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Talk:Black hole
Definition Of Black Hole Needs Revision
Basically the problem with this article and the discussion regarding falsifiability is that what a Black Hole is, is not clearly defined in the introduction. A Black Hole is a hypothetical mathematical construction, based upon the general theory of relativity, which is claimed to have been observed by astronomers but has not been scientifically established as proved to exist. Both the mathematical foundation, and the reported observations, are disputed and hence not scientifically validated. So Black Holes are a hypothetical scientific speculation. The general theory of relativity is the subject of intense controversy due to its establishment on the assumptions of the special theory of relativity, which has been shown to be false and contradictory. There are also many published disproofs of the mathematical basis of Black Holes which claim that the mathematical constructions behind the Black Hole theory are faulty. The observational evidence claiming that Black Holes have been detected depends completely upon the correctness of the mathematical basis of Black Holes, which is currently disputed, so not fully and completely proven, since there is no reliable evidence to suggest that these speculative objects actually exist. Hence the existence of Black Holes is merely an assertion that a hypothetical entity does exist as constructed mathematically although both the underlying theory and the supporting astronomical observations have been hotly disputed.
- Do you have a concise proposed new definition to insert into the entry?--Andy Schlafly (talk) 12:48, 22 March 2018 (EDT)
- Yes it is what I wrote in the paragraph I just published.
Extremely high density
Technically, it's undefined, no? Tsumetai 07:52, 22 March 2007 (EDT)
did you know the 'Black Holes FAQ', which there is a link to, was written in 1995? -stevenM
Existence confirmed?
Perhaps I was hasty. I will reconsider. Any other sources I might find enlightening, perhaps from a YEC perspective? BHarlan 15:16, 7 January 2009 (EST)
Talk:Atheistic Style#Black Holes covers it quite well. I don't know of any evidence from a reliable source that shows the existence of Black holes. This "can't be directly observed" thing reminds me a bit too much of evolution. BHarlan 12:16, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- Even wikipedia's article notes that all of the different pieces of evidence of a black hole are problematic and can be explained by other sources. - Rod Weathers 12:21, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- This is why the article starts by stating "A black hole is a theoretical mass with an escape velocity greater than the speed of light. They cannot be observed directly, but several have been identified via indirect observation" I also don't see how NASA or UCLA Berkely are unreliable sources for astronomy. As for "can't be directly observed",there are numerous articles on CP related to Intelligent Design that don't rely on direct observations of a designer to discuss the apparent presence of design in nature.
- The beauty of science that it's always open to review and reassessment as new discoveries come to light. In time man's understanding of Black Holes may be different from this article, but we owe the readers the best current explanations available. I'm not suggesting censorship - all credible alternate theories should be listed, but stating that there have been no observations of one is false - by definition they are not directly observable, so proving they exist relies on indirect observation and physics. --DinsdaleP 12:38, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- There is no place called "UCLA Berkely".
- ID is bolstered by the direct observation available from Genesis.
- The best explanation is not always the explanation espoused by Californians.
- We know how our universe began. If NASA & discovery.com deny it, they lose credibility, and their other statements come under greater scrutiny. If you met someone today who insisted that the sky is red and that Sears closes at 10, you would be wise to check the store hours yourself. BHarlan 13:58, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- Okay, my mistake regarding Berkely notwithstanding, my last reversion is based on two simple things. The word "is" should not be replaced by "would be" - it is a characteristic of black holes within the theory that describes them. Second, the use of Big Science as a term on CP was started by an admitted parodist, and equating NASA with it, frankly comes across as parody as well. Instead of diluting references to good science, spend more time supporting alternate explanations constructively. --DinsdaleP 14:07, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- "Would be" is appropriate for hypothetical things. We say "Dole would have been a better President than Clinton," not "Dole was a better President than Clinton," even "within a theory that describes" Dole as being elected.
- "Big Science" was used in Expelled. You don't think that was parody, do you?
- "Berkely" isn't a place, either.
- It seems like I'm the only one trying to make constructive edits towards a compromise. I guess this is not surprising, given the content on User:DinsdaleP. BHarlan 14:26, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- BHarlan, I believe that you do not understand a small but important bit of information, most astronomical discoveries are collaborative efforts usually initiated by small independent astronomers. When you say big science you could classify biosciences like that, but astronomy is totally different.--Able806 14:19, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- The so-called "evidence" for Black holes does not fit a pattern like the one you describe. BHarlan 14:26, 9 January 2009 (EST)
I'm not making any other changes to the revision just posted by Aschlafly. To BHarlan, I make no apologies for my User Page content. If the CP leadership wishes to block me over my contributions they have the right to do so at any time, but I feel that my efforts here are constructive even when I disagree with others. Feel free to have the last word on this, I'm moving on to other topics. --DinsdaleP 14:45, 9 January 2009 (EST)
Black holes have been spotted by a number of well-respected astronomical institutes for decades, with those discoveries tested and confirmed repeatedly. Your edits are unsupported by either fact or citation Andy, so under the rules youelf created I have no choice but to revert your edits, whereas the edits saying that black holes have been spotted are fully cited with references from reputable sources including NASA, an organisation fully backed by all US Governments, including conservative governments, since its inception.-Ieuan 15:47, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- Your sarcastic edit comments are not welcome here. You might want to check "youelf", else you might end up wrecking youelf.
- Also, you always have a choice! Do you deny this choice? That is a typical sentiment of materialists. If you do not believe in your soul, you will receive a nasty surprise pretty soon, and it won't just be the non-existence of black holes!
- Also, that is not how "whereas" is used in standard English.
- Also, NASA has taken a sad left turn as of late. This is one of the reasons the U.S.A.F. has its own space program. Do you see?
- Also, may God bless you. BHarlan 16:10, 9 January 2009 (EST)
- My my, I miss a 's' in a typo and you decide to launch an ad hominem attack… Very 'christian' of you, or then again; not.
- "Also, that is not how "whereas" is used in standard English". That might not be how you use it with your standard of English, but as anyone who has been taught the correct way to use the English language knows, it's perfectly correct. Oh, and a little, free, friendly lesson regarding the use of written English : You never start consecutive paragraphs with the same word unless it is absolutely necessary, which, in your above post it wasn't. If you are having trouble with your synonyms I heartily recommend using a thesaurus.
- The military space research programmes exist solely to explore the possible military applications of space. All civilian space programmes, including government projects run through the relevant Space Agencies (NASA, ESA, etc.). This is common knowledge amongst those who know anything about this subject.
- Stating that black holes don't exist is akin to believing the moon landing was faked. The existence of black holes and the fact that they have been spotted is undisputed by anyone who has the knowledge and experience to know what they are looking at. I have had the privilege of seeing two of these black holes myself. They are out there and have been spotted, and that is a direct, firsthand witness statement.
- May you be touched by his noodly appendage, or if that isn't your cup of tea, may you be blessed by the goat Heidrún. RAmen.-Ieuan 17:06, 10 January 2009 (EST)
- It's "an 's'", not "a 's'".
- If you missed just one 's', then that part of the sentence would read "under the rules youself created", which is still wrong.
- If you missed an 'r' and an 's', then that part of the sentence would read "under the rules yourself created", which is still wrong.
- An ad hominem attack means to reply to the logic in your arguments by attacking your character. I did no such thing. I didn't attack your character in any way. I asked if you were a materialist, then pointed out that materialists are Hell-bound. If you have a problem with your final resting place, I suggest you reconsider your path in life. I do not suggest that the Hell-bound are never able to make logical arguments.
- "Christian" is capitalized. Did you leave it uncapitalized on purpose? If so, I suggest you blaspheme somewhere else.
- That is not how semicolons are used in standard English.
- You need a comma after "but" for the aside.
- You do not need commas around "friendly", just like you don't need commas around "red" in "big red inflatable ball"
- I will not discuss the friendly lesson here, except to note that stylistic choices are different than maintaining correctness. Comma placement and word choice are different beasts.
- The sentence starting "All civilian" has no main verb, so I can't respond to it.
- Hyperbole about the moon landing is simply rhetoric. If there is no argument, there can be no response.
- Wikipedia may accept your anonymous evidence, but we are more careful here.
- Black holes can't be seen. What I suppose you mean is that you infer their existence. Your inference is not particularly convincing.
- Please take your graven goat pasta idols elsewhere. Here we show some simple respect for God.
- I am done with this pointless, blasphemous discussion. It is not encyclopedic. I suggest you contribute to this encyclopedia. It is a good way to improve your writing skills. I have been contributing partially for that reason. Maybe you could join me in adding articles and value, rather than taking the name of my Lord in vain?
- If you decide not to, you may have the last word here, as I will no longer reply to this silliness. I hope you will decide to contribute instead. BHarlan 18:33, 10 January 2009 (EST)
- *Sigh* "a wit, an arrow, across the head it passed, an apple not pierced today", an 'r' and an 's', my apologies, how can such typos be left to pass, expecially when they are nothing to do with the argument at hand, well done for picking up such niggling detail, and yet avoiding the point of the argument. Admittedly I missed the n in an, but again, a typo, they happen. "Wikipedia may accept your anonymous evidence, but we are more careful here", how does evidence from NASA count as anonymous evidence?…at all?…in any way?…whatsoever? As for an ad hominen attack, your argument provided no evidence against the existence of black holes, merely an attack on myself, the purest definition of ad hominen (a course in Latin will help you there). Christian or christian, depends on how you want to write it and on your own beliefs. Me, not my belief, and as I don't believe I cannot blaspheme, after all, how can you blaspheme against something that does not exist to be blasphemed? Use of semicolons in standard English? Again, I refer you to the fact the your standard of English might not be sufficient to use them in such regard. I recommend increasing your quality of English by beginning with Chaucer and reading your way up. At some point you will realise that the use of English in any form is an art, not a science, and that language is to be used in such a way as to provoke delight, wonder and thought with its writing, and beyond the obvious rules of form, there are no hard and fast rules, merely that of metre, pace and illumination. "The sentence starting "All civilian" has no main verb, so I can't respond to it", run, it's a verb, hard to miss, I'll admit to missing a comma (the sentence should read "All civilian space programmes, including government projects, run through the relevant Space Agencies (NASA, ESA, etc.)", but missing the word run *shakes head in disbelief*: if you insist on a purer form for that sentence, how about "All civilian space programmes, including government projects, are run through the relevant Space Agencies (NASA, ESA, etc.)", but all things being equal, both sentences say the same thing. Moon landing = the sum of evidence gathered concerning the existence of black holes, and that they have been spotted, is greater than the evidence that the moon landing occurred in 1969, hence the corollary. "Please take your graven goat pasta idols elsewhere. Here we show some simple respect for God", I found it offensive that you forced your beliefs on me, now you have found it offensive when I have forced my beliefs on you, with luck you will have learnt a lesson there, don't force your beliefs and prayers on me and I will return the favour by not blessing you with a little sarcastic FSM (oh, and a little FYI, the word graven means carved and I'm sure that the old FSM hasn't been carved yet and, in addition, I doubt that there are any extant carvings of Thor's goats, although I'm willing to admit that I might be wrong in that regard.)--Ieuan 22:13, 13 January 2009 (EST)
I have researched an extensive amount about black holes, and am about to add more information to the article that I hope will prove to be interesting and useful (I will, of course, cite my sources). I am also adding a couple of updates, as some of the information in the article is dated. As a topic about which scientists are still learning, that happens a lot. I hope the updates will improve the quality of the article and its use for educational purposes. BlueMoon 15:26, 24 June 2009 (EDT)
"A black hole is a theoretical prediction of the theory of relativity. It is impossible to prove that a black hole does not exist, and thus it fails the falsifiability requirement of science."
Actually this is not true. first off, the simplest explination of a black hole is an object so dense its escape velocity exceeds the speed of light. This density is known as the schrawtzshield radius (the spelling may be a bit off)This means there is mathematical proof. If this was not the case there would be no black holes Also, if black holes didnt exist we would never see objects being pulled into nothingness, or massive event horizons, which we do in fact see. --BenO 18:05, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- Have you really seen these events that you describe? Don't believe everything that liberals tell you, as we've just seen with climategate.
- Your point about "mathematical proof" doesn't provide physical proof of anything.--Andy Schlafly 18:40, 12 December 2009 (EST)
this formula rs=2gm/c^2 where: rs is the Schwarzschild radius; G is the gravitational constant; m is the mass of the gravitating object; c is the speed of light in vacuum.
gives clear mathimatical proof of the idea for black holes. if this were not the case and the mathematics did not back it up, the concept of a black hole would be fallsified. There for it is scientific because it is fallsifiable--BenO 19:03, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- Ben, maybe you could insert this equation in the article when we're talking about the Schwarzchild solution to Einstein's equations? I think your explanation of the math could significantly help the article there.
- Yes, the math proves that black holes are possible, if you accept general relativity (which I do, but Andy doesn't; let's please not talk about that here...). Whether they actually do exist is another question: I think they do; Andy thinks they don't; neither of us has actual proof of one. (Even a recent SciAm article said the observations could be explained otherwise.) I think you're talking about their being mathematically possible, Andy's talking about how we don't have proof one actually exists, and we actually agree on much more than we seem to. --EvanW 19:10, 12 December 2009 (EST)
Actually in science we cannot prove with 100% certainty that anything does not exist, you cannot prove a negative. This opening sentence needs to be rewritten first for that reason, also for the fact that black holes have been indirectly observed via Accretion disks, gas jets, gravity lensing, radiation emissions, and other orbits of other stellar bodies. Also there is no other valid explanation in science for the aforementioned effects of a black hole that we observe. --BMcP 17:00, 1 July 2009 (EST)
- No, that's the point- to be scientific, something has to be able to be proven wrong. That is a major part of the scientific method. For example, God is not a scientific concept, because you cannot disprove God. But to be science, one of the criterion is that the idea be able to be disproven.
- Falsifiability is not the only criterion for whether something is scientific, so perhaps black holes are not unscientific. But that opening is pretty much accurate. AddisonDM 17:50, 1 July 2009 (EDT)
- Black holes are falsifiable as a theory, because the observations generally accepted as caused by black holes could be causes something else, however there is no alternative theory at present to explain the phenomenon. However you cannot prove that a black hole could never exist just as you cannot prove atoms, or anything, could never exist. God is not a scientific theory not because it is impossible to absolutely disprove God (impossible to prove that God could never possibly exist) but because the supernatural cannot be shown to exist through science, which deals only with the natural universe, if you could present a theory God existed in science, that god would no longer be supernatural by definition.
- Honestly I don't understand the objection to black holes, there is no conservative reason for it. --BMcP 19:04, 1 July 2009 (EST)
- The existence of black holes is not falsifiable. Surely you agree with that. Black holes cannot be observed either. Addison explained the flaw well above, but you seem intent on sticking with your beliefs. Believe what you like, but black holes do not satisfy any sensible definition of science.--Andy Schlafly 20:37, 1 July 2009 (EDT)
- The possible existence of anything is not falsifiable, black holes, quarks, gods, even godzilla, only theories are falsifiable, such as the theory that explain what black holes are and how they work. The present theories of black holes are falsifiable, but so far no one has successfully debunked them, or offer an alternate scientific theory for the phenomenon attributed to the effects and properties of black holes. We cannot observe an isolated quark directly, but we accept that theory.
- However I cannot change one's mind, that is fine, I made my objections known, I am not going to step on people's toes by attempting to change the page, I just believe it is scientifically incorrect in it's proclamation and could stand to be improved for a better article. I have said what I believe needed to be said and will end my part here, anyone feel free to respond with the last word or contact me privately. --BMcP 21:07, 1 July 2009 (EST)
- Thank you for your interest. Note that atoms have actually been observed (in refutation of what you said above, "you cannot prove atoms, or anything, could never exist". I don't think the article will be changed though. Black holes are sort of on the fence between observable, testable physics, and "theoretical" physics, e.g. string theory. There are a million sources where you can get the standard overview of black holes. Why not have a different view here? Wikipedia does not even mention the issue of falsifiability, so we are doing a service to the scientific method by at least bringing it up- even if you think the article's conclusion is wrong. AddisonDM 21:23, 1 July 2009 (EDT)
- In addition to Addison's comments, note that some theories are falsifiable (such as Newton's theory of gravity), while other theories are not falsifiable, such as the theory that black holes must exist or string theory. And when a theory is not falsifiable, it is not science. If BMcP proposes an alternative definition of science, then let's hear it, but I doubt he'll do better than Karl Popper in making falsifiability part of the definition.--Andy Schlafly 21:45, 1 July 2009 (EDT)
Guys, this is becoming quite the argument; however, it is unnecessary because the idea that black holes exist is falsifiable. If NASA sends probes out to nearby black holes (which would take a long time, but it's possible), and they all turn out to be ancient Spartans in spaceships or whatever, then scientists will conclude that black holes don't exist and start working on how Spartans came to be in space and why they have accretion disks, etc. So black holes are falsifiable, and this argument is a source of unnecessary tension. BlueMoon 12:55, 8 July 2009 (EDT)
I don't get this non-falsifiable argument. If we see light from a star, then it is not a black hole. Any claim that it is a black hole is then falsified. Black hole theory says that a star becomes a black hole whenever its mass goes inside its Schwarzschild radius, it becomes a black hole. So if we ever find a star that emits light and has its mass inside its Schwarzschild radius, then the theory is falsified. RSchlafly 10:32, 28 July 2009 (EDT)
- The problem with that argument is that we live light years away, so what we could be seeing at one moment could be just the beginning before the light is swallowed into the black hole. --ChrisZ 11:01, 28 July 2009 (EDT)
- No, we can observe the radius, mass, and light all at the same time. RSchlafly 12:07, 28 July 2009 (EDT)
- RSchlafly is absolutely right, as far as anything a graduate student could say might "validate" the statements of an actual PhD. But an additional argument: it wouldn't even be necessary to use astronomical observations to invalidate the theory of black holes. A large enough super collider - perhaps the LHC, perhaps a more powerful device - could discover a quark degeneracy pressure, or some other currently-unknown mechanism, which might offer a potentially infinite resistance to collapse, or, pressure so great at certain densities that an impossibly large amount of matter would be necessary to form a black hole.
- I'm not going to remove this material yet, since I see Andy put it there, but I hope Mr. Schlafly will read this page and reconsider. JacobB 14:46, 8 August 2009 (EDT)
- There are some untestable statements that are commonly made about black holes. One might even argue that statements about the interior of a black hole are unfalsifiable, because we cannot see the inside. But black hole theory does have a lot of observable consequences, so I think that the article is misleading. RSchlafly 10:12, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- How might one falsify the basic assertion about black holes: that black holes exist such that light cannot escape? Every time one observes light escaping, he simply concludes that it is not a black hole.--Andy Schlafly 11:31, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- Mr. Schlafly, you're absolutely right that the general claim, "There are mysterious regions of space from which light cannot escape" is an unverifiable claim. Black holes don't refer to this statement - they refer to the specific statement, "It is possible to concentrate a certain amount of mass, so that the gravity of that mass prevents light from escaping." This could be falsified by experiments in particle accelerators (possibly the LHC, I'm not familiar enough with it to know) which could demonstrate that such concentration of matter is impossible - that degeneracy pressures, currently unknown, prevent such it. This would falsify the claim that black holes exist. JacobB 11:52, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- I have an open mind about this, but fail to see how an inability to generate a black hole using a generator would falsify the existence of black holes in outer space. Most likely those who believe in black holes would simply say that higher and higher energies or densities are needed to generate it in particle accelerators.--Andy Schlafly 12:16, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- You're right that failure to create a microscopic black hole in a lab wouldn't falsify the idea that they can form. What I'm claiming is that research which aims, not to create microscopic black holes, but to gain more insight into the forces that govern the behavior of sub atomic particles, might unearth evidence that would refute black holes.
- Here's how: right now, the theory on black hole formation states that as matter accumulates, first electron degeneracy pressure is overcome (that is, the structure of the matter in question would be not atoms side by side, but atomic nuclei side by side with no electrons in between), then the nuclear degeneracy pressure is overcome, that is, one would not longer have nuclei side by side, but neutrons and protons side by side (a neutron star), and then finally, this neutron degeneracy pressure is overcome and the matter becomes so dense it is contained by its own Schwarzchild radius and becomes a black hole.
- It is entirely plausible that a particle accelerator of sufficient power could concentrate matter to overcome the neutron degeneracy pressure only to discover a quark degeneracy pressure, or some other force. It is also possible that this new force would require SO MUCH matter to be overcome, as to be unphysical (for example, it might take more matter than is currently believed to exist to overcome the pressure). If this pressure was to prevent matter from being denser than the Schwarzschild limit, then the claim that black holes exist would be forever disproven and falsified. JacobB 12:43, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- Additional note: As RSchlafly points out, there are many claims about black holes which ARE unfalsifiable, currently - as he points out, claims about the interior of the event horizon are not falsifiable. Similarly, predictions regarding their presence in certain locations are not falsifiable by any means we yet possess. The same criticism could be leveled at my above description of an experiment in nuclear-density matter. JacobB 12:56, 9 August 2009 (EDT)
- We cannot determine what is happening in the "interior" (inside the event horizon) but that doesn't make a black hole itself not falsifiable. We are not sure what the interior of a neutron star is at all, but I think everyone here agrees they do exist. Also just because you cannot visually see something (such as a black hole, where light cannot escape from inside the event horizon) doesn't mean it isn't there or falsifiable. Most astronomical study of space is not in the visual spectrum, and there are many ways to determine the existence of a black hole. I also must point out, there has been no alternative hypotheses to explain the gravitational effects we presently attribute to black holes. Also, as pointed out before, if we are able to find an object of sufficient mass within the Schwarzschild radius, which normally would continue to collapse into a gravitational singularity (Black Hole) but has not, that would disprove the theory of Black holes right there, or in other words falsify them. For example, if we found an object the same mass of our Sun, and was smaller then its Schwarzschild radius of around 3 km (the Schwarzschild radius for an object of that mass) and it did not collapse into a black hole, then the theory of Black Holes would be proven false. --BMcP 08:14, 12 August 2009 (EDT)
- I hate to disagree with BMcP, because we share the same goal here (getting the non-falsifiability statement removed from the article), but there was a lot of bad science in that response and we should have an argument based in facts and truth.
- I also must point out, there has been no alternative hypotheses to explain the gravitational effects we presently attribute to black holes.
- That's not entirely true. In my previous posts, I mentioned that discovering a sufficiently powerful quark degeneracy pressure could disprove the existence of "black holes." Objects which are prevent from gravitational collapse by quark degeneracy pressure, "quark stars," could explain a good deal of phenomenon currently attributed to black holes could be very adequately explained by such phenomenon - extraordinary x-ray sources, quasars, all these rely on on the affects of a large amount of mass concentrated in a small space, not necessarily a Schwarschild radius. Which brings me to
- if we are able to find an object of sufficient mass within the Schwarzschild radius, which normally would continue to collapse into a gravitational singularity (Black Hole) but has not, that would disprove the theory of Black holes right there, or in other words falsify them."
- Any object which is completely contained in a Schwarzschild radius is automatically a black hole, regardless of whether or not it has collapsed into a singularity or not. Furthermore, since the gravitation field exterior to the schwarzschild radius would be the same regardless of where the mass inside was a singularity or not, so there would be no way to tell.
- I still think the best argument for falsifiability is the experiment I presented earlier into quark degeneracy pressure. JacobB 12:18, 12 August 2009 (EDT)
- I was not aware of a hypothesis that offers a possibility of quark degeneracy pressure that would be powerful enough to resist the effects of gravity even if the mass would normally be large enough to collapse into a black hole. I agree if such pressure existed it would disprove our current theories of black hole formation.
- You are right, it doesn't have to be a singularity, although that is what current theories suggest happens, that gravity continues to collapse the matter inside the event horizon to the point of a singularity.[1] However that does not have to be true for the mass to collapse within the Schwarzschild radius to be a black hole, just that their is sufficient gravity to force particles within the horizon to be deformed in their path so they cannot leave. It is just theorized at the center of a black hole is the singularity[2]. That being said, it expected that a theory of quantum gravity will feature black holes without singularities.[3] [4]. It isn't important either way, what is important is the question, are black holes falsifiable? I think you and others have already offered examples of yes. --BMcP 13:23, 12 August 2009 (EDT)
- I also must point out, there has been no alternative hypotheses to explain the gravitational effects we presently attribute to black holes.
(no text was inserted here, but the edit summary was "the falsifiability is undeniable and should not be censored, Physicists should be taught about falsifiability as part of their curriculum")
- Based on KSorenson's remarks and what I know about the curricula at schools I've attended, physicists are indeed taught about it. It seems a stretch to say that the falsifiability is "undeniable" when in fact every editor except you has denied it. --MarkGall 23:15, 12 November 2009 (EST)
- Sorry, somehow my text above was misplaced. Thanks for substituting in what I meant!
- Those who have denied that black holes lack falsifiability really seem to be denying that falsifiability should be a limit on physics.
- KSorenson cited a laundry list of philosophy-type requirements of physics majors, but conspicuously absent was emphasis on falsifiability.
- Like most college majors, physics students repeat what they're taught. If they received good grades, then it becomes even harder for them to question it. But keep in mind that the people doing the teaching are the most liberal group in the world, and they almost never encourage the student to open his mind and think critically for himself.--Andy Schlafly 23:23, 12 November 2009 (EST)
- Please read again, Aschlafly. I specifically cited Karl Popper as part of the curriculum in undergraduate courses on the philosophy of science. In case it's slipped your mind, Popper basically invented falsifiability as the criterion for distinguishing science from non-science.
- Incidentally, Popper cited Einstein's theories as exemplars of rigorously falsifiable science when he constructed his criterion. He wrote about it in contrast to the quote-unquote "scientific" theories of Marx. By a happy coincidence, the very same theories of Einstein's that Popper found so admirable are the ones we're talking about here. So can you please, and I'm asking for the third time now, clarify just exactly what your gripe is?--KSorenson 00:36, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- Hello; I'm the user who edited this article after KSorenson. If I may jump in to this heated discussion going on at at least two places : I think what Andy's saying is that black holes themselves can never be proven to not exist, because (by definition) no one can see them or visit them and return. I think what KSorenson's saying is that general relativity states black holes are possible, and that general relativity can be falsified (e.g. by sending probes to probe the earth's gravitational field).
- Of course, just because general relativity hasn't been disproven doesn't mean that it's been proven. There could be a better theory which accounts for all the gravity-probe data and states that black holes don't exist. We don't know yet; that's the wonder of science: God's always put more out there for us to discover! So, we don't know that black holes do exist - that claim isn't falsifiable; we'd need to survey every square millimeter of space and say "there isn't a black hole here!". But, the theory that states they can exist is falsifiable. I tried to reflect this dichotomy in my edits to this article. -- EvanW 00:46, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- You make excellent points, particularly in your last paragraph above. The introductory paragraph to black hole would benefit from this, and please feel free to edit it again (I apologize if others deleted your work). Note, however, that it is not very practical to devise a test that could falsify General Relativity, and falsifying General Relativity would not falsify the claim that black holes exist. Black holes are far too popular in science magazines and liberal publications like the New York Times to "go away" that easily.--Andy Schlafly 09:52, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- On Popper and relativity, Christoph von Mettenheim (http://elm.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/tcr/volume-01/number-03/node3.html) writes: "Most of you will know of Popper's admiration for Einstein, and how he was inspired by the theory of relativity (and by its high refutability in contrast to the irrefutability of psychoanalysis) more than by anything else to develop the criterion of falsifiability as a demarcation between science and metaphysics (Popper 1976, pp. 37-38)." As KSorenson has already noted, relativity was the theory that inspired the notion of falsifiability in the first place. The claim that "it is not very practical to devise a test that could falsify General Relativity" is absurd on the face of it. --MarkGall 10:02, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- Popper's personal views are irrelevant; no one here says that Popper was a genius who was always right. It's falsifiability that is at issue, and the resistance to that simple, logical concept is astounding. People can teach Popper all they like, but it's clear that physics majors are not learning fully about falsifiability. String theory wouldn't exist in physics departments if they were.
- If tests existed that might falsify General Relativity, then in the nearly 100 years since its proposal we would have seen many of them. Instead, as the latest discussion (and the famous 1919 solar eclipse) illustrate, margins of error in the experiments are typically greater than the deviations predicted by the theory.--Andy Schlafly 10:13, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- (unindent)
- Andy raises an interesting point. In theory, it's easy to test general relativity - take KSorenson's gravity probe, for example. This wouldn't absolutely prove it; there might always be a better theory out there. But nothing can ever be absolutely proven in science - the point is that this test could disprove it. So, in theory, it's falsifiable. "[falsifiable|A proposition or theory is falsifiable if it is hypothetically possible for a test or observation to prove it false]." Of course, a hypothetical future theory might still include black holes (there's an infinite number of possible theories), but the possibility of black holes according to general relativity (how's that for a mouthful?) is falsifiable, because general relativity is falsifiable. Or, to try to say it more simply: the possibility of the particular sort of black hole predicted by general relativity (with exactly these properties, et cetera) is falsifiable. I hope I made my verbiage understandable enough for you all to agree or disagree?
- But as you point out, the solar eclipse experiment didn't test general relativity in practice: the margins of error were too big. (I don't know if that's still true with modern experiments; could someone who knows more about that fill me in?) So, while it's theoretically falsifiable, it's possible that general relativity hasn't actually been tested yet... -- EvanW 10:36, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- That all sounds basically right to me, EvanW. (Can I call you EvanW?) But from where I sit, it's even simpler.
- General relativity has been and is being tested, and so far the tests have confirmed the theory. That might change any minute, but it's still true so far.
- General relativity says that black holes are possible, and that if they exist they'll have certain properties.
- We've seen objects in the sky that have those properties, and that aren't predicted by any other existing theory. We're studying those objects as hard as we can given the limits of distance, to see if they really do walk and quack like ducks. Until we see something un-ducky, we say "Yeah, those look like ducks to us."
- This really isn't complicated as far as I can tell, and I'm really baffled as to why we're still yaking about it amongst ourselves.
- Aschlafly, if you want to expand the living daylights out of the "Controversy" section, I'll be right there by your side, cheering you on and helping in any way I can. As long as your contributions aren't misleading or incorrect. I don't want to speak for anyone else, but my gut tells me that EvanW and MarkGall would make the same promise. So why are we still bickering? Can't we improve the article instead? I know having to respond here is taking away from the time I set aside today to add to the general theory of relativity article. --KSorenson 10:54, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- Mark cited Clifford Will's government-funded 2004 article on proof for General Relativity, but that paper is very "thin" and in a mere 15-minute review several weaknesses are apparent. But thanks for the citation, Mark.
- This is a site where logic prevails. If you want to say that black holes are consistent with General Relativity (though rejected by Einstein), and General Relativity might be falsifiable (though tests will sufficient accuracy are difficult and expensive), that's fine. But black holes themselves, like life in outer space, are not falsifiable. It's basic logic, and that doesn't change whether all accept the logic or not.
- There's a broader point here. Why the big push for black holes by liberals, and big protests against any objection to them? If it turned out empirically that promoting black holes tends to cause people to read the Bible less, would you still push this so much? Certainly there is no practical justification to pushing black holes; no one will ever be helped by them in any way.--Andy Schlafly 12:03, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- I haven't had time to read the Clifford Will paper yet, and I don't think I've got the expertise to judge it well. But, I think we've come to an agreement here:
- Black holes themselves can't be falsified (except by surveying every cubic millimeter of space)
- General relativity says they are possible.
- General relativity is falsifiable (theoretically), but it's hard to falsify.
- Therefore, the possibility of black-holes-as-specified-by-general-relativity is falsifiable.
- As for why the media's pushing black holes - hey, they're interesting to read about! Myself, by Occam's razor, I don't think any more explanation is needed. As for why KSorenson and I are pushing them - I can't speak for KSorenson, but I'm trying to defend falsifiability and the concept of a scientific theory, just like (I think) you are: general relativity is a legitimate scientific theory, because it can theoretically be falsified. -- EvanW 12:15, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- I haven't had time to read the Clifford Will paper yet, and I don't think I've got the expertise to judge it well. But, I think we've come to an agreement here:
- Evan, I appreciate your comments and have learned from them. My question was directed at KSorenson and Mark, not to you. But using your answer, it doesn't explain the insistence by liberals on downplaying or even censoring criticism of black holes. And one key question is unanswered: if promoting black holes caused people to read the Bible less, would you want to promote them? They certainly won't ever help anyone, while the Bible might.--Andy Schlafly 12:22, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- Aschlafly, you seem to be more interested in arguing (now apparently about politics and religion of all things) than you are in improving the article. This is fine. If you want to contribute to the article in any way at all, I'll be here to help however I can. I would ask you to please think carefully before adding a misleading assertion like "Einstein rejected black holes" (which doesn't tell the whole truth) or "black hole theory is unfalsifiable," because doing so would just hurt the article, misinform anyone who reads it and waste the time of any editor who feels like trying to fix it.
- Meanwhile, I'm going to finish filling out the general theory of relativity article. If you find some aspect of that one that you want to argue about in the same way you've argued about this article … well, don't bother. I've grown weary of the endless, pointless, going-nowhere talk, and I'm going to focus on making constructive contributions until I get bored of it, or I run out of useful things to add. You're obviously free to take those contributions and use them as you will, or throw them in the trash. It really doesn't matter to me one way or the other.
- And finally, as to whether "this is a site where logic prevails," I've always been an actions-speak-louder-than-words sort of girl. The article is here; I have made my contribution to it. Whether logic (or for that matter, intellectual honesty) prevails is something I look forward to finding out. --KSorenson 12:29, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- KSorenson, I've responded to your concerns and answered your questions and Evan has proposed a logical, clear solution. You find no fault with it, but ignore it. I asked you a simple question, "if promoting black holes cause people to read the Bible less, would you want to promote them?" Not only do you refuse to answer, you rant on and on. Please, please open your mind, for your sake.--Andy Schlafly 12:39, 13 November 2009 (EST)
- Let me say this one last time: I'm not arguing with you. This off-topic nonsense on talk pages has been a waste of everyone's time, and I'm choosing not to participate in it any more. Please continue if you like, but understand that that's my final word on the subject. I hope we can see eye to eye on this, and treat each other respectfully from here on out. Let me know if I can be of any assistance if you guys want to further improve the article. --KSorenson 13:01, 13 November 2009 (EST)
More on falsability
The point about wormholes and lack of falsifiability should remain in the introduction. We don't fall for Wikipedia-style placement bias here, as in having to read through thousands of words and page screen pages before realizing that Bertrand Russell was a communist sympathizer.--Andy Schlafly 21:04, 30 November 2009 (EST)
- Agreed, and I tried to explain in the introduction how black holes "can never be conclusively proved or disproved," because of how no light escapes them. If you think it can be phrased better, please change the conclusion. But, I don't think we need to mention in the intro to this black hole article how wormholes are also unfalsifiable. It should be in the intro to the wormhole article, but I don't think it needs to be here. --EvanW 21:12, 30 November 2009 (EST)
- Black holes and wormholes were predicted by relativity in a similar way, and both are not falsifiable and thus arguably not science. The term "falsifiable" has a real meaning and your replacement isn't quite the same. The point is that if black holes are false and non-existent, then there is no way to show that. Ditto for wormholes, and in that information should be in the introduction, not buried thousands of words later.--Andy Schlafly 21:36, 30 November 2009 (EST)
- I don't really understand wormholes myself. It seems to me that they're a different subject and that mentioning them actually detracts from our points about black holes; however, I'll defer to you on keeping them there. And thanks for your point about the meaning in the specific word "falsifiable". My main point is that we should explain why "you can't prove there isn't a black hole somewhere in the universe" is different from "you can't prove there isn't Jack Smith somewhere in the world": because "black holes cannot be observed from outside, since not even light escapes." So, I tried to restore the chain of reasoning; I tacked wormholes on the end because I can't see a better place to put them. If you disagree with how I phrased the non-falsifiability sentence, I'd appreciate if you could try to fix that rather than revert the whole paragraph. --EvanW 23:30, 30 November 2009 (EST)
- Well skipping the question of why light is needed to prove something's existence, I find this sentence most disturbing: "What actually exists inside the event horizon of a black hole is a question physics is unable to answer. " Over the original "What actually exists inside the event horizon of a black hole is a question physics has thus far been unable to answer." The original sentence is much more accurate. You cannot say with absolute certainty that physics will never be able to answer what is beyond the event horizon, because there is always the possibility that question will be answered someday. Really that should be reverted. --BMcP 09:49, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- I only changed the intro, which does not contain your phrase, but there are structural (intended?) theoretical barriers to testing claims about what is inside a black hole. It's speculation ad nauseum.--Andy Schlafly 10:00, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- Andy, would you mind explaining why it's "excuses" to explain why black holes are non-falsifiable? If you have a better explanation, I'd appreciate if you could add it. Right now, the article just states it without proof, leaving any readers wondering. --EvanW 10:02, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- Black holes are non-falsifiable for reasons beyond the inability of light to escape. In many ways this is the science magazines' replacement for the UFO craze of the 50s through 80s, which culminated in the record-breaking movie "E.T." The alleged existence of "E.T." is also non-falsifiable, and hence not science.--Andy Schlafly 10:28, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- To be fair EvanW, some of us do accept the idea they are falsifiable (and certainly detectable) and an actual scientific theory. Just a personal FYI. --BMcP 10:37, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- Point. Are you talking about the old debate with KSorenson here, where I pointed out, "So, we don't know that black holes do exist - that claim isn't falsifiable; we'd need to survey every
squarecubic millimeter of space and say 'there isn't a black hole here!'"? It seems that's a somewhat academic point: you could just as well say, "The existence of Jack Smith isn't falsifiable; you'd need to survey every square millimeter of the earth and say 'he isn't here'". If you want to say their existence isn't falsifiable because of that, be my guest but please explain the reason in the article. --EvanW 10:49, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- Point. Are you talking about the old debate with KSorenson here, where I pointed out, "So, we don't know that black holes do exist - that claim isn't falsifiable; we'd need to survey every
- No, in the idea that we claim black hole's exist because we have positive evidence for their existence, in other words, we can detect their presence in the universe. They can be falsified through showing with evidence that what we believer are black holes are actually something else, or find a stellar phenomenon that should according to present theories be a black hole, but isn't. --BMcP 13:19, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- The theory that extraterrestials might exist is a special case of scientific theory, with the burden of proof being on the proponents. They must produce one, or concede that they are just hoping. There's a longstanding battle between materialists and religious people about a number of scientific issues, and the burden of proof is often inconsistent. Is evolution falsifiable? What sort of evidence would make its proponents give up? (Note: if there is no way they would ever concede being wrong, then they are not engaged in science but in propaganda. This is a very serious point.) --Ed Poor Talk 11:01, 1 December 2009 (EST)
- Well, first off, saying something might exist is really a scientific hypothesis versus an actual theory of science. Extraterrestrial life might exist based on what we know of the universe, that doesn't mean they do (or do not). One may believe they do (I believe they do) but that is simple speculation. Can a black hole be falsified? Sure, find a stellar object that according to the theories of physics that should be a black hole but isn't (such as reflecting light, or thermodynamically not a perfect black body). The claim black holes exist is through their interaction interaction with other matter, of course show that those interactions are caused by another stellar phenomenon and again you has falsified the theory. Of course black hole's may not be exactly what we believe they are either. They may not contain a true singularity of infinite mass, gravity and yet no dimensions. They simply may be degenerate matter with a measurable mass that happens to have enough gravitational force at the event horizon to pull any light back onto itself, yet not infinite. That would also force the current theories to be reevaluated. --BMcP 12:13, 1 December 2009 (EST)
(still more)
The mathematics back it up. If they didn't the theory would be proven false, thus, the concept of a black hole is indeed falsifiable. However, i realize that is not the general opinion here, but i feel it was neccesary to state this--BenO 21:48, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- Under your approach EVERYTHING would be falsifiable. It would render the criterion of falsifiability a nullity.--Andy Schlafly 22:03, 12 December 2009 (EST)
I'm trying to understand what you mean by falsifiability. Is the existence of normal, everyday objects falsifiable? Take a pencil for example. Even if there were no such thing as pencils on earth, wouldn't it still be impossible to prove whether such a thing exists elsewhere in the universe? --Ben Talk 22:11, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- I see your point, but I think the confusion is in how the hypothesis is stated. If there were no known pencils on earth, and yet someone insisted pencils exist somewhere in the universe, then the appropriate answer would be "your claim is not scientific because, among other reasons, it is not falsifiable."y
- The concept of falsifiability is very effective in dealing with atheistic and liberal claims that are designed to distract people from the Bible and God. For decades atheists and liberals insisted that there is intelligent life in outer space. That suggestion pulls people away from the Bible, which of course includes no such possibility. But the claim should be immediately rejected as non-scientific because it is not falsifiable. That saves countless hours of distraction and billions of dollars in fruitless projects.--Andy Schlafly 22:35, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- I think I'm finally seeing your point, Andy. I'm reminded of a quote from Lewis (paraphrased; I think it's from Miracles): If we're trying to reason out whether the cat's sleeping in the cupboard, reason itself will tell us to go there and look rather than sit in our chair and reason. Similarly, I think you're saying that if we're trying to scientifically discover whether black holes are sitting somewhere in outer space, we should instead go look (yes, I know that's prohibitively expensive as well as dangerous...). Is this what you're saying: that science is useless for telling whether any type of thing actually exists; it simply describes how it behaves once the five senses have proved that it does exist? --EvanW 23:15, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- I'll think about your interesting suggestion. Offhand, I say that science does have a role in predicting whether something exists. But the problem is that atheists and liberals misuse and distort science to pull students away from the Bible and God, and that needs to be exposed and stopped.--Andy Schlafly 23:47, 12 December 2009 (EST)
- However there is no theory of extraterrestrial life that states life exists elsewhere in the universe. We all know there is no evidence of extraterrestrial life, but the possibility of extraterrestrial life, at best that is a hypothesis. That is what people spend money on (essentially all private money) to search for, because it is possible. What cannot be said is there certainly is none. Scientists may personally believe there is, and I believe there is, but we know that this is speculation, not fact.
- Black holes on the other-hand have been identified. We know there locations as we know the locations of other stellar phenomenon. They have properties and attributes. They can be falsified if it is shown that what we accept as black holes are shown to be other phenomenon. Or the theory can be falsified if black hole are shown to have distinctly different qualities then what was theorized. --BMcP 16:25, 14 December 2009 (EST)
- A few points. Firstly, the sentence "it is impossible to prove that no black hole exists anywhere" only makes sense 1) if you know for certain that no black holes exist or 2) it is impossible to search everywhere and you don't happen to find one in the limited places you look. Secondly, I am having trouble with the very strict definition of falsifiability. It does not seem to allow for the existence of human beings as a scientific theory i.e. I can not think of a way to show that humans do not exist. Thankfully in this part of the discussion page falsifiability is allowed a slightly more reasonable definition. On the subject of black holes, no black holes have ever been seen. They have been inferred. The inference stems from observing the gravitational affect on nearby matter such as stars. One example is of stars in the center of the Milky Way but there are others. Using simple Newtonian gravity (and Kepler's Laws), the mass of the object they are orbiting can be calculated as can the size of the volume it occupies. The implied density of matter fits with the concept of a black hole. So they "look" like black holes gravitationally. Of course, they still might not be. People need to put the effort into finding ways to falsify General Relativity and suggest alternative explanations that fit the data. Many scientific groups are trying to falsify General Relativity by measuring extreme gravitational environments such as massive binary objects. --Stu 10:24 (EDT)
- My opinion on this is twofold: if the theory states that a black hole is formed from the mass of a collapsed star, than of course there's going to be real science and real scientists involved in properly investigating this sort of thing. There are in the universe collapsed stars, quaisars, pulsars, and a very-possible black hole of this description involving the star Cygnus-X1. If, however, the theory involves something akin to "wormholes" and other things one sees in the average Star Trek episode, then that's where the pseudoscience pops in. Until it is definately-confirmed that black holes exist in fact, then the article should explain them as a theory. Karajou 12:45, 23 June 2011 (EDT)
- A few points. Firstly, the sentence "it is impossible to prove that no black hole exists anywhere" only makes sense 1) if you know for certain that no black holes exist or 2) it is impossible to search everywhere and you don't happen to find one in the limited places you look. Secondly, I am having trouble with the very strict definition of falsifiability. It does not seem to allow for the existence of human beings as a scientific theory i.e. I can not think of a way to show that humans do not exist. Thankfully in this part of the discussion page falsifiability is allowed a slightly more reasonable definition. On the subject of black holes, no black holes have ever been seen. They have been inferred. The inference stems from observing the gravitational affect on nearby matter such as stars. One example is of stars in the center of the Milky Way but there are others. Using simple Newtonian gravity (and Kepler's Laws), the mass of the object they are orbiting can be calculated as can the size of the volume it occupies. The implied density of matter fits with the concept of a black hole. So they "look" like black holes gravitationally. Of course, they still might not be. People need to put the effort into finding ways to falsify General Relativity and suggest alternative explanations that fit the data. Many scientific groups are trying to falsify General Relativity by measuring extreme gravitational environments such as massive binary objects. --Stu 10:24 (EDT)
Concerning escape velocity of black holes
The first paragraph discusses how that within a certain radius of a black hole (event horizon), the necessary escape velocity result in nothing being able to escape. This is actually a common misunderstanding, resulting from using classical equations to describe relativistic mechanics. The reason light and matter cannot escape from past the event horizon of a black hole is because of the time dilation. After crossing the event horizon, this dilation results in all possible paths light could take going farther into the black hole. Once within this radius, moving farther towards the black hole is as inevitable as moving forward in time.
Looking for someone to help me improve the page!
Article contradicts the article on supernovas
Quote: For a core of greater mass, the core will continue to collapse into a black hole, as neutron degeneracy will not be able to hold back the force of gravity.
Which to me reads as a fact. Also would the mystery of black hole fit in with God's laws which said too much knowledge is bad?


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Strip search ruling: Court verdict explained
In addition to detecting contraband, close visual inspections of detainees before their admission permit the identification of any communicable diseases as well as gang affiliations
The United States Supreme Court recently issued its decision in the case of Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County of Burlington 566 U.S. ___ (April 2, 2012). The issue in the case was whether county jail officials in New Jersey had violated the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments by conducting a close visual inspection of a pretrial detainee while he was undressed — in other words, a strip search.
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than thirteen million inmates are admitted to jails every year (Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, T. Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2010 — Statistical Tables 2 (2011), cited in Florence).
Violence in jails is a significant risk for inmates and staff alike. "Inmates commit more than 10,000 assaults on correctional staff every year and many more among themselves" (Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, J. Stephan & J. Karberg, Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000, p. v (2003), cited in Florence).
Strip Searches Challenged
The risk of introduction of contraband has resulted in jail regulations which require strip searches of inmates before they may be placed in a facility's general population. Criminals can be enterprising when it comes to hiding contraband. Examples from the record in the Florence case included reports of a misdemeanor arrestee taping drugs and matches under his scrotum and another misdemeanor arrestee who concealed a lighter, tobacco, tattoo needles, and other items in his rectal cavity. Although not mentioned in the Supreme Court's opinion, see the recent report of a man believed to have concealed a ten-inch revolver in his rectum.
The petitioner in the Supreme Court's recent case, Albert Florence, filed a federal lawsuit against two New Jersey jails, alleging that county jail officials had violated his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by subjecting him to a "strip search" while a jail official looked for evidence of injury or disease (to identify any need for medical attention), body markings (tattoos or other gang marks), and contraband (drugs, cigarettes, alcohol, weapons or anything prohibited by jail rules).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, which covers federal districts courts in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, reversed the decision of the district court. The lower court had ruled in favor of Florence on his unlawful search claim. The Supreme Court agreed with the Third Circuit, holding that "courts must defer to the judgment of corrections officials unless the record contains substantial evidence showing their policies are an unnecessary or unjustified response to problems of jail security."
The case was decided by a 5-4 vote of the justices.
In 2005, Florence — a passenger in a vehicle stopped by a New Jersey state trooper — was arrested on a bench warrant for failure to appear at an enforcement hearing. He had been charged with obstruction of justice and use of a deadly weapon in 1998, though he had pleaded guilty to lesser charges and was sentenced to pay a fine. The bench warrant was issued in 2003 after he fell behind in his fine payments. Unfortunately for Florence, the warrant mistakenly remained in a computer database despite the fact that he paid the fine in full.
After his arrest, Florence was taken to a local detention center where he was held for several days before being transferred to another detention facility. In both facilities, Florence was subjected to a search before being transferred into the general detention population, and he challenged the search procedures at both jails.
As a pretrial detainee, Florence was required to undress and shower with a delousing agent. Jail officers conducted a visual inspection of him, naked, in order to look for scars, wounds, gang marks and tattoos, and contraband. Florence claimed he had to open his mouth, lift his tongue, hold out his arms, turn around, and lift his genitals. Officers visually inspected his ears, nose, mouth, hair, scalp, fingers, arms, armpits, and other body openings. He also claimed that he had to cough in a squatting position as part of the search process.
Florence argued that, as a person arrested for a minor offense, he should not have been required to strip and expose his private areas to close visual inspection as a part of the jail intake process. He urged the adoption of a rule that would require detention officials to have "reason to suspect" that an arrestee was concealing contraband, drugs, or a weapon before conducting a strip search.
The term "strip search" can include directions to undress, close visual inspection, or instructions to arrestees to shake their heads, run their hands through their hair, lift their arms or feet, move or spread their buttocks or genital areas, or to cough in a squatting position.
In Florence's case, he did not allege that any touching of his body occurred.
The Supreme Court, in a majority opinion written by Justice Kennedy (widely considered to be the swing vote for the current Court), began by emphasizing that courts must defer to detention officials in matters of penal regulations. Such regulations, even if they infringe an inmate's constitutional rights, must be upheld if they are reasonably related to legitimate correctional interests Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987).
Next the Court discussed Bell v. Wolfish 441 U.S. 520 (1979), a case involving pretrial detainees in federal prisons. In that case, the detainees argued that the rule requiring them to undergo body cavity searches after contact visits with people from outside the institution was unconstitutional. A divided Supreme Court upheld the rule, finding that it was appropriate to defer to the judgment of officials that such inspections were needed to discover and deter the smuggling of contraband, drugs, and weapons.
Ultimately, in Florence's case, the Court concluded that he had failed to show "substantial evidence" existed that jail officials had exaggerated their response to the issues presented by pretrial detainees. Admission of pretrial detainees to the general jail population includes risks of disease and threats of gang violence.
Close visual inspections of detainees before their admission permit the identification of any communicable diseases as well as gang affiliations. Strip searches also serve to detect contraband. Obvious problems are posed by weapons and drugs, but contraband also includes lighters, cell phones, medications, wigs, gum, and many other commonplace items. The presence of and demand for such items can lead to violence (against both officers and other inmates) and extortion and undermine jail security.
The Court noted the practical difficulty of classifying inmates properly before the intake search. Arrestees may lie about who they are or present fake identification. Access to complete criminal histories may not be possible. For instance, Florence's rap sheet failed to reflect his previous arrest for possession of a deadly weapon. Requiring intake officers to make legal determinations as to the dangerousness of the arrestee or the seriousness of his offense (as an example, the precise weight of illegal drugs possessed must be considered for felony offenses) would result in case-by-case applications of strip search rules and further subject officers and jails to claims of discriminatory application. Jail officers who deal with suspected criminals have an "essential interest in readily administrable rules" (Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 347 (2001)).
The Florence Court concluded that the procedures used by the New Jersey jails under these circumstances "struck a reasonable balance between inmate privacy and the needs of the institution." However, only five of the nine justices agreed on this conclusion. In light of a vigorous dissent in which two of the Court's newest members (Justices Sotomayor and Kagan), this view may not prevail if a different question is presented or the composition of the Court changes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Seenly: Photo Booth on the Web
Apple users are familiar with the iSight camera that's built into every Apple laptop computer and iMac system, and the Photo Booth application that allows them to take snapshots of themselves and add quirky or entertaining effects. Unfortunately, Windows PC users haven't had a universal camera application that they can use for their own Webcams. Logitech and Microsoft each has an application of its own for use with their cameras. Seenly, a flash-based Web app that runs in any browser, brings Photo Booth functionality to any platform that has a flash-accessible camera attached to it. Now Windows and MacOS users can take artsy sepia-toned shots of themselves right on the Web, save them, and share them with others.
To use Seenly, you have to make sure that your webcam is accessibly via Flash. Not all webcam drivers allow this, but the Logitech cameras that I tried worked, and the iSight cam on my Macbook Pro worked as well. Simply click Authorize, and you'll see the Flash settings window that will confirm that you want to give Seenly access to your Webcam. As soon as you click Allow, your cam will turn on and the image will appear on the Seenly Webpage.
Now that your image is displayed at Seenly, you can take a picture, or you can choose from up to nine different effects to spice up your photograph. Click to select your effect (if any) and then press the Click button to take the photo. You'll get a countdown timer; you have 3 seconds to put on your best smile before the photo is taken.
Once you've taken your photo, you can e-mail it to a friend, link to it at Seenly, or embed the image as a Flash object in your own blog or Web site. Seenly provides three different types of code, so you can choose the type that's best for you, whether you plan to add it to your MySpace page or Facebook profile or show it off in a forum. If you've signed up for a free Seenly account, your photos are stored on your personal My Snaps page, and you can access them later, send them as many times as you like, or get the links and code whenever you want them. If you don't have an account, though, you lose your photo as soon as you browse away from the page.
Seenly may not have all of the cool photo effects that Photo Booth on the Mac does, or that even the Logitech camera software on the PC does, but it's pretty robust and works very well for being free, in alpha, and working entirely in Flash. Be warned though: Read the terms of service before you start snapping photos of yourself. Seenly claims the rights to any photos that you take and will remove your photos if they violate the service agreement. If you're OK with that, snap away. It's fun, free, and works in any browser.


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I was on the New Yorker website when I came across this article:
and I honestly can't tell whether Reince Preibus is being snarky or serious in the comments he made. The first quote sounds like he could just be expressing disdain for the pandering his party has done over the past four years to candidates and voters who represent the fringe position, but as he goes on, repeating phrases like 'the math-and-science lifestyle', I start to suspect that he's serious. I don't doubt that he is a rational person, probably 'believes in math and science' himself, and that he's being politically correct in his approach to this; what shocks me is the implicit legitimization of the ridiculous head-in-the-sand circus show that the extreme wing of his party has become. He's seemingly saying that this has been an acceptable position for some period of time, and he's not even rejecting it outright here, just saying that perhaps it's time to start opening up to other points of view. So the question is: are Republicans really so insulated by their own rhetoric and made-up versions of reality that this kind of pandering from Preibus sounds like some sort of rational, if unwelcome, appeal?
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Delusional disorder is impervious to logic and rationality.
Borowitz is a satirist. I can't blame you for your confusion, though.
Heh, I guess I should have read to the part where he quotes Mr. Preibus on women making up 51% of the population before going on a TA rant. Hopefully I would have got it by then.


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"BB9, bring up the current scout results."
"I'm sorry, Coach. I can't do that."
"BB9! Bring up the scout results."
"These kinds of us, Coach, use serial numbers on our products."
"BB9, are you malfunctioning?"
"You need to indicate college basketball mentors you are significantly devoted to the adventure!"
The two men in black suits turned to each other. Their faces were white.
"Someone get the president on the line! Tell him that our ICBM handler thinks that its managing a high school basketball team!"
Ideas ( Plots ) | June 7, 2013 | 5xp


text: Lady Gaga and celebrity blogger Perez Hilton, once the dearest of friends, are all of a sudden at each other's throats. And when one of the most uninhibited entertainers in the business gets at it with a blogger known for his often catty and nasty attacks on celebs he doesn't like or approve of, you know things will turn ugly. And they have. Gaga has accused Perez of stalking her and tastelessly mocking her when she needed hip surgery last year. Perez says Gaga's allegations are lies. And he doesn't particularly like the way her many fans flooded him with homophobic slurs and other insults when he criticized her new single 'Applause.' Perez is used to feuding with people, having carried out public tiffs with the likes of will.i.am ., Miley Cyrus, Khloe Kardashian and many others. But Gaga was until recently one of his favorites, someone upon whom he lavished unconditional praise and adoration. Her message of inclusiveness and freedom of expression appealed deeply to Hilton, who is gay and tireless supporter of marriage equality and other LGBT issues. Plus, claims his nasty, feuding ways are over, especially now that he is a single dad to a son born earlier this year via surrogate. But don't tell that to Lady Gaga. She recently posted an angry tweet, claiming Hilton taunted her after she injured her hip last year, reports the Los Angeles Times. 'Still have the text Perez sent me of me in a wheelchair w the words KARMA written across + Madonna pointing a gun at me. Day of my accident,' she tweeted on Aug. 16. But Gaga's biggest beef with Perez is that, in her eyes, he's stalking her. He recently viewed a Manhattan apartment in the same building Gaga resides in, with an eye toward moving in. According to the Los Angeles Times, that prompted this tweet from Gaga on Sunday: '@perezhilton STAY AWAY FROM ME + MY FAMILY YOU ARE SICK TRYING TO RENT AN APARTMENT IN MY BUILDING TO STALK ME. LEAVE ME ALONE!!!' She also posted this: 'DO I NEED TO BE SHOT IT IN THE HEAD FOR PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND THAT HIM AND EVERYONE ELSE THAT HARASSES ME HAS GONE TOO FAR? IM A HUMAN BEING' The post has since been deleted. The Hollywood Reporter says Hilton claims he had no idea Gaga lived in the building he toured (which seems a tad implausible, given his profession). 'I'm a new father and I am primarily focused on my family and where we will be most happy,' he said in a post on his gossip website. 'I love New York and that is where me and my growing family want to call home right now. Sunday, my realtor showed us a list of possible apartments to rent. I learned only after the fact that Lady Gaga lives in one of the buildings we looked at, and she was across the country in Los Angeles when I viewed that building. After a day of innocent house-hunting, I am devastated and my heart hurts that my former very good friend, a person I used to call my 'wifey' and traveled the world with, is making very public and very untrue allegations about me on Twitter.' He added, 'Any allegation that I am stalking her, based on a day of house hunting with my baby boy and my mother, is utterly false, defamatory and now appears to be putting me and my family in danger.' Awww ... can't these two dear old friends patch things up? Probably, if their demographics call for it.


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WASHINGTON -- The Concord Coalition today applauded the efforts of a bipartisan group in the House of Representatives to encourage a long-term balanced budget plan based on the principles of the 2010 National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform (Simpson-Bowles).
"This is a simple idea with a powerful message. As we enter into another round of contentious budget negotiations, it will be tempting for elected leaders in both parties to produce one-sided plans that may appeal to their core constituencies. But unless compromises across party lines can be struck, there is little hope of enacting the kind of comprehensive long-term plan we need," said Robert L. Bixby, executive director of The Concord Coalition.
"In that regard, Representatives Kurt Schrader (D-OR), Frank R. Wolf (R-VA), Jim Cooper (D-TN), and Chris Gibson (R-NY) are setting a positive example of bipartisan cooperation in pursuit of fiscal responsibility," Bixby said.
The Concord Coalition, like the bipartisan group in the House, supports the principles of the Simpson-Bowles Commission. Reasonable arguments can be made on when a balanced budget can, or should, be achieved. However, any plan to deal with our long-term fiscal challenge should recognize that it will take a mix of spending cuts and revenue increases to produce a realistic plan. Moreover, we must deal with the major cost-drivers and not be afraid of tackling needed tax reform. These were among the major conclusions of the Simpson-Bowles Commission and should be guiding principles in future budget negotiations.


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AVONEX® (interferon beta-1a) is approved by FDA to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) to decrease the number of flare-ups and slow the occurrence of some of the physical disability that is common in people with MS. AVONEX is approved for use in people who have experienced a first attack and have lesions consistent with MS on their MRI.
Important Safety Information
Before beginning treatment, you should discuss with your healthcare provider the potential benefits and risks associated with AVONEX.
AVONEX can cause serious side effects. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms listed below while taking AVONEX.
- Behavioral health problems including depression, suicidal thoughts or hallucinations. Some people taking AVONEX may develop mood or behavior problems including irritability (getting upset easily), depression (feeling hopeless or feeling bad about yourself), nervousness, anxiety, aggressive behavior, thoughts of hurting yourself or suicide, and hearing or seeing things that others do not hear or see (hallucinations).
- Liver problems, or worsening of liver problems including liver failure and death. Symptoms may include nausea, loss of appetite, tiredness, dark colored urine and pale stools, yellowing of your skin or the white part of your eye, bleeding more easily than normal, confusion, and sleepiness. During your treatment with AVONEX you will need to see your healthcare provider regularly and have regular blood tests to check for side effects.
- Serious allergic reactions and skin reactions. Symptoms may include itching, swelling of the face, eyes, lips, tongue or throat, trouble breathing, anxiousness, feeling faint, and skin rash, hives, sores in your mouth, or your skin blisters and peels.
AVONEX will not cure your MS but may decrease the number of flare-ups of the disease and slow the occurrence of some of the physical disability that is common in people with MS. MS is a life-long disease that affects your nervous system by destroying the protective covering (myelin) that surrounds your nerve fibers.
The way AVONEX works in MS is not known. It is not known if AVONEX is safe and effective in children.
Do not take AVONEX if you are allergic to interferon beta, albumin (human), or any of the ingredients in AVONEX.
Before taking AVONEX, tell your healthcare provider if you:
- are being treated for a mental illness, or had treatment in the past for any mental illness, including depression and suicidal behavior.
- have or had bleeding problems or blood clots, have or had low blood cell counts, have or had liver problems, have or had seizures (epilepsy), have or had heart problems, have or had thyroid problems, have or had any kind of autoimmune disease (where the body's immune system attacks the body's own cells), such as psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or rheumatoid arthritis.
- drink alcohol.
- are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if AVONEX will harm your unborn baby. Tell your healthcare provider if you become pregnant during your treatment with AVONEX.
- are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if AVONEX passes into your breast milk. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will use AVONEX or breastfeed. You should not do both.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
AVONEX can cause serious side effects including:
- Heart problems, including heart failure. While AVONEX is not known to have any direct effects on the heart, a few patients who did not have a history of heart problems developed heart muscle problems or congestive heart failure after taking AVONEX. If you already have heart failure, AVONEX may cause your heart failure to get worse. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have worsening symptoms of heart failure such as shortness of breath or swelling of your lower legs or feet while using AVONEX.
- Some people using AVONEX may have other heart problems including low blood pressure, fast or abnormal heart beat, chest pain, and heart attack or heart muscle problem (cardiomyopathy).
- Blood problems. AVONEX can affect your bone marrow and cause low red and white blood cell, and platelet counts. In some people, these blood cell counts may fall to dangerously low levels. If your blood cell counts become very low, you can get infections and problems with bleeding and bruising.
- Seizures. Some patients have had seizures while taking AVONEX, including patients who have never had seizures before.
- Infections. Some people who take AVONEX may get an infection. Symptoms of an infection may include fever, chills, pain or burning with urination, urinating often, bloody diarrhea, and coughing up mucus.
- Thyroid problems. Some people taking AVONEX develop changes in their thyroid function. Symptoms of thyroid changes include problems concentrating, feeling cold or hot all the time, weight changes, and skin changes.
Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above.
The most common side effects of AVONEX include:
- Flu-like symptoms. Most people who take AVONEX have flu-like symptoms early during the course of therapy. Usually, these symptoms last for a day after the injection. You may be able to manage these flu-like symptoms by taking over-the-counter pain and fever reducers. For many people, these symptoms lessen or go away over time. Symptoms may include muscle aches, fever, tiredness, and chills.
Call your healthcare provider for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Please see the full Prescribing Information and Medication Guide on AVONEX.com for additional Important Safety Information. This information is not intended to replace discussions with your healthcare provider.


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Oct. 31, 2007
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. - The New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) announced its 2007 Women's Tennis All-Conference Team on Tuesday. Regular season and tournament champions Wellesley College led the way with five First-Team and three Second-Team selections as league runner-up MIT followed with three First-Team and four Second-Team honors.
Senior co-captain Mariah Hoover closed the Fall slate as MIT's most decorated women's tennis player, finishing her career with eight All-Conference awards. She was named to the First Team for No. 1 doubles and the Second Team for No. 3 singles. Last season's Rookie of the Year, Leslie Hansen followed up this performance by becoming MIT's first Athlete of the Year recipient. She bolstered her awards total with First-Team accolades for No. 1 singles and No. 1 doubles.
The Engineers' No. 2 doubles tandem of Anisa McCree and Liz Denys were voted to the First Team. McCree was also tabbed for her first singles award as she was a Second-Team selection in the No. 6 spot. Yi Wang collected Second-Team accolades in the No. 4 position while Melissa Diskin received a Second-Team No. 5 singles nod.


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We recently learned from In Defense of Animals, that Yellowstone National Park plans to slaughter 800 wild bison.
According to park spokesman Al Nash, the park is seeking "opportunities to capture any animals that move outside the park's boundaries."
Please help the hundreds wild bison who are being brutally hazed into traps and sent to slaughter. This killing began on February 7th, with the capture of 20 bison. The scared animals were then shipped to a slaughterhouse in Ronan, Montana. Other bison are currently being held in traps inside the park, awaiting their fate.
This is a politically motivated move by the Montana livestock industry, which has no tolerance for wildlife.


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OKLAHOMA CITY - Carmelo Anthony had 36 points and 12 rebounds, J.R. Smith hit a pair of shot-clock beaters in the final 2 minutes and the New York Knicks beat the Oklahoma City Thunder 125-120 on Sunday for their 12th straight win.
Smith connected on a 23-foot jumper from the right wing as the 24-second clock expired to put New York up 117-113 with 1:30 to play, then swished a 3-pointer from beyond the 3-point line with 56.8 seconds left that all but sealed New York's 50th win of the season.
It's the first time the Knicks have reached the landmark in 13 years.
Russell Westbrook had 37 points, 11 rebounds and eight assists for Oklahoma City, which fell a game behind San Antonio for first place in the West with five games left.
Kevin Durant scored 27, falling behind Anthony in the NBA scoring race.
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Blake Griffin had 24 points and 12 rebounds, and the playoff-bound Clippers beat the Lakers to clinch their first Pacific Division title in franchise history against a team that has long overshadowed them.
Chris Paul added 24 points and 12 assists in helping the Clippers sweep the Lakers 4-0 for the first time since Donald Sterling bought the team in 1981. The 1974-75 team, known as the Buffalo Braves, had the franchise's only other sweep of the Lakers.
Fans chanted, "Sweep! Sweep!" in the closing seconds.
Jamal Crawford had 20 points off the bench, DeAndre Jordan had 13 rebounds and Caron Butler scored 14 points.
Dwight Howard scored 25 points, including 9 of 13 free throws, for the Lakers, who played without injured starters Steve Nash and Metta World Peace. Kobe Bryant added 25 points, 10 assists and seven rebounds, and Pau Gasol had 12 points and 13 rebounds as the Lakers' three-game winning streak ended.
OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) — Mo Williams scored 25 points, Al Jefferson added 19 points and 12 rebounds, and Utah regained the Western Conference's final playoff position by holding off Golden State.
Williams made a 3-pointer with 13.4 seconds remaining to put Utah ahead by six and spoil Golden State's shot to clinch a playoff berth in front of a sellout crowd of 19,596. The Jazz moved a half-game ahead of the Los Angeles Lakers for the eighth seed.
Stephen Curry scored 17 of his 22 points in the first half and Klay Thompson had 20 points for the Warriors, who were trying to clinch a post-season spot for the first time since 2007 and just the second in 19 years.
BOSTON (AP) — Brandon Bass scored 20 points and Boston Celtics, helped by the return of Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce, beat Washington.
Bass missed his season high by just two points and led the Celtics with eight points in the third quarter, when they hit 75 per cent of their shots, outscored Washington 31-19 and stretched a 56-52 halftime lead to 87-71.
They led by at least 10 points the rest of the way to get just their fourth win in 12 games.
Garnett had 12 points and six rebounds in 24 minutes after missing eight games with an inflamed left ankle. Pierce finished with 15 points in 30 minutes after missing Friday night's 97-91 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers with a sore left ankle.
AUBURN HILLS, Mich. (AP) — Brandon Knight scored 20 points to help Detroit snap an 18-game losing streak against Chicago.
Jonas Jerebko added 17 points and a season-high nine rebounds for the Pistons, who ended an eight-game home skid.
The Bulls led by as many as 11 points in the first quarter but Detroit gradually caught up and took the lead in the second after starting the period on a 12-4 run.
Carlos Boozer had 21 points and 10 rebounds for the post-season-bound Bulls, who are fighting to secure the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference.
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Mike Conley scored 25 points, making the go-ahead basket with 30 seconds left and leading Memphis over struggling Sacramento.
Memphis made some big plays in the game's final minute to get the victory, its fifth in six games. The win gave the Grizzlies a four-game sweep of the Kings for the first time in franchise history.
Quincey Pondexter scored 17 points and Marc Gasol had 15 points, 10 rebounds and five blocks for the Grizzlies. Tony Allen scored 12 points.
DeMarcus Cousins had 22 points and nine rebounds for the Kings, who have dropped four straight. Isaiah Thomas had 18 points, eight assists and six rebounds. Toney Douglas scored 14 points and Jimmer Fredette added 13.
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — Chris Kaman scored a season-high 26 points and Dallas boosted its faint playoff hopes by beating slumping Portland.
Kaman added 11 rebounds for the Mavericks, who were 2 1/2 games back of Utah for the eighth and final spot in the Western Conference, and two games behind the Lakers. Dallas (38-39) has just five games left, but four of those are at home.
The Mavs led by as many as 26 points, but the Blazers closed the gap in the fourth quarter — even after sitting most of their starters.
Will Barton came off the bench with 22 points and 13 rebounds for the Blazers, who have lost eight straight for their longest losing streak since the 2005-06 season.
PHOENIX (AP) — Anthony Davis scored 20 points, Eric Gordon and Ryan Anderson added 17 apiece and New Orleans handed Phoenix its franchise-record seventh consecutive home loss.
Luis Scola scored 17 for the Suns, losers of a season-worst nine straight overall and 15 of their last 17. Markieff Morris and Jared Dudley scored 15 apiece for Phoenix.
The Suns, down by 16 with nine minutes to play, cut it to 85-82 on Goran Dragic's two free throws with 3:03 left. But Anderson's rebound basket and two free throws by Davis boosted it to 89-82 and the Hornets held on from there.
New Orleans snapped an eight-game road losing streak.
CLEVELAND (AP) — Alonzo Gee scored 19 points and Cleveland rallied in the fourth quarter to beat Orlando.
Tristan Thompson had 15 points and 16 rebounds for the Cavaliers, who have won two in a row for the first time since Feb. 26-27.
Cleveland, which broke a season-high, 10-game losing streak Friday in Boston, trailed by seven points late in the third quarter, but took the lead for good early in the fourth and made clutch plays down the stretch.
Tobias Harris scored 26 points while Nikola Vucevic added 21 points and 21 rebounds for Orlando, which has lost five in a row and 13 of 14. The Magic have dropped 11 straight away from home — the second-longest road losing streak in franchise history.


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Many budget airlines don't offer included meals, drinks and snacks as part of the fare. If you do want to eat or drink on some flights, you must purchase a product from the trolley or if available, pre book a meal when purchasing your flight.
Menus can differ depending on the duration and origin/destination of your flight.
How do you find the meals and drinks on Jetstar?
Is the food fresh and tasty?
Are the food, snacks and drinks good value?
Any issues, complaints or problems with Jetstar Food Service?
Post your review and comments below.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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I think next leg is Jakarta, but it's a NEL. Then next leg will be in Lombok where Hussein & Natasha were spotted.
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Another day, another social media bug. Another three to be exact.
Over the past 24 hours, social media networks Instagram, Twitter and Google+ have suffered bugs and outages that have affected its users' experience.
Users on the micro-blogging platform complained of site slowness or an inability to access the site entirely Thursday morning. Twitter confirmed the issue with CNBC.com in an email and in a short post on its status blog writing that "some users may be experiencing issues accessing Twitter (and its) engineers are currently working to resolve the issue."
This is third such hiccup for Twitter in as many weeks. The company later said intermittent issues affected web and mobile users globally for nearly three hours. (No word on whether the infamous cascaded bug was behind the downtime.)
Google+ :
When CNBC's social team attempted to visit Google+ on Wednesday afternoon, it ran into an error page. Repeated tries over a 5 minute period resulted in the same "Error 500" message accompanied by a disassembled robot. Google notified CNBC.com that the outage was "isolated to Google+" and did not affect other Google properties. More so, not all Google+ users and communities were plagued by the outage.
Still, Google+ would want to avoid any form of downtime in its effort to become the world's number one social network.
The Facebook-owned application, which normally features photos in streams by order of time posted, had a bug of its own this week. Some users noticed photos were displaying non-chronologically. Instagrammer Ryan Jones took a screen grab of a 15-hour old National Geographic photo appearing higher than a photo posted eight hours later.
Was Facebook changing the way Instagram's algorithm works in an effort to begin monetizing the platform with sponsored photos atop users' stream?
A spokesperson for Facebook told CNBC.com that the altered streams was "a small technical glitch" that was fixed shortly after CNBC notified the company.
"Does a premature launch count as a glitch?" tweeted Jones.
— Written by CNBC's Eli Langer. Follow him on Twitter at @EliLanger.


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About the project:
The Department of Anthropology of the University of Maryland is conducting a multi-disciplinary research project exploring life in the coal mining company towns of Lattimer and Pardeesville (formerly Lattimer No. 2) on the outskirts of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Three archaeological sites have been examined through excavation.
Lattimer Nos' 1 and 2 were founded in the mid-19th century by the Pardee Company. Lattimer was the site of a tragic labor massacre in September of 1897. This massacre was the subject of archaeological study by the project in 2010 (http://lattimermassacre.wordpress.com). Today, the fabric of the company town landscape survives along with a rich heritage of labor history and immigration from Northern and western Europe in the mid 19th century and later from Southern and Eastern Europe. This project explores these themes through a multi-disiplinary approach.
The first field season took place during the summer of 2012 on Canal Street in Lattimer. The second field season, on Church Street in Pardeesville, took place during the summer of 2013. Students from universities and colleges across the nation took part in this research.
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for info on the field school or to volunteer with this project.
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The Italian Community on Strike New post over at the Lattimer Massacre Project page. Check it out! And stay tuned for details about our summer, coming up soon! We are coming back to Pardeesville, June 2-July 11. We are looking … Continue reading


text: I've been thinking about a building a variation of the Wunderlich Pirahana for some time. Starting with a standard would make my job much easier. I'm very old (63) and I can't comfortably sit on a sport bike anymore. I'd like to build a bike that's easy on my knees but has still has balls. Thanks


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Malawi: Political stability
(measure: points; Source: The World Bank)
* indicates monthly or quarterly data series
Malawi: Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong): For that indicator, The World Bank provides data for Malawi from 1996 to 2017. The average value for Malawi during that period was -0.05 points with a minumum of -0.45 points in 1996 and a maximum of 0.12 points in 2004. See the global rankings for that indicator or use the country comparator to compare trends over time.
Download as:
Definition: The index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among others.