text:
Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid
|Systematic (IUPAC) name
|4-Hydroxybutanoic acid
|Clinical data
|Pregnancy cat.
|Legal status
|Usually oral; intravenous
|Pharmacokinetic data
|25% (oral)
|95%, mainly Hepatic, also in blood and tissues
|30–60 minutes
|5%, renal
|CAS number
|ATC code
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid
|Chemical data
|Mol. mass
104.10 g/mol (GHB)
126.09 g/mol (sodium salt)
142.19 g/mol (potassium salt)
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a naturally occurring substance found in the human central nervous system, as well as in wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and in small amounts in almost all animals.[2] It is also categorized as an illegal drug in many countries.[3] It is currently regulated in Australia and New Zealand, Canada, most of Europe and in the US. GHB as the sodium salt, known as sodium oxybate (INN) or by the trade name Xyrem,[4] is used to treat cataplexy[5] and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy.
GHB has been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.[6] It is also used as an intoxicant (illegally in many jurisdictions) or as a date rape drug.[7] GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells and is structurally related to the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. As a supplement or drug, it is used most commonly in the form of a salt, such as sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (Na.GHB, sodium oxybate, or Xyrem) or potassium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (K.GHB, potassium oxybate). GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation, and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood.
- 1 Medical use
- 2 Recreational use
- 3 As a date rape drug
- 4 Adverse effects
- 5 Endogenous production
- 6 Natural fermentation by-product
- 7 Pharmacology
- 8 History
- 9 Legal status
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Medical use
The only common medical applications for GHB today are in the treatment of narcolepsy and more rarely alcoholism.[8]
GHB is the active ingredient in the prescription medication sodium oxybate (Xyrem). Sodium oxybate is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cataplexy associated with narcolepsy [9] and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy.[10]
GHB has been shown to reliably increase slow-wave sleep.[11]
Recreational use
GHB is a central nervous system alcohol and ecstasy use, such as euphoria, disinhibition, enhanced sensuality and empathogenic states. At higher doses, GHB may induce nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, and death. The effects of GHB can last from 1.5 to 3 hours, or even longer if large doses have been consumed.[14] Consuming GHB with alcohol is dangerous as it can lead to vomiting in combination with unrouseable sleep, a potentially lethal combination.[15][16]
In general, the doses used recreationally are between 500 mg and 3,000 mg. When used as a recreational drug, GHB may be found as the sodium or potassium salt, which is a white crystalline powder, or as GHB salt dissolved in water to form a clear solution. The sodium salt of GHB has a salty taste.[14] Other salt forms such as calcium GHB and magnesium GHB have also been reported, but the sodium salt is by far the most common.
Some chemicals convert to GHB in the stomach and blood stream. gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) is one such prodrug. Other prodrugs include 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B). There may be additional toxicity concerns with these precursors. 1,4-B and GBL are normally found as pure liquids, though they may be mixed with other more harmful solvents when intended for industrial use, e.g., as paint stripper or varnish thinner.
GHB can be easily manufactured with very little knowledge of chemistry, as it only involves the mixing of its two precursors, GBL and an alkali hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide, to form the resulting GHB salt. Due to the ease of manufacture and the availability of its precursors, it is not mainly produced in illicit laboratories like most other synthetic drugs, but in private homes by low level producers instead. While available as a prescription for rare and severe forms of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy in some other countries, notably most of Europe, GHB was banned in the U.S. by the FDA in 1990. However, on 17 July 2002, GHB was approved for treatment of cataplexy, often associated with narcolepsy. GHB is "colourless and odorless".[17]
Club and rave scene use
GHB is often taken because users find that it enhances their experiences of being in a club, party, or rave; small doses of GHB can act as a stimulant and aphrodisiac. GHB is sometimes referred to as liquid ecstasy, lollipops, liquid X or liquid E due to its tendency to produce euphoria and sociability and its use in the dance party scene.[18] Despite this nickname, GHB has entirely separate chemical and pharmacological modes of action compared to MDMA (ecstasy).
Sports and athletics
Some athletes also use GHB, as GHB has been shown to elevate human growth hormone in vivo.[19] One study found that it doubled growth hormone secretion in normal young males.[11] The growth hormone elevating effects of GHB are mediated through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and can be prevented by prior administration of pirenzepine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocking agent.[20]
As certain succinate salts have been shown to elevate growth hormone in vitro,[21] and because GHB is metabolized into succinate some people have suggested this plays a role in the growth hormone elevations from GHB. There is however currently no evidence to show that succinate plays any role in the growth hormone elevations from GHB.
As a date rape drug
In the US
Like alcohol and potent benzodiazepines such as flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), GHB has been labeled as a date rape drug.[7] The sodium form of GHB has an extremely salty taste but, as it is colourless and odorless,[17] it has been described as "very easy to add to drinks"[17] that mask the flavor. GHB produced as a sodium salt (sodium oxybate) may provide a noticeable salty character to the drink, though individual sensitivity to the taste of salt varies.[22] GHB can also be produced as different salts, some of which do not have a taste as distinctive as the sodium salt (e.g., magnesium oxybate), or much less commonly in the unstable free-acid form.[23]
Allegedly, GHB has been used in cases of drug-related sexual assault, usually when the victim is vulnerable due to intoxication with a sedative, generally alcohol.[24] It is difficult to establish how often GHB is used to facilitate rape as it is difficult to detect in a urine sample after a day, and many victims may only recall the rape some time after this,[25][26] although GHB can be detected in hair.[27] Hair testing can be a useful tool in court cases or for the victim's own information.[28] Over-the-counter urine test kits only test for date rape drugs that are benzodiazepines, which GHB is not. To detect GHB in urine, the sample must be taken within 8–12 hours of GHB ingestion, and cannot be tested at home. GHB can be detected in hair for months after GHB ingestion. Other drugs, such as muscle relaxers (Carisoprodol for example), are sometimes mixed with GHB. Therefore, it can be beneficial to request that the hair sample be tested for multiple drugs.
There have been several high-profile cases of GHB as a date rape drug that received national attention in the United States. In early 1999 a 15-year-old girl, Samantha Reid of Rockwood, Michigan, died from GHB poisoning. Reid's death inspired the legislation titled the "Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000." This is the law that made GHB a schedule 1 controlled substance.[29]
In other countries
A 2006 study suggested that there was "no evidence to suggest widespread date rape drug use" in the UK and that less than 2% of cases involved GHB while 17% involved cocaine.[30][31]
Adverse effects
Combination with alcohol
In humans, GHB has been shown to inhibit the elimination rate of alcohol. This may explain the respiratory arrest that has been reported after ingestion of both drugs.[32] A review of the details of 194 deaths attributed to or related to GHB over a ten-year period found that most were from respiratory depression caused by interaction with alcohol or other drugs.[33]
Reported deaths
One report has suggested that sodium oxybate overdose might be fatal, based on deaths of three patients who had been prescribed the drug.[34] However, for two of the three cases, post-mortem GHB concentrations were 141 and 110 mg/L, which is within the expected range of concentrations for GHB after death, and the third case was a patient with a history of intentional drug overdose.[35]
One publication has investigated 226 deaths attributed to GHB.[36] Of 226 deaths included, 213 suffered cardiorespiratory arrest and 13 suffered fatal accidents. Seventy-one deaths (34%) had no co-intoxicants. Postmortem blood GHB was 18–4400 mg/L (median=347) in deaths negative for co-intoxicants.
GHB is produced in the body in very small amounts, and blood levels may climb after death to levels in the range of 30–50 mg/L.[37] Levels higher than this are found in GHB deaths. Levels lower than this may be due to GHB or to postmortem endogenous elevations.
A UK parliamentary committee commissioned report found the use of GHB to be less dangerous than tobacco and alcohol in social harms, physical harm and addiction.[38]
Treatment of overdose
Overdose of GHB can be difficult to treat because of its multiple effects on the body.[6][39][40] GHB tends to cause rapid unconsciousness at doses above 3500 mg, with single doses over 7000 mg often causing life-threatening respiratory depression, and higher doses still inducing bradycardia and cardiac arrest. Other side-effects include convulsions (especially when combined with stimulants), and nausea/vomiting (especially when combined with alcohol).[12]
The greatest life threat due to GHB overdose (with or without other substances) is respiratory arrest.[3][12] Other relatively common causes of death due to GHB ingestion include aspiration of vomitus, positional asphyxia, and trauma sustained while intoxicated (e.g., motor vehicle accidents while driving under the influence of GHB). The risk of aspiration pneumonia and positional asphyxia risk can be reduced by laying the patient down in the recovery position. People are most likely to vomit as they become unconscious, and as they wake up. It is important to keep the victim awake and moving, who must not be left alone due to the risk of death through vomiting. Frequently they will be in a good mood but this does not mean they are not in danger. GHB overdose is a medical emergency and immediate assessment in an emergency department is needed.
Convulsions from GHB can be treated with diazepam or lorazepam,[12] even though these are also CNS depressants they are GABAA agonists, whereas GHB is primarily a GABAB agonist, so the benzodiazepines do not worsen CNS depression as much as might be expected.
Because of the faster and more complete absorption of GBL relative to GHB, its dose-response curve is steeper, and overdoses of GBL tend to be more dangerous and problematic than overdoses involving only GHB or 1,4-B. Any GHB/GBL overdose is a medical emergency and should be cared for by appropriately trained personnel.
A newer synthetic drug SCH-50911, which acts as a selective GABAB antagonist, quickly reverses GHB overdose in mice.[41] However, this treatment has yet to be tried in humans, and it is unlikely that it will be researched for this purpose in humans due to the illegal nature of clinical trials of GHB, and the lack of medical indemnity coverage inherent in using an untested treatment for a life-threatening overdose.
Detection of use
GHB may be quantitated in blood or plasma to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients,[12] provide evidence in an impaired driving arrest or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma GHB concentrations are usually in a range of 50–250 mg/L in persons receiving the drug therapeutically (during general anesthesia), 30–100 mg/L in those arrested for impaired driving, 50–500 mg/L in acutely intoxicated patients and 100–1000 mg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Urine is often the preferred specimen for routine drug abuse monitoring purposes. Both gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol are converted to GHB in the body.[42][43][44]
In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration.[45][46][47][48] These effects are associated with decreased NMDA receptor expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well.[45]
Pedraza et al. (2009) found that repeated administration of GHB to rats for 15 days drastically reduced the number of neurons and non-neuronal cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. With doses of 10 mg/kg of GHB, they were decreased by 61% in the CA1 region and 32% in the prefrontal cortex, and with 100 mg/kg, they were decreased by 38% and 9%, respectively. It is interesting to note that GHB has biphasic effects on neuronal loss, with lower doses (10 mg/kg) producing the most neurotoxicity, and higher doses (100 mg/kg) producing less.
Pretreatment with NCS-382, a GHB receptor antagonist, prevents both learning/memory deficits and neuronal loss in GHB-treated animals, suggesting that GHB's neurotoxic actions are mediated via activation of the GHB receptor.[48] In addition, the neurotoxicity appears to be caused by oxidative stress.[48][49][50]
Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.[51] Addiction occurs when repeated drug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition, ultimately leading to compulsive drug taking.[52][53]
Rats forced to consume massive doses of GHB will intermittently prefer GHB solution to water but, after experiments on rats, it was noted that "no rat showed any sign of withdrawal when GHB was finally removed at the end of the 20-week period" or during periods of voluntary abstinence.[54][55]
GHB has also been associated with a withdrawal syndrome of insomnia, anxiety, and tremor that usually resolves within three to twenty-one days.[12][51][56] The withdrawal syndrome can be severe producing acute delirium and may require hospitalization in an intensive care unit for management.[12] The mainstay of treatment for severe withdrawal is supportive care and benzodiazepines for control of acute delirium, but larger doses are often required compared to acute delirium of other causes (e.g. > 100 mg/d of diazepam). Baclofen has been suggested as an alternative or adjunct to benzodiazepines based on anecdotal evidence and some animal data.[57] However, there is less experience with the use of baclofen for GHB withdrawal, and additional research in humans is needed. Baclofen was first suggested as an adjunct because benzodiazepines do not affect GABAB receptors and thus have no cross-tolerance with GHB while baclofen, which works via GABAB receptors, is cross-tolerant with GHB and may be more effective in alleviating withdrawal effects of GHB.[58]
GHB withdrawal is not widely discussed in textbooks and some psychiatrists, general practitioners, and even hospital emergency physicians may not be familiar with this withdrawal syndrome.[59]
Endogenous production
Cells produce GHB by reduction of succinic semialdehyde via succinic semialdehyde reductase (SSR). This enzyme appears to be induced by cAMP levels,[60] meaning substances that elevate cAMP, such as forskolin and vinpocetine, may increase GHB synthesis and release. People with the disorder known as succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, have elevated levels of GHB in their urine, blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.[61]
The precise function of GHB in the body is not clear. It is known, however, that the brain expresses a large amount of receptors that are activated by GHB.[62] These receptors are excitatory and not responsible for the sedative effects of GHB – they have been shown to elevate the principal excitatory neurotransmitter—glutamate.[63] The benzamide antipsychotics—amisulpride, sulpiride—have been shown to bind to this receptor in vivo.[64] Other antipsychotics were tested and were not found to have an affinity for this receptor.
It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas.[65]
GHB has neuroprotective properties and has been found to protect cells from hypoxia.[66]
Natural fermentation by-product
GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects.[67]
GHB has at least two distinct binding sites[68] in the central nervous system. GHB is an agonist at the newly characterized GHB receptor, which is excitatory,[69][70] and it is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor, which is inhibitory.[70] GHB is a naturally occurring substance that acts in a similar fashion to some neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain.[71] GHB is probably synthesized from GABA in GABAergic neurons, and released when the neurons fire.[70]
If taken orally, GABA itself does not effectively cross the blood-brain-barrier.[72]
GHB induces the accumulation of either a derivative of tryptophan or tryptophan itself in the extracellular space, possibly by increasing tryptophan transport across the blood–brain barrier. The blood content of certain neutral amino-acids, including tryptophan, is also increased by peripheral GHB administration. GHB-induced stimulation of tissue serotonin turnover may be due to an increase in tryptophan transport to the brain and in its uptake by serotonergic cells. As the serotonergic system may be involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and anxiety, the stimulation of this system by high doses of GHB may be involved in certain neuropharmacological events induced by GHB administration.
However, at therapeutic doses, GHB reaches much higher concentrations in the brain and activates GABAB receptors, which are primarily responsible for its sedative effects.[73] GHB's sedative effects are blocked by GABAB antagonists.
The role of the GHB receptor in the behavioural effects induced by GHB is more complex. GHB receptors are densely expressed in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited research into the GHB receptor; however, there is evidence that activation of the GHB receptor in some brain areas results in the release of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter.[63] Drugs that selectively activate the GHB receptor cause absence seizures in high doses, as do GHB and GABA(B) agonists.[74]
Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA(B) is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic.[75] Low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor.[76] Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via GABA(B) receptors as do other GABA(B) agonists such as baclofen and phenibut.[77] After an initial phase of inhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor. Both the inhibition and increase of dopamine release by GHB are inhibited by opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone. Dynorphin may play a role in the inhibition of dopamine release via kappa opioid receptors.[78]
This explains the paradoxical mix of sedative and stimulatory properties of GHB, as well as the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, wherein they awake suddenly after several hours of GHB-induced deep sleep. That is to say that, over time, the concentration of GHB in the system decreases below the threshold for significant GABAB receptor activation and activates predominantly the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.
Recently, analogs of GHB, such as 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid have been synthesised and tested on animals, in order to gain a better understanding of GHB's mode of action.[79] Analogues of GHB such as 3-methyl-GHB, 4-methyl-GHB and 4-phenyl-GHB have been shown to produce similar effects to GHB in some animal studies, but these compounds are even less well researched than GHB itself. Of these analogues, only 4-methyl-GHB (γ-hydroxyvaleric acid, GHV) and its prodrug form gamma-valerolactone (GVL) have been reported as drugs of abuse in humans, and on the available evidence seem to be less potent but more toxic than GHB, with a particular tendency to cause nausea and vomiting.
Other prodrug ester forms of GHB have also rarely been encountered by law enforcement, including 1,4-diacetoxybutane, methyl-4-acetoxybutanoate, and ethyl-4-acetoxybutanoate, but these are, in general, covered by analogue laws in jurisdictions where GHB is illegal, and little is known about them beyond their delayed onset and longer duration of action. The intermediate compound 4-hydroxybutaldehyde is also a prodrug for GHB; however, as with all aliphatic aldehydes this compound is caustic and is strong-smelling and foul-tasting; actual use of this compound as an intoxicant is likely to be unpleasant and result in severe nausea and vomiting.
Also note that both of the metabolic breakdown pathways shown for GHB can run in either direction, depending on the concentrations of the substances involved, so the body can make its own GHB either from GABA or from succinic semialdehyde. Under normal physiological conditions, the concentration of GHB in the body is rather low, and the pathways would run in the reverse direction to what is shown here to produce endogenous GHB. However, when GHB is consumed for recreational or health promotion purposes, its concentration in the body is much higher than normal, which changes the enzyme kinetics so that these pathways operate to metabolise GHB rather than producing it.
Synthesis of the chemical GHB was first reported in 1874 by Alexander Zaytsev,[80] but the first major research into its use in humans was conducted in the early 1960s by Dr. Henri Laborit to use in studying the neurotransmitter GABA.[81] It quickly found a wide range of uses due to its minimal side-effects and short duration of action, the only difficulties being the narrow therapeutic dosage range and the dangers presented by its combination with alcohol and other nervous system depressants.
GHB was widely used in France, Italy, and other European countries for several decades as a sleeping agent and an anesthetic in childbirth but problems with its abuse potential and development of newer drugs have led to a decrease in legitimate medical use of GHB in recent times. In the Netherlands, GHB could be bought as aphrodisiac and euphoriant in a smartshop for several years, until several incidents caused it to become regulated. The only common medical applications for GHB today are in the treatment of narcolepsy and more rarely alcoholism. In the typical scenario, GHB has been synthesized from γ-butyrolactone (GBL) by adding sodium hydroxide (lye) in ethanol or water.
A popular children's toy, Bindeez (also known as Aqua Dots, in the United States), produced by Melbourne company Moose, was banned in Australia in early November 2007 when it was discovered that 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B), which is metabolized into GHB, had been substituted for the non-toxic plasticiser 1,5-pentanediol in the bead manufacturing process. Three young children were hospitalized as a result of ingesting a large number of the beads, and the toy was recalled.[82]
Legal status
In the United States, it was placed on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act in March 2000. However, when sold as sodium oxybate, it is considered a Schedule III substance but with Schedule I trafficking penalties, one of several drugs that are listed in multiple schedules.[3][83] On 20 March 2001, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs placed GHB in Schedule IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[84]
In the UK GHB was made a class C drug in June 2003. In October 2013 the ACMD recommended upgrading it from schedule IV to schedule II in line with UN recommendations. Their report concluded that the minimal use of Xyrem in the UK meant that prescribers would be minimally inconvenienced by the rescheduling.[85]
In Hong Kong, GHB is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined HK$10,000. The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a HK$150,000 fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a HK$100,000 fine or 5 years of jail time.
In New Zealand and Australia, GHB, 1,4-B and GBL are all Class B illegal drugs, along with any possible esters, ethers and aldehydes. GABA itself is also listed as an illegal drug in these jurisdictions, which seems unusual given its failure to cross the blood–brain barrier, but there was a perception among legislators that all known analogues should be covered as far as this was possible. Attempts to circumvent the illegal status of GHB have led to the sale of derivatives such as 4-methyl-GHB (gamma-hydroxyvaleric acid, GHV) and its prodrug form gamma-valerolactone (GVL), but these are also covered under the law by virtue of their being "substantially similar" to GHB or GBL and; so importation, sale, possession and use of these compounds is also considered to be illegal.
In Chile, GHB is a controlled drug under the law "Ley de substancias psicotropicas y estupefacientes" (psychotropic substances and narcotics).
In Norway[86] and in Switzerland,[87] GHB is considered a narcotic and is only available by prescription under the trade name Xyrem (Union Chimique Belge S.A.).
Sodium oxybate is also used therapeutically in Italy under the brand name Alcover for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and dependence.[88]
See also
- gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV)
- gamma-Valerolactone (GVL)
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- ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 680–684.
- ^ a b Sircar R, Basak A (2004). "Adolescent gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 79 (4): 701–8.
- ^ García FB, Pedraza C, Arias JL, Navarro JF (2006). "[Effects of subchronic administration of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) on spatial working memory in rats]". Psicothema (in Spanish; Castilian) 18 (3): 519–24.
- ^ Sircar R, Basak A, Sircar D (2008). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced cognitive deficits in the female adolescent rat". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1139: 386–9.
- ^ a b c Pedraza C, García FB, Navarro JF (2009). "Neurotoxic effects induced by gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in male rats". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 12 (9): 1165–77.
- ^ Sgaravatti, Angela M.; Sgarbi, Mirian B.; Testa, Carla G.; Durigon, Karina; Pederzolli, Carolina D.; Prestes, Cristina C.; Wyse, Angela T.S.; Wannmacher, Clóvis M.D. et al. (2007). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats". Neurochemistry International 50 (3): 564–70.
- ^ Sgaravatti, Ângela M.; Magnusson, Alessandra S.; Oliveira, Amanda S.; Mescka, Caroline P.; Zanin, Fernanda; Sgarbi, Mirian B.; Pederzolli, Carolina D.; Wyse, Angela T. S. et al. (2009). "Effects of 1,4-butanediol administration on oxidative stress in rat brain: study of the neurotoxicity of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in vivo". Metabolic Brain Disease 24 (2): 271–82.
- ^ a b Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup SA, Smith DE (1997). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence". Addiction (Abingdon, England) 92 (1): 89–96.
- ^ Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (ages 12 years and up); American Heart Association; Johns Hopkins University study, Principles of Addiction Medicine; Psychology Today; National Gambling Impact Commission Study; National Council on Problem Gambling; Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery; Society for Advancement of Sexual Health; All Psych Journal
- ^ Addiction and the Brain. Time
- ^ Colombo, Giancarlo; Agabio, Roberta (1995). "Oral self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the rat". European Journal of Pharmacology 285 (1): 103–7.
- ^ Is GHB toxic? Addictive? Dangerous? lycaeum.org
- ^ "GHB: An Important Pharmacologic and Clinical Update". Ualberta.ca. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ Letourneau JL, Hagg DS, Smith SM (2008). "Baclofen and Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Withdrawal". Neurocrit Care 8 (3): 430–3.
- ^ Carter, LP.; Koek, W.; France, CP. (2009). "Behavioral analyses of GHB: receptor mechanisms". Pharmacol Ther 121 (1): 100–14.
- ^ van Noorden, MS.; van Dongen, LC.; Zitman, FG.; Vergouwen, TA. (2009). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known". Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31 (4): 394–6.
- ^ Kemmel, V; Taleb, O; Perard, A; Andriamampandry, C; Siffert, JC; Mark, J; Maitre, M (1998). "Neurochemical and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of a functional gamma-hydroxybutyrate system in NCB-20 neurons".
- ^ National Organization for Rare Disorders. Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ Andriamampandry, C.; Taleb, O; Viry, S; Muller, C; Humbert, JP; Gobaille, S; Aunis, D; Maitre, M (2003). "Cloning and characterization of a rat brain receptor that binds the endogenous neuromodulator γ-hydroxybutyrate".
- ^ a b Castelli, M. Paola; Ferraro, Luca; Mocci, Ignazia; Carta, Francesca; Carai, Mauro A. M.; Antonelli, Tiziana; Tanganelli, Sergio; Cignarella, Giorgio; Gessa, Gian Luigi (2003). "Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid". J. Neurochem. 87 (3): 722–32.
- ^ Maitre M, Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Hechler V (1994). "Displacement of [3H] gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding by benzamide neuroleptics and prochlorperazine but not by other antipsychotics". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 256 (2): 211–4.
- ^ Gobaille S, Hechler V, Andriamampandry C, Kemmel V, Maitre M (1999). "gamma-Hydroxybutyrate modulates synthesis and extracellular concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in discrete rat brain regions in vivo". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290 (1): 303–9.
- ^ Ottani, A; Saltini, S; Bartiromo, M; Zaffe, D; Renzo Botticelli, A; Ferrari, A; Bertolini, A; Genedani, S (2003). "Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in two rat models of focal cerebral damage".
- ^ Elliott, S; Burgess, V. (2005). "The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages". Forensic Science International 151 (2–3): 289–92.
- ^ Wu, Ying; Ali, Saima; Ahmadian, Gholamreza; Liu, Chun Che; Wang, Yu Tian; Gibson, K.Michael; Calver, Andrew R.; Francis, Joseph et al. (2004). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptor (GABABR) binding sites are distinctive from one another: molecular evidence".
- ^ Cash, C; Gobaille, S; Kemmel, V; Andriamampandry, C; Maitre, M (1999). "γ-hydroxybutyrate receptor function studied by the modulation of nitric oxide synthase activity in rat frontal cortex punches".
- ^ a b c Maitre M, Humbert JP, Kemmel V, Aunis D, Andriamampandry C (2005). "A mechanism for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as a drug and a substance of abuse".
- ^ Waszkielewicz A, Bojarski J (2004). "Gamma-hydrobutyric acid (GHB) and its chemical modifications: a review of the GHBergic system" (PDF).
- ^ Kuriyama K, Sze PY (1971). "Blood–brain barrier to H3-gamma-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid-treated animals". Neuropharmacology 10 (1): 103–8.
- ^ Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Satta R, Imbesi M, Yildiz S, Manev H (2005). "Drosophila GABA(B) receptors are involved in behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 519 (3): 246–52.
- ^ Banerjee PK, Snead OC (1995). "Presynaptic gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor-mediated release of GABA and glutamate (GLU) in rat thalamic ventrobasal nucleus (VB): a possible mechanism for the generation of absence-like seizures induced by GHB". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273 (3): 1534–43.
- ^ Hechler V, Gobaille S, Bourguignon JJ, Maitre M (1991). "Extracellular events induced by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in striatum: a microdialysis study". J. Neurochem. 56 (3): 938–44.
- ^ Maitre, M; Hechler, V; Vayer, P; Gobaille, S; Cash, CD; Schmitt, M; Bourguignon, JJ (1990). "A specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255 (2): 657–63.
- ^ Smolders I, De Klippel N, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y (1995). "Tonic GABA-ergic modulation of striatal dopamine release studied by in vivo microdialysis in the freely moving rat". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 284 (1–2): 83–91.
- ^ Mamelak M (1989). "Gammahydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism".
- ^ Wu, H.; Zink, N; Carter, LP; Mehta, AK; Hernandez, RJ; Ticku, MK; Lamb, R; France, CP; Coop, A (2003). "A Tertiary Alcohol Analog of gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid as a Specific gamma -Hydroxybutyric Acid Receptor Ligand". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 305 (2): 675–9.
- ^ Saytzeff, Alexander (1874). "Über die Reduction des Succinylchlorids".
- ^ Laborit, H; Jouany, JM; Gerard, J; Fabiani, F (1960). "Generalities concernant l'etude experimentale de l'emploi clinique du gamma hydroxybutyrate de Na". Aggressologie (in French) 1: 397–406.
- ^ Perry, Michael; Pomfret, James and Crabb, Roger (7 November 2007). "Australia bans China-made toy on toxic drug risk". Reuters.
- ^ ProjectGHB.org. Web.archive.org (16 January 2010). Retrieved on 2012-09-27.
- ^ Whitehousedrugpolicy.org.
- ^ Iversen, Les (2013-10-03). "ACMD advice on the scheduling of GHB" (PDF). UK Home Office. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
- ^ "FOR 30 June 1978 nr 08: Forskrift om narkotika m.v. (Narkotikalisten)".
- ^ Xyrem untersteht dem Bundesgesetz über die Betäubungsmittel und die psychotropen Stoffe
- ^ Haller, C; Thai, D; Jacob p, 3rd; Dyer, JE (2006). "GHB Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Administration in Humans". Journal of Analytical Toxicology 30 (6): 360–364.
External links
- Gamma-hydroxybutyrate MS Spectrum
- The Cognitive Enhancement Research Institute – Research findings on GHB and other substances
- EMCDDA Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs
- Erowid GHB Vault (also contains information about addiction and dangers)
- InfoFacts – Rohypnol and GHB (National Institute on Drug Abuse)
- sodium oxybate and alcohol-related disordersPubmed/Medline search on
- Use dmy dates from July 2013
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
- Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters
- CS1 maint: Unrecognized language
- CS1 maint: display-authors
- CS1 French-language sources (fr)
- CS1 German-language sources (de)
- Sedatives
- GABA agonists
- GHB receptor agonists
- GABA analogues
- General anesthetics
- Neurotransmitters
- Drug culture
- Euphoriants
- Hydroxy acids


text:
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Watermelon and feta salad
11 comments:
LOL. In other words, feta should be creamy. :-)ReplyDelete
Yes. It must be creamy, but creamy. Yet crumbly. And salty, and a little sour. But creamy!ReplyDelete
Marie this salad is summer perfection, isn't it. We have watermelon chilling in the downstairs cooler and "creamy" feta upstairs. I know what we're going to have this weekend!ReplyDelete
I love your blog, by the way. :)
Thank you, Mary! The idea to me, living in a tiny apartment, of having the watermelon downstairs and the feta upstairs, is very exciting, :-)ReplyDelete
Oh, and I'll be having salmon...:-)
South African feta - bleagh/yuck indeed! Will save recipe for concocting on other shores.ReplyDelete
Jane, the risotto will be on its way this weekend, promise!ReplyDelete
Jane, but wait! Kalk Bay's Harbour House has a Greek Salad - and that feta is delicious! We asked them who supplied it and I believe they said it was locally supplied but imported cheese - Maybe you can make friends with them...ReplyDelete
And you make friends with them, don't forget to ask for a creme brulee! The best, or second best in the world!ReplyDelete
I'm on my way to the harbour!!! And Marie - no pressure re the risotto.ReplyDelete
Now there is a combination of flavours that I would never have thought to pair together in a million years....but now I'm intrigued.....being of Greek background, I too am on the eternal search for the perfect feta....ReplyDelete
What a great salad, it looks so refreshing. I love watermelon so I am very keen to try this. I see you have used black pepper, I smother all my food with the black stuff, I love it and I believe it is very good for you too. xReplyDelete
Comments left 4 days or later after a post's publish-date will be moderated (purely for spam control). Please be patient, you will be seen!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Allegro CL version 9.0
Unrevised from 8.2 to 9.0.
8.2 version
Arguments: string-or-pixmap &key owner width height horizontal-margin vertical-margin background-color foreground-color border font
This function is typically called internally by a user call to the with-message-window macro. Refer to with-message-window for complete information and a description of all the arguments.
make-message-window is
provided in case you would like to show and remove the message window
at times other than just before and after a with-message-window body. Calling this function
will create a message window in
:shrunk state and return it. You can then show the
window whenever you like (typically by calling select-window), and remove it whenever you like
(typically by calling shrink-window or (setf state)).
Copyright (c) 1998-2019, Franz Inc. Oakland, CA., USA. All rights reserved.
This page was not revised from the 8.2 page.
Created 2012.5.30.
|Allegro CL version 9.0
Unrevised from 8.2 to 9.0.
8.2 version


text:
The Vampire Diaries Season Two Report Card: A-Matt Richenthal at .
The 2010-2011 television season is over.
Before looking ahead to summer programming, and giving readers as much insight as possible into new fall shows, TV Fanatic will be taking a look back, grading and evaluating the latest seasons of various dramas and sitcoms.
First, we gave The Good Wife an A. Now: The Vampire Diaries.
Best character: Damon. He's the obvious answer for a reason. Thanks to a constantly entertaining, impressive performance by Ian Somerhalder, this is a character who can be relied on for humor, emotion and action. The show may over-rely on his angst over Elena to an extent, but Damon drives The Vampire Diaries.
Worst character: Katherine. Think about the attention that was paid to her on season one, followed by her shocking arrival on season two. Then think about where the series went with Katherine and the answer is... unclear. Ridiculously hot tomb sex aside (and that was merely a fantasy), the writers seemed to lose track of a direction for this once-vital blood sucker.
Best episode: "Klaus." I'm a sucker for the flashback. This episode officially introduced us to Joseph Morgan as Klaus and began to peel away the complicated mythology behind the Originals. Hybrid intel, the sun and the moon curse revelations and Elijah with long hair. The hour had it all!
Best storyline: The introduction of werewolves. There's just so much potential here, from Tyler and Caroline's supernatural-crossed relationship, to Klaus as a hybrid to the long-simmering feud between this species and vampires.
Hopes for 2011-2012: Fewer spells that magically fix everything; more character consistency when it comes to supporting players (i.e. Katherine, John until his death); and a true commitment to this dark version of Stefan. It's a welcome change for him and for Paul Wesley and I don't want the show to have him revert back to simply being Elena's sweet savior after just a couple episodes.
Overall grade: A-. The Vampire Diaries guarantees a wild, unexpected ride every week. No show shocks viewers as much and no show follows through as reliably on promises of game-changers and deaths. All that and the cast looks like this! Like Alaric's bed without Jenna, my Thursday nights will feel empty until September.
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.


text:
Implemented IPSEC.
Began studying up on mobile IP and MPLS so that can get implemented too.
Expect next diary update 1 or so years from now. Sorry, I totally don't understand the whole blog phenomenon and what drives people to update these things constantly. It's like the internet equivalent of a bullhorn "HERE IS WHAT I HAVE TO SAY AND THE BORING SHIT I DID TODAY, HEAR ME ROAR!"
Oops, did I just fall into the trap myself? :-)


text:
REVIEW Cuisine Scene: A PRIME PLACE TO DINE
by Debra Martin Koma
AllEars® Senior Editor
Feature Article
This article appeared in the February 22. 2005 Issue #283 of ALL EARS® (ISSN: 1533-0753)
Keep those elbows off the table! Don't talk with your mouth full! No dessert until you eat all your vegetables!
Ah, memories of childhood. At least that's how my mom ingrained good table manners into me. And, that's how the servers may treat you at the '50s Prime Time Cafe in Walt Disney World's Disney-MGM Studios!
What? You mean you've never heard how the servers at Prime Time, each one of your long-lost "relatives," will wave a fork full of green beans like an airplane in front of your nose to get you to eat them? No one's told you about how Mom or Aunt Elaine or Cousin Chip will chastise you for planting your elbows on the table or for talking out of turn? How, if you're really naughty, Sis or Aunt Becky may enlist the aid of other restaurant patrons to help shame you into better behavior — or worse, put you in the corner? Then you have certainly missed out on one of the most fun dining experiences at all of Walt Disney World, where you can play, not with your food, but with the people who serve it to you.
This is the place for you if you like your servers extra friendly, your cuisine extra homey, and your decor extra kitschy.
And when I say "kitschy," I'm talking genuine 1950s decor, as tacky as it comes. Remember the clock with the radiating spokes your grandma (or, depending on your age, your mom) used to have in her kitchen? It's here. Remember the tables with the multi-colored overlapping boomerang-shaped patterns on the formica tops? They're here. Remember the copper rooster Jell-o molds that used to adorn the walls? Yep, here, too. It's almost scary, like stepping back in time.
A group of 15 (yes, I said 15) of us visited the Prime Time on a recent Friday night and had a fine time, if not the best food of our trip — for this place is at least as much about having fun as it is about satisfying your taste buds.
If you're traveling sans little ones, start your visit back to the 1950s at the Prime Time's Tune-In Lounge. You'll be greeted with low coffee tables and furnishings reminiscent of Dick Van Dyke's living room — in fact, you'll see Dick Van Dyke's old show on the many televisions dotting the lounge and restaurant. Snippets of a number of '50s-era sitcoms (most bits are related to food or eating in some way) run in continuous loops — there's Donna Reed, Make Room for Daddy, I Married Joan, Dennis the Menace, Annette Funicello with the Mickey Mouse Club gang — even Walt Disney himself at the opening of Disneyland!
The Tune-In has a full bar, and serves up a variety of specialty adult beverages as well as standard bar fare. If you have a sweet tooth, you can kill two birds with one stone and order up one of "Grandpa's Electric Milkshakes" ($9.50), ice cream concoctions "enhanced" with a drop or two of alcohol and capped off with a glowing cube. The Almond Joy Shake, a combination of vanilla ice cream, amaretto, coconut rum and crème de cassis, didn't just look like a scrumptious dessert — it could have been a meal in itself.
When the host or hostess calls your party ("Mom's ready for the Smith kids! Party of 15!"), you enter the main restaurant, where you can soak in even more of the kitschy atmosphere. Every room has a slightly different wallpaper style — pink floral, geometric patterns, we ended up in the back, plaid room — and its own set of accent pieces. There are collections of ceramic knick-knacks, from green horses to colored glass vases to elegantly dressed ladies — they even had a pink flamingo just like one that used to sit on a shelf in my grandma's kitchen! There are also old-fashioned, shiny-sided two-slice toasters, and groupings of old-style Coca-Cola bottles and coolers. This is definitely cheesy Americana at its best (or worst?).
Your server will play with you as little or as much as you wish, so don't be afraid to stop in here if you don't like attention — they'll pretty much leave you to eat in peace if you tell them that's your preference. Our server, Cousin Jeff, had his work cut out for him. How to entertain a group of 15 clearly looking to have a little fun with him? Aside from constantly reminding us to keep our elbows off the table, though, he spent most of the evening simply trading quips and jokes — surprisingly none of us ended up in the corner!
With 15 "kids" in our group, and many varying tastes, we had the opportunity to sample a wide variety of menu items. Appetizers here run the gamut from basic, homey soups and onion rings to the almost nouvelle Smoked Trout Dip and Mom's Fried Boursin Cheese — believe me when I tell you that MY mom didn't even know what Boursin cheese was! The Chicken Noodle Soup ($2.99), a traditional blend of chicken, carrots, celery, onions and egg noodles, was nothing extraordinary, but made a meal for one of our big "kids." Mom's Fried Boursin Cheese ($5.99) was the lightly breaded savory cheese, deep-fried and served with toasted French bread and raspberry sauce — it melted in your mouth and was a great way to whet your appetite.
When you think of comfort food, what comes to mind? I'm guessing you conjure up images of home-cooked meat loaf, or pot roast, or maybe your mom's fried chicken. That's what Prime Time specializes in — the homiest of old-fashioned home cooking. And this seems to be what the restaurant does best.
The Traditional Meatloaf ($12.99) is touted on the menu as "a blend of beef and pork topped with tomato glaze, served with Yukon gold mashed potatoes and green beans." In the words of our "kid" who tried it, both the meat loaf and the potatoes were very good, "more or less like homemade. The green beans were fresh and cooked the way I like them: not too squishy and not too crispy."
The Old-Fashioned Pot Roast ($13.99) also garnered mostly positive reviews, although some found the generous portion of meat a bit on the dry side, saved only by the gravy. The Yukon gold mashed potatoes were again deemed "quite good," but the carrots and other accompanying vegetables were less than memorable.
A long-time favorite on the menu, Aunt Liz's Golden Fried Chicken ($12.99) drew raves, both for the portion size and the taste. The light breading on the chicken kept the meat inside moist and hot, while again the sides of Yukon gold mashed potatoes and green beans were praised for their quality and texture.
Among the less traditional menu offerings, my Seafood Primavera ($15.99) was a stand out. Penne pasta was blended with a generous portion of shrimp and scallops, as well as yellow and green squash and mushrooms, all sautéed in garlic scampi butter, then topped with diced tomatoes and fresh herbs. The dish had a bit more zing to it than I had anticipated — maybe a dash too much pepper — but was a savory and satisfying meal.
The Char-broiled Pork Tenderloin ($16.49), however, got mixed reviews. Some called the chipotle barbecue sauce and apple raisin chutney much sweeter than they expected. The pork was described as tasty, but some servings were tender, while others were much drier. The potatoes, though called "ordinary," were still not bad, mixed as they were with cheddar cheese and bacon. The dish came served with crispy fried onions, though, not mentioned on the menu — a problem for some "kids" who have onion issues.
Can you believe that in a group our size, only ONE of us tried dessert? She opted for a specialty item, the no-sugar-added cheesecake not on the menu, which she called "remarkably good, though it was drier, crumblier, than traditional cheesecake."
Our overall assessment? The Prime Time is NOT the place to go for haute cuisine, or a romantic dinner for two. But for kids young and old who want a basic home-style meal in a homey setting, with a little playful banter served up on the side, the Prime Time more than fills the bill.
Related Info:
Lunch: 11 a.m. – 4 p.m.
Dinner: 4 p.m. – varies with park hours
Tune-in Lounge: 11 a.m. – varies with park hours
Priority seating reservations are available by calling 407-WDW-DINE.
Related Links:
Lunch and Dinner Menu
Children's Menu
Editor's Note: This story/information was accurate when it was published. Please be sure to confirm all current rates, information and other details before planning your trip.


text:
- Light-heavyweight
Cleverly sets sights on Hopkins
A blockbuster fight with Bernard Hopkins is Nathan Cleverly's priority for 2013, should the WBO light-heavyweight world champion successfully come through his impending defence against Robin Krasniqi.
Cleverly's promoter Frank Warren revealed last week that WBA champion Beibut Shumenov, WBC king Chad Dawson and the victor of the forthcoming IBF showdown between Tavoris Cloud and Bernard Hopkins were the names he will be looking to book to fight his Welsh charge over the next 12 months.
But Cleverly is adamant there is just one name among those - 47-year-old Hopkins - that he wants to meet inside the ring more than any of the others.
That is assuming he deals with Krasniqi on March 16, of course.
"Hopkins has jumped to the top of the list, he's the fight I want," Cleverly said. "I've got to perform and impress against this guy [Krasniqi] and that's going to set up the rest of 2013 then for the big unification fights.
"Everything will fall into place after this fight. If it all goes well with the Krasniqi fight, I would definitely like to fight the winner of Hopkins and Tavoris Cloud."
Hopkins is expected to fight Cloud on March 9, although the bout is still to be officially finalised.


text:
Difference between revisions of "Sidi Bou Said"
Revision as of 15:29, 10 November 2009
Sidi Bou Said is a village in Tunisia.
Get in
It is on the Tunis, Carthage TGM light rail line (station Sidi Bou Said). You may drive by car. Traffic is OK. There is free parking (uphill, to the right), which may be overbooked on weekends. The best time to visit is early autumn or spring (March-early April/late October-November), before the assault of package tourists begins, when you can still walk alone on the narrow streets, around white-blue traditional houses, enjoying the views. If you are there during the summer months, it is advisable to visit not just the jam-packed tourist main street but also the emptier inner parts of the neighborhood.
Get around
The village is quite small, and you can visit every street of the village in no more than two-three hours. On the top of the hill there is a beautiful view of the surrounding bay.
Sidi Bou Said has stunning whites and blues all over the village - take plenty of photos.
Like many other Arab settlements around the world, Sidi Bou Said has a small souk year round, selling basic commodities for the locals. In addition, during tourist seasons, souvenir stalls litter the lower part of the main street of the village. A traditional product manufactured in Sidi Bou Said are bird cages, colored in white and blue, like the roofs of the village. Don't forget to haggle.
Be sure to eat the locally grown dates.
There are a couple of places to stay in Sidi Bou Said itself.
You can easily find hotel rooms in nearby Tunis or Carthage. Additionally, if really lucky, you might rent a room for a night or two in a house, from a village resident. However, this is rare, since the locals are quite rich and rarely have any interest in sharing their home with total strangers.
Get out


text:
Mar 11, 2013
Freshman Elizabeth Swallow shot a 72, leading the Tornado to a day 1 score of 328 and 6th place in the standings at the Hilton Head Lakes Invitational, hosted by Pfeiffer University in Hardeeville, SC.
Swallow's impressive round places her in second place overall, just 3 shots back of T.Caballer Hernani of Lander. Sophomore Anna Walker posted a 79 for the first round, good for 19th place overall.
The Tornado will look to climb in the standings tomorrow on the final day of the 13-team tournament.


text:
The AJ-HDX400 features three 2/3", 1-million pixel IT progressive CCDs to produce a high sensitivity of F10 at 2000 lux, low-light shooting down to 0.008 lux (at +68dB), and ultra-sensitive recording up to 74dB in digital super gain mode, the manufacturer specifies.
The AJ-HDX400 is equipped with 12-bit A/D DSP circuits that provide optimum picture quality, color reproduction, and luminance gradation, as well as an advanced 12-axis matrix color correction system that permits precise colors to be adjusted without affecting overall color tone. The camcorder offers built-in image-enhancing features including a Cine-like gamma curve to replicate the look and feel of film, detail functions including precise skin tone, and shading correction that adjusts for the use of a lens extender. The AJ-HDX400 uses DVCPRO HD-LP 9-micron recording to record 33 minutes on a DVCPRO medium-size cassette, and records 48kHz/16-bit digital audio on all four channels. It offers a digital zoom with an up to 400% image enlargement where the HD image retains its superb resolution and brightness is maintained. The AJ-HDX400 provides as standard a 10-second pre-recording function that permits it to capture spontaneous scenes a shooter might otherwise miss.
The pre-recording function continually caches 10 seconds of video and audio in memory (time settable by one-second increments) as it enters the camera's front lens. When a user pushes the record button, video and audio in the cache are recorded to tape. This HD camera also offers a Retake Mode that allows it to automatically back up to the start of the last take and record over it. A one-frame interval REC function is also offered for time-lapse recording. A standard HD SDI output is included for monitoring and line recording, and a down converter is built-in to produce a NTSC composite output, eliminating the need for an expensive SDI monitor.
The camcorder also includes a SAVE REC function that reduces power consumption to a low of 35.5 watts during recording, Other standard features include: Auto Tracking White Balance; two four-position optical filters (ND: clear, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64; CC: Cross, 3200K, 4300k and 6300K); multifunctional zebra patterns (to adjust contrast, auto white balance and color bar output); four user scene files, three user-customized buttons, one-touch display for 4 x 3 aspect ratio; electronic shutter (1/100 to 1/2000 sec.) with synchro scan shutter (1/60.3 to 1/249.8 sec.); an easy-slide shoulder pad that adjusts 1.18" in 10-steps; and a three-point locking viewfinder mount. The weight of the camera head is 9.4 pounds.
The AJ-HDX400 teams with the Panasonic AJ-HD1200A IEEE 1394 DVCPRO HD VTR and Apple Final Cut HD software to offer a powerful, affordable acquisition-through-editing system. Among the AJ-HDX400's optional accessories are the AJ-GPS900G GPS unit to record real-time position data onto the tape including altitude, longitude and latitude; the AJ-HVF20BP 2" HD 16 x 9/4 x 3 viewfinder; and the AJ-MC900G stereo mic.
The AJ-HDX400 will be available in February at a suggested list price of $42,500.


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"In an open society it is impossible to kill, jail, or occupy everyone who disagrees with you." (Bill Clinton speaking at the World Affairs Council)
The regime in Iran is a house of cards. Many may talk about their strength. I've heard it: money is rolling in because of the high price of oil. Yes. That is a strength. The revolutionary military supports the current president. Many in the Arab world and beyond see Ahmadinejad as a damn against the tide of Western imperialism. Another strength. They are acting boldly. Another strength. The world is paying attention. Yep, yet another.
Why do I say they are weak? A government that stones a man for adultery, sentences a woman to lashings for promoting the rights of women, imprisons professors, blocks social networking sites, and locks up union leaders is weak. W-E-A-K. We know now how weak the revolution was when Iraq attacked in the early 80s thus uniting the population behind the regime. That revolution was so weak that it tortured, killed, and imprisoned nearly all of the political thinkers and activists in the entire country.
Weak regimes respond with violence. Weak regimes keep their populations in a state of fear.
Read about the weaknesses here:
Listen to Halleh Esfandiari
talking to NPR about her imprisonment
Kamangir writes about the sentencing of feminist Delaram Ali
Here is an account of the stoning of the man put together by Hamid Tehrani at Global Voices
Read a report from the OpenNet initiative on Iran


text:
I am a huge fan of cooking with whole spices. Ground cinnamon can never substitute cinnamon sticks in a braise. Ground Sichuan pepper doesn't have the same punch as whole or crushed peppercorn. And I'm prone to ignoring a recipe's call for ground cumin, when whole cumin has been the friend that never disappoints.
The fragrance of freshly toasted whole cumin can make me delirious with hunger. I know that whatever's touched with cumin will be smoky, substantial, and evocative of a far-off land blessed with pungent spices. If the food on this site seems cumin-heavy, that's because I use heaping spoonfuls and, when working off other recipes, double or triple the amounts. Is there a support group for this kind of spice addiction?
This eggplant and black bean salad is a great backdrop for another cumin invasion. The spice adds a nutty dimension to the eggplant, and highlights the saltiness of the black beans. (Salted black beans, also called fermented black beans, is usually found in the preserved goods section of a Chinese market. Rinse before use.) Try this appetizer not only with Chinese main courses but also Middle Eastern dishes.
What's your spice fetish?
Eggplant, Cumin, and Black Bean Salad
Serves 4 as an appetizer
- 3 teaspoons cumin seeds
- 2 tablespoons salted (fermented) black beans, rinsed
- 2 tablespoons Chinese black vinegar
- 1 tablespoon light soy sauce
- 1 teaspoon sesame oil
- 2 teaspoons caster sugar
- 1 garlic clove, minced
- 2 tablespoons vegetable or peanut oil
- 1 Asian eggplant, cut into 3/4-inch cubes
- 2 tomatoes, cut into 3/4-inch cubes
- 3 to 4 scallions, cut to 2-inch lengths, plus curly shreds for garnish
- Toast the cumin seeds in a wok over high heat until fragrant, about 30 seconds. Remove and let cool.
- For the dressing, combine the cumin, black beans, vinegar, soy sauce, sesame oil, sugar, and garlic in a small bowl. Stir until sugar dissolves.
- Heat the oil in a wok over medium-high heat. Add eggplant and cook until lightly golden, about 2 minutes. Add dressing, stirring so eggplant cubes are well-coated. Add scallion stalks and cook for another minute. Remove wok from heat and let cool for a few minutes. Put everything from the wok and tomatoes in a bowl and toss to combine. Plate to serve and garnish with shredded scallion.
Adapted from Chinatown by Ross Dobson


text:
167 Auckland Street
Gladstone QLD 4680
Contact: Adrienne Williams
Phone: 07 4972 2516
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Service description: Endeavour Recycled Clothing stores sell quality recycled clothing, shoes, Manchester, bric-a-brac, books and furniture.
Donated second-hand goods from the public are gladly accepted at store-level.
A pick-up service is also offered for bulk quantities of clothes, bric-a-brac, books, Manchester, and furniture from any location within 30km of the store.
No accreditation or association membership details have been provided.
Fees do not apply
Pick-up available
Pick-up details: Good condition and bulk quantities only.
Dropoff available
DISCLAIMER - All of the information on this page has been provided by the listed company or organisation. Read More.
We need your feedback! Please complete our Business Recycling User Survey. Go to survey.


text:
* total height of luminaire: 56 mm
** except for MINI version
Due to its unique micro-pyramidal optic (MPO+), LIGHT FIELDS evolution always fascinates users on account of best possible glare control and perfect, brilliant lighting quality. Even at high luminous flux, luminance is consistently reduced, providing pleasantly distributed light even at steep radiation angles. This means that LIGHT FIELDS evolution can easily be used directly above task areas with flat tablet PCs as well as above vertical displays. A major benefit for the creative design of rooms: the luminaires can be positioned in the room completely flexibly and independently of the task area. Available with various different wattages, the luminaire also performs a wide range of lighting tasks without any problem. The smooth surface of the MPO+ ensures that it can be easily cleaned and prevents the accumulation of dust.
Costs in €
* compared to a conventional lighting solution, fitted with 4 x 14 W T16.
Now you have two options: use the fam selection box to view the fam range offered in the catalogue, or access the fam configuration mode using the myfamselection box. You can always switch to the other view using the corresponding selection tab.
Click here to go to the product configurator at family level. This function allows you to select or deselect fam options independently to get another step closer to your customised luminaire.
Click here to view the fam range offered in the catalogue. All fam models that can be ordered from the online catalogue are listed here, including relevant data sheets and additional information.
|Proizvod pohraniti u popis
|Novi proizvod
|Predati u ecoCALC
|Sortirati pregled u tablici
|Predati u DIALUX
|Predati u RELUX
|Raspoloživost (neobvezujuće) iz tvornice:
|Upravljano na skladištu
|Dostupno za oko 20 radnih dana (osim vremena prijevoza)
|Dostupno za oko 10 radnih dana (osim vremena prijevoza)
|Na upit


text:
Sony recently updated its Tablet S product from Android 3 to Android 4. The latest version of Android, codenamed Ice Cream Sandwich (ICS), was released in November. According to Jean-Baptiste Queru, an Android platform engineer at Google, the five-month wait is "very reasonable," in light of the complexity involved in moving from Honeycomb to ICS.
Queru also acknowledged that Google has yet to roll out the ICS update to some variants of its own flagship Nexus device. He attributed the issue to delays caused by the network operator approval process. The remarks, which were posted on Google+, have drawn scrutiny from Android enthusiasts and developers who are concerned about Android version fragmentation and the lack of predictable update availability in the Android ecosystem.
At Google I/O last year, Google's Andy Rubin announced a new initiative to streamline the update process. The search giant said it would collaborate with handset manufacturers and mobile carriers to come up with a strategy for making Android updates more timely and predictable.
At the time, Rubin said that the effort was still at an exploratory stage and that it hadn't produced any actual solutions yet. Google hasn't issued any further remarks on the status of the update initiative. The update situation arguably hasn't improved much since that announcement.
Ultimately, there might not be much that Google can do to address the issue. Critics of the Android update model often compare it to Apple's approach with iOS, where new versions of the operating system are rolled out to old devices at the same time that they launch on new devices.
Apple has a much smaller range of devices to contend with, however, compared to the breadth of the Android ecosystem, which has a more diverse spectrum of hardware. It's worth noting that Microsoft has also encountered update difficulties with its own Windows Phone operating system.
One thing that Google could do to help simplify the process is to start developing Android in the open instead of developing it behind closed doors and doing a code drop for each major release. Easier access to the code while it's in development would allow handset makers to do continuous integration and give them a head start on addressing challenges they need to overcome to align their own customizations with new versions of the platform.


text:
From MeritBadgeDotOrg
Mobile Menus: Cub Scouts - Scouts BSA - Venturing - Sea Scouts
Do seven of these:
- Play the Body Language Game with your den.
- Prepare and give a three-minute talk to your den on a subject of your choice.
- Invent a sign language or a picture writing language and use it to tell someone a story.
- Identify and discuss with your den as many different methods of communication as you can (at least six different methods).
- Invent your own den secret code and send one of your den members a secret message.
- With your den or your family, visit a library and talk to a librarian. Learn how books are catalogued to make them easy to find. Sign up for a library card, if you don't already have one.
- Visit the newsroom of a newspaper or a radio or television station and find out how they receive information.
- Write an article about a den activity for your pack newsletter or Web site, your local newspaper, or your school newsletter, newspaper, or Web site.
- Invite a person with a visual, speaking, or hearing impairment to visit your den. Ask bout the special ways he or she communicates. Discover how well you can communicate with him or her.
- With your parent or guardian or your Webelos den leader, invite a person who speaks another language (such as Spanish, French, Arabic, Hebrew, etc.) as well as English to visit your den. Ask questions about the other language (its background, where it is spoken, etc.), discuss words in that language that den members are already familiar with, or ask about ways to learn another language.
- Use a personal computer to write a letter to a friend or relative. Create your letter, check it for grammar and spelling, and save it to a disk. Print it.
- Under the supervision of a parent or other trusted adult, search the Internet and connect to five Web sites that interest you.
- Under the supervision of a parent or other trusted adult, exchange e-mail with a friend or relative.
- While you are a Webelos Scout, earn the Academics belt loop for Computers.
- While you are a Webelos Scout, earn the Academics belt loop for Communicating.
- Find out about jobs in communications. Tell your den what you learn.
Please report any issues with this page.


text:
Views: 645
This is what I believe. When you die, what made you you, your personality, your uniqueness, your thoughts, hopes, fears, dreams, and aspirations, are no more. Your body will begin to decompose and finally dissolve into the soil and become nutrients for plants and the insects that feed on their nectar and carry their pollen to fertilize other plants, and for the animals that feed on the plants also. Then when your body reduces down to the atoms and subatomic particles that made up your body, sometime somewhere, someone will drink a cup of water that contains an atom or two from what used to be you. Someone will breathe in an atom of what used to be you. The atoms that made up your body will become one with the universe, and in that sense alone will anything be left of you. That's why what you do in this life must be made to count for something. Leave something behind for people to remember you...good memories of you, writings, blogs, good deeds of kindness, etc.
Alex, what do you aspire to know more of?
If you will tell what you believe happens after death, I will tell what I believe happens after death.
What do you find interesting?
I wouldn't mind being able to turn into the Hulk whenever I needed to. The Hulk is my favorite Superhero, always has been.
Superman is one of my favorites, but he'd be at a disadvantage in a high gravity environment, or a planet with a red sun, or in the presence of kryptonite. Now Doctor Manhattan is pretty cool.
My preferred superpower would be Hulk's super strength and it's attendant invulnerability.
© 2019 Atheist Nexus. All rights reserved. Admin: The Nexus Group. Powered by


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Meanwhile, I've been spending the last three months or so re-learning how to draw dinosaurs, and rediscovering the world of dinosaurs-- the research, the art, and the fans, thanks to the dinosaur blogosphere.
Why do I say "rediscovering?" Because, about 17 years ago, I was nuts about dinosaurs. Just completely bonkers. This post is about how that all started and ended, and started again.
As a pre-teen, I was certainly a fan of dinosaurs, but I was never the kind of serious devotee that many of my friends were at that age. It was my final year in middle school when I stayed up all night reading Jurassic Park for the the first time on my bottom bunk that I became truly hooked. Mind you, this was a few months before the movie came out. My dad was a hardcore Crichton fan at the time, and my brother and I would read anything that he read. By the 7th grade I was reading Ursula K. Le Guin and Robert L. Forward, so Crichton didn't seem too tricky. I read Sphere first, I think, then moved on to JP, which I still think has one of the most compelling covers for any book I've ever seen. I knew the movie was imminent, so I wasn't reading the book in some hype-free vacuum, but I nevertheless had few expectations.
I should say right now that I have always been a person who fixates exclusively on one interest for a while until I feel I have gained some measure of expertise, at which point I move on to the next thing. Prior to my dinosaur interest I was a scholar of all things whale-related, having watched Voyage of the Mimi in 6th grade science. I promptly dropped that for comic books, after my Uncle Mark and Aunt Mary gave me a copy of How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way by Stan Lee and John Buscema. I had been on that kick a few years (and didn't drop it entirely, at least at first) when dinosaurs came along.
After I read the last page of Jurassic Park I quickly pulled my few dinosaur books from my bookshelf and began to re-read, with far more enthusiasm than ever before. I had a copy of David Norman's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs that my grandmother had given me for Christmas when I was younger. I had a picture book called Dinosaurs by Anthony Rao filled with beautiful colored pencil illustrations. I had another gift from my aunt and uncle, a very cool and very ahead-of-its-time book on Pterosaurs by Helen Roney Sattler and illustrated by Christopher Santoro. It featured hairy(!) pterosaurs of all things and talked about the idea that they were warm-blooded, and made abundantly clear the fact that pterosaurs were not dinosaurs. Of course, when I got it for Christmas as a 6-year-old I had no preconceived notions about pterosaurs at all, so nothing about it seemed all that controversial to me.
I absorbed as much as I could from the books, including Norman's already-outdated Encyclopedia, and began to psyche myself up for the movie that was still some six months away. I remember getting a copy of Newsweek with the movie's T. rex on the cover and a big spread of the brachiosaur inside. I remember the whole family going to the theater on opening night (something we had only done before for Indiana Jones and Batman). (I saw it at least 8 total times in the theater, including twice at the IMAX. That fact embarasses me now.) The final step in the process was forcing my parents to buy me a copy of The Making of Jurassic Park and looking at all the dino concept-art by Crash McCreery. I think I made my mind up right there in the bookstore that I would be a dinosaur artist.
Only my dinosaur world was about to change again in only a few months. That summer I also got a copy of The Dinosaur Heresies by Robert Bakker on the basis of Crichton's acknowledgments list in the back of JP, and my memories of the guy from Christopher Reeve's "Dinosaur!" from the '80s. There was a feathered Deinonychus in there! Weird.
Then I discovered in my school library (I was now a high school freshman) a copy of Predatory Dinosaurs of the World by Gregory S. Paul (another guy acknowledged by Crichton). It was shocking at first to see all the feathered dinosaurs in there. I showed others, who also thought it bizarre, and a little bit crackpot-ish. But I checked it out and read it from cover to cover (no joke) over the weekend, and was convinced: Gregory Paul and Bob Bakker were right, and everyone else was wrong, including JP.
I spent the next two years of my life ripping off Bakker and then Paul in countless dinosaur drawings. They got steadily better over the years, at least technically, even if they were all essentially plagiarism.
|This T. rex is a copy of Greg Paul's T. rex, but with the pen and ink stipple style of Bakker. The date on this looks like fall of '93. Small head and feet on this guy.
|This Triceratops is now using Paul's pencil style with Bakker's running trike skeletal pose. Again, bad proportions.
|At some point I think I became so confident in my ability to draw T. rex that I wouldn't use a reference and instead just went for it. Somehow he got leaner and more tilted. His head is all funny-looking, too. The pattern is another Paul rip-off.
For some reason, Homalocephale:
Well, at least I really did get better as an artist at some point, to the extent that my plagiarism would be truly lawsuit-worthy now. This Velociraptor muscle study is just copying out of Greg Paul's book. This is on 18" x 24" posterboard by the way. The others are a similar scale. I did my share of drawings on 8.5" x 11" dot-matrix printer paper, but I wasn't too intimidated by scale like some kids my age were (and some much older folks still are). I liked working big.
So then I stopped. What happened? Well, in my high school art classes I got a lot more serious about trying to make "real" art, whatever that means. But the truth is, I got into the Beatles, and then guitar. Remember what I said about switching interests? I did a handful of dinosaur drawings my junior and senior years, and one or two things in college, as a fun exercise, but nothing too serious. I think my dinos really got weird after I'd been away from them so long. The Greg Paul running pose got even more Mannerist and slaptsicky, as evidenced by these two pieces from college (they're still each about ten years old):
Then, for a decade, I didn't draw one dinosaur or even really read up on any dinosaur news. You can imagine how surprised I was to learn about the Liaoning fossils and that we now know small theropod dinos were indisputably feathered! Thanks to my job as a paleo-expert at Dinosaur-Quest, at long last I've returned to making dinosaur art again. Old habits die hard, and it's been tough to break the old Greg Paul stranglehold on my work. I still like his stuff, and happen to actually agree with a lot of his recent comments on paleoart, but I've had enough training in art now that I feel I can make the dinosaurs I want to make, and I'm having a lot of fun doing it.
This recent T. rex is my first ever all-digital painting.


text:
Calendar | Community
| Family & Friends in the Armed Forces
| Milestones
Community Action |
Humane Society | YMCA
Museum officially opens with remarks by curator Ron Keller and a
chamber ribbon-cut
Send a link to a friend
28, 2014] On Saturday morning the parking
lot at the new Lincoln Heritage Museum was the scene of a grand
opening ceremony. The day began with several guest speakers and was
hosted by Lincoln College President John Blackburn.
turning the podium over to Keller, Blackburn made a few introductory
He said he wanted to recognize the assistant director, Anne
Moseley, who has done wonderful work on the museum, as well as many
others who have been involved in the project.
Introducing Keller, Blackburn noted that he is not only the
director of the museum but also a "powerful and great history and
political science professor." Blackburn continued: "That is
important to our students because he brings that knowledge of
Lincoln and the Civil War period and his knowledge of history into
the classroom and connects the dots for our students. He is the
co-author of 'Abraham Lincoln in Logan County' and 'A Respect for
the Office: Letters from the President.' In 2009 Keller was given by
the state governor 'The Honor of Lincoln,' which is the highest
honor given to citizens of Illinois, to individuals who work for the
betterment of humanity, and whose dedication are the principles that
Abraham Lincoln stood for.
"I can't tell you enough how many hours Ron Keller has spent
getting us to where we are, and how many selfless decisions he has
made to make sure this museum is what it was supposed to be. We are
very fortunate to have faculty and directors like Ron Keller."
Keller opened by saying he also wanted to recognize and thank
Moseley, "who day-to-day has poured her heart, her time and talents
into this museum, and she needs as much recognition as I do, maybe
Keller went on to say he would borrow a phrase, or rather, alter
a phrase: "It takes a village to raise a museum."
He spoke about all the help the college and museum have had
throughout the years and drew special attention to those who
actually put the vision into form.
He acknowledged Taylor Studios of Rantoul, Edison Studios of
Little Rock, Ark., and Native Sun Productions of San Antonio, Texas,
and said there were representatives from two of the firms in the
audience to witness the grand opening.
He also thanked Lincoln College and its board of trustees, the LC
maintenance crew, the ceremony planning staff and many others who
have been dedicated to making the grand opening a special event.
Finally he thanked the hundreds of financial donors who contributed
to the museum, and he mentioned specifically the Woods Foundation.
Keller then spoke about a favorite poem of Abraham Lincoln,
"Mortality." He said Lincoln committed the poem to memory and
wrote it out as his personal form of therapy to help himself
deal with depression. The museum is the proud owner of one of
only two copies of the poem written in Lincoln's hand.
[to top of second column]
In the spring of 2013, the Lincoln College Music Theory II
students were asked to compose original music for the poem. Ten
students participated, and of the 10, Cody Garretson's composition
was chosen as the best.
Keller read a recent quote from Garretson about his piece: "My
composition is quite simple, but as I thought about the struggles
and strengths of our 16th president, these events were not simple.
They were complex. Our country was divided by the Civil War. Many
brave men lost their lives. This deeply saddened President Lincoln.
The poem 'Mortality' mirrored this sadness, and I hope this
composition also mirrors how President Lincoln felt."
Keller then introduced Garretson and said that he and Nicole Ker
and Derrick Spiker would play the composition for the audience.
After the music, Keller wrapped up by saying that he felt the
Lincoln Heritage Museum was one of the best museums he has ever
seen. He admitted he might be biased but added a quote from a recent
conversation with Bill Hoagland of Main Street Lincoln, who told
him: "You could take this museum and put it in a big city, and it
would still be one of the best museums in that city."
Keller said: "I appreciate that support, and it is nice to know
that we are not the only ones with our rose-colored glasses; that
other people feel the same way."
When Keller had finished speaking, Andi Hake of the Lincoln/Logan
County Chamber of Commerce came forward. The guest speakers, college
board members, city and county officials, chamber members, Bomke,
Blackburn, Keller, and Moseley were all part of the official
Hake offered a few comments congratulating the college on this
massive achievement and also noting the benefit this new attraction
would have economically for the city and county.
After the ribbon-cut, guests were invited inside for refreshments
and, of course, the first look at the new museum.
[By NILA SMITH]
Back to top


text:
External studies
The following studies have been produced for the European Commission by outside organisations (including research bodies, universities and consultancy firms).
Further reports that have been produced for the European Commission by outside organisations can be found in the Evaluation chapter.
- Study on analysis of administrative burden arising from the CAP
- Study On progress in implementing the EU forest strategy
- Pilot Project "AGROPOL: Development of European cross border agribusiness model region"
- "Market developments and policy evaluation aspects of the plant protein sector in the EU"
- "Study on mandatory origin labelling for milk, milk used as an ingredient and other unprocessed meats"
- "Modelling feed consumption in the European Union: update and improvement of the Feed-Model (FeedMod)"
- "Assessing farmers' costs of compliance with EU legislation in the fields of environment, animal welfare and food safety"
- "Study on the potential for marketing agricultural products of the ACP countries using geographical indications and origin branding (ACP-AGGI)" + 2 case studies (Kenyan coffee / Cameroonian cocoa)
- "Inter-laboratory validation of a method for detecting previously frozen poultry meat by determination of HADH activity"
- "Value of production of agricultural products and foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines and spirits protected by a geographical indication (GI)"
- "Assessing Agriculture Vulnerabilities for the design of Effective Measures for Adaption to Climate Change (AVEMAC project)"
- "Addressing biodiversity and habitat preservation through measures applied under the Common Agricultural Policy"
- "Study on administrative burden reduction associated with the implementation of certain Rural Development measures"
- "Prospects for the market supply of wood and other forest products from areas with fragmented forest-ownership structures"
- "Impacts of the EU biofuel target on agricultural markets and land use: a comparative modelling assessment"
- "Study on the economic, social and environmental impact of the modulation provided for in Article 10 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003"
- "Feasibility study on the setting up of a platform for data and information exchange for the European fruit and vegetable market"
- "Economic Impact of the Abolition of the Milk Quota Regime – Regional Analysis of the Milk Production in the EU"
- "Study on the Functioning of Land Markets in the EU Member States under the Influence of Measures Applied under the Common Agricultural Policy"
- "Liability and Compensation Schemes for Damage Resulting from the Presence of Genetically Modified Organisms in Non-GM Crops"
- "Analysis of the requirements for soil and biodiversity protection as well as for greenhouse gas mitigation within the rural development programmes"
- "Study on environmental consequences of sheep and goat farming and of the sheep and goat premium system"
- Impact analysis: "Study on baseline and impact indicators for rural development programming 2007-2013"


text:
Conduit 2, a game that's actually been in development for the Wii instead of talking about it, got a reminder of the pecking order for Nintendo shooters when Sega moved it to 2011 to stay out of GoldenEye's way.
Nintendojo reports that Sega and High Voltage Studios confirmed that Conduit 2 will be moved to the first three months of 2011; it had been scheduled to come out Nov. 2. Johnny-come-lately GoldenEye 007, whose rebirth on the Wii had been all talk until June, butted in on that date when Activision finally confirmed the game at E3.
That's the bad news; good news is High Voltage confirmed that players can use the Wii's classic controller to play the game's multiplayer. The Conduit II will also support Wii MotionPlus.
Conduit 2 Hits Delay, Coming in 2011 [Nintendojo via Joystiq]


text:
'Game-Changing Technology' — Aortic valve procedure proves successful for high-risk patients
05/07/2012 13:01
● By Kathryn
Joe Hofmann of Washington talks about his newfound energy following an aortic valve replacement procedure as his wife, Doris, listens. (Photo by Doug Boyd, ECU News Services)
At nearly 86 years old, Joe Hofmann is looking forward to getting out and doing more.
That's because he recently received a new aortic valve in an advanced procedure led by a team of East Carolina University physicians and performed at the East Carolina Heart Institute at Vidant Medical Center.
"I couldn't walk five steps without having to stop to catch my breath," he said at his Washington home after wiping some dust off his Toyota pickup. With the new valve, he said, "I'm going to live another 15 years."
The new valve and the catheter-based procedure doctors use to implant it helps patients with stiff or narrowed aortic valves get back to more normal activities. It could soon be a standard of care.
The procedure, known as transcatheter aortic valve replacement, or TAVR, allows doctors to replace a worn valve without opening the chest. TAVR is considered to be less invasive than a traditional valve-replacement operation, which involves open-heart surgery. Candidates for a TAVR are either not good candidates for the traditional surgery or might be considered too weak or too old to undergo the surgery.
In the TAVR procedure, the valve is inserted with a catheter through either an artery in the leg (transfemoral) or by making a small chest incision and inserting the valve through the tip of the left ventricle of the heart (transapical). The TAVR can be performed by implanting the new valve and pushing back the old one.
"Many years ago, doctors could never fathom a valve replacement without opening the chest," said Dr. Walter A. Tan, an interventional cardiologist and associate professor of cardiovascular sciences at ECU. "It is a game-changing technology."
Patients will benefit from less invasive aortic valve replacements with faster recovery, less pain and fewer complications than are associated with traditional aortic valve replacement. Patients say they have more energy, and studies show better one-year survival rates compared to no therapy.A team of ECU physicians performed the first TAVR procedure at the heart institute on Jan. 23 on an 85-year-old man from Elizabeth City. The team was led by Drs. W. Randolph Chitwood Jr., director of the institute and professor of cardiovascular surgery at ECU; Tan, who is also associate director of the ECHI cardiac catheterization labs; Curtis Anderson, a cardiothoracic surgeon and associate professor of cardiovascular sciences at ECU; Alan Kypson, a cardiothoracic surgeon and associate professor of cardiovascular sciences at ECU; and Ramesh Daggubati, a cardiologist and clinical associate professor at ECU.
While Hofmann received an FDA-approved valve that's been available since November, ECU physicians are also using a newer, more flexible model called the Edwards SAPIEN XT Transcatheter Heart Valve as part of a clinical trial. Tan implanted the first of these valves in the Carolinas last month.
"The ECHI has the unique distinction of being the only center in the world with a population less than a half a million people involved in this selective clinical trial because of our superb track record for innovation in cardiac care," Tan said.
While doctors have taken their time on these initial procedures, the process will typically take about 90 minutes to perform.
Hofmann had his valve implanted Jan. 30 and went home Feb. 3. He said he is breathing more easily and has more energy.
"I don't know that I would have made 86," said Hofmann, who also has diabetes and pulmonary fibrosis, which can cause shortness of breath and fatigue. "As I tell everyone, they gave me a new life."
Within the next five years, Tan estimated, a TAVR procedure will be the option for about 30 percent of patients with aortic stenosis.
The team has performed a total of three successful TAVR procedures.
For more information visit www.eastcarolinaheartinstitute.com or call 252-744-4400.
Article by Doug Boyd, ECU News Services


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I missed out on the track & field experience and now, running races with the Northern Minnesota Track Club, I am desperately attempting to make up for lost time, speed training and, not least of all, racing smarts.
Last night, I ran with a girl, fresh out of college, who could run 5,000s in 17 minutes flat. If I could just figure out what her name is... (I'll get back to this)
Around the time of the Supreior 50 mile, I was talking with Jarrow, who co-founded the Northern Minnesota Track Club in 1981 and owns Austin Jarrow running store.
|Bill, Jarrow & Steve. 1981. Chester Bowl, Duluth, MN.
|"Rolling Stones" start. Photo by Eve Grave.
|This is shortly after I lost the lead. Don't I look happy? Photo by Eve Grave.
|Last hills sprint. Race #2. Photo by SR
|You have got to be kidding me. This was only supposed to be a tempo run.
Yet I was still worried: Am I suddenly really out of shape? I was talking with Molly Pennings after this race (she was the 5th place woman), and found out her half marathon PR was just run at 1:28:13. Ok, so I'm edging out girls with faster half marathon PR's than me, so that is a good sign. But I can run these better, I know it.
How to run a race (right)
Wednesday night (yesterday) NMTC race #3: "Rock Hill" 6k
This time I came prepared. I did a bit of research on exactly how to pace yourself in a race. Apparently all 5k to Marathon world records have been achieved with negative splits. 5k perfect plan: start out first 1km slightly faster than avg. pace. km 2-4, nice, even, slightly below avg. pace, last km- fastest pace.
|Nanna from Denmark (of elite handball playing fame) ready for her first trail race!
|I'm not sure why it always rains Wednesday night, but the fall colours were gorgeous.
To make a long story short, I ran as planned. The trails around Bagley Nature Area are exceptionally lovely (and steep). Even pace, came in with a 23 something 6k (still waiting for official time to be posted) and a solid 3rd place female. Yes, I will take it!
|Leslie Semler (ultra super star) and Molly Pennings. Photo: SLG
Ok- song of the day (I have been going to Jessie Hetland's yoga class at Evolve-- she is a former professional dancer and combines hot yoga vinyasa with dance and music. It is incredible!) Here was one of the better tracks we did: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAXz2z4giws. I haven't tried running to it, though I think it will be good. It's actually pretty annoying for just sitting and listening to (enjoy!).
I have mentioned before that the boys and I love watching the Belgian Barbapapa. We have found another favourite French cartoon and that is Didou. (since we are trying very hard to have Danish at home and English in school, it is challenging to keep up on French, but I have found cartoons have provided a good platform).


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Possible Duplicate:
How do I remove a website from Ubuntu's web applications?
How can I remove the Facebook app that is displayed in Dash and in the Launcher?
When I went to Facebook using Firefox the first time, it asked me to install that. But now I can't find out how to remove it. It's not in the Ubuntu Software Centre (searched for "facebook" in installed app return no result
EDIT: here is an image:
I have tried every method mentioned but the facebook is still there. Any idea?