text:
major macro economic indicators
|Main economic indicators
|GDP growth (%)
|Inflation (yearly average, %)
|Budget balance (% GDP)
|Current account balance (% GDP)
|Public debt (% GDP)
(f): forecast
- Natural agricultural, energy and mineral resources
- Improvement in the business environment
- Education level higher than the regional average
- Return of the country onto international markets
- Weakened current account
- Rising external debt
- Skyrocketing inflation
- Bottlenecks in infrastructure
Deceleration in activity expected to intensify in upcoming quarters
After dropping by 1.8% year-on-year (YOY) in 2016, GDP recovered in 2017, reaching an annual growth rate of 2.9%. However, in the first quarter of 2018 growth showed some deceleration YOY. Activity expanded by 3.6%, down from 3.9% in the fourth quarter of 2017 and 3.8% in Q3 2017.
In the upcoming quarters, activity is likely to weaken further. Preliminary figures for the second quarter of 2018 have pointed to a sharp deterioration of economic momentum. Growth in 2018 will continue to be undermined by the effects of the worst drought in decades on agricultural activity (the soya crop especially). In addition, the strong depreciation of the Argentinean peso against the US dollar – 50% in the first half of 2018 YOY; more than other currencies of emerging markets – has led the central bank to raise its key rate to 40% per annum, up from 27.25% in early May 2018. The exchange rate depreciation is also expected to take a toll on inflation perspectives, which were already high due to monetary public deficit financing and rising tariffs. The government is set to implement new tariff adjustments and cap the nominal growth of public sector wages. Household consumption should therefore decelerate. Public expenses and investments will also be curbed in response to a tighter fiscal policy.
High exchange rate volatility fed by large twin deficits
The current account deficit reached 4.8% of GDP in 2017, up from 2.7% of GDP in 2016. In Q1 2018, the trend continued and the deficit reached 5.3% of GDP. As activity started to rebound in 2017, the trade and income balances began to deteriorate. Last year, imports rose by 20%against a marginal increase of 1% in exports. The good news is that capital goods have represented a good part of imports (signalling for the renewal of the local industrial park). Additionally, income transfers from foreign investors increased with the activity revival. New foreign direct investments, estimated at 1.3% of GDP in the same period, clearly did not cover the wide current account deficit. That led the government to take advantage of the still abundant international liquidity to finance it. As a result, external debt reached 39.9% of GDP in Q1 2018, up from 36.9% in 2017 and 32.7% in 2016. This financing is highly vulnerable to changes in the mood of financial markets. In 2018 the current account deficit could register a slight reduction as the impact of the slowdown in domestic demand on imports would more than compensate for the weak crop export.
Taking into account the fiscal target, the government was able to over achieve the 4.2% primary deficit target and reached a deficit of 3.8% of GDP in 2017. Notwithstanding, government's balance, including interest payment rose to 6% of GDP up from 5.8% in 2016. This year, following the currency crisis in late April, government decided to hasten the rhythm of fiscal consolidation. The primary deficit target was reviewed to 2.7% of GDP in 2018 (from 3.2%) and 1.3% in 2019 (from 2.2%). That still leaves the government in need of monetary and external financing.
President's popularity confronted to deteriorating purchasing power and bitter IMF package
With the recent fall and ongoing fragility in the exchange rate on one side, and the expected further erosion in purchasing power, on the other, Mr. Macri re-election chances in the general elections to be held in October 2019 are at stake. The ruling president has seen its popularity eroded in recent months, as the population seems to be losing patience, as tightened monetary and fiscal policy doesn't seem to be counterbalanced by progress on the inflation front.
Moreover, to try to smooth investors' nerves and to soften the dependence on capital markets, Argentinean government reached in early June 2018 a three-year deal with the International Monetary Fund for an USD 50 billion credit line. The deal, in counterpart, requires stronger cuts in fiscal deficit, i.e. elimination of primary deficit by 2020. This way, government announced the freezing of public hiring for two years, a sharp cut in non-crucial public works (cutting public investments up to 1.7% of GDP until 2020) and full phase out of gas and transport subsidies. Despite the introduction of social safety net which could encompass a conditional cash transfer programme the agreement with IMF was received with anger by part of the population, which blames the IMF for exacerbating the economic collapse registered in 2001. In disavowal to the IMF loan and to Macri's austerity measures, a general strike was held in late June, the third since President Mauricio Macri took office in December 2015. For his luck, no opposition leadership has benefited from this breakthrough, yet.
Last update: August 2018
The most common payment instruments in local commercial transactions are:
- Cash (for low-value retail transactions)
- Bank transfers
- Cheques (ordinary cheques, deferred payment cheques or other types).
- In case of default, these cheques represent an executable legal document which facilitates a fast track legal proceeding.
For international commercial transactions, the most common payment instrument is Bank transfer via SWIFT. Since December 2015, restrictions on foreign exchange controls and fund transfers from Argentina have gradually been removed. At the time of writing, importers no longer require the approval of the Argentine Federal Tax Authority (AFIP) to make payments broad.
Debt collection
Amicable phase and out-of-court settlement:
Both of these options are always preferable to legal action. Negotiations are focused on the payment of the principal, plus any contractual default interest that may be added and accepted by the buyer. Argentinian regulations provide alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation, which is mandatory prior to the commencement of any judicial process aiming to reach an out-of-court agreement. The instrument to execute the agreement in this stage is a notarized acknowledgement of debt or a payment plan agreement. Such documents have to be signed by both the creditor and debtor, and must be notarized. At this stage, costs and fees incurred are borne by each respective party.
Legal proceedings:
Argentina is a federal republic (23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Federal District)), with two parallel judicial systems: federal courts (organised by the federal government) and provincial courts (organised by each province or federal district). The highest court in the country is the National Supreme Court of Justice. These courts have jurisdiction if:
I. The defendant resides in Argentina
II. The place of performance of any of the obligations is located in Argentina, or
III. Argentinian courts have been chosen as the applicable forum (subject to certain restrictions).
Regarding debtors abroad, Argentinian courts only have jurisdiction when debtors have assets in Argentina (in which case the insolvency proceedings will only involve such assets) or when their principal place of business is in Argentina.
The National Civil and Commercial Code of Procedure classifies proceedings into two types depending on their purpose: ordinary proceedings (juicio ordinario) and executory or fast-track (juicio ejecutivo). Other types of proceedings apply only to particular cases. Each province has its own code of procedure.
Ordinary proceedings usually last between one and four years. If applicable, an appeal may be filled for the Court of Appeals to hear the case.
Executory processes are simplified and prompt proceedings that mainly consist of claimants' request for the execution of debtors' assets to obtain payment of a debt. They apply when creditor has documents known as executor titles (titulos ejecutivos), such as public instruments, private instruments signed by the concerned party (debtor or guarantor)and legally acknowledged, bills of exchange, checks or credit invoices. Contrary to ordinary proceedings, it is not necessary to provide proof of the debt. The judgment is delivered between approximately six months and two years.
Costs: court tax (3% of the amount in dispute to be paid by claimants upon commencing the proceeding), lawyers' fees. The prevailing party is entitled to recover its costs, including attorneys' fees (subject to court approval).
Documents: All documents (original or notarised copies) submitted to the court must be (i) apostilled (for members of the 1961 Hague convention), and (ii) authenticated by the Argentine consulate with jurisdiction over the issuing country. All non-Spanish documents must be translated by a certified translator registered in Argentina.
Enforcement of a legal decision
For local judgments, final decisions are initially acquiesced to be enforceable. However, if a decision has been appealed, it can be partially enforceable in relation to the part of the judgment that is final. In principle, any of the debtor's assets can be seized (including but not limited to property, trademarks, and accounts receivable from third parties and shares).
Insolvency proceedings
There are three insolvency proceedings:
(i) Out-of court reorganization procedure (acuerdo preventivo): a proceeding in which the debtor and a majority of unsecured creditors enter into a restructuring agreement. This agreement must be submitted by the debtor to an Argentinian court for it to become enforceable. In practice, out-of-court agreements provide a series of conditions that must be complied with, including a minimum threshold of consenting creditors.
(ii) Reorganization proceeding (concurso preventivo):
A reorganization proceeding can be initiated voluntarily by an individual or entity, who must submit proof of their inability to pay their debts. Debtors must file a petition to the court requesting relief under bankruptcy law. The court will appoint a trustee. All creditors must file evidence of their proof of claim with the trustee (verification de creditor). Debtors must submit a proposal for reorganization and must obtain creditors' approval during an "exclusive period" of 90 days, with the possibility of an extension of 30 days based on the number of creditors. If the proposal is approved by the majority, the judge reviews the terms of the plan prior to approving it. Upon homologation by the court, the reorganization plan becomes effective to all unsecured creditors (even those who have not agreed to it). A special payment offer can only be proposed and approved for secured creditors. If the proposal is not approved by the required majority (51%), debtor bankruptcy may follow. The process generally takes between one and two years, depending on the volume and nature of debt being renegotiated and the size of the debtor.
(iii) Bankruptcy proceeding (quiebra):
This is initiated when a reorganization proceeding fails, either voluntarily (by the debtor) or involuntarily (by the debtor's creditors' request). The petitioner must show that the company is insolvent or that it has entered into a "suspension of payments" status. In case of an involuntary bankruptcy, after the petition has been filed with the relevant court and all necessary evidence is presented, the court will summon the debtor to provide an explanation of the reasons why payments of the obligations in favour of the petitioning creditor have not been made and to prove that the debtor is solvent. If the debtor is unable to do so, the court will declare the debtor bankrupt. Unlike reorganization, bankrupt debtors lose control of the administration of their assets. A trustee is appointed in order to preserve and administer the debtor's property. As a result, all payments to creditors and debtor must be made through court. All claims and proceedings against the debtor are automatically stayed as from the date of the order that determines debtor's bankruptcy. All creditors must submit their proof of claims for payment. Once the assets available and the amounts owned to each creditor are determined, the trustee liquidates the assets and proceeds with the distribution of repayment to creditors.


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Thursday, January 12, 2012
Third opinion
He recalls removing a tick from his dog a few years ago - not sure what kind. He has some vague pains in his joints and muscles, occasional pins and needles in his hands and feet, some twitching around his eyes and occasional tremors. He grew up in Arizona in the 70s, moved here 10 years ago. And then someone said: get a Lyme test.
An LLMD sent extensive tests to IgeneX. Everything was negative except the Lyme Western Blot. He had IgM bands: 18,31,34. He saw an LLMD who diagnosed Lyme. He was treated with herbs and a month of antibiotics. It didn't help. He saw an infectious disease doctor who ordered a Western Blot through Labcorp. Only a 23 IgM showed up. He was told he did not have Lyme disease.
He now wants a third opinion - great.
A Western Blot from Stony Brook showed IgM bands 41 and 93.
His exam showed a mild postural tremor, otherwise normal.
OK, so maybe you are thinking he got Lyme by vertical transmission from his mother. Seems pretty unlikely in Arizona in the 60s.
The labs are positive for Lyme, right. All three labs found highly specific bands; they just didn't agree. Not even a little. Labcorp, 23 band, OspC. IgeneX 31,34, Osp A and B. Stony Brook 93 band, flagellum protein, only found in Lyme.
He didn't Herx.
I ordered a course of high dose antibiotics and asked the patient to return for a Lyme PCR in two weeks.
I am discouraged about Western Blots. All three labs use different kits and different procedures. I have noticed certain biases. Labcorp gets a lot of 23s. Stony Brook gets a lot of 93s. And IgeneX finds more 31s.
People can interpret the tests according to their own biases. The IDSA is wrong but all test results need to be interpreted with caution.
This is a frustrating case. The next test will likely be negative.
My answer: Lets fix the other stuff and then see what remains. He needs to be checked for: B12, Vit D, Celiac and a few others. Perhaps I can be persuaded to check: DHEAS, Histamine, Copper, Zinc, TIBC/ Ferritin, TSH and thyroid antibodies with new guidelines and screen for heavy metals.
Sorting out the chaff from the grain is not going to be easy.
I would be doing him a disservice if I treat for Lyme now.
Acupuncture and traditional Chinese herbal therapy would be much better than what I have to offer - along side Western psychiatric help.
10 comments:
- Morgan said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- January 12, 2012 at 8:11 PM
- glytzhkof said...
Isn't it true that a lot of the problems Lyme sufferers have to deal with are due to auto-immune mechanisms running haywire, and as such similar problems can result from food allergies and intolerances?
Can't believe I am writing this - I have no qualifications whatsoever, but I just get this feeling reading this that it isn't Lyme at all, but perhaps there is a similar auto-immune trigger in the form of another pathogen?
My sister is suffering from Ulcerative Colitis. The amount of allergies and intolerances she develops over time is astonishing. In the end she can't eat anything until she is treated with Remicade / Infliximab. She can then normally eat the most important food types for a while. I fully believe a highly resistant pathogen is tormenting her system, but most of the problems seem to be triggered by auto immune reactions.
Lyme testing sounds like a black art. It must be incredibly frustrating to work with this every day.
- January 13, 2012 at 4:30 AM
- RawBodyGoddess said...
What about a CD57 test? DO you place any vaue on that? I had all the symptoms of yme, ruled out everything else, and got a neg. test from Labcorp but could not afford to pay for any more tests out of pocket by the time we even started looking at Lyme. My CD57 was 19(though Labcorp) which the doc at the time said was indicative of chronic Lyme. I was treated as such, and after several rounds of abx and herbs and ultimately LDN I recovered. Do you look at CD57 at all?
- January 13, 2012 at 6:20 AM
- glytzhkof said...
The Lyme specialists in Augsburg, Germany use the CD57 as an important indicator of chronic Lyme - mine was low as well, and I was treated with Plaquenil & Clarithromycin which worked well.
- January 13, 2012 at 8:08 AM
- Lyme report: Montgomery County, MD said...
Bands do come and go. Some antibodies may be tied up in circulating immune complexes as has been suggested.
There are differences in the assays based on strains used in the kits. The standard CDC kit used by Labcorp/Quest is based on the B31 strain. IgeneX mixes two strains for their test kits. I don't know what strains Stony Brook uses.
Test kits derived from different strains may express different bands with different intensity
As discussed at the 1994 Dearborn meeting: test kits with multiple strains may be more accurate.
These results may all be accurate.
Still, test only shows exposure not disease.
CD57s are very non-specific, like cytokine levels, C-reactive protein and sedimentation rates.
Something is wrong, but what?
- January 13, 2012 at 10:45 AM
- Matrix of the Mind said...
Dear LymeMD,
I like your approach. in your complex patient a test that I think would be helpful to clear the muddy water is My Lyme Immune ID. I have found this to be helpful in cases where you are not sure of the diagnosis. Also Check it out. you could also throw in a CD 57 count for good measure.
Best, TL
- January 16, 2012 at 5:19 PM
- sue said...
I just joined the blog. And I am very interested in finding the name of this Lymemd doctor. And where he/she is located. Can you please tell me
- January 17, 2012 at 11:36 PM
- 5shoes said...
call ILADS. They can help you find a Lyme specialist in your area.
- January 18, 2012 at 2:30 PM
- glytzhkof said...
Off topic, but this is awesome:
See how cancer medicine is combined with nano-particles to deliver medicine directly to affected cells and leave other cells unharmed.
Surely this must be applicable to a lot of other diseases - if it works.
- January 18, 2012 at 6:32 PM
- J said...
Why is the C6 peptide test not being considered in this scenario? It's obviously chronic if it is Lyme, so wouldn't C6 come back as something greater than zero?
It seems from my reading that a good WB with a poor C6 and vice versa in late term lyme is not that uncommon.
I mean, if you're throwing stuff on the wall, why not?
- January 19, 2012 at 11:33 PM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Newest Running Back Spurs Another Winby Jocelyn Hopkinson '15 • October 19, 2013 Share:
"Every time I came around the corner, they (offensive line) had it blocked right and there was almost nobody for me to juke out," Klembara said. "Those guys did a good job today and I credit those long runs to them."
Klembara converted to running back in the last week. He recorded 7 tackles and a tackle-for-loss in last Saturday's victory over Ohio Wesleyan. The running back position is not completely new to him — he played there as a freshman.
The talented Texas junior gashed the Kenyon defense with quick moves and complemented Anthony Stella's power running. The duo combined for 219 yards and 2 touchdowns.
"Obviously, we run the ball a lot so we don't feel like one guy can carry it every time," Raeburn said. "Somebody keeps stepping up."
The Little Giant offense was more balanced than any prior outing. Michael Putko threw for 217 yards on 17-of-26 passing and 3 touchdowns. Jon Laird caught 5 passes for 90 yards and 2 touchdowns.
"We were really impressed with them (Lords defense) through their first six games," Raeburn said. "Their run defense had been outstanding so we knew if we didn't have balance, we would have a tough day. It was really important for Michael and the receivers to play well, and I think we did."
Defensively, Wabash allowed little Kenyon success. The Lords didn't gain a first down until their sixth drive, and only converted one third down on 13 attempts.
"We knew they were going to try and run it down our throat," defensive lineman Evan Rutter said. "But our run defense has been real tough. The whole week we were talking that it's disrespectful they think they were going to come in here and overpower us. We all took it personally and knew it was just man on man, and that we needed to come out and be stronger and more physical than they were."
Rutter helped bottle up the Lords' run game, which only gained 66 yards on 33 attempts.
Stella started the scoring with a one-yard dive after Laird adjusted on a 46-yard reception to put the offense on the goal line. Laird finished the second Wabash scoring drive when he hauled in a Putko 14-yard pass, 14-0.
"We're prepared when we're called on even though we're asked to block a lot," Laird said. "Today, we couldn't run the ball as much as we're used to and we had confidence in our passing game and receivers stepping up to make plays."
Klembara didn't take long to establish himself as another Little Giant threat. He accounted for 64 total yards and his first career touchdown, including a 50-yard run, 21-0.
Ian MacDougall booted two field goals and Putko found Houston Hodges off the play action over the middle, 34-0. MacDougall is a perfect 10-for-10 this season.
Kenyon removed the goose egg in the fourth quarter, but Wabash responded with scores from Laird and Matt Gibson to close the game.
Nate Scola led the Little Giant defense with 8 tackles, including 3 tackles-for-loss and 1.5 sacks. Rutter had 6 tackles and half a sack.
The Little Giants travel to Oberlin next Saturday to play the Yeomen. Kickoff will be at 1 p.m.


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Advertisement from The Derby Mercury, 24 March 1847
A sale notice for stock, farm equipment and household effects at Upper Blakenhall appeared in The Derby Mercury of 24 March 1847. Presumably the Hoults moved in not too long after the property had been vacated by the previous tenant.
1851 Census: Upper Blakenhall Farm, Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire
National Archives (NA) Ref. HO107/2012/368/34/122
Image © The National Archives and courtesy of Ancestry
The census taken on the night of Sunday 30th March 1851 appears to have caught the Hoults in mid-move. Their eldest daughter Mary Ann, then aged seventeen, was obviously regarded as pretty responsible, as she was installed with nine year-old younger sister Margaret Ann and a servant in the new house at Upper Blakenhall. James and a pregnant Abigail - she would give birth to a fourth son in about August - remained with two more children and a couple of servants at Rangemore, presumably winding up affairs. The other children, perhaps to keep them out of the way during the upheaval, were staying with Abigail's brother John Abell farming at Coton Park in Derbyshire.
A Cottage in Needwood Forest, 1790, by Joseph Wright (1734-1797) of Derby
Image © Derby Museum & Art Gallery & courtesy of Wikipedia Commons
Upper Blakenhall, a separate farm to that of Blakenhall Manor, was probably part of the Wychnor (or Wichnor) Estate, home of the Levett family, and was situated on the southern margin of what had been the huge 70,000-acre Royal Forest of Needwood, celebrated by Derby's well known romantic artist Joseph Wright in his 1790 painting, Cottage in Needwood Forest (shown above). However, the agricultural enclosures which were enacted in 1803 and completed by 1811, although strongly resisted by many including the poet F.N.C. Mundy, resulted in its deforestation with only a small few patches remaining today. By the mid-1800s, the denudation was well under way - indeed, the Hoult's previous farm at Rangemore was one of those created by this process.
Extract from the First Edition of the One-inch Ordnance Survey Map, 1834-1891, showing Upper Blakenhall Farm & Barton-under-Needwood
It seems likely that James Hoult was a lessee of Upper Blakenhall, rather than a freeholder. They were to remain living there for over three decades until James Hoult's death in 1882, and not only would it have come to be regarded as the family home but they, too, would have undoubtedly have left their mark on the property. The amount of land which they leased varied over time, according to census data, from 232 acres in 1851, to a maximum of 247 acres in 1861, then 192 acres in 1871 and finally 212 acres in 1881.
Farmland and Park Piece Plantation, near Upper Blakenhall Farm
Image © Copyright Cris Sloan and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence, Courtesy of Geograph.co.uk
Kelly's 1868 edition of the Post Office Directory of Staffordshire describes the countryside in the parish of Barton-under-Needwood as, "exceedingly fertile, and in a high state of cultivation, studded with numerous farmhouses ... a great portion is fine pasture and meadow land ... The crops are wheat, beans and barley." A map produced by Gerald Carey in his book on Barton parish shows the area occupied by Upper Blakenhall Farm as "mainly arable with some cattle," and it is likely that this predominance of crops over livestock doesn't represent much of a change from what it was a century and a half ago. The Derby Mercury reported on 15 October 1862 that:
Mr. Dickenson held his 12th monthly sale of fat and store stock, &c., at the Bowling Green Inn, Burton-on-Trent, on Monday se'nnight. There was a very large show of beef and mutton of first-class quality, and a considerable attendance of butchers and farmers. The stock was supplied by the following gentlemen ... Hoult, Blakenhall.The 1861 Census shows James Hoult employing four labourers, including daughter Margaret as a dairy maid, son William as a shepherd and daughter Catherine as a house servant. Mary Ann Hoult was still living at home, and presumably helped on the farm, although she is not shown with an occupation. Her sister Ann was living and working in Lichfield, where she was apprenticed to a milliner, while another sister Sarah Jane was at boarding school in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire.
Advertisement from The Derby Mercury, 10 May 1864
In June 1864 Upper Blakenhall Farm was offered for sale by auction. Although it is not clear who bought it, or indeed if a sale was effected, the advertisements in The Derby Mercury, which appeared for four weeks prior to the sale, are useful since they detail the actual properties occupied at that time by James Hoult:
- Blakenhall Farm, 182a. 0r. 4p.
- Ryelands and two Row Meadows, 19a. 3r. 20p.
- Cote Closes, with Buildings and part of Allotment, 28a. 1r. 18p.
- Damford Weir Meadow, 6a. 3r. 39p.
Mary Ann was not the first of James and Abigail Hoult's children to marry. Their eldest son William James Hoult (1843-1900) had married Hannah Newcomb in 1868 in Cheshire, and by February 1870 was probably operating the 184 acre dairy farm at Cranage in that county, where he was certainly living at the time of the census in April 1871.
Living at home with James and Abigail in 1870-1871 were four of their children:
- Ann Botham Hoult (1835-1872)
- Louisa Georgiana Hoult (1847-)
- John Abell Hoult (1849-)
- Constance Emily Hoult (1853-)
Mary Ann's other siblings were living further afield:
- Margaret Abigail Hoult (1841-1901) was living at Hoon House, Hoon, Derbyshire, where she was housekeeper to a farmer, James Archer, who she later married in 1874.
- Sarah Jane Hoult (1846-) was in Over Whitacre, Warwickshire, also working as housekeeper to a farmer James Archer, who she later married.
- Third son Joseph Emmanual Hoult (1851-), their first child born at Upper Blakenhall and now aged twenty, was apprenticed to a chemist in the High Street, Burton-upon-Trent.
Mary Ann Hoult's husband-to-be Jacob Botham Smith (1840-1925) was born at Aston-on-Trent, where his father Jacob Botham Smith senior (1800-1864) was a butcher and farmer. His three older brothers Joseph Botham Smith (1829-1915), James Hardy Smith (1836-1928) and John Hardy Smith (1838-1920) were also farmers, with properties at Draycott, Weston-on-Trent and Aston, respectively. He also had a sister Elizabeth Botham Smith (1831-1912) who was married to Derby grocer and chandler Charles James Storer (1828-1891).
The married couple who we are trying to fit into this wedding portrait were:
- Jacob Botham Smith, aged 29, and Mary Ann Hoult, aged 31
- James Hoult, aged 67
- Joseph Botham Smith, aged 40
- James Hardy Smith, aged 34
- John Hardy Smith, aged 32
- William James Hoult, aged 26
- John Abell Hoult, aged 21
- Joseph Emmanual Hoult, aged 19
Estimating ages from photographic portraits is always tricky, particularly with early cartes de visite. However, it is a process that one often has to attempt in the course of researching old photographs, and I shall provide some provisional ages for this one, in order to try and match the participants with the family concerned.
1. The Groom is seated on a chair to the right of, and slightly behind, the bride, perhaps to accomodate the large skirts of her wedding gown. He has short hair with a slightly right of centre-parting, short sideburns, and looks to be in his late twenties or early thirties. This could well be Jacob Botham Smith, who was aged 29 at the time of his marriage.
2. The Bride is dressed in a white wedding gown with veil and is carrying a bouquet in her left hand. She is seated more or less at the centre of the group, and her being slightly forward from her husband gives the appearance that she, rather than her husband, is the primary subject of the photograph. She looks to be around the same age as her husband, i.e. in her late twenties or early thirties, although the harsh white light reflected from the wedding gown, together with the fact that she has her eyes facing somewhere in front of the photographer's feet, has made it difficult to see her face very well. Since Mary Ann Hoult was thirty-one when she was married, it would also fit rather nicely.
3. The Youngest Male in the group, standing on the left, is probably in his late teens or early twenties. He has both of his hands resting lightly on the shoulders of the groom, seated directly in frot of him. Often, this would have been arranged by the photographer to suggest that there was some relationship between them, but might not necessarily have been the case. Jacob Smith didn't have any younger brothers, so I suspect this was one of Mary Ann's two youngest brothers, John Abell or Joseph Emmanual Hoult, aged 21 and 19, respectively.
N.B. The rather vacant expression in his eyes is due to a technical photographic quirk, rather than any zombie-like qualities of the subject. Albumen and collodion emulsions used in early photographic processes had poor sensitivity to certain wavelengths of light, and in particular extra sensitivity to the blue end of the spectrum, which could result in some rather strange effects such as that seen here. Photographers often retouched their subjects' irises as pencilled dots on the negatives to make the portraits a little more realistic.
4. The man standing in the middle appears to be the Oldest Male. He has a fine moustache and long sideburns or Dundreary whiskers, and hair which is perhaps thinning somewhat on top. I would say that he is in his thirties at least, perhaps even early forties. None of Mary Ann's brothers were that old. It could, however, be one of Jacob's three older brothers, aged between 32 and 40.
5. The fully Bearded Man standing on the right is probably in his mid- to late twenties or early thirties. This could be Mary Ann's brother William James Hoult, aged 26, or the youngest of Jacob's three older brothers John Hardy Smith, aged 32.
One of the questions that occurs to me at this stage is why the wedding group should include this particular selection of family members. On refelection, however, it is clear that this portrait, or indeed the group of three cartes de visite, should not be considered as a complete set. Almost certainly they were originally part of a larger collection of photographs, and the full context has naturally become obscured as a result of being separated, as well as from the loss of any knowledge of the provenance.
Glebe Farm, Weston-on-Trent, 14 April 2009
Image © and courtesy of Nigel Aspdin
Jacob and Mary Ann Botham settled at Glebe Farm, near Weston-on-Trent, after their marriage, where Jacob farmed 300 acres of land, employing five labourers and five boys. The census of Sunday 2nd April 1871 shows them living at the farm with a daughter Mary H. Smith, aged 11 months, and five servants. Mary Hardy Smith was born at Weston-on-Trent, probably in the month of April 1870, if the age given in the census was accurate. The birth was registered at the Shardlow Register Office during the second quarter (April-June) of 1870, and Mary Ann was baptised at St. Mary the Virgin Parish Church, Weston-on-Trent on Saturday 7 May 1870.
This implies that Mary Ann would have been at least six months, and presumably quite visibly, pregnant at the time of her marriage in early February 1870. I thought it would be an interesting exercise to look for any signs of such a pregnancy in the carte de visite portraits. Unfortunately, large expanses of white colour never photographed well in those early years (photographers usually advised their customers to wear only dark clothing to avoid this problem) and, even with digital enhancement, the definition is not clear enough to make out whether the subject is pregnant or not.
The portrait of a woman feeding the dogs is intriguing, but it is difficult to interpret a great deal from it. I can't even make out whether the subject is the same woman as the bride in the wedding group portrait. If it is, then she has changed clothing, presumably into a brown or black "travelling dress" as discussed in Part 4 of this series of articles. Perhaps she is saying a last goodbye to the family pets. Again though, I can't make out whether she is likely to be pregnant or not.
At this stage most readers will be able to tell that I am fairly confident that the Smith-Hoult marriage is by far the most likely candidate for the wedding portrait. In Part 7, I will discuss the architectural aspects of the portrait that have convinced me - with a confidence of, say, above 90% - that it must be the right one.
International Genealogical Index (IGI) from the LDS church online at FamilySearch
1841 Census of Swadlincote, transcribed by Brett Payne, on the Swadlincote Parish Pages
Derbyshire Petty Sessions, an index compiled from original records by Michael Cox and presented online by John Palmer on his Wirksworth web site
The Derby Mercury, in 19th Century British Library Newspapers, Digital images online from GALE Cengage Learning
Index to General Register Office Births, Marriages & Deaths from FreeBMD
UK Census 1841-1901 indexed images from Ancestry
Pigot's Directory of Derbyshire, 1831, from Ancestry
W. White's History, Gazetteer & Directory of Staffordshire, 1851, from Ancestry
Harrison, Harrod, and Co.'s Directory and Gazetteer of Staffordshire, 1861, from Ancestry
E.R. Kelly's Post Office Directory of Staffordshire, 1868, from Ancestry
J.G. Harrod & Co.'s Directory of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Rutland & Staffordshire, 1870, from the University of Leicester's Historical Directories
E.R. Kelly's Post Office Directory of Staffordshire, 1872, from Ancestry
F. Wright's Directory of South Derbyshire, 1874, from the University of Leicester's Historical Directories
E.R. Kelly's Post Office Directory of Derbyshire, 1876, from Ancestry
Reprint of the first edition (1834-1891) of the One-inch Ordnance Survey of England and Wales: Sheet 34 (Stafford) & Sheet 42 (Lichfield & Birmingham), publ. 1970, David & Charles, ISBN 0715346342 & 0715348574
Gerald Carey (undated) The Parish Of Barton Under Needwood In Staffordshire, a 2004 web version of the book of the same title by Gerald Carey
Gerald Carey (1999) The Manor Of Barton Under Needwood in the County of Staffordshire, 2001 web version
Needwood Forest, Wikipedia article
How fast can a horse and carriage travel? from Yahoo Answers
Cameras From Daguerreotypes to Instant Pictures, by Brian Coe, 1978, Crown Publishers, ISBN 0517533812


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Births and Deaths in Public Records
| Vital Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Vital Records
|Marriage Records
|Births and Deaths in Public Records
|Cemetery Records
|List of Useful Vital Record References
This article originally appeared in "Vital Records" by Johni Cerny, BS, FUGA in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
Many British and European countries began keeping birth and death records nationally in the nineteenth century. Before then, churches maintained registers of christenings and burials, and colonial settlers in America brought British laws and customs with them. Thus, churches were initially the sole keepers of vital records; ministers in many colonies were required by law to report christenings and burials to civil authorities. In some areas, consequently, these events are recorded in both civil and church records. Eventually, some colonies, primarily those in New England, passed laws requiring local town or county clerks to maintain records of births and deaths. Massachusetts had the most comprehensive laws pertaining to birth and death registration, and many of its early records have been published.
During the nineteenth century, England and other European countries instituted national registration systems, primarily to compile medical statistics as information on epidemic diseases. The United States did not implement the practice until much later. The majority of the states did not require registration until the first quarter of the twentieth century, and then the responsibility for registering births and deaths was left to the individual states rather than the federal government, accounting for different starting dates and differences in the data called for. The earliest cities to require civil registration were New Orleans (1790), Boston (1848), Philadelphia (1860), Pittsburgh (1870), and Baltimore (1875). Fourteen states also initiated registration before 1880:
|New Jersey:
|New York:
|Rhode Island:
|New Hampshire:
|Washington, D.C.:
The National Center for Health Statistics publishes Where to Write for Vital Records'Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Divorces online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/w2w.htm. It lists, for each state, the dates on which the records began, the types of records kept, the cost of certified copies, and the address of the records custodian in each state. The fees listed in it are subject to frequent increase. It takes six to eight weeks on average for state offices to respond to requests; however, some states may take up to six months. Many states will expedite orders and have contracted with VitalChek to offer that service. Expect to pay extra fees and express postage costs for this service.
Even in areas with early registration laws, enforcement was haphazard, particularly in rural and frontier areas. West Virginia is a good example of the incompleteness of early vital records. The initial law requiring registration was passed by the Virginia legislature to become effective in 1853, when West Virginia was still part of Virginia. The exact extent of citizen compliance is difficult to estimate, but professional genealogists know that many births and deaths were not registered. Property owners were more likely to register the birth of a slave than the birth of their own children because registering a slave was a protection of personal property rights. Sometimes a couple registered one or more children but not all. Undoubtedly the difficulty of traveling long distances over rough terrain contributed to the lack of compliance.
Even when early vital records are incomplete, you should examine them. Of course, you are not limited to vital records alone for birth and death information. A natural beginning for research is a survey of available family records. Family Bibles, family record books, journals, diaries, and letters often note births and deaths of family members.
During the period when civil authorities did not require vital records, births and deaths were regularly recorded in the family Bible among literate, religious families. These entries often supply the only complete birth and death dates for individuals who were born or died before the twentieth century, although other forms of family records sometimes contain mention of births and deaths as they occurred. Various groups of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) have compiled many volumes of family Bible records, frequently including evaluations of the accuracy and authenticity of the records. The DAR collections are available at the DAR Library in Washington, D.C., and in libraries of state and local DAR groups throughout the United States. The Genealogical Society of Utah has microfilmed the DAR main collection and many state publications; they are available through the Family History Centers of the Family History Library.
Other government and legal documents also contain birth and death information: New England town records, coroners' reports, probate records, land records, mortality schedules, and military records, among others. These sources, including family records, are discussed in other chapters, so mention of them in this chapter will be limited.
A coroner's report is issued when an inquest is held to investigate unusual or unknown circumstances related to a death. When the inquest is complete, the report includes the causes of death, the autopsy findings, where held, testimony about the circumstances existing at the time of the death, and the findings of the coroner's jury. Coroner's reports are public records available for use by researchers, and they may be requested from the state, county, or city coroner's office. Not all deaths of unknown or suspicious nature result in a coroner's inquest; but when there is evidence that an ancestor died in an unusual manner or was murdered, coroners' records should be examined. There are medical examiners (as coroners are more frequently called today) at city, county, and state levels, and their records may be found at all three levels. (See chapter 4, 'Business, Institution, and Employment Records.')
Probate records can also contain birth and death information. In them, the exact date of death may be listed for the individual whose estate is in probate; the names and dates of birth of his or her minor heirs may also be found in the record. These records are usually found in the probate court or the court having probate jurisdiction in a town or county. They are also public records and are available to the genealogist upon request to the probate clerk. (See chapter 7, 'Court Records.')
Court minutes seem to be a 'catch-all' for miscellaneous items recorded to give them public credibility. For example, John Wills, clerk of the Council for West Jersey, an administrative court, entered a complete list of his brothers and sisters followed by his own children at the end of his minute book, vol. 3 (18 April 1712 to 6 February 1721/22), just before the index. Thus, the clerk made his family vital records a matter of public record.
Occasionally, land and property records contain birth and death information. Sometimes the death date of a person leaving property to heirs appears in a deed executed after his or her death. Birth information is sometimes included in applications for public lands or homesteads filed with the federal government. (See chapter 10, 'Land and Tax Records.')
Mortality schedules were included as part of the decennial (every ten years) census enumerations between 1850 and 1900. These schedules give the name, age, sex, color, occupation, birthplace, month and year of death, cause of death, number of days ill, the attending physician, and other details for persons who died within the year prior to the taking of the census. The 1890 and 1900 mortality schedules were destroyed. To locate those still in existence, see chapter 5, 'Census Records.' The Genealogical Society of Utah has microfilmed a large number of mortality schedules. They are available at the Family History Library and through its Family History Centers. Use an online search engine to find searchable databases of these mortality schedules.
Military pension files also contain valuable birth and death records. The date and place of birth of the veteran, the dates of birth of his children, and the date and place of birth of the veteran's widow (if she received a pension) are included in the file in some cases. (See chapter 11, 'Military Records.')
Birth and death records are also found in church records, such as parish registers, which list christenings, burials, births, and deaths. Some churches took special church census enumerations that are of use to the researcher. Some ministers and evangelists kept vital records for their members in personal journals and diaries, and some churches have established historical societies or departments to collect and maintain official church membership records. The headquarters of the affiliate churches ordinarily maintain the records, but some may be found in local church offices. Inquire at a local church about the existence and location of the records of interest. (See chapter 6, 'Church Records.') Personal records of ministers and other church officials can be found by consulting the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC). (See chapter 3, 'General References and Guides,' for more information on indexes.)
As the twenty-first century progresses, insurance and business records will play an increasingly important role in establishing genealogical facts. An excellent example of such records is Connie Bell's and Vernell Walker's Union Pacific Railroad Life Insurance Claims Data.<ref>Connie Bell and Vernell Walker, comps., Union Pacific Railroad Life Insurance Claims Data (Salt Lake City: microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1990).</ref> These alphabetically arranged records contain vital records and other documents supporting insurance claims. The compilers attempted to abstract all information of genealogical importance. Some of the details include name of the deceased, Social Security number, sex, race, occupation, date and place of birth, address, date of marriage, date and cause of death, place of burial, parents' names, and spouse's name. This collection is available on microfilm through the Family History Library.
Other insurance companies and businesses have compiled similar records, but researchers are just beginning to locate and abstract them. Check repository catalogs periodically and inquire at national and local genealogical societies about 'works in progress' to determine if a source of interest is in the making. (See also chapter 4, 'Research in Business, Institution, and Organization Records'.)
Military records are discussed at length in chapter 11, but note particularly that vital records information appears in such filings as World War I Selective Service Registration, benefits applications, such as those for pensions of admittance to veteran's home.
Fewer vital records exist for the period prior to 1900, so researchers must search more obscure records on the chance of finding the details needed to identify people and document relationships. An example that is an excellent source for pre-1900 vital information is the Gentleman's Magazine, a periodical published in Great Britain that contained information about people from the United States, Jamaica, Antigua, Barbados, and the West Indies. The periodical published columns listing births, marriages, and deaths of British citizens at home and abroad. See David Dobson's American Vital Records from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731'1868.<ref>David Dobson, comp., American Vital Records from the Gentleman's Magazine, 1731-1868 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1987).</ref>
Private sources, such as newspapers, morticians' records, hospital and doctors' records, business and employment records, and local published histories also contain birth and death information. Some of these records are also discussed in detail in other chapters.
Contents of Birth Records
Early birth records gave little information beyond the name of the child, date and place of birth, and parents' names. Some localities listed only the name of the father'particularly in early New England town and church records, as the following example from the town records of Simsbury, Connecticut, shows (an 's' appears where appropriate).
- Simsbury Records. 119
- James the first Son of James Tullar was Born the firft Day of January A : D : 1737/8
- Eli Tullar Son of James Tullar was Born the: 14th Day of february A : D 1740/41:
- [226] Jerusha the Daughter of Return Holcomb was Born aprill the : 3 : anno : Dom : 1734 :
- Stephen the Sone of Return Holcomb was born September the : 23 : A : D : 1736 :
- Timothy Case the Son of Richard Case was born the 2nd Day of February A : D 1759.
- Lucy the Daughter of Gillet Adams was born feb : 14th A : D : 1731/2 :
- Anne Granger the Daughter of George Granger was born July the : 19th : 1732 :
- Rhoda the Daughter of George Grainger was born Aprill : 26th A : D : 1735 :
- Simsbury Connecticut Birth, Marriage and Deaths (Hartford: Albert C. Bates, 1898), 119.
Early birth records are distressingly sparse, with a heavy concentration found in New England only. In the colonial period, church records that can serve as birth records were kept in Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, with Virginia trailing far behind the others. Quaker records for all of the states mentioned previously are far superior to most others, providing the exact dates of birth and death for members of that faith. They have been well preserved; many are included in William Wade Hinshaw's Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, available in most genealogical libraries in the United States.<ref>William Wade Hinshaw, Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy, 6 vols. (1969; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1991-94); also on CD-ROM with full index, same title and publisher.</ref> These volumes cover the monthly meeting records of the Carolinas, Tennessee, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Willard Heiss has expanded coverage with a seventh volume for Indiana, but it is not on the CD-ROM. Heiss' printed volume was published by the Indiana Historical Society in 1972.<ref>Willard Heiss, Abstracts of the Records of the Society of Friends in Indiana, Part One through Six (1962-1975) with Index (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1972).</ref>
By the mid-nineteenth century, birth records in the United States began to include more detailed information. For example, beginning in 1853, some Virginia and West Virginia county birth registers included the mother's maiden name instead of her married name'obviously helpful information in identifying the maternal ancestry of a child.
Early birth records can be obtained from town or county clerks in the area in which an ancestor was born. These records, too early to fall under the jurisdiction of recent privacy laws, are public records. However, when writing for a birth or death record, state your relationship to the ancestor of interest in case the clerk requires it. Your inquiry should indicate the specific record desired; give the ancestor's full name and as much identifying information as possible (especially if the ancestor has a common surname). Providing the exact date of birth, if known, or an estimated five-year birth period, will help clerks find the right record. The average fee for birth or death records at the county level is seven dollars; send that amount with your request. If additional funds are required, the clerk will either request the balance in advance or send the material and ask you to forward the balance. Most jurisdictions will search their records for a five-year period, but few will search further unless specifically requested to do so.
The Genealogical Society of Utah has microfilmed birth records of thousands of towns and counties throughout the United States, concentrating heavily upon the states east of the Mississippi River. These microfilms are available at the Family History Library and upon request through its Family History Centers.
The printed vital records of New England towns are also available at the Family History Library; those that have been microfilmed can be borrowed through the Family History Centers. Many state and local historical society libraries have copies, and many of the larger metropolitan city libraries with genealogical collections, such as the New York Public Library and the Los Angeles Public Library, also have copies of the printed records. The town records of Massachusetts have been published on CD-ROM as well by the Genealogical Publishing Company. The Holbrook Research Institute has microfiche copies for the vital records in Massachusetts towns that were never printed; a price list is available on request (see Archive Publishing).
Even though births were not widely recorded during the early years of America's existence, those records that do exist may provide the only source of exact birth data for your ancestors. They should always be searched.
Modern birth records (post-1910) are maintained by the states. They are extremely valuable, but many researchers, learning birth information from home sources, fail to obtain birth certificates. This reluctance is most unfortunate and can result in an inaccurate or incomplete family genealogy. Modern birth records contain much more information than earlier records. Although birth certificates vary from state to state, most of them share much information in common.
The attached image is a birth certificate that is fairly representative of those compiled in most states. It contains the following information about the child and its parents:
|Date of birth
|Time of birth
|Term of residence in the
|Term of pregnancy
|Marital status
|Number of other living children
|Number of other deceased children
|Number of children born dead
Most modern birth records are protected by the privacy laws passed by the federal government during recent years. However, some states have allowed microfilming of births after masking entries for illegitimate and stillborn births.
Despite such gaps, these records are obviously useful. Most states require a request form to be completed before they will issue a copy or abstract of a birth certificate. Such a form will often request more information than you have, but you should fill it out as completely as possible, estimating dates and places as accurately as you can. Some states will search more than a five-year period, while others limit the search to a single, approximate year of birth. If the record cannot be found in the year listed, a few states refund the fee; most do not. Each request should state your relationship to the individual and the purpose for which you will use the data. Family history and genealogical research purposes are acceptable reasons in most states.
A rarely used form of birth record is the delayed birth certificate. When Social Security benefits were instituted in 1937, individuals claiming benefits had to document their births even if their states of residence had not required birth registration at the time of their births. The 1880 and 1900 U.S. Federal Census enumerations were partially or fully indexed to help provide this documentation. Another method was to file evidence as part of an application for a delayed birth certificate.
The individual applying had to submit a petition to the county court stating his or her name, address, date and place of birth; father's name, race, and place of birth; and evidence to support the facts presented. The evidence could be in the form of a baptismal certificate, Bible record, school record, affidavit from the attending physician or midwife, application for an insurance policy, birth certificate of a child, copy of an application for a Social Security account number, or an affidavit from a person having definite knowledge of the facts.
Delayed birth certificates list vital information abstracted from the supporting evidence. Most states have delayed birth records, some of which are indexed and easily usable. Some delayed birth records have been filed for individuals born as early as 1840. These records are usually filed in the county where the individual applied'not in the county of birth. Though relatively uncommon, these records provide information about individuals and their parents for periods when vital records were not widely kept. The records and testimony used as supporting evidence for the document can lead you to other information sources and also show which relatives were living at the time the certificate was applied for.
Families in transition when children were born present a research problem. Often, families moving when a child was born waited just long enough for the mother to recover and then moved to an adjoining town or state, where the infant's birth was recorded. In such cases, if you move back in time from the known to the unknown, you will know where the birth was recorded when you may know nothing of where the birth occurred'so check the obvious; find out if the birth was recorded after the fact. The resulting document will give you the actual place of birth, and you can then make searches there also.
Contents of Death Records
Early death records in the United States provide little more than the name of the deceased, the date of death, and the place of death. Burial records contain basically the same information. Occasionally the record will list the name of the deceased's spouse. These early records appear in town, county, and church records, most extensively in New England, where they were kept as late as 1900.
Death records of the nineteenth century are more detailed in many jurisdictions. They often include the name of the deceased, date, place, and cause of death, age at the time of death, place of birth, parents' names, occupation, name of spouse, name of the person giving the information, and the informant's relationship to the deceased. Race is listed in some records. Some southern states also note if the deceased was a slave.
Modern death records (post-1910), though comparatively recent, are steadily increasing in value. People are living longer, and death records often provide information about birth as well as death.
Modern death certificates have not been standardized throughout the United States, but, like birth certificates, most of them contain the same types of information. The attached image, a death certificate from Oklahoma, is representative of most contemporary death certificates. It includes the deceased's name, sex, race, date of death, age at the time of death, place of death, date of birth, place of birth, marital status, name of spouse, Social Security number, occupation, residence, father's name, mother's name, cause of death, and place of burial. Records from other states generally provide the birthplace of the deceased's parents. The Social Security number is not always included, but, when it is, it can be invaluable because other records (subject to right-of-privacy laws) may be accessible if you have the Social Security number.
As any experienced researcher knows, death records are only as accurate as the knowledge of the person who provided the information. Many informants are unaware of the name of parents or are unsure about dates and places of birth. Always try to find additional information about parents and dates and places of birth whenever possible.
In response to a request, some states will supply a photocopy of the certificate filed at the time of death, while some make a transcript of the basic information on a preprinted form, certifying it as a true copy. A photocopy is preferable. Not only does it eliminate the danger of errors in transcription; it will also include more data. The clues of cemetery, undertaker, informant, residence at time of death, and other details that take you from the death certificate to other records are found only on the original.
The following is an example. When genealogist Harry L. Carle first requested the death certificate of his grandfather Harry Chester Lee, he requested a certification of death abstracted from the death register.
Harry received this certification with a request for payment. He sent a check and a request for the original certificate, explaining what information he was looking for. Note that it did not need to be certified ('sealed'). The court clerk's reply provided the name of the physician, L.E. Hedgecock, and the undertaker, Ray A. Fox. The clerk also suggested writing the Department of Vital Statistics in Des Moines and provided the address.
When Harry pursued his request to the Des Moines office, he received a photocopy of the original certificate filed with the state. It was obviously worth the extra correspondence to get this certificate. From it, Harry discovered that Harry Lee had lived in Hampton only six years before his death; that his wife, Sylvia Smith Lee, the informant, was fifty-six years old; that Harry had been born in Chicago; and that he had been a stage worker. It also gave his parents' names and places of birth, the date and place of burial, the attending physicians' names, and the fact that Harry Lee had suffered from heart disease for about five years before it proved fatal.
Death records are valuable corroborating evidence for family traditions handed down generation after generation without verification. They also help distinguish between two or more people with the same name. For example, one prominent Texas family gave me its personal files and family sources to produce a family history. Their records included a maternal ancestor named Nettie Green, who was married to Robert Michael. Public records produced a Nettie Green who was also married to a Robert Michael. Thinking they were the same Nettie Green, I extended that family line back two hundred years to the immigrant ancestor. The paternal ancestors were less accommodating; in the process of identifying them, I requested the death certificate of Nettie's husband. It clearly stated that he had married Nettie Bunting. Furthermore, Albert Robert Michael had always used his middle name. His descendants did not even know that he had a different given name. The marriage records supported the death record; Nettie Bunting was indeed the ancestor, and we bade farewell to two hundred years of the Green family.
Death records, both early and modern, can help you identify others related to the decedent. The information provided in the records is usually given to the authorities by a close relative. If the relative is a married daughter, the record will state her married name. Aunts, uncles, in-laws, cousins, and other relatives are listed as informants on death records. Each new name is a clue to the identity of other ancestors that should be pursued.
The death record informant may not have been the person who provided vital statistics to the funeral director or to the cemetery sexton. The death certificate names both the funeral home and the place of burial, so check both the mortician's records and the sexton's records to confirm the information on the death record and to look for additional information not included in the death certificate. Once you know the exact date of death, you can more easily look for an obituary notice in a local newspaper. Obituaries usually at least summarize the deceased's life, sometimes including other towns of residence. They may also list all of the living heirs, as well as the names of parents, brothers, and sisters. Tracking backward with these clues, you can look for other members of the family and additional historical information.
In short, you should routinely request birth and death records for ancestors who were born or who died during the period for which records are available in a particular locale. They are rich in genealogical information and may serve to clarify discrepancies in family records.
Problems with Birth and Death Records
The use of vital records is not without its difficulties. The problem of an informant not knowing dates and places of birth when providing death information has already been mentioned. Many record collections are incomplete, necessitating additional searches in other records to fill the gaps.
Legibility is also a problem in many handwritten records. It is sometimes worthwhile to ask for help from someone skilled in reading various types of handwriting when a certificate or register entry is not easily decipherable.
A third problem is that early records may contain a variety of surname spellings'none of them spellings currently used by branches of the family. Early record clerks, like early census enumerators, often spelled people's names as they heard them pronounced. When looking for birth or death records from earlier periods, consider all possible spelling variations, especially phonetic spellings, before concluding that no record exists. This is especially important for urban areas, where more than one person having the same name is the rule rather than the exception.
A related problem is that records were often indexed many years after they were compiled. The person doing the indexing had to interpret the handwriting in the record just as the researcher must, and his or her skills may not have been well developed. The obvious errors in indexes are a T read as an F, a P as an R, and an L as an S. Take these possibilities into consideration, too, as you try to determine all the possible spellings of a surname.
Some researchers stop searching if they cannot find an ancestor's name in an index. But some indexes have an error rate in excess of twenty-five percent, meaning that more than twenty-five percent of the individuals in the indexed records were not included in the index. If you know the approximate date of a birth or death, settle down to a page-by-page search before concluding that your ancestor is not in the records.
Legally restricted access represents an important limitation of modern vital records. Different states regulate who can access vital records and under what circumstances. Some new laws attempt to reduce the assumption of a false identity for fraudulent purposes (for example, assuming the identity of a deceased person to obtain credit cards to be used for defrauding merchants). Other laws protect the privacy of people still living. Regardless of the reasons behind such laws, you should research the access-restriction laws that exist in the states where you will be conducting research. (See the discussion of right-of-privacy laws in chapter 1, 'The Foundations of Family History Research.')
Finding Aids for Birth and Death Records
There are numerous aids for locating vital records. Most towns and counties have indexes to birth and death records. Even if the indexes are not complete, they can often facilitate research. Many local historical and genealogical societies have published birth and death records in their periodicals, newsletters, and journals; they should be examined whenever available. A few collections of birth and death records have been published in CD-ROM format. These appear in Birth, Marriage, and Death Records on CD-ROM along with many marriage records collections. Finally, family members may be able to send photocopies of birth and death records in their possession. It is worth a letter, telephone call, or e-mail to inquire.
Always check for duplicate copies at county, city, town, and state levels. Many counties kept vital records before the states did. After state registration began, counties and cities continued to maintain registers of vital events. If one set of records is lost or incomplete, you can check the other.
The Family History Library has a significant collection of microfilmed birth and death records and indexes. Table 13-4 is a state-by-state list of available birth indexes and records. Statewide Birth Indexes and Records lists death indexes and records. This collection is expanded regularly, so consult the Family History Library Catalog for the most current entries. The number of searchable online databases of statewide birth and death indexes keeps growing. Statewide Death Indexes and Records provides a list of databases and where to access them. Use your search engine to check regularly for newly published databases.
The Social Security Death Index (SSDI) provides birth date, death date, last known residence, and where the last payment was sent for persons who received benefits from the Social Security Administration. Approximately 98 percent of the people listed died after 1962; the earliest died in 1937. Those who held Social Security numbers but did not receive benefits or whose death was not reported to the administration, will not be listed. This index will help you pinpoint the date an ancestor died or at least narrow it to a month and year, making it easier to obtain the right death certificate from a county or state record office. The SSDI can be searched online at Ancestry.com for a fee and at other websites for free; however, the search engine on Ancestry.com produces the best results when you have very limited information.
The Social Security Administration has a microfilmed copy of every individual's Social Security application (Form SS-5), as well as claim files. These documents contain information not given in the index, including: Full name at birth, mailing address, age at last birthday, date of birth, place of birth, father's full name, mother's full name, sex, race, employer's name and address, and date signed. Copies of Form SS-5 can be obtained from the Social Security Administration at a cost of $27.00 each (in 2004). If you find an entry using the Ancestry.com SSDI search, click on 'Get Copy of Original Application' to generate a letter to the Social Security Administration.


text:
Chaie Sura Kisielnicki
Born: 1923
Kaluszyn, Poland
Chaie Sura was the youngest of three children born to Jewish parents living 35 miles east of Warsaw in the small, predominantly Jewish town of Kaluszyn. Her father owned a wholesale grocery store, a restaurant and a gas station, which were located together on the busy main road. The Kisielnicki family lived in rooms in the same building as their business.
1933-39: When Germany invaded Poland several days ago, my father and brothers fled eastward towards the USSR with other Jewish men who were afraid that the Germans would send them away for forced labor. Soon after, German forces fought Polish troops in a battle at Kaluszyn and half the town was flattened by bombs. Our house was on the outskirts and wasn't hit, so now, many people without shelter, including total strangers, have crowded into our home.
1940-44: When my father and brothers heard that Kaluszyn had been bombed, they returned home to see if Mother and I were all right. Kaluszyn's mayor chose my father to be on the Jewish council. My father, in turn, chose my brother Abram for the Jewish police and my brother Majlich for the Jewish sanitation committee. As for me, I often work in the communal kitchen with my mother and grandmother. Food is scarce in the Jewish ghetto for poor families who have nothing to trade on the black market.
On September 25, 1942, 19-year-old Chaie Sura and more than 3,000 other Jews were deported from Kaluszyn to a killing center, where she perished.


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1. Re: Switching between Apache CXF and JBossWS Native on JBoss AS 7.1Alessio Soldano Apr 16, 2012 4:32 AM (in response to Peter Fry)
You can see both native and cxf modules on AS71 because Native is still used for serving jaxrpc features when cxf is installed.
You can install jbossws-native for jaxws functionalities too (instead of jbossws-cxf) by downloading the latest jbossws-native release from http://www.jboss.org/jbossws/downloads and installing, but consider that JBossWS-Native is EOLed.
2. Re: Switching between Apache CXF and JBossWS Native on JBoss AS 7.1Peter Fry Apr 16, 2012 4:38 AM (in response to Alessio Soldano)
Thanks for the very prompt reply. The only reason why we are considering this is because of the unmodelled fault handling behaviour changes i.e.:
I'm not expecting identical behaviour from Apache CXF and can tolerate some code changes but at the moment the information coming back in the SOAP message does not contain as much information as we had with JBoss WS Native.


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Explore below the franchises and business opportunities available in Newport (NP). Franchisors have varying ways of defining territotories so though they may be displayed below it does not mean that a franchise is definitely available in this location. Also, some franchise business models may not necessarily be suitable to this specific location, though this is something that each individual franchisor would be able to explore with you directly.
Tutor Doctor Franchise - Join the fastest-growing home-based Tutoring Franchise worldwide and enjoy outstanding profit margins.
The Dawn Breakers Franchise offers you the opportunity to manage your own Health and Fitness Business.
The Aspray franchise offers a free service to the general public, project managing building insurance claims and refurbishment schemes using local subcontractors.
The Caremark franchise offers a complete home care franchise package with comprehensive back-up and support.
As a Mathnasium business owner you with become part of an international children's mathematics franchise.
Venture is the only nationally recognised brand in its sector, making it truly distinct as a franchise concept.
If you're prepared to work hard then the Dream Doors home improvements franchise can help you earn the income you deserve!
The DNS Accountants Franchise is at the cutting edge of accountancy.
InXpress is a global freight consulting franchise that gives you the ability to create an incredible leveraged and recurring residual income.
Platinum Property Partners enables you to build a portfolio of specialist buy-to-let properties that delivers an exceptional level of income for life.
Pitman Training anticipate that a good quality partner should be earning between �£100,000 - �£200,000 in year 1!
2019 sees Pink Connect set to grow rapidly across the UK, providing environmentally sustainable Power and Business Communications to customers.
The SureCare Franchsie has a firm platform for development and success from working to a proven format which allows you to excel.
TaxAssist Accountants can help you grow your own accountancy practice, a profitable business and saleable asset for your future.
Franchise Property Solutions offer free consultations surrounding possible interest within the property services sector in which they specialise.
The Nationwide Cleaners franchise is a 'white collar' cleaning management franchise offering flexible hours.
Ripples is ideally suited to partner teams, with the shop management and administrative duties divided between them.
The Spoton.Net Franchise presents an exceptional opportunity to earn a substantial income by running your own internet marketing business.
The No Letting Go franchise provides the blueprint, reputation and expertise to show you how to establish a successful inventory management business.
The most successful Riverford franchise owners have built their organic food business from scratch to achieve a turnover of over �£1million a year
ActionCOACH will help you to build a �£8,500 monthly income in 7 months or less with a business coaching franchise.
Recognition Express are offering an excellent promotional product franchise opportunity with an established and growing market.
Run your own franchise business with Cloudy2Clear. FULL training provided.
Eazi-Apps will provide you with a full turnkey package in order for your mobile app business to be a success.
MatchPoint offer FREE advice and guidance that will help you to find your 'perfect' franchise partner.
AIMS Accountants for Business are the largest network of independent qualified accountants throughout the UK.
The Burger Priest provides you with a successful Restaurant Management Business.
The MAP Finances franchise provides an excellent platform for independent financial advisors to create and build a business with their IFA Franchise.
With the Concept Building Solutions franchise you have the opportunity to earn a six figure sum running your own claims management company.
LMI-UK offer a true executive franchise. Achieve success with your own home-based business coaching and training franchise.
Start a management franchise with Signs Express, the leaders in print and graphics.
The World Options Franchise is a courier management franchise with superior customer service and a commitment to excellence.
The CENTURY 21 business opportunity provides you with unlimited earning potential.
Coensus-HR is an exciting new business opportunity, offering Prevue benchmarking, assessments and an online recruitment tool.
Join The Coaching Revolution to be part of a coaching network with over 15 years experience.
The Ecoline Wash franchise is a stimulating and growing business, looking for new affiliates to expand an ever-expanding network.
Antal is part of a multi-billion Euro industry, the demand for executive recruitment services has never been greater.
LighterLife franchisees have the opportunity to build their own diet and weight loss franchise.
The Betterclean Services franchise opportunity is suited to people looking to build a profitable management business.
Dublcheck has been providing premier cleaning services for offices, showrooms and health facilities for over twenty years.
As a Healthcare Practice Partner you will have the opportunity to build a medical and health insurance business attracting new and renewal fees.


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Impress your BFFs with a New Year's Eve package at Thompson Chicago that requires absolutely no planning. Mani and pedi? Included. Makeup and hair? Check. There's also a private cocktail party and midnight Champagne reception overlooking the city from a private suite -- and rooms for everyone. Price-tag: $15,000 to say hello to 2014.
This package for the Thompson Chicago in the city's tony Gold Coast historic district packs a lot into an overnight stay. It starts on New Year's Eve with built-in prep activities such as a three-hour shopping trip with a personal stylist, and an in-room haircut and hot shave for men and a blowout or up-do and makeup for women.
When everyone's dressed and ready, it's off to the cocktail reception and then a four-course dinner prepared by award-winning chef Paul Kahan in the private dining room of the hotel's Nico Osteria. Count down to midnight in a suite with a 150-square-foot loft bedroom and a separate sitting area on a main floor. Your guests don't have far to go when the party's over; they'll crash in seven double or king rooms.
On the first day of the new year, you and your guests may order up snacks (and hangover remedies) plus an in-room massage. Check out time isn't until 4 p.m. Reservations for the New Year's Eve Package must be made by Dec. 25.
Info: Thompson Chicago, (312) 266-2100
Follow us on Twitter @latimestravel, like us on Facebook @Los Angeles Times Travel.


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PELLA, Iowa — It's a new season but the Central
College football team is already displaying a familiar trait,
coming from behind in the second half for a 34-28 victory over
Wis.-Oshkosh in the opener for both squads.
A 21-point second half helped the Dutch rally from a 14-13 halftime deficit. It Marked the 11th time in the past three years that the Dutch have emerged victorious after trailing.
Coming off a banner season, quarterback Nate Snead was in top form again, passing for two touchdowns and running for two more. He completed 15 of 22 passes for 257 yards while rushing for 76 yards on 16 carries.
Snead's 36-yard strike to tight end Jordan Leuschen on Central's opening possession of the second half put the Dutch up to stay, 20-14. Then Snead's 1-yard sneak capped an 85-yard drive to stretch the advantage to 27-14 with 1:34 left in the third quarter. Yet the game remained in doubt until the final minute.
Wis.-Oshkosh needed just 2:12 to answer with a 15-yard touchdown pass from Nate Wara to Matt Haas. Snead followed with a 2-yard score to complete a nine-play, 81-yard march only to have the Titans' no-huddle offense strike again, using just 1:26 to score on Charlie Weissman's 4-yard run and it was 34-28.
Taking over with 7:16 left, Central drove to the Wis.-Oshkosh 38, consuming all but 1:10 of the clock before punting.
That's when the Dutch defense stiffened. Wara spun and weaved his way to 50 yards rushing on 18 carries while completing 17 of 24 passes for 179 yards but was finally reined in on the last series. On fourth-and-8, defensive lineman Aaron Steenhoek (senior, Pella) delivered the game-clinching sack.
"It was great to see the defense rise up and stop them when we needed to," coach Jeff McMartin said. "They were in kind of a tough spot there only being up six. You hate to put your defense out there in that situation. But I thought they did a great job making some key plays on third and fourth down."
Central outgained the Titans 442 yards to 295. The Dutch had 257 yards passing and 185 on the ground while Wis.-Oshkosh had 206 yards passing and 89 rushing.
Running back Ross Doehrmann rushed for 59 yards on 19 carries in his first collegiate start. Kyle Wood added 50 yards on seven attempts.
Jeremy Snead and Brett Wilkin each had four pass receptions for 60 and 41 yards, respectively. Leuschen had three catches for a career-high 103 yards.
But one traditional Central strength that was missing was special teams dominance. A fumbled punt helped set up Wis.-Oshkosh's first score and the Dutch also yielded a 53-yard kickoff return. But Central did get a blocked field goal by defensive lineman Shane Wong.
"We really need to help our defense a lot more with our special teams than we did today," McMartin said. "We put our defense in some tough spots, and give Oshkosh credit, they made plays.
"There are things we need to shore up so we can let our defense be the best it can be."
Linebacker Keith Rush had nine tackles for the Dutch while defensive back Ryan Schmidt had eight stops and linebacker Ryan Steinkamp had six.
"This was a very good start for us," McMartin said. "Wis.-Oshkosh is a very good football team and I want to give them a lot of credit."
McMartin liked the promise displayed by the younger members of the veteran squad.
"There were a lot of new faces who made a lot of plays for us," he said. "Our players prepared well."
He was also enthused about Central's offensive efficiency.
"We only punted twice all day," McMartin said. "When you only punt twice, that says you're probably moving the ball pretty well. We took the opportunities when we had them. There wasn't a lot of margin for error today. There were several times we had to score and we did. I was very happy with that."
Ranked No. 7 in the preseason by D3football.com, Central faces another stern non-conference challenge next Saturday, meeting perennial power Augustana College (Ill.) in a 6 p.m. game at Rock Island, Ill.


text: Korean Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - so my passport when through the wash.... Speak Korean Now! Korean Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in so my passport when through the wash.... Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Travel Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message I_Am_WrongJoined: 14 Sep 2004Location: whatever Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2005 6:28 am Post subject: so my passport when through the wash.... Now what? Back to top tzechukJoined: 20 Dec 2004 Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2005 7:04 am Post subject: Take it to your embassy and show them? Back to top fusionbarnoneJoined: 31 May 2004 Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2005 10:15 am Post subject: I was visiting Australia a couple of years ago. A Fred Flintstonish customs guy sees me passing through customs and calls me over. C.Guy: scuse me mate can i see ya pussport mate? Me: Huh, yeah sure! C.Guy: yor gonna need a noo pussport mate ya wont be able ta travel with this one! Me: WTF(to myself) the prat had twisted my id page until the page separated. "I'll sort it out with the embassy". C.Guy: So, ya been here before, good eh, whaddaya recommend not missin ere mate? Me: The last plane out. Ah so, where can I buy a cheap boomarang????? yeah, $2 range/summer sale know any? Hooked up with my brother in law; borrowed some super glue(DO NOT USE TOO MUCH); problem solved; back in business. Cost of repair =one meat pie +can of Fosters. Got questioned on the "stain" once by customs in malaysia. C.Guy in Malaysia: what happened here? Me: It's really hot today, man. End of questioning. Passport lasted 3 years like that. I wouldn't recommend what I did to anybody though. I just didn't see the point in messing up a perfectly good job with all the trimmings. Back to top shebaJoined: 16 May 2005Location: Here there and everywhere! Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2005 5:14 pm Post subject: I can understand the Aussie guy.... if your passport ID page can separate so easily, then you could switch the pics and glue it back together. Im not surprised he told you to get a new one. If your passport went through the wash you MAY have probs getting through customs in certain countries.... I think if you take it to the embassy they will porganise to replace it for you. Just out of curiosity, did you know that a passport is not your property? It is the property of the govt, and if anything happens to it you must tell the owner. Or some crap like that! Back to top I_Am_WrongJoined: 14 Sep 2004Location: whatever Posted: Wed Sep 28, 2005 10:23 pm Post subject: the pages aren't coming out but it looks pretty damn ratty... the embassy will sort it out for me but I don't want to pay $60 for a new passport. I'm also worried about my korean visa because I don't want to pay for that again or the very expensive 2nd workplace addition. Back to top FUBARJoined: 21 Oct 2003Location: The Y.C. Posted: Thu Sep 29, 2005 6:23 am Post subject: fire off a pm to sarcasmkills.... or look for his thread on it. Same thing happened to him last year. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Travel Forum All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Forums:----------------FAQJob-related Discussion ForumGeneral Discussion ForumOff-Topic ForumTravel ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumBuy/Sell/Trade Forum You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group TEFL International Supports Dave's ESL Cafe


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Note: This item is included with nine others in the Various Happy Interface Sounds Pack. Further information about each item can be found in the links listed on that page.
"Menu Movement Bells" is a sample created using a detuned, tinny digital bell sound making a short and subtle ascending strum. It would be useful for projects looking for sound effects for menu interfaces to pair with menu page changes and other user interactions.
Thanks for listening.


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The Life Fitness division of Brunswick Corp., Lake Forest, IL, had first quarter 2012 sales of $157.1 million compared to $156.4 million in first quarter 2011, which is less than a 1 percent increase, the company announced today.
In a call with analysts, Brunswick Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Dustan E. McCoy said that sales growth for the Life Fitness division, which is comprised of Life Fitness and Hammer Strength, would have been greater in comparison to first quarter 2011 except that the previous year's first quarter included a large order from one of its customer categories. If that sale had been excluded, Life Fitness' sales would have increased by 10 percent compared to first quarter 2011.
Operating earnings increased by 1 percent to $23.7 million in the first quarter of 2012, when compared with 2011, as a result of the modest increase in revenues and reduced operating expenses.
International sales, which represented 48 percent of total segment sales in the quarter, decreased by 13 percent. U.S. sales increased by 17 percent.
"Life Fitness' solid revenue growth in the last two years supports our longer term outlook for this segment," McCoy said in the call. "When we combine the organization's outstanding performance with a healthy fitness sector and positive demographic and health care trend, Life Fitness is well positioned to continue to deliver excellent results."
McCoy attributed much of the division's performance to the introduction of new products. In 2011, Life Fitness introduced 25 new products. Those products include the LifeCycle GX (a group exercise bike), the Activate Series line of cardio equipment and the Synrgy360, a functional training piece for personal trainers. In addition, McCoy mentioned LifeScape, the first in a series of technical innovations that Life Fitness will roll out to enhance the cardio experience. LifeScape is an interactive, high-definition system that allows users to hike, run and bike ride through famous locations around the world from inside their fitness facility.


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Both Shi'ah and Sunnis traditions say that nobody among the companions of the Prophet pbuh) was equal to Salman. Abu Dharr and Imam Musa al-Kazim said, "On the day of resurrection someone will call on behalf of Allah that 'Where are the hawariyyin and faithfuls of Muhammad bin 'Abdullah, who stayed firmly on the path shown by him and never broke his convent?' Then will arise Salman, Miqdad and Abu Dharr."
Hazrat Salman al-Farsi (the Persian) was the son of a Zoroastrian priest in the province of Fars. From the very beginning, he was aspiring to find and follow a religion free from the embellishes of human interpolations. This was long before the advent of Islam. He was converted to Christianity, and served one distinguished priest after another in quest of divine knowledge. After long lasting hardships and troubles, he attached himself to a monk in Antioch, who at the time of his death, advised him that the time was ripe for the emergence of the last Prophet in the world. He told him to make his way towards Hijaz, the Arabian province which has Mecca and Medina in it. In the way, he was taken as a captive by a gang of warriors and was sold from one master to another, till he changed ten masters. Lastly, he was purchased by a Jewess in Medina. It is not possible to give the details of the tortures meted out to him during his long-lasting captivity. Still it seems that fate was bringing him nearer to his goal, because it was in Medina that he met the Holy Prophet of Islam. After some subtle tests Salman recognized in him the long-awaited "that Prophet" of the New Testament (John 1:19-25). He accepted Islam.The Prophet (pbuh) purchased him from his Jewess mistress and set him free. It was after the battle of Badr,.
Salman's faith, knowledge, piety and his unparalleled spiritual achievements put him above all the companions of the Prophet (pbuh). He is one of the four pillars of true Muslim faith (together with Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Miqdad and 'Ammar). He has the unique distinction of being included in the Ahlul Bayt (the family of the Prophet) by virtue of his faith and piety.
Though he had already accepted Islam, Salman did not participate in the battle of Badr because of his captivity at that time. After Badr, he took active part in all the battles fought to defend Islam and the Muslims. When the Quraysh*tes of Mecca together with many other tribes including the Jews of Medina, besieged Medina, it was Salman who advised the Prophet (pbuh) to dig a moat around Medina in order to prevent the enemy from attacking the weak points of the city. And it is for this reason that this battle is called the "Battle of Moat (khandaq)".
A poet says:-
The devotion of Salman was his pedigree,
while there was no relationship between Noah and his son.
The Prophet (pbuh) is reported: Salman is a sea which cannot be exhausted and a treasure which never comes to end. Salman is from us, the family of the Prophet; he has been given wisdom, and is bestowed with reason.
Hazrat 'Ali (as) said: Salman was like Luqman, the Sage.
Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq said that he was even better than Luqman. Imam Muhammad al-Baqir said that Salman was from the mutawassimin (those who know the inner character of the people).
Numerous traditions say that Salman knew 'al-ismul a'zam (the greatest name of Allah)'; and that he was from the 'muhaddathin (those to whom the angels talk)'.
Know your enemy!
No time to waste. Act now!
Tomorrow it will be too late
What You Don't Know Can Kill You