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Pornography (often abbreviated as "porn" or "porno" in informal usage) is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Pornography may be presented in a variety of media, including books, magazines, postcards, photographs, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, and video games. The term applies to the depiction of the act rather than the act itself, and so does not include live exhibitions like sex shows and striptease. The primary subjects of pornographic depictions are pornographic models, who pose for still photographs, and pornographic actors or porn stars, who perform in pornographic films. If dramatic skills are not involved, a performer in a porn film may also be called a model.
Various groups within society have considered depictions of a sexual nature immoral and noxious, labeling them pornographic, and attempting to have them suppressed under obscenity and other laws, with varying degrees of success. Such works have also often been subject to censorship and other legal restraints to publication, display or possession. Such grounds and even the definition of pornography have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.[1]
|16px Growing Up in a Pornified Culture, Gail Dines, TEDx
Social attitudes towards the discussion and presentation of sexuality have become more tolerant and legal definitions of obscenity have become more limited, leading to an industry for the production and consumption of pornography in the latter half of the 20th century. The introduction of the home video and Internet saw a boom in the worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually. Commercialized pornography accounts for over US$2.5 billion in the United States alone,[2] including the production of various media and associated products and services. This industry employs thousands of performers along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicated industry publications and trade groups as well as the mainstream press, private organizations (watchdog groups), government agencies, and political organizations.[3] More recently, sites such as pornhub.com, redtube.com and youporn.com, have served as repositories for home-made or semi-professional pornography, made available free by its creators (who could be called exhibitionists). It has presented a significant challenge to the commercial pornographic film industry.
Irrespective of the legal or social view of pornography, it has been used in a number of contexts. It is used, for example, at fertility clinics to stimulate sperm donors. Some couples use pornography at times for variety and to create a sexual interest or as part of foreplay. There is also some evidence that pornography can be used to treat voyeurism.[4][5]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Classification
- 4 Commercialism
- 5 Study and analysis
- 6 Legal status
- 7 Views on pornography
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
The word is similar to the modern Greek πορνογραφία (pornographia), which derives from the Greek words πόρνη (pornē "prostitute" and πορνεία porneia "prostitution"[6]), and γράφειν (graphein "to write or to record", derived meaning "illustration", cf. "graph"), and the suffix -ία (-ia, meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a written description or illustration of prostitutes or prostitution". No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek; the earliest attested, most related word one could find in Greek, is πορνογράφος, pornographos, i.e. "someone writing of harlots", in the Deipnosophists of Athenaeus.[7][8]
"Pornographie" was in use in the French language during the 1800s. The word did not enter the English language as the familiar word until 1857[9] or as a French import in New Orleans in 1842.[10]
Depictions of a sexual nature are older than civilization as depictions such as the venus figurines and rock art have existed since prehistoric times.[11] However, the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the Victorian era. For example the French Impressionism painting by Édouard Manet titled Olympia was a nude picture of a French courtesan, literally a "prostitute picture". It was controversial at the time.
Nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale; however, the private possession of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until recent times.[12]
When large-scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper-class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children, and the working classes.
Fanny Hill (1748) is considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel."[13] It is an erotic novel by John Cleland first published in England as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.[14][15] It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history.[16] The authors were charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
The world's first law criminalizing pornography was the English Obscene Publications Act 1857 enacted at the urging of the Society for the Suppression of Vice. The Act, which applied to the United Kingdom and Ireland, made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The American equivalent was the Comstock Act of 1873[17][18] which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. The English Act did not apply to Scotland, where the common law continued to apply. However, neither the English nor the United States Act defined what constituted "obscene", leaving this for the courts to determine. Prior to the English Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as a common law misdemeanour[19] and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography.
The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.[20]
Pornographic film production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers were Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner. Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film, Le Coucher de la Mariée showed Louise Willy performing a striptease. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films.[21][22]
Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to prosecution. Those that were made were produced illicitly by amateurs starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film was risky as was their distribution. Distribution was strictly private.[23][24] In 1969, Denmark became the first country to abolish censorship, thereby decriminalizing pornography, which led to an explosion in investment and of commercially produced pornography. However, it continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.[23]
The scholarly study of pornography, notably in cultural studies, is limited, perhaps due to the controversy about the topic in feminism. The first peer-reviewed academic journal about the study of pornography, Porn Studies, was published in 2014.[25]
Pornography is often distinguished from erotica, which consists of the portrayal of sexuality with high-art aspirations, focusing also on feelings and emotions, while pornography involves the depiction of acts in a sensational manner, with the entire focus on the physical act, so as to arouse quick intense reactions.[26][27]
Pornography is generally classified as either softcore or hardcore pornography. A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content, no matter how small. Both forms of pornography generally contains nudity. Softcore pornography generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations, but without explicit sexual activity, sexual penetration or "extreme" fetishism,[28] while hardcore pornography may contain graphic sexual activity and visible penetration,[29] including unsimulated sex scenes.
Pornography can be classified according to the physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation, etc., as well as the types of sexual activity featured. Reality and voyeur pornography, animated videos, and legally prohibited acts also influence the classification of pornography. Pornography may fall into more than one genre. The genres of pornography are based on the type of activity featured and the category of participants, for example:
- Alt porn
- Amateur pornography
- Ethnic pornography
- Fetish pornography
- Group sex
- Reality pornography
- Sexual-orientation-based pornography
- Straight porn (unless otherwise stated this is assumed in this article)
- Gay pornography
- Lesbian pornography
- Bisexual pornography
Revenues of the adult industry in the United States are difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than $10 million.[30]
In 1998, Forrester Research published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. As an unsourced aside, the Forrester study speculated on an industry-wide aggregate figure of $8–10 billion, which was repeated out of context in many news stories,[31] after being published in Eric Schlosser's book on the American black market.[32] Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.[2]
As of 2014[update] the porn industry was believed to bring in more than $13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States.[33] The porn industry alone brings in more revenue than the combined industries: Netflix, Google, eBay, Yahoo, Amazon, Microsoft, and Apple.[33]
A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.
The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media, including being a factor in the VHS vs. Betamax format war (the videotape format war)[34][35] and in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war (the high-def format war).[34][35][36]
Non-commercial pornography
In addition to the porn industry, there is a large amount of non-commercial pornography. This should be distinguished from commercial pornography falsely marketed as featuring "amateurs".
Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of pornography. They have used lithographs, the printing press, and photography. Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to satellite TV, other forms of video, and the Internet. With the invention of tiny cameras and wireless equipments voyeur pornography is gaining ground.[37][38] Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as MMS, a practice known as sexting.
Computer-generated images and manipulations
Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely computer-generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering.
Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters, such as Lara Croft, is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game.[39]
3D pornography
Due to the popularity of 3D blockbusters in theaters such as Avatar and How to Train Your Dragon, companies are now looking to shoot pornography movies in 3D. The first case of this occurred in Hong Kong, when a group of filmmakers filmed 3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy released in April 2011.[40][41]
Production and distribution by region
The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.
In the United States, the sex film industry is centered in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. In Europe, Budapest is regarded as the industry center.[42][43][44]
Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution, of adult material is of great concern to the industry,[45] the subject of litigation, and formalized anti-piracy efforts.[46][47]
Study and analysis
Research concerning the effects of pornography is concerned with multiple outcomes.[48] Such research includes potential influences on rape, domestic violence, sexual dysfunction, difficulties with sexual relationships, and child sexual abuse. Viewers of novel and extreme pornographic images may become tolerant to such images, which may impact sexual response.[48] Currently, there is no evidence that visual images and films are addictive.[49] Several studies conclude the liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rape and sexual violence rates, suggest no effect, or are inconclusive.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
A 2012 academic study surveyed 308 young adult college women in romantic heterosexual relationships, examining the degree of correlation between their psychological and relational well-being and their partners' use of pornography.[57] A negative correlation was found, which worsened for longer relationships in regard to the women's sexual satisfaction.
A following study examined the ways in which chronic porn use affects antecedents such as gender roles and levels of attachment among straight men in their romantic relationships.[33] The study went on to link this to lower sexual satisfaction as well as a deterioration in the quality of the relationship.[33] The point of pornographic content is to stimulate sexual desire which as a result presents potential problems among couples.[33] By porn affecting one's gender roles, this enables problems that affect the viewers psychologically, their views of their own sexuality, how others view their sexuality, and can cause self-inflicted or outward violence.[33] An antecedent found to be affected by porn use by men was emotional attachment as well as attachment style in relationships, which can lead to physical and emotional issues among couples.[33] The men in this study tended to avoid intimacy with their partner, which then led to even more porn use.[33] This was also linked to heightened anxiety in the relationship.[33] Men with lower anxiety tend to have a more stable level of attachment, whereas those that are unstable are either overly or not at all attached.[33] Men that display less attachment and more avoidance also showed higher instances of casual sex and more frequent viewings of porn.[33] This also meant that these men tended to avoid romantic or serious relationships and the relationships they did engage in did not last long.[33] The consequences of higher porn use by men in relationships showed a lower quality in their relationships and reduced satisfaction sexually, including displeasure with a partner's appearance, the act of sex, and intimacy.[33] This then led to emotional feelings of shame and sometimes resentment.[33]
Two psychotherapists operating EastWind Health Associates in Halifax reported their clinical experience that chronic viewing of pornography by adult men can lead to emotional estrangement from their partners, even though the men may desire emotional intimacy.[58] They also noted that men who watch large amounts of porn come to need more stimulation and aggressive porn in order to become aroused. Because of the increasing numbers of men presenting such problems, one therapist remarked "I think we're at a tipping point with this phenomenon".
More than 70% of male internet users from 18 to 34 visit a pornographic site in a typical month.[59] A 2009 study published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives found that Utah was the largest consumer of paid internet pornography per capita in the United States.[60]
Legal status
|Sex and the law
|Social issues
Specific offences
(May vary according to jurisdiction)
The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and some countries have restrictions on pornography depicting violence (see, for example, rape pornography) or animal pornography, or both.
Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to sex shops, mail-order, and television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, disseminating pornography to a minor is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available Internet pornography. A failed US law would have made these same restrictions apply to the internet.
In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a Prohibitory Order, either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the United States Postal Service. There are recurring urban legends of snuff movies, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have been unable to find any such works.
Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie,[61] have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.
The UK Government has criminalized possession of what it terms "extreme pornography" following the highly publicized murder of Jane Longhurst.
Child pornography is illegal in most countries, with a person most commonly being a child until the age of 18 (though the age does vary). In those countries, any film or photo with a child subject in a sexual act is considered pornography and illegal.
Pornography can infringe into basic human rights of those involved, especially when consent was not obtained. For example, Revenge Porn is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity, usually on the internet.[62] In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy or image rights, or circulation of prurient material.[63][64] As a result, some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against "revenge porn".[65]
What is not pornography
In the U.S., a July 2014 criminal case decision in Massachusetts (COMMONWEALTH v. John REX.)[66] made a legal determination of what was not to be considered "pornography" and in this particular case "child pornography".[67] It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as National Geographic magazine, a sociology textbook, and a nudist catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and (at the time) incarcerated sex offender.[67]
Copyright status
In the United States, some courts have applied US copyright protection to pornographic materials.[68][69] Although the first US copyright law specifically did not cover obscene materials, the provision was removed subsequently.[when?] Most pornographic works are theoretically work for hire meaning pornographic models do not receive statutory royalties for their performances. Of particular difficulty is the changing community attitudes of what is considered obscene, meaning that works could slip into and out of copyright protection based upon the prevailing standards of decency. This was not an issue with the copyright law up until 1972 when copyright protection required registration. When the law was changed to make copyright protection automatic, and for the life of the author.
Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works, whether it is obscene or not,[70] but not all courts have ruled the same way.[71] The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012.[68][72]
Views on pornography
|This section requires expansion. (December 2014)
Views and opinions of pornography come in a variety of forms and from a diversity of demographics and societal groups. Opposition of the subject generally, though not exclusively,[73] comes from three main sources: law, feminism and religion.
Feminist views
Feminists, including Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, argue that pornography is demeaning to women or that it contributes to violence against women, both in its production and in its consumption. The production of pornography, they argue, entails the physical, psychological, or economic coercion of the women who perform in it, and where they argue that the abuse and exploitation of women is rampant; in its consumption, they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment.[74][75][76][77] They charge that pornography presents a severely distorted image of sexual relations, and reinforces sex myths; that it always shows women as readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on men's terms, always responding positively to any advances men make.[78] They argue that because pornography often shows women enjoying and desiring to be violently attacked by men, saying "no" when they actually want sex, fighting back but then ending up enjoying the act – this can affect the public understanding of legal issues such as consent to sexual relations.[79]
In contrast to these objections, some scholars argue that the lesbian feminist movement in the 1980s was good for women in the porn industry.[80] As more women entered the developmental side of the industry, this allowed women to gear porn more towards women because they knew what women wanted, both for actresses and the audience.[80] This is believed to be a good thing because for such a long time, the porn industry has been directed by men for men.[80] This also sparked the arrival of making lesbian porn for lesbians instead of men.[80]
Religious views
Religious organizations have been important in bringing about political action against pornography.[81] In the United States, religious beliefs affect the formation of political beliefs which concern pornography.[82]
See also
- Adult movie theater
- Adult video arcade
- Cartoon pornography
- Erotic literature
- Erotica
- Golden Age of Porn
- History of erotic photography
- Internet pornography
- Sex in advertising
- Sex-positive feminism
- Sex worker
- Women's erotica
- X rating, sometimes referred to as "XXX"
Government and legislation
- Meese Report, 1986 U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
- President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 1969, United States
- Stanley v. Georgia, U.S. Supreme Court case that established a right to pornography
- Williams Committee, 1979 U.K. Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship
- ^ H. Mongomery Hyde (1964) A History of Pornography: 1–26.
- ^ a b Ackman, Dan (25 May 2001). "How Big Is Porn?". Forbes.com. Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2001. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
$2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD
- ^ Staff. "The Truth About California's Adult Entertainment Industry White Paper 1999". Adult Video News. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ Rincover, Arnold (1990). "Can Pornography Be Used as Treatment for Voyeurism?". Toronto Star.[page needed]
- ^ Jackson, B (1969). "A case of voyeurism treated by counterconditioning". Behaviour Research and Therapy 7 (1): 133–4. PMID 5767619. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90058-8.
- ^ List of Greek words starting with πορν- (porn-) on Perseus.
- ^ πορνογράφος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Athenaeus. "Book 13.567b". The Deipnosophists (in Greek). At the Perseus Project.
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-21.
- ^ history of the word pornography | podictionary – for word lovers – dictionary etymology, trivia & history. podictionary (2009-03-13). Retrieved on 2011-04-21. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11.
- ^ Richard Rudgley (2000). The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age. Simon and Schuster. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-684-86270-5. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ H. Montgomery Hyde A History of Pornography. (1969) London, Heinemann; p. 14.
- ^ Foxon, D. F. Libertine Literature in England, 1660–1745, 1965, p. 45.
- ^ Wagner, "Introduction", in Cleland, Fanny Hill, 1985, p. 7.
- ^ Lane, Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age, 2000, p. 11.
- ^ Browne, The Guide to United States Popular Culture, 2001, p. 273, ISBN 0-87972-821-3; Sutherland, Offensive Literature: Decensorship in Britain, 1960–1982, 1983, p. 32, ISBN 0-389-20354-8.
- ^ The Comstock Act 17 Stat. 598
- ^ Eskridge, William N. (2002). Gaylaw: challenging the apartheid of the closet. Harvard University Press. p. 392.
- ^ From the precedent set by R. v. Curl (1729) following the publication of Venus in the Cloister.
- ^ Beck, Marianna (May 2003). "The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections". Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
- ^ Bottomore, Stephen; Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds. (1996). "Léar (Albert Kirchner)". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ Bottomore, Stephen; Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds. (1996). "Eugène Pirou". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
- ^ a b Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors); Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (7 March 2006). Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD). Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-2885-7. Retrieved 21 October 2006.[dead link]
- ^ Corliss, Richard (29 March 2005). "That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic". Time Magazine (Time inc). Retrieved 16 October 2006.
- ^ Dugdale, John (2 May 2013). "Porn studies is the new discipline for academics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
- ^ William J. Gehrke (10 December 1996). "Erotica is Not Pornography". The Tech.
- ^ "h2g2 – What is Erotic and What is Pornographic?". BBC.co.uk. 29 March 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ Martin Amis (17 March 2001). "A rough trade". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "P20th Century Nudes in Art". The Art History Archive. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography 1970, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Richard, Emmanuelle (23 May 2002). "The Naked Untruth". Alternet. Archived from the original on 28 September 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
- ^ Schlosser, Eric (8 May 2003). Reefer Madness: Sex, Drugs, and Cheap Labor in the American Black Market. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-33466-7. Schlosser's book repeats the $10 billion figure without additional evidence
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Szymanski, Dawn; Stewart-Richardson, Destin (2014). "Psychological, Relational, and Sexual Correlates of Pornography Use on Young Adult Heterosexual Men in Romantic Relationships". The Journal of Men's Studies 22: 64–82. doi:10.3149/jms.2201.6410.3149/jms.2201.64.
- ^ a b Mearian, Lucas (2 May 2006). "Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle". Macworld. Mac Publishing. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2007. Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry's support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."
- ^ a b Lynch, Martin (17 January 2007). "Blu-ray loves porn after all". The Inquirer. Incisive Media Investments. Archived from the original on 7 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony's Betamax video tape format if it had not been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor. ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.
- ^ Gardiner, Bryan (22 January 2007). "Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War". FOXNews.com – Technology News (Ziff Davis Media). Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
As was expected, the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.
- ^ Staff. "Magnet Media Holds Porn/Tech Event in NYC This Tuesday:". Adult Video News. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Staff. "How Porn Drives Mainstream Internet Technology Adoption Tuesday, Mar 11, 12:30 PM @ Rose Auditorium". Garys Guide. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ "Playboy undressed video game women – Aug. 25, 2004". CNN. 25 August 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
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- ^ "Hong Kong filmmakers shoot 'first' 3D porn film". Asian Sex Gazette. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
- ^ "Strange and wonderful" Budapest — Where the living is increasingly pleasant...and still very cheap. Escapeartist.com (1989-09-11). Retrieved 2011-04-21.
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- ^ Hymes, Tom. "Adult Tube Sites Now Spamming Through Google News". AVN.com. Adult Video News. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ Kernes, Mark. "Nightline Takes a Look at Porn Piracy, and Targets MindGeek". AVN.com. Adult Video News. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ Staff. "Takedown Piracy Celebrates Fifth Anniversary". AVN.com. Adult Video News. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ a b Segal, David (28 March 2014). "Does Porn Hurt Children?". New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
- ^ Tamsin McMahon Will quitting porn improve your life? A growing 'NoFap' movement of young men are saying no to porn and masturbation Maclean's, January 20, 2014. Quote: "Kruger helped revise the sexual disorders section of the latest edition of the psychiatric bible, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which doesn't include sex or porn addiction due to lack of academic evidence that they exist."
- ^ Pornography, Sex Crime, and Public Policy by Berl Kutchinsky.
- ^ Kutchinsky, Berl (Summer 1973). "The Effect of Easy Availability of Pornography on the Incidence of Sex Crimes: The Danish Experience". Journal of Social Issues 29 (3): 163–181. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00094.x. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Diamond, Milton (September–October 2009). "Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 32 (5): 304–314. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- ^ Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide, Volume 3 (book) by Joseph W. Slade.
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- ^ Stewart, Destin; Szymanski, Dawn (2012). "Young Adult Women's Reports of Their Male Romantic Partner's Pornography Use as a Correlate of Their Self-Esteem, Relationship Quality, and Sexual Satisfaction". Sex Roles 67 (5-6): 257–271. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0164-0.
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- ^ Statistics on Pornography, Sexual Addiction and Online Perpetrators and their Effects on Children, Pastors and Churches. Safefamilies.org. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ Edelman, Benjamin. "Red Light States: Who Buys Online Adult Entertainment?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 23, Number 1 (Winter 2009), pages 209–220.
- ^ Baxter, Sarah; Brooks, Richard (8 August 2004). "Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie". Times Online (London: Times Newspapers). Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it's difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need.... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation.
- ^ Salter, M. (2013) 'Responding to revenge porn: Gender, justice and online legal impunity' http://www.academia.edu/4585975/Responding_to_revenge_porn_Gender_justice_and_online_legal_impunity
- ^ Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2374119
- ^ Bhasin, P. (2014) 'Online Revenge Porn-Recourse for Victims under Cyber Laws' http://blog.ipleaders.in/online-revenge-porn-recourse-for-victims-under-cyber-laws/
- ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30307657
- ^ Staff. "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts,Norfolk. COMMONWEALTH v. John REX. No. SJC–11480. Decided: July 9, 2014". findlaw.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ a b Kernes, Mark. "MA Supremes Rule National Geographic Photos Not Kid Porn". AVN.com. Adult Video News. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ a b Goussé, Caroline (2012-02-16). "No Copyright Protection for Pornography: A Daring Response to File-Sharing Litigation". Intellectual Property Brief. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ^ Masnick, Mike (2011-11-04). "Court Wonders If Porn Can Even Be Covered By Copyright". Tech Dirt. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ^ Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater, 604 F.2d 852 (5th Cir.1979) and Jartech v. Clancy, 666 F.2d 403 (9th Cir.1982) held that obscenity could not be a defense to copyright claims.
- ^ Devils Films, Inc. v. Nectar Video Under, 29 F.Supp.2d 174, 175 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) refused to follow the Mitchell ruling and relied on the doctrine of "clean hands" to deny copyright protection to works seen as obscene.
- ^ "You Can't Copyright Porn, Harassed BitTorrent Defendant Insists", TorrentFreak, 6 February 2012. Retrieved 9 Augusti 2012.
- ^ "2 male porn performers test positive for HIV". Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ Shrage, Laurie. (2007-07-13). "Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Pornography". In: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ Mackinnon, Catherine A. (1984) "Not a moral issue". Yale Law and Policy Review 2:321–345. Reprinted in: Mackinnon (1989). Toward a Feminist Theory of the State Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-89645-9 (1st ed), ISBN 0-674-89646-7 (2nd ed). "Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography".
- ^ "A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)". Think Tank. 1995. PBS. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ^ MacKinnon, Catharine (1987). Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 147.
- ^ Jeffries, Stuart (12 April 2006). "Stuart Jeffries talks to leading feminist Catharine MacKinnon". The Guardian (London).
- ^ Catharine MacKinnon argues that: "Pornography affects people's belief in rape myths. So for example if a woman says 'I didn't consent' and people have been viewing pornography, they believe rape myths and believe the woman did consent no matter what she said. That when she said no, she meant yes. When she said she didn't want to, that meant more beer. When she said she would prefer to go home, that means she's a lesbian who needs to be given a good corrective experience. Pornography promotes these rape myths and desensitises people to violence against women so that you need more violence to become sexually aroused if you're a pornography consumer. This is very well documented."[1]
- ^ a b c d Ziv, Amalia (2014). "Girl meets boy: Cross-gender queer and the promise of pornography". Sexualities 17: 885–905. doi:10.1177/1363460714532937.
- ^ Sherkat and Ellison, 1997, "The Cognitive Structure of a Moral Crusade", Social Forces 75(3), p. 958.
- ^ Sherkat and Ellison, 1999, "Recent Developments and Current Controversies in the Sociology of Religion", Annual Review of Sociology 25, p. 370.
Further reading
- Susie Bright. "Susie Sexpert's Lesbian Sex World and Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader", San Francisco, CA: Cleis Press, 1990 and 1992. Challenges any easy equation between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
- Betty Dodson. "Feminism and Free speech: Pornography". Feminists for Free Expression 1993. May 8, 2002
- Kate Ellis. Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship. New York: Caught Looking Incorporated, 1986.
- Susan Griffin. Pornography and Silence: Culture's Revenge Against Nature. New York: Harper, 1981.
- Gever, Matthew (3 December 1998). "Pornography Helps Women, Society". UCLA Bruin. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- Gregory, Michele. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)". Witsendzine.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- Andrea Juno and V. Vale. Angry Women, Re/Search # 12. San Francisco, CA: Re/Search Publications, 1991. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon's claim to speak on behalf of all women.
- McElroy, Wendy (29 June 2000). "You Are What You Read?". Lewrockwell.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011. Defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.
- McElroy, Wendy. "A Feminist Overview of Pornography, Ending in a Defense Thereof". Wendymcelroy.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- McElroy, Wendy. "A Feminist Defense of Pornography". Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- Newitz, Annalee (8 May 2002). "Obscene Feminists: Why Women Are Leading the Battle Against Censorship". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- Strossen, Nadine. Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex and the Fight for Women's Rights. ISBN 0-8147-8149-7.
- Blumen, Jonathan (November 1995). "Nadine Strossen: Pornography Must Be Tolerated" 1 (11).
- Tucker, Scott (1991). "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man". Social Text (27): 3–34. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
- Assiter, Alison (1989). Pornography, feminism, and the individual. London Winchester, Mass: Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745303192. Assiter advocates seeing pornography as epitomizing a wider problem of oppression, exploitation and inequality which needs to be better understood.
- Carse, A., 1995, "Pornography: An Uncivil Liberty?", Hypatia 10(1): 155–182. An argument for approaches to end harm to women caused by pornography.
- Hill, J. 1987, "Pornography and Degradation", Hypatia 2: 39–54. A critique of the pornographic industry within a Kantian ethical framework.
- Michael Kimmel. "Men Confront Pornography". New York: Meridian—Random House, 1990. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
- Secondary Negative Effects on Employees of the Pornographic Industry, by Shelley Lubben
- MacKinnon, C., 1984, "Not a Moral Issue", Yale Law & Policy Review 2(2): 321–345. An argument that pornography is one element of an unjust institution of the subordination of women to men.
- MacKinnon, C., 1989, "Sexuality, Pornography, and Method: 'Pleasure under Patriarchy'" Ethics 99(2): 314–346.
- Vadas, M., 1987, "A First Look at the Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance: Could Pornography be the Subordination of Women?", The Journal of Philosophy 84(9): 487–511. A defence of the Dworkin-MacKinnon definition and condemnation of pornography employing putatively relatively rigorous analysis. See (Parent, 1990) in the same publication for a criticism of this paper.
- Vadas, M., 1992, "The Pornography / Civil Rights Ordinance v. The BOG: And the Winner Is...?", Hypatia 7(3): 94–109.]", Hypatia 84(9): 487–511. An argument that pornography increases women's vulnerability to rape.
- Williams, B. (ed.), 1988, Pornography and Sexual Violence: Evidence of the Links, London: Everywoman. A representation of the causal connections between pornography and violence towards women.
- Linda Williams: Hard Core: Power, Pleasure and the Frenzy of the Visible (University of California Press, 1989). Expanded Paperback Edition: University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0-520-21943-0
- Linda Williams (ed.): Porn Studies, B&T, 2004, ISBN 0-8223-3312-0
Neutral or mixed
- Carole Vance, Editor. "Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality". Boston: Routledge, 1984. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pornography.
|Early silent pornographic film from 1925 available at Wikimedia Commons.
|Look up pornography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pornography
- Commentary
- "American Porn". Frontline (PBS). Retrieved 2014-02-01. Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.
- Technology
- From teledildonics to interactive porn: the future of sex in a digital age (2014-06-06), The Guardian
- Economics
- Susannah Breslin, Contributor (2013-12-20). "LEADERSHIP: What Porn Stars Do When The Porn Industry Shuts Down". Forbes.
- Government
- Kutchinsky, Berl, Professor of Criminology: The first law that legalized pornography (Denmark)
- History
- Patricia Davis, Ph.D., Simon Noble & Rebecca J. White (2010). The History of Modern Pornography. History.com.
- Sociology
- Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A. (1999). "Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(98)00035-1.
- "Pornography and Censorship". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


text:
How are online metals trading platforms changing the industry?
Metals trading (regardless of the specific products and grades) has evolved considerably in the past few years. What used to be done face-to-face and sealed with a handshake is now increasingly being done online. We are seeing the digitalization of metals trading, in part, because IT tools are improving. It's getting easier, for example, to abstract information from large amounts of data and use it to make trading decisions. And, it is materials and metals services companies driving these developments in trading, rather than the producers of the product.
However, there are some bigger industry dynamics at play. First, no one can ignore the major overcapacity of metals around the world, and this surplus has resulted in massive cost pressures across the industry. Trading is one of the few areas remaining where there is potential to reduce costs and obtain the crucial supply and demand intermediation that can take a significant part of the excessive net working capital out of the metals industry value chain.
The second factor is not necessarily making the headlines, but is equally impactful. Metals companies are increasingly digitizing their administrative processes such as order management, warehousing and logistics, as well as their functional areas like finance, which is contributing to the advancements in online metals trading and services.
What is the impact of automation, and how does that connect to the digitalization of metals trading?
Accenture's experience across various industries shows that digitizing and semi-automating administrative processes can drive efficiency effects of up to 50 percent. These same principles can be applied to the metals industry. For example, there may be numerous system discontinuities in the metals order management process that need to be dealt with manually. This is no longer necessary once a metals company has electronic interfaces to handle these processes.
There has been a surge of online metals trading platforms getting up and running. Do you expect that trend to continue?
No, I don't expect all online trading platforms will succeed. There are probably 20+ platforms—not including the e-commerce solutions of the producers—vying to compete for the same customers. The metals and materials services companies need to scale quickly (which requires capital for technology and capabilities) and build superior, customer-intimate solutions (which requires a mindset shift and capabilities). Those that get this right stand to benefit from economies of scale, learning and a competitive advantage that will be hard to catch. As such, I anticipate we'll see metals trading and services consolidation within the next few years.
Are there synergies between online metals trading and other business divisions?
Actually there are quite a few synergies. Online platforms provide direct access to critical information, such as which customers will order what amount of metals at a certain grade and when they will do so. And, moreover, they allow for real-time segmentation of customers according to their inquiry and ordering behavior. These online systems make customer demand more visible, so it is easier for metals companies to plan ahead. Another area where digitalization is making a big difference is the integration of metals manufacturing. Online channels potentially allow manufacturers to deliver just-in-time smaller batches of many different metals to an end customer through robust demand information and materials services networks.
What are you particularly passionate about at work? Outside of work?
At work, I am passionate about new business models enabled by digital technologies. The digital dynamics and disruptions that are coming from end-customer markets are so intriguing. As a consultant, I like thinking through the different scenarios that could emerge for manufacturing and industrial services; defining the respective market entry or ecosystem positioning strategies; and building agile pilots and new services.
Outside of work, I am an avid basketball player—such a great sport! Therefore, if I am not at work or spending time with my wife and three children, you will definitely find me on the court.

subset: commoncrawl


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New York City-based artists' collective Mosstika cleverly reintroduces the jungle to the urban by covering ordinary steel and concrete surfaces with green, living graffiti made of real live grass and moss. The eco-minded, guerilla street artists primarily operate within New York City, the ultimate urban jungle. The collective is led by artist Edina Tokodi whose own Japanese Zen-inspired installations explore the interconnectedness of nature and the humanmade, inorganic world.
About its creations the collective says: "We believe that if everyone had a garden of their own to cultivate, we would have a much more balanced relation to our territories. It is with this notion in mind, that we at Mosstika, aim to collide the worlds of art and nature, creating havens of unexpected greenery, within the colder harsher environment. Together we aim to give green guerrilla tactics a new twist by creating works meant to be touched, in turn aiming to touch the souls of all that pass by. We strive to call back to mind a more playful existence, returning man to nature, even among the barren patches of urban existence."
(via Visual News)


text:
TOKYO -- Video images of angry mobs tipping over Japanese cars and bludgeoning them with metal pipes. It sounds like a throwback to the Japan bashing days of the 1980s in the United States.
But this time, the Japan bashing is happening in China.
There are important differences between these protests and the UAW rallies of yesteryear. And they highlight a key handicap Japanese brands face in the world's biggest car market.
Chinese protesters aren't lashing out about losing jobs to Japanese imports. They are supporting their government in its territorial dispute with Japan over a spray of tiny uninhabited islets in the East China Sea. The outcroppings, called the Senkaku Islands in Japan and Diaoyu in Chinese, straddle potentially huge undersea natural gas fields. Both sides want them.
The Chinese uprisings began over the weekend, after Japanese activists landed on the islands to back their country's claim by raising the Rising Sun flag. Thousands of outraged Chinese took to the streets in big cities throughout China -- targeting Japanese cars and Japanese businesses.
In the southern city of Shenzhen alone, about 1,000 demonstrators rallied and flipped over several Japanese cars -- including a Honda CR-V police vehicle, various media reported.
It's a problem for the likes of Toyota, Honda and Nissan -- because in China, Japan's auto industry is a proxy for all of Japan. Hate Japan, you hate their cars.
In the United States, trade policy largely triggered the rage at Japan's auto industry. But in China, any diplomatic dispute with Tokyo has the potential to target Japan's sweet spot: cars.
And violent street protests in China rarely occur without Beijing's tacit consent.
In 2010, Japan learned the hard way about Beijing's propensity to hold its economic interests hostage. That was the last time tensions flared over the disputed islands.
Back then, Beijing responded by halting shipments to Japan of rare-earth metals -- a critical ingredient in the electric motors and electronics of today's automobiles, especially hybrids.
In that case, China eventually eased its restrictions, but Japanese carmakers quickly began looking into alternative sources of rare earths and new technologies that don't use them.
Expect more pressure on cars emblazoned with the logos of Japan Inc. China and Japan are prickly neighbors. From territorial disputes, military distrust and trade friction to deep-seated animosities left over from World War II, there is fertile ground for future Japan bashing.


text: My spyderline is due to arrive today. One thing that I'm using it for is to connect the hammock to my ring buckles. I've never used this stuff before. Can I seal the ends with heat, i.e., a flame or soldering iron, like I do with other types of rope? Sorry if this has been answered before.


text:
I am still looking for a few more good 3.5-4.0 players (especially single players) for my mens tennis team in the City. Season will start in 3-4 weeks. If you are interested please let me know. Thanks!!
Views: 351
Replies to This Discussion
Hi Max,
I would love to join if the time you guys practice and play matches works for me. Can you gives us more details on when you guys usually play.
I work on the weekend and have school in the weekdays that is why I am asking.
Hi Mustapha,
What level are you? We have few teams and the schedule depends on which team/ level you are at.
I see. So you know Takaaki? I heard he moved out of town. Anyway, what are your schedule like?
Hi Mustapha, most of the games are actually on weekend morning or afternoon. There are only a few on weekevening. For example, you can look at this team:
Hey Max -
I missed your practice session today but would love to check it out. Lemme know when your next session might be.
Hi Huan, I will be out at GGP tomorrow afternoon 3pm. If you have time you can come out. Otherwise I can meet you another time.
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text:
How can you allocate resources more effectively?
Market forecasting tools can tell you how business your company is winning and your aggregate market share. But what if you want to know how much of each client's business you're winning?
That's the question we at IBM set out to answer several years ago. And it's a case study that we analyzed as part of the Center for Applied Insights study, "Marketing Science: From Descriptive to Prescriptive." We thought that the data issues that IBM had struggled with might shed light on how other companies can use marketing science within their own enterprises.
In this particular instance, IBM had to figure out how we could measure our share of each company's tech budget.
We started out on square one, figuring out which organizations we could serve. This meant identifying every company – and every one of its subsidiaries – in all the markets we operate in. Pulling together this information was a big job, but it turned out that we faced an even bigger hurdle (you can probably guess it).
We had lots of customer data: 10 terabytes, to be precise. And all of that data was sitting in different databases throughout the company, each built by individual business units over the years. And the data definitions they used varied widely. The top 164 customers alone had more than 600,000 unique identification codes. To get a coherent view of IBM's business at the client level, we would have to reconcile millions of customer identifiers before cleaning up and consolidating the data.
It wasn't easy, but after several months of hard work, we finally had a structured database. The last step was to work out how much each customer was spending on IT.
We did this by using another forecasting tool we had developed that estimates the size of the overall IT market along with mathematical algorithms to assign a share of that expenditure to every company, whether they were customers or not. To put that another way, we essentially built a model to estimate virtually any company in the world's IT spend. Once we had that in place, we could make comparisons between our modeled IT spend for each company and how much business they were doing with IBM.
It was a huge effort, and one we've refined many times since, but one that's now paying handsome dividends. With this view, our sales and marketing teams can detect buying patterns and target holes in IBM's market coverage. And by integrating the insights the view provides with other customer data, we can identify new opportunities. We can also explore why specific customers buy (or don't buy) particular solutions, why some don't spend very much with us, and what we can do to serve individual customers better.
That's lets us anticipate and respond to our customers' needs and allocate our resources more effectively. And we think it's an example that demonstrates just how powerful marketing science can be within a company.


text:
Know Your Rights: Cops Try And Raid Garage Sale But Get Shut Down Quick! "I'm With CopWatch I've Dealt With You"
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text:
Kelly Clarkson Credits Boyfriend Brandon Blackstock for Slimmer Figure
With a recent pair of high-profile network performances on Sunday night's (May 20) Billboard Music Awards and the season finale of the wildly popular 'Dancing With the Stars,' it's hard not to notice a more trim and toned Kelly Clarkson. What is the catalyst behind the the weight loss? According to a recent interview with PEOPLE, her new man is a driving force behind her more slender figure.
"I would love to say that it had something to do with my work, but it doesn't," Clarkson confesses. "I have a boyfriend, and if I'm being completely honest, no one likes to be not toned when you are dating someone."
Who is this mystery man? According to many sources, Clarkson has been dating Brandon Blackstock, son of her manager, Narvel Blackstock, and stepson to her celebrity BFF, Reba McEntire. The two do share a trainer, but do not work out together.
"I tone whenever I want, and I chose to now because my boyfriend and I are both really into it, but we don't work out together," says the 'Mr. Know It All' singer. "We did that once and I didn't like huffing and puffing. "I didn't like looking all red and gross, so I don't do that."
The two share an interest in fitness, but music is what initially drew the new couple together. "We both love music so we go to shows together," Clarkson says of Blackstock, who also happens to be Blake Shelton's manager. "I am just more active with him."
Personally, Clarkson seems to be at the top of her game. Professionally, the singer is riding the same high. Her current pop single, 'Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)' recently became her third No. 1 pop single, as well as her best-selling digital single to-date. As the singer gears up for the release of her next pop single, 'Dark Side,' Clarkson is enjoying a bit of country success. An exclusive country remix of her smash 'Mr. Know It All' is currently sitting at No. 28 on the country singles chart.
Click here to view show dates for Clarkson's summer co-headlining tour with the Fray.


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STUTTGART, Ark. — With the extensive rainfall recently obtained in several Mid-South areas, some rice farmers have escaped the early-seedling stage without the need to flush. However, as the rice approaches the tillering stage, these fields need to be dry for nitrogen fertilizer application. Only time will tell if Mother Nature cooperates.
Every year I get dozens of phone calls on how to manage nitrogen fertilizer when the fields are wet.
Because pre-flood nitrogen sets the yield potential of the varieties currently produced, it is critical to manage the pre-flood nitrogen as efficiently as possible.
Urea has been the standard nitrogen fertilizer source for rice for many years. It is relatively inexpensive, has a high nitrogen analysis and is an effective fertilizer for flooded soils when applied and managed properly.
However, it has limitations that can make it inefficient when not applied and managed appropriately.
Nitrogen derived from urea is prone to ammonia volatilization losses when it is applied to the soil surface. When urea is applied to dry soils, establishing the flood incorporates the urea into the soil to minimize this loss.
However, when the soil is muddy at application or if several days are required to establish the flood, the amount of nitrogen lost by ammonia volatilization increases.
Ammonia volatilization tends to be amplified when urea is applied to wet soils. In addition, when urea is applied to wet soils and the field is flooded while still muddy, the urea is apparently not incorporated in to the soil deep enough where it is protected against nitrification-denitrification losses.
Application of urea into the water after flood establishment, during the rice vegetative stage, is the least efficient method, with as much as 75 percent loss possible.
In recent studies, Rick Norman, Nathan Slaton, and I have found as much as 20 to 25 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer is lost when the flood is delayed only five days after application.
This is significant since many of the rice fields in Arkansas take as much as 10 to 20 days to establish a flood.
Yields were reduced in that study by 12 to 23 percent when the flood was delayed for five or 10 days after fertilizer application.
Because of the potential for loss and the reduced yield, we encourage producers to establish the flood as quickly as possible.
If extended time is required, evaluate opportunities to improve water management through techniques such as multiple inlet rice irrigation with the use of the plastic tubing. Keep fields small to improve management capabilities. Larger fields are easier during field preparation and harvest but are more difficult to irrigate.
From the study mentioned above, ammonium sulfate was the most efficient nitrogen source. When ammonium sulfate was used instead of urea, nitrogen loss was only about 5 percent and the yield loss was negligible when the flood was delayed.
Ammonium sulfate is an excellent source of nitrogen for rice. This is particularly true for fields that require an extended amount of time to flood. Many producers routinely include ammonium sulfate as part of their nitrogen fertilizer requirements, particularly if early nitrogen applications are made prior to a flush.
The biggest limitation to widespread use of ammonium sulfate is the cost per unit of nitrogen and the associated application cost in comparison to urea.
Urea contains 46 percent nitrogen whereas ammonium sulfate contains 21 percent nitrogen.
Because of the difference in analysis, 219 pounds of ammonium sulfate is required to supply the same amount of nitrogen as 100 pounds of urea. The costs of the materials are similar, which means that ammonium sulfate may cost as much as two times that of urea.
Also, application costs are generally assessed on the basis of pounds of material applied. Since roughly twice as much material is needed with ammonium sulfate, the application costs are generally going to be twice as much compared to urea.
Because of the potential for nitrogen loss, the best approach is to apply urea onto dry soil and establish the flood as quickly as possible.
If fields are wet, allow seven to 10 days for the field to dry before applying the nitrogen.
If the fields do not get dry, apply the nitrogen onto the wet soil and flood as quickly as possible.
If you know it will likely take a long time to get flooded although the field is already muddy, consider adding an additional 20 to 30 pounds of nitrogen to your preflood application to help compensate for loss that will occur.
Charles E. Wilson Jr. is the Extension rice agronomist at the University of Arkansas Rice Research and Extension Center in Stuttgart. e-mail email@example.com.


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There were lots of things to do at the 4th Annual Henderson County Boyd BBQ Expo on Saturday.
Festival-goers filed in to eat some barbecue, pet animals, hula hoop, watch wrestling and listen to some live music.
There were lots of things to do at the 4th Annual Henderson County Boyd BBQ Expo on Saturday.
Festival-goers filed in to eat some barbecue, pet animals, hula hoop, watch wrestling and listen to some live music. Dietz Field at Hendersonville High School was filled with new cars, hammocks, grills and a sense of excitement as people with empty stomachs lined up to chow down on some barbecue.
The idea to start the event came from Les Boyd of Boyd Automotive, and the fundraiser has been a success for the Henderson County Education Foundation. Before the event started four years ago, the foundation did barbecues that were spread out at smaller schools around the county.
The united event has taken off and has become a strong fundraiser for the educational cause.
"It's been a good community event," said Dr. Don Jones, executive director for the foundation. "What's really exciting is that it's grown every year."
The event had 26 cooks this year, including Okie Dokies from Swannanoa.
"It's just a good fundraiser for the Henderson County school system," Okie Dokies owner Steve Dunning said. "That keeps us coming back."
The festival has become more than just food.
Crowds gathered around a fence on Saturday and watched ducks, pigs and goats – named Squealing Tony Stewart, Rutter Busch, Hammy Hamlin and Piggy Gordon - race around a track. Children who picked the winners received blue ribbons.
On one end of the field was a petting zoo. On the other end was the High Velocity Wresting ring. In the middle was a stage. That variety was appealing to some people, including foundation Treasurer Steve Gwaltney, who just came out with his kids to play and enjoy the event.
"This has been great," he said. "We spent a lot of time at the petting zoo. This is probably the best one we've been to."
Some people came just to see what it is about. Spartanburg, S.C., resident Cynthia Zbrzney searched online, found the event and made the trek up the interstate.
"I just wanted to come and check it out," she said. Zbrzney and her 6-year-old grandson, Hunter Thomas, hit the petting zoo and the barbecue first thing.
And that is why Jones enjoys the event so much.
"It's a family event," he said.
Reach Millwood at 828-694-7881 or at email@example.com.


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Norma Ammo Beefs-Up American Presence
- Details
- Published: Tuesday, 24 April 2012 17:00
Norma Precision has long been a household name in Europe and Africa for hunters who demand superbly premium ammunition for taking big- and dangerous-game animals. Having traveled to Poland last fall for a wild boar, red deer and roe deer hunt (full story to come), I can say from experience that Norma ammo is regarded like gold shillings by serious riflemen overseas.
Finally, the Swedish ammunition manufacturer is ready for a full-fledged splash in the United States with the recent launch of Norma-USA.
Here's what gun writer Richard Mann has to say about his experience with Norma: "I've used Norma ammunition off and on all my life—when I could get it. Now, with the establishment of Norma-USA, the getting-it problem has been solved. Norma cartridge brass is some of the best in the world. And their bullets, like the legendary Oryx and the brand-new Kalahari, are big-game busters, offering double-diameter expansion and plenty-deep penetration."
And it stands to reason that Norma's reputation extends beyond loaded ammunition; their ammo components are respected, too.
"Among experienced hand loaders, Norma brass is the gold standard. Solid. Consistent. Precise. Dependable," said North American Hunter Guns Columnist Ron Spomer. "Turns out their loaded ammo and bullets are in the same league. I've used it with the Oryx bullet to make several one-shot kills on Namibian oryx (gemsbuck), the bullet's namesake, plus blue wildebeest, pronghorns and whitetails. This fall, I plan on taking a Norma Oryx load to visit a moose in B.C. I don't think the moose is going to like it."
Like Mann said, Norma loaded ammo and components haven't always been easy to get in America. The purpose of Norma-USA is to increase availability and visibility of existing Norma products in the United States through a host of new dealers (including online retailers).
Additionally, their new American PH line of loaded ammo "is designed and engineered specifically for the demands of the American sportsman." In other words, you'll find familiar whitetail and North American big-game calibers in the line that will make you realize Norma isn't only for African safaris. American hunters might also find comfort in opening a box of Norma that has a whitetail or elk on the face, rather than a cape buffalo or oryx.
It will definitely be interesting to see how popular culture among American sportsmen will accept a product that, albeit top-shelf, isn't "born in the U.S.A." But don't be a bit surprised when Norma American PH shows up in your deer camp this fall; heck, you might be the one packing it.
I met with Ron Petty from Norma at the 2012 SHOT Show. Watch the video below to see what he had to say about Norma-USA:
Article Source: http://www.huntingclub.com/magazine/blogs/articletype/articleview/articleid/13980/norma-ammo-beefs-up-american-presence


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Todd M. Sand - SURVIVE THIS DEPRESSION NOW (STDN)
Photo Pages
Team Fundraising Goal: $10,000.00
|Total Number of Gifts: 60
|Total Value of Gifts: $3,160.00
- Tell a friend about
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- Please bookmark this page.
Recent Donors
Jeremiah Baker Franklin - $5.00
Judy & Larry Churgin - $100.00
Charlie Ciali - $25.00
Todd Plath - $50.00
Mr. Steven Allen - $20.00
Emmanuel & Jessica Sarpong - $30.00
Dr. Patrick Murphy & Louis Gambardella - $30.00
Rick Franceschini - $50.00
Marilyn L'Hommedieu - $25.00
Jeremiah Baker Franklin - $5.00
Judy & Larry Churgin - $100.00
Charlie Ciali - $25.00
Todd Plath - $50.00
Mr. Steven Allen - $20.00
Emmanuel & Jessica Sarpong - $30.00
Dr. Patrick Murphy & Louis Gambardella - $30.00
Rick Franceschini - $50.00
Marilyn L'Hommedieu - $25.00
Brian Jones - $50.00
susan sulla - $50.00
Kevin Lozier & Kevin Corbin - $100.00
Ralph Tardugno - $500.00
Kathy West - $50.00
Schuman /Balistreri Trust - $150.00
Todd Sand - $25.00
ruth jordan - $100.00
Joann Coppage and Onan John Cappage - $50.00
Jean Boak - $50.00
Patricia Gattari - $20.00
Kent S. Wilson - $50.00
Dani - $25.00
Phyllis Miller - $30.00
Mike Goth - $20.00
Todd Sand - $75.00
Randy Yamamoto & Patrick Scherer - $25.00
Kathy and John Hendricks - $120.00
Jeanne B. DeMars - $50.00
Terry Gustafson - $75.00
Ed Lankeit - $5.00
Jake Quinn - $35.00
Tom Bruessow - $35.00
Laurie Norton - $10.00
Bob Pedersen - $25.00
Ana Rasmussen - $25.00
Rick Hutcheson & Rob Kincaid - $120.00
Charlie Ciali & George Janofsky - $60.00
Cynthia Cory - $35.00
Goldie Morabito and Jon Hamaguchi - $25.00
Thomas & Robert Van Etten - $60.00
Curt W Ruszczak - $10.00
Tom Biermann - $20.00
Rona Johnston and Brian Modell - $20.00
Becky Phillips - $25.00
Lady Di - $20.00
the Hogans - $25.00
Donna M. Pauly-Chetlain - $25.00
Gary Haven - $25.00
Jan Modin - $100.00
Kolleen Kim - $100.00
De Jur - $20.00
annette - $25.00
Anonymous - $25.00
dana rocheford - $25.00
Elisabeth & Steve Joyce - $50.00
Jeri Amundson - $45.00
suzanne balzer - $35.00
Donald Trisdale & Family - $120.00
New Shooting Star in the Heavens Tonight
Todd touched so many of our hearts. He made us feel important and always good about ourselves. Yet because of this disease he could not often feel the love and care his family and friends offered. His depression became so intense that the disease often robbed him of the ability to work or function with his love ones. The illness only provided him with little or no feelings of being loved, isolated, and helpless. This type of depression stole his life and continues to steal other lives like Todd. We must Survive this Depression NOW and to this end our goal for these monies are to increase awareness, education funding, and provide direct services who suffer from depression and bipolar disorders.
Thoreau said "To affect the quality of the day is the highest of the arts". Todd was a very accomplished in this art; he positively impacted everyone he came in contact with each day. Every brother and sister, niece and nephew, friend, and colleague felt they were his favorite! And they wanted to be his favorite because to be loved by Todd was good! That is the insidiousness of depression that someone so valued could feel so worthless. Depression is the worst thief; it robs you not only of your love of self but of the acceptance of the love of others.
Todd came into this world April 9, 1955 in Phoenix, AZ. He was raised in Marcus, Iowa and attended Ames High School in Ames,IA. He is a graduate of Mankato State University, Makato, MN. After college, he secured employment with North Central Airlines and after several merges with other airlines Delta Airlines became his employer. Some thirty years ago he met his lifelong domestic partner Ralph Tardugno. At the time of death, they lived in Palm Springs, California.
The illness and Heartbreaking Tragedy
Some twenty years ago, Todd started experiencing depression from time to time. This is NOT the type of depression we all experience from time to time. His depression would keep him from being the outgoing, friendly and loving person who was admired by so many. He would lock himself away from all his friends and family and suffer great pain of isolation and loneliness.He would often shake violently and become dis-functional.After many cries for help, treatments, hospitalizations, various and different medications, his illness turn to longer durations and more often. After the most recent hospitalization, Todd returned home and lost his battle with depression in a traffic accident. He was taken from us as a result of this disease on Friday, June 4, 2010.
WE must Survive this Depression Now, and help those who have chronic depression and bipolar disorder before it robs another life. Please help DBSA with a donation so others may avoid a fate like Todd and so many others. Your pledge is deeply appreciated.
If you think this page contains objectionable content, please inform the system administrator.


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Hubble makes several bright passes across the sky this week
The HST celebrated its 21st birthday April 24. It's hard to believe this orbiting eye of deep space has been sending breathtaking images back to Earth for more than two decades.
Our first view of Hubble comes at 9:35 tonight from the southwest. This is probably the best pass of the week since its path takes it directly over Saturn at 9:40 p.m.
The HST will fade from view at 9:41 p.m. in the east.
Saturn is the bright yellow "star" that sits high in the south and is above and right of Spica in the constellation Virgo.
At first glimpse you might think the flying telescope is an airplane, but the absence of blinking lights and a contrail are good indications that you've spotted the HST and not SWA (Southwest Airlines).
Our next view of Hubble comes at 9:33 p.m. Wednesday. It will arrive from the southwest and skim high across the sky, breezing past Saturn at 9:37 p.m. It will vanish in the east around 9:40 p.m.
There's another pass about 90 minutes later, but it's faint and extremely brief, so let's not torment ourselves trying to see it and just concentrate on the brighter passes.
Thursday night brings yet another round of Hubble viewing. That night's fun begins at 9:30 with the space telescope arriving from the west. The pass has the HST skimming just below the belly of Leo the lion.
This pass flies nearly overhead, which always makes viewing a neck-cricking chore. Hubble will fade in the east at 9:38 p.m.
The highest Hubble pass of the week is Friday night at 9:27 p.m. Once again the show begins in the west and ends in the east.
Friday the flying telescope bisects Leo and slices the sky in neat halves before ending in the east at 9:35 p.m.
It would probably be best to find a comfy lounge chair to lie back on to admire this long flight.
All of South Texas can enjoy the nightly shows, and binoculars are not necessary to watch the HST fly overhead.
If you're interested in finding more times to watch Hubble or many other bright satellites, go to heavens-above.com for more details.
I know I've mentioned this site a lot, but it is one of the easiest places to navigate and find everything you need to be an ace satellite watcher.
We have a mostly moonless sky this week, so be sure to watch for skinny crescent moons toward the end of the week.
Happy hunting!
Email Becky Ramotowski at email@example.com .net. Skywatch appears Tuesdays.
It's Hubble time! Nights are warm and full of Hubble Space Telescope passes this week.


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VERGENNES — On Monday nights at 6 p.m., the yoga studio at Two Wolves Center on Main Street in Vergennes looks predictably like any other yoga class — at least at first glance.
Exposed brick walls, quiet music, and colorful yoga mats create an ambiance of serenity. Attendees saunter in and find a place on the floor.
A closer look at the participants, however, reveals what makes Monday nights at Two Wolves special: this is a prenatal yoga class, the participants are all pregnant women.
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MIDDLEBURY — Joanna Colwell began practicing yoga in her early 20s, after meeting her future instructor by random chance: The two strangers met during an earthquake in Santa Cruz, Calif.
Chance may have spurred her initial exposure to yoga, but it was also fate. "I was instantly hooked," Colwell said.
MIDDLEBURY — On a recent morning Otter Creek Yoga founder and director Joanna Colwell did something you'll likely never see her — or anyone else — do again.
Almost apologetically, Colwell walked across the recently laid wooden floor of OCY's new Marble Works studio space in her cowboy boots.
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text:
Working with KDE
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Simple installation of KDE
How did I install KDE?
I just installed with yum. The command which i gave is,
yum install xorg*
then i installed
yum groupinstall "KDE (K Desktop Environment)"
then i installed
yum install vnc-server
then i installed (if you want client to view another vnc server in kurobox)
yum install vnc
I have Kurobox-HG. I thought speed of graphics will be an issue. It is not, it is as smooth as a PIV machine. I have not installed any video apps. I will give a try for that.
Want to have a preview of the screen, here it is,


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Even East Texans living in the1940s considered the past as being less complicated and somehow more pleasant.
But in 1948-49, when eighty-year-old Andrew Allen Veatch of Sabine County sat down to write his unpublished autobiography, "The Sage of Lone Vale," he observed that he had lived in those so-called "delightful times, and I should not like to go back to them."
Veatch grew up in an East Texas that was sparsely settled and the Civil War had left the region "perhaps more distressingly affected than any other section." Confederate money was worthless, "yet it was the only kind we had," said Veatch.
To survive, Veatch said East Texans depended on home-grown vegetables and meat from "razorback hogs, the meanest in the world." He said the hogs were never fed, but "found their own living in the woods," and could outrun a deer.
"When other food in the woods gave out, the razorbacks would root up pine saplings, chew the roots and go on living," he said. The hogs were hunted down, using dogs, a tradition which still exists in parts of East Texas.
His family, Veatch said, had corn ground by a water mill six miles away and every housewife spun and wove the cloth, turning it into garments. Women and young girls knew how to knit and their knitting needles supplied the family with socks and stockings. "Hats were made of palmetto, which had been cut and bleached...and shoes were made (by shoemakers) from leather tanned at home," he recalled.
One such shoemaker was L.N. Morris, whose quality work earned him the nickname, "Leatherneck Morris."
Medicines were scare and the East Texans turned to nature for remedies, using red pepper, watermelon seeds, corn husk tea, charcoal, pine rosin and tar, sassafras, black haw and dogwood bark, roots from wild plants, and weeds such as one he called "the devil's shoe string."
Veatch observed caustically: "Some of these remedies may have been worthless, but at least they had the merit of being harmless...the strongest curative power was our faith in its efficiency."
Soap making was the most arduous task in a household. Families made lye, an ingredient used in soap, by filtering water through wood ashes, and there were four other steps essential to producing soap, as described by Veatch.
First, it was unwise to make soap except in the dark of a March moon.
Second, at least two pounds of pine rosin had to be added to chunks of fat meat or "old cracklings" to create "soap grease."
Third, the lye and soap grease were combined in a kettle sitting over a fire in a fireplace.
Fourth, to stir the mixture, a "soap stick" had to be cut from a sassafras limb cut from the right side of a woods trail. It had to be slightly crooked at the end which touched the soap mixture.
Five, the mixture was always stirred to the right. If stirred from the left, even for a few seconds, the soap would be of a poor quality.
The next time you complain about having to drive to the store for a bar of soap, remember Andrew Veatch and the "good old days."
(Bob Bowman of Lufkin is the author of over 50 books about East Texas. He can be reached at bob-bowman.com)


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Discover how Urine Therapy has been used as for common skin ailments, such as Acne medicine to Athletes foot, Callus Remedy even a Psoriasis treatment or a Yeast Infection remedy. Explore with us how this centuries old practice can help you stay healthy!
Urotherapy otherwise known as urea therapy, urinotherapy, uropoty, auto-urotherapy are all different names/terms for Urine Therapy. You may have heard about amaroli or shivambu which are ancient Hindu ( or yoga style, Auto-Urine ) drinking urine rituals. Urolagnia (or urophilia, undinism) which is the practice of ingesting urine for sexual excitement, which is not considered urine therapy.
For all the urophiliacs out there know about "Liquid gold" and how the urine therapy benefits is essential for anyone seeking good health. ( For an explanation on all terms, please check out our FAQ )
Urine Therapy
A question we often get is "Does urine therapy work ?" It has for us and for others world-wide. But medical science and researchers claim it does help at all, one wonders if they are really seriously looking into this ancient practice of urotherapy. A remedy that one produces themselves, and no real amounts of money can be made from this practice. So no real research is being done on this subject.
What we have found is that drinking a small amount of morning urine actually helps create a flu like symptoms in our bodies that allows the immune system to develop antibodies which help fight such ailments as colds and flues. We'll keep exploring what other urine therapy benefits there are and post them here on Urotherapy.com .
Want to know more on a particular subject, please see our Required Reading section for suggestions on great books on urine therapy.
Urotherapy Site:
Disclaimer: As with any new therapy, always check with your doctor/heath care provider/physician before starting any health regiment.
This site is to provide answers to your questions to take with you to your doctor or health care provider.
Please review our Terms of Service, Privacy policy & Earnings Disclaimer.


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Sept. 24, 2005
College Football Recap: Week 4
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) - Receiver Amarri Jackson ran for two touchdowns and threw for a third Saturday night to lead South Florida to the biggest victory in the school's brief football history, a 45-14 rout of No. 9 Louisville in the Bulls' Big East debut.
After barely playing a role in the offense in his team's first three games, Jackson was Mr. Versatile in helping South Florida (3-1) beat a ranked opponent for the first time in six tries and stop the nation's third-longest Division I-A winning streak at nine games.
Louisville (2-1) had not lost since a 41-38 setback at Miami last Oct. 14. The Cardinals entered the conference opener with one of the country's most prolific offenses, but never fully got on track in losing to South Florida on the road for the second time in three years.
USF, which is in its ninth season, also upset Louisville two years ago in the Bulls' Conference USA debut. The Bulls and Cardinals left C-USA for the higher profile Big East after last season.
Jackson, who had two receptions for 15 yards in South Florida's first three games, set up Andre Hall's 1-yard, first-quarter TD run with a 57-yard catch-and-run on the Bulls' second offensive play.
The 6-foot-5 receiver scored on a 51-yard reverse up the right side of the field to make it 14-0, then circled left end on a 12-yard reverse for a 21-0 lead midway through the second quarter.
Three minutes after South Florida's Chad Simpson returned the second-half kickoff 94 yards for a touchdown, Jackson struck again when took a handoff from quarterback Pat Julmiste and tossed an 11-yard scoring pass to Derek Carter to put the Bulls ahead 38-7.
Jackson finished with 63 yards rushing on two carries and two receptions for 75 yards. Hall, who added a 3-yard TD run in the fourth quarter, gained 83 rushing on 22 attempts, while Julmiste was 4-for-9 for 93 yards passing.
Despite the lopsided score, Louisville again compiled some gaudy offensive statistics with Brian Brohm completing 29 of 47 passes for 389 yards, and the Cardinals amassing 493 yards total offense to South Florida's 355.
But a week after throwing for five touchdowns to help the Cardinals overcome a slow start to beat Oregon State 63-27, the sophomore quarterback was intercepted once and stymied repeatedly by penalties and a relentless pass rush.
Michael Bush scored both of Louisville's touchdowns on 1-yard runs.
South Florida coach Jim Leavitt gets doused with a water bath after the Bulls' win.


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Ramsgate and Hluhluwe Umfolozi
2002.02 South Africa / Africa Posted by admin / 0 comments
In 2002 was the first time I visited South Africa. Back then I used a normal compact camera and for saving disk space I only made pictures up to a resolution of 1024×768! I definitely regret that today and you can see the result in the pictures. Nevertheless the trip was a great experience and that's why we went there again in 2007.
We stayed in Ramsgate and made many day trips to various points in this region. The Oribi Gorge and the famous world's highest gorge swing was one of these trips. We also visited the Hluhluwe Umfolozi game reserve for a 3 day safari.


text: The students enrolled in Child Studies courses at West Valley College can make a difference in the lives of children and the future. Courses are offered in the morning, afternoons, evenings, and weekends with focus on theory, research, and program practice. Financial aid, tuition and book subsidy, on-campus childcare, and childcare tuition subsidy are available. Most courses prepare students to transfer to the CSU system and into a Bachelor's degree program.


text:
Previous work in this genre Next work in this genre Poems Genre index About this register Links Search
"Baggrund til vignetterne (Hvad er det vel vi kalder poesi?)" [Danish title] is number 1735 in the Hans Christian Andersen Center's register of Andersen's literary works, i.e. no. 235 in the category poems (the range 1501 - 2900). BFN 174.
The work was published (24 December 1831) as a part of Vignetter til danske Digtere [Danish title]. (Number 1303. BFN 174. Category/genre: Collection of poems).
Show this work in its context: all new Andersen publications from 1831.
In modern Danish on p. 197 in Johan de Mylius (editor): H.C. Andersen. Samlede digte ('Collected poems', Copenhagen, 2000).


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There's never been a better time
to apply to Otterbein University.
Apply online today!
The BA in Theatre degree program at Otterbein is designed for students whose professional career goals require study in multiple disciplines of theatre (or in other academic pursuits). The successful BA candidate is an independent, motivated student with intention and focus. The BA curriculum offers a common core of theatre classes and is combined with choice classes from the design technology, dance and performance fields. These choices include, but are not limited to, Design classes, Technology classes, costumes, stage makeup, combat, choreography, dance, TV/Film, etc. Because BA majors work alongside students pursuing BFA degrees, they are exposed to the best professional practices and standards, while maintaining the flexibility to be successful in achieving their career goals.
Otterbein's small-school experience allowed me to develop in so many ways. Otterbein gave me a great foundation to build my career upon. I will always value the total experience of an Otterbein education, from working on theatre productions, to the unique viewpoints of the Integrative Studies classes, the focus on community service, and the close-knit community.
BA Theatre majors learn by doing. BA Theatre majors are involved in maintstage productions within their first year.
From the onset, students work closely with faculty to chart their specific degree plan in alignment with their prospective career goals. The BA Theatre program is ideal for students whose interests lie in careers in directing, playwriting, and stage management or students who want to double-major/minor in other fields. Current students are pursuing dual degrees in education, music, creative writing, business, journalism/ media communication, women gender studies and combining their BA Theatre degree with minors such as dance and communication.
Opportunities for BA students are limitless, whether it's double-majoring, involvement with workshops, or creating a senior capstone experience indicative of their specific focus. While BA students are not required to do a senior internship, many do. Depending on the nature of their degree plan, students receiving the BA degree are prepared to enter the profession. They are also prepared to enter graduate theatre programs leading to MA, MFA or PhD degrees.
Please submit your application for academic admission to the University. Then, create your profile for online scheduling at Acceptd.
Learn more about applying as a BA Theatre candidate.
Applicants should direct questions to Eryn Kane at email@example.com or 614.823.1657.
The Department of Theatre and Dance accepts transfer students in two degree programs: the BA Theatre, and the BFA Theatre Design & Technology.
Potential transfer students should consult the Office of Adult, Transfer & Graduate Admission at 614.823.1500.
Otterbein University, 1 South Grove Street, Westerville, OH 43081 614.890.3000
Otterbein University is a private, non-profit, United Methodist affiliated, regionally-accredited institution.
© 2019 Otterbein University. Otterbein University is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer


text:
The Gravity of Birds (Hardcover)
August 2013 Indie Next List
"The story begins at a lake retreat in New York state. Thomas Bayber, a young artist with great promise meets the Kessler family. The two teenage daughters, Alice and Natalie are enamored by Thomas. Jealousy unalterably affects the lives of all three of these characters for the next forty years. In those years Thomas becomes famous. Alice and Natalie disappear. Thomas informs his friend, an art professor, Dennis Finch that there is one more painting he had done that had never been shown. Stephen Jameson, an art authenticator is enlisted to help them find the missing artwork, but they must first find Alice and Natalie. The reader slowly becomes aware of the connecting threads that bind all of these characters together in the past as well as the present leading to a surprising conclusion. It was a very well written love story mystery tinged with the sadness of what might have been. Thoroughly enjoyable!"
— Nancy Nelson, Sunriver Books, Sunriver, OR
In this compelling debut novel, an art authenticator and an art historian are employed by a famous, reclusive painter to sell a never-before-seen portrait, leading them to discover devastating secrets two sisters have kept from each other, and from the artist who determined the course of their lives. How do you find someone who wants to be lost? Sisters Natalie and Alice Kessler were close, until adolescence wrenched them apart. Natalie is headstrong, manipulative--and beautiful; Alice is a dreamer who loves books and birds. During their family's summer holiday at the lake, Alice falls under the thrall of a struggling young painter, Thomas Bayber, in whom she finds a kindred spirit. Natalie, however, remains strangely unmoved, sitting for a family portrait with surprising indifference. But by the end of the summer, three lives are shattered. Decades later, Bayber, now a reclusive, world-renowned artist, unveils a never-before-seen work, Kessler Sisters--a provocative painting depicting the young Thomas, Natalie, and Alice. Bayber asks Dennis Finch, an art history professor, and Stephen Jameson, an eccentric young art authenticator, to sell the painting for him. That task becomes more complicated when the artist requires that they first locate Natalie and Alice, who seem to have vanished. And Finch finds himself wondering why Thomas is suddenly so intent on resurrecting the past. In The Gravity of Birds histories and memories refuse to stay buried; in the end only the excavation of the past will enable its survivors to love again.
Praise For…
"In this riveting debut novel, a famous artist-recluse unveils a 40-year-old painting never shown before, then sends collectors on a scavenger hunt to locate two teenage girls who posed for him, but disappeared decades ago."
"A lovely, mesmerizing novel. The Gravity of Birds combines the drama of warring sisters, the mystery of a missing painting, and the sorrow of lost love into a haunting elegy that will, like the artwork it describes, leave you breathless. The paintings and characters that Tracy Guzeman creates will seep into your imagination and take up permanent residence, changing the way you think about art."
-Tiffany Baker, author of The Little Giant of Aberdeen County and The Gilly Salt Sisters
"Lovely! The Gravity of Birds is a warm-hearted, assured, and haunting debut. In prose that is always graceful and often breathtaking, Tracy Guzeman delivers a compelling story of the love of art, and the art of love."
-Meg Waite Clayton, author of the national bestseller The Wednesday Sisters
"The Gravity of Birds is one of those rare, exquisitely written novels that haunt you long after you've finished the last page. Guzeman writes of both the fragility of the human spirit and its inner strength. The book unfurls like a hidden canvas, soaked with color, emotional longing, and a desire to make sense of what is often too painful to be said without the assistance of art. It is a novel not to be missed."
-Alyson Richman, best-selling author of The Lost Wife
"Tracy Guzeman's The Gravity of Birds is part mystery, part psychological drama and intriguing love story. This is a stunning debut. It's a brilliant tale, written in evocative language, and every page is pure seduction. I want to scream from the rooftops: read this book!"
-Ellen Sussman
"The captivating prose of Tracy Guzeman's first novel instantly pulls you into the lives of the Kessler sisters, Alice and Natalie, and their intertwined love story with Thomas Bayber, an attractive young artist. Forty years later, as Bayber lies dying, he sends two trusted, but disparate, colleagues to find a missing painting that the Kessler sisters possess. Clandestine love affairs, painterly clues and a world of untruths come seamlessly together in this exceptional debut."
"Talented...incredibly assured...her cast of endearing eccentrics and her stellar prose will win a loyal audience.."
"In this richly textured novel, two young sisters encounter art and their sensuality under the watchful gaze of a seductive painter. Forty-four years later, when a never-before-seen portrait of them is unveiled, a complex web of jealousy and heartache is exposed."