text:
Particle distribution testing can help improve stormwater management, save money
A recent lecture given by director George Caamano at the ISRI Safety and Environmental Counseling Convention discussed stormwater chemistry and affordable treatment systems.
NAHEIM, CA, Dec. 31, 2012 -- A recent lecture given by director George Caamano at the ISRI Safety and Environmental Counseling Convention discussed stormwater chemistry and affordable treatment systems. He stressed that scrap yards are creating their own stormwater problems by not running the proper tests on their stormwater. For instance, a particle distribution test to determine what size of contaminants are in a facility's water can save you thousands of dollars, and here's why:
Metals can appear as dust or fine particles. When first in contact with water, most particles will be large enough to filter. As filtration is by far the cheapest treatment option, this is ideal; however, a portion of the metals can dissolve too small to filter. If the water is filtered first, these remaining dissolved metals may then be treated using media or chemical treatment.
This is the case for all facilities with stormwater limitations, not just scrap yards. Determining the size of particles in a given yard, and the amount of dissolved metals, is critical for determining the size, type, and cost of that yard's stormwater treatment systems. For instance, if a yard has primarily large particles, it may meet its effluent goals with simple filtration. If not, instead of spending money treating the initial contaminant concentration, it's possible the metals levels will be reduced by over 95 percent with just filtration. Because only 5 percent of the contaminants are left to treat, this means in terms of a treatment unit's footprint, initial cost, and maintenance, stormwater can be treated for less.
With the opening of Remedy Water Treatment, Stormwater Online now has a laboratory geared specifically towards assisting customers with treating their water. With this recent expansion, it is able to offer the particle distribution experiment described above to all facilities looking to treat their stormwater effectively and affordably. This experiment includes a full report that details particle size distribution analysis, including turbidity, copper, iron, and zinc measurements after each filtration size; as well as a picture of your water so you can see the improvement made at each filtration step.
Find out more information about this experiment and its benefits at swonline.org.
If you'd like a digital copy of the ISRI stormwater chemistry lecture mentioned above for free, please email email@example.com, or visit our website www.swonline.org.
About the Company
Stormwater Online, Inc. is a company that provides services to help facilities achieve EPA compliance. Although the company specializes in recycling facilities, it offers consulting, personnel training, and stormwater filtration systems that can be applied to any industry. Further information can be found at www.swonline.org.


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Why We Don't Know How to Retire Well
What's the biggest lie we tell ourselves about retirement?
SARA LAWRENCE-LIGHTFOOT: We live in a culture that is preoccupied with launchings, entrances, startups. We applaud the spirit, gumption and promise of beginnings. We admire the moment when people throw themselves into something new, plan and execute a new project, embark on important work, get married, take an adventure; perpetually poised for the next opportunity, tilting toward the future, never looking back. We applaud, and ritualize those moments of moving forward; bold steps in life and love; a chance to redefine our identity. These are likely to be moments of hope, optimism and expectation as we compose the next chapter for ourselves.
By contrast, our exits are often ignored or invisible. They represent the negative spaces in our life journeys; shadowy retreats that do not warrant our attention, even sources of embarrassment and humiliation. There are few lessons—in our culture, in our schooling, in our socialization, in our professional development—in how to exit well, even gracefully.
So the first lie about retirement—a major life exit—is that it is unimportant; that it does not deserve our notice, that it is even a sign of weakness, decline, or impotence. Let's call this a lie of omission, one that injures by being silenced and unspoken. We need to challenge this hidden lie by making it visible; by reframing and ritualizing our exits; by readjusting our cultural lens in order to see and compose our retirements. We must view these farewells as important opportunities for reflection, recalibration and regeneration; a time for probing pause, a rare chance to look backwards into the future. In other words we must turn our retirements into significant moments that give fertile ground for rebirth and reinvention.
The second lie is one of commission. When people speak about their retirements; they tend to cast them as wonderful or awful; plentiful or empty, enlarging or humiliating. They see their retirements as either/or experiences. But the truth is that retirement is inevitably both good and bad, and everyone feels the twin—often warring—sensations of loss and liberation. Part of the challenge of retirement, then, is resisting the either/or lie and finding a way to embrace the contradictions, ride out the tensions, and live through the confusing beautiful/ugly moments that shape the tender and treacherous journey that anticipates the next chapter.
Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot is the Emily Hargroves Fisher professor of Education at Harvard University. She is a MacArthur prize winner and author of the recent book, "EXIT: The Endings that Set Us Free."
Read the latest Encore Report.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By continuing to visit this site, you agree to our use of cookies. More info
A cookie is a small text file that a website saves on your computer or mobile device when you visit the site. It enables the website to remember your preferences (such as your language) over a period of time, so you don't have to keep re-entering them whenever you come back to the site or browse from one page to another.
Enabling these cookies is not strictly necessary for the website to work but it will provide you with a better browsing experience. You can delete or block these cookies, but if you do that some features of this site may not work as intended. The cookie-related information is not used to identify you personally and the pattern data is fully under our control.
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text:
Clive Hooton necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 45 diseños de 12 diseñadores freelance.
Cognitive Sensing INc.
Design Brief for a neuropsychological device manufacturer. Cognitive Sensing Inc. designs, develops and manufactures a revolutionary new device used to measure neurobiological impairment – which can detect disease such as Alzheimers and concussion. The device is based on science that links mild perceptual impairment to cognitive impairment (an individual's inability to "see" or perceive certain visual tests similar is an indication of mental impairment).
We need a professional image
1. High net worth individuals (potential investors)
2. Strategic partners in the Neuroscience field
3. Neuropsychologists that will use the device to measure cognitive abilities of their patients in a clinical environment.
The design should inspire:
Brain technology
Precision & Reliability
World-class organization
Preferred colours – white and sky blue
Logo ideas – include a head & shoulders and atomic image (electrons revolving around a nucleus). Head & shoulders not to be too realistic – virtual reality image
Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com for an example of an image we would like to include. (I can't post this image on this site)
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
This is so awesome. Derek Sigler's project, which included a team at Arch Reactor, sent a balloon today to 100,000 ft with a few cameras and were able to locate the payload when it came back down. This is a picture he posted from 97,000 feet above the earth. This is very inspiring. It has been such a good day. Congratulations Derek and the team that launched it!!! Very impressive.
Video of the balloon burst, 42 seconds in, is available here.


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You are in our domestic store. If you live outside the United States, please view our store policies on this page, then visit our international store to place your order.
HerbalGram 82 includes articles on The Expanding Market and Regulatory Challenges of Supplements for Pets in the United States; Herbal Pearls: Traditional Chinese Folk Wisdom: An Excerpt of Herbal Lore; Managing and Interpreting the Complexities of Botanical Research; an herb profile on juniper berry; a market report on herb sales in 2008; research reviews on St. John's wort for major depression, rhodiola extract for burnout fatigue, attention, and cortisol response, black cohosh and liver toxicity, Korean white ginseng and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's Disease; and more.
American Botanical Council, 6200 Manor Rd, Austin, TX 78723 Phone: 512-926-4900 | Fax: 512-926-2345 | Email: email@example.com
The information on this site is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for the advice of a qualified healthcare professional. The American Botanical Council does not endorse or test products, nor does it verify the content or claims made, either implicit or explicit. ABC does not accept responsibility for the consequences of the use of this information or its most up-to-date accuracy. ABC is an independent, nonprofit, tax-exempt research and education organization under IRS section 501(c)(3). All text, images and content Copyright © 2016 American Botanical Council, unless otherwise noted.


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SAN JOSE — Firefighters quickly extinguished a two-alarm blaze Friday morning at a church office located in Willow Glen.
The two-alarm blaze broke out just before 5:30 a.m. at the Church of God of San Jose, a converted home located on Minnesota Avenue near Bird Avenue.
San Jose firefighters knocked down the blaze in about 20 minutes and kept the flames from spreading to the adjacent church, according to Capt. Mike Van Elgort.
A neighbor reported the fire to 911 at 5:27 a.m. to report a fire at the church. When fire crews arrived, they found 10 to 15 foot flames coming from two windows and a door of the office.
"When we arrived, we're talking 15-20 foot bright flames," Van Elgort said. "It was free burning fire. Our concerns were it was going to extend into the main building and also get into the trees and then spread into the neighborhood."
The cause of the fire remains under investigation.


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A solar power surge: Central Coast harvests the sun
Jim Efird paused next to a row of huge, gleaming wine vats at the Tolosa Winery just south of San Luis Obispo. Electrical refrigeration units hum in the background.
"This is so cool," said Efird, one of the winery's principal owners. "Can you believe that solar panels power all of this?"
Those solar panels — all 2,508 of them — sit a few yards away on a 3-acre installation next to the winery. On this crisp, clear autumn afternoon, the panels crank out 137 kilowatts of power, equivalent to about 200 horsepower.
Tolosa Winery is one of an increasing number of Central Coast homes and businesses that are taking advantage of tax credits and other incentives to install solar systems to cut their electrical bills.
"It makes sense to use the clean, renewable resource of the sun to power our business," said Bob Schiebelhut, another owner.
According to Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 456 homes and 29 businesses in San Luis Obispo County have installed solar panels since the beginning of 2007. Together they produce some six mega-watts of power, enough to power about 6,000 homes.
Throughout PG&E's service region in Central and Northern California, more than 30,000 photovoltaic systems have been installed, more than any other utility in the nation, said Kory Raftery, PG&E spokesman.
"In fact, this represents 40 percent of the installs throughout the entire United States," he said.
This profusion of individual solar systems is part of a larger trend statewide and locally. Two large commercial solar plants are proposed for the Carrizo Plain in the county's southeast corner, designed to produce a combined 800 megawatts of power.
One of these solar companies — SunPower Corp. of Richmond — also installed Tolosa Winery's 539-kilowatt system.
Tolosa has another photovoltaic system at its San Miguel winery, which is twice as big as the one in San Luis Obispo.
The San Luis Obispo installation cost $3 million, Efird said, while the one in San Miguel cost $6 million. The winery expects to recover those costs in seven years through reduced electrical bills and other savings.
The systems are guaranteed by SunPower to last 25 years, and each supplies 90 percent of the wineries' electrical needs.
State law limits these individual photovoltaic systems to producing only the amount of power the home or business uses.
Ninety percent gives the wineries some buffer in case they realize additional electrical efficiency in the future.
"To overbuild would not make much sense," Efird said.
In addition to saving on their electrical bill, businesses such as Tolosa Winery also enjoy tax breaks and rebates intended to encourage solar power installation.
The state has set goals for increased renewable energy production in order to decrease dependence on foreign oil sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
For example, Tolosa's solar system is expected to displace more than 32 million pounds of greenhouse gases over the next 30 years. This is the equivalent to the emissions displaced by removing more than 2,600 cars from the state's roads.
According to the winery's online tracker, the solar plant has already displaced 164 tons of carbon emissions since it was installed in August just before the fall grape harvest.
Incentives for businesses to install solar panels come in two basic forms, said Paul McMillan, utilities manager for SunPower. The federal government offers 30 percent income tax credits for solar installations; accelerated depreciation for property taxes is also available.
The state also offers rebates. The values of these rebates are on a sliding scale depending on the timing of the installation and expected performance, McMillan said.
Business people who have had solar systems for a while say they are well worth the effort and upfront expenses involved.
In 2004, Jim Dee installed 98 solar panels atop his Palm Theatre in downtown San Luis Obispo.
The system cost $100,000 and he received a rebate check for $37,000. The 12-kilowatt system produces a little less than the total amount of electricity the theater uses.
"Before I installed the solar system, I paid $1,500 per month for electricity," he said. "Now I pay $1,500 a year."
Because of these savings, the system will have paid itself off in about another year.
"The challenging thing about solar is the upfront cost," Dee said. "You have to think long term."
Reach David Sneed at 781-7930.


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These Paper Mache Crosses come one piece to a package, and are 5.0" x 3.0" in size. Paper Mache Crosses can be painted, and are great for group activites such as birthday parties or classroom events.
We also carry a complete line of Beads, Birdhouse Kits, Christmas Crafts, Craft Supplies, Kids Crafts, Misc Crafts, Wood Craft Kits, and much more.


text:
Patrick Thomson discusses what sovereign clients can expect from their partnership with JPMAM.
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text:
Google has come up with this $35 device that will take your iPhone or Ipad, Android Phone, or Windows desktop and send it to your big screen TV. It communicates over wifi with the TV and gives you a WYSIWYG view of whatever device you are using. On Windows it displays the Chrome browser window on your TV screen.
The reviews seem to be favorable. It looks like it should work with Retrovision, but not with some of the stuff I link to. The way this works on a PC is that Chromecast runs a web browser inside it and it mirrors your desktop Chrome. Should you run across any compatible video, you can just zap it to the TV.


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05-09-2010 08:06 PM - edited 05-09-2010 08:39 PM
Again thanks for your reply. I did a search and found a couple of sites with the drivers but before I do I just want to check once more that I am doing the correct thing.
The graphics card on my laptop is an ATI Radeon Mobility 7500. When I went to the ATI site I received a notice stating that I should instead get the drivers from Lenovo. This is is the URL with the warning I came across:
So I instead went to the Lenovo site and found that indeed there is a driver newer than then one I have installed. My current driver is 220.127.116.1125 dated 2005/03/22 whereas the newer one is 18.104.22.16847 dated 2007/09/19 found here:
In contrast the omega drivers based on ATI's catalyst 4.3 for win xp are found here:
or is this a better URL from which to download the omegadrivers?
This website states that these are the newest drivers and should work for every ATI radeon card ever made.
Fascinating as I research this more and more.... This is the original omegadrive site:
But it warns:
Radeon 7k Series
Radeon 8k Series
Radeon 9k-9250 Series
And of course I found the same file as above to download there for the Omega Radeon driver 2.5.30 which is based on Catalyst 4.3.
So... which do you think is the best bet? I am beginning to understand lead_org your advice for the omega driver in that it should include the ability to set the resolution of my external monitor as this guy who makes the omega versions of the radeon drives seems to be a freelance modifier of drivers for the gaming community as opposed to the update that Lenovo is providing on their website.
Thanks again for your help. Just need some confirmation that I correctly understand your advice.
i use the omega driver for my T40, T41, T42 and T43, they all work okay. I haven't personally tried the updated Lenovo version yet, since the omega driver has more resolution options (including widescreen, which was not provided by the official drivers sometimes back), so i use it since it provides all the functions i need.
05-10-2010 09:28 PM - edited 05-10-2010 09:30 PM
I was able to successfully install the omega drivers for ATI Radeon but I still have the same problem. I can only clone my laptop desktop on to the HDTV or extend my desktop across both displays. I cannot switch between the two displays and thus have 1920 x 1080 resolution on the HDTV while keeping the laptop display at 1024 x 768. I can see the box to indicate the HDTV as the primary display but the option is greyed out/inactive.
So, under display properties I can see monitor 1 (laptop) and monitor 2 (Sony Bravia) but the Sony is highlighted as inactive even though my laptop display is cloned on the HDTV. As soon as I right click the monitor 2 icon and choose to activate the monitor the software instantly chooses to extend my desktop across both displays rather than allowing me to switch which one is primary and which secondary.
I am beginning to wonder if what I am trying to do is simply not possible with my older ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 video card.
go into your display property under advanced display property.
under display properties, advanced, then under the ATI displays tab, you can choose which one you want to use as a primary and secondary LCD.
Thanks lead_org. That did the trick!
If this was my original posting I would say the issue is resolved and give you kudos!
For a hardware manual try the following:
|Kudos Count


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blwirth necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 38 diseños de 18 diseñadores freelance.
Wirth Consulting
Wirth Consulting provides IT services and consultancy (such as web development, general technology consulting, social media workshops etc).
We are looking for a fantastic new logo to go with our tagline: "Technology + Social Change".
As much as possible we try to work with customers who are social enterprises i.e. those doing something "good" in the world, or are not-for-profit; however we tend to have customers from all different types of areas e.g. currently we are managing a new rock band who want to launch their online presence and increase sales online.
One constant in our selection of customers is that they must be fun to work with. No boring corporate, stuffy snorers.
No stock art or clip art in your submissions please. They will be rejected sorry.
We wish to have a new business logo developed.
Have a look at our current website (http://www.wirthconsulting.com.au) for our style - a little bit different, a little bit rock but at the same time clean flowing lines in the existing logo. We aim to stand out from the typical "technology" logos - no boring stuff please! We don't want an "IBM" or "Microsoft" logo - we want something that is modern, attractive, a bit wild and 3D style (i.e. shadows, curves etc).
We still like the colours in our current logo and would like to retain these colours:
dark red R: 237 G: 28 B: 36
light red R: 237 G: 74 B: 80
Grey - 166 166 166
The logo should suit a website (i.e. typically a horizontal layout) as well as business cards/print media (i.e. typically a vertial layout) so if you can provide the logo in both horizontal & vertical layouts that would be perfect.
We would also like to be able to remove the tagline if necessary.
Our existing logo is attached as a reference however note that it is boring, not original and a bit 'clipart-ish' so not what we want to see with the new logo! What we do like about the current logo is the flowing curve underneath the text however we are not married to it so feel free to dream up something else.
The winner should provide the finalised files in jpg, transparent png and Adobe illustrator formats.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text: By now, it should be clear that we like to put our heads on things. A lot. So when it comes to our business cards, the choice was clear… giant disembodied heads! We hold a photo shoot for new hires and encourage each employee to make the zaniest face they can muster, leaving it to our art team to digitally snip out each head. Once new cards print, we make sure to slap one up on our JibJab logo wall for all to see. As we highlight people on this blog over the next few months, you'll see these cards popping up here and there.


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Frequent Links
Muslim conquests
|This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (September 2013)
According to traditional accounts, the Muslim conquests (Arabic: الغزوات, al-Ġazawāt or Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab conquests,[2] began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun (The Rightly Guided Caliphs) and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Muslim power.
They grew well beyond the Arabian Peninsula in the form of a Muslim empire with an area of influence that stretched from the borders of China and India, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily, and the Iberian Peninsula, to the Pyrenees. Edward Gibbon writes in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
Under the last of the Umayyads, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of Africa, the solid and compact dominion from Fargana to Aden, from Tarsus to Surat, will spread on every side to the measure of four or five months of the march of a caravan. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Quran were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris.
The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and a great territorial loss for the Byzantine Empire, eventually also resulting in its collapse. The reasons for the Muslim success are hard to reconstruct in hindsight, primarily because only fragmentary sources from the period have survived. Most historians agree that the Sassanid Persian and Byzantine Roman empires were militarily and economically exhausted from decades of fighting one another. The rapid fall of Visigothic Spain remains less easily explicable.
Some Jews and Christians in the Sassanid Empire and Jews and Monophysites in Syria were dissatisfied and welcomed the Muslim forces, largely because of religious conflict in both empires,[3] while at other times, such as in the Battle of Firaz, Arab Christians allied themselves with the Persians and Byzantines against the invaders.[4][5] In the case of Byzantine Egypt, Palestine and Syria, these lands had only a few years before being reacquired from the Persians, and had not been ruled by the Byzantines for over 25 years.
Fred McGraw Donner, however, suggests that formation of a state in the Arabian peninsula and ideological (i.e. religious) coherence and mobilization was a primary reason why the Muslim armies in the space of a hundred years were able to establish the largest pre-modern empire until that time. The estimates for the size of the Islamic Caliphate suggest it was more than thirteen million square kilometers (five million square miles), making it larger than all current states except the Russian Federation.[6]
- 1 History
- 1.1 Muhammad's campaigns
- 1.2 Byzantine–Arab Wars: 634–750
- 1.3 Conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia: 633–651
- 1.4 Conquest of Transoxiana: 662–751
- 1.5 Conquest of Sindh: 664–712
- 1.6 Conquest of Hispania (711–718) and Septimania (719–720)
- 1.7 Attempts to Conquer the Caucasus: 711–750
- 1.8 End of the Umayyad conquests: 718–750
- 1.9 Conquest of Nubia: 700–1606
- 1.10 Incursions into southern and central Italy: 831–902
- 1.11 Conquest of Anatolia: 1060–1360
- 1.12 Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: 1299–1453
- 1.13 Further conquests: 1200–1800
- 1.14 Decline and collapse: 1800–1924
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 External links
The individual Muslim conquests, together with their beginning and ending dates, are as follows:
Muhammad's campaigns
Byzantine–Arab Wars: 634–750
Wars were between the Byzantine Empire and at first the Rashidun and then the Umayyad caliphates and resulted in the conquest of the Syria region, Egypt, North Africa and Armenia (Byzantine Armenia and Sassanid Armenia).
Under the Rashidun
- The conquest of Syria, 637
- The conquest of Armenia, 639
- The conquest of Egypt, 639
- The conquest of North Africa, 652
- The conquest of Cyprus, 654
Under the Umayyads
- The conquest of North Africa, 665
- The first Arab siege of Constantinople, 674–678
- The second Arab siege of Constantinople, 717–718
- Conquest of Hispania, 711–718
- The conquest of Georgia, 736
Later conquests
Frontier warfare continued in the form of cross border raids between the Umayyads and the Byzantine Isaurian dynasty allied with the Khazars across Asia Minor. Byzantine naval dominance and Greek fire resulted in a major victory at the Battle of Akroinon (739); one of a series of military failures of the Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik across the empire that checked the expansion of the Umayyads and hastened their fall.
Conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia: 633–651
In the reign of Yazdgerd III, the last Sassanid ruler of the Persian Empire, an Arab Muslim army secured the conquest of Persia after their decisive defeats of the Sassanid army at the Battle of Walaja in 633 and Battle of al-Qādisiyyah in 636, but the final military victory didn't come until 642 when the Persian army was defeated at the Battle of Nahāvand. These victories brought Persia (modern Iran), and its territories and provinces comprising Caucasian Albania (Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan), Armenia, Assyria (Assuristan) and Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and south east Anatolia under Arab Muslim rule. Then, in 651, Yazdgerd III was murdered at Merv, ending the dynasty. His son Peroz II escaped through the Pamir Mountains in what is now Tajikistan and arrived in Tang China.
Conquest of Transoxiana: 662–751
Following the First Fitna, the Umayyads resumed the push to capture Sassanid lands and began to move towards the conquest of lands east and north of the plateau towards Greater Khorasan and the Silk Road along Transoxiana. Following the collapse of the Sassanids, these regions had fallen under the sway of local Iranian and Turkic tribes as well as the Tang Dynasty. The conquest of Transoxiana (Ar. Ma wara' al-nahr) was chiefly the work of Qutayba ibn Muslim, who between 705 and 715 expanded Muslim control over Sogdiana, Khwarezm and the Jaxartes valley up to Ferghana. Following Qutayba's death in 715, local revolts and the defeats at the hands of the Chinese-sponsored Turgesh (chiefly the "Day of Thirst" in 724 and the Battle of the Defile in 731) led to a gradual loss of the province: by 738, the Turgesh and their Sogdian allies were raiding Khurasan south of the Oxus. However, the murder of the Turgesh khagan, Su-lu, and the conciliatory policies of Nasr ibn Sayyar towards the native population opened the way for a swift, albeit not total, restoration of Muslim control over Transoxiana in 739–741. Muslim control over the region was consolidated with the defeat of the armies of Tang China in the Battle of Talas in 751.
Conquest of Sindh: 664–712
|This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (June 2010)
During the period of early Rajput supremacy in North and North-West India(modern day Pakistan) (7th century), the first Muslim invasions were carried out simultaneously with the expansion towards Central Asia. In 664, forces led by Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah began launching raids from Persia, striking Multan in the southern Punjab, in what is today Pakistan.
In 711, an expedition led by Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Sindh, and established the Umayyad domination in the area by 712.
The west of Indian sub-continent was then divided into many states. Their relation between each other were very weak. Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf the ruler of Iraq knew this and waited for the best moment to strike.
As Muslim Empire and Dahir's kingdom were contiguous to each other, frequent border clashes took place. As a result relation between the two got worse.
The King of Ceylon, the present Sri Lanka sent many 8 ships full of gifts for the Calipf Al-Walid and the ruler of present Iraq, Hajjaj Bin Yosuf. But the pirates plundered the ships at the Debal of Sindh, which is now known as "Karachi". Same Pirates were also involved in plundering the innocent merchants and cities near the coast. A woman was also victim of those Pirates acts. In response to the letter sent by her to Hajjaj Bin yousaf in early 711 AD, he demanded to take action against Pirates from Raja Dahir. But Raja Dahir denied to take responsibility for the crimes committed by the pirates.
For all these reasons. Hajjaj Bin yousaf sent soldiers against Dahir. But first two expeditions failed. Then in 712 CE Hajjaj sent the third expedition. The commander-in-chief of this expedition was Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi the nephew and son-in-law of Hajjaj.
Qasim subdued the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Multan. After his recall, however, the region devolved into the semi-independent states of Mansura and Multan ruled by local Muslim converts. The Arabs were effectively driven out after the defeats inflicted on them by the Gurjara Pratiharas[citation needed]. The emir of Sindh paid tribute to the Rashtrakuta king of Southern India[citation needed].
Further Muslim conquests in India were halted after the defeat of Arabs in Battle of Rajasthan at the hands of Hindu kings.
Conquest of Hispania (711–718) and Septimania (719–720)
The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania commenced when the Moors (Berbers, Arabs and north west Africans) invaded Visigothic Christian Iberia (modern Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Septimania) in the year 711.[7] Under their Moorish leader, Tariq ibn Ziyad, they landed at Gibraltar on April 30 and worked their way northward.[8] Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior, Musa bin Nusair. During the eight-year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Islamic rule—save for small areas in the northwest (Asturias, Cantabria) and largely Basque regions in the western Pyrenees.
This territory, under the Arab name Al-Andalus, became first an Emirate and then an independent Umayyad Caliphate, the Caliphate of Córdoba, after the overthrowing of the dynasty in Damascus by the Abbasids. When the Caliphate dissolved in 1031 due to the effects of the Fitna of al-Ándalus, the territory split into small Taifas, and gradually the Christian kingdoms started the Reconquest up to 1492, when Granada, the last kingdom of Al-Andalus fell under the Catholic Monarchs.
Attempts to Conquer the Caucasus: 711–750
After the conquest of Armenia, Muslim armies began to raid into the Caucasus, where they were confronted by the Khazars. Initial Muslim raids in the 640s and early 650s ended with the defeat of an Arab force led by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah outside the Khazar town of Balanjar.
Hostilities broke out again in the 710s, with raids back and forth across the Caucasus but few decisive battles. The Khazars, led by a prince named Barjik, invaded northwestern Iran and defeated the Umayyad forces at Ardabil in 730, killing the Arab governor al-Jarrah al-Hakami and briefly occupying the town.The Arabs eventually drove them back into the Caucasus, killing Barjik. Arab armies led first by the Arab prince Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik and then by Marwan ibn Muhammad (later Caliph Marwan II) poured across the Caucasus and eventually (in 737) defeated a Khazar army led by Hazer Tarkhan, briefly occupying Atil itself. The difficult terrain and hostile population made a permanent occupation impossible; the Arab armies withdrew and Khazar independence was re-asserted. The frontier between the two groups eventually became static around Derbent ; although the Khazars would continue to raid Muslim territory, there were no more major battles.
End of the Umayyad conquests: 718–750
The success of the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire in dispelling the second Umayyad siege of Constantinople halted further conquests of Asia Minor in 718. In 716 Khan Tervel signed an important agreement with Byzantium. During the siege of Constantinople in 717–718 he sent 50,000 troops to help the besieged city. In the decisive battle the Bulgarians massacred around 30,000 Arabs[9] and Khan Tervel was called The saviour of Europe by his contemporaries. After their success in overrunning the Iberian peninsula, the Umayyads had moved northeast over the Pyrenees where they were defeated in 721 at the Battle of Toulouse and then at the Battle of Covadonga. A second invasion was stopped by the Frankish Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 and then at the Battle of the River Berre checking the Umayyad expansion at Narbonne.
The Türgesh Kaganate, a Turkic dynasty of the 700s, saw significant initial success fighting against the Umayyads. In 717, the Kara Turgesh elected Suluk as their Khaghan. The new ruler moved his capital to Balasagun in the Chuy valley, receiving the homage of several chieftains formerly bond to the service of Bilge Khaghan of the Türküt. Suluk acted as a bulwark against further Umayyad encroachment from the south: the Arabs had indeed become a major player in recent times, despite the fact that Islam had yet to make many converts in central Asia. Suluk's aim was to reconquer all of Transoxiana from the Arab invaders - his series of conquests was paralleled to the west by the activity of the Khazar empire. In 721 Turgesh forces, led by Kül Chor, defated the Caliphal army commanded by Sa'id ibn Abdu'l-Aziz near Samarkand. Sa'id's successor, Al-Kharashi, massacred Turks and Sogdian refugees in Khujand, causing an influx of refugees towards the Turgesh. In 724 Caliph Hisham sent a new governor to Khorasan, Muslim ibn Sa'id, with orders to crush the "Turks" once and for all. Confronted by Suluk on the way, however, Muslim reached Samarkand with only a handful of survivors, and the Turgesh were enabled to raid freely. A string of subsequent appointees of Hisham were soundly defeated by Suluk, who in 728 even managed to take Bukhara and later on destroyed a large part of the Caliphate's army in Khurasan, discrediting Umayyad rule and maybe putting the foundations for the Abbasid revolution. The Turgesh state was at its apex of glory, controlling Sogdiana, the Ferghana Valley. It was only in 732, that two powerful Arab expeditions to Samarkand managed, if with embarrassing losses, to reestablish Caliphal authority in the area; Suluk renounced his ambitions over Samarkand and abandoned Bukhara, withdrawing north. In 734 an early Abbasid follower, al-Harith ibn Surayj, rose in revolt against Umayyad rule and took Balkh and Marv before defecting to the Turgesh three years later, defeated. In 738 Suluk, along with his allies Ibn Surayj, Ghurak (a Sogdian leader) and men from Usrushana, Tashkent and Khuttal to launch a final offensive. He entered Jowzjan but was defeated by the Umayyad governor Asad at the Battle of Sa'n or Kharistan.
In 738, the Umayyad armies were defeated by the Indian Hindu kings at the Battle of Rajasthan, checking the eastern expansion of the empire. In 740, the Berber Revolt weakened Umayyad ability to launch any further expeditions and, after the Abbasid overthrow in 756 at Cordoba, a separate Arab state was established on the Iberian peninsula, even as the Muhallabids were unable to keep Ifriqiya (Africa) from political fragmentation.[10]
In the east, internal revolts and local dissent led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty. The Khariji and Zaidi revolts coupled with mawali dissatisfaction as second class citizens in respect to Arabs created the support base necessary for the Abbasid revolt in 748. The Abbasids were soon involved in numerous Shia revolts and the breakaway of Ifriqiya from the Caliph's authority completely in the case of the Idrisids and Rustamids and nominally under the Aghlabids, under whom Muslim rule was extended temporarily to Sicily and mainland Italy before being overrun by the competing Fatimids.
The Abbasid caliph, even as he competed for authority with the Fatimid Caliph, also had to devolve greater power to the increasing power of regional rulers. This began the process of fragmentation that soon gave rise to numerous local ruling dynasties who would contend for territory with each other and eventually establish kingdoms and empires and push the boundaries of the Muslim world on their own authority, giving rise to Mamluk and Turkic dynasties such as the Seljuks, Khwarezmshahs and the Ayyubids who fought the crusades, as well as the Ghaznavids and Ghorids who conquered India.
In Iberia, Charles Martel's son, Pippin the Younger, retook Narbonne, and his grandson Charlemagne actually established the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees in part of what today is Catalonia, reconquering Girona in 785 and Barcelona in 801. This formed a permanent buffer zone against Muslims, with Frankish strongholds in Iberia (the Carolingian Empire Spanish Marches), which became the basis, along with the King of Asturias for the Reconquista, spanning 700 years which after the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba contested with both the successor taifas as well as the African-based Muslim empires, such as the Almoravids and Almohads, until all of the Muslims were expelled from the Iberian peninsula.[11]
Conquest of Nubia: 700–1606
After two attempts at military conquest of Nubia failed (see First Battle of Dongola), the Arab commander in Egypt concluded the first in a series of regularly renewed treaties known as AlBaqt (pactum) with the Nubians, which governed the relations between the two peoples for more than six hundred years. Thereafter Islam progressed peacefully in the area through intermarriages with Nubians and contact with Arab merchants and settlers. It should be noted that according to some Muslim sources the second invasion of Nubia by the Muslims was actually a victory which led to the AlBaqt treaty. In one Muslim source the leader of the second invasion, Abdullah ibn Sad ibn Abi Sarh, is actually called the conqueror of Nubia[12]
In 1171 CE the Nubians invaded Egypt, but were defeated by the Muslim Ayyubids.[13] From 1172-1173 CE the Muslim Ayyubids fought and defeated another Nubian invasion force from Makuria which had penetrated Egypt. This time the Muslim Ayyubids not only repelled the invasion, but actually conquered some parts of northern Nubia in retaliation.[14]
In the late 13th century the Muslim Sultan of Egypt, Sultan Baybar, defeated and subjugated the kingdom of Nubia (Makuria). Sultan Baybar made the Kingdom of Nubia (Makuria) a vassal state of Egypt.[14] Decades later In 1315 the Christian kingdom of Makuria was conquered by the Muslim Mamelukes, and a Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood was placed on the throne of Dongola as king.
During the 15th century, the Funj, an indigenous people appeared in southern Nubia and established the Kingdom of Sinnar, also known as As-Saltana az-Zarqa (the Blue Sultanate). The kingdom officially converted to Islam in 1523 and by 1606 it had supplanted the old Christian Nubian kingdom of Alwa (Alodia) and controlled an area spreading over the northern and central regions of modern-day Sudan thereby becoming the first Islamic Kingdom in Sudan, which lasted until 1821.
Incursions into southern and central Italy: 831–902
The Aghlabids rulers of Ifriqiya under the Abbasids, using present-day Tunisia as their launching pad conquered Palermo in 831, Messina in 842, Enna in 859, Syracuse in 878, Catania in 900 and the final Byzantine stronghold, the fortress of Taormina, in 902 setting up emirates in Sicily. In 846 the Aghlabids sacked the extra muros Roman Basilicas of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, both lying outside the Aurelian Walls.
Berber and Tulunid rebellions quickly led to the rise of the Fatimids taking over Aghlabid territory . The Kalbid dynasty administered the Emirate of Sicily for the Fatimids by proxy from 948. By 1053 the dynasty died out in a dynastic struggle and interference from the Berber Zirids of Ifriqiya led to its breakdown into small fiefdoms which were captured by the Italo-Normans by 1091.
Conquest of Anatolia: 1060–1360
The Abbasid period saw initial expansion and the capture of Crete (840). The Abbasids soon shifted their attention towards the east. During the later fragmentation of the Abbasid rule and the rise of their Shiite rivals the Fatimids and Buyids, a resurgent Byzantium recaptured Crete and Cilicia in 961, Cyprus in 965, and pushed into the Levant by 975. The Byzantines successfully contested with the Fatimids for influence in the region until the arrival of the Seljuq Turks who first allied with the Abbasids and then ruled as the de facto rulers.
In 1068 Alp Arslan and allied Turkmen tribes recaptured many Abbasid lands and even invaded Byzantine regions, pushing further into eastern and central Anatolia after a major victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The disintegration of the Seljuk dynasty, the first unified Turkic dynasty, resulted in the rise of subsequent, smaller, rival Turkic kingdoms such as the Danishmends, the Sultanate of Rûm, and various Atabegs who contested the control of the region during the Crusades and incrementally expanded across Anatolia until the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: 1299–1453
After the sacking and occupying of Constantinople in 1214 by roughly 20,000 crusaders from the Fourth Crusade,[15] the Byzantine empire was severely weakened. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (Turkish: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti, meaning "Anatolian Seljuk State") taking advantage of the situation, quickly conquered and captured territory in the Byzantine empire and Asia minor. The first raids were led by Osman I into Byzantine Anatolia. Although later, Seljuks were pushed back by the Mongolian empire in 1243 Nicaea Empire in 1261.
By 1299, Osman I declared himself Sultan. This in turn caused his territories to become known as the Ottoman Empire,[16] which ushered in the Byzantine-Ottoman War era.
In 1325, under the rule of Sultan Orhan, the Ottomans took the former Byzantine city of Bursa, they soon established it as the capital of Ottoman Empire.[17] Under rule of Sultan Murad I, the Ottomans advanced into Europe outside of Asia minor. In 1365, troubled by Ottoman advances, Emperor John V of Hungary tried to negotiate a truce with the Ottomans. The Ottomans declined to take the truce. However, an agreement was reached in 1373 to maintain neutrality with Hungary. Still, expansion continued, and by 1387, the Ottomans advanced far enough to take Greece.[18]
After Murad I died, Sultan Bayezid I took power. He expanded further into Bulgaria and captured it by 1395. By 1394 Bayezid I started the first Ottoman Siege of Constantinople. The siege ended in 1402 when Bayezid I died.
The warring period ended after Sultan Mehmed II and his forces sieged Constantinople, and on 29 May 1453, the Byzantine empire fell.[19] The Ottomans were able to hold their empire and territory until 30 October 1918 at the end of World War One.[20]
Further conquests: 1200–1800
After the Mongol Empire destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate and rampaged through most of the Muslim world following the Battle of Baghdad (1258), they soon converted to Islam, beginning an era of Turkic and Mongol expansions of Muslim rule into Eastern Europe, Central Asia and India. Timur (Tamerlane) envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan.[21] Unlike his predecessors, Timur was also a devout Muslim (As he converted after the conquest of Damascus) and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam.[22] His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
However, the remains of his massive empire would carve out three of the world's most powerful empires to pick up the ruins. The Ottoman Empire would fill up the power to the West of his empire, gradually taking up most of the Near East. The Saffavids would occupy Persia and Central Asia, whilst a descendant of Timur would invade Kabul and from here would carve out an empire stretching from the borders of Persia in the West to the Bay of Bengal in the East. This empire would be known later as the Mughal Empire.
Decline and collapse: 1800–1924
The Safavid Empire ended with the death of its last ruler Ismail III who ruled from 1750 until his death in 1760. The Mughal Empire struggled with exhausting wars with the Maratha, internal strife, corruption and revolts, and fractured after 1719; the remaining loyal Mughal territory shrank throughout the next century and a half at the hands of the expanding British Empire until it was finally absorbed into the British Raj in 1857. The last surviving Muslim empire, the Ottoman Empire, collapsed in 1918 at the hands of the British Empire and its allies, in the aftermath of World War I. On March 3, 1924, the institution of the Caliphate was abolished by President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as part of his reforms in creating Turkey as a secular republic and a Turkish nation state from the remnants of the collapsed Islamic multi-ethnic Ottoman realm.
See also
- ^ Göktürk Empire
- ^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Praeger. ISBN 0275968928.
- ^ Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2004). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Ontario. pp. 71–72. ISBN 1-55111-290-6.
- ^ John W. Jandora (1985), The Battle of the Yarmūk: A Reconstruction, Journal of Asian History, 19 (1): 8–21
- ^ 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History, pg. 108
- ^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-7914-1827-8.
- ^ Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Abd-el-Hakem: The Islamic Conquest of Spain
- ^ Spain The conquest, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Theophanes, ibid., p. 397
- ^ Sunil K. Saxena, History of Medieval India (Pinnacle Technology, 2011). ch 3
- ^ John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens, Europe and the Islamic World: A History (Princeton University Press, 2013), Part one.
- ^ [6] al-Qurtubî, Al-Jâmic li Ahkâm Il-Qur'ân, Volume 7, page 40-41
- ^ Lyons & Jackson 1982, pp. 60–62
- ^ a b The Nile: histories, cultures, myths By Ḥagai Erlikh, I. Gershoni
- ^ The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, Jonathan Phillips, History Today v 54:5 2004|quote=On April 12th, 1204, an army of perhaps 20,000 men and a fleet of about 200 ships crewed by Venetian sailors and warriors, broke in and began to loot the greatest metropolis in the Christian world. - See more at: http://www.historytoday.com/jonathan-phillips/fourth-crusade-and-sack-constantinople#sthash.q3c150jQ.dpuf%7C
- ^ "Ottoman Empire 1300 – 1600" (PDF). http://cmes.arizona.edu. The Center for Middle Eastern Studies. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
Osman declared himself Sultan in 1299 and in so doing, founded the empire that would bear his name – Ottoman.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia Volume 1. p. 225. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
Under Orhan (d. 1362), the Ottomans took Bursa (1325) which became the Ottoman capital until the conquest of Adrianople.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander. Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia Volume 1. p. 226. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
- ^ "Ottoman Turks Conquered the Byzantine Empire". http://www.p12.nysed.gov. New York State Education Department. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
On 29 May 1454, the Ottoman Emperor, Mehmet II, captured Constantinople thus bringing an end to the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine.
- ^ "The Turks renamed it Istanbul and it served as the capital of their Ottoman Empire until its final collapse after World War I.". http://www.cotf.edu/. COTF. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
...The Turks renamed it Istanbul and it served as the capital of their Ottoman Empire until its final collapse after World War I.
- ^ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third series 8 (1): 21–41 [p. 25]. doi:10.1017/S1356186300016412.
In his formal correspondance Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers...
- ^ Biran, Michal (2002). "The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331–34)". Journal of American Oriental Society 122 (4): 742–752 [p. 751]. JSTOR 3217613.
Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire
- Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51
- Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests Chapter 6
- Mark Graham, "How Islam Created the Modern World" (2006) ISBN 1-59008-043-2
- Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live in (2007) ISBN 0-306-81585-0
- Bostom, Andrew (2005). The Legacy of Jihad. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-307-6.
- Fregosi, Paul (1998). Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Centuries. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-247-1.
- Hoyland, Robert G. In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (Oxford University Press; 2015) 303 pages;
- Nicolle, David (1993). Armies of the Muslim Conquest (Men-at-Arms). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 185532279X.
- Trifković, Srđa (2002). The Sword of the Prophet: The politically incorrect guide to Islam: History, Theology, Impact on the World. Regina Orthodox Press. ISBN 1-928653-11-1.
- Elst, Koenraad (1992). Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam. The Voice Of India. ISBN 81-85990-01-8.
- Pirenne, Henri (2001). Mohammed and Charlemagne. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42011-6.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2010). The Great Arab Conquests. Orion. ISBN 0-297-86559-5.
- Karsh, Efraim (2007). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-12263-2.
- Ram Goel, Sita (1982). The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India. Voice of India. ISBN 81-85990-23-9.
- Ye'or, Bat (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity: From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3678-0.
External links


text:
Local mountain bikers blaze their own trails
Deep in Swan Creek Park's Douglas fir forest is a new mountain bike trail with a meaningful name.
Braking Bad.
There are two ways to interpret the name, and both are right.
First, a good mountain biker on a good trail rarely bothers with the brakes. Second, it's a reminder that not so long ago these woods could have been a set for the popular AMC drug drama "Breaking Bad."
"The name represents that we're kicking that kind of activity out of here," said Joe Brady, natural resources manager for Metro Parks Tacoma.
In its place is Tacoma's first official mountain bike trail system.
"It's nice to finally have an area in the South Sound we can rally around," said Silas Smith, a Tacoma mountain biker and trail volunteer. "… And it's not going anywhere."
Metro Parks and the legion of volunteers who helped build the trails are hosting a grand opening celebration Saturday.
With the first of two phases complete on the 50-acre forest, Swan Creek Mountain Bike Trails consist of 1.5 miles of beginner trail, a half-mile of intermediate trail and a technical skill-building area.
"There is something there for everybody from little kids to full-grown rippers," said Glenn Glover, director of the Evergreen Mountain Bike Alliance.
Before Swan Creek, when Tacoma-area mountain bikers wanted to hit the trails, first they had to hit the road.
They'd travel to Olympia's Capitol State Forest, to trails near Port Orchard or to Tiger Mountain on state Route 18.
Sure, they found places to ride in town. There were unofficial trails near Salmon Beach, China Lake and even Swan Creek Park. But they built features only to find them bulldozed or destroyed.
"We always wanted a legitimate place, but there was nothing," Smith said.
Unorganized and saddled with a reputation in some circles for being dangerous and environmentally unfriendly, the mountain bikers faced a long, uphill pedal.
But during the last decade, things started to change, thanks, in large part, to a nonprofit group known as the Evergreen Mountain Bike Alliance.
Founded in 1989, the group for many years mostly helped maintain local trails, paying its dues and waiting for a day when landowners saw the benefit of their efforts.
In 2007, the organization still had just 1.5 employees.
In 2008, it finished its first bike park, a small patch of technical terrain under Interstate 5 between Seattle's Eastlake and Capital Hill communities.
Colonnade started to change the way some people thought about mountain bikers as the sport displaced the drug deals and prostitution that used to frequent the area.
"It doesn't solve the social ill," Glover said. "… But it returns the area to the community as a place where they can go and have fun safely."
Colonnade was used in the 2011 documentary "Pedal-Driven" to illustrate the positive impact of building mountain bike parks. The documentary also highlighted the organization's next big project, Issaquah's 120-acre Duthie Hill Bike Park — opened in 2010 — and showed how sustainable bike trails could blend nicely into a forest.
"Mountain bikers are environmentalists," said Jeff Ostenson, a Wenatchee resident who produced the documentary. "They are about sustainability. They want to build trails that are still there after the storms. And I think that provides a huge environmental education for kids."
Evergreen's success stems not just from lobbying for, designing and building trails, Glover said, but remaining involved once the trails open.
Today, Evergreen has seven permanent employees and hires as many as three seasonal workers each year. It coordinates more than 7,000 volunteer hours from more than 500 people annually.
So, in 2011 when Metro Parks started drafting its master plan for Swan Creek, Brady knew exactly who he needed to call.
At 373 acres, Swan Creek is Tacoma's second-largest park. Only 702–acre Point Defiance is bigger.
The land around Swan Creek Canyon is co-owned by Metro Parks (290 acres) and Pierce County (83).
"300 acres near downtown in good ecological shape," Brady said. "It's an amazing opportunity."
The park includes hiking trails and a community garden, but it was the 50-acre Douglas fir forest that showed potential for becoming Tacoma's first mountain bike park.
And for all the work that's been done to build the trails there in recent years, it seems more pristine than it used to be.
"Four years ago you could park out there and, almost like clockwork, you could see people going into the woods and doing transactions for what looked like drugs and who knows what else," Brady said.
There were portable meth labs, signs of campfires, encampments and motorized vehicle use, he added.
Cleaning up the park would require an army of volunteers and thousands of hours of work.
Starved for a place to play, the local mountain bike community was happy to get its hands dirty.
Smith is one of an estimated 300 volunteers who worked on the Swan Creek Trails. He logged more than 1,000 hours, Brady said.
While he was initially intrigued by the project as a place to ride, he's stayed motivated by a deeper purpose. There are schools — Lister Elementary School to the north and First Creek Middle School to the south — packed with kids he wants to give a safe place to play.
"The kids on the South Side need their own Point Defiance," Smith said.
"Silas has my vote for volunteer of the year," Brady said. "He's not doing this for himself. He's doing it for his kids and his grandkids and the kids (in the area). … He's a classic Tacoma guy."
The trails, designed by Evergreen's Mike Westra, keep those kids in mind, Smith said.
"It's not just for old men on $6,000 bikes," Smith said. "It's for kids on $100 Walmart bikes."
The idea that the trails are for future generation of mountain bikers is also woven into the trail names. An intermediate technical trail was christened Joyride.
It's named for Smith's 8-year-old daughter, Joy.
If all goes well at Swan Creek, Metro Parks and Evergreen hope they can soon start building more trails in the forest.
"We're just scratching the surface," Brady said.
Westra said continuing to build is important to reach a critical mass where mountain bikers feel they have enough terrain at Swan Creek to keep them satisfied.
"We need to offer them a reason to keep coming back," Brady said. "Otherwise it will slowly die on the vine."
Smith said he and other Evergreen volunteers are ready to get working on the second phase.
"A lot of sweat equity has gone into getting to this point," Smith said. "And we're ready to keep pushing forward."
Craig Hill: 253-597-8497


text:
"We need a feel good story about race" pleaded a Major network TV reporter, as he looked out from the sidewalk in front of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in downtown Charleston, SC, right after the ghastly mass murder of 9 Blacks there by a White fanatical racist in June 2015.
Well, I've got that story! The Orange Food Pantry, in Orange, VA, a small town in rural Central VA. I volunteer there, and here is what I see, every time I go: ALL RACES HELPING ALL RACES. Blacks and Whites, volunteering, combining efforts, everyone doing their part, to create a massive program that provides "Emergency Food Relief to The Greatest Need" which is anyone demonstrating a significant lack of income to provide food for themselves, and their families.
No time or place for racism or bigotry, just too much to do, working steadily together to take care of 300+ families, a total of 700+ people each month, who otherwise simply would not have enough to eat, and would go around hungry. You can feel the positive energy in the air, the good Karma from everyone pulling together towards a noble, satisfying common goal.
Here, Blacks appreciate Whites, and Whites appreciate Blacks…there is definitely a special bond happening. Lots of smiles, thank yous and deep respect.
"I especially will not turn away hungry children and the elderly" said Gloria Thacker, President of the OFP. That's powerful stuff.
Really, The Orange Food Pantry represents all groups who do similar critical need community work: homeless clinics, free medical clinics, of course venerable favorites like rescue squads and fire departments, and many more. My challenge to everyone, including the media: let's start "catching" White and Black people getting along just fine, working together, playing together, living life together and enjoying it.
Let's all make the effort to contact our local media and share these many examples of racial harmony that most of us see everyday. I'm tired of mass murderers, bigots and racists controlling the news….let's step up and take a giant share of the coverage, by organizing, writing and sharing our stories of racial good will, with our local TV and radio stations, newspapers, online news sites, etc.
We know this: there are plenty of "feel good stories about race". Let's share our stories with the rest of the world, so they know, too.
For more about The Orange Food Pantry, please visit their sites:
This article written by Parke Stanley, he does Marketing and Publicity for all types of companies, projects and causes via Digital, Broadcast, Target Marketing, everything.
If you'd like to share your thoughts on this article or talk about Marketing/Publicity for your company, please call him @ 434-996-3899 or write to:


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Federal agriculture officials are moving several dozen wild turkeys from a Staten Island neighborhood to a slaughterhouse upstate, a response to disturbance complaints and health concerns over the birds that is nevertheless drawing criticism from animal lovers.
About 80 wild turkeys have been roaming the South Beach Psychiatric Center campus, and the state-run facility has complained that the birds have "left excessive feces on handrails and sidewalks" and at times blocked ambulances from pulling up to the Staten Island University Hospital next door.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture was given authorization from the state's Department of Environmental Conservation to remove up to 100 birds from the campus, according to spokeswoman Carol Bannerman.
"Our job is to address places where damage is occurring," she said.
Fans of the turkeys are protesting, asking that officials move the turkeys to a sanctuary instead of a slaughterhouse.
"They shouldn't kill them," said Megan Delmar, who runs a non-profit riding academy for disabled children next door, where the turkeys occasionally roam.


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2012 Winners
2012 Winners
The trophies and certificates were presented by Christian Wolmar, a journalist, author, railway historian and recently appointed CTC Ambassador.
The evening was hosted by CTC Teesside and many CTC members and guests travelled to Guisborough to help celebrate the Awards presentation evening. We were honoured to be joined by The Mayor of Redcar & Cleveland, Denise Bunn and David Shields from 'Welcome to Yorkshire'.
Over 25 members took the opportunity to join in the first 'Networking' session that was organised during the morning and positive feedback was received from the round table discussions. The AGM followed with some interesting and lively debates. All motions and resolutions were passed.
In this section
Third Place CTC National Volunteer of the Year and CTC Voluntary Group of the Year – Sue Blaylock View


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Climate Change and Global Warming
Precious metals: gold, silver & platinum
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Climate Change and Global Warming
Precious metals: gold, silver & platinum
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Welcome to www.kidcyber.com.au, a website established in 1999 for primary students and teachers.
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Randburg at a glance
Bordering the ever-popular shopping destination of Fourways, North West of Johannesburg rests the vibrant city of Randburg. Coinciding with the implementation of South Africa's currency, changing from Pound Sterling to the Rand, Randburg gained status as a municipality and its name (which is derived from South Africa's currency) in 1959. This predominantly residential area comprises a total of 32 established suburbs including the likes of Ferndale, Fairland, Blackheath, Northcliffe and Emmarentia.
Enjoying a superb location, Randburg is situated in close proximity to many other popular areas, these include:
• Johannesburg (10km)
• Sandton (10km)
• Fourways (19km)
• Krugersdorp (25km)
• Roodepoort (14km)
Randburg is the ideal place to raise a family as this node boasts many prestigious pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary institutions. All within a short drive from the heart of Randburg, these schools and places of learning include:
Curro Aurora
Striving to fully harness the potential of each pupil, the notable Curro Aurora is located in the suburb of Sundowner. This world-class institution embodies its motto of 'Carpe Diem' (Seize the Day) and offers a wide range of wonderful academic, cultural and sporting opportunities to all of its pupils.
Other established schools in Randburg include:
• Radley Private School
• SPARK Cresta
• Swan Nursery & Prep School
• Trinityhouse Northriding
• Radley College
• Amazing Grace Private School
• Robin Hood Private Secondary School
There are also several university, college and other tertiary options available:
• Boston City Campus
• Vega School
• Orion College
• Varsity College Randburg
Shopping Centres
Brightwater Commons Shopping Centre
Synonymous with the unique and vibrant shopping experience that can be found here; the park-like centre of Brightwater Commons is truly spectacular. Built in 1994, this retail and entertainment complex comprises fantastic stores and restaurants that overlook a lake, fed by the Jukskei River.
Randburg Square
Found in Randburg CBD, a short distance from many residential suburbs, this 40 767 m2 shopping centre has served the Randburg community for nearly four decades. Boasting dozens of carefully selected stores and restaurants – Randburg Square is a convenient one-stop-shop solution.
Other convenient shopping opportunities can be enjoyed at:
• Cresta Shopping Centre
• Ferndale Village Shopping Centre
• Randridge Mall
• The Terrace Mall
• Blackheath Pavilion
Attractions and Activities
Randburg has many fun activities to enjoy with friends and family, as well as many interesting attractions to visit. Due to its position, Randburg residents can experience all that surrounding areas such as Sandton and Johannesburg has to offer.
Randpark Golf Club
Embracing its urban surroundings the Randpark Golf Club is the ultimate destination for golfing enthusiasts who can look forward to pristinely manicured courses - suited to players of all ability levels. With a modern clubhouse, a five star spa and hotel the Randpark Golf Club is a popular destination for visitors and locals alike.
Florence Bloom Bird Sanctuary
Found in Delta Park, the Florence Bloom Bird Sanctuary was established in 1975 and is one of the oldest bird sanctuaries in the whole of Gauteng. This 7.5 ha safe haven is home to approximately 250 different species of birds and is the perfect place to come observe these feathered friends.
Other recommended activities and attractions in Randburg include:
• South African National Museum of Military History
• Melville Koppies Nature Reserve
• Delta Park
• Voortrekker Memorial
Emerging as an area which is attracting a younger homebuyer, due to all of the fantastic offerings, amenities and activities to be found here, Randburg is definitely a sought-after residential destination for a reason. If you are seeking accommodation in this prime area contact RE/MAX Masters to find a Randburg address that will suit your property requirements.
285 Residential Homes For Sale in Randburg
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3 Bedroom House For Sale in Ferndale
Convenient to most everything. Perfect location on a quiet street in Ferndale Ridge -gated off...
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R5,700 pm
2 Bedroom Apartment To Let in Northwold
Newly Renovated Unit to rent in RETIREMENT VILLAGE. Only suitable for clients over the age of 50...
5 Commercial Properties For Sale in Randburg
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243m² Building For Sale in Kensington B
Beautifully appointed office building on border Bryanston consisting of :-Top security - electric fence -cameras-sensor spot...
4 Commercial Properties To Let in Randburg
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R17,100 per m²
180m² Office To Let in Randpark Ridge
1 BUSH HILL OFFICE PARKBushill Office Park is superbly located just across the road from Eagle Canyon Golf Estate. It is a modern...
2 Industrial Properties For Sale in Randburg
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700m² Building For Sale in Fontainebleau
Owner Asking: 2 799 000Offers From: 2 699 000Sought after 1784 meter square industrial property on Maria 20% portion under...
Disclaimer: While every effort will be made to ensure that the information contained within the RE/MAX Masters website is accurate and up to date, RE/MAX Masters makes no warranty, representation or undertaking whether expressed or implied, nor do we assume any legal liability, whether direct or indirect, or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information. Prospective purchasers and tenants should make their own enquiries to verify the information contained herein.