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Congrats to the Nebula Nominees
The Nebula Award nominees have been announced, and I am not one of them this year. (That does not surprise or disappoint me, as I did not have any stories published last year that I thought had any chance of being nominated.) I'm very excited and pleased for my friends who did get nominated. I know three of the six novella nominees, and five of the seven nominees in both the novelette and short story categories. I apologize in advance that I can't vote for all of you.
- Among Others, Jo Walton (Tor)
- Embassytown, China Miéville (Macmillan UK; Del Rey; Subterranean Press)
- Firebird, Jack McDevitt (Ace Books)
- God's War, Kameron Hurley (Night Shade Books)
- Mechanique: A Tale of the Circus Tresaulti, Genevieve Valentine (Prime Books)
- The Kingdom of Gods, N.K. Jemisin (Orbit US; Orbit UK)
- "Kiss Me Twice," Mary Robinette Kowal (Asimov's Science Fiction, June 2011)
- "Silently and Very Fast," Catherynne M. Valente (WFSA Press; Clarkesworld Magazine, October 2011)
- "The Ice Owl," Carolyn Ives Gilman (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, November/December 2011)
- "The Man Who Bridged the Mist," Kij Johnson (Asimov's Science Fiction, October/November 2011)
- "The Man Who Ended History: A Documentary," Ken Liu (Panverse Three, Panverse Publishing)
- "With Unclean Hands," Adam-Troy Castro (Analog Science Fiction and Fact, November 2011)
- "Fields of Gold," Rachel Swirsky (Eclipse 4, Night Shade Books)
- "Ray of Light," Brad R. Torgersen (Analog Science Fiction and Fact, December 2011)
- "Sauerkraut Station," Ferrett Steinmetz (Giganotosaurus, November 2011)
- "Six Months, Three Days," Charlie Jane Anders (Tor.com, June 2011)
- "The Migratory Pattern of Dancers," Katherine Sparrow (Giganotosaurus, July 2011)
- "The Old Equations," Jake Kerr (Lightspeed Magazine, July 2011)
- "What We Found," Geoff Ryman (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, September/October 2011)
Short Story
- "Her Husband's Hands," Adam-Troy Castro (Lightspeed Magazine, October 2011)
- "Mama, We are Zhenya, Your Son," Tom Crosshill (Lightspeed Magazine, April 2011)
- "Movement," Nancy Fulda (Asimov's Science Fiction, March 2011)
- "Shipbirth," Aliette de Bodard (Asimov's Science Fiction, February 2011)
- "The Axiom of Choice," David W. Goldman (New Haven Review, Winter 2011)
- "The Cartographer Wasps and the Anarchist Bees," E. Lily Yu (Clarkesworld Magazine, April 2011)
- "The Paper Menagerie," Ken Liu (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, March/April 2011)
Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation
- Attack the Block, Joe Cornish (writer/director) (Optimum Releasing; Screen Gems)
- Captain America: The First Avenger, Christopher Markus, Stephen McFeely (writers), Joe Johnston (director) (Paramount)
- Doctor Who: "The Doctor's Wife," Neil Gaiman (writer), Richard Clark (director) (BBC Wales)
- Hugo, John Logan (writer), Martin Scorsese (director) (Paramount)
- Midnight in Paris, Woody Allen (writer/director) (Sony)
- Source Code, Ben Ripley (writer), Duncan Jones (director) (Summit)
- The Adjustment Bureau, George Nolfi (writer/director) (Universal)
Andre Norton Award for Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy Book
- Akata Witch, Nnedi Okorafor (Viking Juvenile)
- Chime, Franny Billingsley (Dial Books; Bloomsbury)
- Daughter of Smoke and Bone, Laini Taylor (Little, Brown Books for Young Readers; Hodder & Stoughton)
- Everybody Sees the Ants, A.S. King (Little, Brown Books for Young Readers)
- The Boy at the End of the World, Greg van Eekhout (Bloomsbury Children's Books)
- The Freedom Maze, Delia Sherman (Big Mouth House)
- The Girl of Fire and Thorns, Rae Carson (Greenwillow Books)
- Ultraviolet, R.J. Anderson (Orchard Books; Carolrhoda Books)
One comment on "Congrats to the Nebula Nominees"
[…] Added Free Fiction Links — thanks Eric!] […]


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For Every Entertainment Industry Job 'Lost' To Infringement, Could 12 Jobs Be Created Elsewhere?
from the fun-with-stats deptFor years we've debunked various entertainment industry studies claiming ridiculous job and economic "losses" from copyright infringement. These studies tend to have all sorts of problems; ignoring the ability to adapt and to introduce new business models, using "ripple effects" in just one direction to double, triple and quadruple count the same "losses" over and over again, and counting every download as a "lost sale." The ripple effects one is especially pernicious because the industry likes to pretend that the impacts of infringement only go in one direction. They ignore that the money not spent on such content doesn't disappear from the economy but can be used elsewhere -- perhaps in areas that provide greater economic growth.
A few years ago, the folks at CCIA smartly took the copyright industry's exact methodology and showed that for all the claims of how much copyright contributed to the economy, exceptions to copyright contributed even more. While the copyright maximalists totally missed the point and attacked the methodology -- not realizing that, in doing so, they had undermined their own methodology -- the point was made. If you believe the claims from the copyright industry, then you also have to believe that the exceptions are more important. The methodology is the same, so either neither are right or both are right.
It looks like Rick Falkvinge, of The Pirate Party, has now done something similar on the "job loss" side of things, and concluded that, using similar methodology to the industry reports, for every job "lost" by copyright infringement, the positive ripple effects in the other direction mean that 11.8 new jobs are created. So if we accept the claim that 1.2 million jobs can be lost due to infringement, it would mean that a separate 14.2 million jobs were created elsewhere.
The report broke down the "creative industry," by noting that (contrary to copyright maximalist claims), most of that industry doesn't actually rely on copyright to make money. In fact, certain "creative" industries could be seen as "copyright-inhibited." For example, advertising. As we constantly hear from copyright maximalists, various sites are making big bucks by using advertising in association with file sharing. So based on the industry's own argument, it seems that the advertising market is clearly copyright-inhibited, and it would grow if there was greater infringement. After going through the numbers, it was determined that the majority of GDP, by quite a bit, are likely in the "copyright-inhibited" arena.

subset: commoncrawl


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Located on the winding banks of the Ohio River in downtown Cincinnati, Great American Ball Park serves as the home of the Cincinnati Reds, baseball's first professional franchise. The ballpark officially opened for the 2003 season, making 2010 its eighth big-league season.
Although praised for its innovative features, breathtaking views and affordable seating options, Great American Ball Park also pays tribute to the Reds' rich history. Crosley Terrace statues depict Reds legends Ted Kluszewski, Ernie Lombardi, Joe Nuxhall and Frank Robinson, while famous-dates banners remind fans of many historic moments in club history. Inside the park, the Italian-marble mosaics, the "toothbrush" light towers and the nostalgic Sun/Moon Deck are just a handful of features that give this modern marvel a truly historic influence.
Recent additions to the ballpark have helped bring even more amenities to enhance the fan experience, including the Cincinnati Bell Riverboat Deck beyond center field, the hhgregg Highlight Zone on the third-base concourse and the all-new FOX Sports Ohio Champions Club.


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Addison, AL
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Let go of the honky-tonk and let the good times roll and when you step into B.B. King's Blues Club, one of Nashville's finest live entertainment ve...
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Great food, great friends, great service, why go any where else?
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COME ENJOY AN after work cocktail or an evening of camaraderie and good music. Peerless Saloon patrons always find every visit truly "historic". Jo...
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About Us:The Bluebird Cafe is one of the world's preeminent listening rooms and the venue has gained worldwide recognition as a songwriter's perfor...
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Easy clean Microvelvet repels dirt, spills and mess ! Durable, non skid rubber backing is made from recycled rubber tires. Use as a dog feeder placemat or use as a comfort mat to ease stress on feet, back and joints when standing in high traffic areas, such as the kitchen and laundry rooom.


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The headline "Four in 10 drugs wrongly administered in hospitals" may have caused undue concern to readers of The Daily Telegraph today. Similar claims in The Independent gave a misleading impression of some valuable new research into the way medicines are given in hospital.
The stories are based on a UK study looking at how nurses administered oral medicines to 679 patients with and without dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) on four stroke and care-of-elderly wards in the east of England. They found that of the 2,129 medicine doses administered, 817 doses (38%) contained some type of error. However, about three out of every four of these errors were "time errors" (the drug was given more than one hour earlier or later than planned) and it is not clear what, if any, adverse effects these might have had on patients. The percentage of other errors was closer to 10%. Once time errors were excluded from the analysis, researchers found that drug errors were more likely to affect those who had ongoing swallowing problems.
This finding may be useful in highlighting the need for healthcare professionals to take due care when prescribing and giving drugs to people who may have swallowing problems.
The media headlines were alarmist, as most implied that the findings applied to all healthcare settings and to all medical patients. However, it is not clear whether this research, carried out in just four stroke and care-of-elderly wards in the east of England, applies to all healthcare settings in England.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from the University of East Anglia and was funded by a PhD grant from Rosemont Pharmaceuticals. The study authors declared that the company was not involved in the study design, did not have access to the data and had no involvement in the publication of results.
The study was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of Advanced Nursing .
What kind of research was this?
This research was a cross-sectional observational study looking at how nurses administered oral medicines to patients with and without dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). The researchers wanted to see whether the medications given to patients were appropriate and if any errors were made.
The authors said that previous research has shown the administration of oral medicines to patients with dysphagia is potentially more error-prone because the medicine needs to be given in a form that the patient can take, despite their swallowing problems. For example, dysphagia patients are sometimes given tablets that have been crushed to make them easier to swallow. However, this is inappropriate in some cases because often drugs are required to be taken in their whole capsule or tablet form to ensure the correct dosage or to avoid side-effects.
What did the research involve?
Researchers collected information on how oral medicines were prepared and administered for 625 patients with and without dysphagia, including some patients using feeding tubes.
The way the medicine was administered was observed directly by a nurse researcher experienced in observing medicine rounds. Between March and June 2008, the researchers attended 65 nurse-led medicine administration rounds on stroke and care-of-elderly wards at four acute general hospitals in the east of England. The researchers observed the administration of medicines "undisguised" (there was no attempt to hide the fact that the administration was being observed).
The nurse observers used detailed forms to ensure consistent data collection on:
- dosage
- formulation (how the drug is formed from different active and non-active chemicals)
- preparation (how the drug is prepared before it is given; for example, mixed with water)
- administration (how the drug is given to the patient; for example, by mouth)
They also recorded acts of tablet crushing, capsule opening, addition of food and consistency or liquid medicines.
Errors were assessed and classified using established guidelines. The researchers also defined extra categories of error, including time errors (defined as giving a drug more than one hour before or after the ideal time). The error rate was calculated as the number of errors divided by the total opportunities for error. This does not match the chance of an error occurring for each patient during their stay in hospital, because most patients had many medications given to them and multiple chances for error to occur.
Each medicine was only recorded as having one error and medicines were only recorded as time errors if there was no other error. For example, when an incorrect dose was given late, the error category "wrong dose" would be used.
Researchers then compared the amount of errors in patients with and without dysphagia.
What were the basic results?
A total of 2,129 oral medicine administrations were observed being given to 679 patients. Errors were observed in 817 (38.4%) administrations, with 313 involving patients with dysphagia.
The most common error was either administering the drug over an hour early or (more commonly) over an hour late. These time errors occurred in approximately three in every four medicines administered (72.1%). These errors were not more or less common in people with dysphagia, so all subsequent analysis ignored this type of error.
The researchers found that medicine administration errors (excluding time errors) occurred in 21.1% of patients with dysphagia (around 1 in 5) compared with 5.9% of those without dysphagia (around 1 in 20). They found the differences were largely due to differences in drug formulation and preparation. These included instances when nurses chose to crush tablets instead of administering more appropriate, licensed alternatives that were available.
Excluding time errors, the researchers found that there was a higher risk of errors affecting patients with dysphagia who had a feeding tube.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
To combat the higher rate of errors observed in patients with dysphagia, the researchers concluded that healthcare professionals needed to take extra care when prescribing, dispensing and administering medicines to patients with this swallowing problem.
This study provides new information on the error rate during the preparation and administration of oral medicines to patients with and without dysphagia on stroke and care-of-elderly wards at four acute general hospitals in the east of England. This study suggests that drug administration errors may affect more people with swallowing difficulties than those without.
While this study provides a useful assessment of oral medicine practices in these specific hospital wards, the following limitations should be taken into account when considering the implications of the results:
- The most common error was a "time error", which accounted for the majority of the "40% of hospital drugs administered incorrectly" as quoted in the news headlines. It is not clear how much, if any, harm a patient would have been subjected to by having their medication over an hour early or an hour late. This is likely to depend on the individual patient's condition and the type of medication being given.
- The study was restricted to four stroke wards and four care-of-elderly wards in the east of England. It is not clear whether similar findings would be observed in different hospital wards, other hospitals outside of the east of England or in community settings where medicines can also be delivered.
- The error rate was calculated as the number of errors divided by the total opportunities for error. Therefore, the error rate does not match the chance of an error occurring for each patient, as most patients had more than one medication administered.
- Each medicine was only recorded as having one error and medicines were only recorded as time errors if there was no other error. This could lead to misclassification of the type of error.
- Differences in how the nurse observers recorded drug errors was minimised through using standard recording forms; however, there is always a possibility that some differences remained in the way errors were recorded between nurse observers.
The researchers pointed out that: "Elderly people compose 20% of the population but take 50% of prescribed medications." Therefore, this study may be useful in highlighting the issue of drug administration errors to health professionals, potentially leading to more vigilance and improvements.
Newspapers reporting that "40% of hospital drugs are administered incorrectly" have overstated the results of this study, as this includes the figures for time errors. The percentage of other errors was closer to 10%. It is unclear whether the findings of this study would be replicated in healthcare settings outside of the four care-of-elderly wards and stroke units studied.
Analysis by Bazian
Edited by NHS Website
Links to the science
40% of hospital drugs 'administered incorrectly'
The Independent, December 14 2011
Patients with swallowing difficulties 'most at risk of being given wrong drug'
The Daily Telegraph, December 14 2011


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Martha - posted on 04/21/2009 ( 1 mom has responded )
We want to make sure this community has what it needs to thrive, starting with a dedicated community Admin. Is there anyone out there interested in taking the reins from me?
Being a Community Admin is not unlike being a Mom. Your job is basically to nurture great exchanges. Admins help to build a community by encouraging others to join. They define a community's conversational agenda, start discussions, set the tone, and keep other contributors energized. There are many ways to do this and we know you'll find a way that works for you, just as you're finding your own way through this parenting thing. But we do have a few suggestions (doesn't everyone?).
It's good to post on a regular basis yourself, sharing stories and questions from your own experiences. This will motivate others to become active. To keep the ball rolling, Admins should try to recognize the efforts of others with praise and words of acknowledgement. And just as corrections are needed when you have a wayward kid on your hands, the role also involves offering gentle prods to members who veer wildly off topic or post inappropriately.
There's a growing set of tools to help you succeed, including the ability to invite new members and to personally welcome them when they arrive. You can send messages to all your members at once, delete offensive posts, and disallow members who ignore warnings. You'll also be invited to join the Leaders Community, where you can swap ideas and give us feedback on ways to improve both Circle of Moms and the communities within it.
We'd be delighted to see this community thrive and hope you want to jump into the ring with us! Let us know if you're interested in taking on the Admin role by messaging Lisa, the Circle of Moms Community Manager, at email@example.com.


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UK Labour Party: Let's Just Get On With Kicking People Offline Over Copyright Infringement
from the give-us-data-not-dogma dept
As Techdirt reported at the time, the UK's Digital Economy Bill was rammed through Parliament, without proper scrutiny or even much democratic process, in the dying hours of the previous government. Since then, the implementation of the Digital Economy Act has moved forward relatively slowly. That's partly because there have been a series of legal challenges from ISPs concerned about its legality (and likely cost for them). In addition, it made sense for the current UK government to wait for the completion of the Hargreaves report on copyright in the digital age before proceeding.
But the people who drew up the Act and its punitive approach to tackling unauthorized file sharing -- the UK Labour Party -- have no doubts; they want extreme measures brought in now. Here's what Harriet Harman, the party's deputy leader, thinks the UK government should do:
implement the Digital Economy Act under a clear timetable including getting on with the notification letters and publishing the code of practice
That is, she wants people thrown off the Internet for allegedly sharing files (the three-strikes "notification letters"); censorship ("site blocking"); search results to be doctored ("search engine responsibility"); and extra-judicial punishment (cutting off revenues from "digital advertising".)
lead and set a deadline for agreement in the industry for site blocking, search engine responsibility and digital advertising
Of course, she wants all this without producing any specific evidence that it would actually help the music industries, or any awareness that innocent people might suffer as a result. That's to be expected, since the Digital Economy Act was drawn up in exactly the same way: without any research that its measures were appropriate, proportionate or effective.
To be fair, Harman does quote a few figures in her speech, such as this one:
Research by [the University of Hertfordshire] and UK Music found that:
Of course, that figure is pretty meaningless, since it includes people who have downloaded just once as well as those who download frequently. Moreover, they may have downloaded without paying in order to sample before before buying, or because they weren't able to buy what they wanted -- something the research quoted by Harman explicitly recognizes (pdf):
Over 60% of 14-24 year olds were downloading music without paying for it.
40% said their main reason for filesharing is to save money or because it's free. 23% said they did so to get hold of music they could not buy (for instance, pre-releases, DJ mixes) and 22% to experiment and try-before-they-buy.
So at most, 40% of that 60% were downloading music because it was free -- only 24%, which is rather different from 60%. Not only that, but the same research reported:
85% of illegal downloaders say they would be interested in paying for an unlimited, all-you-can-eat download service.
In other words, the vast majority of these unauthorized downloads are because of a failure to offer a product that people would gladly pay for.
Here's another number she mentioned:
Research from Harris Interactive found that:
This is what the research report, commissioned by the British recorded music industry body BPI, said (pdf):
3/4 of all digital music obtained in 2010 was downloaded illegally.
Harris conservatively estimates that 1.2bn tracks will be illegally downloaded in 2010 -- equivalent to a stack of CDs some 74 miles high stretching well into space.
That is, it's an estimated figure, but without any methodology given for how it was obtained. Here's another estimate from the same report:
Illegal downloads represent three quarters of all music obtained digitally, when set against BPI's prediction of 370m tracks in total across singles and albums bought legally by the end of this year.
Harris Interactive calculate that the total number of people in the UK illegally downloading music on a regular basis is 7.7m.
That's almost exactly the same figure that Jupiter Research obtained in its own research on the subject. Harman used another claim from that company in her speech:
Of course every illegally downloaded track would not translate into one which was paid for but even taking that into account Jupiter Research estimate:
Unfortunately, neither the research nor its methodology is publicly available as far as I can tell, making it hard to judge how reliable that figure is. But we do know something about Jupiter's estimate elsewhere that there were 7 million people downloading in the UK. As Techdirt noted at the time, this figure had been extrapolated from just 136 self-reported filesharers, using some pretty shaky logic. A more realistic number is likely to be closer to 3.9 million -- rather less than the Harris Interactive estimate quoted above.
That revenue lost to the recorded music industry last year through piracy was £236m.
The final figure that Harman quotes is in many ways the most important:
And despite the success of UK music, piracy has contributed to the fall in revenues of UK record labels - down 1/3 since 2004.
This, in a way, is the key "justification" for the harsh measures that Labour believes are "necessary": the UK music industry is suffering because of piracy, and must be saved at all costs. Unfortunately for Harman -- and for Labour's logic -- that's simply not true. As Techdirt reported, even the industry's own economists admit that the music industry is growing, not shrinking; the industry doesn't need "saving".
Although it's welcome that Harman tries here to justify her call for guilt upon accusation, censorship and extra-judicial punishments with some figures, it's significant that none of them stands up to scrutiny. In fact, there is no independent evidence whatsoever that the kind of measures the Labour Party embodied in the Digital Economy Act are either needed or effective. It's sad to see Harman continuing to suggest otherwise: surely it's time to move the debate on from one based on rigid dogma to one using real data?
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Filed Under: censorship, digital economy act, internet access, labour, search engines, site blocking, three strikes


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The sommerso layers of this 5" long duck reminds me of some of the FM Ronneby pieces I have seen. The duck is only about 1.25" thick. The base is smooth and polished. Unsigned. Does anyone know if it is Fare-Marcolin?
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Overview of Court Records
| Researching Court Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Court Records
|Court Procedures
|Equity Cases
|Divorce Actions
|Types of Court Records
|List of Court Record Types
|Researching Court Records
|Selected Proceedings and Courts
|Justice of the Peace Courts
|List of Useful Court References
This article originally appeared in "Court Records" by Sandra Hargreaves Luebking, FUGA, Loretto Dennis Szucs, FUGA, and Arlene H. Eakle, Ph.D. in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
Court records are the raw essence of American history. From colonial times to the present, legal documents reveal the customs, the attitudes, the social structures, and the struggles of the rich and the famous as well as those of otherwise unnoticed men and women. From the national landmark cases that have changed the way we all live to the smaller court decisions that have shaped the lives of a forgotten few, court records are a rich and under-used source for family, local, and national information. No other collection illustrates our personal or our national history with such depth and detail.
Whether appearing as litigants, witnesses, jurors, appointees to office, petition signatories, or in some other role, surprisingly few people have escaped mention in court records at some time during their lives. During this nation's early years, Americans were expected to attend local court proceedings when they were in session. It was a civic duty, and citizens could be fined if they did not attend. That courthouses and their warehouses continue to run out of storage space is testimony to the fact that Americans frequently turn to the courts to seek justice. The paper trail left behind by these major and trivial legal events can provide incredible clues and insights into the lives and times of our ancestors.
Importance of Courts in American Society
America's predominantly English heritage established a tradition of equitable and just court processes in which the people have a right to participate actively. Though of course the word 'people' is misleading. At first, it meant all white men, then all men regardless of color eligible to vote, and finally, in 1918, all adults eligible to vote. It did not then, and does not now, mean all persons. A majority of American colonists were English, and they were accustomed to seeking redress in the courts. With relative freedom from royal supervision in the New World and with court enforcement of religious as well as civil laws, American courts tried many matters that were not subject to court action in other parts of the British empire and that are now considered too minor to warrant criminal action. In many places, until the time of the Civil War, people were criminally prosecuted for such crimes as gossiping, witchcraft, scolding a husband, being publicly disrespectful to a minister, and refusing to attend church services. Indeed, some of these "blue laws," as they were called, are still on the books today, although they are not enforced.
The benefits for the family historian are considerable. It is not unusual for a single case to have involved between seventy-five and one hundred people, all of them being named in the course of court action.<ref>Bradley Chapin, Criminal Justice in Colonial America, 1606'1660 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983), 99'142.</ref>
Local courts were units of government as well as judicial bodies. They issued licenses to lawyers, physicians, merchants, peddlers, ordinaries (public inns), midwives, ferry operators, and clergy; regulated apprenticeships; established weights and measures; provided for inspection of goods and services; ordered the destruction of harmful pests and beasts; paid bounties for heads, tails, and skins; oversaw education for orphans and the poor; built housing for paupers and the maimed, sometimes in conjunction with a local church; built roads and bridges and oversaw their maintenance; called local militia units to muster; assessed taxes and collected them.<ref>See Bruce C. Daniels, Town and County: Essays on the Structure of Local Government in the American Colonies (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1978).</ref>
Most of these administrative functions are now filled by county commissions, city councils, and other administrative agencies established for that purpose, each with its own records.
Courts also served a social function in bringing a region's people together regularly. Court week (every three months) was a festive occasion. On Monday mornings, courthouses buzzed with activity as people argued about the cases on the docket. Deeds were registered, wills probated, taxes paid, county records audited, elections held, and marriages contracted. Sessions were often juggled to avoid planting and harvest time so that most people could attend.
Courts measured, almost precisely, the moral, physical, spiritual, and economic condition of the people within their jurisdictions. A scolding wife, a quarrelsome neighbor, a Sabbath card-player, the owner of cattle wandering beyond their bounds, a dangerous liberal who freed his slaves and gave them land, an alien (non-English before 1776 or non-American after) applying for citizenship, a blind man applying for tax-exempt status-all of these and many, many more "ordinary" citizens appeared in court.
When court records have been destroyed-a-s when courthouses have burned--lost records have been reconstructed as far as possible so that legal business can continue. In short, it is safe to say that even the most modest individuals before World War I in America will have appeared in court records at least once during their lifetimes.
This chapter will acquaint you with legal terms, teach you how to read court material, tell you where to find the records, and describe what you can expect to find in civil, criminal, divorce, equity, and probate court records.
Preliminary Work
Since the publication of the last edition of The Source, a number of Internet sites-especially those created by states and counties-have published helpful guides, inventories, and some personal name indexes to court files. However, relatively few original court file images are currently found online. Because of the incredible volume of material in courts, warehouses, and archives in this country, and because of the cost involved in scanning them all, in most cases, it will still be necessary to visit the courthouse or regional archives personally or to order copies of files by mail. A quick online search for the county in question will likely provide a good overview of what's available in a given area. A particularly helpful source for locating county court records is USGenWeb.
Before setting off for the courthouse in the area where ancestors lived, it will be to the researcher's advantage to learn as much as possible about the locale from published sources. Many county boundary lines have changed over the years, and in many cases records have been moved from one place to another. Some records are stored off site, and it will save time, money, and grief if you know where the records are likely to be found. Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, edited by Alice Eichholz, provides a state-by-state guide for locating court records.<ref>Alice Eichholz, ed., Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, 3rd ed. (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004).</ref> Detailed county maps combined with county-by-county listings that include date of formation of each county, parent county (in cases where it is not the original county), year span of records available, and the address for each county facilitate research in every state. Additionally, Red Book includes special information about missing records, renamed counties, and other advice critical to research. Courthouse Research for Family Historians, by Christine Rose, provides practical advice for preparing for a trip to the courthouse, detailed information on using court indexes, and tips on how to interpret the records once they are found.<ref>Christine Rose, Courthouse Research for Family Historians (San Jose, Calif.: CR Publications, 2004).</ref>
When research centers on a particular state or region, it is a good tactic to consult guides specific to the locale. An excellent example is Diane Rapaport's New England Court Records: A Research Guide for Genealogists and Historians.<ref>Diane Rapaport, New England Court Records: A Research Guide for Genealogists and Historians (Burlington, Mass.: Quill Pen Press, 2006).</ref> Written by a genealogist who is a former trial lawyer, the book explains legal concepts and terms and then identifies locations of New England state and federal court records found at courthouses and archives, in books, and on microfilm and the latest CD and Internet databases.
The Family History Library (FHL) of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints makes available microfilm copies of court records of many counties through its main library in Salt Lake City and through its system of Family History Centers located across the United States and around the world. Consult the Family History Library Catalog to see what may be available for your county of interest online at FamilySearch.org. See also Family History Library, for information about the FHL and its collection.
Federal and Territorial Courts
Consider the possibility of an ancestor having appeared in federal or territorial court. Perhaps an aged veteran, denied compensation by the pension board, appealed the decision before a federal district court. Or your ancestor may be among the thousands of southerners who found it necessary to apply for bankruptcy following the Civil War. Other federal court involvement includes tax evasion, patent infringement, some admiralty cases, the granting of citizenship, and disputes between citizens who reside in different states.
Research in federal district and circuit courts (earlier courts that eventually merged with district courts) and territorial courts (those that functioned prior to the establishment of state and federal courts) begins by identifying the residence of the ancestor at the time of trial or hearing. Next, locate the courts that are listed in diagrams at right on a map (contemporary to the time period being researched). Or, consult a local history of the area for information on the courts of jurisdiction for that era and region. Federal circuit court cases can provide much personal information. In "'You have the body' Habeas Corpus Case Records of the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, 1820-1863,"<ref>Chris Naylor, You have the body' Habeas Corpus Case Records of the U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, 1820'1863,' Prologue 37, no. 3 (Fall 2005), online at http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/fall/habeas-corpus.html.</ref> author Chris Naylor notes finding cases relating to both criminal and civil matters, such as apprenticeships, custody disputes, child support, guardianships, domestic abuse, false promises of marriage, and family abandonment. Habeas corpus is a court order from a judge instructing a person who is detaining another to bring the detainee before the court for a specific purpose. Although Naylor's article focuses on the U.S. Circuit Court for Washington, D.C., other federal circuit court records will yield similar gold mines of information.
Federal court records comprise the single largest group of records maintained by the National Archives. Court records, in the majority of cases, will be found in manuscript form at the regional archives. National Archives and Records Administration gives contact information for each regional archives and lists the states for which they have collected court records. Each regional archives publishes a holdings list that may be ordered by mail or viewed online. Archives personnel can help you identify the specific court that would have held jurisdiction over a specific case.
Another aspect to federal court record research is the testimony of persons who appeared before special courts or claims commissions appointed to hear petitions by citizens who have been adversely affected by action (or lack of action) on the part of the federal government. One example is the claims by southerners who had remained loyal to the Union cause during the Civil War and sought compensation for property that was confiscated by Union troops during the war.
Federal court and claims records are fully described in Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States, a three-volume work published in 1995.<ref>Robert B. Matchette, et al., Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995). Updated and searchable online at http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records.</ref> The text is regularly updated online and is fully searchable at http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records. For each category of federal holdings, court or other records, an administration history is followed by descriptions of holdings by state. For Alabama court records, for example, the key federal collection titles cover territorial courts, district and circuit courts, and courts of the Confederate States (District Court). A summary of holdings for each collection includes, if available, the microfilm publication number. As an example, in the mid-nineteenth century, a naturalization could occur in any court of record, be it county, state, or federal. If the subject of a search was believed to be naturalized in south Alabama during the Civil War, a search of county and state records would be required, as well as a search of the Confederate States District Court. An online search of Guide to Federal Records using the terms "confederate court" and "naturalization" identifies textual records that are available, including those for the Confederate States District Court. Included among those for the southern division of the district of Alabama are "records concerning naturalization, 1861-64," located at the regional archives in Atlanta.<ref>Ibid. Found online under Records of District Courts of the United States (Record Group 21) 1685'1993, table of contents, 21.2.9 Records of the Confederate States District Court for the Southern Division of the District of Alabama, textual records (in Atlanta), accessed on 1 February 2006.</ref>
Legal Terms
Laws-the rules of conduct by which society is governed-consist of case law (decisions of the courts based on local custom and common usage, or "common law") and statute law (legislative enactment). The basic law of most states is the common law, inherited from England and based on custom and usage. It is what "seems fair" in a community but is articulated in judicial interpretations, opinions, minutes, and orders. Legislative assemblies enact laws for situations not covered by common law or where serious disagreement exists about what is fair. In certain instances, a statute is designed specifically to change or nullify local custom. For example, where local blue laws required businesses to close on Sundays so employees could attend church, "fairness" was a hardship for Seventh-Day Adventists and Jews because their Sabbaths fall on Saturday. Local authorities, by drafting laws making Sunday closing optional, have changed the custom.
Judicial jurisdiction is the fundamental authority of a court to hear a controversy between parties, to consider the merits of each side, and to render a decision that is binding upon the parties involved.
Original jurisdiction is the authority to commence a case-to hear it for the first time. Civil cases under forty shillings in value were tried first before a justice of the peace in colonial times and today before small claims courts. Appellate jurisdiction is the authority to review, upon request, questions of law that arise in the trial of a case. Not all cases can be appealed. The jurisdiction of appeals courts determines the cases acceptable for review. Exclusive jurisdiction is the sole authority to try a case. Concurrent jurisdiction means that more than one court may try the same case. Litigants choose which court to use. General jurisdiction is the authority to try almost any case brought before the court except for a few limitations set by law. Special jurisdiction is the authority to handle specific matters-probate, divorce, military, etc. Often these courts also have exclusive jurisdiction to try their cases. Limited jurisdiction is the authority of a court to try cases specified by law only or involving less than certain sums of money. Justice of the peace courts are limited courts.
The parties in a legal conflict include the plaintiff, who seeks a remedy under the law and starts legal action against the defendant, who must answer the charge. Either party may be represented by legal counsel or power of attorney.
All cases brought before courts of law are called actions. There are three main types:
- Legal actions (private parties against private parties) arise over injuries done by one individual to the physical being, the property-real or personal-or the reputation of another. Suit is brought to enforce private rights or to seek compensation for injuries. The parties are often encouraged to settle matters out of court. The most common legal actions are torts-property damage, trespass, libel, assault, negligence, and so on.
- Criminal actions (state or people versus person) involve the protection of society. These cases can never be settled out of court, although modern plea-bargaining can reduce or eliminate punishment. Criminal offenses include felonies (murder, robbery, burglary, rape), misdemeanors (petty theft, vagrancy, drunkenness, prostitution, breaking the Sabbath), and in more recent years, less serious matters classified as offenses or violations (overtime parking, unlicensed dogs).
- Equitable actions are cases determined by "reasonable justice" and "common good" because legal remedies are inadequate or because enforcing the full letter of the law would be unjust. For example, a man borrows money to buy land. He agrees to repay the money with interest by a specific date or forfeit the land. If he is unable to pay, he could be held to the letter of the law and lose all he has invested. The money owed, however, may be less than the value of the land. The court can order the land sold, pay the money owed, and give the man what remains. This is a fairer solution.
Equitable actions usually involve property rights and serve as a substitute for legal actions, in which the remedy is limited to monetary damages, and may be inadequate to remedy the harm. The remedy of the court sitting in equity can be an order of specific performance-to deliver goods promised, to restore animals to their proper owners, to replace equipment damaged, to execute and deliver a deed, or to rewrite a document or report. It could be a mandatory injunction to prevent a certain action. It could also be a bill of account for monies spent in a guardianship. Probate, divorce, and adoption are equity actions.
The basic difference between legal and equitable actions (which today are usually combined under the term "civil actions") and criminal actions is apparent with the question, "Does the offense threaten a well-ordered society?" When a man backs his automobile into his neighbor's car, the neighbor can sue for damages. This is a civil case. However, drunk driving threatens everyone on the same road and thus can be prosecuted as a criminal offense.
In the early stages of American legal development, legal and equitable actions were combined, while a strong distinction was maintained for criminal actions. Few jurisdictions have three separate courts in which each handles a specific action. Most have one judicial body that handles them all, although it may clearly indicate which hat is worn: "The Court of Rhea County sitting in equity" or "The Criminal Court of Rhea County."
The U.S. judicial system is a dual one with national (federal) courts, whose personnel are appointed by the federal government to adjudicate (try) cases under the U.S. Constitution or federal statutory law, and a system of state courts, whose personnel are elected or appointed to try cases under state constitutions, statutory laws, and local custom. Both systems have two types of courts:
- Trial courts, where cases originate. The jury or, in its absence, the judge, decides what happened and whether, within a given rule of law, the facts constitute guilt or innocence of the accused. Trial courts make up the majority of our system.
- Appellate courts, to which losing parties can appeal for further consideration of a case. These courts may, but usually do not, call witnesses or have juries. The court accepts the evidence of the previous trial presented in the form of a brief or trial résumé and then reviews points of the law where an error has been made in the earlier trial. Some appellate courts also have original jurisdiction.
The attached images show the relationships between trial and appeals courts. They also introduce the variety of courts that can be found in researching family lines.
Genealogists will encounter many new terms and legal phrases in court records-too many to list here. A standard reference is Black's Law Dictionary, available in almost every public library, county law library, and university or college library. Most college bookstores carry the current edition. Many family historians prefer the fourth or an earlier edition, available from used booksellers, for their fuller treatment of obsolete terms found in old records. An excellent online reference is Bouvier's 1856 law dictionary<ref>John Bouvier, A Law Dictionary: Revised Sixth Edition.</ref>. Bouvier supplements definitions with information on the treatment under various laws. To understand the nuances and double meanings of words with legal applications, use Burton's Legal Thesaurus.<ref>William C. Burton, Burton's Legal Thesaurus (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1998).</ref> Burton's includes some five thousand legal terms, definitions of foreign phrases, and a valuable every-word index.


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Between our Baltimore and Washington, DC, venues, more than 17,500 animals representing 900 species call the National Aquarium home. There are constant changes, additions, and more going on behind the scenes that our guests may not notice during their visit. We want to share these fun updates with our community so we're bringing them to you in our weekly Animal Update posts!
Check our blog every Friday to find out what's going on… here's what's new this week!
Animal transports completed in preparation for Blacktip Reef!
All of our animals have been moved from Wings in the Water so that renovations can begin on the exhibit space! A tarpon and hogfish were moved to their new home within the Aquarium, the Atlantic Coral Reef exhibit. On Monday, our team moved Zeke, Zoe and Calypso to their temporary home behind-the-scenes in our animal care facility.
Additionally, the lionfish habitat next to Wings in the Water was permanently broken down. Our lionfish were given to the Newport Aquarium in Kentucky. The Sargassum triggerfish, queen angelfish, spotfin butterflyfish and blue tang from this tank can also now be seen in our Atlantic Coral Reef exhibit.
For more on our changes in preparation for Blacktip Reef, check out our recent update!
New additions in Maryland: Mountains to the Sea exhibit
Black sea bass, black drum and winter flounder fish have been added to our Atlantic Shelf gallery.
We have a new baby!
We are so proud to welcome a new addition to the Upland Tropical Rain Forest exhibit – a Linne's two-toed sloth was born in late August! The baby is the first born to Ivy, one of the four sloths in the exhibit, and is the third sloth born at National Aquarium.
To find out more about our newest addition, click here.
Be sure to check back every Friday to find out what's happening!


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If you have a love of the arms and armour of the middle ages or any time in history when warriors met on the field of combat wearing metal and wielding weapons of bronze, iron or steel, then you have found a place to look around and see the recreations of Brian Brown.
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There will be occassions when there will be pieces available here that are for sale, but the main body of work is meant to be custom armour based off your personal preferances. You want it because it stokes a fire in your heart for the piece, and you have always wanted it. That is the challange that Brian wants when recieving an order for custom armour.
So look around and enjoy what you see. When the armour you want comes to mind draw it out or send a photo of the piece that you really want. Then send the image to your armourer to be made. Or simply describe the time and place you want to have your harness from and let Brian do the research and send you drawing or images from historical artwork.
The armour you want can be yours! Just imagine it and send the idea to Brian Brown Armoury.


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Nashville 2.0
|Episode Description
|Friday, Nov 22, 2013 - 9:00 PM
In NASHVILLE 2.0, visit country music's booming hometown, a city that welcomes young musicians who dream of making it big. Creating the musical landscape of tomorrow, Music City is home to Americana music, and contemporary American roots music that a genre that incorporates styles like country, rock, folk, bluegrass, R&B, gospel, Latin and blues, bringing new sounds to these proud traditions. In this special, explore the American musical melting pot, looking to the future while embracing the breadth and genius of American roots music from Emmylou Harris to Mumford and Sons, Rosanne Cash to the Avett Brothers, Dwight Yoakam to the Carolina Chocolate Drops. D
Mountain Time
|More Nashville 2.0 on IDAHO (MT)
Friday, Nov 22, 2013 - 9:00 PM
Friday, Jan 24, 2014 - 9:00 PM


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1 Rescue me, Lord, from evildoers;
protect me from the violent,
2 who devise evil plans in their hearts
and stir up war every day.
3 They make their tongues as sharp as a serpent's;
the poison of vipers is on their lips.[b]
4 Keep me safe, Lord, from the hands of the wicked;
protect me from the violent,
who devise ways to trip my feet.
5 The arrogant have hidden a snare for me;
they have spread out the cords of their net
and have set traps for me along my path.
6 I say to the Lord, "You are my God."
Hear, Lord, my cry for mercy.
7 Sovereign Lord, my strong deliverer,
you shield my head in the day of battle.
8 Do not grant the wicked their desires, Lord;
do not let their plans succeed.
9 Those who surround me proudly rear their heads;
may the mischief of their lips engulf them.
10 May burning coals fall on them;
may they be thrown into the fire,
into miry pits, never to rise.
11 May slanderers not be established in the land;
may disaster hunt down the violent.
12 I know that the Lord secures justice for the poor
and upholds the cause of the needy.
13 Surely the righteous will praise your name,
and the upright will live in your presence.
1 I call to you, Lord, come quickly to me;
hear me when I call to you.
2 May my prayer be set before you like incense;
may the lifting up of my hands be like the evening sacrifice.
3 Set a guard over my mouth, Lord;
keep watch over the door of my lips.
4 Do not let my heart be drawn to what is evil
so that I take part in wicked deeds
along with those who are evildoers;
do not let me eat their delicacies.
5 Let a righteous man strike me—that is a kindness;
let him rebuke me—that is oil on my head.
My head will not refuse it,
for my prayer will still be against the deeds of evildoers.
6 Their rulers will be thrown down from the cliffs,
and the wicked will learn that my words were well spoken.
7 They will say, "As one plows and breaks up the earth,
so our bones have been scattered at the mouth of the grave."
8 But my eyes are fixed on you, Sovereign Lord;
in you I take refuge—do not give me over to death.
9 Keep me safe from the traps set by evildoers,
from the snares they have laid for me.
10 Let the wicked fall into their own nets,
while I pass by in safety.
1 I cry aloud to the Lord;
I lift up my voice to the Lord for mercy.
2 I pour out before him my complaint;
before him I tell my trouble.
3 When my spirit grows faint within me,
it is you who watch over my way.
In the path where I walk
people have hidden a snare for me.
4 Look and see, there is no one at my right hand;
no one is concerned for me.
I have no refuge;
no one cares for my life.
5 I cry to you, Lord;
I say, "You are my refuge,
my portion in the land of the living."
6 Listen to my cry,
for I am in desperate need;
rescue me from those who pursue me,
for they are too strong for me.
7 Set me free from my prison,
that I may praise your name.
Then the righteous will gather about me
because of your goodness to me.
14 Follow the way of love and eagerly desire gifts of the Spirit, especially prophecy. 2 For anyone who speaks in a tongue[a] does not speak to people but to God. Indeed, no one understands them; they utter mysteries by the Spirit. 3 But the one who prophesies speaks to people for their strengthening, encouraging and comfort. 4 Anyone who speaks in a tongue edifies themselves, but the one who prophesies edifies the church. 5 I would like every one of you to speak in tongues,[b] but I would rather have you prophesy. The one who prophesies is greater than the one who speaks in tongues,[c] unless someone interprets, so that the church may be edified.
6 Now, brothers and sisters, if I come to you and speak in tongues, what good will I be to you, unless I bring you some revelation or knowledge or prophecy or word of instruction? 7 Even in the case of lifeless things that make sounds, such as the pipe or harp, how will anyone know what tune is being played unless there is a distinction in the notes? 8 Again, if the trumpet does not sound a clear call, who will get ready for battle? 9 So it is with you. Unless you speak intelligible words with your tongue, how will anyone know what you are saying? You will just be speaking into the air. 10 Undoubtedly there are all sorts of languages in the world, yet none of them is without meaning. 11 If then I do not grasp the meaning of what someone is saying, I am a foreigner to the speaker, and the speaker is a foreigner to me. 12 So it is with you. Since you are eager for gifts of the Spirit, try to excel in those that build up the church.
13 For this reason the one who speaks in a tongue should pray that they may interpret what they say. 14 For if I pray in a tongue, my spirit prays, but my mind is unfruitful. 15 So what shall I do? I will pray with my spirit, but I will also pray with my understanding; I will sing with my spirit, but I will also sing with my understanding. 16 Otherwise when you are praising God in the Spirit, how can someone else, who is now put in the position of an inquirer,[d] say "Amen" to your thanksgiving, since they do not know what you are saying? 17 You are giving thanks well enough, but no one else is edified.
18 I thank God that I speak in tongues more than all of you. 19 But in the church I would rather speak five intelligible words to instruct others than ten thousand words in a tongue.
20 Brothers and sisters, stop thinking like children. In regard to evil be infants, but in your thinking be adults.
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.


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Gibson DE27S6WVFB 27" dryer - electric - lg31689040 repair and replacement parts
Here are the repair parts and diagrams for your Gibson DE27S6WVFB 27" dryer - electric - lg31689040. The diagram(s) below can help you find the right part. If you'd like help, we invite you to call our customer service number at the top of the page, or click chat.
On this page, you can also find any manuals, installation guides and error code tables associated with this model.
For advice on diagnosing problems with appliances, lawn & garden equipment and other products, check out the videos, repair guides and articles in our DIY section.
Symptoms common to all dryers
Repair guides common to all dryers
The heating element in an electric dryer generates the dryer's heat—it's one of the first things to check if the air in the dryer doesn't get warm. If it's damaged, this repair guide will show you how to replace the heating element.
When the air in the dryer overheats—usually because the vent is clogged—the thermal fuse blows, stopping the dryer. You can't reset the fuse; you must replace it.
When the air in a gas dryer overheats—usually because the vent is clogged—the thermal fuse blows, stopping the dryer from heating. You can't reset the fuse; you must replace it.
Articles and videos common to all dryers
Find out how to protect your smart appliances from malevolent invasions by hackers.
These easy fixes will help your laundry dry faster.
Learn how to decipher symbols so you can buy the right part for your problem.


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Latest News
Union boss Elba Esther Gordillo keeps a stranglehold on Mexico's schools
Elba Esther Gordillo, the 67-year-old "president for life" of the national teachers union in Mexico, rarely ventures out in public without designer outfits and handbags from Chanel, Prada, Louis Vuitton and Hermes.
She flaunts wealth and power, and she can walk through the gates of Los Pinos, the Mexican White House, at any time. Sitting presidents fear and court her.
Routinely ranked as the least popular of the nation's most prominent figures, friends and enemies alike know her simply as "Elba Esther" or "The Teacher."
Her opaque and strong-arm style and the personal fortune she's amassed underscore how the old Mexico of corrupt power and privilege, which reigned in the 20th century, still endures in pockets even as the nation inches toward modernity.
A native of rural Chiapas state in Mexico's far south, Gordillo rose from a humble post at a primary school in Nezahualcoyotl, a depressed suburb of Mexico City, through the ranks of the largest union in Latin America, eventually becoming the underling and mistress of the union boss. In 1989, then-President Carlos Salinas de Gortari tapped her to head the teachers union, a backbone of strength for the Institutional Revolutionary Party – the PRI, in its Spanish initials – which ruled from 1929 until 2000 and is expected to regain the presidency in voting July 1.
Significantly, the PRI's 2012 candidate, Enrique Pena Nieto, is the only one of those seeking the presidency who hasn't pledged to dump Gordillo on taking office.
Gordillo's raspy voice, her designer tastes and her predilection for the plastic surgeon's scalpel have made her an easy subject for caricaturists, but as the head of the union, Gordillo displays steely calculation in keeping her foes off balance, leveraging friendly politicians into office and purging those she considers potential internal adversaries.
"She exiles you if you betray her," said Aldo Munoz, an education researcher at the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. "She puts together teams of people who are in confrontation. She'll send four people who hate each other to run a department."
She also showers supporters with generosity. In 2006, the newspaper Reforma said Gordillo had taken 125 teachers and union underlings, along with their children, on a seven-day Pacific cruise aboard the Pride of Hawaii, later staying at the Hilton Hawaiian Village.
When the media revealed that she'd ordered 59 Hummers for her top aides in 2008, she announced that she'd raffle the vehicles and pay for renovations at 10 schools.
Critics speak of her in caustic and savage tones. A columnist in the newspaper El Universal, Lydia Cacho, labeled her April 23 as "one of the most pernicious cancers" in Mexico. On a Foro TV debate in February, analyst Denise Dresser responded quickly when she was asked what she wished for Gordillo: "It pains me to say it but I think the common sentiment is that she might die during her next plastic surgery."
Gordillo remained loyal to the PRI after it was cast from power, serving as the secretary general of the party, and also as a federal deputy and senator. But when the PRI candidate trailed badly in the 2006 presidential campaign, she triggered only the second major schism to hit the party in its 83-year history. She took her support – and that of the union – to Felipe Calderon of the center-right National Action Party, trading it for promises of jobs for her family members and key allies. The betrayal allowed Calderon to squeak to victory by the narrowest margin in modern Mexican history.
Gordillo enjoys a nominal salary as a school principal, the equivalent of $2,070 a month, but her wealth goes far beyond what that wage would allow.
Journalistic investigations over the years have identified 64 Mexico City mansions, office buildings, rural ranches and overseas properties that are thought to be linked to Gordillo or her immediate family. Among them is a six-bedroom home in La Jolla, Calif., that Gordillo purchased for nearly $1.7 million, according to a March report in Mexico's newsweekly Proceso. The home has seven baths, a three-car garage, a pool and a private dock on a river, the magazine reported.
Gordillo speaks to reporters only on rare occasions. Her office declined requests for an interview over a six-month period, saying she was too busy.
Political analysts say Gordillo's eventual departure from the political stage won't necessarily usher in more democratic or enlightened leadership.
"If we send Elba Esther to Jupiter, the person who takes her place will do exactly the same thing if the rules of the game stay the same," said Jorge Javier Romero, a political scientist at the Metropolitan Autonomous University.
"It's not her. It's an institutional problem."


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Feb 16 (Reuters) - Bernard Lagat ran the fastest indoor two-mile race by an American and Lopez Lomong became the second fastest U.S. miler as athletes set a host of quick times at the Millrose Games in New York on Saturday.
The 38-year-old Kenyan-born Lagat clocked eight minutes, 9.49 seconds to reclaim the U.S. best from London Olympic 10,000 metres silver medallist Galen Rupp, who ran 8:09.72 last year.
"I was more concerned about getting the time than in winning," the four-time Olympian told reporters after claiming his 10th Millrose title, eight of them in the mile.
Lomong, one of the Lost Boys of Sudan who is now a U.S. citizen, claimed the mile in 3:51.21. Only Lagat, at 3:49.89, has run faster among Americans indoors.
The 28-year-old said he hoped the fast race would help him build speed for the 5,000 metres during the outdoor season. "It will help me a lot in closing in the world championships," he said.
Fast-finishing Matthew Centrowitz, last year's winner, took second in 3:51.34.
The meeting also produced the year's fastest men's 60 metres and women's mile along with contrasting results for Olympic champions Jenn Suhr and Brittney Reese.
Canadian Sheila Reid won the women's mile in a national record 4:27.02 as she defeated 16-year-old American Mary Cain, who ran 4:28.25.
Evergreen Darvin Patton shocked the 60 metres field, winning by a whopping 0.14 seconds in a 2013 best of 6.50 seconds despite being 35 years old.
Suhr took the women's pole vault, edging fellow American Kylie Hutson on fewer misses as both cleared 4.65 metres.
London long jump champion Reese was less fortunate. Olympic bronze medallist Janay DeLoach never trailed in defeating Reese by five centimeters, 6.90 metres to 6.85m.
American records fell in both 600 metres races.
U.S. Olympian Alysia Montano won the women's event in 1:23.59 and Erik Sowinski claimed the men's run in 1:15.61. (Reporting by Gene Cherry in Salvo, North Carolina; Editing by John O'Brien)


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Resources and links for state humanities councils
This collection of resources and links is intended to provide access to a broad range of information about nonprofit management, governance, and news for both council staff and board members as well as information about best practices in the worlds of foundations and grantmaking.
The resources for grantmakers and grantseekers is of particular importance to councils because they fall into both categories. These resources will help fundraisers and developers know about the interests and concerns of grantmakers. These resources will also help guide the councils in their capacity as grantmakers because it provides insight into the ways grantmaking is currently being carried out by foundations that put a lot of effort and care into the kinds of grantmaking they do and the kinds of expectations they have for their grantees.
The section about NEH resources includes the calendar for the Chairman's Civility Tour, some of his speeches, and a guide to council grantmaking adapted from materials prepared by two site visitors with foundation and grantmaking expertise.
- Introduction to the Federal/State Partnership
- EDSITEment!
- Chairman Leach's Civility Tour, 2009-2011, updated March 16, 2011
- Chairman Leach speaks at the National Humanities Conference, November 6, 2009 (link no longer available)
- Chairman Leach speaks at the National Humanities Conference, November 5, 2011 (link no longer available)
- Thoughts on Council Grantmaking
Resources for Nonprofit Management, Governance, and News
- Alliance for Nonprofit Management is the professional association of individuals and organizations devoted to improving the management and governance capacity of nonprofits. Its goal is to assist nonprofits in fulfilling their mission. The Alliance is a learning community that promotes quality in nonprofit capacity building. It holds an annual conference, frequent webinars, and provides access to resources on nonprofit management and governance issues, including governance, financial management, risk management, and strategic planning.
- Blue Avocado is a free online magazine that styles itself as "practical, provocative, and fun food-for-thought for nonprofits." One of its most popular articles is Ten Quick Ways to Invigorate Board Meetings. Take the Nonprofit Tax Quiz and see how much you know about the U.S. tax system and the implications for nonprofits. Blue Avocado is edited by consultant and author Jan Masaoka.
- BoardSource is a key source of publications about nonprofits and nonprofit governance. BoardSource publishes a periodical designed specifically for board members that is provided with membership. The contact information for BoardSource is 202.452.6262 or (877.892.6273 (toll free), 202.452.6299 fax. Its materials and fundamentals about nonprofit management are referred to frequently in materials on other nonprofit management websites. The Knowledge Center is a wide-ranging resource covering the basics of nonprofit management and activity.
- Bridgestar is a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing leadership for the nonprofit sector. It seeks to be "a source of talent for individual nonprofit organizations, as well as a resource for enhancing the flow and effectiveness of capable executives into and within the sector." Membership, as either a nonprofit organization or as an individual, is free. Three monthly newsletters are free: LeadersMatters, LeadersMatters' QuickTip, and Strategies for Social Impact.
- The Cohen Report provides a free email newsletter on key issues for the nonprofit world "on the intersection of nonprofits, politics, and public policy." The website, a feature of The Nonprofit Quarterly, includes current articles as well as archives of past newsletters.
- CompassPoint Nonprofit Services is a consulting, research, and training organization providing nonprofits with management tools, strategies, and resources to lead change in their communities. With offices in San Francisco and Silicon Valley, it works with community-based nonprofits in executive transition, planning, boards of directors, finance systems and business planning, fundraising, and technology. It publishes the free online newsletter Board Café and the online magazine Blue Avocado. A sampling of the information available online from CompassPoint is in The Twelve Blue Avocado Days of Christmas (see the December 2007 Working Together e-newsletter). The Fieldstone Alliance, now under Turner Publishing, strengthens the performance of the nonprofit sector. It has the demonstrated ability to scope out what the sector needs, provide practical tools and resources, and strategically link the resources of multiple partners and delivery systems to surmount the challenges the nonprofit sector faces. Its website includes tools, including the Nonprofit Life Stage Assessment and ways to improve cultural competence. The article on the life stages of nonprofits was highlighted in the October 2007 issue of the "Working Together" e-newsletter and cultural competence was featured in the September 2008 issue.
- Free Management Library provides easy-to-access, clutter-free, comprehensive resources regarding the leadership and management of yourself, other individuals, groups and organizations. Content is relevant to the vast majority of people, whether they are in large or small for-profit or nonprofit organizations. Over the past 10 years, the Library has grown to be one of the world's largest well-organized collections of these types of resources. It is a "community" library to which users can post information. The topics covered include a vast array of all the major areas of organizational management and effectiveness.
- GuideStar.org is a national database of nonprofits that is designed primarily to assist philanthropists and donors to assess the health of the organizations to which they might want to contribute. Guidestar gets financial and program information about nonprofits (organizations with tax-deductible IRS 501[c]3 status) from the IRS Business Master File and—for organizations that are required to file an annual information return with the IRS—via Forms 990, 990-EZ, or 990-PF. These forms are available on the Guidestar website as PDF image files. By creating an attractive profile, a nonprofit can provide additional information for potential donors and grantmakers.The March 2010 Working Together e-newsletter had an article about the ways donors use Guidestar.
- Looking for volunteers or need to advertise a job? Let the nonprofit world and those who support it know about your council with a free membership on Idealist.org. Posting your organization and requesting volunteers is free. Advertising positions is $60 for members. See the e-newsletter for more about Idealist.org (link no longer available)
- Independent Sector provides up to date information both online and through publications about issues related to the nonprofit world, philanthropy, and citizen action. Excerpts from What You Should Know About Nonprofits is available from the Maine Association of Nonprofits. It was written by Independent Sector and the National Center for Nonprofit Boards (now BoardSource). In October 2004, Independent Sector convened the Panel on the Nonprofit Sector, responding to the encouragement of the Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Finance Committee. The final report was presented to Congress and the Nonprofit Sector in June 2005. Read the final report. Its 15 recommendations include such topics as executive compensation, conflicts of interest, and disclosure of performance data. The Executive Summary on page 4 is especially helpful.
- The Innovation Network provides a suite of free interactive online evaluation and planning tools that includes an Organizational Assessment Tool, the Logic Model Builder, and the Evaluation Plan Builder as well as a wide range of resources for nonprofits. Point K Learning Center offers free tools and resources for assessment, accountability, communication, and program improvement.
- La Piana Consulting is a nonprofit consulting firm whose website includes articles and other nonprofit resources. David La Piana, the founder and CEO, has served as consultant to the California Council for the Humanities, the Hawai'i Humanities Council, and as a site visitor to CCH. Much of their research is available for download, such as their latest study, reported on at the April 2010 national conference of Grantmakers for Effective Organizations:.
- Leader to Leader Institute provides a free subscription to Leadership Dialogues, a video toolbox, as well as information that complements the Drucker Foundation Self-Assessment Tool (link no longer available).
- The Minnesota Council of Nonprofits provides detailed "Principles and Practices of Nonprofit Excellence" that includes the full range of nonprofit activities from governance to partnership and alliances.
- The National Council of Nonprofit Associations is a 501(c)(3) membership-based organization of state and regional associations that represent thousands of nonprofits throughout the country. Its over 22,000 members work at the state and local level to provide training and technical assistance to improve the operations and effectiveness of organizations while promoting the value and accountability of the nonprofit sector. NCNA links local organizations to a national audience through state associations and helps small and midsize nonprofits: manage and lead more effectively; collaborate and exchange solutions; engage in critical policy issues affecting the sector; and achieve greater impact in their communities. The website has sections on public policy, nonprofit advocacy, raising awareness, resources, and capacity building.
- The Nonprofit Quarterly is available by subscription and has a free e-publications: a weekly e-newsletter, a daily newswire, and the monthly Cohen Report. Reprints and pdfs of NPQ articles are available free to subscribers and are for sale to non-subscribers. Read NPQ's article about nonprofit leaders, featured in the January 2008 Working Together e-newsletter and its article about the words and language of fundraising letters, featured in the July 2010 Working Together e-newsletter. An article from 2006 has been resurrected: Kim Klein's Asking the Right Person for the Right Amount. It provides very good advice.
- Nonprofit Risk Management Center provides tools to help nonprofits avoid organizational risk.
- Tech Soup provides technology information for nonprofits and is an outlet for donated technology products. Its e-newsletter By the Cup is free as is the New Product Donation Alert.
- Third Sector New England provides support, training and management resources to strengthen individual nonprofit organizations and build the capacity of the nonprofit community. Its e-newsletters are free. Deborah Linnell, Director of Programs, was a site visitor to the Rhode Island Council for the Humanities in June 2008. Linnell is co-author of Creative Disruption: Sabbaticals for Capacity Building & Leadership Development in the Nonprofit Sector. The March 2010 Working Together e-newsletter had an article about Creative Disruption and the June 2008 issue featured TSNE's nonprofit resources.
- The Venture Philanthropy Partners website includes reports that deal with issues of nonprofit management and effectiveness. Effective Capacity Building in Nonprofit Organizations from that website includes a capacity assessment grid.
Resources for Grantmakers and Grantseekers
- The Center for Effective Philanthropy provides data and create insight so philanthropic funders can better define, assess, and improve their effectiveness and impact. CEP's downloadable publications include studies on the funder/grantee relationship: More than Money: Making a Difference with Assistance Beyond the Grant, Listening to Grantees, In Search of Impact: Practices and Perceptions in Foundations' Provisions of Program and Operating Grants to Nonprofits
- The Council on Foundations is a membership organization of foundations and corporate giving programs that make grants. It provides leadership expertise, legal services and networking opportunities—among other services—to its members and to the general public. It has an array of publications, many of which are downloadable. They are, however, free only to members.
- The Forum of Regional Associations of Grantmakers provides contact information for its members. It and its members have developed and gathered knowledge and resources to grow and support giving in a variety of ways.
- Foundation Center provides is a national nonprofit service organization recognized as the nation's leading authority on organized philanthropy, connecting nonprofits and the grantmakers, supporting them to tools they can use, and information they can trust. Its audiences include grantseekers, grantmakers, researchers, policymakers, the media, and the general public. Its resources include links to nonprofit information. The 2011 edition of Foundation Growth and Giving Estimates: Current Outlook notes that 2010 giving remained just 2.1 percent below the record high of $46.8 billion awarded by foundations in 2008, despite the fact that foundation assets were still close to 10 percent below their 2007 peak.
- Grantmakers for Effective Organizations is dedicated to promoting learning and encouraging dialogue among funders committed to building strong and effective nonprofit organizations. GEO's mission is to maximize philanthropy's impact by advancing the effectiveness of grantmakers and their grantees. As such, the organization and its website provide information for funders about how they can strengthen nonprofit organizations. Nonprofits can benefit from understanding funders' interests in organizational capacity and effectiveness. As funders, state humanities councils can increase the impact of their grants by making use of GEO publications, many of which are available for free download. Important documents released by GEO, General Operating Support and Assessing the Impact, General Operating Support, Vol 2, are the results of a powerful online discussion by GEO members. A study released in May 2008, Drowning in Paperwork, Distracted from Purpose, deals with the complications grantmaking organizations can cause their grantees and makes four core recommendations for relieving the burdens placed on grantees. This publication was featured in the May 2008 Working Together e-newsletter. Is Grantmaking Getting Smarter, A National Study of Philanthropic Practice shows that "few grantmakers are engaging in the practices they identified as essential to making nonprofits stronger and better equipped to achieve results. While there are pockets of progress, on the whole the field has a ways to go." Smarter Grantmaking in Challenging Economic Times offers recommendations and insights for funders during the current economic downturn. The April 2010 Working Together e-newsletter provides Federal/State Partnership Senior Program Officer Kathleen Mitchell's impressions of the 2010 GEO conference in Pittsburgh.
- The Grants Managers Network improves grantmaking by advancing the knowledge, skills, and abilities of grants management professionals and by leading grantmakers to adopt and incorporate effective practices that benefit the philanthropic community. Peak Insight is an online journal.
- The James Irvine Foundation focuses on grantmaking in California. Its can be downloaded and are of broad interest to nonprofits.
- The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy serves as the country's independent watchdog of foundations. NCRP promotes philanthropy that serves the public good, is responsive to people and communities with the least wealth and opportunity, and is held accountable to the highest standards of integrity and openness. Its website provides news and upcoming events about the world of philanthropy. Its publications can be downloaded for free. The Philanthropy at Its Best Self-Test is a confidential online test that allows grantmakers to quickly assess their foundation's likely performance against the criteria and the benchmarks from NCRP's Criteria for Philanthropy at its Best.
- Project Streamline is a collaborative effort of grantmaking and grantseeking organizations working to improve grant application and reporting practices. The core principles of Project Streamline are to: take a fresh look at your organization's application and reporting requirements; ensure that the effort that grantseekers expend to get a grant is proportionate to the size of the grant, appropriate to the type of grant, and takes into consideration any existing relationship with the grantee; minimize the amount of time, effort, and money that grantseekers spend getting and administering grants, creating more time for mission; and make communications and grantmaking processes clear and straightforward. The Rhode Island Council for the Humanities was mentioned in the Spring 2009 issue of the newsletter (link no longer available).
- Introduction to the Federal/State Partnership
- Chairman Leach's Civility Tour, 2009-2011
- Council Grant Making
- In Defense of the Humanities
- Blue Avocado Tax Quiz
- Independent Sector Nonprofit Panel Final Report
- Fixing Broken Fundraising Discourse
- Creative Disruption
- Effective Capacity Building for Nonprofits
- Capacity Assessment Grid
- More than Money
- Listening to Grantees
- General Operating Support
- Assessing the Impact
- Drowning in Paperwork
- Is Grantmaking Getting Smarter?
- Smarter Grantmaking


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Belgium's Gijs Van Hoecke had an OK showing last week: a 15th-place finish in the multi-discipline omnium, and part of a ninth-place sprint team. But for the vast, vast majority of Olympians, it's not about medals. It's about the entire experience, and that includes drinking enough to kill a small family unit once your athletic obligations are met.
So Van Hoecke hit the Mahiki nightclub in Mayfair, once a favored destination for Princes William and Harry. (Sample review: "The quintessential high-end yet kitchy Polynesian themed bar. The elaborateness of the decor is only trumped by its tackiness. Drinks are what you expect...strong, fruity, and excessively festive.") And Van Hoecke hit it so hard, he had to be physically dragged out of the place by his teammates, his shirt and pants suspiciously wet, and manhandled into a waiting van.
The photos made the rounds in Van Hoecke's home country, and today Belgian officials sent him home for his "deplorable" actions. Van Hoecke apologized through a Belgian newspaper, saying he was just blowing off steam, but perhaps a little too much steam.
Some more photos of Van Hoecke's big night out:


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Financial Aid
Community College of Philadelphia offers several financial aid options to help ease the cost of tuition and fees. The College also seeks to help you acquire aid as simply as possible. To get started, take a look at our selections below. If you have any questions, email us.
Steps to Applying for Financial Aid
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Transfer and Guest Student Eligibility Requirements
Transfer students (from another college, to continue their education here) and guest students (enrolled at another college, taking one or more credit courses here) have different eligibility requirements. See them here.
Veterans Education Benefits
The Department of Veterans Affairs offers several tuition assistance programs for veterans, spouses of veterans or dependent children of veterans.
Financial Aid Options
Learn about various financial aid options, such as federal student aid, student loans and alternative funding sources. Explore your options now.
Application Deadlines
Our calender for financial aid application deadlines.
Withdrawal, Refund and Repayment Policies
Learn about financial aid polices regarding withdrawal from classes, refunding grants and repaying loan money.
Financial Aid Answers
Get the answers to some of your most frequently asked Financial Aid questions with these helpful videos.
Financial Planning Workshops Calendar
Attend a Financial Planning Workshop, where you'll learn about the different ways you can pay for college.
Net Price Calculator
Use this tool to get an estimate of what it may cost to attend Community College of Philadelphia.


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No partner needed
$10 Drop-in with punch card, $13 without card ($10 for student and military)!
Come back to the sh-boom times when bobby sox and drag races ruled the world! Each week we'll learn moves that you can take with you immediately to the dance floor and start rocking 'round the clock!


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Scientists find Antarctic ice shrank significantly
WASHINGTON, Mar 2 (Reuters) The Antarctic ice sheet shrank significantly during the past three years, according to the findings of a NASA study.
Using data from the NASA/German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), scientists yesterday concluded that Antarctica's ice sheet decreased by about 152 cubic kilometers annually from April 2002 to August 2005.
The estimated loss was enough to raise global sea level about 1.2 millimeters during the study period or about 13 per cent of the overall observed sea level rise for the same period, according to the study conducted by researchers at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
That is about how much water the United States consumes in three months and represents a change of about 0.4 millimeter per year to global sea level rise, the study concluded.
Most of the mass loss came from the West Antarctic ice sheet, the study said.
''Antarctica is Earth's largest reservoir of fresh water,'' researcher Isabella Velicogna said.
''The GRACE mission is unique in its ability to measure mass changes directly for entire ice sheets and can determine how Earth's mass distribution changes over time,'' she said.
''Because ice sheets are a large source of uncertainties in projections of sea level change, this represents a very important step toward more accurate prediction,'' Velicogna said.
Measuring variations in Antarctica's ice sheet mass is difficult because of its size and complexity.
Twin GRACE satellites, which can track tiny changes in Earth's gravity field, monitored the entire Antarctic ice sheet as a whole.


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Paula Risch Head
Paula Risch Head
On the Edge
Oil on Canvas
14 x 18 inches
Paula Risch Head a native and current resident of Kentucky, has been painting for over twenty five years. After graduating Highlands High School in 1975, Risch pursued her interest in art leading her to travel in Europe. The experience of travel and the exposure to art led her to Northern KentuckyUniversity where she would earn her BFA in painting. Her studies with Michael Skop and other professors provided her with the philosophical approach to her art. She continued her education with instruction from David Mueller. She owned and operated Risch Gallery in FortThomas from 1983-1998. After selling her business, she built her studio next to her home which is along the Ohio River. Her location is the source of most of her subject matter. Risch has participated in numerous juried and invitational shows in the tri-state region. She has received both judged and purchase awards. Her work is included in private and corporate collections as well as many homes both here and abroad.
Artist Statement
"The land and the river provide me with an ever present source of inspiration. It never ceases to amaze me at its constant beauty and the way it brings out my need to express the emotion I feel deep within me. The same river, the same tree line, and the same distant field are different every time I paint them."


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How to Make Latik
Yield: About 1/4 cup of latik. It's not much, but you don't need to use a lot of it to make a big impact.
You just need one ingredient: a 14 oz can of coconut milk (be sure to choose the full-fat kind with the cream on top).
Continue to simmer until the milk reduces to a thick cream, about an hour. Note: You can eliminate some of this hour by using only the coconut cream (the solid part on top of the can). However, you won't end up with quite as much latik.
Continue heating and stirring periodically until the cream separates into coconut oil and latik – about 45 minutes.
|Here, the coconut milk is just beginning to separate.
Monitor the latik closely, watching for it to turn a deep caramel brown color – about 30 minutes.
|The latik is starting to brown, but it's not done yet.
Turn the heat off as soon as the curds turn a deep caramel brown color.
|It's done!
Use a coffee filter or a fine sieve to separate the coconut oil from the latik.
Jun says that latik will keep for a week stored in an air-tight container in the refrigerator. I ate mine two weeks after making it, having stored it in an air-tight container on the counter. It still tasted perfect!