95.9 from this particular set of tees. Based on the above, the correct formula would be (126/113)18 + 72.5 = 92.5 for a bogey golfer on a slope rating 126 course.
Peer review[edit]
In golf clubs, peer review is usually managed by an elected Handicap Secretary who, supported by a small committee, conducts an Annual Review of the handicaps of all members and assesses ad hoc requests from individual members (usually when age or medium to long-term infirmity affects their playing ability). This gives uniformity to handicapping across their club for the setting and maintenance of handicaps with the objective of establishing fair competition between golfers of all abilities.
At the regional level, peer review is extended to include rigorous validation of the handicap returns of low handicap golfers. This ensures that only golfers of an appropriate standard gain entry to their elite tournaments. Occasionally, golfers are excluded from the elite game as a consequence of being found to abuse the system. To a degree, these regional bodies also monitor the performance of and provide training for Handicap Secretaries at the club level.
Nationally, the peer review is extended further to assessing golfers from external jurisdictions for their suitability for entry into their elite international events. They also play a large part in periodic reviews of the handicapping system itself to improve it for the future.
History of the USGA system[edit]
The USGA has often resorted to the courts to protect the integrity of its handicap system. In one such case, the California Court of Appeal (First District) summarized the system's history:
The USGA was founded in 1894. One of its chief contributions to the game of golf in the United States has been its development and maintenance since 1911 of the USGA handicap system ... designed to enable individual golf players of different abilities to compete fairly with one another. Because permitting individual golfers to issue their handicaps to themselves would inevitably lead to inequities and abuse, the peer review provided by authorized golf clubs and associations has always been an essential part of the [system]. Therefore, to protect the integrity and credibility of its [handicap system], the USGA has consistently followed a policy of only permitting authorized golf associations and clubs to issue USGA handicaps ... In 1979, USGA assembled a handicap research team to investigate widespread criticisms of USGA's then-existing handicap formula. The research team invested approximately a decade and up to $2 million conducting intensive analysis and evaluation of the various factors involved in developing a more accurate and satisfactory [system]. As a result, the research team developed new handicap formulas ... designed to measure the overall difficulty of golf courses, compare individual golfers with other golfers of all abilities, take account of differences between tournament and casual play, and adjust aberrant scores on individual holes. USGA subsequently adopted and implemented these new [f]ormulas between 1987 and 1993.[4]
Handicapping in the United Kingdom and Ireland[edit]
In the UK and Republic of Ireland, a "scratch score" system was previously in place to rate courses and be fair to golfers of varying ability, and to make allowances that courses may play "easier" or "harder" than par, overall, to the amateur field. For this reason, a "standard scratch score" (SSS) is used as a baseline for how the course plays in practice (e.g. an SSS lower than par indicates a course which golfers find slightly easier, and vice versa).
Akin to the SSS is the Competition Scratch Score (CSS). The principle is the same, and only this describes how easy or difficult the course played during a given competition. It is against this CSS score that the club adjusts a player's handicap. Golfers with a handicap of 5 or lower are said to be Category 1 players. Higher handicap players are categorised as Category 2, 3, or 4. For every stroke the Category 1 golfer's net score is below the CSS, his handicap is reduced by 0.1. For Category 2 golfers, this figure is 0.2, for Category 3 golfers it is a 0.3 reduction, and 0.4 for Category 4 golfers.
Similarly, amateur golfers are allowed a buffer zone to protect their handicap on "off-days". For Cat 1 this is 1 stroke, for Cat 2 this is 2 strokes, etc. This means that if a Category 1 golfer's net score is one stroke higher than the CSS, his handicap will not increase. If a golfer's net score is higher than the CSS plus buffer zone combined, his handicap will increase by 0.1. This 0.1 increase covers all golfers and does not vary by category.
The Home Unions of England (England Golf), Scotland, Wales and Ireland are members of the Council of National Golf Unions (CONGU), who publish the handicapping rules for both men and women.
Although they can be done manually, computer software now[when?] must be used to calculate the CSS and in Ireland and England, handicaps are now published to a Centralised Database of Handicaps (CDH). CDHs were also being introduced in Scotland and Wales in 2011.
EGA Handicap System[edit]
The EGA Handicap System is the EGA's (European Golf Association) method of evaluating golf abilities so that players of different standards can compete in handicap events on equal terms.
An EGA Playing Handicap is the number of Handicap Strokes a player receives for a specific set of Tees at the course being played. The Playing Handicap is expressed as a whole number (0.5 is rounded upwards, -0.5 ("plus" 0.5) rounds upwards to 0 (scratch) and -1.5 ("plus" 1.5) to -1 ("plus" 1).
Note 1: If a player's Playing Handicap is negative (a so-called "Plus" Playing Handicap) he gives Handicap Strokes to the course, commencing at stroke index 18.
Note 2: The Playing Handicap is considered to be the "Handicap" referred to in Rule 6-2 of the Rules of Golf.
The EGA Playing Handicap Formula converts EGA Exact Handicaps into EGA Playing Handicaps:
Playing Handicap = Exact Handicap x (Slope Rating / 113) + (Course Rating - Par)
Under the EGA system, final scores might be amended using the Competition Stableford Adjustment method.
Australian handicap system[edit]
Australian golf handicaps are maintained by GOLFLink which was a world-first computerised handicapping system developed by Golf Australia's predecessor, the Australian Golf Union in the 1990s. The AGU operated from 1898 until it merged with Women's Golf to form GA in 2006. Together with its State/Territory bodies, GA represents 445,000 amateur golfers belonging to 1530 Golf Clubs and sits alongside bodies representing the Pros, Superintendents, Managers and Architects. When GOLFLink was first introduced it contained two key characteristics that set it apart from other world handicapping systems:
- It relied on a Calculated Course Rating to determine how difficult the course was on the day, and upon which handicap adjustment was made.
- It utilised a 'swipe' card that enabled a player to access his handicap from any GOLFLink terminal in Australia.
In April 2010 GA adopted the USGA calculation method using the average of the best 10 differentials of the player's past 20 total rounds, multiplied by 0.96. In September 2011 this was altered to the best 8 out of 20 rounds, multiplied by 0.93. In addition an 'anchor' was introduced so that no player is permitted to increase his handicap by more than 5 (since 23 January 2014)[5] in a rolling 12-month period. The reasons for these changes were cited to restore equity between high and low markers.
Rather than introduce the USGA slope system, GA intended to introduce a more sophisticated version of CCR – The Daily Scratch Rating (by March 2013).[6] "Designed around the feedback of Australian clubs," this new system was implemented 23 January 2014.[7]
World Handicap System[edit]
In February 2018 the R&A and USGA announced[8] a World Handicap System (WHS) would be launched in 2020. Based on the USGA handicap system of Course and Slope rating to provide a consistent, better balanced and portable handicap with the following features:
- Flexibility in formats of play, allowing both competitive and recreational rounds to count for handicap purposes and ensuring a golfer's handicap is more reflective of potential ability
- A recommendation that the number of scores needed to obtain a new handicap be 54 holes from any combination of 18-hole and 9-hole rounds, but with some discretion available for handicapping authorities or National Associations to set a different minimum within their jurisdiction
- A consistent handicap that is portable from course to course and country to country through the worldwide use of the USGA Course and Slope Rating System, already successfully used in more than 80 countries
- An average-based calculation of a handicap, taken from the best eight out of the last 20 scores and factoring in memory of previously demonstrated ability for better responsiveness and control
- A calculation that considers the impact that abnormal course and weather conditions might have on a player's performance each day
- Daily handicap revisions, taking account of the course and weather conditions calculation
- A limit of Net Double Bogey on the maximum hole score (for handicapping purposes only)
- A maximum handicap limit of 54.0, regardless of gender, to encourage more golfers to measure and track their performance to increase their enjoyment of the game
The new system has three main objectives:
- To encourage as many golfers as possible to obtain and maintain a handicap
- To enable golfers of differing abilities, genders and nationalities to transport their handicap to any course globally and compete on a fair and equitable basis
- To indicate with sufficient accuracy the score a golfer is reasonably capable of achieving on any course around the world, playing under normal conditions.
When adopted, the World Handicap System will be governed by The R&A and the USGA and administered locally by the six signed up existing authorities and National Associations around the world. The six handicapping authorities represent approximately 15 million golfers in 80 countries who currently maintain a golf handicap: Golf Australia, the Council of National Golf Unions (CONGU) in Great Britain and Ireland, the European Golf Association (EGA), the South African Golf Association (SAGA), the Argentine Golf Association (AAG) and the USGA.
Other systems[edit]
For the handicapping of golfers who are ineligible for an official handicap, some system options are available:
Peoria System[edit]
The Peoria System[9] was designed for the handicapping of all players competing in an event such as a charity or corporate golf day. Before play commences, the organisers secretly select 6 holes (in readiness for handicapping purposes later) from the course to be played. When players have completed their rounds, they apply the Peoria algorithm to their scores on the selected holes to determine their handicap for that round. They then subtract that handicap from their gross score to give their net score - and the winner is determined in the usual way.
Callaway System[edit]
The Callaway System[10] was designed with the same objective as Peoria. The Callaway handicapping algorithm works by totaling a variable number of "worst" scores achieved (subject to a double-par limit) according to a simple table. A couple of adjustments are then made to this total to give the player's handicap, which is then applied to their gross score as normal.
Scheid System[edit]
The Scheid System[11] is similar to the Callaway System, except a different version of the table is used.
System 36[edit]
System 36[12] is a same-day handicapping system similar in function to Callaway System and Peoria System. Throughout the round, the golfer accrues points based on the following formula:
- Double bogey or worse: 0 points
- Bogey: 1 point
- Par or better: 2 points
At the end of the round, points earned are tallied. The total is subtracted from 36, and the resulting number is the golfer's handicap allowance. His net score can then be computed using his System 36 handicap allowance.
- ^ "Establishing a Handicap Index". Retrieved 28 May 2016.
- ^ "USGA Handicap System Manual". USGA.org. United States Golf Association. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ^ Kelley, Brent. "What is Slope Rating at Golf Courses?". About.com. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ United States Golf Ass'n v. Arroyo Software Corp., 69 Cal. App. 4th 607 (1999).
- ^ "Handicaps under Scope". golf.org.au. Golf Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
- ^ "DSR Q&A". golf.org.au. Golf Australia. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
- ^ "New G.A. Handicap System information". GolfLink.com.au. 28 January 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
- ^ "World Handicap System features announced". The R&A official website.
- ^ "Peoria System". golf.about.com. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015.
- ^ "Callaway System". golf.about.com. Retrieved 10 Feb 2015.
- ^ "The Scheid System". www.myscorecard.com. Retrieved 23 Oct 2015.
- ^ "System 36". golf.about.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
External links[edit]
- USGA Handicap System (used in the United States and Mexico)
- Unified Handicapping System by the Council of National Golf Unions (used in Great Britain and Ireland)
- South African Golf Association Handicap System (used in South Africa)
- Golf handicap FAQ (US rules)
- EGA Handicap System (used in continental Europe)
- Golf handicap calculator


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subset: commoncrawl


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The Inter-American Observatory on Drugs (OID) is CICAD's statistical, information, and scientific research branch. Informed by a sound, evidence-based picture of the drug problem, both nationally and at the hemispheric level, member states can better understand all the dimensions of the drug problem, and design and implement policies and programs to address them. The Observatory helps countries to improve the collection and analysis of drug-related data: by promoting the establishment of national observatories and the use of standardized methods and data; and by providing scientific and technical training for, and the exchange of experiences among, professionals working on drug issues. See the relevant guidelines on evidence-based policies and scientific research in the Hemispheric Drug Strategy.
Our mission is to help promote and build a drug information network for the Americas that offers objective, reliable, up-to-date and comparative information so that member states can better understand, design and implement policies and programs to confront the drug phenomenon in all its dimensions.
Created in 2000, the Observatory supports hemispheric policy and cooperation by examining the crucial nexus of supply and demand within the hemisphere and vis-á-vis other regions of the world. It has the potential to serve as an early warning system on the appearance of new drugs, new methods of using and manufacturing drugs, and changing trafficking patterns.
From its mission and vision, as well as the objectives set, the OID provides technical assistance to member states in order to:
Helping countries improve the collection and analysis of drug-related data;
Promoting the establishment of national drug observatories and the use of standardized data systems and methodologies; and
Providing scientific and technical training for and the exchange of experiences among professionals working on the drug problem.
updated on 10/4/2019 4:44:08 PM


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CLEMSON, S.C. — Tajh Boyd threw for five touchdowns and ran for three more scores to lead No. 11 Clemson to a record-shattering 62-48 win over North Carolina State on Saturday.
The Tigers (10-1, 7-1 Atlantic Coast) gained 754 yards, two off the school record. The teams combined for 1,351 yards and the 110 combined points were just seven off the ACC record set by Georgia Tech and North Carolina last week.
The Wolfpack (6-5, 3-4) led 24-13 early in the second quarter before Clemson scored 42 straight points. Boyd was responsible for every Clemson touchdown. The junior was 30-for-44 for 426 yards and ran for 105 yards — the combined 531 yards set another school record.
The Tigers won a share of the ACC's Atlantic Division title, but their loss to Florida State will keep them out of the title game
Clemson won its 10th regular season game for the first time since it won its only national title in 1981.
Boyd threw for TDs of 69, 62, 40, 27 and 7 yards and ran for a 4-yard score and two 9-yard touchdowns. The eight touchdowns set both school and ACC records. He also broke his own ACC record, scoring 41 TDs this season.
Clemson ran 102 plays, the most in school history. The teams combined of 1,351 yards of offense.
N.C. State's Tobias Palmer also set an ACC record with 496 all-purpose yards. He had 277 yards on kickoff returns and caught seven passes for 219 yards and three touchdowns. Mike Glennon was 29-of-53 for 493 yards and five touchdowns. Four of N.C. State's touchdown drives took just one play.
But with all the offense, the Tigers may have won the game thanks to its defense making plays at critical moments. They stopped the Wolfpack on fourth down twice deep in Clemson territory. They picked off Glennon in the end zone and forced a fumble that gave the Tigers one more scoring drive in the first half.
Meanwhile, Clemson's offense keeps clicking. Since the 49-37 loss to Florida State, the Tigers are averaging almost 48 points a game. In its 11th game, Clemson has scored a record 491 points. Last year's team set the mark at 470 in 14 games.
Next up for the Tigers is their traditional finale against South Carolina.
Andre Ellington ran for 124 yards on 22 carries. Sammy Watkins caught 11 passes for 110 yards and a touchdown, all in the first half, while Brandon Ford had five receptions for 101 yards and two TDs for Clemson.
Marion Carter caught seven passes for 105 yards and a score, while Shadrach Thornton ran 21 times for 114 yards and a touchdown for the Wolfpack.
The first half seemed like a whole game, with two huge momentum swings, 65 total points and 805 total yards.
Clemson took a 13-0 lead scoring on its first three possessions, but Glennon threw a 77-yard touchdown pass to Tobias Palmer, then followed it with a 49-yard scoring pass to Palmer on the next offensive play. The Wolfpack scored on their next two drives and led 24-13 early in the second quarter.
The Tigers' defense stiffened up a bit, stopping North Carolina State on a fourth-and-1 and picking off Glennon in the end zone. The Clemson offense kept clicking, with Boyd throwing for three touchdowns and running for a fourth to give the Tigers a 41-24 halftime lead.
And just in case Clemson fans didn't know their archrival South Carolina is up next, the Tigers mascot was show on the big screen with 32 seconds left, swinging a Gamecock around on a noose.
Credit: The Associated Press.


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Configuration: 12 boxes per case. 24 packs per box. 12 cards per pack.
- 350 base cards - the largest, most comprehensive Star Wars trading card set ever produced!
- Celebrates the 35th Anniversary of the original Star Wars film!
- Large set increases collectability!
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- Takes 3x the amount of packs to complete the full set of base cards than for Star Wars Galaxy.
- Each card is a stunning visual masterpiece with multiple finishes and premium foil-stamping on heavy 24 pt. stock.
- Each card back includes stats and icons that direct you to other cards in the series that relate to it - encouraging set completion and driving chase value!
- Expansive coverage of characters, vehicles and creatures from all 6 films, The Clone Wars and the Expanded Universe (comics,novels, etc.) in one massive set!
- 350 card base set featuring Characters, Vehicles, Creatures, and Factions. The largest, most comprehensive Star Wars trading card set. Ever.
- (1) one autograph or manufactured relic per display box.
- (1) one sketch card and (1) one poster per display box
Each polyfoil finseal pack with hanger hole contains (12) twelve Star Wars Galactic Files cards:
- (8) eight Character Cards,
- (3) three Subset Cards and
- (1) one Special Insert Card (Classic Lines, Bad Feelings, Duel of Fates, Heroes On Both Sides or Foil Cards).
Multiple themed inserts take a deep dive into the Star Wars mythology!
- Duels of Fate: 10 cards explore the most intense Lightsaber duels from the movies. 1:6 packs.
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Hobby Exclusives - 2 Hits Per Box
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- 3 levels of Rare Sequentially numbered Base Card Parallels: Blue (350 per subject), Red (35 per subject) and 1/1 Gold
- POP poster box loader with checklist on the back
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Proven Track Record
Star Wars movie card sets have been among the most successful series in the category
- 2002: Star Wars Episode II
- 2005: Star Wars Episode III
- 2007: Star Wars 30th Anniversary


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Just Conjecturin', Vol. 49: The Names Behind Seven More Russ Hamilton UltimateBet Cheating Accounts
Picking up where we left off this morning, this post provides the actual account information attached to seven more accounts used in the UltimateBet cheating which were known to be used by Russ Hamilton in his long-running cheating scheme at that site.
This morning, I provided the real names as listed for four new cheating accounts, whose screen names had been listed within a photo dump by long-time Hamilton computer guy Travis Makar. Those four accounts -- BEER2GO, DIAM123, ILENDU and GOGRACY -- can be viewed here.
I also speculated that the links behind some of those names suggested that the way they were created was for Russ Hamilton to supply names and addresses of friends from his vast circle of acquaintances, and Makar created accounts in their names. Investigations elsewhere have shown that at least six of the AOL accounts in the Makar photo dumps, all housed at AOL, were registered either specifically to Makar's wife, Lauren, or to an unidentified person in the Las Vegas area (which could still be one of the Makars).
Since then I've received confirmation from a secret (but quite trustworthy) source, this afternoon on Skype, that this is exactly how these accounts were created. Hamilton supplied the names and addresses and Makar used them to create UB accounts.
Now it's on to the next seven, which were identified in indirect means from other information in Makar's photos. Those seven accounts' screennames were released yesterday right here -- BRANSON, DANAS, STRAYCAT1980, TUNICADOG, VEGASRUN, WINDSORWIN and GREEKTOWN.
On to the details and related thoughts:
Dana Moser
P.O. Box 7092
Branson, MO
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
In the last batch, there was a different Dana, a Dotson that lived in another town on the edge of the Missouri Ozarks (Fredericktown). This Dana's husband in named Darrel, and the two are in their 50s. Think that's a coincidence? Then there's this one:
Robert Stacey
3166 S. Morrish
Swartz Creek, MI 48473
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
Does DANAS refer to two people named Dana, in some memory game of Hamilton's? Who knows? ... or cares, really. But this account goes back to someone in Hamilton's old Michigan stomping grounds. Mr. Stacey is in his early 60s.
Timothy Morgan
P.O. Box 2829
Oceana, WV 24870
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
I didn't really believe there was an Oceana, WV until I looked, and yes, it's real, as is this gentleman, who today is in his early 50s. Again, the general age equality between all these people and Hamilton cannot be overlooked.
Louretta Daniels
P.O. Box 515
Laurel, FL 34272
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
The ID behind this one had me puzzled for a short while, until I found this link: http://www.sc-pa.com/search/search_results.asp?type=street&kw1=18217&year=2011. Louretta and her husband, George W. Daniels, are around age 60 and actually live in nearby Nokomis, FL. I'm gonna guess the Daniels met Russ at Tunica, just to take a shot at it.
Sharon Ward
1750 N. Buffalo, Suite 104
Las Vegas, NV 89128
Sharon Ward sold a home to Russ Hamilton in Las Vegas which also included transactions to Travis's mother, Rebecca Makar. Clearly and closely tied to Hamilton.
Rickey Stacey
20259 Foxboro
Riverview, MI 48192
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
Back to Hamilton's old Michigan stomping grounds for this one. Is likely related to Robert Stacey (DANAS, above), and who knows -- there may even be a connection to the "Ricky C Gracy" stuff in this morning's account batch. Mr. Stacey is in his mid 50s.
Jim McCann
2765 Nearing
Rochester Hills, MI 48309
Relationship to Hamilton: Unknown as yet
And yet another account with a purported Michigan address, linked to the UB cheating. McCann is an outlier by age among this presumed circle of Hamilton associates, being only 42 or so today.
. . . .
All of these people -- very real people, to be sure -- would have been included in the KGC's list of alleged Hamilton co-conspirators had these accounts been identified earlier. Whether they actually had anything to do with the cheating is another matter altogether. Nonetheless, the accounts existed, and thanks to Russ Hamilton, their names are now linked to online poker's largest-ever cheating scandal.
Again, anyone who can provide specifics as to the linkage between these people and Hamilton is welcome to contact me, and can either get a public shoutout or remain confidential, according to wish. At this point it's nothing more than completing the jigsaw and dropping in a few more random pieces, but the project goes on.


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(1966- )
Patrick Hunt was born in Victoria in 1966. He is the youngest son of hereditary chief, George Hunt and Mary Hunt. He is the grandson of Tom and Emma Hunt and May and Sam Henderson. His family was involved with the creation of Thunderbird Park for the Royal British Columbia in Victoria and created the first formal training programs for new artists. He was always involved with Kwakwaka'wakw culture and started learning the legends, rights, songs, dances and privileges from an early age as well as learning to carve and design.
Spirit Wrestler Gallery
101-1669 West 3rd Ave.
Vancouver, BC
Canada V6J 1K1
Toll Free: 1-888-669-8813
Phone: 604-669-8813
one block West of the Granville Island gates
Between Pine St. and Fir St.
Tuesday to Saturday, open 10-5
Sunday and Holidays, open 12-5
© 2019 Spirit Wrestler Gallery. All Rights Reserved.


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Cyclo cross is not just for winter, something that's been further underlined by the newly announced KinesisUK Hell of the West Cyclo-X Sportive that will take place right in the middle of Summer - July 1st to be precise.
The "Hell of the West" strikes out across 100km of the wilds of Dartmoor and like other "Hell Of The…." events and rides with the increasingly popular "cyclo-cross sportive" tag the terrain will be a mix of road and off road. A 'cross bike will be the weapon of choice, especially for the more experienced rider, but if you are new to riding off road or just don't have a CX bike then a mountain bike will be fine; 26" wheeled ones, 29ers and even achingly on-trend 650b ones are all welcome, and going the other way these sorts of events are doable on a road bike too - well one with generous tyre clearances for something a tad fatter. Mind you, as the "Hell of the West" has a 'run what you brung' ethos you could ride a shopping bike, or even a unicycle, if you wanted, across Dartmoor, with the ponies, hounds and werewolves, best just stick to the path then… stick to the path. No matter what bike you choose to ride there's the chance to win amongst other prizes a Kinesis Pro 6 frameset - a disc specific CX frame with a race pedigree.
The National Trust are hosting the event which starts and finishes in the Parke Estate in Devon to provide a route that's promised to be not only scenic, but varied and challenging. The "Hell of the West" is just a single 100km loop with no wimp-out shorter options so you'll need to be prepared for a long day in the saddle, there will be a tech truck out on course and a broom wagon, but general self sufficiency and manning-up is assumed. Luckily PacificHealth are providing Accelerade and R4 sport drinks to sustain riders, there will be feed stations dotted over the 100km and Dartmoor Brewery will be serving up pints of Dartmoor Ale at the finish to refresh and reward riders.
KinesisUK will be showing their new Kinesis CX bikes, and the Kinesis Morvelo Project team will be turning up to try and set some fast Strava segment times. Coaching specialists Elite Velo will also be on hand to help riders through the day as well as offering coaching and preparation to all those that have signed up for the event with a monthly email.
So it's time to dust off your 'cross bikes just so they can covered in dust again, although as the event's in the middle of an English Summer it will probably be perfectly traditional cyclo-cross conditions.
Date: Sunday 1st July 2012
Start / Finish: Parke Estate, Nr Bovey Tracey in Devon.
Estimated route times: Gold: <6 Hours, Silver: <7.5 hours, Bronze: <9 hours.
Age restrictions: Minimum 16 years.
Entry available on British Cycling, entry fee: £27
Jo Burt has spent the majority of his life riding bikes, drawing bikes and writing about bikes. When he's not scribbling pictures for the whole gamut of cycling media he writes words about them for road.cc and when he's not doing either of those he's pedaling. Then in whatever spare minutes there are in between he's agonizing over getting his socks, cycling cap and bar-tape to coordinate just so. And is quietly disappointed that yours don't He rides and races road bikes a bit, cyclo-cross bikes a lot and mountainbikes a fair bit too. Would rather be up a mountain.


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Bxtch, Your Pancakes Look Fine To Me: Pancake Brawl At Denny's Breaks Out After Female Asks To Borrow Some Syrup!
Fight at a Denny's in Chicopee, Massachusetts
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New Season To Consist Of Ten Episodes Beginning Spring 2008
NEW YORK, September 27, 2007 -- The show that rips the lid off politics and puts the Oval office in the sandbox will pick-up where Lil' Dubya left off � terrorizing the White House. COMEDY CENTRAL has ordered a second season of the popular animated hit show, "Lil' Bush," it was announced today by Lauren Corrao, executive vice president, original programming and development, COMEDY CENTARL. The new season is set to premiere in spring 2008 with ten new episodes.
"We couldn't be more excited with the return of these pint-sized politicians," said Corrao. "The ratings success along with the timely subject matter makes this show a natural fit for the COMEDY CENTRAL spring line-up."
"I'm thrilled the show has been picked up," said "Lil' Bush" creator and executive producer Donick Cary. "I'm sorry it had to happen in the Minneapolis airport bathroom, but if that's the way Doug Herzog wants to run his company it's cool with me."
Premiering on June 13, "Lil' Bush" averaged over 1.5 million viewers per premiere episode. In its timeslot (Wednesdays, 10:30-11:00 p.m.), "Lil' Bush" was the #1 show in all of television among men 18-24 and was the #1 show among men 18-34 on cable.
"Lil' Bush" presents Dubya as the animated future president, along with his pals Lil' Condi, Lil' Rummy (voiced by Iggy Pop), Lil' Cheney and Lil' Jeb. Hiding out from Bar and George Sr., these precocious pre-pubescents terrorize the White House and solve the world's problems before bedtime. Whether he's squaring off against schoolyard rivals like Lil' Kim Jong Il, taking a field trip to Iraq, or torturing the lunch-ladies into serving all-American hot dogs everyday, Lil' Bush and the gang are just playing politics.
During the inaugural season viewers got a chance to see Lil' Bush and Tony Blair become cheerleaders, the Lil' Gang unleash weapons of mass destruction and Lil' Bush make a statement with his Aquaman underpants while facing off against Lil' Kim Jong Il. There was also a panty raid against an Al Qaeda Training Camp and an attempt to speed up global warming.
Characters featured during season one included Lil' Bill Clinton, Lil' Hillary Clinton, Lil' Al Gore, Lil' Barack Obama, Lil' John McCain, Lil' Nancy Pelosi and Lil' John Kerry, among others. In addition to Iggy Pop's reoccurring role as Lil' Rummy, The Foo Fighters and Anthony Kiedis and Flea from The Red Hot Chili Peppers appeared as themselves, along with cameos by musicians Jeff Tweedy (as "God") and Frank Black (as "Satan").
"Lil' Bush" comes from creator and executive producer Donick Cary, ("The Simpsons," "The Late Show with David Letterman") and co-executive producer, Jay Karas, while Zoe Friedman is the executive in charge of production at COMEDY CENTRAL. Animation is done by Sugarshack Animation.
Originally made as animated shorts for Amp'd Mobile, the mobisodes quickly developed a cult following and were picked up by COMEDY CENTRAL, making "Lil' Bush" the first show to make the transition from mobisode to television series.
COMEDY CENTRAL, the only all-comedy network, currently is seen in more than 91 million homes nationwide. COMEDY CENTRAL is owned by, and is a registered trademark of, Comedy Partners, a wholly-owned division of VIACOM Inc.'s (NYSE: VIA and VIA.B) MTV Networks. COMEDY CENTRAL's Internet address is www.comedycentral.com.


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Composer Steve Stucky sits down with CIM's Head of Composition, Keith Fitch, to discuss teaching composition.
Steven Stucky
Recorded Date: 23-03-2012
Keith Fitch currently heads the composition department at the Cleveland Institute of Music, where he holds the Vincent K. and Edith H. Smith Chair in Composition and also directs the CIM New Music Ensemble. Called "gloriously luminous" by The Philadelphia Inquirer, his music has been consistently noted for its eloquence, expressivity, dramatic sense of musical narrative, and unique sense of color and sonority. Reviewing a performance of his work Totem by Wolfgang Sawallisch and The Philadelphia Orchestra (chosen by Maestro Sawallisch to celebrate the orchestra's centennial), The Wall Street Journal praised "the sheer concentration of his writing, and its power to express a complex, unseen presence shaping the course of musical events." His works have been performed throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan by such ensembles as The Philadelphia Orchestra, the American Composers Orchestra, the New York Youth Symphony, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the Cleveland Chamber Symphony, the St. Luke's Chamber Ensemble, the Da Capo Chamber Players, and new music ensembles around the country. Additionally, his music has been heard at the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival, the June in Buffalo Festival, the Midwest Composers' Symposium, the Atlantic Center for the Arts, Milwaukee PremiereFest, New York's Carnegie and Merkin Halls, and in university settings nationwide. Highlights of recent seasons include the premieres of 'Tho Night Be Falling (commissioned by the Fromm Music Foundation for the Colorado String Quartet); Midnight Rounds, written to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Da Capo Chamber Players; and Mean Fiddle Summer, composed for the acclaimed violinist Lina Bahn. The 2012-13 season brings the premieres of Knock on Wood (for the harp/guitar duo of Yolanda Kondonassis and Jason Vieaux); Cascade, a fanfare commissioned by Cleveland's Museum of Contemporary Art for the inauguration of their new building; and In Memory, a new chamber orchestra work commissioned by the League of Composers Orchestra (NY).
A native of Indiana, Keith Fitch (b. 1966) began composing at age eight and began formal musical training on the double bass at age eleven. While still in high school (age sixteen), he received his first professional orchestral performance. Subsequently, he attended the Indiana University School of Music, where he completed his Doctorate in 1995. At Indiana, he studied composition with Frederick Fox, Eugene O'Brien, and Claude Baker, double bass with Bruce Bransby and Murray Grodner, and chamber music with Rostislav Dubinsky, founder of the Borodin Quartet. He also counts Donald Erb and Joan Tower among his compositional mentors. Among his many awards are the annual Dean's Prize for Composition at Indiana (1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994), the Kate and Cole Porter Memorial Fellowship at Indiana (1993-1995), three ASCAP Young Composer Awards (1988, 1989, 1993), the ASCAP-Raymond Hubbell Scholarship (1988), three National Society of Arts and Letters awards (1990, 1992, 1993), an Individual Artist Grant from the Indiana Arts Commission and the National Endowment for the Arts (1994), and a Fromm Foundation Commission (2005). He has enjoyed multiple residencies at The MacDowell Colony (1998, 2001) and the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts (2002, 2003, 2004, 2007), as well as at The Charles Ives Center for American Music (1991), and the Atlantic Center for the Arts (1989), and he has twice served as Resident Composer and faculty at the Chamber Music Conference and Composers' Forum of the East (2002, 2006). He has also served as guest composer at California Summer Music (2010) and at the MidAmerican Center for Contemporary Music at Bowling Green State University (OH, 2010). Most recently, he was the recipient of a 2012 Individual Excellence Award from the Ohio Arts Council.
Highly regarded as a teacher, chamber music coach, and conductor of new music, he has taught at Indiana University (2001), Bard College (2005-2006, 2007-2008), and for eleven years served on the faculty of the Mannes College of Music in New York (1997-2008), where he founded the new music ensemble, CIRCE. His students regularly win awards from such prestigious organizations as ASCAP, BMI, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Fulbright Foundation, as well as attending leading summer festivals around the world. Students interested in studying with Dr. Fitch are strongly encouraged to contact him at The Cleveland Institute of Music (www.cim.edu) prior to auditioning.
His music is published by Non Sequitur Music (www.nonsequiturmusic.com).
Steven Stucky is one of America's most highly regarded and frequently performed living composers. Winner of the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for his Second Concerto for Orchestra, he is a trustee of the American Academy in Rome, a director of New Music USA, a board member of the Koussevitzky Music Foundation, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also active as a conductor, writer, lecturer, and teacher.
An active teacher and mentor to young composers, Stucky has served on the Warsaw jury of the Witold Lutoslawski Competition for Composers. His highly-esteemed expertise on the late composer's music has been recognized with the Lutoslawski Society's medal and an ASCAP Deems Taylor Award for his critical biography, Lutoslawski and His Music (1981). He is consultant to the Philharmonia Orchestra's 2013 centennial celebrations of the composer in London.
As conductor, Stucky has frequently led the Los Angeles Philharmonic New Music Group and Ensemble X, a contemporary music group he founded in 1997. With the former, he led soloist Michala Petri in the US premiere of his recorder concerto, Etudes (2002), and conducted world and regional premieres of works by many of his contemporaries, such as Donald Crockett, Jacob Druckman, William Kraft, Witold Lutoslawski, Christopher Rouse, Joseph Phibbs, and Judith Weir.
Stucky was Composer-in-Residence of the Aspen Music Festival and School in 2001 and 2010, director of the Aspen Contemporary Ensemble in 2005, and the first Barr Institute Composer Laureate appointed at the University of Missouri at Kansas City. Among his other honors are a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Bogliasco Fellowship, the Goddard Lieberson Fellowship of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the ASCAP Victor Herbert Prize, and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. His first Concerto for Orchestra was one of two finalists for the 1989 Pulitzer Prize in Music. Stucky has taught at Cornell University since 1980, chaired the Music Department from 1992 to 1997, and now serves as Given Foundation Professor of Composition. He has been Visiting Professor of Composition at the Eastman School of Music and Ernest Bloch Professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
Born on November 7, 1949 in Hutchinson, Kansas, Stucky was raised in Kansas and Texas. He studied at Baylor and Cornell Universities with Richard Willis, Robert Palmer, Karel Husa, and Burrill Phillips.


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Frequent Links
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
|Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን
|1959 from the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
|Oriental Orthodox
|Abune Mathias
|Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|Ge'ez, Amharic, Oromo, Tigrinya
|Official Website of the Patriarchate Invalid language code.
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን?</span>; transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is the predominant Oriental Orthodox Christian Church in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Church was administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria until 1959, when it was granted its own Patriarch by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, Cyril VI. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, being a non-Chalcedonian Church, is not in communion with the Ethiopian Catholic Church, a Chalcedonian Church.
One of the few pre-colonial Christian Churches in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has a membership of between 40 and 45 million people,[1] the majority of whom live in Ethiopia,[2] and is thus the largest of all Oriental Orthodox Churches. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is a founding member of the World Council of Churches.[3]
Tewahedo (Ge'ez ተዋሕዶ) is a Ge'ez word meaning "being made one" or "unified". This word refers to the Oriental Orthodox belief in the one single unified Nature of Christ; i.e., a belief that a complete, natural union of the Divine and Human Natures into One is self-evident in order to accomplish the divine salvation of humankind, as opposed to the "two Natures of Christ" belief (unmixed, but unseparated Divine and Human Natures, called the Hypostatic Union) which is held by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Henotikon,[4] around 500 bishops within the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem refused to accept the Dyophysitism (two natures) doctrine decreed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, thus separating themselves from the main body of the Christian Church (which would later split in the 11th century, for different reasons, into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches).
The Oriental Orthodox Churches, which today include the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Malankara Orthodox Church of India, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, are referred to as "Non-Chalcedonian", and, sometimes by outsiders as "monophysite" (meaning "One Single Nature", in reference to Christ). However, these Churches themselves describe their Christology as miaphysite (meaning "One United Nature", in reference to Christ; the translation of the word "Tewahedo").
- 1 History
- 2 Practices and beliefs
- 3 Distinctive traits
- 4 Archbishops and bishops
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
According to the Ethiopian Church it originated with a royal official baptized by Philip the Evangelist (distinct from Philip the Apostle), one of the seven deacons[citation needed]:
- Then the angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza. So he set out and was on his way when he caught sight of an Ethiopian. This man was a eunuch, a high official of the Kandake (Candace) Queen of Ethiopia in charge of all her treasure. (Acts, 8:26-27)
The passage continues by describing how Philip helped the Ethiopian treasurer understand a passage from Isaiah that the Ethiopian was reading. After the Ethiopian received an explanation of the passage, he requested that Philip baptize him, and Philip did so. The Ethiopic version of this verse reads "Hendeke" (ህንደኬ); Queen Gersamot Hendeke VII was the Queen of Ethiopia from ca. 42 to 52.
Orthodox Christianity became the established church of the Ethiopian Axumite Kingdom under king Ezana in the 4th century through the efforts of a Syrian Greek named Frumentius, known in Ethiopia as Abba Selama, Kesaté Birhan ("Father of Peace, Revealer of Light"). As a youth, Frumentius had been shipwrecked with his brother Aedesius on the Eritrean coast. The brothers managed to be brought to the royal court, where they rose to positions of influence and baptized Emperor Ezana. Ezana sent Frumentius to Alexandria to ask the Patriarch, St. Athanasius, to appoint a bishop for Ethiopia. Athanasius appointed Frumentius, who returned to Ethiopia as Bishop with the name of Abune Selama.
From then on, until 1959, the Pope of Alexandria, as Patriarch of All Africa, always named an Egyptian (a Copt) to be Abuna or Archbishop of the Ethiopian Church.
Middle Ages
Union with the Coptic Orthodox Church continued after the Arab conquest of Egypt. Abu Saleh records in the 12th century that the patriarch always sent letters twice a year to the kings of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Nubia, until Al Hakim stopped the practice. Cyril, 67th patriarch, sent Severus as bishop, with orders to put down polygamy and to enforce observance of canonical consecration for all churches. These examples show the close relations of the two churches throughout the Middle Ages.
In 1439, in the reign of Zara Yaqob, a religious discussion between Abba Giyorgis and a French visitor led to the dispatch of an embassy from Ethiopia to the Vatican.
Jesuit interim
The period of Jesuit influence, which broke the connection with Egypt, began a new chapter in church history. The initiative in Roman Catholic missions to Ethiopia was taken, not by Rome, but by Portugal, in the course of a conflict with the Muslim Ottoman Empire and the Sultanate of Adal for the command of the trade route to India via the Red Sea.
In 1507 Matthew, or Matheus, an Armenian, had been sent as an Ethiopian envoy to Portugal to ask for aid against the Adal Sultanate. In 1520 an embassy under Dom Rodrigo de Lima landed in Ethiopia (by which time Adal had been remobilized under Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi). An interesting account of the Portuguese mission, which lasted for several years, was written by Francisco Álvares, its chaplain.
Later, Ignatius Loyola wished to take up the task of conversion, but was forbidden to do so. Instead, the pope sent out João Nunes Barreto as patriarch of the East Indies, with Andre de Oviedo as bishop; and from Goa envoys went to Ethiopia, followed by Oviedo himself, to secure the king's adherence to Rome. After repeated failures some measure of success was achieved under Emperor Susenyos I, but not until 1624 did the Emperor make formal submission to the pope. Susenyos made Roman Catholicism the official state religion, but was met with heavy resistance by his subjects and by the authorities of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and eventually had to abdicate in 1632 in favour of his son, Fasilides, who promptly restored Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion. He then in 1633 expelled the Jesuits, and in 1665 Fasilides ordered that all Jesuit books (the Books of the Franks) be burned.
Recent history
In more modern times, the Ethiopian church experienced a series of developments. The earliest was in the 19th century with the publication of an Amharic translation of the Bible. Largely the work of Abu Rumi over ten years in Cairo, this version, with some changes, held sway until Emperor Haile Selassie ordered a new translation which appeared in 1960/1.[5] Haile Selassie also played a prominent role in further reforms of the church, which included encouraging the distribution of Abu Rumi's translation throughout Ethiopia,[6] as well as his promotion of improved education of clergy, a significant step in the Emperor's effort being the founding of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity Church in December 1944.[7] A third development came after Haile Selassie's restoration to Ethiopia, when he issued, on 30 November, Decree Number 2 of 1942, a new law reforming the Church. The primary objectives of this decree were to put the finances of the church in order, to create a central fund for its activities, and to set forth requirements for the appointment of clergy—which had been fairly lax until then.[8]
The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches reached an agreement on 13 July 1948, that led to autocephaly for the Ethiopian Church. Five bishops were immediately consecrated by the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church, and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV would have the power to consecrate new bishops.[9] This promotion was completed when Coptic Orthodox Pope Joseph II consecrated an Ethiopian-born Archbishop, Abuna Basilios, 14 January 1951. Then in 1959, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria crowned Abuna Basilios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia.
Patriarch Abune Basilios died in 1971, and was succeeded that year by Patriarch Abune Tewophilos. With the fall of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was disestablished as the state church. The new Marxist government began nationalising property (including land) owned by the church. Patriarch Abune Tewophilos was arrested in 1976 by the Marxist Derg military junta, and secretly executed in 1979. The government ordered the church to elect a new Patriarch, and Abune Takla Haymanot was enthroned. The Coptic Orthodox Church refused to recognize the election and enthronement of Abune Tekle Haymanot on the grounds that the Synod of the Ethiopian Church had not removed Abune Tewophilos and that the government had not publicly acknowledged his death, and he was thus still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Formal relations between the two churches were halted, although they remained in communion with each other. Formal relations between the two churches resumed on July 13, 2007.[10]
Patriarch Abune Tekle Haymanot proved to be much less accommodating to the Derg regime than it had expected, and so when the Patriarch died in 1988, a new Patriarch with closer ties to the regime was sought. The Archbishop of Gondar, a member of the Derg-era Ethiopian Parliament, was elected and enthroned as Patriarch Abuna Merkorios. Following the fall of the Derg regime in 1991, and the coming to power of the EPRDF government, Patriarch Abune Merkorios abdicated under public and governmental pressure. The church then elected a new Patriarch, Abune Paulos, who was recognized by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria. The former Patriarch Abune Merkorios then fled abroad, and announced from exile that his abdication had been made under duress and thus he was still the legitimate Patriarch of Ethiopia. Several bishops also went into exile and formed a break-away alternate synod. This exiled synod is recognized by some Ethiopian Churches in North America and Europe who recognize Patriarch Abune Merkorios, while the synod inside Ethiopia continued to uphold the legitimacy of Patriarch Abune Paulos.
Following the independence of Eritrea as a nation in 1993, the Coptic Orthodox Church in 1994 appointed an Archbishop for the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which in turn obtained autocephaly in 1998 with the reluctant approval of its mother synod. That same year the first Eritrean Patriarch was consecrated.
As of 2005, there are many Ethiopian Orthodox churches located throughout the United States and other countries to which Ethiopians have migrated (Archbishop Yesehaq 1997). The church claims more than 38 million members in Ethiopia, forming about half the country's population.
Patriarch Abune Paulos died on August 16, 2012, followed four days later by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.[11] On February 28, 2013, a college of electors assembled in Addis Ababa and elected Abune Mathias to be the 6th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.[12]
Practices and beliefs
The faith and practice of Orthodox Ethiopian Christians includes elements from Miaphysite Christianity as it has developed in Ethiopia over the centuries. Christian beliefs include belief in God (in Ge'ez / Amharic, ′Egziabeher, lit. "Lord of the Universe"), veneration to the Virgin Mary, the angels, and the saints, besides others. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church itself, there are no non-Christian elements in the religion other than those from the Old Testament, or Higge 'Orit (ሕገ ኦሪት), to which are added those from the New Testament, or Higge Wongiel (ሕገ ወንጌል).[13] A hierarchy of Kidusan (angelic messengers and saints) conveys the prayers of the faithful to God and carries out the divine will, so when an Ethiopian Christian is in difficulty, he or she appeals to these as well as to God. In more formal and regular rituals, priests communicate on behalf of the community, and only priests may enter the inner sanctum of the usually circular or octagonal church where the tabot ("ark") dedicated to the church's patron saint is housed.[14] On important religious holidays, the tabot is carried on the head of a priest and escorted in procession outside the church. It is the tabot, not the church, which is consecrated. At many services, most parish members remain in the outer ring, where debteras sing hymns and dance.[15]
The Eucharist is given only to those who feel pure, have fasted regularly, and have, in general, properly conducted themselves.[14] In practice, communion is mainly limited to young children and the elderly; those who are at a sexually active age or who have sexual desires generally do not receive the Eucharist.[14][16] Worshippers receiving communion may enter the middle ring of the church to do so.[14]
Ethiopian Orthodox believers are strict Trinitarians,[17] maintaining the Orthodox teaching that God is united in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This concept is known as səllasé, Ge'ez for "Trinity".
Daily services constitute only a small part of an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian's religious observance. Several holy days require prolonged services, singing and dancing, and feasting. An important religious requirement, however, is the keeping of fast days, during which adherents abstain from consuming meat and animal products, and refrain from sexual activity.[14][16] All devout believers are to maintain the full schedule of fasts, comprising at least 250 days a year apart from other forms of fasting purely left to individual decision of the faithful.
- Fast for Hudadi or Abiye Tsome (Lent), 56 days.
- Fast of the Apostles, 10–40 days, which the Apostles kept after they had received the Holy Spirit. It begins after Pentecost.
- The fast Tsome Dihnet, which is on Wednesdays in commemoration of the plot organized to kill Jesus Christ by Caiaphas and the members of the house of the high priest and Fridays in commemoration of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ (starts on Wednesday after Pentecost and spans up to Easter, in other words all Wednesdays and Fridays except during 50 days after Easter[14]).
- The fast of Assumption, 16 days.
- The fast preceding Christmas, 40 days (Advent). It begins with Sibket on 15th Hedar and ends on Christmas Eve with the feast of Gena and the 29th of Tahsas and 28th if the year is preceded by leap year.
- The Fast of Nineveh, commemorating the preaching of Jonah. It comes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the third week before Lent.
- The gahad of Timkat (Epiphany), fast on the eve of Epiphany.
In addition to standard holy days, most Christians observe many saints' days. A man might give a small feast on his personal saint's day. The local voluntary association (called the maheber) connected with each church honors its patron saint with a special service and a feast two or three times a year.[15]
Priests intervene and perform exorcisms on behalf of those believed to be afflicted by demons or buda. According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 74% of Christians in Ethiopia claim to have experienced or witnessed an exorcism.[18] Demon-possessed persons are brought to a church or prayer meeting.[19] Often, when an ill person has not responded to modern medical treatment, the affliction is attributed to demons.[19] Unusual or especially perverse deeds, particularly when performed in public, are symptomatic of a demoniac.[19] Superhuman strength – such as breaking one's bindings, as described in the New Testament accounts – along with glossolalia are observed in the afflicted.[19] Amsalu Geleta, in a modern case study, relates elements that are common to Ethiopian Christian exorcisms:
It includes singing praise and victory songs, reading from the Scripture, prayer and confronting the spirit in the name of Jesus. Dialogue with the spirit is another important part of the exorcism ceremony. It helps the counselor (exorcist) to know how the spirit was operating in the life of the demoniac. The signs and events mentioned by the spirit are affirmed by the victim after deliverance.[19]
The exorcism is not always successful, and Geleta notes another instance in which the usual methods were unsuccessful, and the demons apparently left the subject at a later time. In any event, "in all cases the spirit is commanded in no other name than the name of Jesus."[19]
Distinctive traits
Biblical canon
The Tewahedo Church Canon contains 81 books. This canon contains the books accepted by other Orthodox Christians.[20]
- The Narrower Canon contains Enoch, Jubilees, and I II III Meqabyan. (These are unrelated to the Greek I, II, III Maccabees with which they are often confused.) The canonical Enoch differs from the editions of the Ge'ez manuscripts in the British Museum and elsewhere (A-Q) used by foreign scholars (OTP), for example in treatment of the Nephilim of Genesis 6.[citation needed] The current 81 book version was published in 1986, containing the same text as previously published in the Haile Selassie Version of the Bible, only with some minor modifications to the New Testament translation.
- Some sources speak of the Broader Canon, which has never been published as a single compilation but is said to include all of the Narrower Canon, as well as additional New Testament books said to have been used by the early church: two Books of the Covenant, four Books of Sinodos, an Epistle of Peter to Clement—also known as "Ethiopic Clement," and the Ethiopic Didascalia. These may not all bear close resemblance to works with similar titles known in the West. An eight-part, Ethiopic version of the history of the Jewish people written by Joseph ben Gorion, known as the 'Pseudo-Josephus' is considered part of the broader canon, though it would be considered an Old Testament work.[21]
The divine services of the Ethiopian Church are celebrated in the Ge'ez language, which has been the language of the Church at least since the arrival of the Nine Saints (Abba Pantelewon, Abba Gerima (Isaac, or Yeshaq), Abba Aftse, Abba Guba, Abba Alef, Abba Yem'ata, Abba Liqanos, and Abba Sehma), who fled persecution by the Byzantine Emperor after the Council of Chalcedon (451).[citation needed] The Septuagint Greek version was originally translated into Ge'ez, but later revisions show clear evidence of the use of Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic sources. The first translation into a modern vernacular was done in the 19th century by a man who is usually known as Abu Rumi. Later, Haile Selassie sponsored Amharic translations of the Ge'ez Scriptures during his reign, one before World War II and one afterward. Sermons today are usually delivered in the local language.
There are many monolithic (rock-hewn) churches in Ethiopia, most famously eleven churches at Lalibela. Besides these, two main types of architecture are found—one basilican, the other native. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion at Axum is an example of the basilican design, though the early basilicas are nearly all in ruin. These examples show the influence of the architects who, in the 6th century, built the basilicas at Sanʻā' and elsewhere in the Arabian Peninsula. There are two forms of native churches: one oblong, traditionally found in Tigray; the other circular, traditionally found in Amhara and Shewa (though either style may be found elsewhere). In both forms, the sanctuary is square and stands clear in the center, and the arrangements are based on Jewish tradition. Walls and ceilings are adorned with frescoes. A courtyard, circular or rectangular, surrounds the body of the church. Modern Ethiopian churches may incorporate the basilican or native styles and use contemporary construction techniques and materials. In rural areas, the church and outer court are often thatched, with mud-built walls.
Ark of the Covenant
The Ethiopian church claims that one of its churches, Our Lady Mary of Zion, is host to the original Ark of the Covenant that Moses carried with the Israelites during the Exodus. Only one priest is allowed into the building where the Ark is located, ostensibly due to dangerous biblical warnings. As a result, international scholars doubt that the original Ark is truly there, although a case has been put forward by controversial popular writer Graham Hancock in his book The Sign and the Seal.
Throughout Ethiopia, Orthodox churches are not considered churches until the local bishop gives them a tabot, a replica of the tablets in the original Ark of the Covenant. The tabot is at least six inches (15 cm) square, and it is made of either alabaster, marble, or wood (see acacia). It is always kept in ornate coverings on the altar. Only priests are allowed to touch the tabot. In an elaborate procession, the tabot is carried around the outside of the church amid joyful song on the feast day of that particular church's namesake. On the great Feast of T'imk'et, known as Epiphany or Theophany in Europe, a group of churches send their tabot to celebrate the occasion at a common location where a pool of water or a river is to be found.
Similarities to Judaism
The Ethiopian church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic or Protestant churches, and its followers adhere to certain practices that one finds in Orthodox or Conservative Judaism. Ethiopian Christians, like some other Eastern Christians, traditionally follow dietary rules that are similar to Jewish Kashrut, specifically with regard to how an animal is slaughtered. Similarly, pork is prohibited, though unlike Rabbinical Kashrut, Ethiopian cuisine does mix dairy products with meat. Women are prohibited from entering the church temple during menses; they are also expected to cover their hair with a large scarf (or shash) while in church, as described in 1 Corinthians, chapter 11. As with Orthodox synagogues, men and women are seated separately in the Ethiopian church, with men on the left and women on the right (when facing the altar).[22] (Women covering their heads and separation of the sexes in churches officially is common to some other Christian traditions; it is also the rule in some non-Christian religions, Islam and Orthodox Judaism among them). Ethiopian Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church temple,[22] in accordance with Exodus 3:5 (in which Moses, while viewing the burning bush, was commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, both the Sabbath (Saturday) and the Lord's Day (Sunday) are observed as holy, although more emphasis, because of the Resurrection of Christ, is laid upon Sunday.
A debtera is an itinerant lay priest figure trained by the Church as a scribe, cantor, and often as a folk healer, who may also function in roles comparable to a deacon or exorcist. Folklore and legends ascribe the role of magician to the Debtera as well.
Archbishops and bishops
Archbishops and bishops include:
- Abune Mathias, Head of all Archbishops and Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- Bishop Matthias of the Canadian diocese, residing in London, Ontario
In the United States there are the following bishops:
- Abune Fanuel, archbishop of Washington, D.C and the Southern United States and California.
- Abune Zekarias, archbishop of New York and the North East and Central United States
South America:
- Abune Thaddaeus, archbishop of the Caribbean and Latin America
Western Europe:
- Abune Entonis, Archbishop of Northern Europe, in London
- Abune Yosef, Archbishop of Southern Europe, in Rome.
Middle East:
- Abune Kewestos, Archbishop of Jerusalem[23]
The church has 60 bishops and 44 dioceses.
The current eparchies of the church include:[24]
- Awassa (Sidamo)
- Axum
- Ambo
- Arsi
- Assosa
- Afar
- Bale Gobe
- Wollega
- North Wollo
- South Wollo (Dessie)
- Gambela
- West Gojam (Bahr Dar)
- East Gojam (Debre Markos)
- North Gondar
- South Gondar (Debre Tabor)
- Jerusalem
- Illubabor
- Jimma
- Kenbata
- Mizan Teferi (Kaffa)
- Negele-Borena
- Ogaden
- Omo
- Selalya
- East Tigre
- West Tigre
- Khartoum and Nubia (Sudan, Africa)
- Shoa (Nazareth)
- North Shoa (Debre Berhan)
- America and Western Hemisphere
- Trinidad and Latin America
See also
- Abuna
- Christianity in Ethiopia
- Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- Ethiopian Catholic Church
- List of Abunas of Ethiopia
- List of Orthodox churches
- ^ "Ethiopia: Orthodox Head Urges Churches to Work for Better World". Retrieved 2006-09-13.
- ^ Berhanu Abegaz, "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities" (accessed 6 April 2006)
- ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church", World Council of Churches website (accessed 2 June 2009)
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon". Newadvent.org. 1910-06-01. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
- ^ Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible (Oxford: British Academy, 1988), p. 66
- ^ Margary Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 121f
- ^ Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 132
- ^ Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 130
- ^ Discussed in fuller detail by Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 126-130
- ^ "Common Declaration" of Pope Shenoudah III, Catholicos Aram I, and Patriarch Paulos - News and Media of the Armenian Orthodox Church, 22 July 2007
- ^ "Ethiopian church patriarch Abune Paulos dies". BBC News. 16 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Ethiopian church appoints Abune Mathias as patriarch". BBC News. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
- ^ EOTC Doctrine
- ^ a b c d e f Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Belaynesh Mikael (2003). "Worship in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Retrieved 5 November 2014. Originally published in The Church of Ethiopia - A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life, Addis Ababa, December 1970.
- ^ a b Turner, John W. "Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity: Faith and practices". A Country Study: Ethiopia (Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, eds.) Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1991). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1].
- ^ a b Molvaer, Reidulf K. (1995). Socialization and Social Control in Ethiopia. Äthiopistische Forschungen 44. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz. pp. 256–257. ISBN 9783447036627.
- ^ Doctrine of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- ^ "Ten things we have learnt about Africa". BBC News. April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
In Ethiopia, 74% of Christians say they have experienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a person
- ^ a b c d e f Geleta, Amsalu Tadesse. "Case Study: Demonization and the Practice of Exorcism in Ethiopian Churches". Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, Nairobi, August 2000.
- ^ "The Bible". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Cowley, R.W. (1974). "The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today". Ostkirchliche Studien 23: 318–323. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ a b Hable Selassie, Sergew (1997). The Church of Ethiopia - A panorama of History and Spiritual Life. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam. p. 66.
- ^ "Jerusalem - Heads of Churches". World Council of Churches.
- ^ Eparchies of the Ethiopian Church (Russian)
- Archbishop Yesehaq. 1997. The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church: an Integrally African Church. Winston-Derek Publishers.
- Mikre-Sellassie Gebre-Amanuel. 1993. "The Bible and Its Canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church." The Bible Translator 44/1:111-123.
- 12px This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
|This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (October 2011)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
- Divine Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church Directory Directory of Ethiopian Orthodox Churches
- Ethiopian Review's Directory of Ethiopian churches
- Ethiopian Religions - Christianity, Islam, Judaism & Paganism
- Bilingual Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church site - English version
- List of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church websites
- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -the oldest site)
- Tewahedo Songs & Records
- CNEWA article by Ronald Roberson: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Anaphoras
- Abbink, J. A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2003 (PDF)
- AN INTRODUCTION TO Ethiopic Christian Literature BY J. M. HARDEN, D.D., LL.D. Canon of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1926
- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church outside of Ethiopia - includes music and preaching
- Ethiopian Crucifixes Gallery


text:
With the news that Sony has officially ceased production of the PlayStation 2, the biggest and perhaps most important chapter in the history of home video gaming comes to a close.
It made me a little teary last night, so much so I sat down with my silver PS2 and played some old games. Looking through my collection was a strange experience. Not all of these were my favourite games for the console. Indeed, some were nowhere near it.
But they survived the life of the console regardless, and for that, I'm saluting each and every one of them.
What about you? What have you got left that's survived scratches, siblings, moves and trade-ins?


text:
St. Louis Rams running back Steven Jackson will void the final year of his contract on March 12, a development that does not come as a surprise.
Jackson was due $7 million from the Rams. He was never going to make that money and voiding the contract saves the Rams from the unpleasant task of cutting a franchise legend. Jackson won't make that much in 2013, but he should have a solid market. Here are the teams that make sense for him:
1. St. Louis Rams: It never feels good for a player to take a pay cut to stay in the same uniform, but I still suspect the Rams might value Jackson more than any other team out there. Jackson is no longer a big playmaker, but he's reliable and could split carries with Daryl Richardson again. Coach Jeff Fisher likes Jackson. A two-year deal worth about $9 million might be the best offer Jackson can get.
2. Atlanta Falcons: Michael Turner is expected to get cut. Jackson can give the Falcons similar inside toughness with far more versatility in the passing game and ATL's Chris Wesseling thinks Jackson could be the missing piece of the puzzle. Jacquizz Rodgers isn't ready to carry the load by himself.
3. New England Patriots: It just seems like a Bill Belichick type of move. Jackson can do a little bit of everything well and provide some leadership for Stevan Ridley and Shane Vereen. Choosing the Patriots would be Jackson choosing a chance for a title over maxing out on carries.
4. New York Giants: They are a team that's willing to pay for running backs. Jackson could have a Brandon Jacobs-like role alongside David Wilson.
5. Detroit Lions: The Lions already have Mikel Leshoure, offensive coordinator Scott Linehan -- Jackson's old coach in St. Louis -- could sell the Lions on Jackson's ability to stabilize a weak running back group.
6. Indianapolis Colts: They have money to burn and the need for some veteran reliability in the backfield.Follow Gregg Rosenthal on Twitter @greggrosenthal.


text:
|Seattle, Wash.
|High School:
|Lakeside School
|House Affiliation:
Senior 2011-12
Team co-captain ... Went 5-5 in singles competition in 2012, with three of those wins coming at the William & Mary Invitational … Earned a 1-1 mark in doubles play teaming with Josh Tchan at the William & Mary Invite … Awarded with the Ned Weld Above and Beyond Award.
Junior 2010-11:
Earned two singles wins in the spring, going 1-0 at the No. 2 and No. 4 slots ... Won twice to finish 2-0 at the Harvard Winter Classic ... Went 5-1 in the spring and 9-3 on the year in doubles, earning four wins with Alexei Chijoff-Evans and three with Jonathan Pearlman ... Had a 3-0 record in dual doubles play, going 2-0 at the No. 2 slot and 1-0 at No. 1 ... Posted a 4-2 doubles record in the fall ... Teamed with Jonathan Pearlman to reach the finals of their flight at the USTA College Invitational ... Picked up a doubles victory with Brendan Seaver at the Big Crimson Halloween Invitational.
Sophomore 2009-10:
Sported a 2-1 doubles record in the spring ... Picked up a singles victory against Quinnipiac, winning 6-0, 6-0 ... Boasted a 3-6 record in singles and a 4-4 doubles record through the fall … Tallied two singles wins at the Harvard Halloween tournament … Won a doubles match at the Harvard Halloween tournament with Michael Hayes, falling in the semifinals … Teamed with Hayes to win two matches at the Harvard Fall Classic.
Freshman 2008-09:
Tied for the team lead in wins with a 20-14 record ... Went 11-8 during dual play, including 8-1 at No. 5, while competing at the No. 3-5 positions ... Won four-straight matches and seven of nine during the middle of the spring season ... Boasted a 13-11 mark in doubles with a 5-7 record in dual play at all three slots ... Went 7-3 with Michael Hayes, 4-5 with Aba Omodele-Lucien, 2-2 with Sasha Ermakov and 0-1 with Mac McAnulty ... Obtained his first collegiate singles win by defeating Jordan Knue of Illinois, 7-5, 6-3, at the Napa Valley Tennis Classic ... Went 3-1 at the Tom Fallon Invitational ... Was victorious in all three matches with Hayes at the Tom Fallon Invitational.
Team captain of Lakeside School as a senior ... Was runner-up in Metro League, SeaKing District and WIAA 3A State championship as a freshman ... Followed up with three consecutive Metro, SeaKing and WIAA 3A championships ... Elected team MVP in 2007 and 2008 ... Awarded the Metro League Sportsmanship awarded following his senior year ... Team won the state championship in 2005, and placed fourth in 2007 and 2008 ... Was a 101 Club Scholar-Athlete ... A National Merit Commended Scholar.


text:
This is a recent outfit I wore for drinks with a couple of friends from work. I was recently offered a new job and in a week's time, when I start this new job, everything is going to change. These two friends have become really important in my life and I am going to miss them so much. I also apologise for the gormless look in my eyes. This was after the wine.
Coat: Topshop, Angora top: Orla Keily, Jeans: Topshop, Bag: Urban Outfitters, Shoes: Doc Martens, Brooch: belonged to my great grandma