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In 1945, Lloyd Noble established The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation to assist farmers and ranchers with land stewardship. Sixty-five years later, his mission is circling the globe.
For the past year, agricultural consultants from The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation have provided fundamental training to members of the Oklahoma National Guard 2-45th Agribusiness Development Team (ADT). This team was recently deployed to Afghanistan on an 11-month tour to support the region's farmers and ranchers. By promoting agricultural education, the team hopes the Afghan people will have an economic foundation from which to rebuild stable lives, said Lt. Col. Bruce Arnold.
While the team's training took them from Texas to New Mexico, their primary agricultural educational resource has been the Noble Foundation's new Basic AG program. Basic AG is a series of educational events providing practical, foundational knowledge that can be applied to a farmer or rancher's day-to-day operations. Basic AG events offer straightforward information and interactive experiences to give participants a better understanding of agriculture and new tools to achieve their production goals.
Noble consultants
The program was designed to benefit new agricultural producers in the Southern Great Plains, but, for the National Guard team, the information was directly applicable to their mission. "When we found the Noble Foundation, we were shocked to learn about all the educational opportunities that the organization offered," said Master Sgt. Lorn McKinzie. "The Noble staff is helpful and knowledgeable in their various fields of expertise. We have attended several events and each was exceptional. The hands-on experience and wide variety of information make the training extremely useful."
The Oklahoma National Guard 2-45th Agribusiness Development Team deployed in August and recently arrived at their undisclosed location in Afghanistan, assuming the responsibilities of another Oklahoma unit, the 1-45th Agribusiness Development Team, who will brief them on the status of the program, upcoming needs and current intelligence so that the new unit can seamlessly continue the effort.
"We do not just go in and create new missions where we feel like it," said Chief Warrant Officer Three Warren Higginbotham. "The Afghan people tell us what they need and we try to help in every way possible. To be successful, we must implement the programs in ways that make them feel comfortable so that they will accept us and our help."
The task for the Noble-trained National Guard team is daunting. The language barrier must first be overcome. The team works with a translator to ensure that he understands their mission's purpose and can translate it effectively to the oftentimes hesitant producers. The village elder must also be contacted and grant consent before the military team can enter a region. "We may be trying to help, but we in no way force that help on anyone who does not want it," Arnold said. "We pride ourselves on being respectful and approachable."
Harsh conditions
Conditions in Afghanistan are also harsh. Perched at an elevation of 8,000 feet, the country is in dire need of energy sources. While the region is currently limited to the use of generators and wood-burning stoves, the team hopes to introduce sustainable sources like solar and wind.
Energy limitations create additional challenges for the agricultural producers, who still grow food without the benefit of modern equipment or technology. Compounding the problem, growing seasons are short, so the window for educating farmers on modern techniques is brief.
The team will focus on the region's primary agricultural products: fish, beekeeping and orchards, but also hopes to help modernize livestock management practices. One workshop the team attended at the Noble Foundation taught basic livestock handling. "Afghan ranchers may not have nutritional supplements and access to hay as we do here in the United States, but general education and fundamental knowledge will certainly improve the quality of their livestock," said Robert Wells, Ph.D., livestock consultant, who helped instruct the National Guard team at Basic AG events.
Afghan ag in ruins
Higginbotham explained that agriculture is in ruins because the country has lost generations of farmers to war. By establishing sustainable agricultural practices, he hopes that the team can help reenergize the region while also eroding the attraction to radical regimes.
"If they can sustain themselves through agriculture and can build an economic base, they will not need the Taliban," he said. "However, they can't rebuild their country without the necessary support and education. In many ways, our team's mission parallels the Noble Foundation's consultation program. We help farmers and ranchers by providing information and support. They progress and grow, and soon they are finding success on their own. It's a dynamic process."
For the Noble Foundation consultants who provided training to the National Guard team, the interaction seems a fitting tribute to the organization's founder. "You look at all the success the Noble Foundation has had in our region and it is amazing to know that success began with one man," Wells said. "Now his legacy is being carried to the other side of the world to change the lives of those who desperately need it. I believe Lloyd Noble would have been extremely proud."


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It is a true story that takes place in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. We learn about the atrocious ways in which women were treated during this early period. Although it depicts the horror and unjust treatment of women, the story focus is on Ruth Blay.
Women didn't have a name of their own; they were referred to as Mrs. followed only by their husband's name. Women were subservient to their husbands to the extreme. Men governed their lives in society and in the courts. Women were at their mercy.
There is very little written in history about any achievement of women from the mid seventeenth to the late eighteenth century. Here you find no written record of any achievement or contribution. An exception to that would be Anne Hutchinson, for her word was only written for history because she was being tried in court by a jury of men for preaching, a man's domain where women were not to tread. Women were second-class citizens at best. They were expected to teach their children how to live their lives in the manner of the scriptures. Not just according to the cloth but also by the political powers that be.
When Ruth, a single woman, became pregnant with a Bastard child, only she was to blame. Women did not reveal the father's name so his reputation would not be tarnished. When Ruth fell and miscarried the child she was accused of infanticide.
I recommend reading "The Hanging of Ruth Blay" to only begin to understand how our female ancestors struggled every day in copping with a male dominated society that kept them oppressed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wikula » warmwikiwelcome
A warm welcome from the aptosid wiki
Here in the aptosid wiki, you will find lots of 'how-tos' and explanations in regards to aptosid, and linux in general.
The most frequently asked questions are answered in our manual∞.
In our forum∞ we are eager to answer your questions and to assist you with all sorts of problems.
You also may post your questions and problems in the IRC chat which you will find: here∞.
And if you follow our rules and regulations rules∞ you may start instantly.
We hope you will have a lot of fun on your aptosid journey. Below are some hints to get you moving in the right direction.


text:
The MSU Libraries: an investment in the entire university
The library's role in the university is more important than ever before.
Our extensive print and online collections support teaching and research across the entire spectrum of disciplines.
Librarians work intensively with students on information literacy skills, and with faculty members on their advanced research needs.
Our distance learning staff ensure that users connect to resources easily – from a campus office or classroom, or from fieldwork in another country.
We advise faculty on copyright, data management, and sources of research funding. We develop partnerships with peer institutions for effective resource-sharing.There are very few places at MSU where your gift can benefit so many. Please join us in keeping this vital part of the MSU community on an upward trajectory.


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1. How many dictionaries exist? Hundreds if not thousands. It is inaccurate to use phrases like, "The dictionary defines it as...," of "The English definition of concentration is...." This fails to specify which dictionary and address the fact that individual dictionars usually contain multiple defintions. There's nothing definitive about dictionaries. Dictionaries are just glorified thesaruses full of static, self-reflexive synonyms. Meaning, on the other hand, is a pragmatic, dynamic, ongoing process (which dictionarieas can sometimes aid but usually interfere with). Refer again to the WIttgenstein quote.
If you're still confused, read this entry, continued in my next post, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy called, "Definitions."
Definitions have interested philosophers since ancient times. Plato's early dialogues portray Socrates raising questions about definitions (e.g., in the Euthyphro, "What is piety?")—questions that seem at once profound and elusive. The key step in Anselm's "Ontological Proof" for the existence of God is the definition of "God," and the same holds of Descartes's version of the argument in his Meditation V. More recently, the Frege-Russell definition of number and Tarski's definition of truth have exercised a formative influence on a wide range of contemporary philosophical debates. In all these cases—and many others can be cited—not only have particular definitions been debated; the nature of, and demands on, definitions have also been debated. Some of these debates can be settled by making requisite distinctions, for definitions are not all of one kind: definitions serve a variety of functions, and their general character varies with function. Some other debates, however, are not so easily settled, as they involve contentious philosophical ideas such as essence, concept, and meaning.
1. Some varieties of definition
1.1 Real and nominal definitions
1.2 Dictionary definitions and ostensive definitions
1.3 Stipulative definitions
1.4 Descriptive definitions
1.5 Explicative definitions
1.6 A remark
2. The logic of definitions
2.1 Two criteria
2.2 Foundations of the traditional account
2.3 Conservativeness and eliminability
2.4 Definitions in normal form
2.5 Implicit definitions
2.6 Vicious-Circle Principle
2.7 Circular definitions
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Related Entries
1. Some varieties of definition
Ordinary discourse recognizes several different kinds of things as possible objects of definition, and it recognizes several kinds of activity as defining a thing. To give a few examples, we speak of a commission as defining the boundary between two nations; of the Supreme Court as defining, through its rulings, "person" and "citizen"; of a chemist as discovering the definition of gold, and the lexicographer, that of 'cool'; of a participant in a debate as defining the point at issue; and of a mathematician as laying down the definition of "group." Different kinds of things are objects of definition here: boundary, legal status, substance, word, thesis, and abstract kind. Moreover, the different definitions do not all have the same goal: the boundary commission may aim to achieve precision; the Supreme Court, fairness; the chemist and the lexicographer, accuracy; the debater, clarity; and the mathematician, fecundity. The standards by which definitions are judged are thus liable to vary from case to case. The different definitions can perhaps be subsumed under the Aristotelian formula that a definition gives the essence of a thing. But this only highlights the fact that "to give the essence of a thing" is not a unitary kind of activity.
In philosophy, too, several different kinds of definitions are often in play, and definitions can serve a variety of different functions (e.g., to enhance precision and clarity). But, in philosophy, definitions have also been called in to serve a highly distinctive role: that of solving epistemological problems. For example, the epistemological status of mathematical truths raises a problem. Immanuel Kant thought that these truths are synthetic a priori, and to account for their status, he offered a theory of space and time—namely, of space and time as forms of, respectively, outer and inner sense. Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell sought to undermine Kant's theory by arguing that arithmetical truths are analytic. More precisely, they attempted to construct a derivation of arithmetical principles from definitions of arithmetical concepts, using only logical laws. For the Frege-Russell project to succeed, the definitions used must have a special character. They must be conceptual or explicative of meaning; they cannot be synthetic. It is this kind of definition that has aroused, over the past century or so, the most interest and the most controversy. And it is this kind of definition that will be our primary concern. Let us begin by marking some preliminary but important distinctions.
1.1 Real and nominal definitions
John Locke distinguished, in his Essay, "real essence" from "nominal essence." Nominal essence, according to Locke, is the "abstract Idea to which the Name is annexed (III.vi.2)." Thus, the nominal essence of the name 'gold', Locke said, "is that complex Idea the word Gold stands for, let it be, for instance, a Body yellow, of a certain weight, malleable, fusible, and fixed." In contrast, the real essence of gold is "the constitution of the insensible parts of that Body, on which those Qualities [mentioned in the nominal essence] and all other Properties of Gold depend (III.vi.2)." A rough way of marking the distinction between real and nominal definitions is to say, following Locke, that the former states real essence, while the latter states nominal essence. The chemist aims at real definition, whereas the lexicographer aims at nominal definition.
This characterization of the distinction is rough because a zoologist's definition of "tiger" should count as a real definition, even though it may fail to provide "the constitution of the insensible parts" of the tiger. Moreover, an account of the meaning of a word should count as a nominal definition, even though it may not take the Lockean form of setting out "the abstract idea to which the name is annexed." Perhaps it is helpful to indicate the distinction between real and nominal definitions thus: to discover the real definition of a term X one needs to investigate the thing or things denoted by X; to discover the nominal definition, one needs to investigate the meaning and use of X. Whether the search for an answer to the Socratic question "What is virtue?" is a search for real definition or one for nominal definition depends upon one's conception of this particular philosophical activity. When we pursue the Socratic question, are we trying to gain a clearer view of our uses of the word 'virtue', or are we trying to give an account of an ideal that is to some extent independent of these uses? Under the former conception, we are aiming at a nominal definition; under the latter, at a real definition.
For a critical discussion of the different activities that have been subsumed under "real definition," see Robinson 1950.
1.2 Dictionary definitions and ostensive definitions
Nominal definitions—definitions that explain the meaning of a term—are not all of one kind. A dictionary explains the meaning of a term, in one sense of this phrase. Dictionaries aim to provide definitions that contain sufficient information to impart an understanding of the term. It is a fact about us language users that we somehow come to understand and use a potential infinity of sentences containing a term once we are given a certain small amount of information about the term. Exactly how this happens is a large mystery. But it does happen, and dictionaries exploit the fact. Note that dictionary entries are not unique. Different dictionaries can give different bits of information and yet be equally effective in explaining the meanings of terms.
Something similar occurs with ostensive definitions. We can teach a boy a term, say 'meter', by giving the ostensive definition "This stick is one meter long," while showing the boy a meter stick. There is a mystery here, too. Before the definition is given, the boy does not understand the sentence 'This stick is one meter long'. Yet, by using the sentence in a particular way, the boy is brought to understand one of the constituents of the sentence and the sentence itself. How can a sentence that lacks meaning for the boy impart to him an understanding of a term and, at the same time, an understanding of itself? Ostensive definitions look simple but, as Ludwig Wittgenstein observed, they are effective only because a complex linguistic and conceptual capacity is operative in the background. It is not easy to provide an account of this capacity.
Definitions sought by philosophers are of neither of these kinds, dictionary or ostensive. Frege's definition of number (1884) and Alfred Tarski's definition of truth (1983, ch. 8) are not offered as candidates for dictionary entries. When an epistemologist seeks a definition of "knowledge," she is not seeking a good way of teaching young children the word 'know'. The philosophical quest for definition can sometimes fruitfully be characterized as a search for an explanation of meaning. But the sense of 'explanation of meaning' here is very different from the sense in which a dictionary or an ostensive definition explains the meaning of a word.
1.3 Stipulative definitions
A stipulative definition imparts a meaning to the defined term, and involves no commitment that the assigned meaning agrees with prior uses (if any) of the term. Stipulative definitions are epistemologically special. One has a right to stipulatively define terms as one sees fit; the constraints here are practical, not epistemological. Yet, stipulative definitions yield judgments with epistemological characteristics that are puzzling elsewhere. If one stipulatively defines a "raimex" as, say, a rational, imaginative, experiencing being then the judgment "raimexes are rational" is assured of being necessary, certain, and a priori. Philosophers have found it tempting to explain the puzzling cases of, e.g., aprioricity by an appeal to stipulative definitions.
Saul Kripke (1980) has drawn attention to a special kind of stipulative definition. We can stipulatively introduce a new name (e.g., 'Jack the Ripper') through a description (e.g., "the man who murdered X, Y, and Z"). In such a stipulation, Kripke pointed out, the description serves only to fix the reference of the new name; the name is not synonymous with the description. For, the judgment
(1) Jack the Ripper is the man who murdered X, Y, and Z, if a unique man committed the murders
is contingent, even though the judgment
Jack the Ripper is Jack the Ripper, if a unique man committed the murders
is necessary. A name such as 'Jack the Ripper', Kripke argued, is rigid: it picks out the same individual across possible worlds; the description, on the other hand, is non-rigid. Kripke used such reference-fixing stipulations to argue for the existence of contingent a priori truths—(1) being an example. Reference-fixing stipulative definitions can be given not only for names but also for terms in other categories, e.g., common nouns.
See Frege 1914 for a defense of the austere view that, in mathematics at least, only stipulative definitions should be countenanced.[1]
1.4 Descriptive definitions
Descriptive definitions, like stipulative ones, spell out meaning, but they also aim to be adequate to existing usage. When philosophers offer definitions of, e.g., 'know' and 'free', they are not being stipulative: a lack of fit with existing usage is an objection to them.
It is useful to distinguish three grades of descriptive adequacy of a definition: extensional, intensional, and sense. A definition is extensionally adequate iff there are no actual counterexamples to it; it is intensionally adequate iff there are no possible counterexamples to it; and it is sense adequate (or analytic) iff it endows the defined term with the right sense. (The last grade of adequacy itself subdivides into different notions, for "sense" can be spelled out in several different ways.) The definition "Water is H2O," for example, is intensionally adequate because the identity of water and H2O is necessary (assuming the Kripke-Putnam view about the rigidity of natural-kind terms); the definition is therefore extensionally adequate also. But it is not sense-adequate, for the sense of 'water' is not at all the same as that of 'H2O'. The definition 'George Washington is the first President of the United States' is adequate only extensionally but not in the other two grades, while 'man is a laughing animal' fails to be adequate in all three grades. When definitions are put to an epistemological use, intensional adequacy is generally insufficient. For such definitions cannot underwrite the rationality or the aprioricity of a problematic subject matter.
See Quine 1951 & 1960 for skepticism about analytic definitions; see also the entry on the analytic/synthetic distinction. Horty 2007 offers some ways of thinking about senses of defined expressions, especially within a Fregean semantic theory.
1.5 Explicative definitions
Sometimes a definition is offered neither descriptively nor stipulatively but as, what Rudolf Carnap (1956, §2) called, an explication. An explication aims to respect some central uses of a term but is stipulative on others. The explication may be offered as an absolute improvement of an existing, imperfect concept. Or, it may be offered as a "good thing to mean" by the term in a specific context for a particular purpose. (The quoted phrase is due to Alan Ross Anderson; see Belnap 1993, 117.)
A simple illustration of explication is provided by the definition of ordered pair in set theory. Here, the pair <x, y> is defined as the set {{x}, {x, y}}. Viewed as an explication, this definition does not purport to capture all aspects of the antecedent uses of 'ordered pair' in mathematics (and in ordinary life); instead, it aims to capture the essential uses. The essential fact about our use of 'ordered pair' is that it is governed by the principle that pairs are identical iff their respective components are identical:
<x, y> = <u, v> iff x = u & y = v.
And it can be verified that the above definition satisfies the principle. The definition does have some consequences that do not accord with the ordinary notion. For example, the definition implies that an object x is a member of a member of the pair <x, y>, and this implication is no part of the ordinary notion. But the mismatch is not an objection to the explication. What is important for explication is not antecedent meaning but function. So long as the latter is preserved, the former can be let go. It is this feature of explication that led W. V. O. Quine (1960, §53) to extol its virtues and to uphold the definition of "ordered pair" as a philosophical paradigm.
The truth-functional conditional provides another illustration of explication. This conditional differs from the ordinary conditional in some essential respects. Nevertheless, the truth-functional conditional can be put forward as an explication of the ordinary conditional for certain purposes in certain contexts. Whether the proposal is adequate depends crucially on the purposes and contexts in question. That the two conditionals differ in important, even essential, respects does not automatically disqualify the proposal.
1.6 A remark
The kinds into which we have sorted definitions are not mutually exclusive. A dictionary may offer ostensive definitions of some words (e.g., of color words), and a stipulative definition of a term may, as it happens, be extensionally adequate to the antecedent uses of the term. Furthermore, as we shall see below, there are other kinds of definition than those considered so far.
2. The logic of definitions
Many definitions—stipulative, descriptive, and explicative—can be analyzed into three elements: the term that is defined (X), an expression containing the defined term (… X …), and another expression (- - - - - - - ) that is equated by the definition with this expression. Such definitions can be represented thus:
(2) X: … X … =Df - - - - - - - .
When the defined term is clear from the context, the representation may be simplified to
… X … =Df - - - - - - - .
The expression on the left-hand side of '=Df' (i.e., … X …) is the definiendum of the definition, and the expression on the right-hand side is its definiens—it being assumed that the definiendum and the definiens belong to the same logical category. Note the distinction between defined term and definiendum: the defined term in the present example is X; the definiendum is the unspecified expression on the left-hand side of '=Df', which may or may not be identical to X. (Some authors call the defined term 'the definiendum'; some others use the expression confusedly, sometimes to refer to the defined term and sometimes to the definiendum proper.) Not all definitions found in the logical and philosophical literature fit under scheme (2); partial definitions, for example, fall outside the scheme. However, definitions that conform to (2) are the most important, and they will be our primary concern.
Let us focus on stipulative definitions and reflect on their logic. Some of the important lessons here, we shall see, carry over to descriptive and explicative definitions. For simplicity, let us consider the case where a single definition stipulatively introduces a term. (Multiple definitions bring notational complexity but raise no new conceptual issues.) Suppose, then, that a language L, the ground language, is expanded through the addition of a new term X to an expanded language L+, where X is stipulatively defined by a definition D of form (2). What logical rules govern D? What requirements must the definition fulfill?
Before we address these questions, let us take note of a distinction that is not marked in logic books but which is useful in thinking about definitions. In one kind of definition—call it homogeneous definition—the defined term and the definiendum belong to the same logical category. So, a singular term is defined via a singular term; a general term via a general term; a sentence via a sentence; and so on. Let us say that a homogenous definition is regular iff its definiendum is identical to the defined term. Here are some examples of regular homogeneous definitions:
1: 1 =Df the successor of 0,
man: man =Df rational animal,
The True: The True =Df everything is identical to itself.
Note that 'The True', as defined above, belongs to the category of sentence, not that of singular term.
It is sometimes said that definitions are mere recipes for abbreviations. Thus, Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell say of definitions—in particular, those used in Principia Mathematica—that they are "strictly speaking, typographical conveniences (1925, 11)." This viewpoint has plausibility only for regular homogeneous definitions—though it is not really tenable even here. (Whitehead and Russell's own observations make it plain that their definitions are more than mere "typographical conveniences."[2]) The idea that definitions are mere abbreviations is not at all plausible for the second kind of definition, to which let us now turn.
In the second kind of definition—call it a heterogenous definition—the defined term and the definiendum belong to different logical categories. So, for example, a general term (e.g., 'man') may be defined using a sentential definiendum (e.g., 'x is a man'). For another example, a singular term (e.g., '1') may be defined using a predicate (e.g., 'is identical to 1'). Heterogeneous definitions are far more common than homogenous ones. In familiar first-order languages, for instance, it is pointless to define, say, a one-place predicate G by a homogeneous definition. These languages have no resources for forming compound predicates; hence, the definiens of a homogeneous definition of G is bound to be atomic. In a heterogeneous definition, however, the definiens can easily be complex; for example,
(4) Gx =Df x > 3 & x < 10.
If the language has a device for abstraction—e.g., for forming sets—we could give a different sort of heterogenous definition of G:
(5) the set of G's =Df the set of numbers between 3 and 10.
Observe that a heterogenous definition such as (4) is not a mere abbreviation. For, if it were, the expression x in it would not be a genuine variable, and the definition would provide no guidance on the role of G in contexts other than Gx. Moreover, if such definitions were abbreviations, they would be subject to the requirement that the definiendum must be shorter than the definiens, but no such requirement exists. On the other hand, genuine requirements on definitions would make little sense. The following stipulation is not a legitimate definition:
(6) Gx =Df x > y & x < 10.
But if it is viewed as a mere abbreviation, there is nothing illegitimate about it.
Some stipulative definitions are nothing but mere devices of abbreviation (e.g., the definitions governing the omission of parentheses in formulas; see Church 1956, §11). However, many stipulative definitions are not of this kind; they introduce meaningful items into our discourse. Thus, definition (4) renders G a meaningful unary predicate: G expresses, in virtue of (4), a particular concept. In contrast, under stipulation (6), G is not a meaningful predicate and expresses no concept of any kind. But what is the source of the difference? Why is (4) legitimate, but not (6)? More generally, when is a definition legitimate? What requirements must the definiens fulfill? And, for that matter, the definiendum? Must the definiendum be, for instance, atomic, as in (3) and (4)? If not, what restrictions (if any) are there on the definiendum?
2.1 Two criteria
Any answer to these questions must respect two intuitive criteria. First, the definition should not enable us to establish essentially new claims—call this the Conservativeness criterion. We should not be able to establish, by means of a mere stipulation, new things about, for example, the moon. It is true that unless this criterion is made precise, it is subject to trivial counterexamples, for the introduction of a definition materially affects some facts. Nonetheless, the criterion can be made precise and defensible, and we shall soon see some ways of doing this.
Second, the definition should fix the use of the defined expression X—call this the Use criterion. This criterion is plausible, since only the definition—and nothing else—is available to guide us in the use of X. There are, however, complications here. What counts as a use of X? Are occurrences within the scope of 'say' and 'know' included? What about the occurrence of X within quotation contexts, and those within words, for instance, 'Xenophanes'? The last question should receive, it is clear, the answer, "No." But the answer to the previous question is not so clear. There is another complication: even if we can somehow separate out genuine occurrences of X, it may be that some of these occurrences are rightfully ignored by the definition. For example, a definition of quotient may leave some occurrences of the term undefined (e.g., where there is division by 0). The orthodox view is to rule such definitions as illegitimate, but the orthodoxy deserves to be challenged here. Let us leave the challenge to another occasion, however, and proceed to bypass the complications through idealization. Let us confine ourselves to ground languages that possess a clearly determined logical structure (e.g., a first-order language) and that contain no occurrences of the defined term X. And let us confine ourselves to definitions that place no restrictions on legitimate occurrences of X. The Use criterion now dictates then that the definition should fix the use of all expressions in the expanded language in which X occurs.
A variant formulation of the Use criterion is this: the definition must fix the meaning of the definiendum. The new formulation is less determinate and more contentious, however, since it relies on "meaning," an ambiguous and theoretically contentious notion.
Note that the two criteria govern all stipulative definitions, irrespective of whether they are single or multiple, or of whether they are of form (2) or not.
2.2 Foundations of the traditional account
The traditional account of definitions is founded on three ideas. The first idea is that definitions are generalized identities; the second, that the sentential is primary; and the third, that of reduction. The first idea—that definitions are generalized identities—motivates the traditional account's inferential rules for definitions. These are, put crudely, that (i) any occurrence of the definiendum can be replaced by an occurrence of the definiens (Generalized Definiendum Elimination); and, conversely, (ii) any occurrence of the definiens can be replaced by an occurrence of the definiendum (Generalized Definiendum Introduction).
The second idea—the primacy of the sentential—has its roots in the thought that the fundamental uses of a term are in assertion and argument: if we understand the use of a defined term in assertion and argument then we fully grasp the term. The sentential is, however, primary in argument and assertion. Hence, to explain the use of a defined term X, the second idea maintains, it is necessary and sufficient to explain the use of sentential items that contain X. (Sentential items are here understood to include sentences and sentence-like things with free variables, e.g., the definiens of (4); henceforth, these items will be called formulas.) The issues the second idea raises are, of course, large and important, but they cannot be addressed in a brief survey. Let us accept the idea simply as a given.
The third idea—reduction—is that the use of a formula Z containing the defined term is explained by reducing Z to a formula in the ground language. This idea, when conjoined with the primacy of the sentential, leads to a strong version of the Use criterion, called the Eliminability criterion: the definition must reduce each formula containing the defined term to a formula in the ground language, i.e., one free of the defined term. Eliminability is the distinctive thesis of the traditional account and, as we shall see below, it can be challenged.
Note that the traditional account does not require the reduction of all expressions of the extended language; it requires the reduction only of formulas. The definition of a predicate G, for example, need provide no way of reducing G, taken in isolation, to a predicate of the ground language. The traditional account is thus consistent with the thought that a stipulative definition can add a new conceptual resource to the language, for nothing in the ground language expresses the predicative concept that G expresses in the expanded language. This is not to deny that no new proposition—at least in the sense of truth-condition—is expressed in the expanded language.
2.3 Conservativeness and eliminability
Let us now see how Conservativeness and Eliminability can be made precise. First consider languages that have a precise proof system of the familiar sort. Let the ground language L be one such. The proof system of L may be classical, or three-valued, or modal, or relevant, or some other; and it may or may not contain some non-logical axioms. All we assume is that we have available the notions "theorem of L" and "provably equivalent in L," and also the notions "theorem of L+" and "provably equivalent in L+" that result when the proof system of L is supplemented with D and the logical rules governing definitions. Now, the Conservativeness criterion can be made precise as follows.
Conservativeness criterion (syntactic formulation): Any formula of L that is provable in L+ is provable in L.
That is, any formula of L that is provable using definition D is also provable without using D: the definition does not enable us to prove anything new in L. The Eliminability criterion can be made precise thus:
Eliminability criterion (syntactic formulation): For any formula A of L+, there is a formula of L that is provably equivalent in L+ to A.
(Folklore credits the Polish logician S. Leśniewski for formulating the criteria of Conservativeness and Eliminability, but this is a mistake; see Urbaniak and Hämäri 2012 for discussion and further references.)[3]
Now let us equip L with a model-theoretic semantics. That is, we associate with L a class of interpretations, and we make available the notions "valid in L in the interpretation M" (a.k.a.: "true in L in M") and "semantically equivalent in L relative to M." Let the notions "valid in L+ in M" and "semantically equivalent in L+ relative to M" result when the semantics of L is supplemented with that of definition D. The criteria of Conservativeness and Eliminability can now be made precise thus:
Conservativeness criterion (semantic formulation): For all formulas A of L and all interpretations M, if A is valid in L+ in M then A is also valid in L in M.
Eliminability criterion (semantic formulation): For any formula A of L+, there is a formula B of L such that, relative to all interpretations M, B is semantically equivalent in L+ to A.
The syntactic and semantic formulations of the two criteria are plainly parallel. However, even if we suppose that strong completeness theorems hold for L and L+, the two formulations are not equivalent. Indeed, several different, non-equivalent formulations of the two criteria are possible within each framework, the syntactic and the semantic.
Observe that the satisfaction of Conservativeness and Eliminability criteria, whether in their semantic or their syntactic formulation, is not an absolute property of a definition; the satisfaction is relative to the ground language. Different ground languages can have associated with them different systems of proof and different classes of interpretations. Hence, a definition may satisfy the two criteria when added to one language, but may fail to do so when added to a different language. For further discussion of the criteria, see Suppes 1957 and Belnap 1993.
2.4 Definitions in normal form
For concreteness, let us fix the ground language L to be a classical first-order language with identity. The proof system of L may contain some non-logical axioms T; the interpretations of L are then the classical models of T. As before, L+ is the expanded language that results when a definition D of a non-logical constant X is added to L; hence, X may be a name, a predicate, or a function-symbol. Call two definitions equivalent iff they yield the same theorems in the expanded language. Then, it can be shown that if D meets the criteria of Conservativeness and Eliminability then D is equivalent to a definition in normal form as specified below.[4] Since definitions in normal form meet the demands of Conservativeness and Eliminability, the traditional account implies that we lose nothing essential if we require definitions to be in normal form.
The normal form of definitions can be specified as follows. The definitions of names a, n-ary predicates H, and n-ary function symbols f must be, respectively, of the following forms:
(7) a = x =Df ψ(x),
(8) H(x1, … , xn) =Df φ(x1, … , xn),
(9) f(x1, … , xn) = y =Df χ(x1, … , xn, y),[5]
where the variables x1, … , xn, y are all distinct, and the definiens in each case satisfies conditions that can be separated into a general and a specific part. The general condition on definiens is the same in each case: it must not contain the defined term or any free variables other than those in the definiendum. The general conditions remain the same when the traditional account of definition is applied to non-classical logics (e.g., to many-valued and modal logics). The specific conditions are more variable. In classical logic, the specific condition on the definiens ψ(x) of (7) is that it satisfy an existence and uniqueness condition: that it be provable that something satisfies ψ(x) and that at most one thing satisfies ψ(x).[6] There are no specific conditions on (8), but the condition on (9) parallels that on (7). An existence and uniqueness claim must hold: the universal closure of the formula
∃yχ(x1, … , xn, y) &
∀u∀v[χ(x1, … , xn, u) & χ(x1, … , xn, v) → u = v]
must be provable.[7]
In a logic that allows for vacuous names, the specific condition on the definiens of (7) would be weaker: the existence condition would be dropped. In contrast, in a modal logic that requires names to be non-vacuous and rigid, the specific condition would be strengthened: not only must existence and uniqueness be shown to hold necessarily, it must be shown that the definiens is satisfied by one and the same object across possible worlds.
Definitions that conform to (7)-(9) are heterogeneous; the definiendum is sentential, but the defined term is not. One source of the specific conditions on (7) and (9) is their heterogeneity. The specific conditions are needed to ensure that the definiens, though not of the logical category of the defined term, imparts the proper logical behavior to it. The conditions thus ensure that the logic of the expanded language is the same as that of the ground language. This is the reason why the specific conditions on normal forms can vary with the logic of the ground language. Observe that, whatever this logic, no specific conditions are needed for regular homogeneous definitions.
The traditional account makes possible simple logical rules for definitions and also a simple semantics for the expanded language. Suppose definition D has a sentential definiendum. (In classical logic, all definitions can easily be transformed to meet this condition.) Let D be
(10) φ(x1, … , xn) =Df ψ(x1, … , xn),
where x1, … , xn are all the variables free in either φ or ψ. And let φ(t1, … , tn) and ψ(t1, … , tn) result by the simultaneous substitution of terms t1, … , tn for x1, … , xn in, respectively, φ(x1, … , xn) and ψ(x1, … , xn); changing bound variables as necessary. Then the rules of inference governing D are simply these:
Definiendum Elimination Definiendum Introduction
φ(t1, … , tn)
ψ(t1, … , tn)
ψ(t1, … , tn)
φ(t1, … , tn)
The semantics for the extended language is also straightforward. Suppose, for instance, D is a definition of a name a and suppose that, when put in normal form, it is equivalent to (7). Then, each classical interpretation M of L expands to a unique classical interpretation M+ of the extended language L+. The denotation of a in M+ is the unique object that satisfies ψ(x) in M; the conditions on ψ(x) ensure that such an object exists. The semantics of defined predicates and function-symbols is similar. The logic and semantics of definitions in non-classical logics receive, under the traditional account, a parallel treatment.
Note that the inferential force of adding definition (10) to the language is the same as that of adding as an axiom, the universal closure of
(11) φ(x1, … , xn) ↔ψ(x1, … , xn).
However, this similarity in the logical behavior of (10) and (11) should not obscure the great differences between the biconditional ('↔') and definitional equivalence ('=Df'). The former is a sentential connective, but the latter is trans-categorical: not only formulas, but also predicates, names, and items of other logical categories can occur on the two sides of '=Df'. Moreover, the biconditional can be iterated—e.g., ((φ ↔ ψ) ↔ χ); not so for definitional equivalence. Finally, a term can be introduced by a stipulative definition into a ground language whose logical resources are confined, say, to classical conjunction and disjunction. This is perfectly feasible, even though the biconditional is not expressible in the language. In such cases, the inferential role of the stipulative definition is not mirrored by any formula of the extended language.
The traditional account of definitions should not be viewed as requiring definitions to be in normal form. The only requirements that it imposes are (i) that the definiendum contain the defined term; (ii) that the definiendum and the definiens belong to the same logical category; and (iii) the definition satisfies Conservativeness and Eliminability. So long as these requirements are met, there are no further restrictions. The definiendum, like the definiens, can be complex; and the definiens, like the definiendum, can contain the defined term. So, for example, there is nothing formally wrong if the definition of the functional expression 'the number of' has as its definiendum the formula 'the number of Fs is the number of Gs'. The role of normal forms is only to provide an easy way of ensuring that definitions satisfy Conservativeness and Eliminability; they do not provide the only legitimate format for stipulatively introducing a term. Thus, the reason why (4) is, but (6) is not, a legitimate definition is not that (4) is in normal form and (6) is not.
(4) Gx =Df x > 3 & x < 10.
(6) Gx =Df x > y & x < 10.
The reason is that (4) respects, but (6) does not, the two criteria. (The ground language is assumed here to contain ordinary arithmetic; under this assumption, the second definition implies a contradiction.) The following two definitions are also not in normal form:
(12) Gx =Df (x > 3 & x < 10) & y = y.
(13) Gx =Df [x = 0 & (G0 v G1)] v [x = 1 & (~G0 & ~G1)].
But both should count as legitimate under the traditional account, since they meet the Conservativeness and Eliminability criteria. It follows that the two definitions can be put in normal form. Definition (12) is plainly equivalent to (4), and definition (13) is equivalent to (14):
(14) Gx =Df x = 0.
Observe that the definiens of (13) is not equivalent to any G-free formula. Nevertheless, the definition has a normal form.
Similarly, the traditional account is perfectly compatible with recursive (a.k.a.: inductive) definitions such as those found in logic and mathematics. In Peano Arithmetic, for example, exponentiation can be defined by means of the following equations:
m0 = 1,
mn + 1 = mn · m.
Here the first equation—called the base clause—defines the value of the function when the exponent is 0. And the second clause—called the recursive clause—uses the value of the function when the exponent is n to define the value when the exponent is n + 1. This is perfectly legitimate, according to the traditional account, because a theorem of Peano Arithmetic establishes that the above definition is equivalent to one in normal form.[8] Recursive definitions are circular in their format, and indeed it is this circularity that renders them perspicuous. But the circularity is entirely on the surface, as the existence of normal forms shows. See the discussion of circular definitions below.


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Professor of Entomology
Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1108 Grinnells Laboratory
Campus Box 7626 Raleigh, NC USA 27695-7626
B.A. University of Wyoming (1973) M.S. University of Wyoming (1985) Ph.D. University of Nebraska (1991)
Current investigations include the role of house flies and other arthropods in maintaining biosecurity on poultry farms. This project targets the dissemination of foodborne pathogens on and between farms, and in the community. IPM plays a vital role in improved biosecurity.
A second study is investigating pesticide alternatives for the management of horn flies on beef and dairy cattle. Horn fly densities were reduced to below threshold levels on cattle using a walk through fly trap. This and an ecological study of dung beetles and their role in pasture improvement and pest management are currently underway at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems, Goldsboro, NC and the Piedmont Research Station, Salisbury, NC.
Veterinary Entomology is the study of arthropod pests associated with livestock and poultry. Pest problems often arise from the activities of domestication and and culturing of livestock for food. Livestock and poultry pest management involves a diversity of host animals, their respective parasites and diseases, and how these problems impact humans. Cattle and horse producers are concerned with pasture flies, barn flies, ticks and tick borne disease. Concerns of the swine producer include cockroaches and flies, and their disease transmission potential. My research concentrates on establishing disease and disease transmission potential of targeted pests and to develop management practices under the IPM canopy, focusing on these pest issues. Such integrated strategies include cultural, biological, mechanical, and when needed, chemical control.


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NEW DELHI — The Mumbai police arrested all the five suspects accused of raping a young photographer as a similar attack on a female officer in eastern India reignited an angry debate about the safety of women in the country.
The crime in India's financial capital triggered street protests and an outpouring of anger as the South Asian country prepares to hold national elections by May. Jharkhand police said on Aug. 24 that one of their female officers was pulled out of a car and gang-raped by bandits as she escorted the body of her murdered sister to be cremated last week.
"Law and order is going to be one of the biggest election issues," said N. Bhaskara Rao, chairman of the New Delhi-based Centre for Media Studies. "Angry voters want to know why the government is not able to stop these attacks. The more they keep happening, the more this issue is going to snowball."
The attacks follow a bout of national soul-searching caused by the gang rape and murder of a student in New Delhi in December that triggered weeks of national protests. Even after the enactment of new laws imposing stricter penalties for men who attack women and the setting up of fast-track courts, India is struggling to tame violent and chauvinistic male attitudes that leave ordinary women vulnerable to harassment and rape.
Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde told lawmakers in parliament Monday that the male colleague who was with the woman at the time of the Aug. 22 attack provided vital clues that led to the arrest of all the five suspects.
The woman, a photojournalist working as an intern with a magazine, was assaulted while shooting an abandoned textile mill. While the victim was taken away and repeatedly raped, her companion was tied and beaten up.
The incident has led to comparisons with the fatal gang rape of a physiotherapist in New Delhi at the end of last year. Protesters in Mumbai took to the streets over the weekend and there was uproar in parliament on Aug. 23 with lawmakers calling for tougher sentences for rapists.
The five suspects are likely to face prosecution under a new law that sets the maximum prison term for rape at 20 years if they are convicted.
When her mother called as the woman was being raped, the men held a broken beer bottle to her throat and made her say everything was all right, according to the Hindustan Times newspaper, citing the victim's statement to the police. Concerned that something was wrong, her mother called back and was again given assurances nothing was wrong, the paper said.
After raping her, the men forced her to clean up the crime scene and took photos of her, threatening to release them on the Internet if she went to the police, according to NDTV television channel, which didn't say where it got the information.
The Jharkhand police officer was attacked last week although details only emerged on Aug. 24 because she didn't initially report the crime. The officer was traveling with her family late at night when their car was stopped by axe-wielding men, who robbed them and later took her to an isolated spot and raped her, Superintendent of Police Michael S. Raj said in a telephone interview.
The woman, a widow in her late twenties, was taking the body of her sister who was shot dead by criminals, he said. She joined the police force only last year after her husband was killed by Maoist insurgents.
In response to public fury about the Delhi gang rape, the government toughened laws on sexual assault, criminalizing stalking and voyeurism, and allowing for capital punishment if an attack leaves the victim in a vegetative state. This has failed to reduce the crime. In Delhi, the Indian city that has the highest number of sexual assaults, the attacks doubled in the first six months of the year.
Safety concerns among women travelers were partly to blame for a 35 percent drop in female foreign tourist arrivals in the first three months of this year, according to an April study by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry in India.
India's tourism minister K. Chiranjeevi expressed his concern about the safety of foreign tourists after an American student living in India for three months wrote about her experiences on the website of CNN. The woman, Michaela Cross, said she suffered from post-traumatic stress after returning to the U.S from India.
Cross said men stalked her, groped her and masturbated at her during her time in the country. In one incident at a hotel in the popular beach resort of Goa, Cross said that she sat in the fetal position holding a pair of scissors with the door bolted after a staff member tried to rape her roommate and repeatedly called her, breathing heavily down the phone.
"I was extremely pained when I read about the harassment," Chiranjeevi said in a statement. Chiranjeevi is working to raise awareness so men are more sensitive toward female tourists and to provide them with greater security.
A 2011 survey by the Thomson Reuters Foundation listed India as the fourth-worst place in the world to be a woman, after Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Pakistan. The report cited abortions of girl fetuses, human trafficking, sexual violence and poor education.
Verdicts in the trial of those accused of taking part in the Dec. 16 Delhi attack are expected soon, with the juvenile justice board set to issue its judgment on a teenage suspect on Aug. 31. The closing arguments in the trial of the four other men started last week.


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Beyonce knows how to keep fans in line, especially when they go for her hair.
We're not talking about fans of her music -- we're talking about fans that are electric and propel cool air wind toward you.
At a concert Monday at the Bell Centre in Montreal, the 31-year-old's hair was pulled into the spindles of the rogue stage fan during her performance of "Halo." Handlers struggled to unravel her blond locks from the machine and even Beyonce attempted to yank the strands out of the whirlwind, according to footage found on YouTube.
But ever the professional, the diva kept on singing as she stagehands continued to work to set her free.
There was no indication that Jay-Z's wife was injured, according to People.
Bey, currently on "The Mrs. Carter Show" tour, shared this video of the incident on Instagram proving that Sasha Fierce has a sense of humor and that all was well.
Obviously amused by the moment of life mimicking art, Beyonce also shared a photo of a handwritten note bearing a parody of the song's lyrics, applying them to her situation. "Haaa," she wrote.
"Gravity cant begiiiiiiiin to pull me out of the fan again. I felt my hair was yankiiiiiiiin From the fan thats always hatiiiiiiiin Virgin Remy & Malaysiiiiiiaaaaaan Haaaaaaaaa!! I got snatched '2 snaps' Goodnight All, B," she wrote.
At a Copenhagen concert last May, another fan disrupted her concert. This kind happened to be the human variety. He slapped Queen Bey on the behind while she was performing and she momentarily stopped singing to threaten to have him thrown out of the event if he didn't keep his hands to himself.
Oh, SLAP.
Follow Ministry of Gossip @LATcelebs.


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Offshore wind is a promising source of clean and renewable energy and the offshore wind developments in the United Kingdom, with multiple projects in excess of 800MW being either built or planned—and a comprehensive support framework from the government, are positioning this technology to compete with today's utility-scale coal and gas plants. Yet to become truly competitive (i.e., absent government support) with traditional electricity generation technologies, the development costs of offshore wind projects needs to decline by nearly 50 percent, from today's £2.3 million/MW to around £1.3 million/MW.
Accenture believes such "megaprojects" will change offshore wind economics by pursuing scale efficiencies, implementing leading practices in development and operations and transforming the supply chain. Moreover, megaprojects will have significant and diverse effects, not only across the wind industry's value chain, but also across the electricity and fuel value chains. This paper assesses and discusses the impacts of such megaprojects and their potential implications for the relevant players across the energy industry.


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The 20th annual World Snowmobile Expo in West Yellowstone, MT, is now in the history books and what will be remembered about this event?
If you like racing, there was great snocross and snow drag action that took place at the old airport. A handful of racers who have been competing on the ISOC national circuit this season showed up to race snocross put on a pretty good show.
Arctic Cat racer Willie Elam, from Buhl, ID, and Colby Crapo, from St. Anthony, ID, made Pro classes an all-Idaho affair, winning Pro Open and Pro SS, respectively. Elam finished behind Crapo in Pro SS for another podium finish. Another Cat racer, Wes Selby, also made a good showing at the snocross races in West Yellowstone, picking up second in Pro Open and third in Pro SS. Between Elam and Selby, Cat finished with four of the possible top six podium spots in the Pro races. Crapo (Polaris) and Logan Halford (Ski-Doo) prevented a clean Cat sweep.
Newman Lake, WA, racer Jake Hedlund finished first in Semi-Pro Open on his Polaris while Taylor Dyess, from Pinedale, WY, was the top finisher in Semi-Pro SS on his Ski-Doo.
For complete snocross results see the attached PDF.
If the racing was enough to keep your attention, also at the old airport was the vintage sled showcase, where several snowmobilers showed off their prized possessions.
One of the most popular events all weekend was the Octane Addictions freestyle show. An appreciative crowd watched freestyle trick after freestyle trick flying off the custom-made ramp.
There was plenty to see at the actual Expo itself, with all the 2011 snowmobile models on display, along with a variety of aftermarket products, clothing and avalanche equipment, as well as prime snowmobile destinations.
There was definitely no shortage of snowmobile-related activities all weekend.
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Syndergaard, Plawecki head Mets' updated Top 20 list
With the passing of the Draft signing deadline, teams have had a recent influx of talent into their farm systems, and with that, we've updated the Top 20 Prospects lists of all 30 teams.
To be on a list, a player must have rookie eligibility. To qualify for rookie status, a player must not have exceeded 130 at-bats or 50 innings pitched in the Major Leagues, or accumulated more than 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club or clubs during the 25-player limit period, excluding time on the disabled list or in military service.
With the passing of the Draft signing deadline, teams have had a recent influx of talent into their farm systems, and with that, we've updated the Top 20 Prospects lists of all 30 teams.
To be on a list, a player must have rookie eligibility. To qualify for rookie status, a player must not have exceeded 130 at-bats or 50 innings pitched in the Major Leagues, or accumulated more than 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club or clubs during the 25-player limit period, excluding time on the disabled list or in military service.
Players are graded on a 20-80 scale for future tools -- 20-30 is well below average, 40 is below average, 50 is average, 60 is above average and 70-80 is well above average.
Check out all 30 team Top 20 lists and the Top 100 on Prospect Watch.
1. Noah Syndergaard, RHP
Preseason rank: 1
MLB Top 100 rank: 13 (Preseason: 11)
Scouting grades: Fastball: 70 | Curveball: 60 | Changeup: 55 | Control: 60 | Overall: 65
After being acquired by the Mets in the R.A. Dickey deal in December 2012, Syndergaard made a splash in his first season in his new organization. He reached Double-A Binghamton and started the 2013 All-Star Futures Game at Citi Field for the U.S. team.
Syndergaard is a classic power right-hander, and he uses his big frame to throw downhill and induce ground balls. His fastball regularly reaches 98 mph and runs inside on right-handed hitters. Syndergaard's 12-to-6 curveball is his best secondary pitch, though his changeup has the potential to be a third plus pitch in his arsenal. He has excellent command and posted a 4.75 K-to-BB ratio in 2013.
Many expected Syndergaard to follow the path that Matt Harvey and Zack Wheeler blazed and reach Queens early this summer. But some minor injuries and on-field struggles at Triple-A Las Vegas slowed down Syndergaard's progress this season. He still profiles as a front-line starter and remains on track to make his Major League debut at a younger age than either Harvey or Wheeler.
2. Kevin Plawecki, C
Preseason rank: 8
MLB Top 100 rank: 67 (Preseason: NA)
Scouting grades: Hit: 55 | Power: 45 | Run: 35 | Arm: 50 | Field: 50 | Overall: 55
Plawecki was named the 2012 Big Ten Player of the Year, and he then made a good impression on scouts in '13, his first full professional season. He took another step forward this season, reaching Triple-A Las Vegas and starting the 2014 SiriusXM All-Star Futures Game behind the plate.
Plawecki has impressive bat control and a knack for making contact. His swing is built more for hitting line drives than for power, but his natural strength gives him a chance for more pop in the future.
Defensively, Plawecki is a good receiver and earns praise for his leadership skills. He has an average arm and his game calling is making strides. Plawecki's play has alleviated pre-Draft concerns about his ability to stay behind the plate, and he now looks like he'll be more than capable of being an everyday player in the big leagues.
3. Brandon Nimmo, OF
Preseason rank: 7
MLB Top 100 rank: 68 (Preseason: NA)
Scouting grades: Hit: 55 | Power: 50 | Run: 50 | Arm: 50 | Field: 50 | Overall: 55
Growing up in Wyoming, Nimmo didn't have many opportunities to face top competition. His high school didn't have a baseball team, but he managed to play his way into the first round of the 2011 First-Year Player Draft.
Despite his atypical background, Nimmo has a mature approach at the plate. He lines balls from gap to gap and he knows how to work a walk. Nimmo's swing has a little length to it, and he has been prone to high strikeout totals early in his career.
Nimmo is a center fielder now, but his average speed may eventually force him to into an outfield corner. His game still needs refining, but Nimmo's on-base skills and quick hands give him the potential to be a solid Major Leaguer in time.
4. Michael Conforto, OF
Preseason rank: None (2014 Draft)
MLB Top 100 rank: 86 (Preseason: 2014 Draft)
Scouting grades: Hit: 50 | Power: 60 | Run: 40 | Arm: 50 | Field: 50 | Overall: 55
Conforto has athletic bloodlines, as his father Mike was a Penn State linebacker and his mother Tracie (Ruiz) won two gold medals in synchronized swimming at the 1984 Olympics. Conforto picked baseball, which proved to be a wise choice as he was named the Pac-12 Player of the Year in 2013 and was drafted 10th overall a year later.
Conforto's signature tool is his left-handed power, which could produce 25-plus homers on an annual basis once he gets to the Major Leagues. He doesn't get cheated at the plate, taking a big uppercut hack that produces nice loft on his drives.
While Conforto is willing to take a walk when pitchers won't challenge him, he swings and misses too much to hit for a high average. Most of his value comes from his bat, because while he has some athleticism, he's limited to left field by his range and arm strength.
5. Dominic Smith, 1B
Preseason rank: 4
MLB Top 100 rank: 88 (Preseason: NA)
Scouting grades: Hit: 60 | Power: 55 | Run: 40 | Arm: 50 | Field: 60 | Overall: 55
Smith was perhaps the best pure prep hitter in the 2013 First-Year Player Draft class, and the Mets grabbed him with the 11th overall pick. He looks like the total package at first base, combining solid athleticism and defense with a sweet left-handed swing.
Smith has the potential to hit for both average and power. His hand-eye coordination and advanced pitch-recognition skills allow him to get on base often, while still driving balls.
Smith is a below-average runner, limiting him to first base. He has all the skills necessary to develop above-average defense at the position. Even if Smith's defense does develop as expected, there will always be pressure on his bat. Scouts are confident he will provide enough offense to make him a solid Major Leaguer in time.
6. Rafael Montero, RHP
Preseason rank: 3
MLB Top 100 rank: NA (Preseason: 85)
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Slider: 50 | Changeup: 55 | Control: 60 | Overall: 55
Montero was already 20 years old when he signed with the Mets in 2011, but the late start to his professional career hasn't held him back. He has sped through every level of the Minor Leagues -- starting the 2013 Futures Game at Citi Field for the World team -- then returned to Queens less than a year later to make his Major League debut.
Montero's fastball sits in the low-90s, and it can reach 95 mph. He mixes his fastball with a sweeping breaking ball and a solid changeup. Montero's secondary stuff isn't as impressive as his fastball, but all of his pitches play up thanks to his exceptional command.
Though Montero is slightly undersized for a right-hander, he should have no problem pitching in the middle of a Major League rotation. After getting his first taste of the big leagues, Montero should soon be ready for a full-time role with the Mets.
7. Amed Rosario, SS
Preseason rank: 6
Scouting grades: Hit: 45 | Power: 50 | Run: 60 | Arm: 65 | Field: 55 | Overall: 50
Rosario received the largest international signing bonus in franchise history in 2012, then skipped past the complex leagues to make his professional debut in the Appalachian League as a 17-year-old in '13. He proved to be up to the challenge and has built on that success in the New York-Penn League this season.
Rosario creates excellent bat speed, which will help him produce more power as he physically matures. There's plenty of room for his pitch recognition to improve, but his approach is already more advanced than most teenagers.
Rosario has all the tools necessary to be a solid defender. He has good infield actions, a strong arm and soft hands. Rosario may have the highest ceiling of any Mets prospect, though he remains a long way from the big leagues.
8. Dilson Herrera, 2B
Preseason rank: 11
Scouting grades: Hit: 50 | Power: 45 | Run: 60 | Arm: 50 | Field: 55 | Overall: 50
The Pirates have had success signing talented players out of Colombia, and they found another good one in Herrera. It'll be up to the Mets to develop him, however, after they acquired him as a part of the August 2013 deal for John Buck and Marlon Byrd.
Herrera already has shown he has a good understanding of what to do at the plate. He has a balanced swing and he makes hard, consistent contact. Herrera generates surprising power from his compact frame, but he is at his best when he's hitting line drives to all fields.
Herrera has a solid arm and he shows good infield actions. He is still improving as a second baseman, but he looks like he'll be an everyday big leaguer in time.
9. Steven Matz, LHP
Preseason rank: 12
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Curveball: 50 | Changeup: 55 | Control: 50 | Overall: 50
Matz was New York's second-round pick in the 2009 First-Year Player Draft, but he didn't make his professional debut until 2012 after a long recovery from Tommy John surgery. Now healthy, the Long Island native is starting to move quickly through the Minor Leagues, reaching Double-A Binghamton in 2014.
Matz's fastball sits in the low-90s, and it can reach 96 mph. The fastball has good movement, helping him create a lot of ground balls. Matz's curveball and changeup both have the potential to be solid offerings. His command has improved as he has gotten more innings under his belt and further away from his injuries.
Matz has proven he still has the stuff to be a solid starter. With health finally on his side, he is looking like the kind of pitcher the Mets expected him to be when they drafted him.
10. Gavin Cecchini, SS
Preseason rank: 10
Scouting grades: Hit: 50 | Power: 30 | Run: 50 | Arm: 55 | Field: 55 | Overall: 50
Cecchini comes from a strong baseball family. His older brother, Garin, is a prospect in the Red Sox's Minor League system, and their father coached both brothers in high school.
While his older brother is a pure-hitting third baseman, Gavin is a smooth defensive shortstop. He has a strong arm and good range, allowing him to get to a lot of balls. Cecchini's bat, however, isn't quite as advanced. He makes contact well enough, but he isn't strong enough to drive the ball for extra-base hits. Even as Cecchini develops more power as he physically matures, his game is always going to be geared toward hitting line drives.
Cecchini has battled injuries as a professional and simply needs to stay on the field so he can get enough playing time to develop.
11. Milton Ramos, SS
Preseason rank: None (2014 Draft)
Scouting grades: Hit: 40 | Power: 30 | Run: 60 | Arm: 55 | Field: 65 | Overall: 50
Ramos is a smooth shortstop, and many evaluators considered him to be the best defender at any position in the 2014 Draft. New York, which lost its second-round pick as compensation for a free-agent signing, was happy to grab him in the third round -- making him the second member of its Draft class.
Ramos' defensive prowess begins with his slick infield actions, soft hands and above-average range. His range comes from a combination of his plus speed and first-step quickness, allowing him to get to a lot of balls. Ramos' high baseball IQ adds to his raw tools, helping him to make highlight-reel plays.
Ramos' bat isn't as advanced as his glove. He is an aggressive hitter, and his compact swing allows him to spray line drives to all fields. Ramos has minimal power now, but scouts expect him to develop power as he gets stronger.
12. Gabriel Ynoa, RHP
Preseason rank: 16
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Slider: 45 | Curveball: 40 | Changeup: 50 | Control: 60 | Overall: 45
New York has become adept at developing pitchers with exceptional control. The Mets' prized pupil is Ynoa, who had the lowest walk rate (1.1 per nine innings) in the Minor Leagues in 2013 and was named the South Atlantic League Pitcher of the Year.
Ynoa's fastball isn't overpowering, but he has increased its velocity every year of his career, and it now sits in the low-90s and reaches 95 mph. His changeup is his best secondary offering, though his slider shows the potential to become a solid pitch with a little more development. Ynoa's impeccable control allows all of his pitches to play up.
Ynoa's stuff isn't the biggest in the system, but he has the tools to be a solid big league starter in time. He reminds some Mets officials of Rafael Montero.
13. Cesar Puello, OF
Preseason rank: 9
Scouting grades: Hit: 55 | Power: 55 | Run: 50 | Arm: 60 | Field: 50 | Overall: 45
Puello has long tantalized scouts with his impressive tools, but until 2013, he had been unable to put everything together. That changed at Double-A Binghamton, where he won the Eastern League batting title. But even that excitement was tempered when Puello's breakout year was cut short by a 50-game suspension as a part of the Biogenesis investigation.
Puello has true five-tool potential. He has an aggressive approach, but he squares balls up well and uses the whole field to hit. Puello has big raw power and showed he can tap into it in 2013. Defensively, he profiles best in right field, where his plus arm can be a weapon.
Puello hasn't been able to carry his momentum over into 2014, however. His tools still give him a chance to become a solid all-around player, but Puello still needs to prove his breakout performance wasn't a one-time thing.
14. Cory Mazzoni, RHP
Preseason rank: 13
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Slider: 50 | Splitter: 45 | Control: 55 | Overall: 45
Mazzoni started his professional career quickly, reaching Double-A Binghamton in his first full season. His ceiling is somewhat limited, but his advanced feel for pitching and three-pitch arsenal make him a solid prospect.
Mazzoni throws his fastball in the low-90s, with good movement. He throws a splitter in lieu of a changeup, and his slider has good late break to it. Mazzoni will need to be a little more consistent with his secondary stuff, but both pitches have the potential to be average offerings.
Mazzoni missed the first few months of the 2014 season due to a right lat strain, but he quickly got back up to speed once he returned to action. Though New York still sees him as a starter, his power stuff would play up in the bullpen. Mazzoni is nearly ready for a chance to contribute in either role in the Major Leagues.
15. Jack Leathersich, LHP
Preseason rank: None
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Curveball: 55 | Changeup: 40 | Control: 40 | Overall: 45
As a starter at UMass-Lowell in 2011, Leathersich struck out 12.7 batters per nine innings, the second-best mark in Division II. A move to the bullpen in the Minor Leagues has only helped his strikeout numbers, as he averaged 14.8 strikeouts per nine innings in his first two full professional seasons.
Leathersich's delivery makes it difficult for left-handers and right-handers alike to pick up the ball against him, rendering his fastball-curveball combination nearly unhittable. His low-90s fastball has enough tailing life to generate swings and misses, and his hard curveball gives him a good second pitch. Leathersich also occasionally mixes in a changeup.
While Leathersich's stuff is good, his below-average control can get him in trouble. If he can tighten it just a bit, he'll soon be ready for the Major Leagues.
16. Marcos Molina, RHP
Preseason rank: None
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Slider: 45 | Changeup: 50 | Control: 50 | Overall: 45
New York signed Molina out of the Dominican Republic in January 2012, and he made his American debut the next summer in the Gulf Coast League. There, he began to make noise, and he has built on that momentum with a breakout 2014 in the New York-Penn League.
Molina has a power arsenal and attacks hitters with a fastball that reaches 96 mph. He has an advanced feel for his changeup, his best secondary pitch. At its best, Molina's slider gives him a third solid pitch, though it has a tendency to get slurvy.
Molina is an above-average athlete and repeats his easy delivery well, enabling him to fill up the zone with all his pitches. Just 19 years old, he remains raw, but his stuff and strong work ethic give him the chance to develop into a special pitcher.
17. Blake Taylor, LHP
Preseason rank: None
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Curve: 50 | Changeup: 40 | Control: 45 | Overall: 45
A projectable left-hander taken in the 2013 Draft, Taylor rose into the second round with a strong spring. He was then acquired by the Mets a year later as the player to be named later to complete the Ike Davis trade. It might take Taylor a while to move up the ladder, but the Mets could have found a good value if they are patient.
Taylor can throw his fastball in the low 90s with ease, and with room to add strength, there could be more in the tank. His curveball has the chance to be an above-average pitch.
Taylor needs to work on his changeup and his command, not uncommon for such a young hurler. When those aspects of his game round into shape, he has the chance to be a big league starter.
18. Michael Fulmer, RHP
Preseason rank: 17
Scouting grades: Fastball: 60 | Slider: 50 | Changeup: 45 | Control: 45 | Overall: 45
After impressing during his full-season debut in 2012, Fulmer was hampered by injuries in '13. He missed the first half of the season after undergoing surgery during Spring Training to repair a torn meniscus.
Fulmer is now back to full strength and looks as good as ever. He throws his fastball in the low-90s with heavy sinking action, mixing it with a solid slider and a changeup. Fulmer does a good job of throwing strikes and keeping the ball down in the zone.
Fulmer was a part of the same Oklahoma high school class as Dylan Bundy and Archie Bradley. Though he doesn't have their upside, Fulmer has what it takes to be a big league starter.
19. Matt den Dekker, OF
Preseason rank: None
Scouting grades: Hit: 40 | Power: 50 | Run: 55 | Arm: 50 | Field: 65 | Overall: 45
A wrist injury in 2013 slowed den Dekker's progress through the Minor Leagues, and it allowed Juan Lagares to jump ahead of him on the organization's depth chart. Den Dekker recovered in time to earn a late callup, and he returned to Queens again this season.
There is solid power in den Dekker's smooth left-handed swing, but it comes with a lot of swing and miss. He still must prove he can make enough contact against Major League pitching to be an everyday player.
Scouts have long lauded den Dekker's defensive skills. His above-average speed helps him cover ground well in the outfield, but he also shows good instincts and takes good routes to the ball. Thanks to his power and defense, den Dekker should at least be able to carve out a role as a fourth outfielder.
20. Logan Verrett, RHP
Preseason rank: None
Scouting grades: Fastball: 50 | Curveball: 40 | Slider: 55 | Changeup: 45 | Control: 60 | Overall: 45
Verrett doesn't have overpowering stuff, but he fits right in with the rest of New York's strike-throwing starters. He issued 44 walks in his first two professional seasons, averaging 1.59 walks per nine innings.
Verrett's above-average command helps his whole four-pitch arsenal play up. He throws his fastball in the low 90s, and he isn't afraid to come right after hitters with it. His slider is his best secondary offering, and he mixes in a curveball and a changeup as well. Verrett has been susceptible to home runs, partially because he has a tendency to leave his fastball up in the zone.
Verrett's upside is limited by his lack of premium stuff. But his pitchability and control give him a chance to fit into the back of a Major League rotation.
Teddy Cahill is a reporter for MLB.com. Follow him on Twitter at @tedcahill.


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|Hey Mom! Learn more about the Gerber Life Insurance Grow-Up Plan!
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IPV vax question...
Hi ladies...
DS has not had any vax's at all... and I was contemplating a few- IPV and the T part of DTaP... I found out that I couldn't just get tetnus for DS because it's an adult vax, and basically my Ped told me to just wait until he actually stepped on a nail- and then get it- so I'm even at more peace with not giving him that...
I was considering polio because we do travel down to Mexico alot... and I've heard (no hard facts, just heard) that they still have it down there... so I was concerned with contaminated water, etc... and him sticking everything in his mouth- you know!
Anyways, I started reading about the monkey kidney lining and AIDS, and then cancer... and I'm becoming a little bit more leary about it... I found out while I was pg- that my parent's never vaxed me- ever! I did have (I think) MMR when I went to state college and tetnus when I cut myself while boating when I was 20??? but, never when I was younger. My parents were poor and didn't know about "free" clinics (Thank God!!!).
So, my thought is- I have never been vaxed against any of this, and I'm healthier than most people I know... I would rather NOT get him IPV because I'm so up in the air about it... but, I need to know if there is any validity to wild polio still being down in Mexico??? And if I should worry about it with how often we travel down there...
any info/advice would be greatly appreciated!
Sherri... natural- Bradley birthing, organic, non-vaxing, Jesus lovin', anti-circ mama to little B (1/26/08) and miss C (10/4/10) Married to the love of my life, Big B, since 5/02
Registered Users
Re: IPV vax question...
Here is the stats from Mexico from WHO
At this time, I would not be concerned
Anna (26) wife to Kevin (29) ~very conservative, Jesus loving,
breastfeeding, cloth diapering, babywearing,
extended rear facing, no-circ, no-vax, no-fluoride, proud SAHM/photographer mommy to
Riley (6), Skyler (4) , Payton (2) & our new baby Quinn Mackenzie My Blog
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Re: IPV vax question...
It takes several weeks to get immunity from a vaccine, so getting the tetanus shot after stepping on a rusty nail doesn't make sense. If your LO has been in a situation where there is real, serious concern about tetanus, they will give the TIG (tetanus immune globulin). Vaccines are NOT emergency medicine.
I, personally, have never worried about vaxes before going to Mexico.
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Last edited by pantufla; 10-27-2008 at 04:07 PM.
Registered Users
Re: IPV vax question...
There was a thread not long ago about polio and a claim that there was a "polio outbreak" in the US. I posted some links there having to do with polio. The thing to keep in mind is that in something like 95% of cases polio is asymptomatic. Meaning most people who get polio don't even know they are sick. 4% have general symptoms such as fever, chills and aches. Of the remaining 1% some will have paralitic symptoms but the majority will recover fully quickly. It is an incredibly small percentage of people who contract polio who actually get permanent paralysis. The so called polio epedimic in the US was directly related to the way polio was diagnosed at the time. And the drop in cases was related to a change in diagnosis more so than a vaccine. At the time polio was diagnosed on symptoms alone. However as we know the extreme symptoms of polio are very rare and more commonly caused by diseases like Guilean Barre, Meningitis, and exposure to the pesticide DDT. With the introduction of the vaccine there was a change in diagnosis of polio. It was no longer diagnosed on symptoms but through an actual test. As a result many of the so called paralyzed polio victims of the time are more likely the victims of DDT poisoning or Guillean Barre. Because we no longer test for polio here in the US we have no way of knowing if it is really "eradicated" as it is claimed. As the vast majority of cases will pass without any illness or nothing truly diagnosable most people won't go to the dr to be tested. The truth is we just don't know.
Here is a direct quote from the CDC's pink book on Polio
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The rejuvenated Beenleigh Neighbourhood Centre (BNC) by Fulton Trotter Architects delivers a refurbishment of a tired 1960s brick building and a modest addition to the street frontage.
The design for Logan City Council reconciles a number of problems on the site and provides a large covered entry, outdoor seating leading to the reception foyer and a number of simple meeting and interview rooms - all of which are folded behind a finely articulated timber screen.
This timber veil gives the Centre a strong identifiable signature and street presence but allows them to quietly and discreetly go about providing services to the community.
"This certainly was a great outcome and just goes to show what can be achieved with a little thought and with a limited budget," says Trevor Williams, Construction and Maintenance Program Leader at Logan City Council.
BNC is the hub for a number of programs to disadvantaged members of the community, with a range of needs including substance abuse, employment, counselling and short term housing.
In response, it was important that the building should be robust without becoming a fortress, welcoming, private, not intimidating and clearly non-institutional. All of those needs were met by utilising the warmth of natural timber.


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QUEBEC — Starting in September, Grade 3 pupils across the province will have the possibility of taking "Swim to survive," a course aimed at preventing death by drowning.
Education Minister Michelle Courchesne announced the plan, including a $2-million commitment from her department to pay for pool rentals, transport to and from the pool and remuneration for the water safety instructors, after a rash of about 40 drowning deaths in the province so far this year.
"We want to take the necessary steps to reduce the number of drownings and to prevent tragic situations," Courchesne said in a news release.
In a 2006 coroner's inquest report on the drowning death of eight-year-old Jaylen Jess Teja in a Yamaska Park reservoir, Coroner Jacques Ramsey recommended that Quebec adopt Swim to survive, a program offered by the Lifesaving Society to teach the basics of water safety.
The program is already given in Ontario and Alberta and in a telephone interview Thursday Ramsey said, "We don't have to reinvent it in Quebec."
Ramsey is satisfied Courchesne made the announcement, six years after his initial recommendation, since echoed by several other Quebec coroner's reports.
"I've learned over the years to be patient," Ramsey said. "Government is government."
Each year in Quebec there are about 80 drowning deaths and the coroners, led by Ramsey, have called on the province to include in Quebec's school programs the three-hour course, given in three one hour sessions.
Ramsey said it is difficult to say how many lives the program would save, but did say "five to 10 a year" was realistic. "Maybe more."
The education department had a pilot program in 2010, testing Swim to survive in urban and semi-rural areas.
An aide to Courchesne said the department had to analyze the results before making its decision. The announcement, which came in a news release Wednesday night, noted adopting the program is voluntary.
The aide said it would be difficult to estimate now how many schools would participate in the program.
In a telephone interview Mike Cohen, spokesman for the English Montreal School Board, noted Quebec adopted a law to enforce its anti-bullying program.
"It's got to be more than a press release," Cohen said. "I think there has to be more meat on the bone."
Courchesne also announced creation of a committee composed of education department officials, life-saving experts, school boards, municipalities and parents, to determine how best to expand the program throughout the province.
Cohen called this "an excellent idea," suggesting municipalities with pools would be glad to work with school boards in implementing the program.
Raynald Hawkins, executive director of the Lifesaving Society in Quebec, called Courchesne's announcement "very good news."
He participated in the pilot project and believes Grade 3 is the right year to teach children water safety because they are old enough to understand the program and do not need parents to undress and dress them.
"If a kid falls in the water, he knows what he needs to do to save his life and that's why we want to start with school programs," Hawkins said.
"At the end of the three-hour program in the pool, the parents will receive a letter from the Lifesaving Society saying your kid has the minimum required skills to save his life," he added.
Parents could also be told their child did not meet the three criteria: swimming in deep water, treading water and swimming 50 metres, and that the child should wear a life-jacket when near water or should take swimming lessons.
But Hawkins cautioned that 50 per cent of drowning victims can swim, expressing the hope than one day all Quebec students will take the water-safety program, increasing their chances of survival.
Twitter.com @doughertykr


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Ludovic Boulnois/Photo Image Press
It looks like Anne Hathaway is trying on a brand new look, saying au revoir to her shoulder-grazing locks and bonjour—at least for the moment—to a brand new pixie do! The stylish brunette was snapped on the Paris set of her new film One Day over the weekend with this chic new style. But don't be fooled by her boyishly short hair: Anne's rep confirms to PEOPLE that it is in fact an on-set wig! So while the classic beauty has been known to switch up her hair from time to time, having rocked everything from long waves to a sophisticated bob, this new super-short look is only temporary! Tell us: Do you like Anne Hathaway in boy-short hair? — Gillian Koenig


text:
Selecting your vehicle's make, model, and year allows us to display only parts and items specific to your car's model and year.
Part# VC00222
Be the First to Review
OPGI Price: $4.99
Part Type: (R) = Authentic reproduction of the original GM product
Years: 1970-1977
Sold As: EACH
2018 Monte Carlo Catalog Page: 93
These distinguished decals feature the authentic black and gold design and are precision die-cut to the correct size and shape. Easy and convenient crack and peel design is just like the factory originals.


text:
Govt Pakistan Railways Lahore Jobs Punjab:
- Category: Government.
- Province: Punjab.
- Duty Station: Lahore.
- Newspaper: Jang.
- Last date to Apply: 24 July 2015.
Job Opportunity Description:
Jobs in Pakistan Railways Lahore for experienced, well educated, determined, self driven, hardworking, dynamic, result oriented & innovative candidates for vacancies of Assistant Driver, Points man, Clerk, Gate Keeper, Legal Inspector, Sub Engineers & Gate man. The essential requirement for career opportunities in Pakistan Railways Lahore is Bachelors Degree, FA, F.Sc & Matriculation. Candidate must have experience in the relevant field for Jobs in Pakistan Railways Lahore Pakistan. You can submit your application along with detailed Resume / CV, attested photocopies of all relevant documents such as educational certificates, experience certificates, CNIC, domicile & recent photograph at the given address below. Those candidates who fulfill the criteria mentioned in the image, should submit their applications & be a part of well reputed Department. It is golden chance for all those who have higher education & they wanted to work in such type of department, so feel free to apply for these vacant positions. The last date to apply for vacancies in Pakistan Railways Lahore is 24 July 2015. The portrayal of vacancies is given in the advertisement. Interested candidates may send their applications on prescribed form along with attested photocopies of all relevant documents at the given address below.
- Website: www.pakrail.com & www.nts.org.pk
- Address: NTS Headquarter, 1-E, Street No. 46, Sector I-8/2, Islamabad.
Latest Jobs In Pakistan
NewJobsInPakistan.Com Daily Jobs


text:
I'm back for part three of my No Laptops Allowed challenge, and this time, we're talking BlackBerry apps!
For this post, I'm going to forego some of the standard applications. You should all have a favorite mapping program, your normal social media applications like Twitter®, BlackBerry® Messenger (BBM™), foursquare®, LinkedIn®, Facebook®…I could go on forever. I would like to know what your most-used social app is, though! Let me know in the comments section, or send a message to the Inside BlackBerry for Business Twitter account.
These are a couple of key applications that, in my experience, are complementary to someone who needs to be truly mobile:


text:
Well Go USA Entertainment has acquired all North American rights from XYZ Films to Erik Matti's Director's Fortnight entry On The Job.
The Filipino crime action-thriller receives its world premiere on Friday and Well Go plans to release it in the autumn.
Matti and Michiko Yamamoto wrote the story inspired by a true-life corruption scandal involving the temporary release of inmates so they could work as contract killers for crooked politicians.
Piolo Pascual, Gerald Anderson, Rayver Cruz, Shaina Magdayao and Empress Schuck star alongside Joel Torre, Angel Aquino, Vivian Velez, Joey Marquez, Leo Martinez, Michael de Mesa, Al Tantay and Niño Muhlach.
On The Job was produced by Matti's Reality Entertainment and Star Cinema.


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Metro C5 9 Series 1/2 Height Controlled Humidity Heated Holding & Proofing Cabinet
Model: C595-SFS-U
Full Solid Doors
Universal Slides
Stainless Steel
- Features:
- Control: The intuitive 9 Series solid state controller provides continuous monitoring of both temperature and humidity, providing accurate control over the internal environment of the cabinet, resulting in better food quality. Actual temperature and relative humidity are measured, displayed, and controlled.
- Performance: Rapid heat-up and recovery times, and precise humidity control, are achieved with a digitally controlled dual-element ducted heating and humidity system. Intelligent power distribution maximizes efficiency and assures food is held at the desired temperature. Low water sensor and low temperature alarm assure cabinet is performing safely.
- Sizes: C5 is designed to fit your application with four cabinet sizes; Full Height (74.75'), 3/4 Height (62.75'), 1/2 Height (44.7'), and Under Counter (32.25').
- Doors: C5 cabinets are all available with a choice of insulated solid or clear double pane, Low-E, tempered glass doors. Clear doors provide visibility of the contents of the cabinet without the heat loss associated with opening the door. Full Height cabinets can be configured with standard full length or Dutch style doors. All doors lift off and are field reversible
- Pass-Thru: Full Height, 3/4 Height, and 1/2 Height sizes are available as pass-thru models.
- Capacity: Universal slides hold 18' x 26" sheet pans or 12' x 20' steam table pans on adjustable 11/2' increments. Lip load slides hold 18" x 26'" sheet pans on 11/2' increments. Optional Wire Shelf interfaces with universal slide system to accommodate small items and pans
- Reliability: Reliability and durability are designed into C5 from the ground up. High-quality components and robust construction provide a long life of service and worry-free use.
- Top-Mounted Controls: Ergonomic user-friendly controls are mounted at the top of the cabinet for easier access, better readability, to prevent damage, and to simplify cleaning.
- NAFEM Data Protocol: The C5 9 Series controller is NDP capable.
Optional Accessories:
Available at an additional cost
- Small Item Shelf
- Stainless Steel Legs
- Universal Slide Pair
- Right Angle Plug
- Twist Lock Flush Door Latch
- Rear Rigid Casters
- Corner Bumpers/Drip Trough
- Left Hand Hinging
- Control Panel Cover
C5™ 9 Series Controlled Humidity Heated Holding & Proofing Cabinet, mobile, half height, insulated solid door, universal wire slides, capacity (8) 18" x 26" or (16) 12" x 20" x 2-1/2" pans, 3" O.C. (adjustable on 1-1/2" increments), stainless steel, 5" casters, polymer bumper & drip trough combination, 120v/60/1-ph, 2000 watts, 16.7 amps, NEMA 5-20P, cULus, NSF, ENERGY STAR®
*The warranty will not be honored for residential or non-commercial use of any Commercial Equipment.
Metro C595-SFS-U SpecificationsPDF Spec Sheet
|1/2 Height
|Slide Type
|1-year Parts & Labor
|No. of Doors
|Door Type
|Load Type
|Reach In
|Pan Capacity
|8 Full Size
|Stainless Steel
|C5™ 9 Series
|Height (in)
|Width (in)
|Depth (in)
|Slide Spacing
|Heat & Humidity
|Control Location
|Door Design
|Specialty Options
|Specialty Options
|All Stainless Exterior


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Tennessee For Further Reading
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Tennessee For Further Reading
Several handbooks that give additional information about research, records, and record-finding aids in Tennessee are:
- Bamman, Gale Williams. Research in Tennessee. Arlington, Va.: National Genealogical Society, 1993. (FHL book 976.8 D27ba) This booklet gives a concise overview of the history and settlement, major archives, and record sources in Tennessee.
- Fulcher, Richard C. Guide to County Records and Genealogical Resources in Tennessee. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing, 1987. (FHL book 976.8 A3f) This record contains an alphabetical list of counties with addresses of libraries, historical and genealogical societies, and the records available, with dates.
- Hathaway, Beverly West. Genealogical Research Sources in Tennessee. West Jordan, Utah: Allstate Research, 1972. (FHL book 976.8 D2h) This source contains a list of record types, addresses of libraries, archives, and historical societies, newspapers, county histories, and a list of counties showing the dates for which each type of record is available.
- McCay, Betty L. Sources for Genealogical Searching in Tennessee. N.p., 1970. (FHL book 976.8 A1 no.2; film 824106 item 5) This source gives background on Tennessee and types of records. It lists missing records for each county.
- Schweitzer, George K. Tennessee Genealogical Research. Knoxville, Tenn.: G.K. Schweitzer, 1986. (FHL book 976.8 D27sg) This source contains background information on Tennessee and a list of record sources. It gives the date each county was formed and the records available in each.
- "Tennessee State Library and Archives Core List of Tennessee Books" includes biographies and a variety of books containing biographical information.
Additional sources are in the For Further Reading section of the United States Wiki pages, and the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under: