text:
organisational unit
- Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (55)
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management (8)
- Resource Ecology (6)
- Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research (5)
- Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (4)
- Soil Survey Institute (4)
- ALTERRA Wageningen UR (3)
- Horticultural Supply Chains (3)
- Wageningen Environmental Research (3)
- Institute for Soil Fertility (2)
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Geology (2)
- Agrotechnological Research Institute (1)
- Bodem en Landgebruik (1)
- Ecologie en Milieu (1)
- FBR Food Technology (1)
- FBR Fresh Supply Chains (1)
- Farming Systems Ecology (1)
- Food Quality and Design (1)
- Food Technology (1)
- Horticulture & Product Physiology (1)
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group (1)
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Research on Field Crops and Herbage (1)
- Laboratory of Cell Biology (1)
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology (1)
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology (1)
- PBR Kwantitatieve Aspecten (1)
- PBR Ornamentals, tissue culture and gene transfer (1)
- PBR Quantitative aspects of Plant Breeding (1)
- Plant Breeding (1)
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation (1)
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology (1)
- WUR GTB Gewasfysiologie Management en Model (1)
- WUR PB Siergewassen, Tissue Culture (1)
- WUR Plant Breeding (1)
- L. Amissah (1)
- P.J.T. Bakel van (1)
- G. Bakker (1)
- H. Beekman (1)
- T.L. Bell (1)
- J.J.A. Berkhout (1)
- N. Betoret (1)
- S. Bie de (1)
- C. Bigler (1)
- H. Blok (4)
- F. Bongers (1)
- H.L. Boogaard (1)
- M. Borghetti (1)
- A.L. Bosch (1)
- W.A. Bron (1)
- J. Burg van den (52)
- S.M.P. Carvalho (1)
- D.R.A. Carvalho (1)
- C. Couralet (1)
- C. Das (2)
- G. Derkman (1)
- A. Deslauriers (1)
- W.G. Doorn van (1)
- B. Eilmann (1)
- D. Fanourakis (2)
- E. Feldmeyer-Christe (1)
- M. Fetene (1)
- P. Fito (1)
- V. Fogliano (1)
- U. Gimmi (1)
- C. Ginzler (1)
- F. Giuffrida (1)
- L. Gomez-Aparicio (1)
- C.P. Goor van (3)
- G. Graziani (1)
- T.A. Groen (1)
- J.R. Gutierrez (1)
- K. Harmanny (1)
- A.M. Hazevoet (1)
- I.M.A. Heitkonig (1)
- C.M.A. Hendriks (3)
- E. Heuvelink (1)
- H.W.M. Hilhorst (1)
- A. Hol (1)
- M. Holmgren (2)
- J. Hoogendoorn (1)
- L. Hove (1)
- K. Jager (1)
- A. Jager de (1)
- W.W.P. Jans (1)
- S.H. Janse-ten Klooster (1)
- M.J.W.M. Janssens (1)
- L. Jimenez (1)
- J. Jongejans (1)
- H.W. Kolster (2)
- C.F.S. Koning (1)
- A.M. Kooijman (1)
- J. Kopinga (3)
- K. Kramer(older publications) (1)
- K. Kramer (1)
- F.A. Krens (1)
- B. Kyereh (1)
- F. Langevelde van (1)
- C. Leonardi (1)
- H.N. Leys (1)
- F. Ludwig (1)
- J. Luijendijk (1)
- K.R. Lynden van (2)
- G.J. Maas (1)
- A.J. Macnish (1)
- C.A. Maliepaard (1)
- E.J. Marle van (1)
- P.J. Meer van der (1)
- U. Meeteren van (1)
- M.B.J. Meinders (1)
- T. Mengistu (1)
- G.F. Midgley (1)
- S. Mkomwa (1)
- G.M.J. Mohren (1)
- C. Morrow (1)
- J. Mureithi (1)
- G.J. Nabuurs (1)
- M. Noordwijk van (1)
- L. Oliver (1)
- A.F.M. Olsthoorn (1)
- A. Oosterbaan (7)
- J.H. Oterdoom (1)
- J.M.P.M. Peerboom (1)
- J.P. Peeters (7)
- R. Pieruschka (1)
- R.L.H. Poels (1)
- L. Poorter (2)
- T.H. Putten van (1)
- J.L. Quero (1)
- C. Qumruzzaman (1)
- S. Raaphorst (1)
- J. Reyes (1)
- A. Rigling (1)
- D. Romano (1)
- V. Sarlikioti (1)
- U. Sass-Klaassen (3)
- A. Savvides (1)
- P.H. Schoenfeld (4)
- D. Scuderia (1)
- H.N. Siebel (1)
- E.A.A. Silva da (1)
- M. Slot (1)
- R. Sommer (1)
- F.A. Squeo (1)
- E.G. Steingröver (1)
- K. Steppe (1)
- F.J. Sterck (6)
- W.D. Stock (1)
- W. Tadesse (1)
- C. Thierfelder (1)
- P.A. Tittonell (1)
- S. Tjalma (1)
- G. Tol van (1)
- K.W. Tomlinson (1)
- P.E. Toorop (1)
- H.D.W. Tuil van (1)
- F. Valladares (1)
- M.W. Vasconcelos (1)
- W. Vries de (2)
- F. Vries de (1)
- H.R.J. Vroon (1)
- A.W. Waenink (3)
- S.J.E. Wand (1)
- D. Ward (1)
- M.T. Wijk van (1)
- J.H.M. Woesten (1)
- E.J. Woltering (1)
- R. Zweifel (2)
- 2008 (1)
- 2007 (1)
- 2005 (1)
- 2004 (1)
- 2003 (1)
- 2001 (3)
- 2000 (1)
- 1999 (2)
- 1996 (3)
- 1995 (1)
- 1994 (1)
- 1993 (1)
- 1990 (6)
- 1989 (3)
- 1988 (7)
- 1987 (3)
- 1986 (2)
- 1985 (2)
- 1984 (6)
- 1983 (3)
- 1982 (5)
- 1981 (6)
- 1980 (1)
- 1979 (2)
- 1978 (3)
- 1977 (5)
- 1976 (2)
- 1975 (4)
- 1974 (1)
- 1972 (1)
- 1971 (2)
- 1965 (1)
- Nederlands Bosbouwtijdschrift (2)
- Tree Physiology (2)
- Biotropica (1)
- Field Crops Research (1)
- Global Change Biology (1)
- H2O : tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en afvalwaterbehandeling (1)
- Journal of Ecology (1)
- Journal of Experimental Botany (1)
- Journal of Food Engineering (1)
- Journal of Plant Nutrition (1)
- Journal of Vegetation Science (1)
- Molecular Breeding (1)
- Oecologia (1)
- PLoS One (1)
- Plant Ecology (1)
- Planta (1)
- Postharvest Biology and Technology (1)
- Trees-Structure and Function (1)
- Trends in Plant Science (1)
- Wegen (1)
- Rapport / Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (17)
- Rapport / Rijksinstituut voor onderzoek in de bos- en landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (6)
- Intern rapport / Rijksinstituut voor onderzoek in de bos- en landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (4)
- Mededeling / Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (4)
- Rapport / Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw De Dorschkamp (4)
- Rapport / "De Dorschkamp" Instituut voor Bosbouw en Groenbeheer (3)
- Rapport / Rijksinstituut voor onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (3)
- Alterra-rapport (2)
- Nota / Instituut voor Bodemvruchtbaarheid (2)
- Rapport / DLO-Staring Centrum (2)
- Rapport / De Dorschkamp Instituut voor Bosbouw en Groenbeheer (2)
- Rapport / Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw 'De Dorschkamp' (2)
- Rapport / Stichting voor Bodemkartering (2)
- IBN - rapport (1)
- Intern rapport / Rijksinstituut voor Onderzoek in de Bos- en Landschapsbouw De Dorschkamp (1)
- Intern rapport / Rijksinstituut voor onderzoek in de bos en landschapsbouw "De Dorschkamp" (1)
- Intern rapport / Stichting Bosbouwproefstation "De Dorschkamp" (1)
- Intern rapport / Stichting Bosbouwproefstation "de Dorschkamp" (1)
- Intern rapport / Stichting Bosbouwproefstation De Dorschkamp (1)
- Intern rapport / Stichting bosbouwproefstation "De Dorschkamp" (1)
publication type
Current refinement(s):
Check title to add to marked list
QTL analysis for stomatal functioning in tetraploid Rosa x hybrida grown at high relative air humidity and its implications on postharvest longevity
Carvalho, D.R.A. ; Koning, C.F.S. ; Fanourakis, D. ; Vasconcelos, M.W. ; Carvalho, S.M.P. ; Heuvelink, E. ; Krens, F.A. ; Maliepaard, C.A. - \ 2015
Molecular Breeding 35 (2015). - ISSN 1380-3743 - 11 p.
marker-assisted selection - water relations - cut roses - in-vitro - traits - environments - conductance - sensitivity - improvement - resistance
High relative air humidity (RH = 85 %) during leaf development disturbs stomatal functioning leading to excessive water loss in conditions of high evaporative demand, resulting in severe reduction in postharvest longevity. In roses, this effect depends on the genotype, opening the possibility for breeding cultivars with more responsive stomata. In this study, we aim at identifying genomic regions associated with the control of water loss following growth at high RH. The F1 generation (108 offspring) and the two parents (P540 and P867) of a tetraploid cut rose population grown at high (85 %) RH were phenotyped for stomatal control to water loss by assessing the relative water content after 4 h of leaflet desiccation (RWC_4 h). The RWC_4 h varied between 7 and 62 % across the 110 studied individuals, with parents P540 and P867 showing 51 and 20 % RWC_4 h, respectively. Based on these data, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed. The impact of the identified QTLs on postharvest longevity of ten selected offspring was further evaluated. Three QTLs were identified: two major [positioned on linkage group 5 of the integrated consensus map (ICM 5) of both parents and on ICM 2 of the parent P867] and one putative minor (mapped to ICM 6 of both parents), explaining 32 % of the variability in the RWC_4 h. Low RWC_4 h was found to be a good proxy for eliminating the offspring with short vase life. This study constitutes a first step toward identifying the most likely regions for genes of interest controlling stomatal functioning in high RH-grown plants.
Diel growth dynamics in tree stems: linking anatomy and ecophysiology
Steppe, K. ; Sterck, F.J. ; Deslauriers, A. - \ 2015
Trends in Plant Science 20 (2015)6. - ISSN 1360-1385 - p. 335 - 343.
diameter variations - wood formation - sap-flow - water relations - hydraulic safety - phloem transport - munch hypothesis - turgor pressure - plant-responses - norway spruce
Impacts of climate on stem growth in trees are studied in anatomical, ecophysiological, and ecological disciplines, but an integrative framework to assess those impacts remains lacking. In this opinion article, we argue that three research efforts are required to provide that integration. First, we need to identify the missing links in diel patterns in stem diameter and stem growth and relate those patterns to the underlying mechanisms that control water and carbon balance. Second, we should focus on the understudied mechanisms responsible for seasonal impacts on such diel patterns. Third, information on stem anatomy and ecophysiology should be integrated in the same experiments and mechanistic plant growth models to capture both diel and seasonal scales.
The effects of drought and shade on the performance, morphology and physiology of Ghanaian tree species
Amissah, L. ; Mohren, G.M.J. ; Kyereh, B. ; Poorter, L. - \ 2015
PLoS One 10 (2015)4. - ISSN 1932-6203
tropical forest - water relations - rain-forest - seedling establishment - desiccation-tolerance - carbon gain - trade-offs - photosynthetic acclimation - niche differentiation - relative importance
In tropical forests light and water availability are the most important factors for seedling growth and survival but an increasing frequency of drought may affect tree regeneration. One central question is whether drought and shade have interactive effects on seedling growth and survival. Here, we present results of a greenhouse experiment, in which seedlings of 10 Ghanaian tree species were exposed to combinations of strong seasonal drought (continuous watering versus withholding water for nine weeks) and shade (5% irradiance versus 20% irradiance). We evaluated the effects of drought and shade on seedling survival and growth and plasticity of 11 underlying traits related to biomass allocation, morphology and physiology. Seedling survival under dry conditions was higher in shade than in high light, thus providing support for the "facilitation hypothesis" that shade enhances plant performance through improved microclimatic conditions, and rejecting the trade-off hypothesis that drought should have stronger impact in shade because of reduced root investment. Shaded plants had low biomass fraction in roots, in line with the trade-off hypothesis, but they compensated for this with a higher specific root length (i.e., root length per unit root mass), resulting in a similar root length per plant mass and, hence, similar water uptake capacity as high-light plants. The majority (60%) of traits studied responded independently to drought and shade, indicating that within species shade- and drought tolerances are not in trade-off, but largely uncoupled. When individual species responses were analysed, then for most of the traits only one to three species showed significant interactive effects between drought and shade. The uncoupled response of most species to drought and shade should provide ample opportunity for niche differentiation and species coexistence under a range of water and light conditions. Overall our greenhouse results suggest that, in the absence of root competition shaded tropical forest tree seedlings may be able to survive prolonged drought.
Effects of Nutrient and NaCl Salinity on Growth, Yield, Quality and Composition of Pepper Grown in Soilless Closed System
Giuffrida, F. ; Graziani, G. ; Fogliano, V. ; Scuderia, D. ; Romano, D. ; Leonardi, C. - \ 2014
Journal of Plant Nutrition 37 (2014)9. - ISSN 0190-4167 - p. 1455 - 1474.
blossom-end rot - antioxidant activity - fruit-quality - sodium-chloride - water relations - sweet-pepper - horticultural crops - mineral-nutrition - salt tolerance - plants
The effects of nutrient or sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity on pepper grown in closed soilless culture systems were studied. A control (2 dS m-1) and two saline nutrient solutions (4 dS m-1) differing in the salt sources (fertilizers or NaCl) were studied. Shoot biomass production as well as total and marketable yield were more affected by NaCl than nutrient salinity. Fruit dry matter and total soluble solids increased in both salinity treatments compared to the control. Total phenol content rose slightly (10%) with NaCl salinity, while the concentration of carotenoids was enhanced by 40% with NaCl compared to the control and nutrient salinity. The results showed that the response of pepper to salinity is both osmotic and ion specific, but a more negative effect was recorded under NaCl stress. Moreover, the highest content of antioxidant compounds in NaCl treated fruits may indicate that NaCl caused more stressful conditions than nutrient salinity.
Fertilizer use should not be a fourth principle to define conservation. Response to the opinion paper of Vanlauwe et al. (2014)
Sommer, R. ; Thierfelder, C. ; Tittonell, P.A. ; Hove, L. ; Mureithi, J. ; Mkomwa, S. - \ 2014
Field Crops Research 169 (2014). - ISSN 0378-4290 - p. 145 - 148.
zea-mays l. - soil quality - residue management - southern africa - ecological intensification - water relations - systems - maize - tillage - yield
Source of vase life variation in cut roses: A review
Fanourakis, D. ; Pieruschka, R. ; Savvides, A. ; Macnish, A.J. ; Sarlikioti, V. ; Woltering, E.J. - \ 2013
Postharvest Biology and Technology 78 (2013). - ISSN 0925-5214 - p. 1 - 15.
relative air humidity - acoustic-emission profiles - plant-population density - miniature potted roses - hybrida l. plants - botrytis-cinerea - water relations - keeping quality - postharvest performance - vascular occlusion
In determining vase life (VL), it is often not considered that the measured VL in a particular experiment may greatly depend on both the preharvest and evaluation environmental conditions. This makes the comparison between studies difficult and may lead to erroneous interpretation of results. In this review, we critically discuss the effect of the growth environment on the VL of cut roses. This effect is mainly related to changes in stomatal responsiveness, regulating water loss, whereas cut flower carbohydrate status appears less critical. When comparing cultivars, postharvest water loss and VL often show no correlation, indicating that components such as variation in the tissue resistance to cavitate and/or collapse at low water potential play an important role in the incidence of water stress symptoms. The effect of the growth environment on these components remains unknown. Botrytis cinerea sporulation and infection, as well as cut rose susceptibility to the pathogen are also affected by the growth environment, with the latter being largely unexplored. A huge variability in the choices made with respect to the experimental setup (harvest/conditioning methods, test room conditions and VL terminating symptoms) is reported. We highlight that these decisions, though frequently overlooked, influence the outcome of the study. Specifications for each of these factors are proposed as necessary to achieve a common VL protocol. Documentation of both preharvest conditions and a number of postharvest factors, including the test room conditions, is recommended not only for assisting comparisons between studies, but also to identify factors with major effects on VL.
Leaf adaptations of evergreen and deciduous trees of semi-arid and humid savannas on three continents
Tomlinson, K.W. ; Poorter, L. ; Sterck, F.J. ; Borghetti, M. ; Ward, D. ; Bie, S. de; Langevelde, F. van - \ 2013
Journal of Ecology 101 (2013)2. - ISSN 0022-0477 - p. 430 - 440.
carbon-isotope ratios - functional traits - tropical forest - water relations - life-span - growth-responses - seedling growth - atmospheric co2 - root morphology - high-rainfall
1. Drought stress selects for a suite of plant traits at root, stem and leaf level. Two strategies are proposed for trees growing in seasonally water-stressed environments: drought tolerance and drought avoidance. These are respectively associated with evergreen phenology, where plants retain their leaves throughout the year, and deciduous phenology, where plants drop their leaves during dry seasons. Evergreen species are thought to have leaf traits supporting lower photosynthesis and transpiration rates, in order to conserve water during dry periods. 2. We evaluated 18 morphological, chemical and physiological leaf traits of 51 abundant savanna tree species that differed in leaf habit (deciduous and evergreen), selected from two climate types (semi-arid and humid) in three continents (Australia, Africa and South America) (annual rainfall range: 500–1550 mm), and grown in a common garden experiment. We hypothesised that evergreen species have more conservative water use and differ more across climate types than deciduous species because evergreen species are forced to endure extended water deficits during dry seasons. 3. Trait shifts between semi-arid and humid savannas did not differ between evergreen and deciduous species. 4. Evergreen species had similar assimilation rates but lower photosynthetic water-use efficiency (PWUE) than deciduous species, possibly to extend their leaf lifespans by protecting their photosynthetic machinery from overheating through evaporative cooling. 5. Species of humid and semi-arid environments did not differ with respect to assimilation rate or PWUE, but semi-arid species did have smaller leaf sizes and greater leaf potassium and phosphorus concentrations. These traits may enable semi-arid species to maximize growth during episodes of favourable moisture availability. 6. Species from the three continents differed in their leaf traits. These probably reflect the greater proportion of evergreen species in Australia as compared to the other continents and generally infertile soils in the South American sampling sites compared to the wider fertility range in the African sites. 7. Synthesis: Water stress in savannas does not select for more conservative water use, but may select for rapid adjustment to prevailing water conditions and for heat avoidance mechanisms.
Driving factors of a vegetation shift from Scots pine to pubescent oak in dry Alpine forests
Rigling, A. ; Bigler, C. ; Eilmann, B. ; Feldmeyer-Christe, E. ; Gimmi, U. ; Ginzler, C. - \ 2013
Global Change Biology 19 (2013)1. - ISSN 1354-1013 - p. 229 - 240.
long-term consequences - global climate-change - album ssp austriacum - swiss rhone valley - tree-ring width - sylvestris l. - drought stress - quercus-pubescens - water relations - radial growth
An increasing number of studies have reported on forest declines and vegetation shifts triggered by drought. In the Swiss Rhone valley (Valais), one of the driest inner-Alpine regions, the species composition in low elevation forests is changing: The sub-boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominating the dry forests is showing high mortality rates. Concurrently the sub-Mediterranean pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) has locally increased in abundance. However, it remains unclear whether this local change in species composition is part of a larger-scale vegetation shift. To study variability in mortality and regeneration in these dry forests we analysed data from the Swiss national forest inventory (NFI) on a regular grid between 1983 and 2003, and combined it with annual mortality data from a monitoring site. Pine mortality was found to be highest at low elevation (below 1000 m a.s.l.). Annual variation in pine mortality was correlated with a drought index computed for the summer months prior to observed tree death. A generalized linear mixed-effects model indicated for the NFI data increased pine mortality on dryer sites with high stand competition, particularly for small-diameter trees. Pine regeneration was low in comparison to its occurrence in the overstorey, whereas oak regeneration was comparably abundant. Although both species regenerated well at dry sites, pine regeneration was favoured at cooler sites at higher altitude and oak regeneration was more frequent at warmer sites, indicating a higher adaptation potential of oaks under future warming. Our results thus suggest that an extended shift in species composition is actually occurring in the pine forests in the Valais. The main driving factors are found to be climatic variability, particularly drought, and variability in stand structure and topography. Thus, pine forests at low elevations are developing into oak forests with unknown consequences for these ecosystems and their goods and services.
A lifetime perspective of biomass allocation in Quercus pubescens trees in a dry, alpine valley
Slot, M. ; Janse-ten Klooster, S.H. ; Sterck, F.J. ; Sass-Klaassen, U. ; Zweifel, R. - \ 2012
Trees-Structure and Function 26 (2012)5. - ISSN 0931-1890 - p. 1661 - 1668.
carbon allocation - pinus-sylvestris - water relations - hydraulic conductance - summer drought - radial growth - scots pine - plants - responses - roots
Plasticity of biomass allocation is a key to growth and survival of trees exposed to variable levels of stress in their lifetime. Most of our understanding of dynamic biomass allocation comes from seedling studies, but plasticity may be different in mature trees. We used stem analysis to reconstruct whole-tree growth and biomass allocation patterns in Quercus pubescens trees harvested from a dry woodland in Valais, Switzerland. We identified three distinct growth phases. In phase I, a primary root developed but the aboveground structure did not persist. In phase II, height growth occurred and secondary roots developed. In phase III, height growth ceased and stems and roots only grew radially. Reference trees harvested from a less dry site nearby only showed phase II-type growth. In line with our hypothesis, drought-stressed trees maintained more biomass in roots and less in aboveground woody parts than reference trees. Contrary to our expectation, stressed trees allocated proportionally more resources to leaves and less to roots in the growing season before harvest than reference trees. It appears that sub-seasonal wood anatomical adjustments to water availability minimize hydraulic failure, thus enabling these dry woodland trees to invest preferentially in leaves. Wet years did not see preferential investment in aboveground tissues, suggesting more restricted plasticity in biomass allocation in these mature trees than in seedlings. It is concluded that trees beyond seedling stage show different responses to variation in drought than the better-studied seedlings.
How to deal with visco-elastic properties of cellular tissues during osmotic dehydration
Oliver, L. ; Betoret, N. ; Fito, P. ; Meinders, M.B.J. - \ 2012
Journal of Food Engineering 110 (2012)2. - ISSN 0260-8774 - p. 278 - 288.
var. granny-smith - mass-transfer - apple slices - compositional profiles - vacuum impregnation - structural-changes - water relations - food - kinetics - permeability
In this work, vacuum impregnated apple discs with different isotonic solutions (sucrose and trehalose) were equilibrated during osmotic dehydration (55°Brix glucose at 40 °C). Changes in sample composition (water and soluble solid contents), weight and volume are analysed. A mathematical model is proposed to describe and quantify the outflow of water from the protoplast as well as the visco-elastic behaviour of the cell. Good correspondence between simulated and measured data of non impregnated samples and samples impregnated with isotonic solutions of sucrose or trehalose during long term osmotic dehydration is obtained. Fitted values of the cell permeability correspond well with tabulated values. Furthermore, also the obtained values of the parameters describing the mechanical properties of the cell wall and Hectian strands seem to reflect the observed structural development of these structures for the different treated samples well.
Non-linear effects of drought under shade: reconciling physiological and ecological models in plant communities
Holmgren, M. ; Gomez-Aparicio, L. ; Quero, J.L. ; Valladares, F. - \ 2012
Oecologia 169 (2012)2. - ISSN 0029-8549 - p. 293 - 305.
stress-gradient hypothesis - oak quercus-suber - seedling establishment - positive interactions - biomass allocation - semiarid woodland - woody seedlings - water relations - summer drought - abiotic stress
The combined effects of shade and drought on plant performance and the implications for species interactions are highly debated in plant ecology. Empirical evidence for positive and negative effects of shade on the performance of plants under dry conditions supports two contrasting theoretical models about the role of shade under dry conditions: the trade-off and the facilitation hypotheses. We performed a meta-analysis of field and greenhouse studies evaluating the effects of drought at two or more irradiance levels on nine response variables describing plant physiological condition, growth, and survival. We explored differences in plant response across plant functional types, ecosystem types and methodological approaches. The data were best fit using quadratic models indicating a humped-back shape response to drought along an irradiance gradient for survival, whole plant biomass, maximum photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance and maximal photochemical efficiency. Drought effects were ameliorated at intermediate irradiance, becoming more severe at higher or lower light levels. This general pattern was maintained when controlling for potential variations in the strength of the drought treatment among light levels. Our quantitative meta-analysis indicates that dense shade ameliorates drought especially among drought-intolerant and shade-tolerant species. Wet tropical species showed larger negative effects of drought with increasing irradiance than semiarid and cold temperate species. Non-linear responses to irradiance were stronger under field conditions than under controlled greenhouse conditions. Non-linear responses to drought along the irradiance gradient reconciliate opposing views in plant ecology, indicating that facilitation is more likely within certain range of environmental conditions, fading under deep shade, especially for drought-tolerant species.
Leaf gas exchange in the frankincense tree (Boswellia papyrifera) of African dry woodlands
Mengistu, T. ; Sterck, F.J. ; Fetene, M. ; Tadesse, W. ; Bongers, F. - \ 2011
Tree Physiology 31 (2011)7. - ISSN 0829-318X - p. 740 - 750.
vapor-pressure deficit - water relations - stomatal conductance - forest tree - seasonal-changes - photosynthesis - traits - transpiration - australia - ethiopia
A conceptual model was tested for explaining environmental and physiological effects on leaf gas exchange in the deciduous dry tropical woodland tree Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. For this species we aimed at (i) understanding diurnal patterns in leaf gas exchange, (ii) exploring cause–effect relationships among external environment, internal physiology and leaf gas exchange, and (iii) exploring site differences in leaf gas exchange in response to environmental variables. Diurnal courses in gas exchange, underlying physiological traits and environmental variables were measured for 90 trees on consecutive days at two contrasting areas, one at high and the other at low altitude. Assimilation was highest in the morning and slightly decreased during the day. In contrast, transpiration increased from early morning to midday, mainly in response to an increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and gradual stomatal closure. The leaf water potential varied relatively little and did not influence gas exchange during the measurement period. Our results suggest that the same cause–effect relationships function at contrasting areas. However, leaves at the higher altitude had higher photosynthetic capacity, reflecting acclimation to higher light levels. Trees at both areas nevertheless achieved similar leaf assimilation rates since assimilation was down-regulated by stomatal closure due to the higher VPD at the higher altitude, while it became more light limited at the lower altitude. Gas exchange was thus limited by a high VPD or low light levels during the wet season, despite the ability of the species to acclimate to different conditions
Species-specific growth responses to climate variations in understory trees of a Central African rain forest
Couralet, C. ; Sterck, F.J. ; Sass-Klaassen, U. ; Acker, J. Van; Beekman, H. - \ 2010
Biotropica 42 (2010)4. - ISSN 0006-3606 - p. 503 - 511.
semi-deciduous forest - northern thailand - dendroecological analysis - drought sensitivity - tropical forests - water relations - pinus-merkusii - ring formation - radial growth - phenology
Basic knowledge of the relationships between tree growth and environmental variables is crucial for understanding forest dynamics and predicting vegetation responses to climate variations. Trees growing in tropical areas with a clear seasonality in rainfall often form annual growth rings. In the understory, however, tree growth is supposed to be mainly affected by interference for access to light and other resources. In the semi-deciduous Mayombe forest of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the evergreen species Aidia ochroleuca, Corynanthe paniculata and Xylopia wilwerthii dominate the understory. We studied their wood to determine whether they form annual growth rings in response to changing climate conditions. Distinct growth rings were proved to be annual and triggered by a common external factor for the three species. Species-specific site chronologies were thus constructed from the cross-dated individual growth-ring series. Correlation analysis with climatic variables revealed that annual radial stem growth is positively related to precipitation during the rainy season but at different months. The growth was found to associate with precipitation during the early rainy season for Aidia but at the end of the rainy season for Corynanthe and Xylopia. Our results suggest that a dendrochronological approach allows the understanding of climate–growth relationships in tropical forests, not only for canopy trees but also for evergreen understory species and thus arguably for the whole tree community. Global climate change influences climatic seasonality in tropical forest areas, which is likely to result in differential responses across species with a possible effect on forest composition over time
Persisting soil drought reduces leaf specific conductivity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens)
Sterck, F.J. ; Zweifel, R. ; Sass-Klaassen, U. ; Qumruzzaman, C. - \ 2008
Tree Physiology 28 (2008)4. - ISSN 0829-318X - p. 529 - 536.
hydraulic architecture - water relations - radial growth - sessile oak - stem wood - tree - xylem - transpiration - resistance - stand
Summary Leaf specific conductivity (LSC; the ratio of stem conductivity (KP) to leaf area (AL)), a measure of the hydraulic capacity of the stem to supply leaves with water, varies with soil water content. Empirical evidence for LSC responses to drought is ambiguous, because previously published results were subject to many confounding factors.We tested howLSC of similar-sized trees of the same population, under similar climatic conditions, responds to persistently wet or dry soil. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescensWilld.) trees were compared between a dry site and a wet site in theValais, an inner alpine valley in Switzerland. Soilwater strongly influenced AL and KP and the plant components affecting KP, such as conduit radius, conduit density and functional sapwood area. Trees at the dry site had lower LSC than trees with the same stem diameter at the wet site. Low LSC in trees at the dry site was associated with a smaller functional sapwood area and narrower conduits, resulting in a stronger reduction in KP than in AL. These observations support the hypothesis that trees maintain a homeostatic water pressure gradient. An alternative hypothesis is that relatively high investments in leaves compared with sapwood contribute to carbon gain over an entire season by enabling rapid whole-plant photosynthesis during periods of high water availability (e.g., in spring, after rain events and during morning hours when leafto- air vapor pressure deficit is small). Dynamic data and a hydraulic plant growth model are needed to test how investments in leaves versus sapwood and roots contribute to transpiration and to maximizing carbon gain throughout entire growth seasons. Keywords: Huber value, leaf area, soil water potential, stem conductivity.
Tree establishment along an ENSO experimental gradient in the Atacama desert
Squeo, F.A. ; Holmgren, M. ; Jimenez, L. ; Alban, L. ; Reyes, J. ; Gutierrez, J.R. - \ 2007
Journal of Vegetation Science 18 (2007)2. - ISSN 1100-9233 - p. 195 - 202.
el-nino - prosopis-chilensis - water relations - arid ecosystem - climate-change - south-america - soil texture - growth - oscillation - variability
Questions: (1) What are the roles of regional climate and plant growth rate for seedling establishment during ENSO rainy pulses along the western coast of South America? (2) What is the water threshold for tree seedling establishment in these arid ecosystems? Location: Atacama Desert, western South America: Piura (5°10' S, 80°37' W), Mejia (17°00' S, 71°59' W), Fray Jorge (30°41' S, 71°37' W). Methods: We experimentally simulated a gradient of ENSO rainfall in three locations encompassing the total extent of the Atacama Desert to test the relative importance of regional climate for seedling establishment during rainy pulses. We also carried out a common garden experiment to test the role of potential interspecific differences in growth rate among two Prosopis tree species. Results: Water threshold for seedling survival increased towards the south with less than 27 mm required in Piura, 100 mm in Mejia and 450 mm in Fray Jorge. We found that seedling survival and growth rate (shoots and roots) were much higher in Piura than in the other two sites for both Prosopis species. Conclusions: Our results indicate that tree establishment during rainy pulses is more likely to be successful in regions where rain falls during warm months and stimulates fast plant growth, and where loose soil texture facilitates deep root growth and therefore access to more stable water sources.
Long-term effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on species composition and productivity of a southern African C4 dominated grassland in the vicinity of a CO2 exhalation.
Stock, W.D. ; Ludwig, F. ; Morrow, C. ; Midgley, G.F. ; Wand, S.J.E. ; Allsopp, N. ; Bell, T.L. - \ 2005
Plant Ecology 178 (2005)2. - ISSN 1385-0237 - p. 211 - 224.
tallgrass prairie ecosystem - soil carbon - biomass production - plant-communities - water relations - gas-exchange - growth - enrichment - responses - dynamics
We describe the long-term effects of a CO2 exhalation, created more than 70 years ago, on a natural C4 dominated sub-tropical grassland in terms of ecosystem structure and functioning. We tested whether long-term CO2 enrichment changes the competitive balance between plants with C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways and how CO2 enrichment has affected species composition, plant growth responses, leaf properties and soil nutrient, carbon and water dynamics. Long-term effects of elevated CO2 on plant community composition and system processes in this sub-tropical grassland indicate very subtle changes in ecosystem functioning and no changes in species composition and dominance which could be ascribed to elevated CO2 alone. Species compositional data and soil ¿13C isotopic evidence suggest no detectable effect of CO2 enrichment on C3:C4 plant mixtures and individual species dominance. Contrary to many general predictions C3 grasses did not become more abundant and C3 shrubs and trees did not invade the site. No season length stimulation of plant growth was found even after 5 years of exposure to CO2 concentrations averaging 610 ¿mol mol-1. Leaf properties such as total N decreased in the C 3 but not C4 grass under elevated CO2 while total non-structural carbohydrate accumulation was not affected. Elevated CO2 possibly lead to increased end-of-season soil water contents and this result agrees with earlier studies despite the topographic water gradient being a confounding problem at our research site. Long-term CO2 enrichment also had little effect on soil carbon storage with no detectable changes in soil organic matter found. There were indications that potential soil respiration and N mineralization rates could be higher in soils close to the CO2 source. The conservative response of this grassland suggests that many of the reported effects of elevated CO2 on similar ecosystems could be short duration experimental artefacts that disappear under long-term elevated CO2 conditions
Abscisic acid controls embryo growth potential and endosperm cap weakening during coffee (Coffea arabica cv. Rubi) seed germination
Silva, E.A.A. da; Toorop, P.E. ; Aelst, A.C. van; Hilhorst, H.W.M. - \ 2004
Planta 220 (2004)2. - ISSN 0032-0935 - p. 251 - 261.
endo-beta-mannanase - celery apium-graveolens - tomato seeds - radicle protrusion - water relations - cell-walls - beta-1,3-glucanases - imbibition - dormancy - expression
The mechanism and regulation of coffee seed germination were studied in Coffea arabica L. cv. Rubi. The coffee embryo grew inside the endosperm prior to radicle protrusion and abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited the increase in its pressure potential. There were two steps of endosperm cap weakening. An increase in cellulase activity coincided with the first step and an increase in endo-beta-mannanase (EBM) activity with the second step. ABA inhibited the second step of endosperm cap weakening, presumably by inhibiting the activities of at least two EBM isoforms and/or, indirectly, by inhibiting the pressure force of the radicle. The increase in the activities of EBM and cellulase coincided with the decrease in the force required to puncture the endosperm and with the appearance of porosity in the cell walls as observed by low-temperature scanning electronic microscopy. Tissue printing showed that EBM activity was spatially regulated in the endosperm. Activity was initiated in the endosperm cap whereas later during germination it could also be detected in the remainder of the endosperm. Tissue printing revealed that ABA inhibited most of the EBM activity in the endosperm cap, but not in the remainder of the endosperm. ABA did not inhibit cellulase activity. There was a transient rise in ABA content in the embryo during imbibition, which was likely to be responsible for slow germination, suggesting that endogenous ABA also may control embryo growth potential and the second step of endosperm cap weakening during coffee seed germination.
Flower opening and closure: a review
Doorn, W.G. van; Meeteren, U. van - \ 2003
Journal of Experimental Botany 54 (2003). - ISSN 0022-0957 - p. 1801 - 1812.
ipomoea-nil convolvulaceae - a/b binding-protein - kalanchoe-blossfeldiana - pharbitis-nil - circadian-rhythms - photoperiodic control - ethylene production - silver thiosulfate - water relations - petal movement
Flower opening and closure are traits of a reproductive syndrome, as it allows pollen removal and/or pollination. Various types of opening can be distinguished such as nocturnal and diurnal and single or repetitive. Opening is generally due to cell expansion. Osmotic solute levels increase by the conversion of polysaccharides (starch or fructan) to monosaccharides, and/or the uptake of sugars from the apoplast. Repeated opening and closure movements are often brought about by differential elongation. In tulip petals, for example, the upper and lower sides of the mesophyll exhibit a 10degreesC difference in optimum temperature for elongation growth, resulting in opening in the morning and closure in the evening. Opening and closure in several other species is regulated by changes in light intensity and, in some species with nocturnal opening, by an increase in relative humidity. A minimum duration of darkness and light are usually required for opening and closure, respectively, in flowers that open during the day. Both phytochrome and a blue light receptor seem involved in light perception. In some species, opening and closure are regulated by an endogenous rhythm, which, in all cases investigated, can be reset by changes from dark to light and/or light to dark. So far, Arabidopsis mutants have not been used to investigate the timing of flower opening and closure. As its flowers open and close in a circadian fashion, several mutants that are involved in the circadian clock and its light input may help to provide an insight into this type of flower opening. The co-ordination of processes culminating in synchronized flower opening is, in many species, highly intricate. The complex control by endogenous and exogenous factors sets flower opening and closure apart from most other growth processes.
Hoogwaterreductie vanuit regionale stroomgebieden: samenhang of tegenstellingen?
Bakel, P.J.T. van; Hoogendoorn, J. ; Luijendijk, J. ; Peerboom, J.M.P.M. - \ 2001
H2O : tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en afvalwaterbehandeling 34 (2001)3. - ISSN 0166-8439 - p. 27 - 29.
wateropslag - water - opslag - retentie - waterbeheer - drainage - neerslag - stroomgebieden - hydrologie van stroomgebieden - beheer van waterbekkens - hoogwaterbeheersing - stroming - waterrelaties - hydrologie - reservoirs - waterstand - hoogwater - ruimtelijke ordening - stroomgebied - waterberging - water storage - storage - retention - water management - precipitation - watersheds - catchment hydrology - watershed management - flood control - flow - water relations - hydrology - water level
In het kader van hoogwatermanagement spelen berging en veerkracht van watersystemen een steeds grotere rol. In dit artikel een afvoerhydrologische analyse op stroomgebied-niveau: de complexe relaties tussen neerslagpieken, berging in verschillende reservoirs (bodem, maaivelddepressies, oppervlaktewater), ontwatering/afwatering, en resulterende afvoerpieken
Gebruikershandleiding houtbijgroeigrafieken (HBGG) versie 1.00; een raadpleeg- en kennissysteem over houtbijgroeigrafieken
Boogaard, H.L. ; Bron, W.A. - \ 2001
Wageningen : Alterra (Alterra-rapport 324) - 27
opbrengsttabellen - opbrengsten - bosbomen - grondwaterspiegel - grondwaterwinning - bosschade - waterrelaties - grondwaterstand - databanken - nederland - bosbouw - bosverjonging - houtproductie - verdroging - vernatting - yield tables - yields - forest trees - water table - groundwater extraction - forest damage - water relations - groundwater level - databases - netherlands
Voor het berekenen van verminderde houtbijgroei als gevolg van grondwateronttrekking heeft de Commissie van Deskundigen Grondwaterwet in samenwerking met Alterra een methodiek ontwikkeld waarmee een groeigrafiek voor een bepaalde boomsoort kan worden geconstrueerd. Deze groeigrafieken zijn opgeslagen in een database waarin de bijgroei is vermeld in afhankelijkheid van parameters zoals boomsoort, voedingstoestand en vocht. Onderliggende gebruikershandleiding beschrijft het raadpleeg- en kennissysteem houtbijgroeigrafieken (HBGG), waarmee op inzichtelijke en eenvoudige wijze houtbijgroeigrafieken kunnen worden gepresenteerd en veldgegevens kunnen worden doorgerekend.
Check title to add to marked list
<< previous | next >>
Please log in to use this service. Login as Wageningen University & Research user or guest user in upper right hand corner of this page.


text:
Democratic Republic of the CongoOngoing
Key Content
- MONUSCO: Détérioration de la situation des droits de l'homme dans le Masisi et le Lubero (NordKivu) et défis relatifs à la protection des civils entre janvier 2017 et octobre 2018
- FEWS NET: République Démocratique du Congo : Mise à jour de la sécurité alimentaire - Décembre 2018
- OCHA: RD Congo - Bas-Uélé, Haut-Uélé, Ituri & Tshopo Note d'informations humanitaires no.24 (19/12/2018)
Appeals & Response Plans
- OCHA: DR Congo: 2017-2019 Humanitarian Response Plan - 2018 Update
- OCHA: République Démocratique du Congo : Plan de Réponse Humanitaire 2017-2019 - Mise à jour pour 2018
- OCHA: RD Congo - Région du Kasaï, Kwilu et Lualaba : Plan de Réponse d'Urgence (Décembre 2017)
- OCHA: RD Congo - Tanganyika, Haut-Katanga et Haut-Lomami : Plan de Réponse d'Urgence (Décembre 2017)
- OCHA: RD Congo - Sud-Kivu et Maniema : Plan de Réponse d'Urgence (Décembre 2017)
- FAO: The Democratic Republic of the Congo Response Plan 2017–2018: Kasaï and Tanganyika Provinces
- UNHCR: The Democratic Republic of Congo Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) January 2019 - December 2020
- UNHCR: South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan, January 2019 - December 2020
- UNHCR: Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan, January 2019 - December 2020
Useful Links
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - Aug 2018
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - May 2018
- DR Congo: Polio Outbreak - Feb 2018
- DR Congo: Floods - Jan 2018
- DR Congo: Landslide - Aug 2017
- DR Congo: Ebola Outbreak - May 2017
- West Africa: Armyworm Infestation - Mar 2017
- DR Congo: Floods - Nov 2016
- Angola/DR Congo: Yellow Fever Outbreak - Jan 2016
- DR Congo: Floods - Nov 2015
Most read reports
- New Hope with Ebola Drug Trial
- UNHCR and partners seek US$296 million for Burundi refugee crisis
- DR Congo: Electoral Tensions High Amid Inter-communal Violence and Ebola Outbreak
- DR Congo: Ebola response resumes despite 'risky environment'
- United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Report of the Secretary-General (S/2019/6)
Impartiality in discussion
Martin Quack
Why is impartiality important?
In a complex and fast-changing world, we remain focused and resolute in pursuit of our goal – to provide the most appropriate, effective medicine in the harshest of environments. As well as responding to vital needs, our aid is born of a desire to show solidarity with people who are suffering, whether as a result of conflict, neglect or disease.
Executive summary
Direct payments by patients at the point of health care delivery, commonly known as user fees, lead to low utilization or exclusion of health care services on offer, difficult assessment of health needs and epidemic risks, and impoverish entire households. Vulnerable groups are particularly affected. over the past decade, many countries transitioned away from their user fee policies in favor of free health care initiatives for all or for specific population groups, such as pregnant women, children, and people with certain illnesses.
Dear Friends,
Dear Friends,
This February, I had the privilege to visit a new MSF pediatric program in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, where hundreds of thousands of Syrians have sought refuge. The project, in the city of Zahle, occupies an entire floor of a government hospital that houses pediatric inpatients and provides general and intensive care for children.
The families served are primarily Syrian refugees. Many are marginalized and cut off from health care. Children, naturally, are the most vulnerable among them.
Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030 operationalises the new global strategy for cholera control at the country level and provides a concrete path toward a world in which cholera is no longer a threat to public health. By implementing the strategy between now and 2030, the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) partners will support countries to reduce cholera deaths by 90 percent. With the commitment of cholera-affected countries, technical partners, and donors, as many as 20 countries could eliminate disease transmission by 2030.
New Report Reveals Governments are Failing to Prioritize Tuberculosis, the World's Deadliest Infectious Disease
African heads of state meet today in Addis Ababa to endorse the emergency catch-up plan led by UNAIDS to accelerate HIV treatment in West and Central Africa.
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) reiterates its call for a clear roadmap and strong political commitment from affected governments and all international stakeholders, towards removing longstanding barriers and implementing proven simplified strategies that will boost lifesaving treatment for 4.7 million living with HIV not yet accessing antiretroviral therapy (ARV).
La région englobe 25 pays, dont la plupart compte une population relativement faible. Leurs taux moyens de prévalence sont relativement faibles par rapport à l'Afrique australe. Cependant, la plupart de ces pays peinent à offrir un TAR à ceux qui en ont besoin - un échec qui se traduit par un taux excessif de mortalité et de morbidité, et qui limite leur capacité à freiner la propagation de la maladie.
Brussels – Globally agreed goals to curb the HIV epidemic by 2020 will not be met unless the HIV response is drastically accelerated in West and Central Africa, where people living with HIV continue to suffer needlessly and die silently, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) warned in a new report released today.
Executive summary
Optimized TB Policies: Crucial Steps to Ending TB
HIV: Antiretroviral drugs fail to consistently reach patients in countries most affected by HIV/AIDS
Stock outs need to be urgently tackled to allow acceleration of the fight against HIV/AIDS
Johannesburg/Harare – MSF today warned that life-saving antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) are routinely not making their way to patients in sub-Saharan Africa - most often despite sufficient stocks already being present in countries - and called for urgent improvements in ARV supply chains in the region.
By Nines Lima, MSF's advisor on tropical medicine
Since 2000, malaria deaths have fallen by 47% globally, and by 54% in the African region, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The use of rapid diagnostic tests and treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have played a key role in this great progress. However, malaria still kills in Africa, where 90% of global malaria deaths occur, killing more than 430,000 children a year.
Why this report? Working at the frontline of delivering humanitarian aid, we at Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) are acutely aware of the limitations and deficiencies of the international aid response to crises. Some good work is taking place, and lives are being saved, but much more can, and should be done, to reach those people most in need.
In 2016 the World Humanitarian Summit will bring together global experts in aid to consider the structure and funding of humanitarian work in the future.
Armed men in hospitals, harassing patients; health facilities used to identify and apprehend enemies; clinics abandoned and hospitals destroyed. Overwhelmed emergency services, where medical staff are in terror of reprisals for having provided care for a patient; ambulances blocked from accessing the wounded, or held up for hours at checkpoints; entrenched animosities and divisions denying certain groups of people the medical assistance they need.
Au Kenya ou ailleurs, des psychologues accompagnent de plus en plus les médecins sans frontières. Le point à l'occasion de la journée mondiale de la santé mentale.
Aujourd'hui âgé de 24 ans, Siyad Abdi Ar avait 16 ans quand il a été maltraité par des hommes armés en Somalie. Il ne s'en est jamais remis. Sa mère a été obligée de l'enchaîner pour éviter qu'il erre dans les camps de réfugiés de Dadaab, au Kenya, où ils ont fui en 2010.
MSF releases report SPEED UP SCALE-UP presenting policy 'dashboard'
GENEVA/ NEW YORK, 17 May 2012 — A new, ten-year, multi-billion dollar action plan for global vaccination may fail to deliver if it does not directly address the weaknesses in routine immunisation programmes. Nineteen million children are being missed each year and this challenge must be explicitly addressed, the medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said today.
New Global Vaccine Strategy Glosses Over Basic Immunization Gaps
GENEVA/NEW YORK, 15 MAY 2012—A new, ten-year, multi-billion dollar action plan for global vaccination may fail to deliver if it does not directly address the weaknesses in routine immunization programs. One in five children—nineteen million worldwide—are being missed each year and this challenge must be explicitly addressed, the international medical humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) said today.
November 22, 2011 -- Because donor funding for global HIV/AIDS and the Global Fund has been declining, the Fund is in the most dire financial situation it has ever seen since its creation ten years ago. As a result, the Global Fund board today decided to effectively cancel its 11th funding round due to lack of resources – an unprecedented act in its history.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Phone:
- Please mention that you have found this ad on TCNext
- SMS Contact Details (Free)
view 8 more ads in Home & Lifestyle - Others - Home & Lifestyle
Total Visits: 1
Sale: HI FU- SKIN-TIGHTENING MACHINE & MESOTHERAPYLocality: Maharashtra, Mumbai ,Andheri East
HI FU- SKIN-TIGHTENING MACHINE & MESOTHERAPY FOR SALE Main Function (ElectroPoration) Good Condition, Contact -
You have contacted us
You have already contacted
Updated On: 11-Jan-2019 AD ID: 12587651 Ad Type: Offer Source: Times of India
Post your comments
Related Ads that may interest you
Advertiser Contact DetailsDetails
SMS Advertiser info to your mobile! FREE
*Mobile Number:
Only for Indian Numbers
*Verification Code:
To receive advertiser contact details on mobile, please de-list your mobile number from NDNC List by calling 1909.
Safety Tips
- Advertiser assumes all responsibility for this ad
- Do not provide personal information until you verify details.
- Avoid wire transfer of money. Beware of scams.


text:
The festival originated from the romantic legend of two lovers, Zhinü and Niulang, who were the weaver girl and the cowherd, respectively. The tale of The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl has been celebrated in the Qixi Festival since the Han dynasty,The earliest-known reference to this famous myth dates back to over 2600 years ago, which was told in a poem from the Classic of Poetry.The Qixi Festival, also known as the Qiqiao Festival, is a Chinese festival celebrating the annual meeting of the cowherd and weaver girl in mythology.It falls on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month on the Chinese calendar.
During the Han dynasty, the practices were conducted in accordance to formal ceremonial state rituals.Over time, the festival activities also included customs that the common people partook.
Girls take part in worshiping the celestials (拜仙) during rituals.They go to the local temple to pray to Zhinü for wisdom.Paper items are usually burned as offerings.Girls may recite traditional prayers for dexterity in needlework,which symbolize the traditional talents of a good spouse.Divination could take place to determine possible dexterity in needlework.They make wishes for marrying someone who would be a good and loving husband.During the festival, girls make a display of their domestic skills.Traditionally, there would be contests amongst those who attempted to be the best in threading needles under low-light conditions like the glow of an ember or a half moon.Today, girls sometimes gather toiletries in honor of the seven maidens.
The festival also held an importance for newlywed couples.Traditionally, they would worship the celestial couple for the last time and bid farewell to them (辭仙).The celebration stood symbol for a happy marriage and showed that the married woman was treasured by her new family.
On this day, the Chinese gaze to the sky to look for Vega and Altair shining in the Milky Way, while a third star forms a symbolic bridge between the two stars. It was said that if it rains on this day that it was caused by a river sweeping away the magpie bridge or that the rain is the tears of the separated couple.Based on the legend of a flock of magpies forming a bridge to reunite the couple, a pair of magpies came to symbolize conjugal happiness and faithfulness.
Previous: The Mid-Autumn Festival (Zhongqiujie)
Next: No Information
Related News
- The Importance Of The File Mill Of The Chain Saw
- Difficulty In Starting Oil Sawing Machine
- Judge Why The Oil Saw Can Pull The Cylinder
- Common Problems And Treatment Methods Of Garden...
- Common Problems With Oil Saw Carburetor
- How To Choose The Oil Saw Brand When Buying Oil...
- How To Solve The Problem Of Oil Saw Guide Plate...
- Requirements For The Use Of Oil Saw Oil
- Oil Saw USES Common Problems
- The Cause And Solution Of High Temperature Flam...
- You Should Know Before You Buy Sanding Disc
- Getting Started With Your Flap Discs
- How Should I Handle The Wheel After Use
- Chain Saw Anti-vibration System
- Polisher Product
- 4inch Upgrade Cutting Wheel Testing Vedio
- Yongkang Abrasive Wheel Factory Vedio Review
- The Mid-Autumn Festival (Zhongqiujie)


text:
The diet that worked for me was keto. Thanks for the recommendation for the keto strips- I ordered the exact ones and used my first test strip this morning- it worked great!! So I've got something else to keep me in check. Dropped 100 pounds after my first child (I really went overboard about eating for two- I thought I was doing something good) and then dropped 30 after my second child. Since then, it's the same 10-15 pounds that I keep losing and gaining back. Love your mantras- I've written a few down in my journal and some just ring in my head like a music track- never two in a row!! Can't outrun your fork!! With keto, it gets me fantastic and very quick results and I go with a recarb meal (not recarb day) once a week. Eat a little more carbs after workouts. Now with the strips, I can see if what I'm doing post-workout keeps me in keto. Thanks for all your resources- they are so eye-opening and so motivating (and funny)!! I did hours of research about keto- if your article had come out a couple of months earlier- it would havr saved me all that time!! Great knowing that if I feel like I need the boost with 1-1 coaching it is available. Keep up the outstanding work!
If you do try the diet outside of medical supervision, Kizer says it's important to test your urine with urinalysis ketone test strips to ensure your ketone levels don't become dangerously high. Ketone urine test strips are also used by people with diabetes to determine if they're at risk for ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication that occurs when an individual doesn't have enough insulin in their body. (Healthy ketosis is considered 0.5 to 3.0 mM blood ketones.)
During week 1 (and sometimes week 2) your body is transitioning to this whole new metabolic state, and there may be some initial side effects. These are collectively known as the "keto flu". The good thing is that if you don't take them for granted and think you're "superman" and that your body will be different, you can easily prevent these symptoms.
Hey there! Welcome to my site! I am Kyndra Holley - International Best Selling Cookbook Author, and the face behind this blog. I am an avid lover of all things low carb and gluten free. I focus on real, whole food ingredients that you can find at your local grocer. I am a lifter of heavy things, world traveler, obsessed dog mom, hiker, essential oiler, nature lover, just to name a few. I believe that kindness is king! Read more...
Those issues can be part of what's known as the œketo flu, Warren says. Other side effects of the keto diet, all of which are tied to carb withdrawal, can include lightheadedness, nausea, mental fog, cramps, and headaches, in addition to tiredness. Luckily, the keto flu doesn't usually last more than a week"which is coincidentally about when people start to see the number on the scale go down, says Warren.
Use our keto calculator to calculate the exact macros you should be eating. Remember, substituting more fat for carbs or protein is almost always ok. In fact, if you're worried about losing muscle mass because of decreased protein consumption, you may not need to worry. There has been evidence that while in a state of ketosis your body actually maintains protein better than in a standard diet.
Spices are an easy way of adding more flavor, vitamins and antioxidants into your food. Furthermore, they are low in carbohydrates. Make sure that you're using fresh, organic spices for maximum flavor and nutrients. Some spices sold in packets found at the local grocery should not be used, as they often contain fillers that can increase your carbohydrate consumption, thus putting you out of ketosis.26
This was a great read , Steve, thanks! I'm 19 days in but forever educating myself. Wish I'd been more prepared for the keto flu cos' that hit me HARD! Out the other side now though and hoping to see some improvements in my cycling endurance and less reliance on the gels and goos! I'll also be doing lots of HIIT for some racing that I'll be doing this winter (in the UK) so looking forward to experimenting with that! As a former (and maybe still current) sugar lover, the dessert tips were especially useful. Thanks again!
Eating healthier, losing weight, and trimming your waistline•no matter what your reasons for following the ketogenic diet are, starting is never as simple as it sounds. Equipping you with easy-to-follow meal plans, shopping lists, and need-to-know info about the keto lifestyle, The Complete Ketogenic Diet for Beginners is your all-in-one resource for starting and sticking to the ketogenic diet. Key into keto and learn how good it can feel to lose weight and lead a healthy lifestyle with The Complete Ketogenic Diet for Beginners cookbook.
At the core of the classic ketogenic diet is severely restricting intake of all or most foods with sugar and starch (carbohydrates). These foods are broken down into sugar (insulin and glucose) in our blood once we eat them, and if these levels become too high, extra calories are much more easily stored as body fat and results in unwanted weight gain. However, when glucose levels are cut off due to low-carb dieting, the body starts to burn fat instead and produces ketones that can be measured in the blood (using urine strips, for example).
So people saying that " despite the lack of scientific support " likely have a financial reason to say it. Some of these products are sold under something like a multi-level marketing arrangement, so sales people are entirely paid based on commission. For example, the company Prüvit sells drinkable ketones, called KETO//OS with a multi-level marketing structure.
There are several medical studies " such as two conducted by the Department of Radiation Oncology at the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center for the University of Iowa, and the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, for example " that show the ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for cancer and other serious health problems. (12)
It truly depends from person to person. While some may be able to stay in ketosis while consuming 80 grams of carbs, others may not be so lucky. Quite a lot of people within the population can go quite high in their carbohydrate consumption and stay in ketosis, granted they have no blood sugar dysregulation. The longer you have followed the keto diet, the more your metabolism remains in ketosis after a higher carb consumption.
Hi Lauren, I just started this diet. Any tips for beginning? I am not sure I am taking in enough throughout the day. I snack on cheese and red grapes, raspberries throughout the day. I have a protein shake for breakfast and lunch. and then this evening I am having a chicken salad with avocado and romaine. Like I said I don't think I am taking in enough throughout the day.
Quick update " been doing a keto-type diet for a couple of months now. My BP is down to the lowest it's been in something like 10 years, though still on 1/2 dose for my meds. I've lost about 30 pounds in the last 4 months (give or take a bit as I'm not sure exactly where I started). I'll admit I still use Truvia and will have a Coke Zero every now and then, but eliminating the wheat and corn breads and sugars to reduce my carb intake to < 50g/day on average has made a huge difference. (I'm sure some still sneaks in with some of the food I eat out, but for the most part it's pretty good.)
Your lean body mass is your total body weight minus your fat. For example, if you currently weigh 180 lbs (81.65 kg) and your body fat is at 30%, your lean body mass is 126 lbs (57.16 kg). In order to obtain the amount of protein you need to eat daily, you need to multiply 126 per 0.6 to 1.2, and you'll get a range of 76 to 151 g protein/day. 75.6 g would be the minimum amount you need in order to maintain your bodily functions and muscle mass.
I came across your site yesterday, signed-up, and am a fan; thank you for all your exhaustive efforts which I have yet to explore. I have no issues re-welcoming more fatty, whole, and nutritious items into my daily regimen and am a healthy-eater to begin with; that is, I choose quality any day. Recently, I decided to give Keto a go. I don't like œdiet nor am I a die-ter. I have to lose about 50lbs and began the transition (to Keto) a week ago. How? I removed all bread-related carbs, pasta, and the treats I'd been indulging in for a few years now.
Mistakes, refinements, pivots, corrections, whatever your want to call them¦ These changes are the vehicle that takes us from stage to stage of the Ketogenic Hierarchy of Needs. The good news is they are also the vehicle to break through plateaus and reach new performance levels. Changing habits is tough, no doubt about it, but have fun and go for it!
It's easy to get caught up on the œlow-carb part of the diet and not give enough attention to the œhigh-fat part. Fat is what makes you full, gives you energy (when in ketosis), and makes food taste delicious. For most people this figure should be north of 70 percent of daily calories. Keep carbs under 20g, hit your protein goal, and eat fat until you're full.
It can be very difficult to obtain some of the very high levels of blood ketones on this table - especially as you become "fat adapted" or "keto adapted" or whatever you want to call it. Once your body is efficient at using ketones, it makes only what it needs. Beginners may see very high levels of ketones, and then they see them drop off. This isn't because you are making a mistake and are out of ketosis - your body is no longer overproducing them.
When you eat foods high in carbohydrates and fat, your body naturally produces glucose. Carbohydrates are the easiest thing for the body to process, and therefore it will use them first " resulting in the excess fats to be stored immediately. In turn, this causes weight gain and health problems that are associated with high fat, high carbohydrate diets (NOT keto).
Cyclical ketogenic diet: The Bulletproof Diet falls into this category. You eat high fat, low carb (less than 50 grams of net carbs a day) five to six days of the week. On day seven, you up your carb intake to roughly 150 grams, during what's called a carb refeed day. Carb cycling this way helps you avoid the negative effects some people experience when they restrict carbs long term, like thyroid issues, fatigue and dry eyes.[10] [11] Full ketosis isn't for everyone, and adding carbs such as sweet potatoes, squash, and white rice one day a week keeps your body systems that need some amount of carbs functioning properly.
After about two to seven days of following this eating routine, you go into something called ketosis, or the state your body enters when it doesn't have enough carbs for your cells to use for energy. Then it starts making ketones, or organic compounds that your bod then uses in place of those missing carbs"and oh, it also burns fat for more energy, says Beth Warren, R.D., founder of Beth Warren Nutrition and author of Living A Real Life With Real Food.
I'm honestly a little skeptical about it the idea of keto permanently. My brief glance at the literature seems to imply that it can have side effects of kidney stones, skeletal fractures, and slow the growth rate of children, but that was a study on kids with epilepsy (which it treated very effectively), so who knows how that applies to adults. And the other studies I found dealt with overweight and obese subjects, so it may be hard to find something on the long term effects on otherwise healthy adults.
Affiliate Disclosure: There are links on this site that can be defined as affiliate links. This means that I may receive a small commission (at no cost to you) if you purchase something when clicking on the links that take you through to a different website. By clicking on the links, you are in no way obligated to buy.
Medical Disclaimer: The material on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult your physician before beginning any diet or exercise program.
Copyright © annabellaskitchen.com


text:
Get Jobs by Email
Showing 20-30 of 5742
Medical Lab Technician / Technologist - Hematology
…in this position is a licensed Medical Technologist (MT or MLS) or Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) who is responsible for day to day specimen processing,
Medical Laboratory Technician (Full Time / Day Shift)
Grady Health System
SUMMARY A Medical Laboratory Technician analyzes biological specimens using routine and complex instruments and manual methods; applies quality control,
Medical Lab Technician
Medical Laboratory Technician Do you want to work for one of the largest medical groups in Arizona? With more than 70 physicians devoted exclusively to
Medical Records Technician
Creative Financial Staffing
Medical Records Technician Responsibilities: Retrieve and process incoming mail Index patient demographic forms and other medical dcouments into the
Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) I
The Methodist Hospitals
…the emergency, while always being a patient advocate. Demonstrates adherence to Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) standards of care established by National and
Phlebotomist/ Medical Technician /EMT
Rezilir Health
Job Description We are looking for a full time phlebotomist/ medical technician /EMT to be a critical member of our health care team. We help reverse chronic
Medical Technologist OR Medical Lab Technician
Cancer Treatment Centers of America
Medical Technologist or Medical Lab Technician We Fight Cancer: Care That Never Quits(R) Cancer Treatment Centers of America(R) (CTCA(R)) delivers an
Medical Lab Technician (PRN)
Shriners Hospitals for Children
Shriners Hospitals for Children has an immediate opening for a PRN Medical Lab Technician (Laboratory Services). The Medical Lab Technician is
Medical Laboratory Technician
MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN -REGISTERED: This position is responsible for performing a full range of laboratory tests, confirming the accuracy of test results,
Medical Technologist/ Medical Laboratory Technician
Patient First
Patient First is accepting applications for a Medical Technologist/ Medical Laboratory Technician in the Sicklerville, NJ area. Patient First provides a


text: 80's and beyond Gam... Games of the 90's Star Fox Games Star Fox Games Last Post RSS Douglas Gotch (@starfox) New Member Joined: 2 weeks ago Posts: 1 09/01/2019 12:46 am 😍 ReplyQuote Klingon (@danielaalders) Member Admin Joined: 7 months ago Posts: 64 09/01/2019 1:21 am what?? I've found that when you want to know the truth about someone that someone is probably the last person you should ask. ReplyQuote All forum topics Previous Topic Share: Forum Statistics 19 Forums 38 Topics 94 Posts 0 Online 11 Members Latest Post: it's the time of year again... lets play star trek online Q's winter wonderland again.. Our newest member: Connie Chamberlin Recent Posts Unread Posts Tags Forum Icons: Forum contains no unread posts Forum contains unread posts Mark all read Topic Icons: Not Replied Replied Active Hot Sticky Unapproved Solved Private Closed Powered by wpForo version 1.5.5


text:
The Jordan Eclipse Cool Grey/Black/White of Men's Nike Shoes are made with a pared-down, textile upper and flexible midsole that doubles as an outsole for a deconstructed look. An Air-Sole unit in the heel and plush sockliner give you cushioned comfort with every step.FLEXIBLE COMFORT. MINIMA-L-IST DESIGN.
Textile upper offers lightweight, breathable comfort
Low-top design allows for full range of motion through the ankle
IU midsole doubles as an outsole for lightweight cushioning, durability and reduced weight
Encapsulated Air-Sole unit for lightweight cushioning
Herringbone traction pattern for multidirectional movement
Foam lining and OrthoLite ® sockliner for added cushioning and comfort...
The Nike Shoes more colors
Featured Products
2017 Nike Air Max 97 Men's Jordan Jumpman Team Ii Cool Grey/Wolf Grey/White Shoes Canada DUE700441
$226.15 $100.53
Save: 56% off
2017 Online Nike Shoes Shopping Men's Jordan Cp3.Viii Cool Grey/Black/White Shoes Canada SFH090313
$225.98 $100.18
Save: 56% off
2017 Light Blue Nike Sneakers Men's Jordan Eclipse Cool Grey/Wolf Grey/White/White Shoes Canada OUC690333
$230.75 $99.64
Save: 57% off
2017 Nike Shorts Men's Air Jordan I Retro High Cool Grey Shoes Canada HZK920224
$239.85 $99.18
Save: 59% off
2017 Nike Outlet Store Women's Nike Air Max 90 Ultra Breathe White/Wolf Grey/Cool Grey Shoes Canada ZMD8504039
$237.35 $101.96
Save: 57% off
2017 Official Nike Shop Men's Jordan Eclipse Black/Pure Platinum/Dark Grey/White Shoes Canada PEY640344
$230.28 $100.91
Save: 56% off
2017 Nike Sb Men's Nike Air Max 2015 Cool Grey/Black/Blue Lagoon Shoes Canada VOZ1901425
$235.81 $102.45
Save: 57% off
2017 Nike Best Shoes Men's Jordan Flight Tradition White/Cool Grey Shoes Canada TQH710390
$239.21 $99.23
Save: 59% off
2017 Nike Com Shoes Men's Jordan Rising High Cool Grey/Wolf Grey/Infrared 23/White Shoes Canada EWC390473
$234.65 $99.92
Save: 57% off


text:
Latest LOA Issued for Redbird FMX, MCX, LD, and SD
In accordance with the revised Qualification and Approval Guide (QAG) version 4.5E, dated June 6, 2018, the FAA has approved the Redbird FMX, MCX, LD, and SD as Advanced Aviation Training Devices. Through 6/30/2023, these Redbird devices are approved for use in satisfying certain sections of parts 61 and 141.
Latest from Redbird Landing
Living Your Reason: Finding Satisfaction in Flight Instruction
Aviation Topics Trending in 2019
Logging Time Under the New Revisions to Part 61
Upcoming Events
Sign up for Redbird news and updates.
You can unsubscribe at any time. (Privacy Policy)
Product Support
Connect with Us
- Redbird Flight Simulations
- 2301 E Saint Elmo Rd.
- Suite 100
- Austin, TX 78744
- p: (512) 301-0718
- f: (512) 301-0770
- e: firstname.lastname@example.com
- simulators.redbirdflight.com


text:
Signup for our newsletter to get notified about sales and new products. Add any text here or remove it.
Showing all 3 results
MT0009 : 21.15ct Mix Tourmaline
MT0007 : 17.24ct Mix Tourmaline
MT0003 : 12.83ct Mix Tourmaline
View more
Username or email address *
Password *
Log in
Remember me
Lost your password?
Email address *


text:
From their small town in southwestern Maine, Meagan and her husband, Ken, took Addy to Boston to consult with neurologists. These epileptic seizures, they concluded, were the result of a congenital brain malformation called schizencephaly. One of the hemispheres of Addy's brain had not developed fully in utero, leaving an abnormal cleft. She also had a related condition called optic nerve hypoplasia, which caused her eyes to wander—and which, further tests revealed, made her all but blind. By summer Addy was having 20 to 30 seizures a day. Then 100 a day. Then 300. "Everything was misfiring all at once," says Meagan. "We were afraid we were going to lose her."
Cannabidiol is a Schedule II drug in Canada. As such, it is only available with a prescription.[73] It is available as a spray, called Sativex produced by GW Pharmaceuticals in the UK, for use in multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Government announced that October 17, 2018 is the date when marijuana can be consumed recreationally without criminal penalties,[74] indicating that various cannabidiol products will be freely available to adult consumers.
Mimi says the effective oils are made from the marijuana plant, not hemp. Why are you rating only hemp oils? Are hemp oils the only oils that do not have any THC? The other question that arises is the difference between ml and mg in measuring the strength of these oils. They are quoted as ml, but there is the question of the "density" limit of 95mg? Very confusing.
Knowing how much CBD you're taking can take a little math. Again, capsules are straightforward—the bottle will say how much CBD each one contains. For tinctures, you need to know the total amount of CBD in the container and the container's size to calculate how much CBD is in each serving. I found 1-ounce tincture bottles, which contain roughly 30 servings, that ranged from containing 100 milligrams of CBD to 1,000.
Even without changes at the federal level, there are steps that states could take on their own to make the CBD market safer. States with broad marijuana legality or CBD-only measures could mandate the calibration and regulation of testing labs, and use them to conduct safety testing. They could fund research into the benefits, dosing, and drug interactions of CBD through their public university systems. Medical boards could redouble efforts to educate physicians in what research exists regarding medical marijuana in all its incarnations, so that doctors are prepared to prescribe and manage these medications as they become available.
If CBD-dominant products alone are not enough to treat a particular case, products with a higher ratio of THC are sometimes recommended to better manage pain. For day use, more stimulating, sativa varieties with higher concentrations of myrcene could be added to the formula. In general, for pain, and especially for evening and nighttime, indica strains are favored for their relaxing, sedative effect. A person without experience with THC should use caution and titrate slowly up to higher doses. Research as well as patient feedback have indicated that, in general, a ratio of 4:1 CBD:THC is the most effective for both neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Each individual is different, however—for some, a 1:1 ratio of CBD:THC can be more effective, and others prefer a high-THC strain when it can be tolerated. Each patient's tolerance and sensitivity will differ, and through titration the correct strain and ratio combination can be found.
If he had his way, what Mechoulam regards as the often irresponsible silliness of recreational pot culture would give way to an earnest and enthusiastic embrace of cannabis—but only as a medical substance to be strictly regulated and relentlessly researched. "Right now," he complains, "people don't know what they're getting. For it to work in the medical world, it has to be quantitative. If you can't count it, it's not science."
One of the most experienced practitioners in this field is Los Angeles physician Bonni Goldstein, who has used the compound to treat dozens of children with intractable epilepsy. She says about half of these patients have seen a significant drop in the number of seizures. "Used in the right way, with the right patient, CBD is extremely powerful," she says.
Over decades, researchers have found that THC may help treat pain, nausea, loss of appetite and other problems, while CBD was thought to be biologically inactive in humans. But in the past 10 years, scientists have concluded that CBD may be quite useful. Dozens of studies have found evidence that the compound can treat epilepsy as well as a range of other illnesses, including anxiety, schizophrenia, heart disease and cancer.
CBD isolate will not show up on any drug test because it's not made from the whole plant; traces of THC are within the legal limit & individual states are now passing laws to protect employees who are medical marijuana patients. It's changing constantly & many states have patient advocacy groups that help new patients navigate the big learning curve.
The label of this CBD oil tincture was not as easy to read as other products. Palmetto Harmony's hemp is grown in Kentucky. This family operated business began when CBD offered unique benefits to their ailing child, Harmony. In addition tinctures, they offer topicals, capsules, pet products and even transdermal CBD patches. This tincture was selected by our friends at Anavii Market.
All of this makes CBD remarkably difficult for even the most dedicated health care providers to manage safely. Dr. Kelly Knupp, an associate professor of pediatrics and neurology at the University of Colorado, and the director of the Dravet Syndrome program at Children's Hospital Colorado, said families of epileptic children have tried to bring CBD oils to the hospital for testing. "They're just concerned that they don't know exactly who's growing [the hemp]," Knupp said. "They know it's not being regulated." But because CBD is a Schedule I controlled substance, high-tech, regulated laboratories, like those at the University of Colorado, can't accept, store, or test CBD oils, lest they risk prosecution. "There is no such lab that can take that product," Knupp said, which leaves any testing up to the unregulated testing centers that cater to the cannabis industry.
In addition to positively affecting the endocannabinoid system, CBD has been the focus of more than 23,000 published studies about cannabinoids in relation to various medical indications including anxiety, epilepsy, inflammation, cancer and chronic pain to name few. For a more comprehensive look at these and other studies, visit our medical research and education page.
Prescription medicine (Schedule 4) for therapeutic use containing 2 per cent (2.0%) or less of other cannabinoids commonly found in cannabis (such as ∆9-THC). A schedule 4 drug under the SUSMP is Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by State or Territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription.[71]
A 2016 review of animal studies indicated that cannabidiol has potential as an anxiolytic for relief of anxiety-related disorders and fear.[13] Reviews of preliminary research showed cannabidiol has potential for improving addictive disorders and drug dependence, although as of 2016, they indicated limited high-quality evidence for anti-addictive effects in people.[86][87][88]
Both varieties contain CBD and THC (albeit at different levels), which are the two primary compounds in the Cannabis sativa plant. The Cannabis plant is also very diverse, as it can grow in many different forms. The most common types are Sativa and Indica, but there are more, with each type having dozens – if not hundreds – of different adaptations and different ratios of active compounds, also known as cannabinoids.
Hague joined Colorado's green revolution nearly at the beginning. When the U.S. Justice Department announced in 2009 that it would not focus on prosecuting people who complied with state medical marijuana laws, he looked at his wife and said, "We're moving to Denver." Now he runs one of the world's most prominent "grows," where more than 20,000 cannabis plants thrive.
CBD capsules are all about convenience. They're portable, discreet, easy to take, of a higher concentration, and have no taste whatsoever. Because of this, you'll usually end up paying a little more per serving than some other CBD product types. If price is a concern, consider trying CBD concentrates. They're the most pure form of CBD oil and are also the most cost-effective.
Stephanie Kahn, who with her husband, Jeffrey, runs the Takoma Wellness Center, a medical marijuana dispensary in Northwest Washington, says that about half of her 1,200 patients use CBD-rich products. Her dispensary offers several strains of high-CBD cannabis as well as CBD oil, with different ratios of CBD and THC, each of which she recommends for particular conditions. "We get questions about it every day," she says. "A lot of our patients get relief with this, and a lot of times this works better than pharmaceutical drugs."
CBD has been producing a whole lot of buzz in the health community of late – but perhaps not the kind of buzz you might expect from a cannabinoid. Since you're reading this, you've probably heard of CBD and its many touted benefits. From chronic pain to mental health, CBD has the potential to alleviate an astonishing number of ailments. But like many, you might be fuzzy on the details. Consider this your primer on all things CBD.
Similarly, transparency is one of our top concerns when it comes to selecting the best CBD oil tinctures. Every product below is clearly labeled, so you can easily understand how much CBD oil / full spectrum hemp extract is in each bottle. You can also easily find the complete ingredients on the bottle, packaging or the company's website. These brands are also open about where they source their hemp.
In early June, I met with Penny Pennington Howard, a mother of three, who lives in Carrollton, Texas, about 25 minutes outside of Dallas. Posted in the glass of her front door are two signs you can't quite make out from the sidewalk: one asking visitors not to smoke, as oxygen treatments are in use; the other a yellow diamond informing guests this is the home of a special needs child. Penny welcomed me inside, out of the glare of the sun, and led me through her living room into her kitchen, where her kids were gathered for lunch. Seth, then eight months old, was plucking cereal off the tray of his highchair, while Lily, seven, was darting back and forth between the countertop and table. Harper, a blond five-year-old with hot pink toenails, was reclining in her "tomato chair," a molded plastic seat with straps to help keep her steady.
Several studies conducted between 2004 and 2008 demonstrated the variable effect of different cannabinoids on sleep. In one, 15 mg of THC appeared to have sedative properties, while 15 mg of CBD appeared to have alerting properties.[416] Another tested the effects of CBD on animal models in both lights-on and lights-off environments and found that this non-psychoactive cannabis compound increased alertness with the lights on and had no discernable effects on lights-off sleep. The study's authors concluded that CBD might actually hold therapeutic promise for those with somnolence, or excessive daytime sleepiness from a not-so-good night's rest. Another study found CBD to be wake-inducing for most subjects, though some reported better sleep a few hours after taking it. [417]
"Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia.
Kats Botanicals provides excellent quality CBD derivatives including CBD Oil for Sale, CBD Vape Oil (Hemp), and CBD Gummies (Hemp), which you can safely consume. Elevate your mind and body with our all natural hemp oil based products. Kats Botanicals offers a wide variety of options for wellness-minded individuals who are looking for a more naturalistic approach to their daily lives. Have you always wanted to try hemp oil? Perhaps you have a question we can answer about this amazing botanical? Introduce your mind and body to this wonderful plant called hemp, it's molecular characteristics are called CBD, and you will enjoy a wellness minded lifestyle naturalistic evangelicals are benefitting from on a daily basis.
I appreciate your efforts in writing this article & don't mean to disparage you, but there's so much information that goes into this discussion & people need to be prepared ahead of time. One very important note is to make sure that nothing in the CBD will be contraindicated with many prescription medications, especially for diabetes, hypertension, blood thinners & anti-platelets for example. If a company's website says their formula is a "proprietary blend", call before you buy, please!
CBD & THC are just 2 of many cannabiniods that will be seen on certificates of analysis; CBN for example is known to treat insomnia due to it's sedating qualities & the list of terpenes, is long & each one has it's own specific medicinal value. There's a tremendous amount of learning involved with finding the right CBD product as well as the individual doseage; it's advised for all beginners to "start slow & low".
Several studies have found that the use of CBD oil is helpful in reducing anxiety, meaning it could be a beneficial natural remedy for sufferers. Back in 2011, a study published in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology found that when people with generalised social anxiety disorder (SAD) were given 600mg of CBD oil prior to a public speaking test, as opposed to a placebo, they experienced significantly less anxiety, difficulty and discomfort during their speech.
Combining the powerful properties of CBD with a unique mix of herbs and other all-natural ingredients, this Hemp Signature Blend from Bluebird Botanicals offers real and effective relief from the symptoms of inflammation. Designed to support your body and soothe your joints, this is CBD oil redefined. The fascinating inclusion of frankincense carteri, black cumin seed, cold-pressed oil, and rosemary extract marks this out as something special.
In early June, I met with Penny Pennington Howard, a mother of three, who lives in Carrollton, Texas, about 25 minutes outside of Dallas. Posted in the glass of her front door are two signs you can't quite make out from the sidewalk: one asking visitors not to smoke, as oxygen treatments are in use; the other a yellow diamond informing guests this is the home of a special needs child. Penny welcomed me inside, out of the glare of the sun, and led me through her living room into her kitchen, where her kids were gathered for lunch. Seth, then eight months old, was plucking cereal off the tray of his highchair, while Lily, seven, was darting back and forth between the countertop and table. Harper, a blond five-year-old with hot pink toenails, was reclining in her "tomato chair," a molded plastic seat with straps to help keep her steady.
"For the relief of certain kinds of pain, I believe, there is no more useful medicine than Cannabis within our reach," wrote Sir John Russell Reynolds, neurologist, epilepsy research pioneer, and physician to Queen Victoria back in 1859.[382] In fact, cannabis was used for pain relief in all of the major ancient civilizations from Asia through the Middle East and into Europe and the Americas. The scientific inquiry into cannabis over the past several decades has confirmed that it is an effective and safe analgesic for many kinds of pain.
Regarding your comment on CBD and colitis or inflammatory bowel disease. Immune cells patrol the gut to ensure that harmful microbes hidden in the food we eat do not sneak into the body. Cells that are capable of triggering inflammation are balanced by cells that promote tolerance, protecting the body without damaging sensitive tissues. When the balance tilts too far toward inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease can result. Now, researchers have found that a kind of tolerance-promoting immune cell appears that carry a specific bacterium in guts called Lactobacillus reuteri that is the normal part of the gut microbiome, and tryptophan, part of a protein-rich diet, soothes the inflamed gut because it increases the development of a population of immune cells that promote tolerance. Further, the bacterium needs tryptophan — one of the building blocks of proteins — to trigger the cells' appearance, and the more tryptophan in the diet to feed the gut bacterium, Lactobacillus reuteri, the more of these immune cells there are.
So is it worth it to buy pure CBD oil or spend the money on a top-shelf product, with no medicinal "guarantee" that it will have therapeutic effects? That's a decision that you'll have to make personally, but let us leave you with this bit of food for thought: as of June 2018, the FDA has approved its first-ever natural CBD extract (Epidiolex) for prescription use, and many have said that this will just be the tip of the iceberg in terms of high-profile health organizations beginning to attest to the true therapeutic qualities of CBD oil and other CBD-based hemp extracts.
Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. We are a professional review site that may receive compensation from certain companies whose products we review. We test each product thoroughly and give high marks to only the very best. We are independently owned and the opinions expressed here are our own.
Receptors for cannabinoids are found in the digestive, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Because cannabinoids interact with almost every system in our bodies, they're often touted as a cure-all. While they're not truly able to heal everything, they do regulate neurotransmitter function, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and metabolism.
The lab also has studied how the chemicals in cannabis, as well as cannabinoids like the anandamide produced by our bodies, protect our brains against various types of insults, such as physical and emotional trauma. "Our brain needs to remember things, of course," says Guzmán, "but it also needs to forget things—horrific things, unnecessary things. It's much like the memory in your computer—you have to forget what is not necessary, just like you need to periodically delete old files. And you have to forget what is not good for your mental health—a war, a trauma, an aversive memory of some kind. The cannabinoid system is crucial in helping us push bad memories away."
Many users of CBD oil have reported a number of benefits to adding the supplement to their daily lives. From experiencing feelings of calm and relaxation to assisting in the relief of some symptoms associated with chronic illness, anxiety, and inflammation, CBD oil is certainly earning its fast-growing reputation as a powerful support for wellness.
This Pure CBD Tincture from Elixinol allows you to absorb more cannabinoids thanks to a unique product enhancement. CBD hemp oil is pre-dissolved and embedded into microscopic liposomes to act as an efficient delivery method, since they're quickly absorbed through a cell wall. In other words, just a few sprays under your tongue and you'll feel the effects of CBD faster than any other tincture on the market.
CBD oil's role in cancer treatment still needs more research, but what is available is looking promising. According to the American Cancer Society, CBD oil can slow growth and spread of some kinds of cancer (in animals). Because it fights oxidative stress and inflammation (and both are linked to cancer) it makes sense that CBD oil could help fight cancer cells.
Cannabidiol has been found to act as an antagonist of GPR55, a G protein-coupled receptor and putative cannabinoid receptor that is expressed in the caudate nucleus and putamen in the brain.[33] It has also been found to act as an inverse agonist of GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12.[14] Although currently classified as orphan receptors, these receptors are most closely related phylogeneticaly to the cannabinoid receptors.[14] In addition to orphan receptors, CBD has been shown to act as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist,[34] and this action may be involved in its antidepressant,[35][36] anxiolytic,[36][37] and neuroprotective effects.[38][39] It is an allosteric modulator of the μ- and δ-opioid receptors as well.[40] The pharmacological effects of CBD have additionally been attributed to PPARγ agonism and intracellular calcium release.[8]
He blinks thoughtfully, then turns to his computer. "However, let me show you something." On his screen flash two MRIs of a rat's brain. The animal has a large mass lodged in the right hemisphere, caused by human brain tumor cells Guzmán's researchers injected. He zooms in. The mass bulges hideously. The rat, I think, is a goner. "This particular animal was treated with THC for one week," Guzmán continues. "And this is what happened afterward." The two images that now fill his screen are normal. The mass has not only shrunk—it's disappeared. "As you can see, no tumor at all."
The dosages mentioned do not take into account the strength of the tincture. I have Elixinol 300, I took 1/2 dropper (0.5ml, which offers 5mg of CBD) as indicated on the bottle and felt severely nauseous for 3 hours thereafter. There is no way I cold take this dose twice per day, as recommended on the bottle. The high dosages on this site must surely be for much weaker concentrations?
Affiliate Disclosure: There are links on this site that can be defined as affiliate links. This means that I may receive a small commission (at no cost to you) if you purchase something when clicking on the links that take you through to a different website. By clicking on the links, you are in no way obligated to buy.
Medical Disclaimer: Statements in any video or written content on this site have not been evaluated by the FDA. If you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have a medical condition, consult your physician before using this product. Representations regarding the efficacy and safety of CBD oil have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The FDA only evaluates foods and drugs, not supplements like these products. These products are not intended to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure any disease. The material on this site is provided for informational purposes only and is not medical advice. Always consult your physician before beginning any supplement program.
Copyright © thehealthylifeforever.com