text:
Transmitting an information signal over antennas
First Claim
1. A code division multiple access (CDMA) subscriber unit, comprising:
- an antenna for receiving a code spread signal from a base station, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence; and
a circuit operatively coupled to the antenna and configured to receive the code spread signal during one of a plurality of time slots, the code spread signal comprising a first, a second, and a third time multiplexed portion, wherein the first time multiplexed portion includes traffic data and the second time multiplexed portion includes control data, wherein the code spread signal includes a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
wherein the circuit is further configured to synchronize with the base station using the third time multiplexed portion;
wherein the circuit is further configured to receive first traffic data during a first time slot, receive second traffic data during a second time slot, and combine the first and second traffic data;
wherein the circuit is further configured to output a signal to the base station indicating that traffic data should not be transmitted during a third one of the plurality of time slots when traffic data has been successfully received.
1 Assignment
0 Petitions
Accused Products
An information signal is spread with a first spreading sequence producing a first spread signal for transmission over a first antenna. The information signal is spread with the first spreading sequence producing a second spread signal for transmission over a second antenna. The second antenna is not the first antenna. The relative position of the information signal and the first spreading sequence is different in the second spread signal than the first spread signal.
97 Citations
No References
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17 Claims
- 1. A code division multiple access (CDMA) subscriber unit, comprising:
- an antenna for receiving a code spread signal from a base station, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence; and
a circuit operatively coupled to the antenna and configured to receive the code spread signal during one of a plurality of time slots, the code spread signal comprising a first, a second, and a third time multiplexed portion, wherein the first time multiplexed portion includes traffic data and the second time multiplexed portion includes control data, wherein the code spread signal includes a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
wherein the circuit is further configured to synchronize with the base station using the third time multiplexed portion;
wherein the circuit is further configured to receive first traffic data during a first time slot, receive second traffic data during a second time slot, and combine the first and second traffic data;
wherein the circuit is further configured to output a signal to the base station indicating that traffic data should not be transmitted during a third one of the plurality of time slots when traffic data has been successfully received.
- View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
- an antenna for receiving a code spread signal from a base station, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence; and
- 7. A method for use in a code division multiple access (CDMA) subscriber unit, the method comprising:
- the CDMA subscriber unit receiving a code spread signal from a base station during one of a plurality of time slots, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence, the code spread signal comprising a first, a second, and a third multiplexed portion, wherein the first time multiplexed portion includes traffic data and the second time multiplexed portion includes control data, wherein the code spread signal includes a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
the CDMA subscriber unit synchronizing with the base station using the third time multiplexed portion;
the CDMA subscriber unit receiving first traffic data during a first time slot; and
the CDMA subscriber unit receiving second traffic data during a second time slot;
the CDMA subscriber unit combining the first and second traffic data; and
the CDMA subscriber unit outputting a signal to the base station indicating that the traffic data should not be transmitted during a third one of the plurality of time slots when traffic data has been successfully received.
- View Dependent Claims (8, 9)
- the CDMA subscriber unit receiving a code spread signal from a base station during one of a plurality of time slots, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence, the code spread signal comprising a first, a second, and a third multiplexed portion, wherein the first time multiplexed portion includes traffic data and the second time multiplexed portion includes control data, wherein the code spread signal includes a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
- 10. A method for use in a code division multiple access (CDMA) subscriber unit, the method comprising:
- the CDMA subscriber unit receiving a plurality of code spread signals from a base station during one of a plurality of time slots, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence, the code spread signals comprising time multiplexed portions, wherein the code spread signals include a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
the CDMA subscriber unit receiving a first time multiplexed portion before receiving a second and a third time multiplexed portion, wherein the second time multiplexed portion includes traffic data and the third time multiplexed portion includes control data;
the CDMA subscriber unit synchronizing with the base station using the first time multiplexed portion;
the CDMA subscriber unit receiving first traffic data during a first time slot;
the CDMA subscriber unit receiving second traffic data during a second time slot;
the CDMA subscriber unit combining the first and second traffic data; and
the CDMA subscriber unit outputting a signal to the base station indicating that the traffic data should not be transmitted during a third one of the plurality of time slots when traffic data has been successfully received.
- View Dependent Claims (11)
- the CDMA subscriber unit receiving a plurality of code spread signals from a base station during one of a plurality of time slots, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence, the code spread signals comprising time multiplexed portions, wherein the code spread signals include a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
- 12. A code division multiple access (CDMA) subscriber unit comprising:
- an antenna for receiving a plurality of code spread signals from a base station; and
a circuit operatively coupled to the antenna and configured to receive the plurality of code spread signals during one of a plurality of time slots, wherein the code spread signal is associated with a chip sequence, the code spread signals comprising a first, a second, and a third time multiplexed portion, wherein the plurality of code spread signals include a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence;
wherein the first portion is received before a second and third portion, the second time multiplex portion including traffic data and the third time multiplexed portion including control data;
wherein the circuit is further configured to synchronized with the base station using the first time multiplexed portion;
wherein the circuit is further configured to receive first traffic data during a first time slot, receive second traffic data during a second time slot, and combine the first and second traffic data; and
wherein the circuit is further configured to output a signal to the base station indicating that the traffic data should not be transmitted during a third one of the plurality of time slots.
- View Dependent Claims (13, 14, 15, 16, 17)
- an antenna for receiving a plurality of code spread signals from a base station; and
1 Specification
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/663,240, filed Sep. 16, 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/096,015; filed Mar. 12, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,554,964; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/539,276; filed Oct. 4, 1995, which issued on Apr. 2, 2002 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,366,568, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/301,230; filed Sep. 6, 1994, which issued on Mar. 25, 1997 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,914, which applications are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to two way wireless communication systems. In particular, the present invention relates to wireless telephone systems with diversity signal transmission for reducing signal fading and measuring subscriber location.
Wireless radio communication is subject to the adverse effects of signal fading, in which the signal level at the receiver temporarily loses strength for a variety of reasons, such as from variable multipath reflections causing signal cancellation, time varying transmission loss due to atmospheric conditions, and mobile receiver movement introducing obstructions into the signal path, and the like. Signal fading causes poor reception, inconvenience, or in extreme cases, a loss of call connection.
It is known to use various forms of signal diversity to reduce fading. For example, as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,472, signal diversity mitigates the deleterious effects of fading. There are three major types of diversity: time diversity, frequency diversity and space diversity.
Time diversity is obtained by the use of repetition, interleaving or error correction coding, which is a form of repetition. Error detection techniques in combination with automatic retransmission, provide a form of time diversity.
In frequency diversity, signal energy is spread over a wide bandwidth to combat fading. Frequency modulation (FM) is a form of frequency diversity. Another form of frequency diversity is code division multiple access (CDMA) also know as spread spectrum. Due to its inherent nature as a wideband signal, CDMA is less susceptible to fading as compared to a narrow band modulation signal. Since fading generally occurs in only a portion of the radio spectrum at any one given time, a spread spectrum signal is inherently resistant to the adverse effects of fading.
Space diversity is provided by transmitting or receiving the same signal on more than one geographically separated antenna. Space diversity provides alternate signal paths to guard against any one path being subject to fading at any one time. Space diversity also creates some time diversity since the receiver receives the same signal separated by small propagation delays. The difference in propagation delay requires that the receiver be able to discriminate between the arriving signals. One solution is to use multiple receivers, one for each arriving signal. For instance, it is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,472 to deliberately introduce relatively small delays compared to an information symbol, into a space diversity multiple antenna CDMA system in order to create artificial multipath time diversity signals greater than one chip delay up to a few chips. CDMA systems are capable of discriminating between identical plural signals arriving at the receiver with different propagation delays greater than one chip delay. Such receivers are known as Rake receivers. However, prior art systems require multiple CDMA receivers, one CDMA receiver for each separate received CDMA signal. It is desirable to provide a system for receiving time diversity CDMA signals which does not require multiple CDMA receivers.
Measuring or determining the location of mobile units is well known. In some systems, fixed antennas measure the mobile location. In other systems, the mobile unit determines its location from multiple received signals. If the system is two way, the communication link permits both the mobile subscriber and the fixed system to exchange location data. Various known systems use satellites or multiple antennas to provide information on the location of a mobile subscriber. For example, multiple directional receiving antennas can be used to triangulate the position of a mobile transmitter. In such systems, the stationary receivers determine the mobile subscriber location; in other systems, the mobile subscriber determines its location from the received signals. For example, the Global Position System (GPS) is a multiple satellite system providing signals which permit a mobile subscriber station to determine its position in latitude and longitude. However, both satellite systems and the GPS receivers for receiving satellite signals tend to be expensive.
The combination of a GPS receiver and a cellular telephone is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,844. Such combination provides useful services, as for example a security alarm service to deter car theft, in which tripping the alarm also alerts the security service to the location of the car. Generally, it is desirable to provide a system which combines telephone or data service with location measurement at a reasonable cost.
It is desirable to provide a system of time diversity signals using time division multiple access (TDMA) in various combinations with CDMA and space diversity antennas, to provide a variety of systems which resist fading, reduce receiver cost, and provide location measurement for mobile subscribers.
An information signal is spread with a first spreading sequence producing a first spread signal for transmission over a first antenna. The information signal is spread with the first spreading sequence producing a second spread signal for transmission over a second antenna. The second antenna is not the first antenna. The relative position of the information signal and the first spreading sequence is different in the second spread signal than the first spread signal.
A cellular system utilizes transmission diversity by transmitting a plurality time slotted signals for communicating data. A transmitting station including a transmitter configured to transmit a plurality of data signals corresponding to the data in different time slots. The time slot occurring at different times so that transmitted data signals are not simultaneously transmitted. A receiving station includes a receiver for sequentially receiving the data signals and a combiner for reconstructing the data from the received data signals. Preferably, the transmitting station has a plurality of spaced apart antennas from which the respective data signals are transmitted. Preferably, the data signals are transmitted from the transmitting station as a plurality of PN spread spectrum signals which are formed by spreading and modulating the data with different PN codes. The receiving station then reconstructs the data by first despreading and demodulating the received data signals. The receiving station may be configured to measure the respective time of arrival of the transmitted data signals and compute its location from said respective measured time of arrival of the data signals. The transmitting station may be a combined base station and transfer station.
Specifically, a data packet which for example may carry telephone voice traffic is transmitted at three different times from three different antennas. The receiver thus receives the same data packet at three different times from three different antennas. The receiver uses the best data packet or combination of the data packets to reduce the effects of fading.
In addition, the receiver uses the absolute and extrapolated relative time of arrival of the three data packets to determine its location from the three transmitting antennas. First, absolute range to one antenna is determined by the time required for a round trip message. Then, the relative time of arrival of data packets, referenced to a universal time, from the two other antennas indicates the relative distances as compared to the first antenna. Since all three transmitting antennas are at known fixed locations, the receiver computes its own location as the intersection of three constant distance curves (in the two dimensional case, circles, or in the three dimensional case, the intersection of three spheres). In the alternative, the mobile subscriber station provides raw delay measurement data back to a fixed station, or location service center, which computes the mobile subscriber location.
More particularly, the present invention is embodied in a system using CDMA to modulate a TDMA signal which is transmitted from three space diversity antennas. In a first embodiment, the TDMA signals are used to transmit multiple repetitions of the same data packet from a transfer station with three space diversity antennas. In a second embodiment, the TDMA signals are used to transmit multiple repetitions of the same data packet from three transfer stations each transfer station including one of the three space diversity antennas. The data packets could either be identical, or could carry substantially the same information, but modulated with different spreading codes or different segments of the same spreading code.
In a first embodiment of the invention shown in
The mobile subscriber antenna 10 (also referred herein to as the user terminal antenna, or the subscriber station antenna, or simply antenna U) is coupled by a bidirectional radio link to antennas A, B and C. The CDMA transfer station 14 is further coupled by a bidirectional radio link through antenna T through appropriate switching to the public switch telephone network.
In operation, forward channel telephone voice traffic received in data packets on antenna T is transmitted on antenna A during time slot 1, repeated on antenna B during time slot 2, and further repeated on antenna C during time slot 3. All three repeated data packets are sequentially received on antenna 10. In the reverse direction, data packets representing telephone voice traffic transmitted from antenna 10 are substantially simultaneously received on antennas A, B and C. The CDMA transfer station 14 further retransmits data packets received in the reverse direction through antenna T back to the telephone network.
The user at CDMA subscriber station 42 is linked by antenna 10 to the CDMA transfer station 38 through antennas A, B and C. Antenna T, 39 on CDMA transfer station 38 carries wireless TDMA telephone voice traffic to antenna 25 on base station 24. Each of the other CDMA transfer stations are coupled to the switching center 22 by a variety of interconnection means. Connection means W between TDMA base station 24 and CDMA transfer station 36 is a wireless means, having a TDMA channel structure with six TDMA slots. The wireless TDMA distribution interconnection WE may be a commercially available wireless local loop system such as the Ultraphone.RTM. digital radio telephone system provided by InterDigital Communications Corporation. The TDMA time slot structure is carried through the transfer station to become the time slot structure for the slotted CDMA signal on the output. Connection means WE is the same as connection W except there are four W modules operating in parallel to provide a basic connectivity for 24 voice channels. Connection means F uses a fiber optic cable that connects between the switching center 22 to the CDMA transfer station 32 without going through a wireless base station. Since connection means F (fiber optic cable) incorporates a modem with a TDM/TDMA channel structure similar to W and WE it readily interfaces with the transfer station. Connection FT (fiber optic cable carrying standard T1 multiplex) between switching center 22 and CDMA transfer station 30 is a fiber optic cable that uses a standard T1 multiplexer as the channel combining means. Therefore, the transfer station that handles the WE connection means could readily be adapted to operate with the FT connection means. Connections C (coaxial cable) to CDMA transfer station 26, and CT to CDMA transfer station 28, (coaxial cable carrying T1 standard multiplex) are cable means that function like F and FT respectively. Connection means L to CDMA transfer station 36 is a conditioned line that carries up to a 100 kb/s data stream that has the same structure as the wireless TDMA, connection means W. Connection means LE (not shown) utilizes 4 conditioned lines to function in the same way as connection means WE. Connection means PG to CDMA transfer station 34 is a pair gain capability that is interfaced into a transfer station.
Using a combination of over the air and fiber optic/cable media, to connect to the transfer stations, and a common output air interface, between the transfer stations and the CDMA user terminals, results in a flexible rapid response and economical solution. In addition, normal telephone lines conditioned to handle 64 kb/s to 100 kb/s could also be used to replace the TDMA wireless input to the transfer station. It also is very cost effective to connect the input side of the transfer station to the output of a pair gain module. Since the air interface remains the same for all these interconnection means, this extended concept becomes a very cost effective solution and transition vehicle.
In the system diagram of
An alternate embodiment capitalizes on the rich connectivity described above to more widely distribute the three antennas that are used to give transmission space diversity. The wider distribution allows compensation for not only multipath fading, but fading due to blockage. For instance if the CDMA user (antenna 10 in
However, if the energy in each time slot was transmitted from different transfer stations as in
The system configuration of
In this embodiment, each transfer station has only one type of antenna: either antenna A, antenna B or antenna C. A system arrangement covering a service area is illustrated in
A time slot structure for use in the present invention is shown in
When a circuit is to be established or transferred, the base station assigns a base station and transfer station frequency pair, a slot and a PN sequence. It then transmits to the transfer station all of these assignments and identifies which subscriber is to use the circuit. During call setup, the transfer station passes on to the desired subscriber station, the slot and PN sequence assignments. For example, see
Signal compression and decompression, plus added bits for forward error correction (FEC) is performed at the base station. In the forward direction, (to the subscriber station), the base station transmits continuously but the information in each slot is directed to a particular subscriber station.
By way of example, the base station may transmit the information during slot 1 on frequency fa. The transfer station receives the information by demodulating the signal on frequency fa during slot 1, and regenerating the information only at the symbol or bit level. The transfer station does not perform any decoding (i.e., error correction, compression or decompression). The transfer station design is thus simplified by accepting the already coded signal from the TDMA base station. After regeneration at the symbol level, the received TDMA signal is combined with the assigned PN sequence and retransmitted from the transfer station as a CDMA signal on frequency fp without any intentional delay to antenna A. The transfer station further stores the information received from the base station in a memory buffer. At the end of the antenna A transmission, the information bits stored in memory buffer are modulated onto a continuation of the PN signal and broadcast through an appropriate transmitter to antenna B. Thus, the identical information signal using the same PN sequence, but incremented a fixed number of chips, is transmitted at antenna B. The relative position, or phase of the PN sequence relative to the transmitted information is different. At the conclusion of the first repeat, information in the time slot buffer is read out a third time to provide a third repetition of the information, modulated by a continuation of the PN sequence, with still a different phase, through an appropriate transmitter to antenna C.
The subscriber station, using the correct CDMA code, receives during each of the three slots containing information signal repetition, so that it receives three identical repeats of the data packet from three antennas located in different locations. The subscriber station then compares the three receptions and selects the one with the best quality which may be based on bit error rate, phase distortion, signal to noise ratio, etc. Thus, spatial transmit diversity is achieved. Only one antenna is needed at the subscriber station. The subscriber station demodulates and decodes the signal, performs error correction, decompression, etc. A maximum likelihood combiner may be used to combine the power from all three time slots. Ideally, the energy of received data packets is combined in a maximal manner before making a hard decision.
During the third time slot T3, the subscriber station transmits back to the transfer station using a similar PN sequence as it received. The PN sequence may be the one derived from reception (after regeneration) or it can be locally generated on the basis of the original code received during call setup. Since the subscriber station does not transmit during the same time period as it receives, no diplexer or notch filter is needed. A simple T/R (transmit/receive) switch is used to switch the antenna between transmit and receive. Only one receiver is necessary in the subscriber station to achieve three branch diversity. The three chains needed by a Rake receiver, are not needed in the present invention.
Furthermore, the benefits of triple time and space redundancy, with some frequency protection provided by the expanded spectrum, are not obtained by adversely affecting capacity. The three branch diversity typically achieves a reduction for deep fades of at least 10 dB (a factor of 10×). While the three transmitted repetitions of the same information signal increases the interference level by a factor of 3 (about 5 dB), because the fades are 10 dB less, the transmitter power levels can be reduced by a factor of 10 (10 dB). Thus the overall amount of interference is reduced by a factor of 10/3 or 5 dB. Because the transfer station to subscriber link is operated in a self interference mode that means that about three times as many simultaneous subscriber circuits can be used than if diversity were not used.
In the reverse direction (subscriber station to transfer station), three receivers are connected respectively to the three antennas at the transfer station to provide conventional three branch spatial diversity. The same analysis regarding interference and the number of circuits available, applies to transmission in the reverse direction as well as in the forward direction, except that the information is transmitted only once and is received simultaneously on the three base station antennas.
In addition to increasing the number of subscribers per unit frequency, the present invention is cost effective. First the subscriber station needs only one receiver. Second, it does not need a diplexer. Third, the transfer station does not need to decode or re-encode any signals. The number of subscribers per transmitter is the same, however, since spatial diversity is used in the reverse direction, the number of subscribers per receiver increased. Conversely, the noise of the subscriber station can be allowed to be higher if the full use of the increase in the number of subscribers is not fully utilized.
The signal received by the transfer station from the subscriber station is retransmitted (again with symbol or bit level regeneration but without decoding), from the transfer station back to the base station without intentional delay during the same slot. As long as the slot is within the same TDMA frame or at least with one frame's duration of the slot used from the base station to the transfer station, no additional delay is incurred by the use of the present system.
The CDMA transfer station has a TDMA input at antenna T. The output side of the transfer station at antennas A, B, and C uses a CDMA structure to reach a large number of subscribers in relatively densely populated areas. CDMA possesses several attributes that make it desirable for this application. The wideband signal is inherently robust in a multipath environment and it has the ability to overcome interference, intentional and otherwise. The possibility that selective fading will cause the entire spectrum to be suppressed decreases as the transmitted spectrum increases. A higher chip rate, or increased TW product, reduces the amount of fade margin that is required to achieve a specified level of performance.
Spread spectrum signals have inherent multipath protection to protect against fading. However, statistical models generally do not take into account the frequency of occurrence or the duration of the fades. The specific geometry at each location, and how the geometry is changing with regard to the receiver, determines the actual fading patterns. For small cells, with low antennas, the difference in path length for strong signals is very likely to be small. The result is flat fading. That is, the spectrum across ten or fifteen megahertz will fade at the same time. Therefore, it is not possible to use the inherent multipath protection characteristics of spread spectrum signals to protect against flat fading unless at least 25 or 30 MHz of spectrum is available. In addition, there is often no multipath of consequence that would have enough delay to gain an advantage from an additional Rake receiver. Even so the use of real or artificial multipaths, requires additional receiver/correlators in the CDMA user terminal. Therefore, to maintain reliable operation using CDMA only, at least 15 dB of margin is required to be added to the link power allocation, particularly to account for the situation where a mobile user stops in one of the nulls or a fixed user shifts location geometry slightly.
The present invention utilizes the other important characteristic of spread spectrum systems, the ability to overcome interference, as the technique to combat the difficult multipath situations. The capacity of a CDMA system is limited by the amount of interference that is received by the desired receiver. As long as the TW product is great enough to bring the desired signal up out of the interference it doesn't matter what the transmitted data rate actually is. Therefore, with the present invention the transmitted information rate is increased to allow the transmitted signal to be repeated three times from three different antennas, thus obtaining transmission triple diversity which allows the transmitted power margin to be reduced by at least 10 dB for a high performance link. Therefore, even though additional interference is introduced into the links, the CDMA processing gain readily overcomes the adverse impact. That is, the gain from the triple diversity far exceeds, in a high quality system, the loss due to added interference.
A block diagram of a transfer station in accordance with the first embodiment of this invention is shown in
The coordination of the timing and control of the TDMA receiver 800, as well as the time slot buffers 806, the time multiplexer 808 and each of the plurality of CDMA encoders, is controlled by a synchronization and control apparatus 804. The synchronization and control apparatus 804 also provides a location identification (ID) representing the particular transfer station to the plurality of CDMA encoders 810, 812 and 814 for inclusion on the transmitted signals at antennas A, B and C.
The transfer station of
In the operation of
In the reverse direction, and in reference to
A transfer station in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention is shown in
Antenna A 1228 also operates to receive CDMA signals. Towards this end, a CDMA receiver 1226 is coupled to antenna A, 1228, through diplexer 1218 to provide received data packets in combiner and time slot buffers 1224. A time multiplexer 1222 takes the data packets in time slot buffers 1224 and composes a time multiplex signal to TDMA transmitter 1220 which is coupled through transmit receive switch 1202 to antenna 1200. The operation of the transfer station is controlled by a synchronization and control apparatus 1216 which also includes unique location identification (ID) for this particular transfer station, and call setup control parameters.
In operation, the transfer station receives TDMA signals on antenna T, 1200 which are demodulated in TDMA receiver 1204, and demultiplexed in demultiplexer 1206 for placement in time slot buffers 1208. The data packets in time slot buffers 1208 are transmitted on antenna A during time slot 1. Towards this end, time multiplexer 1210, CDMA encoders 1212 and the CDMA transmitter 1214 retrieve the respective data packets from time slot buffers 1208 and encode the appropriate data packet in a CDMA encoded signal on antenna A. On the return path, CDMA receiver 1226 receives signals simultaneously on antenna A, B and C during all time slots. The received data packets are demodulated by respective PN codes, and placed in time slot combiner buffers 1224, each time slot assigned to a different user. Thereafter, data packets are time multiplexed in multiplexer 1222 for transmission by the TDMA transmitter 1220 through the transmit receive switch 1202 on antenna 1200.
The Transfer Station is the conversion point for mapping the TDM/TDMA signal into a CDMA signal. The CDMA signal, when designed properly has superior performance against multipath interference. The input side of the transfer station is part of a structured distribution network. It is basically a tandem relay point in the network, that is, the address to the final CDMA user also includes the address of the intermediary point (the transfer station). Since, in the general case, the final CDMA user may move and access the network through another transfer point it will be necessary to provide the ability to enter the transfer station address independent from the CDMA user's address. For fixed subscribers such as the TDMA subscriber station 40 in
The preferred input network includes a number of base stations, transfer stations and TDMA user stations as shown in
The local transmissions on the output side of the transfer station are CDMA, but each subscriber is assigned a specific time slot of a time division signal. Therefore, the individual information rate is increased by the number of time slots. However, the total data rate for all subscribers stays the same and the total transmitted power for all signals remains the same, it is just redistributed. Since the individual time slots are turned off unless there is activity the transmitted power is reduced by approximately 3 dB for voice traffic. Because the same information is transmitted three times the average transmitted power is increased by 5 dB. Therefore, the total transmitted power from each transfer station is increased by 5 dB, transmitting three times, but also reduced by 10 dB, diversity improvement, resulting in a 5 dB overall reduction in average power. Overall, the interference introduced into other cells is reduced by 5 dB.
The base station (24 in
The triple antenna structure at the transfer station is used on the return link by simultaneously listening to a single burst from each active subscriber, in his assigned time slot, on all three antennas, thus also achieving triple space diversity. The overall timing structure for the forward and reverse CDMA links, at the transfer station, are shown in
The order of transmission of the three active time slots can be distributed over the total number of time slots, and even more than three time slots could be used. With triple diversity the power transmitted from the CDMA user terminals can be reduced by at least 5 dB, probably more, but 5 dB is in keeping to match the performance of the forward link. In any case, the transmitted power is controlled and kept at the minimum level to maintain a high quality link. It is also possible, at higher frequencies, to achieve some antenna independence even on a relatively small radio or area. Therefore, a similar approach of the transmission space and time diversity that is used on the forward link, may also be applied to the reverse link. Dual diversity should yield a significant improvement for most situations.
Each transfer station continuously transmits a spread spectrum channel for synchronization and control purposes. The synchronization and control channel identifies the particular transfer station and manages the user terminals as long as they are assigned to the transfer station. A large portion of the time the synchronization and control channel does not carry any user traffic. The synchronization and control channel can be a narrow band channel that can be easily acquired and tracked. The information bearing portion of the control signal has a preassigned time slot and includes system and signaling messages to all the users assigned to the particular area covered by that transfer station. The processing gain is sufficient to allow a transfer station to include several time slotted CDMA signals to be transmitted in parallel, thus allowing the antenna array to be shared. Also, only one synchronization and control channel is required for multiple slotted CDMA modules that are integrated at a single location.
A block diagram of the subscriber station in accordance with the present invention is shown in
In the forward direction, CDMA receiver 1304 receives three identical data packets placing one of the data packets during time slot T1 in buffer 1306, a second of the data packets during time slot T2 in memory buffer 1308, and a third data packet received during time slot T4 in memory buffer 1310. The combiner 1314 selects one or more of the contents of the memory buffers to be combined or selected as the best received data to be converted to an analog audio output of the digital to analog converter 1316. By using three time and space diversity data packets, the present system is less susceptible to fading and since the same receiver is used to demodulate all three samples, no complex signal strength balancing process is required.
In the reverse direction, the analog audio input to analog to digital converter 1322, which also includes a digital compression algorithm, provides a data packet to buffer 1320. During time slot T3 the CDMA transmitter 1318 encodes the contents of buffer 1320 for transmission as a CDMA signal on antenna 1300.
The simplification of the CDMA user terminal is a major consideration in the present system. The main simplification is the ability to time share the receiver, and particularly the correlator as it performs its different functions. The ability to transmit and receive at different times also simplifies the implementation of the small portable user terminal. The single receiver sequentially receives the three space diversity signals in the three different time slots and then moves to different codes to look for improved signals from other transfer stations. The same receiver is also used for the purpose of acquisition and tracking. Since the user terminal does not receive during the slot when it is transmitting there is no need for a diplexer and notch filter. Only a simple on/off switch is used. Since only one PN code is needed at a time, the PN code generation process is also greatly simplified. The baseband processing can be accomplished on a relatively low speed common processor.
In those time slots where the user terminal is not receiving or transmitting the receiver is free to look for the synchronization and control channels from other transfer stations. When the user terminal identifies a synchronization and control channel that is better than the one he is assigned, the user terminal sends a message to the network controller telling the controller that he has identified a potential candidate for handoff. The network controller uses this input, along with other information, to make the decision to handoff. The network controller sends the handoff message to the affected entities. The identity of the codes that are to be searched by the user terminal are provided by the network central controller through the transfer station where they are placed on the control channel.
The time slot assignment for multiplexing 6 simultaneous calls is shown in
Note that during time slot 3, none of the antennas A, B or C is transmitting to user 1. Instead, user 1 is transmitting and the transfer station is receiving on all three antennas from user 1. However, during time slot 4, the third transmission to user 1 is transmitted. That is, during time slot 4, antenna A transmits T4 to user 4, antenna B transmits T3 to user 3 and antenna C transmits T1 to user 1. Time slots 5 and 6 are not directly used for data transfer to or from user 1. The time slot assignments shown in
Thus, time division multiplexing is used in the sense that successive time slots carry data directed to different users. Code division multiplexing is used in the sense that during each time multiplexed time slot, multiple PN code sequences permit simultaneous communication with multiple users. The result is a time division multiplexed, code division multiplexed signal.
The time slot assignment for multiplexing 12 simultaneous calls is shown in
The time slot assignment for multiplexing 24 simultaneous calls is shown in
A further enhancement extends the distance between the transfer station diversity antennas by using broadband cables that are a thousand feet or more. The transfer station sends the final radio frequency spread spectrum signal down the cable to the antenna. The antenna at the end of the cable contains a radio frequency amplifier. An implementation distributing signals by cable has the same improvement against blockage as described for the multiple transfer station transmission diversity approach.
However, instead of using a separate cable for each antenna, a preferred embodiment shares a single cable and uses frequency multiplexing to assign a different cable carrier frequency to each antenna. Thus, the desired signal is only transmitted from the antenna nearest to the user which reduces the interference. As a further enhancement, a cable distribution system integrates different elements into a local personal communications system network. The basic building block is the six time slotted CDMA module that serially drives three antennas to obtain triple transmission space and time diversity. For the sake of simplicity, the design of the transfer station handling the incoming TDMA signal also has a basic six time slot structure. The six time slot modularity can readily be deployed to accommodate multiples of 12, 18, 24, and 30 or 32.
In a cable based personal communication system, the transfer stations are moved back to the central controller, which reduces the cost of the transfer station since it does not have to be ruggedized or remotely powered. It also reduces the number of spares required and the cost to maintain the units since they are all in one place and easy access. The transfer stations can also be dynamically reassigned as the traffic load changes during the day or week, thus significantly reducing the total number of required transfer stations. The bandwidth of the distribution network increases, but developments in cable and fiber optic distribution systems have increasing bandwidth at a falling cost to accommodate the increase in bandwidth at a reasonable cost. The advantage of having several interconnection options to select means that the choice of interconnection becomes an economic choice determined by the cost factors associated with each installation. Each network is expected to include many or all of the interconnection options.
The system arrangement in which the transfer stations are moved back to the same location as the central controller, is depicted in the lower portion of
Each antenna is assigned a separate center frequency on the wideband distribution cable 1402. Due to the TDMA and CDMA sharing ability, many users can be served on the same antenna using the same cable frequency. The transfer station antenna at location N, includes a transceiver which is tuned to the assigned cable frequency. The central controller transmits and receives data packets in the final TDMA /CDMA waveform representing telephone traffic on each assigned frequency of the wideband distribution cable 1402. Thus, as shown in
The signaling information includes the called parties identification number(s), code, service profile and authentication code, etc. The control information includes routing information (i.e. which base station, transfer station, antenna designation), power levels, traffic on or off, handoff messages, etc. A large amount of this information is transmitted before the user information (telephone voice traffic) starts passing over the circuit, however, a significant amount of information is also passed during the time when telephone voice traffic is actually on the circuit. A separate control channel is required even after the connection to the user has been completed. The base station function translates this information into the protocol that is required to interface to the TDMA air interface and provides a TDMA radio spectrum at interface W. The transfer station converts the TDMA protocol to a time slotted CDMA triple space/time diversity air interface protocol and transmits this signal first on antenna A, then on antenna B and finally on antenna C (
The centrally located combined base station and transfer station (B-T) module 1404 combines the base station and transfer station function and converts the signal appearing on A′ to the time slotted CDMA triple diversity air interface. A B-T combined module may be achieved by direct combination of separate equipment, or the modules developed for the combined base station and transfer station use can be integrated. The CDMA signal branches at the output of the transfer station or at the output of the B-T module as shown in
It is important to note the user information is replicated in each of the three time slots, but the PN code continues to run and is different during each time slot. Therefore, the repetition is not the same as in the case of imitation multipath or emulated multipaths. The PN generator just keeps on running without storing or resetting the sequence. Running the PN code continuously is simpler to implement as compared to starting a PN sequence anew.
In the foregoing discussion, it is assumed the time slots follow one right after the other; this is not necessary, however, as long as the receiver has a priori knowledge of the hopping sequence. In the preferred embodiment, the B-T transmits on two contiguous time slots and then listens to the response signal from the user terminal. During the user transmission time slot the user terminal tells the B-T module to not send the third diversity time slot if the first two time slots have given adequate performance and location measurement is not needed. The use of only dual diversity reduces the interference to the other users, and frees up the user receiver to perform other functions.
An alternate approach is to utilize a ⅓ forward error correcting code that is spread over all three time slots. The use of such coding provides improved performance if the error statistics during each of the time slots are nearly the same. If one time slot becomes significantly worse, and it can be identified as being bad, it may be better to ignore the bad time slot and request an antenna handoff to replace that time slot if the poor performance continues. Since it is expected that the real diversity channel statistics will result in unequal time slot statistics, the preferred alternative is to not use a forward error correcting code over the three time slots. Even though error detecting and correcting codes are only included within each time slot, forward error correcting codes may be used over multiple time slots.
Each antenna, assuming there is data to transmit, transmits during each of the time slots. Since the data is transmitted three times there will be three CDMA signals transmitted in each time slot for each module assigned to that antenna. If there are 4 modules assigned to the antenna, 4 modules supports 24 users at any one time, there would be 12 CDMA signals emanating from the antenna in each time slot, (see
As stated previously the user CDMA terminal transmits only during one time slot and the transfer station simultaneously receives that transmission on the same three antennas resulting in receiver triple space diversity. The three receive signals come into the transfer station, or B-T module, either on separate wires or at different frequencies, as shown in
The handoff process for the B-T cable network is based on the signal received from each of the antennas. The central processor receives information on the quality of the links in both directions. On the forward link it receives information from the user CDMA receiver operating on that link during an assigned time slot which is identified with a particular antenna. On the reverse link it receives information on the separate paths through different antennas. The information on the quality of paths through a particular antenna can be evaluated and compared to other current paths through different antennas and with other new paths that the user terminal is continuously searching. When a current path in a particular time slot continues to deteriorate and a better path is available the central controller assigns a new path (antenna) to the user terminal and notifies the user terminal it has done so.
The handoff process for the transfer station is similar except the handoff is generally between transfer stations rather than antennas. When handed off from transfer station to transfer station all three antennas associated with a particular transfer station are handed off with the transfer station. A few transfer stations may be implemented with widely separated antennas. In the case where there are transfer stations with widely separated antennas the handoff process described for B-T module could also be used.
Operational Description: A new subscriber turns on his CDMA user terminal and scans the synchronization codes until he acquires a synchronization code. The CDMA user terminal then initiates a registration message. The transfer station receives this message and passes it to the central controller who acknowledges it with an acknowledgment message back to the user terminal. The central controller goes to the home register of the new terminal and obtains the user profile and places it in the file for active users. The new user is now registered and all calls will be forwarded to this new region of service.
There are 28 different synchronization codes and one synchronization code is assigned to each area. The 28 areas make up a region and the codes are repeated in the next region. The transfer stations within an area are given different shifts or starting points for their particular code. Therefore, each transfer station, or widely separated antenna, has an identifiable code. The central controller knows which antenna, or transfer station, that the new user registered through so the controller will route all information to the new user through that node. The central controller will also give the new user a set of codes, or different starting points on his current code, to search for the purpose of identifying diversity paths or handoff candidates. The new user continues to monitor the synchronization and control channel during half his time slots. The other half of his time slots he scans for better synchronization channels.
The user is paged on the control channel and given a CDMA and time slot assignment which he sets up so he will be ready for the beginning of the call. When the user requests service he is also given a CDMA code and time slot assignment for the duration of the call. The user terminal remains in this state until the end of the call, unless the signal in one or all of the diversity paths becomes weak. Since the user receiver is continuously evaluating the incoming signals and scanning for better new paths, it will know if a path is going bad and will notify the central controller of this condition along with a list of better candidates. The central controller will order a handoff and the user terminal will go to the new CDMA code and time slot. None of this activity is detectable by the end user.
At the beginning of each time slot is a short unmodulated section, without user information, used for resynchronization and range adjustment, followed by a short control message section. These short bursts are sent whether there is user information to be sent or not. If no user information is to be sent the control message confirms this and the transmitter power is reduced by ten dB for the user information portion of the time slot. It should be noted four time slots are available on the forward channel for passing user information depending on what agreements have been established between the user and the central controller. These slots as described above can be turned off so that other users have access to additional capacity. The multiple time slots can be used for diversity improvement or sending increased data rates, multiple data channels or a graphics channel along with a voice channel. The possibility of extending several parties on a conference call is also possible.
Since the time occurrence of the all ones vector (for synchronization) is the same at all three antennas, the ranges to all three antennas may be derived from the difference in respective arrival times of the all ones vector within each time slot. The location center, having the physical geographic coordinates of all three antennas, calculates the location of the user's antenna U.
The geometry of location determination is shown in
1. The pseudo noise code is stretched out between A and U to act as a yardstick. The time required to propagate between A and U allows many chips (the propagation time in microseconds times the chip rate in megachips) to represent the length of the link or be "stored" in the link during signal propagation. See
2. There are two ways to increase the number of chips stored in the propagation path. One is to increase the path length and the other is to speed up the chip clock rate. Increasing the chip clock rate is analogous to marking a ruler on a smaller scale. Therefore, increasing the chip clock rate stores more chips in the path delay and makes it possible to make more accurate measurements.
3. The path length from antenna A to user terminal U and back to antenna A, can be measured by transmitting from A, then retransmitting the same PN code, with the arriving phase, from user terminal U, and comparing the repeated signal as it is received back at antenna A to the signal that was previously transmitted from antenna A. By delaying the original signal until it matches, chip by chip, the received signal, at A, and counting the number of chips that are slipped, the total delay is proportional to twice the distance between antenna A and antenna U.
4. The accuracy of the distance measurement is approximately ¼ of the number of feet represented by one chip. The ¼ chip is an implementation constraint determined by how precisely the correlation peak is detected and tracked. It is possible to reduce this error by autocorrelation techniques, but ¼ chip is a realistic resolution.
5. To determine the path length between antenna A and user terminal U, described in paragraph 3 above,
6. Thus, the distance AU is measured quite precisely. As described previously the receiver uses a single receiver for all time slots. While the subscriber receiver is listening to time slot one it is working in conjunction with the base station, to repeat the received waveform, same phase with no delay through the user terminal. The base station receiver, as described above, compares the received phase with the transmitted phase to determine absolute range. The base station then transmits the range value, thus measured, to the user terminal where it is stored for future retrieval and use. As noted above it is the waveform phase that is important. If the starting point, the all ones vector, is maintained through the user terminal, a new similar PN code may be substituted on the reverse link. A similar code could include that same code shifted by a defined offset.
7. The same forward and return measurement process described above, could be used to obtain the other two ranges (to antennas B and C) with the results also stored in memory at the user station. However, direct range measurement to all three antennas is not necessary. See
In particular, continuing the above example, the signal 2302 transmitted at antenna A represents a range of 25.5 chips from antenna A to user terminal antenna U. Signal 2304 received at antenna U from antenna A is used as a reference to measure the relative time of arrival of signals from antennas B and C, adjusted for the different time slots in which these signals are placed.
Since timing for time slots 1, 2 and 3 is sequential, the real time chip patterns for slots 2 and 3 do not overlap. However, after adjustment for time slot delays, the timing relationship is as shown in
In the alternative, location measurement may be accomplished by computing the intersection of two hyperbolas. The first hyperbola is the locus of all points having a fixed difference in distance from two foci, which is proportional to the difference in delay between antenna A and antenna B. The second hyperbola is the locus of all points having a fixed difference in distance from two foci, which is proportional to the difference in delay between antenna B and antenna C, (or antenna A and antenna C). Antennas A and B are the foci of the first hyperbola, while antennas B and C are the foci of the second hyperbola. In such manner, subscriber location may be computed without requiring a two way exchange between the user terminal and the transfer station to establish a first range measurement.
Since the subscriber station receiver is receiving information over three different paths that emanate from known locations, position location information is derived by measuring the time of arrival of messages relative to a fixed time reference. The measurement accuracy depends on the chip rate, but at a chip rate of 10 megachips per second it is quite accurate. There are several ways location measurement and display can be accomplished, depending on how much processing is available in the user terminal. The choice also depends on who will actually use the information. It could be fairly passive, using only the relative chip offset information and obtaining a reference from the current cell. The user could locally derive and display his location, similar to using a GPS satellite. A GPS receiver displays longitude and latitude reading. Location information may also be sent back to a processing center that provides a service to the user. The processing center converts the longitude and latitude coordinates into a location having geographic meaning, such as, a block number on a specific street.
Local geographic position measurement is particularly attractive to people concerned about security and health problems. The manager of the service center could either notify the police, family designate or the service center could include, as part of a special service rate, the staff to check on irregular circumstances. Of course, the service center can also, for a nominal fee, tell an individual his street location and give instructions on how to get to a desired destination address. These services can be provided to users who are pedestrians or moving along in vehicles. The destination instructions can be in the form of a set of one time detailed directions, or specific and continuous intersection prompting as the user travels the suggested route. The prompting could take the form of a voice command, or text display, telling the user to turn right at the next intersection. A delivery truck, cab, ambulance or fire truck could have a special screen that showed a local map with instructions written on it. The instructions can also be modified as the traffic congestion changes. The benefits of the present system are a significant increase in public safety, convenience and productivity.
In the system configurations described previously, the separation between antennas is made sufficient to yield an accurate position location capability. By positioning the antennas to obtain independent paths sufficient to avoid flat fading due to interfering obstacles, then the separation is also sufficient to reduce the triangulation error to a very small number. The incremental cost of including optimization for a location capability is nominal.
Position location processing is accomplished by a third party provider which owns and manages the position location center. Location service can be accomplished in several ways. The preferred approach is to make the user terminal the repository for all location information by building and maintaining a location file. The position location center queries the user terminal over the normal public switched telephone network (preferably packet) when it needs information. Preferably, a provision for encryption during transmission and an access code for privacy are used. The user terminal could also send location information to the location center, also over the public switched telephone network, responsive to user activation. For instance, when the user pushed an alarm button, the radio sends the alarm message, along with the location information, to the location center. The location center would respond according to prearranged directions and the level of subscribed service. Since the user terminal radio develops the code offset information internally, the only additional information the cellular system needs to provide to the user terminal is the distance, one way or round trip, from the user to one of the base station/antennas. The distance information, which would be provided as a service feature to the user, must identify the base station/antenna. All the measurements must be performed within a time window of 100 milliseconds or the error as a result of vehicle movement between measurements could become excessive. For stopped vehicles or pedestrians the time window to perform location measurements could be much longer since there is little or no movement between measurements. Therefore, the distance measurement sent by the system to the user terminal includes the distance in feet, the time in milliseconds and the identity of the measuring entity. Upon receipt of the distance message the user terminal stores the message and makes code offset measurements to several different antennas, and, if signal levels are adequate, stores the composite information in the location file. The location file is retained until a new distance message is received by the user terminal radio, whereupon the user terminal radio again makes the code offset measurements and updates the location file.
When the location center queries the user terminal radio as to its location, the radio sends the contents of the location file. The location center processes this data into very accurate map data, such as position on a particular street which can be displayed on a typical street map. The system measures distance to the subscriber normally once every minute when the subscriber is in the active receive mode, receiver on, waiting to be paged. The period between measurements is variable and can be adjusted according to the needs of the user. The system sends this new distance to the subscriber station which places it in the file and enters new code offset measurements with it. If the subscriber is engaged in a conversation, the user terminal is transmitting, the base station makes a measurement every ten seconds and if the distance changes more than one hundred feet the system sends a message to the subscriber station. Whenever the user terminal receives a distance measurement it adds the local code offset measurements and updates the file.
Preferably, the user terminal's location file is updated at least every minute and more often if warranted. Therefore, the system can know the location of any active user within a distance of approximately 100 feet. Better accuracy and more frequent updating is certainly possible, but due to the loading on the data links the number of subscribers receiving higher performance should be the exception rather than the rule. Whenever the user presses the alarm button on his portable terminal, the terminal transmits the contents of the location file three times which is long enough for the system to read a new distance and send a message to the user terminal. The user terminal makes several offset measurements and sends the new location file three times. The alarm message is repeated every thirty seconds until the battery goes dead. The user terminal radio can have a module added (with its own battery) that emits an audible tone whenever the radio alarm message is transmitted.
The system generates raw location information at the user terminal that needs to be converted into human readable map data. In general, the basic longitude, latitude, or angle and distance readings are fine. However, there is a need for a third party to translate this data into a format that is quickly usable by the mass public, as a service business. Since the user terminal has the basic location information, it can be provided to any authorized entity that requests it from the user terminal. The location processing center periodically queries the subscribed user terminals and maintains a file on their current location. One potential service for subscribers with health problems, is a monitoring system during exercise. If the subscriber stops in an unusual location for an excessive length of time and does not press the alarm button, the location center operator could request life signs or send a medical technician to the paused subscriber. If there is an emergency, the location center operator knows the subscriber location in order to send help. On the other hand, when the alarm button is pressed, the alarm message is addressed to the location center where they are equipped to handle such emergencies. The capability to track user terminals and provide help as the result of some action is useful for many applications. Tracking stolen cars, identifying congestion, keeping ambulances from getting lost and reporting vandalism are but a few examples of the application of the present invention.
The system does, particularly in its distributed configuration as described previously, require a consistent zero time reference across the different base station antennas. Having a zero time reference available significantly reduces the time to resynchronize as the signal hops from antenna to antenna and also aids in the search and handoff process. The location application capability described above allows the system to periodically perform a self calibration by placing several of the user terminals, as described above, at fixed locations and determining the proper zero time setting for these locations. By keeping the correct answer in the central processor, as the system scans these check points, it will get an error indication if the system is out of calibration. The same check points are used to show the effective delay, during the process wherein a variable delay is introduced by incrementing or decrementing the system delay in one or more of the signal paths in the recalibration or adjustment process.
The calibration process could be easily automated. Automation could be implemented in two ways. The first approach is to scan the check points every minute and determine any error that has developed. If this error reaches a significant level the communication system contacts the location center and provides the center with the corrections that need to be factored into the position location calculations. The latter approach requires close coordination between the communication system and the position location center. A more autonomous approach would be desirable. The communication system itself could maintain the proper "zero" state by scanning the check points, as described above, and by having the ability to insert or remove delay 1806 in the path to the antenna.
Location related communications between the antenna devices and the subscriber terminal can be broken into several different links. The functions that are performed by these different links are: 1, distance measurement (requires a two way link, but no traffic); 2, sending measurement information to subscriber terminal (one way data link, except for possible retransmission requests); 3, measuring code offset (only requires user terminal to listen, no data is transferred); 4, Transmit location file to location center or communication processor 1804 (data links can be either one way or two way). Distance measurement can only be performed by the system and since it requires a two way link it can be done while a normal conversation channel has been established or if the terminal is in the listening mode the system has to establish a short round trip connection.
The two way link is required because the base station measures the code phase difference between the signal it sends to, and the signal it receives from, the user terminal. In
The code offset information is also placed in a file that is accessible from outside the system. As described previously the user terminal time shares one receiver on the three independent paths that emanate at different times from the three different antennas. Therefore, the receiver tracks three independent paths one after the other. The PN code on each path is the same, and as described above the code has the same starting time at each antenna, but because of the difference in distance to the three different antennas, from the user terminal, the codes arriving at the user terminal are of different code phases. However, since the system cycles very rapidly from antenna to antenna, the receiver cycles between signals received from each of the antennas. Therefore, the receiver maintains three separate starting states and tracking loops for the different time slots. At the end of each time slot, the exact time is known in advance, the previous state is stored in the computer and restored at the beginning of the next time slot assigned to the same antenna. Thus, the processor is emulating three different receivers. The receiver quickly adjusts for any slight drift that occurred while the receiver was locked to the other antennas. Note that the receiver has a specific starting state. Thus, the PN sequence has been shifted to compensate for the difference in range on the path between the user terminal and the first antenna and the path between the user terminal and the second antenna. The difference is the code offset, because the code offset measures the difference in range. Thus, the distance to the second antenna is known without having to do a closed loop (two way) measurement. The same process is followed for the third antenna.
Additional entries, greater than three, in the location file are available using the normal search mode that the user terminal radio uses to identify potential candidates for handoff. The user terminal radio searches the pilot codes emanating from nearby antennas to determine if any of these antennas have better signals than one of the three that are currently being used. If so, the user terminal notifies the system that a good candidate is available. The process of searching starts at the state of the PN signal coming in from time slot number one and if nothing is found at that state the radio adds a chip to the path length and integrates again. The radio keeps adding chips until it finds a signal or exceeds a range threshold. If it exceeds the range threshold it resets the PN generator to a new pilot code and starts at the 0 offset distance again. Therefore, when the radio finds a new pilot signal it knows how many chips it added before it was successful. The added number of chips is also the code offset. The code offset value along with the identity of the code, which uniquely names the antenna, and the time stamp are entered into the location file. The radio places these entries in the location file even if they are not better than the current signals. As the radio scans and finds new antennas it places the four best results in the location file. As it continues to scan, older entries are replaced with newer better entries.
Now that the necessary information is available in the user terminal location file, it may be made available to any authorized requester. Location services may be provided by the communications operator or by a competitive independent service provider. In addition, there will also be large private location centers operated by owners of large fleets. The location center 1902 receives the location files over the public switched network, see


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Recording Studios are places where the recording and mixing of sound takes place. The recording studios in Arlington are mainly designed by people who have detailed knowledge of the physical properties of sound. The recording studios of Arlington generally have three chambers, one which is called 'studio', is used for the performance; a 'control room', where the equipment are kept ; and a 'machine room' where equipment that produce alot of noise and jarring sound, are kept.
Recording studios of Arlington keep equipment like mixing console, microphones, keyboard, and monitors, multi-track recorder, reference monitors, etc, for recording of music. With the rise in technology, computers are being increasingly used for audio recording purposes. Personal recording studios, also known as home studios, are not used for commercial purposes.

subset: commoncrawl


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British actress Jodie Kidd became a recluse as she struggled to overcome post-partum depression following the birth of her first child.
The former model, who delivered her son Indio in September, 2011, admits she was so ashamed of the weight she gained while pregnant, she refused to leave the house after becoming a mother.
She tells Britain's Daily Mail, "I suffered depression and just couldn't face going out because of the size I was. I admit I was hiding away. It's been hell. I pretended I didn't care but I did, passionately.
"It's a sad thing for some of us women who find it harder to lose their baby weight. I avoided social functions and tended to stay in with Indio."
Kidd has since managed to shed several pounds and is writing a book to help fellow new mums who are desperate to shift the baby weight.
She adds, "One good thing has come out of it - I'm doing a new diet book! I have lost three dress sizes and I can still eat - lovely Vacheron cheese and spaghetti Bolognese. I love eating, I don't want to be a model with a lettuce leaf!"


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Select a topic or year
DHS is one of the largest state agencies in Illinois, with an annual budget of $5.4 billion and more than 12,000 employees. It provides integrated services through 100 Family and Community Resource Centers (FCRC) for state residents on welfare, those transitioning to work, and others looking for more self-sufficiency.
In 2010, the DHS had more than 100 million pieces of paper stored in case files at local offices and warehouses throughout the state, taking up space and hurting caseworker productivity. When constituents applied for benefits at local family centers, the process required a tremendous amount of paperwork. In addition to documents verifying eligibility, the agency had to keep historical records of applicant visits from day one through the entire screening and approval process.
Scanning the millions of existing printed documents wasn't feasible from a cost standpoint. Instead, DHS assessed the costs and benefits of digitizing three forms critical to the benefit eligibility determination process: Calculation Sheets (Calcs), the Combined Application Form (CAF) and the Form 514 chronological record of case processing.
Working with IBM, DHS determined that digitizing these forms would eliminate upwards of seven million pieces of paper annually using Enterprise Content Management big data technologies. These forms are now automatically filed as PDF files in an electronic customer case file in its internal Concurrent system.
"At DHS, we recognize that our caseworkers can best serve their customers by spending time with them," said Doug Kasamis, Chief Information Officer at DHS. "Using IBM software, we've been able to eliminate millions of pieces of paper from our processes. This has enabled DHS caseworkers to spend more time focusing on the needs of their clients and not on battling paperwork. The system paid for itself in three months."
Today, more than 2,000 caseworkers use IBM Enterprise Content Management big data technologies. When a customer contacts the agency, a caseworker goes through a series of questions and inputs the responses into a dynamic Concurrent green-screen form. Based on the information provided, the system determines program eligibility, assigns metadata, and stores the electronic forms in a central repository for later retrieval. Caseworker time spent retrieving information has gone from days to just seconds, which has been a big boost to customer service.
Previously, all this information had to be printed out at local offices. The caseworker had to go to the nearest printer, make sure every page was there and printed correctly, come back and incorporate the forms into the case files. If those files were not at the caseworker's desk, more time was lost searching the file room. Once DHS fully deploys the IBM solution to include the remaining 24 forms, management expects substantial additional savings.
"The IBM solution is an excellent example of state government and private industry working together to develop strategies for maximizing our limited resources," said DHS Secretary Michelle R.B. Saddler. "Just as important, the IBM software solution helps us streamline our local offices and improve efficiency, which in turn enhances the workplace, employee morale and service to our customers."
For more information on Illinois Department of Human Services, see www.dhs.state.il.us.
For more information on IBM's big data platform, visit ibm.com/bigdata
For more information on IBM Enterprise Content Management, see www.ibm.com/software/ecm
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