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Peter (L'Huillier) of New York
The Most Reverend Peter (L'Huillier) of New York (December 3, 1926 – November 19, 2007) was the Archbishop of New York and New Jersey in the Orthodox Church in America (OCA).
Archbishop Peter was born as Paul L'Huillier on December 3, 1926, in Paris, France. He embraced the Orthodox faith in 1945 while enrolled at the St. Denys Institute in Paris. His Eminence also did graduate work at the University of Paris and received a Licentiate of Theology from the Moscow Theological Academy in 1962 and a Doctorate of Canon Law degree in 1985.
The archbishop began his ecclesiastical life on August 30, 1954, when he was tonsured Monk Peter. On September 4 and 5, 1954, he was ordained hierodeacon and hieromonk by Abp. Boris, Exarch of the Russian Patriarchate in Europe. His priestly work took place at two Orthodox churches in Paris, Three Hierarchs and the Church of our Lady the Joy of Those who Sorrow. In 1960, Abp. Peter was elevated to the rank of Archimandrite. On September 12, 1968, the feast of St. Alexander Nevsky at the former St. Alexander Nevsky Monastery (Lavra) in St. Petersburg (then called Leningrad), Abp. Peter was consecrated Bishop of Chersonese. Participating at that consecration were the Metropolitan of Leningrad, Nikodim (Rotov) and Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh.
As bishop, he was a member of the mother Church which granted autocephaly to the Orthodox Church in America. In 1979, he was invited to come to the young autocephalous church by His Beatitude Metropolitan Theodosius. He was designated as an auxiliary bishop to the Metropolitan, with the title of "Bishop of Brooklyn" until 1981.
In 1981, when the Holy Synod of Bishops established the new diocese of Washington, DC, for the seat of the Primate, he was installed as the Bishop of the remaining part of the Metropolitan's former local diocese with the title "Bishop of New York and New Jersey." In 1990, the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America bestowed on him the title of Archbishop of New York and New Jersey.
Abp. Peter's linguistic fluency (in four languages), his formal degree in the Orthodox canonical traditions, his familiarity with varieties of ethnic and national Orthodox customs, made him one of the more academically involved Orthodox hierarchs worldwide. He also chaired the OCA's External Affairs Department for many years.
In the academic world, he lectured at the Institute of St. Denys, Paris, France, from 1949 to 1950. From 1952 to 1962, he taught at the Three Hierarchs Seminary in Villemoisson, France. He was a Professor at the Catholic University in Paris from 1966 to 1978. He was Adjunct Professor of Canon Law at St. Vladimir's Seminary, Crestwood, New York, since 1979. As a specialist in Orthodox Canon Law, Archbishop Peter occupied prominent positions. His final book, published by St. Vladimir's Press, urged the Orthodox Churches to abandon their traditional Easter calculation Paschalion in favor of the Western calculation.
After more than thirty years as a hierarch, the members of the Holy Synod of the OCA accepted Archbishop Peter's request for retirement in March, 2005. He had been on a leave of absence from the spring 2004 session of the Holy Synod. His retirement became effective April 30, 2005.
In light of Abp. Peter's retirement, the members of the Holy Synod decided to establish the new Diocese of Washington and New York, composed of the former Diocese of New York and New Jersey and the Diocese of Washington, effective April 30, 2005. The move was a return to the diocesan boundaries and structure that had existed until 1981, when the Diocese of Washington was created as the seat of the OCA Primate.
Abp. Peter reposed on November 19, 2007. In 2010, the OCA Synod of Bishops abolished the merged diocese, returned the Metropolitan see to Washington, D.C., and reestablished the Diocese of New York and New Jersey. Bishop Michael (Dahulich) was appointed leader of the revitalized diocese in May, 2010.
His doctoral dissertation was published as (The Church of the Ancient Councils: The Disciplinary Work of the First Four Ecumenical Councils, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1996). [1] ISBN 0881410071
- Jacob's Well, Newspaper of the Diocese of New York and New Jersey, Orthodox Church in America, Fall/Winter 98-99, pp. 4-6
External links
- In Memoriam
- Links to articles by Archbishop Peter
- His Eminence Peter, Archbishop of New York and New Jersey at the Orthodox Research Institute
Peter (L'Huillier) of New York
|Preceded by:
|Bishop of Chersonese
|Succeeded by:
|Preceded by:
John (Shahovskoy)
|Bishop of Brooklyn
|Succeeded by:
|Preceded by:
Theodosius (Lazor)
|Archbishop of New York and New Jersey
|Succeeded by:
Herman (Swaiko)
Categories > Organizations > Educational Institutions
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Categories > People
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by century > 20th-21st-century bishops
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by city > Bishops of Brooklyn
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by city > Bishops of Chersonese
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by city > Bishops of New York
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity
Categories > People > Converts to Orthodox Christianity from Roman Catholicism


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subset: commoncrawl


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A blog by one of the volunteer reviewers for Geocaching.com. It's about geocaching and the review process -- what it takes to get your new caches listed on the world's most popular geocaching web site. ©Copyright 2012 by K.Braband. All rights reserved
Friday, January 27, 2006
One at a time, please
Today I reviewed a second cache from a geocacher who still hasn't answered my questions about one he submitted several days ago. What's up with that? So would I approve the second cache while waiting for a response on the first one? Well, I would have, but he had problems with the second one too, so that one is also on hold. It just seems to me that if he had time to log on and fill out the form for a second geocache, he would have noticed that I posted a reviewer's note (which sends an email to his designated geocaching email account) to ask him a question about his previous submission.
6 comments:
- WindChill said...
Wow...to have time to hide one cache, let alone two. Here lately Id be happy to have a few minutes to _hunt_ a cache ;)
- 5:17 PM, January 28, 2006
- MasterCacher said...
Do you also approve caches in Wisconsin?
- 8:54 PM, January 28, 2006
- IowaAdmin said...
I have reviewed caches in Wisconsin in the past when the Wisconsin reviewers needed some back-up help. This was a couple of years ago at a time when Geocaching.com was just beginning to designated specific geographic areas for reviewers. Prior to that time the entire queue was open for all the reviewers. It still is, technically. (For example, I have the ability to go to a cache awaiting approval in Belgium and mark it as approved, but it would not be the proper thing to do because there is a designated approver for Belgium.) These days I review caches only in Iowa, except when I fill in for vacationing reviewers for other areas.
- 11:00 AM, January 29, 2006
- welch said...
Going off on the review thing... does Minnesota have a 'local' reviewer?
- 10:54 PM, January 29, 2006
- WindChill said...
According to the MnGCA forums (http://www.mngca.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2056), yes.
- 8:02 AM, January 31, 2006
- welch said...
Thanks windchill. Hadn't visited Mngca recently. I knew in the past their forums had had discussions about gettin a local reviewer, but it never had happend AFAIK. I sometimes wondered why, and the talk about various reviewer made me think of that.
- 6:28 PM, February 01, 2006


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Wild Sign Konopka and Mitchell; Continue Pursuit of Parise, Suter
The Minnesota continue to pursue free agent left wing Zach Parise and defenseman Ryan Suter but announced the signing of free agent center Zenon Konopka from Ottawa and center/right wing Torry Mitchell from San Jose.
Konopka signs a 2-year deal worth $925,000 per season and Mitchell signs a 3-year contract worth $1.9 Million a season.
Parise has narrowed his list to a few teams and is expected to decide by Monday afternoon. The Wild have reportedly offered contracts to both Parise and Suter but many teams have as well. Pittsburgh is reportedly the favorite to land Parise.


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Give Books to the Library
The library accepts gifts of gently used books, CDs and other material. If you are cleaning out your home or office, consider donating your used items to the library.
Our Friends of the Library book has a book sale every year in March, and any items donated that are not added to our collection are sold to purchase more materials for the Library. The decision to add an item to the collection is based on library policy. We have tax reimbursement forms available at the Library when something has been donated.
Thank you for your support!


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Alan Rabinowitz
A Voice for the Animals
A profound stutter as a child left Alan Rabinowitz virtually unable to communicate and to prefer animals to people. Now a conservationist of tigers and jaguars, an explorer of the world's last wild places, he has extraordinary insight into both animals and the human condition.
Alan Rabinowitz
was the founder and chief science officer of Panthera, the global wild cat conservation organization. He was also a spokesman for The Stuttering Foundation and the author of several books, including Life in the Valley of Death, Beyond the Last Village, and An Indomitable Beast. He died of cancer on August 5, 2018.
April 18, 2013
Krista Tippett, Host: A profound stutter as a child left Alan Rabinowitz virtually unable to communicate and to prefer animals to people. He became a wildlife biologist and made his name as an explorer in some of the world's last wild places. He's discovered new animal species, encountered human communities believed to be lost, and all the while, worked for the survival of the world's endangered big cats — lions, jaguars, tigers. In cultures as disparate as Belize and Burma, Alan Rabinowitz has carved out some of the most innovative preservation areas on the planet.
We hear this hour about his extraordinary insights into the animal-human bond, and also about the dramatic personal odyssey that has brought him across the years to rediscover the human side of things, both in life and in the evolving science of wildlife conservation.
Dr. Alan Rabinowitz: The jaguar let out kind of a guttural growl and stood up and right before it went into the forest, it turned and it looked back at me for a few seconds. And I remember that look so clearly from the cages in the cat house at the Bronx Zoo.
Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett and this is On Being, from APM, American Public Media.
Alan Rabinowitz heads Panthera, the nonprofit he co-founded to help save the world's endangered wild cat species. I interviewed him in 2010. The program and staff titles of Panthera alone evoke an amazing story — Snow Leopard Program, Tigers Forever, Jaguar-Cattle Conflict Coordinator. An adventurous life might have been hard to foretell in Alan Rabinowitz's childhood. The stutter he was born with masked his intelligence and personality. He was put in special classes for children labeled retarded. He was able to be himself, as he tells it, only when he was alone with his pets. And he came to empathize with animals in the zoo.
He felt that they were treated callously and dismissed, and he vowed to become their voice in the world. He would give back, as he tells it now, to these creatures, who, like him, wanted nothing more than to live their own lives freely and fully as best they could. And as Alan Rabinowitz came to adulthood, he stayed faithful to this promise.
Ms. Tippett: So I want to talk in a little while about, you know, stuttering and some of these larger issues, but I would like to kind of fast-forward now to your career as — what have they called you? — the Indiana Jones of wildlife conservation?
Dr. Rabinowitz: [laugh]
Ms. Tippett: [laugh] And I'd love for you to fill in some of the blanks because it is an amazing story. And so here's one milestone I have — the story that in 1980 you are tracking raccoons and black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains, and this great zoologist, George Schaller, invites you to study jaguars in Belize. But, I mean, tell me first of all how you came to be tracking raccoons and black bears and what you were learning from them.
Dr. Rabinowitz: [laugh] Well, I came to be tracking — it was more about trying to escape from people at that time in my life than running towards something.
Ms. Tippett: OK.
Dr. Rabinowitz: It was really running away from. I did end up finally as a senior in college going to a speech clinic, which taught me how to speak. It didn't cure stuttering. Stuttering doesn't get cured in that kind of a sense, but you can learn to speak fluently even as a stutterer.
Ms. Tippett: And when you say to speak fluently as a stutterer, what are you describing? That you work with the stutter rather than against it?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Exactly. I learned how to speak fluently. I could control it. I was a fluent stutterer and that opened up a whole new avenue in my life. But the funny thing was, I learned by that time that I didn't really care to be among the world of people.
Ms. Tippett: OK.
Dr. Rabinowitz: All I ever thought I wanted was to speak fluently and be accepted by the world of people and to be so-called normal. And then when I could finally speak fluently, I realized that most people didn't have that much to say that I was interested in.
Ms. Tippett: [laugh] OK. All right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: So I realized that I would rather be with the animals, and I applied to graduate school to study biology and to continue my love of science and to escape to places where language wasn't that important.
Ms. Tippett: And so George Schaller's invitation for you to study jaguars really did take you off in a direction that was formative, didn't it?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes. It did. At the time George was studying giant panda bears in China, and there was a bit of a controversy at the time about exactly what panda bears were. Were they a bear? Were they a raccoon? And at the time, I was one of the only people in the world, maybe the only person — I don't know; I've never asked George — who was studying both bears and raccoons. And he found me and came to look at my work, actually.
Ms. Tippett: Oh, that's interesting. You know, I have to say that when I look at descriptions of what you've done, you have worked in some of the most remote places on earth. You know, like here's a description you gave, that you've lived for days in caves chasing bats. You've captured and tracked bears, jaguars, leopards, tigers, and rhinos, discovered new animal species, documented lost cultures such as the world's only Mongoloid pygmies. Um, and, you know, when I read your writing, you have been passionate about the fact that there are wild places left and that exploration is not something just of the past. Some of your language, you know, sounds like these 18th- and 19th-century explorers, many of them British, who also went out to find the lost places.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I've read much of them. I've read — that's one of my favorite kinds of books, were these old adventure and exploration novels, people really pitting themselves. I associate myself more with the people who try to pit themselves against environmental hardships, actually, than I do with the pure scientists who go in search of new biological discoveries.
Ms. Tippett: Right. The rare flower that has never been seen.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah. Like what names come to mind for you? Just who have you enjoyed reading?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Shackleton.
Ms. Tippett: Mm-hmm. Yeah. Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Shackleton is one of my true heroes, what that man did, what he was able to live through.
Ms. Tippett: But, you see, when I look at the picture and I think of you together in a sentence with these kinds of figures, I also think you're animated by very different late-20th-, early-21st-century goals. I mean, you know, there's a sense — not all of them. They weren't all out to conquer and civilize, but some of them were. And you have added this twist to the notion of exploring and to finding the wild places, and this twist is conservation and preservation.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes. From the earliest time, I felt like I wanted to — I not only wanted to go out and challenge myself against the environment, against odds, and explore wild places, I also wanted to be a voice for the animals. I did want to save wildlife. I always appreciated science more than any other course I studied because to me science was its own language. Science was a language of truths that would be there apart from whether human beings were on this earth or not. Science presented certain facts and certain realities. It allowed me to delve into a world that didn't have to do with speech or anything else like that, that was human-centric but had a life of its own.
Ms. Tippett: You're thinking like natural laws, the laws of biology.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes. Yes. I never enjoyed traveling for traveling's sake or conquering a mountain for just the mountain's sake. I really enjoyed and still enjoy conquering a mountain and at the same time documenting what the biodiversity is of that mountain and possibly finding some endemic species that nobody either knew about or we didn't know enough about, and adding to the scientific literature of that species. And now I feel everything has to be taken a step further into conservation, so that everything I do has to do with how do we save this wildness or wilderness that we still have on earth.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: You've been so many places. You've done a lot. But, I mean, tell me — illustrate what you just said with a story of, you know, one of these experiences you've had where you both had a personal adventure and also have come to understand something about biodiversity and conservation which you've been able to share with others.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Oh, that's a — boy. I'm going to say what first has come to my mind, which has to do with an incredible story that combines cultural diversity and biological diversity, because I never felt that I was that interested in the human side of things until I started reaching some of these more unexplored cultures or people living different ways of life.
I guess one of the most memorable trips I ever took was to the far, far north of Myanmar or Burma, up by the Tibetan border.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I wrote about this in one of my books, called Beyond the Last Village. And it took several days, first, of flying smaller and smaller planes in order to get to the very last place you could fly into on a small twin prop in northern Burma. And then it was about a three- to four-week hike to get to the border of Tibet, up in the snowy mountains. You were actually going up into the lower Himalayas.
Now, this follows very much on what you asked earlier, because the only documented records at that time from that area were from an early British botanist named Frank Kingdon Ward.
Ms. Tippett: Oh, yes. I know him. Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yeah. And he was an incredibly intrepid explorer who went on almost no money at all to go and look for orchids, rare orchids.
Ms. Tippett: Yes. Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: As well as other flowers.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I had read everything by him, especially for this part of the world where he was really interested. And he was the …
Ms. Tippett: This gets into the Shangri-La stories, right? You're in that part of the world?
Dr. Rabinowitz: That's right.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Exactly. And he actually published some books — which I was able to get a hold of from rare-book stores — where he did some very primitive maps of how he hiked up into this area. But, typical as a botanist, he never talked about wildlife and there was no known mention of any of the wildlife up there or of the animals.
Ms. Tippett: He only had eyes for flora.
Dr. Rabinowitz: He only had eyes for flowers. That's right.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: But I have to admit, as a zoologist, I almost never talk about plants, either.
Ms. Tippett: OK.
Dr. Rabinowitz: So it goes both ways.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: So I followed his earlier trail. I actually — it wasn't easy, because when I got to the last town where I could fly into, there were almost no people who had been up in that area and knew the best route. And finally I was able to meet a Tibetan who had come down from that region, having taken more than a month walk to come down. And he led us back up there along with a monk who wanted to go back up there and, interestingly enough, proselytize to the tribal groups up there who were converted to different forms of Christianity.
Ms. Tippett: Oh, really? I thought you were going to say they were animist, but they were …
Dr. Rabinowitz: No.
Ms. Tippett: That is really interesting.
Dr. Rabinowitz: It was a very strange group of us walking up there into the far north. And eventually, after I think three weeks, we reached the last settlement of human habitation in northern Burma. From there on in, it was pure rugged snowy Himalayan mountains to the Tibetan border and over into China. And in this area is where I met this last group of Mongoloid pygmies, the only Mongoloid pygmies known in the world, called the Taron. And they were going extinct.
Ms. Tippett: And did people know even that they still existed? Or that they existed there?
Dr. Rabinowitz: No.
Ms. Tippett: No.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Nobody. Not the outside world.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yeah. I mean, there had been — the reason I even knew about them is because there had been an article written up about their discovery in the International Journal of Nature in the 1960s. And at that time, there were several hundred of them left. But since that time, since the '60s, nobody really knew anything about them. And by the time I got to them — in fact, I didn't even know when I got to them because the few that were left hid from me. They all ran and hid. And it was only when the other tribal group asked them to come out that they would come out and meet me. And there were only about 12 of them left.
Ms. Tippett: Right. You have pictures in one of your books and, I mean, they're just amazing to look at.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I have to say, I mean, this is — they taught me more than anything else. This was almost a defining moment of my life because it was a time when I was trying to figure out whether I wanted to have children, whether my marriage would really work out, where my life was actually going as I figured things out. And here this leader of the Taron, who couldn't speak my language — in fact, he didn't speak Burmese either. It was a completely — it was the Taron dialect.
If I really wanted to talk to them I had to go through three different translators. But I didn't spend much time talking to him. He and I went off by ourselves up into the snowy mountains for a couple of days, and we were alone together. And this was exactly everything I had looked for to figure out, how you get to the heart of the human spirit without speaking, without an actual human voice. And we were able to do that.
Ms. Tippett: Well, I mean, was it just about — was it about presence? Was it about just physical presence or doing things together? I mean, how did — what happened for those two days?
Dr. Rabinowitz: It was — again, it's hard to put into words because it was all non …
Ms. Tippett: It wasn't word based. Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: … nonverbal.
Ms. Tippett: Mm-hmm.
Dr. Rabinowitz: We couldn't be more different. Here's this little guy who's under four feet tall — he's under five feet tall, four feet-something. And from this remote area in northern Myanmar, untouched by the outside world. Here I am, a New York Jewish kid that grew up stuttering and couldn't deal with the world of people that was all around me. And we actually seemed to just fall into a balance of commonness that we would sit around the fire at night and smile at one another and touch one another and know …
Ms. Tippett: Make eye contact.
Dr. Rabinowitz: … what the other needed.
Ms. Tippett: I mean, those other kinds of communication that we undervalue in Western culture.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yeah. And then he started making gestures. He started making gestures about young children, which I didn't quite understand at first. And only when we got back was I able to confirm what he was trying to say to me. He wanted to know why I didn't have any children.
Ms. Tippett: Oh.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I asked him through these translators, I asked, "Why do you" — he didn't even know I didn't have any children. I said, "Why do you assume I have no children?" And he said, "Because you act like a man who still has this deep, deep hole inside of him."
Ms. Tippett: Oh, my gosh.
Dr. Rabinowitz: "And I know that hole, and I can't have any children because nobody will mate with me. Nobody will be my partner." Because he was the last viable Taron living, and it was after my time with Dawi that I returned to the United States and I looked upon my marriage in a completely different way. And I decided to have children as well, which has been the best thing that's ever happened to me.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: We have stunning National Geographic photographs of Dawi and the Taron people at onbeing.org. In that same remote border area between Burma and Tibet where Alan Rabinowitz encountered the Taron, he also discovered a previously unknown primitive species of deer.
He later embarked on a conservation collaboration with the previous Burmese military junta, which had mixed and controversial results. But he says that if has to consider politics before working in any area where tigers — who get no vote — are endangered, his work would all but cease.
Ms. Tippett: It seems to me when I read you and read about you, that even in the last few years you've kind of turned a corner in terms of seeing that connection between the preservation of animal habitats and the vitality of human communities. Would that be fair?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes, it would. Whether I like it or not, the sustainability of wilderness, of wildlife populations, is in the hands of the human race. And there is a direct linkage, and I think there always will be, between the understanding and the activities of people, be they at the local level or at the national level, and the well-being and preservation of wildlife and wilderness areas. So I can't — I can't separate them as I wanted to when I was younger.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: As I thought I could.
Ms. Tippett: I mean, you know, here are some lines you wrote in 2006. You wrote: "It is not earth-shattering news that animals and people must live together if there is to be any true wildness for future generations. I am among the majority of scientists and conservationists who have done little to effectively foster this relationship in a sustainable manner — until now, that is." What brought that home for you? What changed for you?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Being among these remote tribal groups, or remote communities, which lived with wildlife, which accepted the wilderness around them, which showed me a model for how people can live with their environment and still move forward. I'm not saying this that these people should be kept — in fact, I advocate opposite. There are many people who go in and find a tribal group or a remote village and say, "We shouldn't touch this place. This should be left as is."
Well, I have never been to a remote area where the people don't want a better life. Where the people are not aware of the fact that many of their babies die and they have a lot of illnesses that the outside world doesn't have and they would rather have more than they have then. And I think it's wrong to try to hold that back from them. Where the balance has to occur is figuring out how to enable and empower local communities to live better, have a better life, have better medical care, have lower infant mortality, and yet at the same time, balance that with giving life, giving an area of the world to the wilderness and the wildlife that live with these people. And that can be done.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: It's not pie in the sky.
Ms. Tippett: You — you've also talked about a success story of the Mayan Indians, who use to kill jaguars, who have become wardens to those animals.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes. The Mayans and many other groups throughout jaguar range — I mean, jaguars still get killed a lot, but not nearly to the extent that they use to, and it's not because these poor communities or these indigenous groups had some kind of a conservation epiphany.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: It's because they had a growing economic awareness. It's because they — all of a sudden their lives could be better off, because people came down and paid money and stayed in their local thatched motels or huts to see jaguars or to follow jaguar trails then they ever made from cutting all the forest and just growing corn and selling the corn and just barely living, barely surviving. Their lives were better for it. And in my early days I never would meet a local person, who dared walk in the forest without a gun. They just felt it was crazy to do that. It was just too dangerous out there. I rarely meet a Mayan now in the same area or a local person, who is carrying a gun. And it's not because they are mandated not to. I asked them, "Why aren't you carrying something, your machete, your gun?"
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: They said, "We don't — we know that there's no need to. If we see a jaguar we stop on our bicycle and watch it now." Now, that's — that's people starting to live with the big cats. It can be done. Just like people live with mountain lions in the United States. Will it mean that there'll be no problems, no conflicts? No, it doesn't mean that. But we have to view it in the same ways we view conflicts in our everyday life. I can't understand why people classify conservation or — or living with animals as different from the problems we have everyday of living with other people.
Ms. Tippett: Right. You know you said a little while ago we're all human, but maybe we're all also wildlife. [laugh]
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yeah, oh, exactly. Yeah, that's exactly right.
Ms. Tippett: So — so there's a phrase that I think is often used kind of romantically and there's a lot of energy around this now, talking about the animal-human bond. OK? So when people talk about that in the United States, they're talking about our relationships with our dogs and our cats for the most part. But I just wonder for you, with all these years you've spent and in the presence of big cats, for example, of animals with whom many people have, for understandable reason, not felt safe walking in the presence of without a gun. I mean, have you learned things about the animal-human bond that would stretch our imagination about that?
Dr. Rabinowitz: I'm trying to think how I — how I explain what I feel without seeming like it verges off into the almost supernatural …
Ms. Tippett: Well …
Dr. Rabinowitz: … because it's not supernatural. I do feel a very, very close bond with animals. Not just with the big cats, but with animals as a whole. It doesn't mean I don't feel fear and respect for them. In fact, I'm often angered by TV shows or by commentaries that I hear by people who feel that humans can truly bond with wild animals to where you can go up and touch them or sleep among them or that kind of thing. And invariably, those people either get killed or mauled.
Ms. Tippett: Mm-hmm.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Because they are a different species from us. There is a wildness about them. I have tracked — I have come face to face with wild tigers. I've come face to face with jaguars, lions, all of them. Almost all of them — not yet met a snow leopard.
Ms. Tippett: OK.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I felt great fear. Now, fear was definitely a part of the menagerie of feelings that ran through me. But I also felt flattered to be in the presence of this unbelievable wildness that we don't feel during our everyday lives. Could I bond with them? I almost — in a way, yes, and yet in a way, I almost learned the opposite. By spending so much time in the jungle with these wild cats, I also came to realize that there would always be a wall between us, a wall that couldn't be breached and really shouldn't be breached because we were of two different worlds, worlds that could come together on certain things but that just had to be apart on others for both of us to live properly within this larger world.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: Later in our interview, Alan Rabinowitz tells the story of coming face to face — and falling on his back — with a jaguar in a jungle in Belize.
And he may never have met a snow leopard, but we have photos, on our website onbeing.org, that capture the gaze of this mountain recluse. They were taken from more than three miles high in the thin air of the Himalayas of India and Pakistan. There is also a must-see image of a Buddhist monk praying over a snow leopard. View these wonderful photos, along with maps of tiger corridors and Alan Rabinowitz's exploits in Burma and Brazil at onbeing.org.
And while you are there, sign up for our podcast and email newsletter so you can download and listen to any of our shows anytime anywhere.
Coming up, Alan Rabinowitz on living now with a slow-developing form of cancer and how this diagnosis has affected him as a father and a conservationist.
Dr. Rabinowitz: It's really helped me in Myanmar. It's helped me tremendously with the generals. The generals say to me, because they've read about it and they've heard about it, and they say, "You have cancer, what are you doing going in the jungle with tigers?"
Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett. This program comes to you from APM, American Public Media.
Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. My guest is Alan Rabinowitz. He's a wildlife biologist who's followed in the tradition of the world's great explorers, yet with a very 21st-century passion for conservation. He has studied jaguars, leopards, tigers, Sumatran rhinos, bears, raccoons, and civets; and he's been pivotal in the creation of animal sanctuaries and preserves in some of the world's wildest ecosystems.
Alan Rabinowitz is also these days, with equal passion, a spokesman for the Stuttering Foundation. And he's been describing how his knowledge as a scientist, his adventures as an explorer, and his life with a stutter have forged a very particular connection with animals.
Ms. Tippett: So, you know, when you talked about going away with — what was his name? The pygmy, the man in Burma …
Dr. Rabinowitz: Dawi.
Ms. Tippett: … for two days and you had all these nonverbal ways of communicating. I mean, do you also have that experience with animals?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Oh, I had — the nonverbal communications I could feel with the animals and with the big cats especially, since I was a child. My father, he didn't know how to handle a lot of what was going on inside of me. He didn't want to talk about my stuttering or my lack of being able to deal with other people, but he did realize that I had certain outlets that just made me feel good and relaxed, and I could speak a little better after those. And one of those was taking me to the Bronx Zoo.
Ms. Tippett: Really? Hmm.
Dr. Rabinowitz: He would take me to the Bronx Zoo, and we would go straight for a building that is still there. It's no longer what it was, but it was called the Great Cat House. And it just had cats, big cats, cage after cage like the old zoos did. And you would walk in there and the sounds and the smells would be just overwhelming. It would stink of wildness. And the jaguar would be coughing and the tiger would be roaring and it would just — the cacophony of sound would both terrorize you and thrill you at the same time.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I'd just watch them go back and forth, back and forth. And they'd stare at me and I'd stare at them. I felt more of a nonverbal communication with the big cats as a child than I did with any human being I knew at that time. Unfortunately, I can't say that the communication I felt was good. I empathized with this incredible frustration and anger and sadness. Maybe I was projecting, but I don't think so. And when I was a child, I repeatedly talked to the animals through the cages of the Great Cat House and I would repeatedly say to them, "I'll try to find a place for us." I didn't even know what I was saying.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I didn't even know why I was saying it. And it came back to me years later, came back to me vividly, when I was walking through the Cockscomb Jaguar Preserve in Belize, which I had set up as the world's first jaguar preserve, and I saw the tracks of a large male jaguar. And I thought, "This is great. I haven't seen this animal before when I was studying here." And I started following it. And several hours later when it was getting dark and I knew I was alone and I couldn't just keep on hiking in the dark, I turned around and there was the jaguar in back of me.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: The jaguar had circled around and was following me. And this was one of those bonding moments if you want to call it that. But it was that. My first feeling, of course, "This is a jaguar. This is the biggest cat in the Western Hemisphere. This is the sumo wrestler of cats. It's a massively powerful animal." And there was nothing I could do if it wanted to kill me. So my first feelings were terror, fear. Oh, my god. What am I going to do? So I thought, "OK. Make yourself subdominant. Make yourself small." So I squatted down, and I was expecting the jaguar — hoping the jaguar would just walk off. Although I loved watching it, I was also scared. And the jaguar just sat down. And he just sits there on the trail, the trail I have to go back on. Sitting there, looking at me. I remember thinking how great this was …
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: … and at the same time thinking, "Well, what the hell am I supposed to do now? Because he's not going to sit there forever." And I stood up and stepped back and tripped and fell down on my back. And I wasn't sure — in the instant I was falling, thinking, "Oh, the jaguar's just going to come at me now." The jaguar let out kind of a guttural growl and stood up and walked towards the forest. And right before it went into the forest, it turned and it looked back at me for a few seconds and our eyes met. And I remember that look so clearly from the cages in the cat house at the Bronx Zoo.
Ms. Tippett: Oh, my gosh.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And he turned and went back into the woods. He had his home. He had his home.
Ms. Tippett: This time he could walk away, right?
Dr. Rabinowitz: He could walk away. We both could.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: We both could. We both walked away completely different beings than we were when I was a child.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: Something that's striking to me is when you talk about that early animating idea for you that you wanted to live apart from other people and animals wanted to live apart from other people. And clearly that's evolved and developed, I mean, even as you told the story of deciding to have a family. And then it seems to me that even the science has kind of caught up with that, that in your lifetime that — I mean, this was new information to me that this classic conservation strategy of preserving habitat, hence that separateness, that apartness, is not the defense against extinction that scientists thought even just a few generations ago. So that what you're working on now are these genetic corridors, which is just more about integration, right? Is that correct?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Absolutely. That's right. It's about these big cats living within the human landscape, being able at least to traverse the human landscape. I grew up professionally with the traditional paradigm for wildlife conservation that the way to save wildlife, the way to save the big things especially, was to try to make a huge protected area for them, hard boundaries. Put guards on those boundaries. You keep the people — the people live outside and the animals live inside.
Now, we need those wild areas, frankly, those wild pockets where the wildlife have its home and that's the animals' home first and people's home is someplace else. That's needed. But what we do understand now is if that's the endpoint of conservation, that conservation will fail, especially for the big, wide-ranging mammals like the big cats. These animals need to move. They need to exchange their genetic material. Locking up these animals even in a nice big, big park will be no more of a success for them than it would be if you put a bunch of human beings on an island where they were incapable of getting off that island and thinking that's going to be a new human race.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: In our unedited interview, Alan Rabinowitz explained the genetic corridor model of conservation, comparing it, at its worst, to an "underground railroad." And check out the map of the Jaguar Corridor he has helped establish. It actually looks like a neural network connecting habitats in South and Central America. Find all of this at onbeing.org.
I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. Today, we're experiencing what wildlife conservationist Alan Rabinowitz has learned through his lifelong exploration of wild places, from Belize to Burma to home.
Ms. Tippett: I'd like to come back, circle back a little bit where we — near where we started with the stuttering, which kind of led you to animals, or initially led you to a different kind of relationship with them. Just to say that when you talk about what helped you was becoming a fluent stutterer, which was working with it rather than denying it, and then clearly you've continued to do that. And it just — it — it reminds me of what I hear about healing and wholeness in all kinds of conversations I have, that in fact being a whole person is about taking in whatever our wounds are, whatever our fears, and then integrating them into our identity. And you've done that.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Well, I've tried to do it. It's been a very long, long …
Ms. Tippett: Well, it's the work of a lifetime but …
Dr. Rabinowitz: It is. But I guess I realize most how much I had gotten there when in 2002 I was diagnosed with cancer. I have something called CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which has no cure at this time, but they diagnosed it at an early stage in me, fortunately. And it's slow. I'm progressing, but it's slow. And the reason I bring that up is it was of course a shock to me, somebody who — I always prided myself on staying in shape, being very, very physical, being very, very healthy.
Ms. Tippett: Well, you're an Indiana Jones figure, after all.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yeah. And plus, I always thought I could fight everything.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I really believed I could kick everything in my …
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Anything I wanted to do I could overcome. And here I'm being told I've got something which is incurable. And I was told by the therapist I was advised to go to that I would go through these stages of cancer that I guess most people go through, stages like anger and denial and why me and all of that. And I said to the therapist, "I can tell you right now I'm not going to go through any of those stages. I'll go through sadness, which I'm going through now because I have two young children and I'm sad thinking that I'm not sure where I'll be when they're older. But I will never go through why me or the denial. I went through all that with the stuttering. For decades I went through that with the stuttering and came to a place of comfort, of OK-ness, because not only can things like that really truly make you strong — I know people say that; it really is true — stuttering gave me my life.
Now, just as I was starting to get a bit tired and thinking, actually considering slowing down, now I'm told that I have cancer. And what that's done is that put away all thoughts of slowing down, all thoughts of being tired. And it's another wake-up call. You know, why me, why not me? What you were saying about taking whatever it is, taking a challenge, taking life as it comes to you and incorporating that as part of your psyche, as part of who you are, is really what life should be about.
Ms. Tippett: You know, it's kind of an amazing thing you're experiencing right now. I mean, mortality is not special, right? Although we don't …
Dr. Rabinowitz: No.
Ms. Tippett: But, you know, it's not at all special but it is something that we manage to avoid an awareness of, especially in Western culture. And it's like you're being confronted with your mortality and yet at a pace. I mean, you get to live with that awareness for a while. It's kind of a huge question, but I wonder how this experience you have of living with this illness now, you know, how does that flow into how you do take stock of this life you've lived and especially this work you've done with animals? You know, the meaning of that, increasingly with animals and human beings together.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Well, I can't say it drives me. I mean, I've always been such a driven, passionate person. So, it just doesn't let me slow down now. And I actually use it in some way. It's really helped me in Myanmar. It's helped me tremendously …
Ms. Tippett: How's that? How's that?
Dr. Rabinowitz: … with the generals. The generals say to me, because they've read about it and they've heard about it, and they say, "You have cancer. What are you doing here in Burma? It's not a healthy country. It's not — what are you doing going in the jungle with tigers?" And it's enabled them to see to my core better, to really have even more of a respect for me. And actually, I think it's truly helped me get things through the cabinet, new laws in this area protected more than I could've otherwise because they really realize, as they should, that there's no ulterior motive here. This is what it's about. Why shouldn't I be here? Because I have cancer is why I'm here, is why I'm pushing it.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: Is it right that your son is a stutterer? Is that right?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes, he is.
Ms. Tippett: There's a very rich and big reality that you have to navigate, I mean, in yourself and with your children and with your son.
Dr. Rabinowitz: That's been the biggest challenge.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I can — I can deal much easier with a tiger facing me, with being told I
have cancer, than I can with my son coming home and seeming sad. As much as I can say now I'm so glad I was a stutterer …
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: … and it really is a gift, it's a gift I wouldn't wish on anybody.
Ms. Tippett: But he has — he has the benefit of what you know and what you've been through.
Dr. Rabinowitz: That's right. He does. And that's been good, actually. That's been good. I was able — first of all, because of my knowledge I was able to get him treatment.
Ms. Tippett: Mm-hmm.
Dr. Rabinowitz: We acknowledged it very soon. I got it diagnosed very early, and he's actually doing — he's more fluent than I am, actually. But of course, it's still there. It's a neurological thing, and some days are better than others. Some days are worse. And he will not think anything of coming to listen to me lecture or give a talk, and say, "Daddy, you stuttered a bunch there."
Ms. Tippett: Really?
Dr. Rabinowitz: "You had" — he calls it "bumpy speech" — "You had a really bumpy speech there." I said, "I know. I know I did. Your speech is so much better than mine." Or I'll say to him, "Alex, your speech is bumpy today." And he'll say, "Well, yours is much worse than mine."
Ms. Tippett: Oh, my gosh.
Dr. Rabinowitz: And I said, "I know mine is and that's right. I don't want yours to be as bad as mine." But he's very open about it. I love that.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: Because I could never talk about it.
Ms. Tippett: Does he have a special understanding of your connection with animals?
Dr. Rabinowitz: Yes. He does. And he says he wants to grow up and be a zoologist, and I'm telling him he should think hard about that.
[laughs) I'm not sure I wish that on him either. But, um, yes, I think he understands me more than I almost realize now. It's hard because I also travel a lot.
Ms. Tippett: Yeah.
Dr. Rabinowitz: I'm very torn. That's the other thing. When I was diagnosed at first with cancer, I was told that while it's slow if I keep on doing what I do and I get sick — as I have many times in my life in the field with malaria, with Dengue fever, or typhus or typhoid — there's a potential I could speed this leukemia up, because I will be kicking my immune system into hard drive.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: So for a little while I thought, "OK. Well, then I'm going to try to prolong my life and I'll go in the field less. I'll stay at home more." And I was going crazy and I wasn't the father I wanted to be to my children. And my wife, of course, told me get back in the field, because I was driving her crazy.
Ms. Tippett: Right.
Dr. Rabinowitz: So I really realized — one day, I came out of one of the rooms of my house and I watched my son watching a videotape of me, a show that was done years ago called "Champions of the Wild" about me with jaguars. He thought it was his cartoons and he accidentally put in this tape of me and he started watching it. And it just shows how fate intervenes, because that was the point at which I realized that, regardless of what happened because of it, I had to live the life that defined me the best, both to myself and to my family.
[Sound bite of music]
Ms. Tippett: Alan Rabinowitz co-founder and CEO of Panthera. He is the author of several books, including Beyond the Last Village and Life in the Valley of Death. When he is not traveling, he lives among forested hills about an hour from the Bronx Zoo with his wife — a geneticist — and their two children.
At onbeing.org, find a slide show we created with Alan Rabinowitz's stories and fabulous photographs of the place he's been and the creatures he protects. That's together with the National Geographic photos of Dawi the leader of the nearly extinct Taron people, who forever changed his view of his work and his life.
And if you loved this conversation as much as we did, know that you can enjoy my full unedited interview with Alan Rabinowitz. There's much more there in particular about his pledge to be a voice for the animals, which helped him cope with his stuttering during childhood.
Listen again at iTunes, or go at our website, onbeing.org. If you're new to podcasting, we have some instructions there to help you get you started. On Facebook, we're at facebook.com/onbeing. On Twitter, you can follow our show @beingtweets. Follow me @kristatippett.
[Sound bite of music]
On Being on air and online is produced by Chris Heagle, Nancy Rosenbaum, Susan Leem, and Stefni Bell.
Special thanks this week to Gina Feland and to National Geographic photographer Steve Winter.
Our senior producer is Dave McGuire. Trent Gilliss is our senior editor. And I'm Krista Tippett.
This is APM, American Public Media.


text:
Oh, it's taking me forever to write my next post!
In the mean time, a repost, with updates:
Recently I said to a friend that I found the recorded subway stop voices disappointing. Granted, the announcements are audible and intelligible but still. The hyper-enunciating, the shaky emphasis: these are not New York voices! Each time the "Q" and "B" woman in Brooklyn swallows "'DEE-kulb' Avenue" I grit my teeth. (It's "de-KALB" or "DEE-KALB" for emphasis.) Its like the staff of some mid-West hotel got into the control room. Keep local color in NYC!
Does anyone remember when taxis started playing announcements in the mid-nineties? The very first debut recording of these was in circulation for only a few months but it was a doozy. It incorporated a voice of such stupendous color, such unaffected Outer Boroughness, such unintended hilarity that it is seared into my brain. (I regret there isnt an audio file I could find):
"Please make shoo-aw ta take awl of yaw belawngings, and dohn fuget to get a receipt frum tha dry-vuh."
The woman behind the voice (a secretary at the place that made taxi meters) was pressed into service in a move of stunning naivete and sheer serendipitous brilliance. She became a brief pre-social media celebrity. If that happened today she'd have fan pages, followers and a reality series contract. //
I was barely reading an article in the Wall Street Journal about cell phone problems when, in a section about sound quality, I came across the intriguing term "Harvard sentences." Evidently cellular systems engineers actually travel around the country testing signal quality-- somewhat like the familiar Verizon "can you hear me now" guy-- by sending out aural snippets known as Harvard sentences:
a collection of phonetically balanced sentences that measure a large range of different qualities in the human voice. These were originally published in 1969 as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recommended practice for speech quality measurements.
"She has a smart way of wearing clothing. These days a leg of chicken is a rare dish. Cars and buses stalled in snow drifts. Both lost their lives in the raging storm. The pencils have all been used. The stale smell of old beer lingers. The beetle droned in the hot June sun. A gold ring will please most any girl. When the frost has come it is time for turkey..."
So I started thinking about pronunciation and the classic tone and phrasing found in movies and newsreels of the 1930s and 40s. Listen to Katherine Hepburn, William Powell, Cary Grant, and notably, FDR whose "fear" was rendered as "fee-ah." Where did that manner came from, and more importantly, where did it go? I've found that what I've been talking about here is called "Mid-Atlantic English" according to wikipedia:
a style of speech formerly cultivated by actors for use in theatre, and by news announcers...institutions cultivated a norm influenced by the Received Pronunciation of southern England as an international norm of English pronunciation. According to William Labov, the teaching of this pronunciation declined sharply after the end of World War II.
Little Edie Beale in Grey Gardens and any appearance by William F Buckley were probably the last times I heard a version of this pronunciation. And what about its socio-economic and narrative opposite, the Toity-toid an' Toid /James Cagney New York Gangsterese? Hearing them creates as much a sense of temporal distance ("This is not now, I'm listening and watching something from the past") as the b/w of old footage or the style of period clothes...///
Amazing sound resource here
A civil war soldier remembers his experience on the morning Abraham Lincoln died.


text: Hi, all! I am new in hackthissite.org and this forums, I am not a hacker either. I know hackers are good people. I just want to know why the function fgets() in C is dangerous. I read that it has to do with the data being read having NULL characters. So if you guys could help me out and explain the potential exploits hackers can do with this function.


text:
- 7 Posts
- Age 20
HIV is the leading cause of death and disease among women aged 15-49 years worldwide. Globally, there are equal proportions of women and men living with HIV, although this varies from region to region. Gender practices, norms and values also influence sexuality, reproduction and relationships. For example, unequal gender relations make it difficult for women and girls to make choices about sex, as well as increasing their vulnerability to violence, early marriage and adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, and contributing to intergenerational and transactional sex. Gender stereotyping, social marginalization and violence all increase the vulnerability and risk of young men who have sex with men (MSM) and trans gender people, which can lead to stigma, marginalization and violence in educational settings and across the wider community
In contrast, evidence from a range of countries suggests that young people with gender equitable attitudes have better sexual health outcomes than those with less equal attitudes. This includes higher rates of condom and contraceptive use and lower rates of intimate partner violence, unintended pregnancies or HIV.


text:
It happens that almost all Leafs on Ukrainian market are used cars after leasing program from USA. Thanks you american friends!
So, we have problem with radio receiver because it can not be set to even frequency e.g. set it to 106FM is impossible.
Our local engineers propose hardware solution (change some chips in radio) costs about $100, but you can just use your smartphone and one cable to solve this problem.
1) Smartphone with Broadcasting (not online) Radio app
2) 3.5mm Male to Male Stereo Audio Aux Cable e.g. on Amazon
3) Your Nissan Leaf`s AUX in socket
1) Connect one end of cable to smartphone
2) Run broadcasting radio program on smartphone
(cable will work as antenna AND audio transmitter to Nissan audio system)
3) Find your favorite radio station
4) Switch on Nissan multimedia center
5) Push AUX button
6) Profit. You can listen broadcast radio from smartphone via your Nissan audio system.
The same can be done via bluetooth and headphones (needed to serve as antenna).


text:
Alibi Picks
Cowboy Up: Western Day at Old Town Plaza
Celebrate America, New Mexico and the Old West tomorrow at Western Day at Albuquerque's famous Old Town. Meander through your favorite shops, browse book booths manned by The Western Writers of America and enjoy tasty barbecue, live music and kids' activities in the plaza. Jim Jones, a finalist for WMA Songwriter of the Year in 2012, will entertain with musical stories of cattle wranglers and railroads, and the High Desert Dancers will put on an interactive show. B.G. Burr, Sheriff of the Central New Mexico Corral will offer a fun and educational presentation on the territorial/cowboy era in New Mexico. Get some DIY inspiration from blacksmith and leather-working demonstrations and bring home a special trinket from one of the many special-item tables that will be set up by Old Town's most popular shops. So grab your favorite pair of boots, cinch up your bolo tie, bring your BBQ bibs and mosey on down for an afternoon of old-timey fun. Old Town Plaza • Sat Jul 6 • Noon-5:30 pm • free • View on Alibi calendar


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March 2012
Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) is uncommon but apparently emerging in the high-income regions of North America, Western Europe and Australia. However, HEV is relatively common in parts of Asia, Africa and Central America. In these regions, HEV is commonly spread to people when sewage contaminates drinking water supplies. HEV can be associated with symptom-free infection or more severe symptoms associated with viral hepatitis, such as the following:
In high-income countries, cases of HEV have been linked to eating undercooked products made from certain animals such as these:
(Ken Sherman, M.D., University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, personal communication)
Another source of exposure to HEV is recent travel to a region where HEV infection is relatively common.
Most cases of HEV resolve without intervention. In rare cases treatment has been necessary and there are reports of successful recovery when the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin has been used, with or without interferon-alpha.
In most cases of HEV infection in people in high-income countries, this virus does not appear to cause chronic disease that leads to liver damage. However, in the past decade, research teams in Western Europe have been reporting clusters of HEV infection in people with weakened immune systems due to cancer and organ transplantation. In these particular cases, liver damage has occurred.
Due to these reports, other research teams have been concerned that people whose immune systems are weakened from HIV infection may also be at risk for becoming infected with HEV and developing liver damage. Here are findings from several studies by those other research teams.
A team in the southern UK at hospitals in Truro and Bristol tested blood samples from 138 HIV-positive people and 463 HIV-negative people for antibodies to HEV -- suggesting exposure to this virus. They were also tested for HEV's genetic material using PCR (polymerase chain reaction); this is suggestive of active HEV infection. The team found no differences in rates of exposure to HEV between the two populations studied. Moreover, no HIV-positive people had chronic HEV infection.
A large team of researchers in both northern and southern France -- in towns and cities such as Hyères, Maison-Alfort, Marseille, Pau, Paris and Toulon -- conducted a study with 245 HIV-positive people. Using antibody and PCR testing, technicians found that about 3% of people from northern France had been exposed to HEV in the past, compared to about 9% in southern France. No cases of chronic HEV infection were found among HIV-positive people.
Researchers in this country tested 735 HIV-positive people who had unexplained elevations in ALT for exposure to HEV. They found that about 3% of people had been exposed to this virus. None of the people in this study had infection with hepatitis B or C viruses. Only one patient had chronic HEV infection, lasting for 24 months while he had a low CD4+ count (less than 100 cells). Once he began ART and his CD4+ count rose, he recovered from HEV infection.
One study to investigate HEV infection among HIV-positive people was done by a consortium of military medical researchers in the U.S. Researchers analysed stored blood samples that had been collected between 1985 and 2009 because people had been having elevated levels of the liver enzyme ALT (alanine aminotransferease) in the blood by at least five times above the upper limit of normal. Elevations of such magnitude are suggestive of liver injury, such as that caused by viral infection of the liver. The research team scoured the medical records of 4,410 HIV-positive people and found blood samples from 194 that were available for HEV testing. In total, testing revealed that 13 people had been exposed to HEV.
There were no increases in HEV infections between 1985 and 2009. In general, there were no differences in the characteristics of people exposed to HEV and those who were not. The exception was that HEV-positive people tended to have higher HIV viral loads than HEV-negative people. None of the 13 HEV-positive people developed chronic HEV infection.
Taken together, the results from these studies suggest that HEV does not seem to be more common among HIV-positive people.
Several of the research teams mentioned above, including the American one, have proposed that a diagnosis of HEV infection be considered for people with symptoms or lab tests suggestive of "viral-like hepatitis." Antibody testing for HEV may return with a negative result despite ongoing HEV infection. Therefore, the U.S. team suggests that among HIV-positive people, particularly those with low CD4+ cell counts, PCR testing should be used to assess HEV infection status. Furthermore, they add that HIV-positive people who take ART may be better able to recover from HEV, but this needs to be proven in a study.
Further general research on HEV is being done by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as by scientists in Western Europe.
No comments have been made.
The content on this page is free of advertiser influence and was produced by our editorial team. See our content and advertising policies.


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20.109(F12): Mod 3 Day 4 Solar cell assembly
Solar Cell Assembly
As you have already seen in lecture, electrons flow through a dye-sensitized solar cell in the following manner:
- Dye becomes excited by light.
- Dye injects an electron very rapidly to the TiO2 (the conduction band), dye is oxidized in the process.
- Electrons are transported through the semi-conducting TiO2, move through the load, and eventually reach the counter electrode.
- At counter electrode, normally platinum, the electrons reduce the redox mediator located in the electrolyte of the DSSC.
- Redox mediator diffuses to meet and regenerate oxidized dye molecules.
In order for the above process to be completed, five general components must be included in a DSSC. Below is a list of each of these general components, as well as the specific materials we will be using for each in our DSSC's.
- Semi-conductor: TiO2 particles enhanced with either gold or SWNTs via phage bio-templated assembly.
- Sensitizer (dye): N719 dye
- Electrolyte and redox mediator pair: I3 - / I-
- Counter electrode: Pt
- Mechanical support: TCO (transparent conducting oxide) coated FTO (Fluorine doped tin oxide) glass. This material will be used as the base of the anode in your DSSC.
While You Were Out
The TiO2 mineralized SWNT:phage or SWNT:gold complexes from M2D2 were dried in a vacuum oven at room temperature and ground to micron sized particles via mortar and pestle. After grinding, pure TiO2, ethyl cellulose (binder) and terpineol (an organic solvent with a high boiling point) were added to make a paste.
Additionally, FTO glass was coated with a thin layer of TiO2. This glass will be used as the base of your anode. This was achieved by first cleaning the FTO glass, then incubating the glass in a solution of TiCl4.
Part 1:
- Use a resistance meter to determine which side of a prepared glass anode base contains the layer of TiO2 coated FTO. The coated side of interest should have a measurable level of resistance while the pure glass side should not.
- With the coated side up, align your glass anode base onto a gridded template containing a 4mm x 4mm square so that the square appears in the center of the base.
- Using scotch tape, create a "well" the size of the 4mm X 4mm square by taping everywhere on the glass except the small square. (One piece on each side and one on the top and bottom should suffice.) Because the thickness of the tape is consistent (~50 micrometers), this method is a simple way to make uniformly sized solar cells.
- Using a bent pipette tip, paint a small amount of the Titania paste that contains SWNT:Titania powder onto the top of the well. The amount you use should be roughly equivalent to the amount seen on the photo to the right.
- Spread the paste evenly throughout the well using the edge of a glass slide. This process is known as "doctor blading." Once spread, let the device sit for about 3 minutes; this helps reduce the surface irregularity of the paste.
- Carefully remove the tape from around the well and heat in air at 120deg for 5 min.
- Repeat the doctor blading process, and heat again in air at 120deg for 5 min.
- Heat in air for 4 hours at 310deg. This step removes the virus and cellulose from the device.
(To be completed by TA)
- Heat in Argon for 30min at 500deg. This step calcinates the TiO2 nanoparticles, increasing crystalinity as well as connecting the particles to one another (which is important to electron transport in the device).
- After letting the device cool from the annealing stage, immerse it in Ru620 dye solution that contains 1:1 acetonitrile and tert-butyl alcohol. This will be left at room temperature until the next lab session where the counter electrode along with the completed device will be assembled and tested.
Part 2:
The groups not visiting the Belcher lab should use the extra time to work on their research proposals. These will be presented/turned in just one week from today! You can review the requirements for the final proposals here (oral presentations) and here (written proposals).


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The original sculptures which were brought to the united states in 1997 are the creation of the german artist, guenter scholz. Since their introduction the collection has been carefully redesigned to reflect the American lifestyle and sense of humor. Preserving the old world craftsmanship, each piece continues to be handcrafted from recycled steel and copper that is bent, cut, welded and brushed until the desired effect is achieved. The whimsical caricatures of people at play and at work are recognized by the signature eyeglasses they all wear and the certificate of authenticity included with every piece. There are no aspects of life that are untouched by his interpretations. Work, sports, music, fun, love, office, seaside, wheels and wings all provide inspiration for the artist.
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The SPCA has more dogs and cats than usual, but are hoping a one-day event can help their animals find forever homes.
The SPCA is taking part in NBC's Clear the Shelters on Saturday, Aug. 19 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at its Briarcliff location at 590 North State Road. As part of the event, many of the animal's adoption fees will be waived.
All the same rules and criteria involved in approving an adopter/adoption will be in place.
"It's been a rough summer," Lisa Bonanno, director of events and communications for the SPCA, said. "We've gotten more dogs and cats than we've had in the past. I don't know why."
Bonanno said they have about 80 dogs and 70 cats in the shelter right now.
"We are jam packed right now," Bonanno said. "We have a lot of great animals. It's really good timing the event is happening when it is."
The SPCA hopes the promotion on WNBC and the fee waiver will give people thinking about adopting an extra nudge. Last year's event saw 40 animals get adopted.
"There are five million dogs and cats that get euthanized every year because they don't have homes," Bonanno said. "By adopting you are helping an animal that someone else abandoned or wasn't caring for properly."
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Paleofuture Has Moved to Gizmodo!
That's right! The Paleofuture blog has moved to Gizmodo! You can check out new posts (along with the complete archive dating back to 2007) at paleofuture.gizmodo.com!
That's right! The Paleofuture blog has moved to Gizmodo! You can check out new posts (along with the complete archive dating back to 2007) at paleofuture.gizmodo.com!
I started the Paleofuture blog in 2007 as part of a writing class I was taking at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. At the time I thought that I'd maybe keep it up for just a couple of months. Little did I realize that writing about the history of the future would become such a huge part of my life.
Today, it's with great pride that I can announce the little ol' Paleofuture blog is becoming a part of the Smithsonian family of blogs! The new web address is http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/paleofuture/ and that's where you'll be able to find new blog posts. But don't worry, Paleofuture.com will remain intact, as an archive of the last five years and the place to find new episodes of Paleofuture.TV and new issues of Paleofuture Magazine.
The blog has a new Twitter feed @PaleofutureBlog but you can still find my personal Twitter account @paleofuture. The Facebook and Tumblr feeds are also great ways to stay on top of all the retrofuture goodness. You can still drop me a line at email@example.com.
I'm really excited about my new home at Smithsonian and I hope that you enjoy the new things in store for Paleofuture.
Thanks for reading,
The May 5, 1958 edition of Arthur Radebaugh's Sunday comic, Closer Than We Think, showed off the high-tech school of tomorrow. With hordes of baby boomers flooding into public schools in the 1950s, it makes sense that this strip would focus on different solutions for overcrowding with that technological optimism we identify as being uniquely post-war American.
The student desk of the future includes a small camera, presumably so that the teacher being projected on a large screen in the front of the class can keep tabs on the little rascals. One thing that fascinates me about computer consoles of the retrofuture is that the QWERTY keyboard is not yet an assumed input device. Each computing device seems tailored to meet the needs of the intended user, as with this learning machine of the futuristic year 1999 and this auto-tutor from the 1964 New York World's Fair. That being said, the Google of 1964 was quaintly analog with its typewriter attachment.
One of my favorite details from this panel is the kid in the white shirt who's waving to someone in a gryocopter just outside the window. Better pay attention, lil' Johnny! TEACHER IS WATCHING!
Tomorrow's schools will be more crowded; teachers will be correspondingly fewer. Plans for a push-button school have already been proposed by Dr. Simon Ramo, science faculty member at California Institute of Technology. Teaching would be by means of sound movies and mechanical tabulating machines. Pupils would record attendance and answer questions by pushing buttons. Special machiens would be "geared" for each individual student so he could advance as rapidly as his abilities warranted. Progress records, also kept by machine, would be periodically reviewed by skilled teachers, and personal help would be available when necessary.
Many thanks, as always, to Tom Z. for the color scan of this strip.
This picture of the bucket-headed Willie Vocalite appeared in the September 6, 1931 San Antonio Light. Designed by Westinghouse engineer Joseph Barnett, Willie appears to have been programmed with a fondness for nictoine. Early 20th century inventors sure loved to make robots smoke, (when they weren't shooting apples off their heads). So much so, that I'm surprised they didn't give Sparko his own robo-doggie cigs.
The mechanical man has been "humanized" in some respects and taught some of the manners of polite society. The Westinghouse robot shown in this photograph smokes cigarettes and obligingly "gives a light" to his companion. Another robot in Pennsylvania State College with a glass throat and water lungs puffs cigars all day long and reports scientific facts about tobacco which the most expert human smokers could not find out.
I've never thought of my allergies as a big deal. Sure, my peanut allergy has caused an emergency room visit here and there, and my dad used to pick me up from sleepovers because of my emphysema-like wheezing around cats. No big thing, right? But a few years back it seemed about time I went to see an allergy specialist and get a comprehensive list of the things my body hates.
I found myself shirtless, laying on my stomach in the doctor's exam room with twenty pricks in my back (which isn't nearly as scandalous as it sounds). A constant tingle ran through my body, but all I could think about was how comically small the exam room table appeared under my enormous body. I am most certainly not allergic to pizza and beer.
To administer an allergy test a nurse needs to prick your back with an assortment of allergens. Different types of trees, animal dander, molds and grasses were all made to come into contact with my delicate, nature-hating skin. After the pricks, it's a waiting game to see if your torso turns into a red, puffy Braille haiku.
About twenty minutes later the nurse knocked on the door. I couldn't see the expression on her face, given my vulnerable position facing the corner like the bad kid being punished. But her inflection said it all.
"Oh myyy!" the nurse said in that heavy Minnesota accent most Minnesotans don't think they have. "Well," she said with a pause, "you're allergic to everything!"
"Everything?" I ask, worried less about the consequences of allergies and more about the cocky "told you so" attitude my girlfriend at the time was sure to have upon hearing the news.
"Well, maybe not the... yes, yes, you're allergic to grass too."
I kind of guessed that one. My parents love to tell the story of when I was a kid and had just started to crawl. My dad spent a summer building a deck behind our house and he was able to leave me relatively unsupervised, as long as I was surrounded by grass. Sitting on a pastel pink blanket, I was content as all get-out not to traverse that sea of green, spiky irritants laid out before me. I've always been confused when someone appears pleasant while barefoot. I guess that's why I sometimes empathize with the wide-eyed technological visions of the 1950s. Their promise was one of control, of harnessing nature rather than being one with it. Domed cities, meal pills --science will have the answers.
And science did have the answers in the 1982 kids book World of Tomorrow: Health and Medicine by Neil Ardley. Ardley's book is filled with predictions about the future of health care, with an emphasis on self-assessement via computer. If WebMD and the rise of home genetic testing kits count, I'd say that this was a pretty accurate vision of the future.
Well, at least it was more accurate than the people who imagined hospitals in space.
By checking the genetic codes of parents and by caring for unborn babies, the children of tomorrow should be born in perfect health. A long life is lkely to lie ahead of them. But to remain healthy, everyone will have to look after themselves. As now, this will mean taking exercise, keeping clean and behaving sensibly to avoid danger. However, the world of tomorrow will bring other ways in which you can help to prevent yourself from getting ill.
Many people fall ill because they have an allergy. Something they eat or drink disagrees with them, or perhaps something in the air upsets them. Tiny particles of pollen blown by the wind give some people hay fever, for example. Others cannot eat food made from flour or shellfish without feeling ill. Often these people suffer for years before they find out what is wrong.
In the future you will be able to go to the doctor or a health complex to prepare yourself for a healthy life. Machines will take samples such as blood, saliva, hair and body wastes. They will measure them to find out exactly how your body reacts to food and drink and to substances in air and water. Then a computer will take the measurements and work out which things are likely to cause problems for you. It will produce a personal list of things to do and to avoid if you want to stay healthy and feel alert and full of energy. It is certain, for example to insist that you should never smoke. It may even recommend certain rules for making the best of your memory and intelligence. Following a list of rules might seem to make life a lot less fun. However, it would probably be no more trouble than taking care when crossing the road, for example.
When cartoonist Thomas Nast drew this illustration of future Manhattan for Harper's Weekly in 1881, Trinity Church was the tallest building in New York, with its spire and cross reaching 281 feet into the heavens. Until September of 2001, the North Tower of the World Trade Center stood as the tallest building in the city at 1,368 feet. Today, the Empire State Building is the tallest building in New York at 1,250 feet tall, but with any luck that's likely to change soon(ish).
The much delayed $3.1 billion One World Trade Center (formerly known as the Freedom Tower) will stand on the former site of the World Trade Center as the tallest building in New York at 1,776 feet. It's currently scheduled to be completed by the end of 2013. Let's just say I'm not holding my breath for that date.
Image from the August 27, 1881 Harper's Weekly and the book Predictions: Pictorial Predictions From the Past by John Durant.
Before it became a magazine, The Futurist was launched as a newsletter in 1967. The second issue was released in April of that year and is filled with some amazing predictions of yestermorrow. The "cover story," if you will, is by Glenn T. Seaborg (the dude who discovered plutonium in 1941) and is titled "Women and the Year 2000."
There's a lot to dissect in this piece, and I'm sure we'll look at it in its entirety soon, but I just wanted to share a small section titled "Intelligent Apes Become Chauffeurs." Yeah, you read that right. The RAND Corporation came out with a report that imagined we'd be breeding super-intelligent animals to perform manual labor by the year 2020. It certainly brings to mind this article from 1926 that thought future animals would have to continually justify their existence if they didn't want to become extinct.
Oh yeah, and those damn dirty apes.*
Intelligent Apes Become Chauffeurs
For housewives of the 21st century who prefer animate rather than mechanical domestic servants, there may be a choice other than the robot. About two years ago, the RAND Corporation came out with a Report on a Long Range Forescasting Study (by T. Gordon and Olaf Helmer) which forecasts future developments in a number of important areas. The RAND panel mentioned that by the year 2020 it may be possible to breed intelligent species of animals, such as apes, that will be capable of performing manual labor. During the 21st century, those houses that don't have a robot in the broom closet could have a live-in ape to do the cleaning and gardening chores. Also, the use of well-trained apes as family chauffeurs might decrease the number of automobile accidents.
*Note that Planet of the Apes didn't come out until 1968, a year after this prediction was published in The Futurist.


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This is an activity about using models to solve a problem. Learners will use a previously constructed model of the MMS satellite to determine if the centrifugal force of the rotating MMS model is sufficient to push the satellite's antennae outward,... (View More) simulating the deployment of the satellites after launch. Then, learners will determine the minimum rotational speed needed for the satellite to successfully deploy the antennae. This is the seventh activity as part of the iMAGiNETICspace: Where Imagination, Magnetism, and Space Collide educator's guide. Instructions for downloading the iBook educator's guide and the associated Transmedia book student guide are available at the resource link. (View Less)
The lessons in this book focus on scale and proportion as mathematical topics, using the 5E instructional cycle. Students explore lunar images, and a number of hands-on activities are also provided to allow students to create and explore... (View More) scale-models for spacecraft and lunar craters. (View Less)
This book contains 24 illustrated math problem sets based on a weekly series of space science problems. Each set of problems is contained on one page. The problems were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often... (View More) involving actual research data. Learners will use mathematics to explore problems that include basic scales and proportions, fractions, scientific notation, algebra, and geometry. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This is an activity about using solar arrays to provide power to the space station. Learners will solve a scenario-based problem by calculating surface areas and determining the amount of power or electricity the solar arrays can create. This is... (View More) mathematics activity 1 of 2 found in the ISS L.A.B.S. Educator Resource Guide. (View Less)
Learners will be introduced to the concepts of error analysis, including standard deviation. They will apply the knowledge of averages (means), standard deviation from the mean, and error analysis to their own classroom distribution of heights. They... (View More) will then apply this knowledge to data from the Student Dust Counter (SDC) onboard the New Horizons mission to determine the issues associated with taking data, including error and noise. Note: Updated links to the Student Dust Counter Data Viewer and website are provided under Related & Supplemental Resources (right). (View Less)
This article describes an approach designed to decrease math anxiety and teach students about the use of mathematical symbols simplifying radicals. A deck of cards is used in a demonstration, and a problem set using real life examples to master the... (View More) use of radicals is included. This resource is from PUMAS - Practical Uses of Math and Science - a collection of brief examples created by scientists and engineers showing how math and science topics taught in K-12 classes have real world applications. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students


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ROCHESTER, N.Y., Jan. 21, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Monro Muffler Brake, Inc. (Nasdaq:MNRO), a leading provider of automotive undercar repair and tire services, will release fiscal 2014 third quarter earnings on January 28, 2014. The Company will host a conference call and audio webcast on Tuesday, January 28, 2014 at 11:00 a.m. Eastern Time.
The conference call may be accessed by dialing 1-888-427-9419 and using the required pass code 7983508. A replay will be available approximately one hour after the recording through Tuesday, February 11, 2014 and can be accessed by dialing 1-877-870-5176. The live conference call and replay can also be accessed via audio webcast at the Investor Information section of the Company's website, located at www.monro.com. An archive will be available at this website through February 11, 2014.
About Monro Muffler Brake
Monro Muffler Brake operates a chain of stores providing automotive undercar repair and tire services in the United States, operating under the brand names of Monro Muffler Brake and Service, Mr. Tire, Tread Quarters Discount Tires, Autotire, Tire Warehouse, Tire Barn and Towery's Tire and Auto Care. The Company currently operates 953 stores in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Connecticut, Massachusetts, West Virginia, District of Columbia, Virginia, Maryland, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Indiana, Rhode Island, Delaware, Maine, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky and Wisconsin. Monro's stores provide a full range of services for brake systems, steering and suspension systems, tires, exhaust systems and many vehicle maintenance services.
CONTACT: John Van Heel Chief Executive Officer (585) 647-6400 Robert Gross Executive Chairman (585) 647-6400 Catherine D'Amico Executive Vice President - Finance Chief Financial Officer (585) 647-6400 Investors: Leigh Parrish Media: Kelly Whitten FTI Consulting (212) 850-5600Source:Monro Muffler Brake, Inc.


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Albertsons grocery chain is recalling ground beef products from its stores in Washington, Idaho and Oregon, reports NBC News. This recall is related to a larger recall of imported Canadian beef trim products, which might be contaminated with E. coli.
All recalled beef products have an Albertsons store label, and came in one-pound beef patties, one-pound ground beef chub and three pound ground beef chub packages. The recalled beef was sold from September 3 through 21.
If you have the affected product, return it to the store for a refund or replacement. And please share this recall with others.


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Repetitive heading in football can up long term cognitive impairment risk
Researchers have found that not enough attention has been given to the purposeful use of the head to control the ball and the long-term consequences of repetitive heading.
The literature was reviewed by Dr. Tom Schweizer, director of the Neuroscience Research Program of St. Michael's Hospital.
More than 265 million people play soccer worldwide, including 27 million in North America. Due to the nature of the sport, players are particularly vulnerable to head and neck injuries.
Most are caused by unintentional or unexpected contact, such as when a player collides with teammates, opponents or the playing surface.
There is significant concern in the sporting and medical worlds about the potential long-term cognitive and behavioural consequences for athletes who suffer acute or repeat concussions or multiple "sub-concussive" head impacts-blows to the head not causing symptoms of concussions.
"The practice of heading, which might occur thousands of times over a player's career, carries unknown risks, but may uniquely contribute to cognitive decline or impairment in the short- or long-term," neuroscientist Dr. Schweizer said.
"Thus, soccer players present a unique opportunity to study whether cumulative sub-concussive impacts affect cognitive functioning, similar to that of concussions," he said.
Studies on the long-term effects of heading found greater memory, planning and perceptual deficits in forwards and defenders, players who execute more headers. One study found professional players reporting the highest prevalence of heading during their careers did poorest in tests of verbal and visual memory as well as attention.
Monica Maher, a co-author and University of Toronto master's degree student in neuroscience, said the researchers wanted to emphasize possible injury prevention methods.
"Use of protective headgear, limiting heading exposure or stressing proper heading technique in younger children and increasing concussion education are all suggestions to perhaps decrease the incidence of head injury and their subsequent effects in the long run," she said.
The study is published in the journal Brain Injury. (ANI)
Top Headlines
- Study: 'Profound abnormalities' in brain activity discovered in retired American football players
- Yoga for youngsters reaches UAE
- Football players may be at risk of potentially harmful heart effects
- Study: Concussions require long-term follow-up for players
- Spouses Who Care for Partners with Dementia at Sixfold Higher Risk of Same Fate


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MAGENTO Guy/Girl Needed for small/quick project
Budget $30-250 USD
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I had someone get me in last time I changed it. I don't know what he did and he obviously didn't fix the problem, just got me back in with a password that worked. I can't get a hold of him and I'm looking for a new Magento Pro to also use for future projects.
Basically, I need to be able to get back in to my admin AND fix it so I can change the password and still get back in when I do rather then hire someone to get me back in.
Need to keep this on the Cheap End PLEASE. Person that can do this with confidence and bids lowest will win this job.
Thank You For Your Consideration,
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