text:
Inbox: Should the Red Sox make moves to the rotation?
With the first inbox of the regular season, there are many questions about the starting rotation, as well as several other compelling issues surrounding the team. The Red Sox are learning early about the bumps in the road that defending World Series champions always have to deal with.
Do you agree that Felix Doubront needs to go down to Triple-A to work on his mental focus? I would like to see Chris Capuano in the rotation and Rubby De La Rosa called up.
-- Jim L., Spencer, Mass.
With the first inbox of the regular season, there are many questions about the starting rotation, as well as several other compelling issues surrounding the team. The Red Sox are learning early about the bumps in the road that defending World Series champions always have to deal with.
Do you agree that Felix Doubront needs to go down to Triple-A to work on his mental focus? I would like to see Chris Capuano in the rotation and Rubby De La Rosa called up.
-- Jim L., Spencer, Mass.
Doubront is out of Minor League options, so he would have to agree to such an arrangement. I do agree that Doubront's inconsistency is starting to run its course. He needs to prove that he's someone a team can rely on for a full season, and not just at certain streaky points.
What happened to Brandon Workman? He was better than Burke Badenhop and Edward Mujica in my opinion, and then they called up Alex Wilson for that one-day stint?
-- John C., Myrtle Beach, S.C.
The Red Sox want to get an accurate read on if Workman can be a viable starting pitcher for them. The best way to do that was to put him in the rotation at Triple-A Pawtucket, rather than bouncing him back and forth between the Minors and Majors. Next time Workman is called up, I'm pretty sure it will be to fill a spot in the rotation.
I don't understand why they sent Brandon Workman down and kept Felix Doubront. It seems like Workman is a better pitcher.
-- Alice F., South Portland, Maine
Doubront was going through a similarly frustrating bout at this time last year, and then he wound up getting in a real nice groove for a good three months. I think the Red Sox want to see if he can repeat that before giving up on him. As for Workman, his future seems bright, but there are no guarantees until we see how he performs in that role. He made three starts last year, but that's not enough to know for sure.
What do you think the Red Sox starting rotation will look like in 2015 if they don't re-sign Jon Lester?
-- Eric, San Angelo, Texas
For starters, they would have John Lackey, Clay Buchholz and Doubront under their contractual control. There is also a young stable of pitchers in Triple-A Pawtucket, some of whom could and should be ready to step in by then. That list includes De La Rosa, Allen Webster, Anthony Ranaudo, Workman, Henry Owens and Matt Barnes. But if Lester does go somewhere else, I'm sure the Red Sox will push hard to sign or trade for another front-line pitcher to take his place.
I was slightly appalled when I saw the details of the extension offered to Lester. I recognize that Lester is getting up there in age and won't necessarily have five or six great years left in his arm, but given Doubront's continued inability to put it all together, Buchholz's inability to stay healthy/consistent, and no one with ace potential in the Sox system, shouldn't the Red Sox make an exception? Shouldn't the Red Sox budge on their proposal and offer a 5/6 year deal with around a $20 million AAV?
-- Elon D., Melbourne, Australia (via West Hartford, Conn.)
No need to be appalled. You are going off of a report that had just one snippet of what has been going on behind closed doors between the Red Sox and Lester's representatives. Both sides have done a nice job keeping most of the negotiations private and civil. I still believe the Red Sox would love to have Lester around for the long haul. And Lester still wants to stay in Boston. At this time next year, I'll be surprised if Lester is pitching somewhere other than Boston.
I know that Buchholz is recovering from an injury. However, do you find it concerning that he is pitching between 88-90 mph with his fastball instead of his usual 93-95? If he doesn't regain his velocity soon, he is in major trouble. Wouldn't you agree?
-- Brian C., Summit Point, W.Va
If Buchholz is still in the high 80s and barely touching 90 [mph] by July, I would be concerned. With the weather the way it has been, and the shoulder problems he is coming off of, his lack of velocity hasn't been all that alarming. Manager John Farrell recently said that most pitchers don't get to their full arm strength for a season until about late May. Let's revisit the subject then.
After 26 games, it is clear that Xander Bogaerts is not ready to play Major League shortstop. How long should they give him?
-- John K., Middleton, Conn.
That's a short sample size. Remember, Bogaerts is 21 years old and has a ton of athletic ability. The game is probably moving a little fast for him right now. It's way too quick to give up on the idea that he can be the starting shortstop this season. Infield instructor Brian Butterfield predicted when I spoke to him in Spring Training that Bogaerts would have some early lumps. All young shortstops do. At the same time, he predicted Bogaerts will turn into a solid Major League shortstop. Butterfield has a wealth of experience and has seen a lot of young players come up, so I value his opinion on this.
Why is Grady Sizemore playing so rarely? I understand giving him time off, but he keeps missing games. Is he OK? What's the reasoning behind having him sit? And why is he playing the corners and not center?
-- Jessamine G., Santa Cruz, Calif.
Sizemore is still a primary option for Farrell. At times, he sits against a lefty, or for a day game after a night game. For a player who didn't play in the Major Leagues at all the last two seasons, I think Farrell is taking the right approach. Sizemore is playing corner outfield because Jackie Bradley Jr. is easily the best defensive center fielder on the team right now. The Sizemore story is still evolving and will probably take another four to six weeks before we have a full realization of what type of player he can be.
Considering the infield prospects the Red Sox have at both Double-A and Triple-A, do they have any plans to trade Will Middlebrooks? Considering all his injuries, does he have any value?
-- Duane M., Attleboro, Mass.
Middlebrooks still has plenty of value, and not just to other teams, but to the Red Sox as well. This is why they haven't traded him yet. In an era where power is getting harder to find, Middlebrooks has quite a bit of it. He had a solid rookie season, a rough sophomore season and he is just settling this season after coming back from a minor injury. It wouldn't surprise me to see Middlebrooks hit 20-25 homers this season.
If someone writes a fan letter to one of the players, does it get to them or does it go to someone who answers fan mail for them?
-- Juanell B., Fairfax, Va.
Each player is responsible for his own mail. It is up to that player if he wants to delegate a friend or associate to filter through the mail for him to decide which of the letters to respond to. I think quite a few players go through all of their mail on their own.
How does being predictable by nearly always taking the first pitch contribute to the grinding approach the Red Sox favor at the plate? So often, Red Sox batters take a first-pitch strike and then either take another strike or chase a pitch out of the strike zone, putting themselves at a real disadvantage. What's the benefit in that?
-- Ken R., New Hampshire
Each hitter is different. I watched nearly every at-bat Wade Boggs took for the Red Sox, and I would say he looked at the first pitch 99 percent of the time. That was his comfort level, and Boggs had great numbers when he had two strikes on him. Of course, he was a Hall of Famer, so not everybody has his bat control. It is a double-edged sword at times.
Looking at pitches can be beneficial to running up a pitch count. But if that pitcher has pinpoint control, your best shot might be to take a pass at a fastball early in the count. I think the Red Sox do a pretty good job of reading and reacting to these situations.
How is the allocation of umpires handled in MLB? Does each team/ballpark have their own umpire staff or do umpires travel around from city to city?
-- Frank S., Calmar, Alberta, Canada
The umpires are scheduled through the central offices of Major League Baseball. The umpires are some of the most well-traveled people in all of baseball, and probably don't get the credit they deserve for this. It can be a grueling profession, and they typically only get noticed when they make a mistake. Umpires don't have home parks. They all rotate from city to city.
Ian Browne is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Brownie Points, and follow him on Twitter @IanMBrowne.


text:
Installing pyTivo on Linkstation Live
What is pyTivo and why put it on a Linkstation Live or Pro
pyTivo is a server package running under Python to serve multi-media content to Tivo DVRs. It imitates another networked Tivo on your network and allows you to serve video, photos or music to your Tivo. pyTivo will run on any platform that has Python installed. The purpose of this article is to outline the steps needed to install pyTivo on your Linkstation.
Opening The Linksation
The first step is to open up the Linkstation with third party firmware or ACP Commander (http://downloads.nas-central.org/TOOLS/ALL_LS_KB_ARM9/ACP_COMMANDER/acp_commander.jar). Once your box is open follow the steps in this article: http://buffalo.nas-central.org/index.php/Open_Stock_Firmware to secure your access to the telnet capabilities after startup. It is not entirely necessary to do all the steps on that page (ie: you may not need or want to enable SSH) but for purposes discussed later, you will need to install the enhanced version of the "ps" command described in the article here: http://buffalo.nas-central.org/index.php/Open_Stock_Firmware#Full_version_of_ps. You will also need the add-on files to be installed as well: http://buffalo.nas-central.org/index.php/Open_Stock_Firmware#Addon_Files.
Additionally, with the stock firmware only root has permissions for /dev/null. We need to open that up. Enter
chmod 0666 /dev/null
Install Itsy Package Management System
There is a Python interpreter for the ARM9 processor available at http://downloads.buffalo.nas-central.org/Uploads/OldUploads/armstation/ and that could probably be used but there's a somewhat easier way to install Python and some other packages needed for pyTivo to run properly. The way I did this was by using ipkg. To get ipkg follow these steps:
From your telnet session on the box enter the following commands:
mkdir /mnt/disk1/tmp cd /mnt/disk1/tmp wget http://ipkg.nslu2-linux.org/feeds/optware/cs05q3armel/cross/stable/lspro-bootstrap_1.2-5_arm.xsh sh lspro-bootstrap_1.2-5_arm.xsh
Use ipkg to install a python interpreter
Now, to install python enter:
ipkg install python
Python 2.5 is the default version. You can get a full listing of packages by entering ipkg list
If you get an error, you may need to update ipkg first. Enter:
ipkg update
Installing Python will take several minutes. The box may not appear to be doing anything but just let it run.
Install ffmpeg
Once, Python is installed, you will need to install ffmpeg. This is also available via ipkg:
ipkg install ffmpeg
FFMPEG is used to transcode files to the MPEG-2 format the Tivo can use
As of time of publication, the author has been unsuccessful in using FFMPEG to transcode formats outside of MPEG-2 on the Linkstation with pyTivo. From other reports from users, attempts to transcode video on a Linkstation Live or Pro is Not recommended, the processor is not up to the task. However, ffmpeg is still used by pyTivo for various utility functions and is needed even to serve MPEG-2 video.
Install pyTivo
The first thing you'll need to do for installing pyTivo is to create a directory on the Linkstation where you want pyTivo to be stored. For example, say you have a share called "Media" and you want pyTivo to be stored in that share. You would then create a directory in /mnt/disk1/Media/pyTivo. Note, that you can install pyTivo on any path you want - not just what is specified here. You may wish to create this directory by accessing the shared partition from your desktop computer. It will be necessary to work from the desktop when installing pyTivo.
Next, you will need to install the pyTivo files. pyTivo can be found at: [1]. Note that there are several different "forks" or variations on pyTivo. They are all just about the same. For our purposes, let's choose wmcbrine's fork: [2]. Choose the most recent snapshot and download it to your desktop. The downloaded file will be a gzip'd tarball. You will need to unpack it on your desktop. For some reason, the tar command on the Linkstation does not like the way these files are packed. So to save yourself some grief, do everything in this step on your desktop.
Once you have the pyTivo files extracted, it will likely be in a folder called "wgw." Copy the contents of this folder into the pyTivo directory that you created a few moments ago.
In order to start pyTivo, you will first need to rename the pyTivo.conf.dist file to pyTiv.conf. It is not necessary to do further editing of the config file now. If you are an experience pyTivo user and don't mind editing the file by hand, then open it in your favorite text editor (this can be done either on the desktop or in vi on the Linkstation via Telnet).
Now you'll want to verify that pyTivo is working. Via Telnet, navigate to the Enter the following command:
python pyTivo
You should see the console output from pyTivo displayed on your screen and if all is working well, you should not see any errors.
Now, back on your desktop go to pyTivo's internal web page and edit your configuration. The web page is at port 9032 of your Linkstation's IP address. For example: [3].
The configurations for pyTivo are beyond the scope of this Wiki. Please refer to [4] for further instructions and information on pyTivo configuration.
Once you have configured pyTivo, verify that it is showing up on your Tivo's Now Playing list. You should see the shared locations you set up in your Now Playing list.
The next step will be to configure pyTivo to run as a daemon in the background as otherwise, you'd need to stay logged in via telnet in order for it to run.
Setting up pyTivo to run as a daemon
The script below has been adapted from armoo's posted script at: [5]. This script could not be used as is, because the pgrep and pkill commands do not exist in the command set on the Linkstation. This script will require the enhanced ps command to be installed that is noted above.
The easiest way to edit the script below is to copy and paste it into a text editor on your desktop. Then save the file to your Linkstation. Then back no the Linkstation, navigate to the init.d directory and copy the file there.
Here is the script:
# chkconfig: 2345 99 05 # description: pyTivo server ### INIT INFO # Provides: pytivo # Required-Start: $network # Required-Stop: $network # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 6 # Short-description: pyTivo server # Description: Start and stop the pyTivo server. # Startup Script for use on Linkstation based NAS products # By Jon Ogden, NA9D # Based on the script posted by armoo at http://pytivo.armooo.net/wiki/initd # Requires enhanced PS command for the Linkstation. See instructions at: # http://buffalo.nas-central.org/index.php/Open_Stock_Firmware#Full_version_of_ps ### END INIT INFO RETVAL=0 start() { echo -n "Starting pyTivo: " ps ax | grep pyTivo.py | grep -v grep RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && echo "pyTivo already running: Exiting" && exit 1 # this call actually starts pyTivo. - Edit it according to your exact path. python /mnt/disk1/Media/pyTivo/pyTivo.py > /dev/null 2>&1 & RETVAL=$? [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && echo -n "done" echo return $RETVAL } stop() { echo -n "Stopping pyTivo: " kill `ps ax | grep pyTivo.py | grep -v grep | awk '{print $1}'` echo [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && echo -n "done" echo return $RETVAL } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; restart|reload) stop sleep 1 start RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL
On your desktop, edit the script above so that the line under "# this call actually starts pyTivo." points to the location where you installed the pyTivo files. Then save the file to your Linkstation. Let's say you saved this file to the default share on the linkstation and named it pyTivo.sh (the .sh is not necessary, FYI). So in your Telnet session enter the following commands:
cd /etc/init.d cp /mnt/disk1/share/pyTivo.sh
Now test to see if the script is working for you. Enter:
./pyTivo.sh start
You should see the message that it is starting and if successful, you should get back to your prompt. Now go verify that you see your shares on your Tivo.
Now, test to see that you can't start it again.
./pyTivo.sh start
You should get the notification that pyTivo is already running.
Finally, let's try stopping pyTivo:
./pyTivo.sh stop
You should see the message that the stop was successful. Verify that your pyTivo shares have disappeared from your Tivo.
Once you have confirmed that you have the script running properly, it is time to add it to the rcS file. First make a copy of the rcS file. Assuming you are still in the init.d directory enter:
cp rcS rcS.old
This makes a copy of the rcS file in case something goes wrong. Then enter (exactly as typed):
echo "exec_sh pyTivo.sh start" >> /etc/init.d/rcS
This will append the startup command to the rcS file. You can concatenate the rcS file to make sure it's there at the end:
cat rcS
Now, every time you boot your Linkstation pyTivo will start up automatically. Now go ahead and start pyTivo and let it run:
./pyTivo start
Note, that it appears that doing things in the Linkstation web interface can terminate processes. If you do some configuration in the stock interface, you may need to manually restart pyTivo. YMMV.
That's all there is to it. Enjoy!
Note that without a properly functioning FFMPEG, you will only be able to serve native Tivo files and native MPEG-2 files to your Tivo. Other formats such as MPEG-4 or H.264 will not play.
Thanks to the folks at tivocommunity.com for some initial help and inspiration. Thanks to CuriousMark for helping with this Wiki entry. Thanks to the pyTivo developers for all their work.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Can you believe all these seed beads? I got them at a craft store in Washington for ten cents a tube.
I even went back twice. A friend, Barbara, wanted some so of course I had to get some more. I think I ended up with about 100 tubes: that's ten dollars.
Now the big question.
What am I going to do with them?
Doug has quit asking. lol
Barbara is trying to decide what to do with her thirty tubes.
I'm thinking about some kind of embellished crazy quilt wall hanging.
Or maybe some small beaded hearts for the Art Abandonment project.
I'm reminded of my sister who could never pass up a good deal. If she found something she loved she would get "a few" of them in case she couldn't find them again.
I now have a lot of her craft supplies; and a few unfinished projects.
I'm in the process of honing down the stash. Of passing on the things I've lost interest in. To finish projects; and yes, to do something with these beads.
Do you have unfinished projects you need to finish or pass on?
Memoir Prompts:
Write about a craft or hobby you used to be interested in?
Did you share crafts with your mother, aunt or grandparent?
What colors are you drawn to in clothing?
Do you have handmade items from other family members?
If you enjoy thrift stores or yard sales; what types of things catch your eye?
Describe a visit to a zoo.
Write about a memory involving candles.


text:
The Astana Cycling Team had to deal with some aggressive driver, just like the rest of us. I'm a fan of the smile and a wave method of handling that stuff. It either disarms them…or makes them even more angy. Not much can be done that's constructive in those cases. Some cagers are just born ass holes.
(Article from www.pressdemocrat.com)


text:
Minocqua Area Chamber of CommerceP.O. Box 1006
Minocqua, WI 54548
You have just discovered one of the most beautiful destinations in North America. With over 3,200 lakes, streams, and ponds we are proud to be recognized as having one of the largest concentrations of fresh water in the world. In addition to our beautiful lakes, our area is surrounded by the magnificence of the Northern Highland - American Legion State Forest. From sun up through sun down the Lakeland area is breathtaking beyond imagination! Look further to discover why being Up North Is Good For Your Soul!
A Wealth of Attractions
For an area that has a total year round population of well under 15,000, Minocqua-Arbor Vitae-Woodruff offers an impressive and varied number of exciting attractions.
Children can enjoy close-up wildlife encounters at area zoos or opt for a thrill-a-minute afternoon of go-kart riding, bumper boating and water-shoot sliding. The entire family can challenge each other to a round of miniature golf at several different courses or sit back and relive the logging days of yore at live, breath-taking lumber jack competitions. Local water skiers delight everyone as they perform their skillful maneuvers and an afternoon or evening of summer theater is not to be missed. Culture buffs will want to browse in our area museums. Try your luck gambling at our local casino. Everyone will want to take a cruise on the nature-filled wilderness waters of the vast Willow Flowage. Free Min-Aqua Bat water ski shows each Sunday, Wednesday & Friday, mid-June through mid-August, on lake Minocqua (Park Street West, downtown Minocqua).
An Angler's Paradise - Year Round
Since the turn of the century when the first Fisherman's Specials plied their weekly way north, the Lakeland area has been a storied land of legendary fishing. The Minocqua - Arbor Vitae - Woodruff area has one of the largest concentration of fresh-water bodies in the world -- over 3,200 lakes, streams & ponds in Vilas and Oneida Counties. It is also the headwaters of the two largest river basins in Wisconsin: the Wisconsin River and the Chippewa - Flambeau Systems. All of these waters are teaming with a wonderful variety of sport and pan fish.
Dining & Shopping in the Minocqua - Arbor Vitae - Woodruff Area
Browsing in the tiny shops that dot the main streets and byways of the Lakeland area reveals a truly unusual assortment of unique and interesting gifts and mementos ranging from quality collectibles, distinctive Northwoods outerwear and sporting goods, homemade jams, jellies, candies, sausages and cheeses to handcrafted laces, linens, quilts, plus scents, spices and potpourris all with an up north flavor.
Of particular interest is the impressive variety of original artwork and crafts. Because of its beauty and solitude, the northwoods is of special inspiration to artists and crafts people. Many have moved here, finding the surroundings a continual stimulus to their creative juices. Many have working studios which are open to the public and others display and sell their works in local shops. There are fine wood carvers, sculptors, painters, potters, weavers, sign makers, jewelers, basket-makers, furniture builders, and others. Their works are also unique as gifts to bring back to friends and family.


text:
No rigid rules, labels or dogmas.... just REAL food, for your body, mind & soul!
2014 members103 Comments 168 Likes
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Come join us for Raw Balance, as we are looking forward to equipping, supporting, encouraging, entertaining and inspiring YOU to higher, more balanced levels of wellness. Check out Penni's video with all the details: Click HERE!
Because this will be the 10th and FINAL Initiative offered through Raw Food Rehab, we're going to pull out all of the stops. A leadership team has been assembled that is over the top and truly amazing!
Now is a great time to join us!!! It won't be the same without YOU!!Remember, YOU are sooo worth it! : )
You are loved!
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text: Not Fancy, Just Functional January 30, 2012 07:58 PM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Darrell Smith Farm Journal Conservation and Machinery Editor Email The temperature is just right and there's room to work Enough space to work on three jobs at once, an area for painting and plenty of insulation were the objectives when Evan Schaefer and his son Ryan, of Beecher City, Ill., built their shop. After three years, the post-frame building they assembled from a kit has met every goal. As hay producers, the Schaefers' machinery includes about a dozen tractors, three self-propelled haybines, two bale wagons and three semi trucks. "We take care of our equipment and run it as long as we can," Evan says. The shop occupies a 40'×44' area on one end of a 44'×80' building, with 16' walls. The rest of the building is used for machinery storage. A 20'×20' corner of the shop contains a storage room, a washroom and a hallway to the machinery storage area. "Putting our air compressor in the storage room, and insulating the inside walls, reduces noise," Evan says. Above is overhead storage space. Insulation keeps the shop warm in winter and cool in summer. The inside of the outer wall is coated with 2" of spray-on foam. Fiberglass batt insulation between the studs is rated at R19. Lining the ceiling is fiberglass batt insulation rated at R26. Fanfold insulation (extruded polystyrene foam) under the metal roof prevents condensation from dripping onto the insulation in the ceiling. Radiant tube heat. During the winter, heat is supplied by a 125,000-btu, 40'-long radiant tube heater. "We set the temperature at 45°F in the evening, and 55° or 60° in the daytime," Evan says. "During January, our coldest month, it cost $150 for propane. "In the summer, the daytime temperature remains about what it was the previous night. We have a 5' portable fan for cooling, but we haven't needed it," he adds. Machinery enters through 12'×12' and 16'×14' insulated overhead doors. There is one walk-in door and three windows. Light from eight banks of two 40-watt fluorescent bulbs reflects off white metal paneling on the walls and ceiling. "We may need a trouble light when working in a confined space," Evan says. "But other than that, there's plenty of illumination." An exhaust fan in the east wall draws out paint vapor. "We thought we might need a vent in the opposite wall, but opening a window provides sufficient air flow," Evan says. The 30' workbench has a Formica-like surface. "We got it at a home-supply store for almost nothing because it was blemished," Evan says. "The only thing we might change would be to go with in-floor heat," he says. "It is more expensive to install, but it would be cheaper to operate." The shop, Evan says, is "not fancy, just functional. "We have everything we need, and we save money on repair cost. It has handled every repair job that has come up." Back to news


text:
Kregel Publications - Religion - 344 pages
Every couple has those questions they don't know how or whom to ask! "Sexual Intimacy in Marriage" discusses the basics, like the definition of marriage, and the not-so-basic topics, such as achieving sexual pleasure and biblically "OK" sexual activity. This highly acclaimed, medically and biblically accurate book covers all the bases about sex in marriage with a sensitivity and frankness that every couple will appreciate.
"["Sexual Intimacy in Marriage"] addresses real people in a real world without compromising God's wonderful design and purpose for his gift of sex." Third edition.
What people are saying - Write a review
I bought this book for a young couple in our church that just got married. My husband and I got the book back in April at a marriage retreat, and wished that we would have had it 16 years ago when we got married. So I thought this would make a good wedding gift. Read full review
This is an excellent book for Christian couples, engaged and married. Sound medical advise and guidance. Even greater does this book dispel "Christian myths" and draws couples back into the joy of ... Read full review
Other editions - View all
References to this book
True Sexual Morality: Recovering Biblical Standards for a Culture in Crisis
Daniel R. Heimbach
No preview available - 2004


text:
At //build/ we learned that Metro is for content-centric "immersive" apps and Desktop is for data-centric "enterprise" apps. Jensen Harris said it in his 8 traits of great Metro style apps. Joe Stegman repeated it in his talk, Metro style apps using XAML: what you need to know. That's the Microsoft party line and outsiders have been repeating it.
Don't believe it. The real world doesn't honor marketing boundaries. Expect to see data-centric applications appear on Win 8 almost from the moment of release.
Why am I so sure? Because the same divide has been crossed elsewhere. You'll find business applications on the iPad today. Is the iPad any friendlier to enterprise apps than Metro? Tell me how … because I don't see it. I don't see any way to keep business applications out of Metro.
They tell us "Metro is optimized for immersive content-centric apps". Well Viagra was optimized to treat hypertension. What's your point? What is more "immersive" than a business application that fills the users screen for hours at a time?
I had lunch today with one of our long-time customers. They showed me their iPad port of their DevForce-based Windows Forms desktop application. It's almost a complete port and they don't foresee any barrier to finishing the job.
It looks remarkably like a typical Windows Forms app: the same gray background, same simple icons, same grids and forms over data, same tabbed interface. They made adjustments of course to accommodate touch and asynchronous server communications. There was no attempt to fancy it up; it doesn't pretend to be a typical consumer facing iPad app.
Customer acceptance has been fantastic … because it does the job in a familiar way. We could talk about UX design all day and it wouldn't change a thing. The UX app is exactly what users expect. And not just existing customers; the iPad version appears to be driving new sales.
What could keep them – or anyone – from porting to Metro WinRT? Three obstacles come to mind.
- Must deploy with the Windows Store
- Metro app certification
- Paucity of data-centric features
Our customer could leap these hurdles effortlessly.
Windows store deployment
I'm mildly concerned that there is no substantive enterprise deployment story. Ted Dworkin mentions it once in his talk, Introducing the Windows Store, before returning to the talk's thesis:
We have an enterprise story that supports their unique needs … but fundamentally the Windows store is the only place that Metro-style apps can be acquired. (11:20)
I can hardly wait for that "enterprise story". Big companies simply will not deploy their apps through a Microsoft store. I hope that Microsoft talks sensibly about an acceptable alternative – probably in the form of an enterprise store – within the next six months. I'll take up this subject in a later post.
However, smaller companies may not be inhibited by the lack of private store. Our customer delivers its iPad client as a free app via the Apple store. Anyone could download it … but only their customers actually would. You can't do anything with it unless you've first deployed the companion backend server; you acquire the server and pay for that server separately.
Metro app certification
Apple's iOS interface guidelines run over 100 pages. Yet our customer passed Apple's certification with a Windows Forms UI. Would it pass Win 8 Metro App certification?
It wouldn't pass the Windows Phone certification which dictates fine points of UI style such as application navigation. We don't have a software certification guide for Metro apps. But we have some clues sprinkled among the //build/ talks and we have the example of applications shipped in the preview.
My reading is that the Metro specs would not adversely constrain a business application experience – even if the application looked like a Windows Forms MDI application. I saw rules about screen and image resolutions requirements. I didn't seen anything that dictated how I use the back button. I can't have a child window; I can overlay the screen with some something that achieves a modal dialog effect. The keynote on Day 1 demonstrated conversion of Scott Guthrie's Silverlight business app. I look at the Metro version of Internet Explorer and I know I can write a conforming business application.
Missing data-centric features
The Metro preview and sample applications emphasize content consumption. There are essential input controls such as textboxes, radio buttons, list boxes. But they appear to have forgotten about data grids.
if you follow this space, you remember that I dislike data grids; I think they're a design cop out. That's my opinion, shared by a tiny minority; the rest of you want your data grid … and you should have.
The Validation attributes in System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations are missing as are related interfaces such as IDataErrorInfo and INotifyDataErrorInfo. Apparently, in it's wisdom, Microsoft thinks that client-side validation of input is unnecessary even for consumer apps. I hope they reconsider before release but we've survived without them before and can do so again.
Why would you want to build a Metro Business App?
Metro apps will only run on Windows 8 (and later … if you're the optimistic sort). I'm guessing Windows 8 won't release until this summer of 2012. Most companies have not yet or have only recently adopted Windows 7; optimistically, a significant number get to Windows 8 late 2013. Most of us don't write software today for first deployment in 2013.
The Windows 8 tablet is the wild card. If it has the hoped for reception in 2012 it could be a factor in driving Win 8 into the corporation … not as a replacement for existing desktops but as the viral alternative to the Apple iPad. We can dream, right?
If the Win 8 tablet is a hit, you'll want to be on it … and not just in the blue "Desktop" stack. Some reasons:
- ARM tablets, with their better battery life, could dominate. Metro apps will run on ARM. Desktop? They will probably only run on power hungry Intel tablets.
- High performance Metro XAML in native code with GPU acceleration; Desktop XAML is managed code with more limited GPU support.
- Ready-to-wear Metro Visual Studio templates.
- Superior touch support and easier access to tablet hardware.
- Win 8 "contracts" for integration with other Metro apps and cloud services
- Better cloud integration facilitating "continuous applications" that move application state across devices as the user switches from phone to tablet to desktop.
- Ride the software platform that Microsoft is promoting and evolving.
- The "Hotness" factor … don't discount it!
Those are big draws. Why should I toe the "Desktop for LOB" Microsoft line when I can sneak into Metro and party with the cool kids?
Get ready for Metro
Whoa, cowboy. This is the time to pay attention to Metro … and little more. Right now I wouldn't take my business application beyond exploratory stage in Metro or WinRT.
How would I build production applications? I'd write them in Silverlight until the fog clears. I'd write with a Metro mindset. I'd isolate anything in Silverlight that isn't in Metro – hide it behind a service interface - so I'd be prepared to swap out the implementation later.
See Brian Noyes high-level discussion of what this entails in his post, "Silverlight Developers have the smoothest road to metro."
If I could I'd design all new screens to follow the Metro style guidelines. The Windows Phone 7 Metro style was crossing over to Silverlight design before Build; Win 8 should accelerate that trend.
If Metro is as successful in the consumer space as we hope, business applications will be written as Metro apps.
Fortuitously, I noticed that Rocky Lhotka agrees as he explains in "WinRT and business apps".


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The Police Log is a digest of reports filed by the Warwick Police
A West Warwick woman was arrested at the Wal-Mart on Bald Hill Road on Sept. 9 after loss prevention at the store told police they saw her conceal merchandise in her purse and her childs backpack before leaving the store without paying for the concealed merchandise, worth $27.07. Desiree A. ORourke-Ellinwood, 24, of 13 Dambrosca Ct. was taken to headquarters and charged and later released with a summons.
Loss prevention at the Wal-Mart on Post Road called police on Sept. 9 to report that a man they stopped who was leaving the store without paying for a set of windshield wipers and a car battery from their automotive department had driven off in a white Lincoln Town Car, north on Post Road. Officer John Zaborski reported he transported one of the loss prevention agents to the car stop on Atlantic Avenue and she identified the driver as the man who attempted to steal the wipers and battery. Ryan T. Duxbury, 25, of 45 Alabama Ave. in Warwick was arrested and charged with shoplifting $126.78 worth of merchandise and later released with a summons.
A 22-year-old Warwick woman was charged with stealing a watch and a variety of womens clothing worth $199 at the JC Penney store in the Warwick Mall on Sept. 5. Loss prevention told police she took a number of articles into the fitting room and came out with less of the items visible than went in. Kaleigh Rose Stravato, 22, of 50 Spectacle Ave. was subsequently released for headquarters with a summons.
Officer Nadine Pallini reported she was dispatched to Wal-Mart around 6:25 p.m. on Sept. 2 for a shoplifter in custody but was advised en route that the suspect had fled the scene and left in a gold Nissan with a number plate that began with WK that was last seen heading north on Post Road. She said she looked for but did not find the suspect vehicle on her way to Wal-Mart. She reported she did hear that the suspect was being detained at the Shaws Market parking lot. She said she transported the loss prevention agent to the car stop and the driver was identified as the woman who fled the store when she was told she had to call someone to take custody of the child she was with. She said a friend was contacted who came and took custody of the child and the woman, identified as Crystalyn E. Abbott, 27, of 9 Harry St. in Cranston was taken to headquarters where she was charged with shoplifting and driving on a suspended license. She was later released on $1,000 surety bail.
Officer Stephen Major reported he was dispatched to the Sears store in the Rhode Island Mall on Sept. 4 for a shoplifting in progress around 3:45 p.m. A loss prevention agent at the store told Major a second loss prevention agent followed the suspect vehicle into the town of West Warwick, where police from that town stopped the SUV. The Sears agent gave Major a statement to the effect that the occupants of the SUV were seen concealing the merchandise and leaving the store without paying for them and jumped into the Explorer and drove away when they were confronted. Alexander R. Resende, 28, of 717 Main St. in West Warwick was taken to Warwick where he was charged with shoplifting $195 worth of merchandise and driving on a suspended license and held on a warrant for failure to appear in District Court for a previous charge of driving on a suspended license. He was later released on $1,000 surety bail.
Jesus A. Marmol, 19, of 510 Chalkstone Ave. in Providence was arrested at the Wal-Mart on Post Road on Sept. 4 and charged with stealing a Colt Defender air soft pistol after loss prevention personnel at the store told Officer Nadine Pallini he removed the gun from its packaging and concealed the air soft gun on his person. He was later released with a summons for District Court.
Officer Jason Brodeur reported he was dispatched to an accident in front of the Oakland Beach School around 10:25 p.m. on Sept. 31. Dispatch reported that a black Mustang convertible hit the fence of the ball field and both air bags deployed. Brodeur said he found the driver still in the car and the driver told him he was trying to drive and went to the right but did not remember what happened. Brodeur said the man appeared to be intoxicated and smelled of alcohol. He said the driver told him he had physical conditions that would prevent him from taking a field sobriety test, so Brodeur called for a portable breath analyzer. He said the nystagmus test indicated intoxication and the driver blew a .210 on the PBT. George H. Arruda, 63, of 3070 West Shore Rd. was arrested and charged with DUI and refusal after he refused to take a breath test at headquarters. Brodeur said he gave Arruda summonses for DUI, refusal, leaving his lane of travel, and operating an unregistered and uninsured vehicle. He was transported to Kent Hospital for detox.
Officer Robert Hart reported that he was among several other officers who were dispatched to the area of Greenwood Avenue and Alvin Avenue around 9:45 p.m. on Sept. 2 for a report of an erratic driver who was involved in an argument with area residents arising from their yelling at him to slow down as he sped down the street at a high rate of speed. Police said they found the suspect in front of 18 Freeman St. speaking loudly into a cell phone telling whoever was on the phone he was going to be arrested for DUI. Hart said he was insisting that he was a Navy Seal and that the Secretary of Defense was his personal commanding officer and would defend him in any court proceedings. Hart said the suspect continued to insist he was a Navy Seal and was completely uncooperative with police.
In the meantime, another officer spoke with the people who called and said they were sitting outside their home when a black pickup truck sped by them and that one of them made a motion for him to slow down and the driver slammed on the brakes. One witness told Officer Quentin Tavares the 63-foot skid mark started at her house and ended at the stop sign and that the driver got out of the truck and was yelling at her family when she called 911. Officer Hart said the suspect refused to sign any forms or perform any tests at headquarters and was charged with refusal and DUI and Stephen R. Heilmann, 35, of 18 Freeman St. was released to his wife in the lobby. He said she was also very confrontational and that they both came back into the lobby to argue with police some more. He said they were advised that their questions would be answered in court and they left for a second time.
I wouoldn't want to live next to the Heilmann family on Freeman Street, what a bundle of joy they must be!
Hey...you can't talk about a navy seal that way. Show some respect.


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Small Cool 2009: Lila's Live / Work Studio
Who Lives Here: Lila
Location: Princeton, New Jersey
Size: 240 square feet
What is your one favorite element in your small, cool home? My favorite element in my home is my desk. When I first moved in, I couldn't find one that was just the right size and shape for my dual monitor setup. Thanks to my Grandfather's help, I ended up building a desk that would fit into the bookshelf that was built into the wall. Without this desk, I would have had to give up my second computer screen.
Thumbs Up Voting is only activated for 48 Hours — so don't delay!
What was one of the biggest challenges you faced in furnishing your small home? The biggest challenge with living in a small home is figuring out how to have the stuff I need, without making my place cluttered. This is where having bins and boxes has helped tremendously. I also made a bulletin board for all those scraps of paper that I want to see on a regular basis, but don't want junking up my desk. Though there are times I miss having a bedroom, I really love having a sofa sleeper. I don't have to worry about making it, and I'm not tempted to take cat naps during the day when I'm working at home. I don't have a particular resource that I use. A few of my favorite items are from a shop in New Jersey called Bucks County Dry Goods.
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Opinion: Perverse Nostalgia for Pervasive Racism
Best of the Web Today columnist James Taranto on why urban race riots didn't erupt in reaction to the Zimmerman verdict. Photo: Associated Press
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... welcome back ... to Opinion Journal why Mary Kissel ... thirteen people were all arrested in Los Angeles in these last hours protesting the George Zimmerman verdict you're looking at him now ... and widespread violence were race riots so why is it that our political class in Armenia ... are celebrating this racial progress ... thus the Web Today columnist James Taranto joins me now James ... you wrote your column yesterday about the New York Daily News covering lot put that up on the screen a pretty inflammatory cover ... why emphasize this aspect ... of race in America ... and in not the situation that the Zimmerman Trial ... who shout what let's talk about what about what the comparison may hear the names here ... them it fell ... by was lynched in nineteen fifty five in Mississippi after flirting with a white woman ... I James Chaney and civil rights worker who was sought lynched by five ... along with our incidentally the the ... editoral blessing Lee notes the Daily News side to Weisel rights workers ... these are all people and I'd I'd were killed by white mobs ... ahh and died it's completely un ... dissimilar to the side Gaiman Trayvon Martin case which was clearly a tragedy ... by Trayvon Martin does did not deserve to be killed by bought Zimmerman made what the jury found a plausible of leased to a reasonable doubt ... I'd self defense argument ... but none of these other people in these cases claim self defense of the Daily News is trying to ... hide is trying to hide ... like in this ... tragic encounter in which ... Zimmerman behaved recklessly and perhaps Martin behaved recklessly two any case there's a lot of ambiguity so that you couldn't get a jury verdict of guilty ... of a title like that in with twenty six dollars per person is called to ... for those terrible days when you did have things like ... race riots and Lynch mom perverse cost of about twelve point one N Y with it why would the left have this perverse nostalgia because ... our when there were which mobs and died and died institutionalized discrimination when when Jim Crow was a reality ... ahh and there was you with them ... he was morally clear The was good The was a clarity there and there was a righteousness to being opposed to it yet ... did I think there is an argument from the black community and I think ... rightly so you can carry if needed ... because there is such a high criminality rate blacks or stop when and why it's they they do and if the experience of American society that wants my ... honey respond usually when that argument is made I'd be the first part about the high rate of black crime is not acknowledge suspicion pointed out in the previous segment ... that said I think that's a completely legitimate point ... I'd you do have a different experience if you're a black man ... remember the skip Gates case are four years ago with a side by ... Harvard professor once I do ... to be suspicious because he was breaking news on house ... I had a similar starts about five twelve years earlier stage in a friend's house ... a neighbor spotted me I looked unfamiliar I was alone in the house by the neighbor call the cops I found myself faced with two ... top Arlington Virginia policeman one of whom had his gun and holster he was reporting about me but he added that the ready ... and right now I'd ... quickly defuse the situation explaining too much rather not have the Teesside and they were satisfied last ... bought it never I sorta felt put upon by the cops haven't run up but it never occurred to me that this had anything to ... raise your hand the fact that the fact that it occurs to somebody like skip Gates is a burden of being black America I think it's one that we need to acknowledge okay so your argument is is is that we've we've made a lot of progress in infamy and our political class don't acknowledge that ... um ... it was that progress comes from James when you attribute that to while most importantly of all this'll rights movement and tie and its culmination in eighteen sixty four nineteen sixty five with sweeping legislation ... that outlawed died discrimination in in many different I did in many different categories ... I think in the long run that has created AEI chain stitch credit a change in white attitudes ... the Daily News one of the cases cited was a case ... in which I'd ... a black man who'd been accused of killing a policeman why despite lynched by the KKK after being relieved after the injury of Felda convict him ... that was the lastest believe in the last twenty in American history that was nineteen eighty one the most ... thirty two years ago ... well my lifetime ... and while I was on and that was un usual but that was extremely euro for those as the last race riots were a major race riots ... the recent riots in Cincinnati in two thousand won that was an outlier who DLA Wrightson I try to pretty much race riots though ... you get to go back to the sixties to find a lot of them ... so both white and black attitudes it seems to me have improved ... add it to the fact that there were no race riots right after the Zimmerman verdict is not something that we need to celebrate it's it's something that we ought to take for granted ... the idea that people were thrown around that they're going to race riots is actually an ugly stereotype ... a stereotype that has some basis in history oh we should acknowledge that I've that Americans of all races have moved beyond a lot of the outlet with Mr Atkinson moved to be honest ... with us to the Web Today columnist James Taranto ... thank you for being on mission


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Marriage Records
| Vital Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Vital Records
|Marriage Records
|Births and Deaths in Public Records
|Cemetery Records
|List of Useful Vital Record References
This article originally appeared in "Vital Records" by Johni Cerny, BS, FUGA in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Jurisdictions
- 3 Types of Marriage Records
- 4 Locating Marriage Records
- 5 Special Problems Encountered When Using Marriage Records
- 6 References
- 7 External Links
The registering of marriages in the United States is a quasi-religious, quasi-legal social function that has been influenced by religious belief, custom, and English law since the earliest colonial settlements. The effective researcher needs a complete understanding of the jurisdictions responsible for maintaining these records, the types of records kept by each jurisdiction, the periods in which various types of records were maintained, the circumstances peculiar to each colony and state that created the necessity for registering marriages, and the factors that produced changes in these registrations.
Complicating matters is the fact that the United States, unlike England and some European countries, does not have a national registration program. Instead, marriage registration is the responsibility of the individual states. Furthermore, marriage registration was never uniformly implemented among the states. Prior to state registration requirements, towns in New England and counties in the remainder of the nation were the primary jurisdictions charged with maintaining marriage records. Thus, records can ordinarily be found dating from when a town or county was created. Some states, however, such as Pennsylvania and South Carolina, have not required subordinate jurisdictions to keep marriage records until more recent times.
Marriage records in the United States have been, and in some cases still are, kept by churches, ministers, justices of the peace, state boards of health, colonial governors, military personnel, and local (county and town) governments.
State Boards of Health/Bureaus of Vital Statistics
The most important recordkeeping agencies for marriages in the United States today are the state boards of health or bureaus of vital statistics (or their equivalents). Even though these agencies are primarily state bodies, large cities usually have their own registries. However, few states had them until after 1850. Vermont (1770) and Washington, D.C. (1811) were the first to form them; Colorado (1968) was the last. Even when the requirement existed, the laws were seldom enforced; consequently, many genealogists are reluctant to spend the time necessary to search for marriage records on file with these agencies for early periods. However, residents of heavily populated cities often are not mentioned in local histories or biographical publications. Quite often they can be found only in major record sources. Thus, it is imperative to search for whatever records may exist. The Vital Records Information website gives dates of registration and the cost or procedure for ordering vital records from each state. Similar information is available from The National Center for Health Statistics which publishes Where to Write for Vital Records'Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Divorces at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/w2w.htm. This publication may be downloaded and saved on your personal computer.
Colonial Governors
Many of the earliest marriage records were kept by the offices of colonial governors. While not numerous, many of these records are still in existence, usually in state archives. Some of these records are in print or available on CD-ROM. Many have been indexed online, such as 'North Carolina Marriage Records Index 1741'2000' available at Ancestry.com.
Military Personnel
Colonial, state, and federal military officers and ships' officers (military and civilian) often performed marriages and recorded them in ships' logs, daybooks, and private journals. Those records can be found among military records maintained by the federal government and in historical societies, libraries, and museums.
Town and County Governments
Town clerks in New England and county clerks elsewhere have been responsible for registering most marriages in the United States. Marriage records were kept in New England beginning in the 1600s and in the South beginning in the 1700s. Clerks issued documents granting permission for a couple to marry, and then they received notification that the ceremony had taken place from the ministers and justices of the peace in the towns or counties.
There is little uniformity in the marriage record-keeping practices among the states. Researchers should thus become familiar with the laws and customs of each area and time period to be researched. Most jurisdictions maintained more than one form of document, and the information required on different documents often varied. For example, Kentucky marriage registers usually include the names of the bride and groom, the date and place of the marriage, and the officiating authority. The marriage license, issued as a separate record for the same couple, could also include residence, age, place of birth, names of parents, and occupation.
Churches were among the earliest keepers of marriage records. By 1640, Virginia and Massachusetts had passed laws requiring ministers to provide records of the marriages they performed to civil officials in the county or parish. Records of marriages in areas that did not require periodic reporting remained with the minister or the church.
Many churches, especially in the frontier areas, did not keep extensive records, and many records have been lost or destroyed. New England churches, Quaker Monthly Meetings, and the German churches kept and have preserved the most complete records.
Justices of the Peace
Most states have authorized the election or appointment of justices of the peace who can perform marriages. Like ministers, justices have also been required to submit records of the marriages they performed to civil authorities. Justices also maintained their own registers, often in the personal account books in which they recorded the fees paid. These sometimes contain marriage and other genealogical information not forwarded to the civil authorities and should not be overlooked by the researcher, even when civil records are available. Justices' registers can be found in the care of county clerks, local historical societies, libraries, and descendants of the justices themselves. Several are on microfilm at the Family History Library of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and some have been published by local genealogical societies.
Types of Marriage Records
Consent Affidavits
The minimum legal age for marriage varies from one place to another. While some jurisdictions have required consent regardless of age, most demanded consent affidavits from a parent or legal guardian only for those under the minimum age'usually twenty-one for males, eighteen for females. Sometimes a parent or guardian appeared with the underage person and gave verbal permission. The record will show that the parent was present and was known to the clerk but may not record the name. A detailed, printed consent form was part of the marriage license in a few localities.
The father of the underage person usually gave consent, especially in the South. When a mother has given consent, the father was likely deceased. When both parents were deceased, the legal guardian granted permission to marry. If the guardian is related to the person getting married, their relationship may be stated.
The attached image is an application for a marriage license by David Hoard for Chester B. Hoard and Martha S. Huffman in Medina County, Ohio. In it, David Hoard states that he is Chester B. Hoard's guardian and gives his consent to the marriage.
Consent documents are found in town and county jurisdictions throughout the United States, but they are more numerous in the South and former frontier regions, where early marriages were encouraged.
Declarations of Intent
Declarations of intent to marry have been required in one form or another in all colonies and states from colonial times. The practice may have been abandoned in a particular place for a period of time, only to be reinstated later. There are many types of declarations of intent, both written and oral.
The publishing of banns was a church custom during the colonial and later periods. Banns were usually read in church on three consecutive Sundays (sometimes during public meetings); in some areas they were posted in public places as well. Their purpose was to give local residents the opportunity to state their objections to a marriage. Delaware and Ohio considered the publication of banns equivalent to a license to about 1898. The following is a sample of what might be included in a published banns:
- I publishe [sic] the Banns of Marriage between Robert Preston of New Haven and Priscilla Fuller of Milford. If any known cause or just impediment why these two persons should not be joined together in Holy Matrimony, ye are to declare it. This is the 1st time asking.
- Daniel Stout, Reverend.
These records were similar to banns but were filed with the town or county clerk. Intentions include the names and places of residence of the prospective bride and groom and the date the intention was filed. Unlike banns, intentions were not generally read aloud but were posted in public places for a prescribed period of time. As with banns, intentions were to give others the opportunity to voice objections to the union. Many intentions filed in New England have been published in book form or are online. Notably, New England Historic Genealogical Society offers both indexes and records for various years and places in Massachusetts at its website.
Marriage bonds were not required by all colonies or states but have been common in the South. Bonds were posted prior to the issuing of the required marriage license in some states and were the sole documents required in others. Bonds were posted by the groom alone or with a second person, usually the father or the brother of the bride, to defray the costs of litigation in the event the marriage was nullified.
Bonds were posted in the jurisdiction where the marriage was to take place, often in the bride's home county. These bonds, the only marriage records maintained in some jurisdictions, were usually annotated with the marriage date after the ceremony. It was rare for a marriage not to take place within a few days of the posting of the bond, even though many bonds do not bear the annotation. Although the missing information could mean that the marriage did not take place, more often it reflects poor record keeping or failure of the justice or minister to report the marriage to local officials.
Marriage bonds were required in North Carolina from 1741 to 1868. The bonds have since been placed in the custody of the North Carolina State Archives. The Archives has compiled two master name indexes, one to brides and one to grooms. The index is available at the Archives.
The attached image is an example of a bond typically found in the South.
Marriage contracts are relatively uncommon. They were usually drawn up when one or both parties was wealthy or might inherit a substantial estate, and wished to protect the inheritance rights of heirs.
Marriage contracts have also been used in second marriages. Property left to a widow by her first husband could be protected with a marriage contract. Such documents guarantee the distribution of property to the children of the first husband. Without such a contract, the property inherited at the death of the first husband became the property of the second husband at the time of marriage. He could dispose of that property as he desired, without provision for his stepchildren. Marriage contracts are recorded among marriage records or are filed with court records or deeds.
Marriage contracts were widely used in Louisiana during the colonial period. Under civil law, the French and Spanish used formal marriage contracts to protect their property, regardless of their social position or wealth. These documents are of unequaled value in genealogical research because they list extended family relationships and often the place of origin of the immigrant ancestor. The following contract between Charles de Lavergne and Marie Joseph Carriere illustrates the superb detail of the documents.
- June 16, 1739
- CHARLES de LAVERGNE, Lieutenant on half-pay, of this Province of Louisiana, son of Mr. PIERRE de LAVERGNE, Counsellor at Chatelet of Parish, and of Dame ELIZABETH BILLET his father and mother, a native of parish, Parish of St. Eustache
- with
- Demoiselle MARIE JOSEPH CARRIERE, minor daughter of the deceased Sieur ANDRE CARRIERE and of Dame MARGUERITTE HARLUT her father and mother, a native of Mobile, Bishopric of Quebec. The named Dame MARGUERITTE HARLUT now wife of Sieur LOUIS TIXERRANT being present.
- Consenting for the minor being Sieur JOSEPH CARRIERE her uncle and tutor.
- Consenting on the part of the named Sieur de LAVERGNE, Mr. de BIENVILLE, Chevalier of the Royal and Military order of St. Louis, Governor of this Province, of Louisiana, Mr. de SALMON, Commissioner of the Marines of this Province and Madame his wife, Mr. DIRON DARTAGUETTE, Chevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commandant at Mobile, Mr. BELLUGA Captain of the King's vessel, Mr. DeVILLER FRANSSURE, Lieutenant of the King's vessel, presently of this Colony, his friends and friends of his deceased parents.
- And for the named Demoiselle MARIE JOSEPH CARRIERE, Sieur and Dame TIXERRANT her step-father and her mother, Sieur JOSEPH CARRIERE her uncle and tutor, Sieur JACQUES CARRIERE also her uncle, Dame FRANCOISE JALOT widow CARRIERE, Aunt of Demoiselle MARIE MARGUERITTE CARRIERE, her sister, Sieur LOUIS TIXERRANT her brother, Mr. and Madame de LIVAUDAIS her cousin, Mr. the Chevalier de LOWBOY, of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain of the Infantry of the Marines, Mr. D'AUTHERIVE, Chevalier of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Mr. de BELISLE, Mr. BOBE DESCLOSEAUX, comptroller of the Marines, Mr. DUBREUIL VILLARS, contractor for the King's fortifications in this colony.
- This marriage to be solemnized in the Holy Roman Apostolic Catholic Church.
- This document collated and entered in the minutes of the Royal Notary, at New Orleans on the 17 of June of 1768. /s/ Garic, Notary.<ref>"Marriage Contract of Charles de La Verge and Marie Joseph Carriere," in Louisiana Marriage Contracts, comp. Alice Daly Forsyth and Ghislaine Pleasanton (New Orleans: Polyanthos, 1980), 85.</ref>
Marriage Licenses
Marriage licenses are the most common marriage records in the United States. They are issued by the appropriate authority prior to the marriage ceremony, and they have come to replace the posting of banns and intentions. Marriage licenses, which grant permission for a marriage to be performed, are returned to civil authorities after the ceremony.
Applications for marriage licenses have been required in some jurisdictions in addition to or in place of bonds. Applications are often filled out by both the bride and groom and typically contain a large amount of genealogical information. They may list the full names of the bride and groom, their residences, races, ages, dates and places of birth, previous marriages, occupations, and their parents' names, places of birth (state or country), and occupations. Recent laws require health certificates attesting to the absence of diseases that could be passed on to children.
For most locations, marriage license applications can be found for periods beginning after the Civil War. Indiana, Wisconsin, and Utah counties maintained them earlier. The application form does not include the marriage date.
Marriage licenses exist in varying forms. The attached image, a certified copy of a marriage license issued in the county in Illinois where the marriage took place, is much like licenses from most towns or counties. A standard form generally asks for the names of the bride and groom, their residence at the time of application, the date the marriage was performed, the date the license was issued, the place of the marriage, and the name of the person performing the marriage ceremony.
A license from Spencer County, Kentucky, illustrates the style of license used during earlier periods in the South. Note that the return after the ceremony is annotated at the bottom of the license in the minister's handwriting.
Certified copies of marriage records are certified to be correct, but there is a possibility of error in any typescript. It is best to request photocopies when you write a town or county clerk.
Marriage Certificates
Marriage certificates are given to the couple after the ceremony is completed and are thus usually found among family records. There are exceptions, however. Figure 13-6 is from a volume of marriage certificates on file in Medina County, Ohio. These certificates, however, are similar to marriage licenses issued in other places. The bride and groom usually receive a marriage certificate for their family records containing similar historical information, signatures of witnesses, and so on.
Marriage Registers and Returns
Colonial and state governments have required that marriages performed within their jurisdictions be reported to civil authorities. The town or county clerk then compiles marriage registers, though these registers are rarely complete. Those who officiated at marriages in rural areas were often reluctant to travel the distances required to comply with the law. Sometimes, also, ministers' records were lost or destroyed before the marriages were properly reported. Itinerant preachers, who crossed jurisdictional boundaries, rarely registered marriages at all. Couples sometimes obtained a license, filed a bond, or made applications in one jurisdiction and then married in another, but ministers filed returns only in their own counties. Still, marriage returns are the only documents that provide evidence that the marriage actually took place.
Marriage registers differ from one jurisdiction to another. Some required only the names of the couple and the date of the marriage. Registers are normally arranged in chronological order by year, though there can be overlap in registers that were infrequently updated. The Spencer County, Kentucky, marriage register shown in figure 13-7 provides the date of marriage, names of the parties, name of the person who performed the marriage, the place of marriage, the names of witnesses, and the certificate number.
Some registers exist in the absence of licenses. This is true for registers in Virginia and West Virginia after 1853, which provide the marriage date, minister, names of the parties, their ages, places of birth, residences, parents, and occupations. Many of these registers have been transcribed.
Most marriage registers are compiled from written returns submitted by ministers and justices. The lists are copied into the register by a clerk and are thus subject to transcription errors. Figure 13-8 is from the returns register of Daviess County, Kentucky.
Not all marriage returns were entered into a register. Some were simply noted on the license or bond; others were written on scraps of paper filed loosely in the clerk's office, either in alphabetical order or by the first letter of the groom's surname. Most loose returns have been microfilmed for easier use.
Locating Marriage Records
Marriage records were issued and maintained by town and county jurisdictions before state registration was established. Marriage records are usually indexed by the surname of the groom, but a few jurisdictions have compiled cross-indexes to the maiden name of the bride. Some states are collecting these early marriage records from the local jurisdictions'but because no comprehensive list of these repositories exists, you must write to the town or county first. Addresses, including zip codes, for every county and town clerk are in the current edition of Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources.<ref>Alice Eichholz, ed., Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, 3rd ed. (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004).</ref>
Online Availability
Marriage indexes (and some digitized images) are online for many counties and at least one state has combined county indexes into a statewide index. The Illinois Statewide Marriage Index contains Illinois county marriage records dated 1763'1900 and can be searched at http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/marriage.html.
Searchable Marriage Record Databases Online includes a list of statewide marriage indexes online. Hundreds of websites feature collections of county marriage records; currently the USGenWeb Project houses most of them at Rootsweb.com. Search the Web routinely for new statewide and county databases.
Birth, Marriage, and Death Records on CD-ROM lists marriage (along with some birth and death) records that have been compiled and published on CD-ROM. The table includes remarks on the content and extent of coverage.
A project of FamilySearch.org and FamilySearch Indexing to digitize the microfilmed vital records held in the Granite Mountain Records Vault began in the United States with the records of the state of Georgia. The project will eventually include vital records from the entire collection. The first major record sets to be published on FamilySearch.org will include vital records from North and South America, areas of the Pacific, and the British Isles.
Genealogical Society of Utah
The Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, houses millions of sources, including microfilmed records from most of the United States. The collection is available in its entirety in Salt Lake City, but copies of the microfilms can be obtained through Family History Centers located throughout the United States (see appendix vii, 'The LDS Family History Library,' for locations). This collection includes thousands of original marriage registers and collections of bonds, consents, licenses, and applications. Many names and dates have been extracted from the microfilmed collection and placed in the International Genealogical Index which may be accessed at the Library, its centers, or online. There are also lists of statewide marriage indexes and records available through the Family History Library.
The Library has, in book or manuscript form, marriage entries that have been transcribed by the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) or Work Projects Administration (WPA). The transcripts often have cross-indexes to brides, annotations from ministers' journals and account books, newspaper announcements, and even the personal knowledge of the compiler. For these and other transcripts, it is always wise to check the original records when they are available.
Writing for Marriage Records
Researchers who cannot use the Family History Library's collection or online sources, can write to town or county record custodians. For a fee, clerks will search the local records and send a copy of the information requested. Because of recently passed privacy laws, state boards of vital records and bureaus of vital statistics may require you to file a form stating your relationship to the bride and groom and the purpose of the request, but they will usually provide records for family history purposes.
Marriage records can be obtained from numerous sources within a county. Most counties registered marriages in marriage registers, but some filings may be found in court records and deed books. Common law marriages, if referred to at all, would be found in court records, which are rarely indexed (unlike deed books) and require substantial research time. However, they should not be overlooked.
Family Records
Family records, such as family Bibles, journals, diaries, and personal histories, often include marriage documents or references to marriages. Certificates, contracts, and divorce records can also be found in personal collections. Some family records have been donated to local historical societies, libraries, universities, or state archives. Manuscripts of unpublished family histories contain valuable genealogical information and are also found in these kinds of libraries, all of which usually have guides to their manuscript collections.
Printed Records
The number of printed volumes of marriage records grows daily as genealogy enthusiasts continue to make contributions to the field. These volumes are available through libraries, historical and genealogical societies, booksellers, publishers, and private distributors. They vary in usefulness. Some collections improve upon a poor original record by adding details about a couple and their families. However, the quality of such a volume always depends on the skill of the transcriber in reading illegible handwriting and damaged records. Because a transcribed copy rarely includes all the information contained in the original record, you should also look at the original entry whenever possible.
The following is an example of the alphabetized and printed marriage records kept by two brothers who were justices of the peace in Washington County, Pennsylvania: Squires Isaac and Joseph F. Mayes. They married more than 3,000 couples, most of whom eloped to the Mayes' border town from West Virginia and Ohio because Pennsylvania did not require a marriage license.
- to John Stiger
- both of Triadelphia,
- Ohio Co., WV
- 14 January 1871
- to Eli Johnston
- both of Ohio Co., WV
- 17 June 1882
- -
- of Wheeling, Ohio Co., WV
- to Rosabella Faulkner
- of Belton, Marshall Co., WV
- 5 November 1865
- DELANY, William C.
- to Mary Virginia Crow
- both of Wheeling, Ohio Co., (W)VA
- 24 August 1862<ref>Helen L. Harris, Elizabeth J. Wall, and Betty Treat Petrich, comps., Marriage Records of Squires Isaac and Joseph F. Mayes (Pittsburgh: privately published, 1978), 59.</ref>
Genealogical periodicals published by state and county genealogical societies also include marriage records. You can find large collections of these periodicals in many local libraries, or you can receive your own copies of such publications by joining the societies.
Newspapers have printed marriage announcements and engagements for decades. These articles often contain such information as the names of the parents of the bride and groom, place of residence after the marriage, and names of those in attendance at the wedding.
Special Problems Encountered When Using Marriage Records
An estimated thirty percent of the marriage records in this country are incomplete. Many marriage returns were never submitted to civil authorities, and countless others have been lost. Hamilton County, Ohio, which recorded marriages for Cincinnati, is an interesting example. Many records were lost in a courthouse fire. Years later the WPA copied those that survived, combining applications, licenses, and returns and then indexing them. Local genealogists reconstructed some from ministers' daybooks, original certificates, and newspaper accounts. The DAR also collected marriage records from family and local sources. Because each of these collections came from different sources, the researcher must check them all; even so, some marriages will not have been recorded. Careful checking of all versions becomes important upon considering that Cincinnati, like many American cities, was a 'Gretna Green' (a no-questions-asked marriage locale in Scotland) for couples from up and down the Ohio River and from a wide circle of counties in Indiana and Kentucky, as well as Ohio. Therefore, if there is no record in the nearby county where a couple may have lived, chances are good that the entry may be found among the Cincinnati marriage records, even though they are incomplete.
Marriage records are often inaccurate. Brides and grooms have sometimes deliberately provided falsified information. To reduce their workloads, clerks often entered the date of the marriage at the time the license was issued instead of waiting for the return. Thus, marriage information should be compared with other facts known about an individual. Additional research may be necessary to resolve discrepancies.
Spelling variants are also a problem in marriage records. Many clerks did not ask couples how their names were spelled but wrote them based on their pronunciation instead. All possible spellings of a surname should be checked before assuming that a couple is not in a given record.
Many marriage records are virtually illegible due to faded entries, damaged ledger books, poor handwriting, and poorly microfilmed originals. Published marriage records can assist in clarifying unreadable entries. If poor microfilming is the problem, contact the county or town and request a photocopy or certified copy of the original. Sometimes more than one type of marriage record can be obtained.
If a marriage record is not on file for an ancestor, other records can reveal an approximate date of marriage. The 1900 and 1910 U.S. Federal Censuses list the number of years a couple had been married. The 1930 U.S. Federal Census shows marital condition and age at first marriage. The marriage date may be calculated from any or all these entries. The 1910 Civil War pension application files contain marriage information. If a veteran's widow filed for a pension, she had to produce proof of the marriage by obtaining an affidavit from the appropriate minister or civil authorities, supplying a copy of the marriage certificate, or sending sworn statements from persons who could testify to the marriage date and place.


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text:
The tension inherent in these papers is best summed up by a line from a draft talk [6:21] that is included among them: 'there is little that is spectacular in the lives of great scientists.' The mixture of account books, notes, correspondence, and inventories that are included here show very clearly how the life of the Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, mixed scientific endeavour with every day concerns over household provisions and family relationships. Even the paperwork and correspondence of Maskelyne's daughter Margaret after his death, mixes books to be left [10:1-10:22] to the Royal Observatory with an inventory of their furniture [10:51-10:66], and discussions of his gravestone [11:155] with correspondence [11:145-11:154] about her own courtship.

The two account books [2:1] cover the period 1766-1799, and range across the whole of Maskelyne's daily activities. Chronological payments mix scientific instruments for the observatory with personal books, gifts to family and charities, and bills for fuel, food stuffs, farriers' work and transport. Lists at the front of each outline his main sources of income, which include the Board of Longitude among his livings and indentures, his salary from the Ordnance office, profits from his fellowship at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and his pension from the Exchequer. A number of items are separated out from the main chronological accounts, which include payments on behalf of the Board of Longitude [2:11-2:14] to computers and comparers of the Nautical Almanac, as well as bills for gardening and post-chaises. Accounts and receipts [9:1-9:95] from the various booksellers with whom Maskelyne had dealings likewise show a mixture of scientific with classical and religious works, key intellectual texts of the period, domestic medicine, and fiction such as Robinson Crusoe. These also deal with his own publications. A fourth book [4:1-4:116] includes some accounts, but mainly consists of recipes for cures and extracts from medical works, as well as correspondence with Sir Joseph Banks regarding his gout.

Sir Joseph also features prominently in the folios of correspondence, where again private and public affairs are mixed. Maskelyne's correspondence with Banks [5:56-5:169] in the 1790s discusses activities of the Board of Longitude in some detail and shows how far these two were running the Board alone by this point. In one letter [5:119-5:120] Maskelyne discusses his problems with the printer Buckton and comments that he thinks they cannot resolve the problem without calling a Board, although he does not want to. Earlier letters [5:5-5:22] to Maskelyne's brother Edmund in the 1760s mix family finances and relationship discussions with accounts of his voyage to Barbados and his views on Irwin's marine chair. One [5:17-5:22] dwells at length on family disputes, before going on to discuss his tests on Harrison's clocks at the Greenwich Observatory, his work on publishing the Nautical Almanac, and the Board's work to get H4 [] copied by other watchmakers. One key letter [5:50-5:53] to Anthony Shepherd, Plumian Professor at Cambridge, on Maskelyne's return from Barbados discusses his hopes of being elected Astronomer Royal, and which key figures he knows will support his application.

But all is not every day practicality. Also included here are a range of awards from European Academies of Science, including a particularly ornate one [1:1] from Catherine the Great for the Academy in St Petersburg, complete with a gold medal-style seal filled with wax. A letter [7:85] from Lalande to Maskelyne introducing Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre likewise describes how Maskelyne was for Delambre 'le dieu de l'astronomie.'

Katy Barrett
History and Philosophy of Science
University of Cambridge

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