text:
by Gun Owners Foundation
8001 Forbes Place, Suite 102
Springfield, VA 22151
A. Guns save more lives than they take; prevent more injuries than they inflict
* Law-abiding citizens use guns to defend themselves against criminals as many as 2.5 million times every year -- or about 6,850 times a day. (1) This means that each year, firearms are used more than 60 times more often to protect the lives of honest citizens than to take lives. (2)
* Of the 2.5 million self-defense cases, more than 200,000 are by women defending themselves against sexual abuse. (3)
* Citizens shoot and kill at least twice as many criminals as police do every year (1,527 to 606). (4) And readers of Newsweek learned in 1993 that "only 2 percent of civilian shootings involved an innocent person mistakenly identified as a criminal. The 'error rate' for the police, however, was 11 percent, more than five times as high." (5)
* Of the 2.5 million times citizens use their guns to defend themselves every year, the overwhelming majority merely brandish their gun or fire a warning shot to scare off their attackers. Less than 8% of the time, a citizen will kill or wound his/her attacker. (6)
* Handguns are the weapon of choice for self-defense. Citizens use handguns to protect themselves over 1.9 million times a year. (7) Many of these self-defense handguns could be labeled as "Saturday Night Specials."
B. Police cannot protect -- and are not required to protect -- every individual
* The courts have consistently ruled that the police do not have an obligation to protect individuals, only the public in general. For example, in Warren v. D.C. the court stated "courts have without exception concluded that when a municipality or other governmental entity undertakes to furnish police services, it assumes a duty only to the public at large and not to individual members of the community." (8)
* Former Florida Attorney General Jim Smith told Florida legislators that police responded to only about 200,000 of 700,000 calls for help to Dade County authorities. Smith was asked why so many citizens in Dade County were buying guns and he said, "They damn well better, they've got to protect themselves." (9)
* The Department of Justice found that in 1989, there were 168,881 crimes of violence which were not responded to by police within 1 hour. (10)
* Currently, there are about 150,000 police officers on duty at any one time to protect a population of more than 250 million Americans -- or almost 1,700 citizens per officer. (11)
Private guns deter crime
A. Concealed carry laws help reduce crime
* One-half million self-defense uses. Every year, as many as one-half million citizens defend themselves with a firearm away from home. (12)
* Florida. Since the passage of Florida's CCW (Carry Concealed Weapon) law in 1987, over 383,400 people have received permits to carry firearms. The FBI reports show that the homicide rate in Florida has actually fallen 36% in the several years following the law's passage, while the national rate has only fallen 1% during the same period. (13)
* Furthermore, of the 383,400 citizens who have received permits to carry their guns concealed, only 72 people have used their gun to commit a crime according to the Florida Department of State. (14) This means that a citizen in Florida is almost twice as likely to be attacked by an alligator than to be assaulted by a Florida CCW holder. (15)
* Nationwide. A comprehensive national study determined in 1996 that violent crime fell after states made it legal to carry concealed firearms. The results of the study showed:
- States which passed concealed carry laws reduced their murder rate by 8.5%, rapes by 5%, aggravated assaults by 7% and robbery by 3%; (16) and
- If those states not having concealed carry laws had adopted such laws in 1992, then approximately 1,570 murders, 4,177 rapes, 60,000 aggravated assaults and 12,000 robberies would have been avoided yearly. (17)
* Concealed Carry v. Waiting Period Laws. In 1976, both Georgia and Wisconsin tried two different approaches to fighting crime. Georgia enacted legislation making it easier for citizens to carry guns for self-defense, while Wisconsin passed a law requiring a 48 hour waiting period before the purchase of a handgun. What resulted during the ensuing years? Georgia's law served as a deterrent to criminals and helped drop its homicide rate by 21 percent. Wisconsin's murder rate, however, rose 33 percent during the same period. (18)
B. Criminals avoid armed citizens
* Kennesaw, GA. In 1982, this suburb of Atlanta passed a law requiring heads of households to keep at least one firearm in the house. The residential burglary rate subsequently dropped 89% in Kennesaw, compared to the modest 10.4% drop in Georgia as a whole. (19)
* Ten years later (1991), the residential burglary rate in Kennesaw was still 72% lower than it had been in 1981, before the law was passed. (20)
* Orlando, FL. In 1966-67, the media highly publicized a safety course which taught Orlando women how to use guns. The result: Orlando's rape rate dropped 88% in 1967, whereas the rape rate remained constant in the rest of Florida and the nation. (21)
* Nationwide. Statistical comparisons with other countries show that burglars in the United States are far less apt to enter an occupied home than their foreign counterparts who live in countries where fewer civilians own firearms. Consider the following rates showing how often a homeowner is present when a burglar strikes:
- Homeowner occupancy rate in the gun control countries of Great Britain, Canada and Netherlands: 45% (average of the three countries); and,
- Homeowner occupancy rate in the United States: 12.7%. (22)
Justice Department studies:
1. In 1979, the Carter Justice Department found that of more than 32,000 attempted rapes, 32% were actually committed. But when a woman was armed with a gun or knife, only 3% of the attempted rapes were actually successful. (23)
2. In 1985, the National Institute for Justice reported that:
- 3/5 of felons polled agreed that "a criminal is not going to mess around with a victim he knows is armed with a gun." (24)
- 74% of felons polled agreed that "one reason burglars avoid houses when people are at home is that they fear being shot during the crime." (25)
- 57% of felons polled agreed that "criminals are more worried about meeting an armed victim than they are about running into the police." (26)
Failure of Gun Control
A. Poor track record
* Washington, D.C. has the most restrictive gun control laws in the country, and yet it has one of the highest murder rates in the nation.
* Objection: Critics claim criminals merely get their guns in Virginia where the laws are more relaxed. This, they argue, is why the D.C. gun ban is not working.
* Answer: Perhaps criminals do get their guns in Virginia, but this overlooks one point: If the availability of guns in Virginia is the root of D.C.'s problems, why does Virginia not have the same murder and crime rate as the District? Virginia is awash in guns and yet the murder rate is much, much lower. This holds true even for Virginia's urban areas. The murder rates are:
City 1995 Murder rate
Washington, DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 per 100,000 (27)
Arlington, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 per 100,000 (28)
(Arlington is just across the river from D.C.)
Total VA metropolitan area . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 per 100,000 (29)
* Guns are not the problem. On the contrary, lax criminal penalties and laws that disarm the law-abiding are responsible for giving criminals a safer working environment.
B. Criminologists turning from anti-gun position
* Dr. Gary Kleck. A criminologist at Florida State University, Kleck began his research as a firm believer in gun control. But in a speech delivered to the National Research Council, he said while he was once "a believer in the 'anti-gun' thesis," he has now moved "beyond even the skeptic position." Dr. Kleck now says the evidence "indicates that general gun availability does not measurably increase rates of homicide, suicide, robbery, assault, rape, or burglary in the U.S." (30)
* James Wright. Formerly a gun control advocate, Wright received a grant from President Carter's Justice Department to study the effectiveness of gun control laws. To his surprise, he found that waiting periods, background checks, and all other gun control laws were not effective in reducing violent crime. (31)
*Wright says at one time, "It seemed evident to me, we needed to mount a campaign to resolve the crisis of handgun proliferation." But he says, "I am now of the opinion that a compelling case for 'stricter gun control' cannot be made." (32)
* Every scholar who has "switched" has moved away from the anti-gun position. Dave Kopel, an expert in constitutional issues and firearms research, categorically states that, "Every scholar who has 'switched' has 'switched' to the side that is skeptical of controls. Indeed, most of the prominent academic voices who are gun control skeptics -- including law professor Sanford Levinson and criminologists Gary Kleck and James Wright -- are people who, when they began studying guns, were supporters of the gun control agenda." (33)
* Kopel continues: "I do not know of a single scholar who has published a pro-control article who started out as a skeptic of gun control. This suggests how heavily the weight of the evidence is distributed, once people begin studying the evidence." (34)
Problems with waiting periods and background checks
A. Waiting periods threaten the safety of people in imminent danger
* Bonnie Elmasri -- She inquired about getting a gun to protect herself from a husband who had repeatedly threatened to kill her. She was told there was a 48 hour waiting period to buy a handgun. But unfortunately, Bonnie was never able to pick up a gun. She and her two sons were killed the next day by an abusive husband of whom the police were well aware. (35)
* Marine Cpl. Rayna Ross -- she bought a gun (in a non-waiting period state) and used it to kill an attacker in self-defense two days later. (36) Had a 5-day waiting period been in effect, Ms. Ross would have been defenseless against the man who was stalking her.
* Los Angeles riots -- USA Today reported that many of the people rushing to gun stores during the 1992 riots were "lifelong gun-control advocates, running to buy an item they thought they'd never need." Ironically, they were outraged to discover they had to wait 15 days to buy a gun for self-defense. (37)
B. Background checks do not disarm the violent criminal population
* A Justice Department survey of felons showed that 93% of handgun predators had obtained their most recent guns "off-the-record." (38)
* Press reports show that the few criminals who get their guns from retail outlets can easily get fake IDs or use surrogate buyers, known as "straw purchasers," to buy their guns. (39)
C. Prior restraints on rights are unconstitutional
1. Second Amendment protects an individual right
* Report by the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution (1982)-- "The conclusion is thus inescapable that the history, concept, and wording of the second amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as well as its interpretation by every major commentator and court in the first half-century after its ratification, indicates that what is protected is an individual right of a private citizen to own and carry firearms in a peaceful manner." (40)
* Supreme Court admits "the people" in the Second Amendment are the same "people" as in the rest of the Bill of Rights -- In U.S. v. Verdugo- Urquidez the Court stated that "'the people' seems to have been a term of art employed in select parts of the Constitution. . . . [and] it suggests that 'the people' protected by the Fourth Amendment, and by the First and Second Amendments, and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community." (41)
2. Courts agree that rights should be free from prior restraints
* Near v. Minnesota -- In this case, the Supreme Court stated that government officials should punish the abuse of a right and not place prior restraints on the exercise of the right. (42)
* What about yelling "Fire" in a crowded theater? -- The courts have stated that one cannot use his "freedom of speech" to yell "Fire" in a crowded theater. And yet, no one argues that officials should gag everyone who goes into the theater, thus placing a prior restraint on movie-goers. The proper response is to punish the person who does yell "Fire." Likewise, citizens should not be "gagged" before exercising their Second Amendment rights, rather they should be punished if they abuse that right.
D. Background checks can (and do) lead to gun registration
* Justice Department report (1989) -- "Any system that requires a criminal history record check prior to purchase of a firearm creates the potential for the automated tracking of individuals who seek to purchase firearms." (43)
* Justice Department initiates registration (1994). The Justice Department gave a grant to the city of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University to create a sophisticated national gun registry using data compiled from states' background check programs. (44)
* More gun owner registration (1996) -- A new computer software distributed by the Justice Department allows police officials to easily (and unlawfully) register the names and addresses of gun buyers. This software -- known as FIST -- also keeps information such as the type of gun purchased, the make, model and caliber, the date of purchase, etc.45 The instant background check will be a key component in registering this information in the computer software. (46)
* California -- State officials have used the state background check -- required during the waiting period -- to compile an illegal registry of handgun owners. These lists have been compiled without any statutory authority to do so. (47)
* Nationwide. Highly acclaimed civil rights attorney, researcher and author, David Kopel, has noted several states where either registration lists have been illegally compiled from background checks or where such registration lists have been abused by officials. (48)
* BATF -- During the late 1980's and early 1990's, there were reports that the BATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms) was compiling an illegal gun owner list by going to dealers' stores and copying the 4473 forms which are kept there.(49) It would appear that the BATF violated federal law by copying these forms, which contain the name and addresses of gun buyers.
Problems with gun registration and licensing
A. Licensing or registration can lead to confiscation of firearms
* Step One: Registration -- In the mid-1960's officials in New York City began register- ing long guns. They promised they would never use such lists to take away firearms from honest citizens. But in 1991, the city banned (and soon began confiscating) many of those very guns. (50)
* Step Two: Confiscation -- In 1992, a New York city paper reported that, "Police raided the home of a Staten Island man who refused to comply with the city's tough ban on assault weapons, and seized an arsenal of firearms. . . . Spot checks are planned [for other homes]." (51)
* Foreign Countries -- Gun registration has led to confiscation in several countries, including Greece, Ireland, Jamaica and Bermuda. (52) And in an exhaustive study on this subject, Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership has researched and translated several gun control laws from foreign countries. Their publication, Lethal Laws: "Gun Control" is the Key to Genocide documents how gun control (and confiscation) has preceded the slaughter and genocide of millions of people in Turkey, the Soviet Union, Germany, China, Cambodia and others. (53)
B. People in imminent danger can die waiting for a firearms license
* In 1983, Igor Hutorsky was murdered by two burglars who broke into his Brooklyn furniture store. The tragedy is that some time before the murder his business partner had applied for permission to keep a handgun at the store. Even four months after the murder, the former partner had still not heard from the police about the status of his gun permit. (54)
C. The power to license a right is the power to destroy a right
* Arbitrary Delays -- While New Jersey law requires applications to be responded to within thirty days, delays of ninety days are routine; sometimes, applications are delayed for several years for no readily apparent reason. (55)
* Arbitrary Denials -- Officials in New York City routinely deny gun permits for ordinary citizens and store owners because -- as the courts have ruled -- they have no greater need for protection than anyone else in the city. In fact, the authorities have even refused to issue permits when the courts have ordered them to do so. (56)
* Arbitrary Fee Increases -- In 1994, the Clinton administration pushed for a license fee increase of almost 1,000 percent on gun dealers. According to U.S. News & World Report, the administration was seeking the license fee increase "in hopes of driving many of America's 258,000 licensed gun dealers out of business." (57)
D. Officials cannot license or register a constitutional right
* The Supreme Court held in Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965) that the First Amendment prevents the government from registering purchasers of magazines and newspapers -- even if such material is "communist political propaganda." (58)
E. The Brady registration law is NOT working
General Accounting Office Study:
1. The Brady Law has failed to result in the incarceration of dangerous criminals. After the first year and a half, there were only seven successful prosecutions for making false statements on Brady handgun purchase forms -- and only three of them were actually incarcerated. (59) With only three criminals sent to jail, one can hardly argue that the law is working to keep violent criminals from getting handguns on the street.
2. The Brady Law has ERRONEOUSLY denied firearms to thousands of applicants. Over fifty percent of denials under the Brady Law are for administrative snafus, traffic violations, or reasons other than felony convictions. (60)
3. Gun control advocates admit the Brady Law is not a panacea. According to a January, 1996 report by the General Accounting Office, "Proponents [of gun control] acknowledge that criminal records checks alone will not prevent felons from obtaining firearms." (61)
4. Criminals can easily evade the background checks by using straw purchasers: "Opponents of gun control note that criminals can easily circumvent the law by purchasing handguns on the secondary market or by having friends or spouses without a criminal record make the purchases from dealers." (62)
Assault weapons: fact or fiction?
A. Definition of real "assault weapons"
* According to one of the preeminent experts in the field of firearms, Dr. Edward Ezell, (63) a key characteristic of a true assault weapon is that it must have the capability of "full automatic fire." (64) Similarly, the U.S. Defense Department defines real assault weapons as "selective-fire weapons" -- meaning that these guns can fire either automatically or semi-automatically. (65)
* Anti-gun pundits in recent years have managed to define "assault weapons" as semi-automatic firearms which only externally resemble a military firearm. (66) Dr. Edward Ezell notes that true assault weapons "were designed to produce roughly aimed bursts of full automatic fire" (67) -- something which a semi-automatic firearm does not do.
B. Semi-automatic "assault rifles" are no different than many hunting rifles
* Officer William McGrath: "These [assault rifles] are little different than the semi-automatic hunting rifles that have been on the market since before World War II. The main difference between an assault rifle and a semi-automatic hunting rifle is that the assault rifle looks more 'military.'" (68)
* "The term 'assault' rifle is really a misnomer as a true assault rifle is a selective fire weapon capable of switching from fully automatic to semi automatic and back with the flip of a lever." (69)
* "The charge that the assault rifle holds more rounds than a 'legitimate' hunting rifle shows either a lack of knowledge or a deliberate twisting of the facts, as 10, 20 and 30 round magazines for 'legitimate' hunting rifles have been on the market for decades without the world coming to an end." (70)
C. So-called assault weapons have never been the "weapon of choice" for criminals
(All of the following figures pre-date the "assault weapons" ban passed by Congress in 1994)
* Police View: Over 100,000 police officers delivered a message to Congress in 1990 stating that only 2% to 3% of crimes are committed using a so-called "assault weapon." (71)
* New Jersey: The New York Times reported that, "Although New Jersey's pioneering ban on military-style assault rifles was sold to the state as a crime-fighting measure, its impact on violence in the state . . . has been negligible, both sides agree." (72) Moreover, New Jersey police statistics show that only .026 of 1 percent of all crimes involve "assault rifles." (73)
* Nationwide: The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported in 1993 that violent criminals only carry or use a "military-type gun" in about one percent of the crimes nationwide. (74)
* Knives more deadly: According to the FBI, people have a much greater chance of being killed by a knife or a blunt object than by any kind of rifle, including an "assault rifle." (75) In Chicago, the chance is 67 times greater. That is, a person is 67 times more likely to be stabbed or beaten to death in Chicago than to be murdered by an "assault rifle." (76)
* Cops' own guns more deadly: So-called assault weapons are not menacing police officers nationwide. The FBI reports show that before the 1994 ban on semi-automatic "assault weapons," no more than three officers were killed in any one year by such guns. (77) Contrastly, police officers were more than three times as likely to be killed by their own guns than by "assault weapons." (78)
* It would seem one can't have it both ways. If Congress wants to ban weapons that are dangerous to police, then it should begin by pushing for a ban on police officers' own weapons, since these guns kill far more often than "assault weapons." The same is true with knives and blunt objects. These instruments kill policemen more often than semi-automatic "assault weapons." (79)
* Sarah Brady's own figures show that so-called assault weapons are not the criminal's "weapon of choice." A study published by Handgun Control, Inc. in November of 1995 shows that the overwhelming majority of guns used to murder police officers are not "assault weapons." (80) The irony is that HCI uses a very inflated definition of "assault weapon" and still can not demonstrate that they are used in over 50% of the crimes. (81)
* Does tracing of crime guns show that "assault weapons" are the weapons of choice for criminals? No. Gun control advocates will often make the claim that so-called assault weapons are frequently used in crime. To justify this claim, such advocates will cite as "evidence" the fact that law-enforcement run a high percentage of traces on these types of firearms. But this is a classic example of circular reasoning: law enforcement arbitrarily run a high percentage of trace requests on "assault weapons," and then this figure is used to justify the "fact" that these guns are frequently used in crime. Consider the following:
- Tracing requests are not representative of all guns used in crime. The Congressional Research Service states that, "Firearms selected for tracing do not constitute a random sample and cannot be considered representative of the larger universe of all firearms used by criminals." (82) (Emphasis added.) Moreover, BATF agents themselves have stated that, "ATF does not always know if a firearm being traced has been used in a crime." (83)
- Tracing requests are not random samples. CRS notes that "ATF tracing data could be potentially biased because of screening conducted by local ATF agents prior to the submission of the tracing from." (84) This means that police could, if they wanted, only trace so-called assault weapons. Would this mean that they are the only guns used in crime? No, it would just mean that law enforcement have a particular interest in tracing "assault weapons" over other guns.
- Tracing in L.A. That tracing is an unreliable measure of a gun's use in crime is clear. For example, in 1989 in Los Angeles, "assault rifles" represented approximately only 3% of guns seized, but 19% of gun traces. (85)
D. Semi-automatic "assault weapons" are excellent for self-defense
* Police Capt. Massad Ayoob: "The likelihood of multiple opponents who move fast, often wear body armor, know how to take cover, and tend to ingest chemicals that make them resistant to pain and shock, are all good reasons for carrying guns that throw a whole lot more bullets than six-shooters do." (86)
* "All four of these factors make it likely that more of the Good Guys' bullets will be expended before the Bad Guys are neutralized. All of these factors, therefore, militate for a higher capacity handgun in the hands of the lawful defenders." (87)
1. Drugs and alcohol can make criminals resistant to pain
* Arkansas: A drunk opened fire on an officer, who responded by firing 29 shots -- 15 of them striking the criminal. It was only the last bullet which finally killed the drunk and effectively stopped him from shooting. (88)
* Illinois: Police shot a drug-induced criminal 33 times before the junkie finally dropped and was unable to shoot any longer. (89)
2. Hi-capacity semi-autos can help decent people to defend themselves
* Los Angeles riots: Many of the guns targeted by so-called assault weapons bans are the very guns with which the Korean merchants used to defend themselves during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. (90) Those firearms proved to be extremely useful to the Koreans. Their stores were left standing while other stores around them were burned to the ground.
* The Korean merchants would probably agree with Capt. Massad Ayoob. When one is facing mob violence and the police are nowhere to be found, one needs a gun that shoots more than just six bullets. A ban on large capacity semi-automatic firearms will only harm one's ability to defend himself and his family.
E. The Second Amendment protects an individual's right to own military rifles and handguns
* Report by the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution (1982) -- "In the Militia Act of 1792, the second Congress defined 'militia of the United States' to include almost every free adult male in the United States. These persons were obligated by law to possess a [military-style] firearm and a minimum supply of ammunition and military equipment. . . . There can be little doubt from this that when the Congress and the people spoke of the a 'militia,' they had reference to the traditional concept of the entire populace capable of bearing arms, and not to any formal group such as what is today called the National Guard." (91)
* The Supreme Court -- In U.S. v. Miller, the Court stated that, "The Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . . . [and that] when called for service, these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time." (92)
Firearms statistics
A. General Death Rates
Cause Number
Heart disease 743,460
Cancer 529,904
Stroke (cerebrovascular disease) 150,108
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 101,077
Doctor's negligence 93,329
Motor-vehicle 41,893
Firearms (Total) 39,277
Suicides 18,940
Homicides 18,253
Accidents 1,521
Suicides (all kinds, including firearms) 31,102
Accidents (four causes) 29,308
Falls 13,141
Poison (solid, liquid) 7,877
Drowning 4,390
Fires, burns 3,900
Homicides (all instruments) 26,009
Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis 25,209
Source: Except for the figure on doctor's negligence, the above information is for 1993 and is taken from National Safety Council, Accident Facts: 1996 Edition, at 10,121. The number of yearly deaths attributed to doctor's negligence is based on the Harvard Medical Practice Study (1990) which is cited in Kleck, Point Blank, at 43.
B. Children Accidental Death Rates (Ages 0-14)
Cause Number
Motor-vehicle 3,044
Drowning 1,023
Fires, burns 1,015
Mechanical suffocation 449
Ingestion of food, object 223
Firearms 205
Source: Figures are for 1993. National Safety Council, Accident Facts: 1996 Edition, at 10, 11, 18.
* Fact: Accidental gun deaths among children have declined by over 50 % in nearly 25 years, even though the population (and the gun stock) has continued to increase. (93)
* Fact: Despite the low number of gun accidents among children (see above), most of these fatalities are not truly "accidents." According to Dr. Gary Kleck, many such accidents are misnamed -- those "accidents" actually resulting from either suicides or extreme cases of child abuse. (94)
* Dr. Kleck also notes that, "Accidental shooters were significantly more likely to have been arrested, arrested for a violent act, arrested in connection with alcohol, involved in highway crashes, given traffic citations, and to have had their driver's license suspended or revoked." (95)
* Myth: One child is accidentally killed by a gun every day. Dr. Gary Kleck notes that to reach this figure, anti-gun authors must include "children" aged 18-24. (96) As noted above, there were only 205 fatal gun accidents for children in 1993.
* Myth: 135,000 children take guns to school every day. This factoid was based on a survey that did not even ask children if they carried a weapon to school. The "take guns to school" statement is completely imputed into the survey results. With regard to the 135,000 figure, Dr. Gary Kleck has shown that this number is wildly inflated. The real number, while still unfortunate, is between 16,000 and 17,000 students on any given day -- or about 1 in every 800 high school students. (97)
* Myth: There are more guns in schools today because of lax gun control laws. Not so. In fact, "guns in schools" were never a problem during the era when children had the greatest access to firearms. For example, even though there were far fewer gun control laws on the books in the 1950's, there was not a problem with illegal guns in schools. Rather, the top problems in American classrooms during that era were such (non-violent) activities as chewing gum, talking in class and running in the halls.
So what has changed? Why do more illegal guns make their way onto school grounds today, even though federal gun control laws have now grown to comprise more than 70,000 words of restrictions and requirements? (98) There are several possible reasons, including:
a. Lax punishment of juvenile children. Several state studies have shown that juvenile offenders will make several journeys through the legal system before doing any time in a penal facility. (99) This problem, of course, is not just limited to juveniles. A murderer of any age (in 1990) could expect to serve only 1.8 years in prison, after one considers the risk of apprehension and the length of the sentence. (100)
b. Imitation of T.V. violence. Before completing the sixth grade, the average American child sees 8,000 homicides and 100,000 acts of violence on television. (101) Two surveys of young American males found that 22 to 34 percent had tried to perform crime techniques they had watched on television. (102)
c. Morality shift. "The kids have changed," says Judge Gaylord Finch, speaking with the help of a dozen years of observation from his bench, where he sits as chief judge of Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court. "The values have just become so relative, and it sometimes seems we have no values in common anymore." (103)
C. Women and Guns
* At least 17 million women own firearms in the United States. (104) And according to the National Research Opinion Center, 44 percent of adult women either own or have access to firearms. (105)
* As many as 561 times a day, women use guns to protect themselves against sexual assault. (106)
* In 89.6% of violent crimes directed against women, the offender does not have a gun; and only 10% of rapists carry a firearm. (107) Thus, armed women will usually have a decided advantage against their attackers.
* A man can kill a woman with whatever he has at hand, but she can usually only resist him successfully with a gun. Don Kates, a civil rights attorney who specializes in firearms issues, cites a Detroit study showing that three-quarters of wives who killed their spouses were not even charged, since prosecutors found their acts necessary to protect their lives or their children's lives. (108)
Five Common Gun Control Myths
A. Myth #1: Gun Control has reduced the murder rates in other countries
1. England and Canada -- Their murder rates were ALREADY LOW BEFORE their gun control laws were passed. (109) Thus, their restrictive laws cannot be credited with lowering their crime rates. And the murder rates in England, Canada and Japan have risen tremendously since passing their gun control laws. (110)
2. More hands and feet? -- United States' NON-GUN murder rate is higher than the TOTAL murder rates in England, Canada or Japan. (111) In other words, Americans kill each other more often with weapons other than guns -- such as with knives, fists and feet.
* It is absurd to claim that the U.S. has more murders because it has more guns. If this were true, one would also have to argue that -- since Americans kill each other more often with their hands and feet -- Americans must have more hands and feet than the British. And since Americans kill each other more often with knives, does this also mean they own more knives than the British do?
* The problem is not the type of weapons used, rather, the failure in America to keep violent criminals off the street. (See points 2 and 3 under Myth #3 below.)
3. Violence by any other name is still violent -- Many countries with strict gun control laws have higher violence rates than the United States does. Consider the following rates:
High Gun Ownership Countries Low Gun Ownership Countries
Country Suicide Homicide Total* Country Suicide Homicide Total*
Finland 24.4 2.86 27.2 Romania 66.2 n.a. 66.2
Switzerland 24.45 1.13 25.58 France 21.8 4.36 26.16
U.S. 12.2 7.59 19.79 W.Germany 20.37 1.48 21.85
Israel ** 6 2 8 Japan 20.3 0.9 21.2
* The figures listed in the table are the rates per 100,000 people.
** Israel's total violence rate is lower than the total rates in England/Wales or Canada.
Source for table: Don B. Kates, Jr., Guns, Murders, and the Constitution: A Realistic Assessment of Gun Control, (1990):42.
B. Myth #2: If one has a gun in the home, one is three times more likely to be killed than if there is no gun present
1. Dr. Edgar Suter has pointed out that studies which make such claims are flawed because they fail to consider the number of lives saved by guns. That is, such claims ignore the vast number of non-lethal defensive uses with firearms. (112)
2. Criminologists have found that citizens use firearms as often as 2.5 million times every year in self-defense. In over 90% of these defensive uses, citizens merely brandish their gun or fire a warning shot to scare off the attacker. (113)
C. Myth #3: Most homicides are committed by otherwise law-abiding people who end up killing a friend or relative
1. While most murders do involve the killing of an acquaintance, it is fallacious to assume these are otherwise law-abiding people killing one another. In fact, sixty-one percent of murder victims themselves -- and an even greater majority of murderers -- have prior criminal records. (114) This indicates that most murders occur between criminals who have already demonstrated a pattern of violence.
2. The problem? The criminal justice system is a revolving door which continues to throw violent offenders back onto the street. Seventy percent of murderers under sentence of death have prior felonies. (115) This number does not include criminals who have plea-bargained their felonies down to lesser charges.
D. Myth #4: Recent gun control laws have reduced the U.S. murder rate
* Murder rate was already decreasing before Brady and semi-auto gun ban passed. Those who claim that the two gun control laws enacted in 1994 have reduced the murder rate ignore the fact that the U.S. murder rate has been decreasing from the high it reached in 1991. (116) Thus, the murder rate had already begun decreasing two to three years before the Brady law and the semi-auto gun ban became law.
* Murder rate decrease results from fewer violent youths. The Democratic Judiciary Committee noted in 1991 that, "An analysis of the murder tolls since 1960 offers compelling evidence of the link -- the significant rise of murder in the late 1960's, and the slight decrease in murder in the early 1980's follows from an unusually large number of 18-24 year-olds in the general population. This age group is the most violent one, as well as the group most likely to be victimized -- and the murder figures ebb and flow with their ranks." (117) (Emphasis added.)
E. Myth #5: The Courts have never overturned a gun control law using the Second Amendment as a reason, and thus, there is no individual right guaranteed by the Amendment.
1. Senate Subcommittee Report:
- Courts have used the Second Amendment to strike down gun control: Nunn v. State and in re Brickey are just two examples where the Courts have struck down gun control laws using the Second Amendment. (118)
- An individual right protected: "The conclusion is thus inescapable that the history, concept, and wording of the second amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as well as its interpretation by every major commentator and court in the first half-century after its ratification, indicates that what is protected is an individual right of a private citizen to own and carry firearms in a peaceful manner." (119)
2. U.S. Supreme Court (see also U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez at note 41):
- Court strikes down gun control law: In 1995, the Court struck down a federal law which prevented the possessing of firearms within 1,000 feet of a school (U.S. v. Lopez). The Court argued that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution in no way grants Congress the authority to enact such gun control legislation.
3. U.S. Congress:
Fourteenth Amendment:
- The framers of the 14th Amendment intended to protect an individual's Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms by striking down state laws that denied this right: "[During] the debates over the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress frequently referred to the Second Amendment as one of the rights which it intended to guarantee against state action." (120)
Firearm Owners' Protection Act (1986):
- The 1986 Law affirms individual right to keep and bear arms: "The Congress finds that the right of citizens to keep and bear arms under the second amendment to the United States Constitution . . . require[s] additional legislation to correct existing firearms statutes and enforcement policies." (121)
4. Nothing in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution authorizes Congress to pass gun control legislation (see U.S. v. Lopez, 1995). Since the adoption of the Constitution, courts have ruled on both sides of the issue, indicating that judges are just as political as the common man.
1. Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense With a Gun," 86 The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Northwestern University School of Law, 1 (Fall 1995):164. Dr. Kleck is a professor in the school of criminology and criminal justice at Florida State University in Tallahassee. He has researched extensively and published several essays on the gun control issue. His book, Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America, has become a widely cited source in the gun control debate. In fact, this book earned Dr. Kleck the prestigious American Society of Criminology Michael J. Hindelang award for 1993. This award is given for the book published in the past two to three years that makes the most outstanding contribution to criminology.
Even those who don't like the conclusions Dr. Kleck reaches, cannot argue with his impeccable research and methodology. In "A Tribute to a View I Have Opposed," Marvin E. Wolfgang writes that, "What troubles me is the article by Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz. The reason I am troubled is that they have provided an almost clear-cut case of methodologically sound research in support of something I have theoretically opposed for years, namely, the use of a gun in defense against a criminal perpetrator. . . . I have to admit my admiration for the care and caution expressed in this article and this research. Can it be true that about two million instances occur each year in which a gun was used as a defensive measure against crime? It is hard to believe. Yet, it is hard to challenge the data collected. We do not have contrary evidence." Wolfgang, "A Tribute to a View I Have Opposed," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, at 188.
Readers of Dr. Kleck's materials may be interested to know that he is a member of the ACLU, Amnesty International USA, and Common Cause. He is not and has never been a member of or contributor to any advocacy group on either side of the gun control debate.
2. According to the National Safety Council, the total number of gun deaths (by accidents, suicides and homicides) account for less than 40,000 deaths per year. See Accident Facts, published yearly by the National Safety Council, Itasca, Illinois.
3. Kleck and Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime," at 185.
4. Kleck, Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America, (1991):111-116, 148.
5. George F. Will, "Are We 'a Nation of Cowards'?," Newsweek (15 November 1993):93.
6. Kleck and Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime," at 173, 185.
7. Id. at 164, 185.
8. Warren v. District of Columbia, D.C. App., 444 A. 2d 1 (1981).
9. Statement of Representative Ron Johnson in U.S. Senate, "Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1987," Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary (16 June 1987):33.
10. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics -- 1990, (1991):257.
11. Kleck, Point Blank, at 132.
12. Dr. Gary Kleck, interview with J. Neil Schulman, "Q and A: Guns, crime and self-defense," The Orange County Register, 19 September 1993. In the interview with Schulman, Dr. Kleck reports on findings from a national survey which he and Dr. Marc Gertz conducted in Spring, 1993 -- a survey which findings were reported in Kleck and Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime."
13. Compare Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Crime in the United States," Uniform Crime Reports, (1988): 7, 53; and FBI, (1996):58, 69.
14. Memo by Jim Smith, Secretary of State, Florida Department of State, Concealed Weapons/Firearms License Statistical Report for Period 10/01/87 - 11/30/96.
15. From 1987 through the middle of December 1996, there were 141 documented alligator attacks on human beings in Florida. This does not include any unreported encounters. Interview with Mark Trainor, Public Information Specialist for the Office of Information Services, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Tallahassee, Florida (11 December 1996). By contrast, there were only 72 CCW holders who used their guns during the same period to commit a crime. See supra note 14 and text.
16. One of the authors of the University of Chicago study reported on the study's findings in John R. Lott, Jr., "More Guns, Less Violent Crime," The Wall Street Journal (28 August 1996). See also supra note 17.
17. John R. Lott, Jr. and David B. Mustard, "Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns," University of Chicago, (13 July 1996).
18. The comparison period between Georgia and Wisconsin is for the years 1976 to 1993. The enactment of the national Brady waiting period in 1994 ended the ability to extend, beyond 1993, any comparison of waiting periods and concealed carry laws in states such as Georgia and Wisconsin. Compare FBI, "Crime in the United States," (1977):45, 53; and FBI, (1994):70, 78.
19. Gary Kleck, "Crime Control Through the Private Use of Armed Force," Social Problems 35 (February 1988):15.
20. Compare Kleck, "Crime Control," at 15, and Chief Dwaine L. Wilson, City of Kennesaw Police Department, "Month to Month Statistics: 1991." (Residential burglary rates from 1981-1991 are based on statistics for the months of March - October.)
21. Kleck, "Crime Control," at 13.
22. Kleck, Point Blank, at 140.
23. U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, Rape Victimization in 26 American Cities, 1979, p. 31.
24. U.S., Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, "The Armed Criminal in America: A Survey of Incarcerated Felons," Research Report, (July 1985): 27.
25. Id.
26. Id.
27. FBI, "Crime in the United States," (1996): 69.
28. Id. at 171. According to Arlington County's own statistics, the population in Arlington, Virginia for 1995 was 184,000 people.
29. Id. at 77.
30. Gary Kleck, speech delivered to the National Research Council, quoted in Don B. Kates, Jr., "Scholars' ignorant bias causes anti-gun sentiments," Handguns, June 1991, pp. 12-13.
31. "Gun Critic Shifts His Position," The Denver Post, 28 November 1985.
32. James D. Wright, "Second Thoughts About Gun Control," The Public Interest, 91 (Spring 1988):23, 25.
33. Dave Kopel, "Guns, Germs, and Science: Public Health Approaches to Gun Control," 84 The Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia (June 1995): 272.
34. Id.
35. Congressional Record, 8 May 1991, pp. H 2859, H 2862.
36. Wall Street Journal, 3 March 1994 at A10.
37. Jonathan T. Lovitt, "Survival for the armed," USA Today, 4 May 1992.
38. Department of Justice, "Survey of Incarcerated Felons," p. 36.
39. Pierre Thomas, "In the Line of Fire: The 'Straw Purchase' Scam," The Washington Post, 18 August 1991; and Thomas, "Va. Driver's License is Loophole for Guns: Fake Addresses Used in No-Wait Sales," The Washington Post, 20 January 1992.
40. U.S. Senate, "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms," Report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, (1982):12.
41. U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez, Sup. Ct. case No. 88-1353 (1990).
42. The court stated, "The fact that the liberty of the press may be abused by miscreant purveyors of scandal does not make any less necessary the immunity of the press from previous restraint in dealing with official misconduct. Subsequent punishment for such abuses as may exist is the appropriate remedy, consistent with constitutional privilege." Near v. Minnesota, 283 U.S. 697, 51 S. Ct. 625, 75 L. Ed. 1357 (1931).
43. Richard B. Abell, Assistant Attorney General, Task Force Chairman, Report to the Attorney General on Systems for Identifying Felons Who Attempt to Purchase Firearms, October 1989, p. 75.
44. This attempt at registration has since been defeated in the courts. Bureau of Justice Assistance, Grant Manager's Memorandum, Pt. 1: Project Summary, September 30, 1994, Project Number: 94-DD-CX-0166.
45. Copy of "FIST" (Firearms Inquiry Statistical Tracking) software at GOA headquarters, Springfield, VA. See also Pennsylvania Sportsmen's News, (Oct./Nov. 1996). The default in the "FIST" computer software is for the police officials to indefinitely retain the information on gun owners -- despite the fact that the Brady law only allows officials to retain this data for 20 days. One wonders who will ensure that this information will be deleted after the 20th day.
46. Mike Slavonic, NRA Director and Chairman of the Legislative Committee for the Allegheny County Sportsmen's League, states that the instant background check could be "our downfall." He notes that, "What most Americans don't know is that once instant check goes into effect in 1998 the purpose of Brady could be used to set the stage for national confiscation. Instant check could eventually keep guns out of the hands of everyone by registering everyone who purchases a handgun, rifle and shotgun and who obtained concealed weapons permits in a computerized database like 'FIST'. The most difficult problem with a gun ban is locating the firearms. FIST [with the help of the instant check], over time, could solve that problem." Slavonic, "Another Gun Database Discovered," Pennsylvania Sportsmen's News, at 7.
47. David B. Kopel, Policy Review 63 (Winter 1993):6.
48. Kopel, ed., Guns: Who Should Have Them?, (1995) at 88, 117 (fn. 75), and 122 (fn. 124).
49. "NM Gun Shop Owners Upset Over BATF's Searches," The New Gun Week, 19 November 1993; "Suit takes shot at inspections -- Gun shop owner says copying weapons registration illegal," Cincinnati Enquirer, 7 December 1989.
50. On August 16, 1991, New York City Mayor David Dinkins signed Local Law 78 which banned the possession and sale of certain rifles and shotguns.
51. John Marzulli, "Weapons ban defied: S.I. man, arsenal seized," Daily News, 5 September 1992.
52. David Kopel, "Trust the People: The Case Against Gun Control," [Cato Institute] Policy Analysis 109 (July 11, 1988):25.
53. Jay Simkin, Aaron Zelman and Alan M. Rice, Lethal Laws: "Gun Control" is the Key to Genocide, (Milwaukee: Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, 1994).
54. Senate, "Handgun Violence," at 107, citing Novae Russkae Slovo, Vol. LXXII, No. 26.291, (6 Nov. 1983).
55. Kopel, "Trust the People," at 26.
56. Id., at 25-26.
57. U.S. News & World Report, (17 January 1994): 8.
58. Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381 U.S. 301, 85 S. Ct. 1493, 14 L. Ed. 2d 398 (1965).
59. See General Accounting Office, Gun Control: Implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, January 1996, p. 8.
60. Of persons denied the right to purchase a firearm under the Brady Law, 7.6 percent of the denials involved routine traffic stops. Another 38.9 percent were the result of administrative snafus. Only 44.7 percent of denials were as a result of felony convictions, and many of these resulted from white collar crimes and ancient peccadilloes which would not suggest that the person would pose a danger. Id., at 39-40, 64-65.
61. Id., at 4.
62. Id.
63. Dr. Edward Ezell presented testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution in 1989, and while doing so, helped clarify the true definition of an "assault rifle." The subcommittee record reports the following credentials for Dr. Ezell: Curator of the National Firearms Collection at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History, and founding Director of the Institute for Research on Small Arms in International Security.
64. Statement by Edward Ezell, "Assault Weapons," Hearings Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, (5 May 1989):396.
65. Defense Intelligence Agency, Small Arms Identification and Operation Guide -- Eurasian Communist Countries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988):105, cited in Kopel, Guns: Who Should Have Them?, at 162.
66. Kleck, Point Blank, at 70.
67. Senate, "Assault Weapons," at 396.
68. Officer William R. McGrath, "An Open Letter to American Politicians," The Police Marksman, (May/June 1989): 19.
69. Id.
70. Id.
71. Congressional Record, 13 September 1990:E 2826, citing [Police Advertisement], Roll Call, 3 September 1990. Also, see Howard Schneider, "Gun Owners Take Shot at Schaefer Assault-Weapon Bill," The Washington Post, February 15, 1991.
72. Iver Peterson, "Both Sides Say Trenton's Ban on Assault Rifles Has Little Effect on Crime," The New York Times, 20 June 1993.
73. Id.
74. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Survey of State Prison Inmates, 1991," (March 1993):18.
75. FBI, "Crime in the United States," (1994):18.
76. Matt L. Rodriguez, Superintendent of Police for the City of Chicago, 1993 Murder Analysis at 12, 13.
77. Compare FBI, "Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted," Uniform Crime Reports, for the years 1989 (0 officers); 1990 (two officers), at 24, 36; 1991 (three officers), at 40, 41, 45; 1992 (two officers), at 46; 1993 (2 officers), at 41, 45.
Note: In 1993, there were three officers who died by unknown firearms which possibly could have been classified as semi-automatic "assault weapons." (FBI, "Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 1993," at 55.) These three died at Waco, Texas -- a jury later finding that authorities had provoked the residents at Mt. Carmel into firing. (Carol Moore, The Davidian Massacre (1995): 450.) Also supporting this view were two BATF agents who initially told the Texas Rangers that authorities had fired first upon the Davidians. (J.L.Pate, "Prosecution Against Waco Survivors Begins," The New Gun Week, (11 February 1994):5.) Despite the jury's finding that authorities provoked the residents in Mt. Carmel into firing, Newsweek and other news sources have pointed out that the officers might have died from "friendly fire." ("Was it Friendly Fire? In the bungled Waco raid, federal agents may have been shot by their own men," Newsweek, (5 April 1993):50.)
78. In the five years of 1989 to 1993, 30 officers were killed by their own service weapons. By contrast, only 9 officers were killed by so-called assault weapons. Id, for the years 1989, at 4; 1990, at 4, 24, 36; 1991, at 4, 40, 41, 45; 1992, at 4, 46; 1993, at 4, 41, 45.
79. In the five years of 1989 to 1993, 15 officers were killed by knives and blunt objects. By contrast, only nine officers were killed by so-called assault weapons. Compare FBI, "Officers Killed," for the years 1989, at 4, 13, 26; 1990, at 4, 12, 24, 36; and 1991, at 4, 40, 41, 45; 1992, at 4, 46; 1993, at 4, 13, 41, 45.
80. By using an inflated definition of "assault weapon," HCI attempts to "show" that these guns killed 36 percent (a minority) of the policemen who were murdered between January 1, 1994 and September 30, 1995. Of course, HCI's figure wildly departs from the 1% figure given by official government studies. (See supra note 74.) See Handgun Control, Inc., Cops Under Fire: Law Enforcement Officers Killed with Assault Weapons or Guns with High Capacity Magazines, (29 November 1995):2.
81. Id. The HCI study borrowed the very expansive definition of semi-automatic firearm from the Clinton gun ban which passed in 1994. This definition is so broad that it covers over 180 types of firearms, including reproductions of the 1873 Winchester and the 1860 Henry Rifles. (While the Clinton gun ban exempted reproductions of these two guns under section 922(v)(3) of Title 18 -- the provisions defining what a semi-automatic "assault weapon" is -- the ban did not exempt these rifles under section 922(w) -- the provision banning high-capacity magazines. Both of these rifles have tubular-fed magazines holding over 10 rounds, thus making them banned firearms.)
The generic definition for an "assault weapon" in the Clinton gun ban would include many, many other guns, had the law failed to specifically exclude several hundreds of common guns which would have easily fallen under the definition of an "assault weapon."
Not surprisingly, by using President Clinton's over-inflated definition of an "assault weapon," HCI was able to find more and more of these guns killing officers. To extend their logic, if HCI figures a way to define ALL guns as "assault weapons," then it will be able to claim that these "assault weapons" comprise 100 percent of the guns that kill policemen.
Even so, HCI has now encountered a dilemma with the publishing of their study: their study "shows" that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of policemen being killed by so-called assault weapons AFTER the ban was put in place. (HCI claims that 36% of the guns killing officers are "assault weapons," but the government's own pre-ban figures show the number was only one percent. See supra note 74.) Thus, either HCI's data is wrong, or it must concede that gun control INCREASES the threat to police officers.
82. Keith Bea, Congressional Research Service, "'Assault Weapons': Military-Style Semiautomatic Firearms Facts and Issues," CRS Report for Congress (13 May 1992, Technical Revisions: 4 June 1992): 65.
83. Id. at 67.
84. Id. at 69.
85. Kleck, Point Blank, at 75.
86. Massad Ayoob, "Defending Firepower," Combat Handguns, October 1990, p. 71.
87. Id. at 70.
88. Id. at 25.
89. Id. at 71.
90. "Koreans make armed stand to protect shops from looters," Roanoke Times & World-News, 3 May 1992.
91. U.S. Senate, "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms," Report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, (1982):7.
92. U.S. v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939).
93. From 1970 to 1991, the number of fatal gun accidents for children aged 0-14 declined from 530 to 227. Kopel, Guns: Who Should Have Them?, at 311. According to the National Safety Council, there were only 205 fatal gun accidents for children in that age group in 1993. National Safety Council, Accident Facts: 1996 Edition, at 121.
94. Kleck, Point Blank, at 271, 276.
95. Id. at 286.
96. Id. at 276, 277.
97. Kleck, cited in Kopel, Guns: Who Should Have Them?, at 323.
98. Alan Korwin, Gun Laws of America: Every Federal Gun Law on the Books (1995): 22, 23.
99. Kopel, Guns: Who Should Have Them?, at 355.
100. Id., at 356.
101. Id., at 359.
102. Id., at 360. Kopel notes how several infamous criminals -- such as John Hinckley (who shot Jim Brady) and George Hennard (who killed 22 people at Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas) -- were each reenacting scenes from movies that they had previously seen or studied.
103. Steve Twomey, "Indiscretions That Are Not So Youthful," The Washington Post, 6 December 1993.
104. Christine Biegler, "Fearing crime, more women buy firearms," The Washington Times, 19 Nov. 1992.
105. Paxton Quigley, Armed & Female (1989): 7.
106. According to Dr. Gary Kleck, about 205,000 women use guns every year to protect themselves against sexual abuse. Kleck and Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime," at 185.
107. Don B. Kates, Jr., Guns, Murders, and the Constitution: A Realistic Assessment of Gun Control, (1990), at 29, citing U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
108. Id., at 25, 26.
109. Kleck, Point Blank, at 393, 394; Colin Greenwood, Chief Inspector of West Yorkshire Constabulary, Firearms Control: A Study of Armed Crime and Firearms Control in England and Wales, (1972):31; David Kopel, The Samurai, the Mountie, and the Cowboy: Should America Adopt the Gun Controls of Other Democracies, (1992):91, 154.
110. For example, Great Britain's Pistols Act of 1903 has not stopped murders from increasing. In 1902, there were 181 murders; in 1904 there were 208 murders. By 1974, the number of murders in the country had risen almost 200% since before the passage of the 1903 Pistols Act. (Compare Greenwood, supra note 93, with Greenwood, "Comparative Cross-Cultural Statistics," in Don B. Kates, ed., Restricting Handguns: The Liberal Skeptics Speak Out, (1979):44.) Moreover, from 1946 through 1969, the number of cases where firearms were used or carried in a crime skyrocketed almost 1,000 percent. (Greenwood, Firearms Control, at 158.)
See also Kevin Helliker, "As Gun Crimes Rise, Britain is Considering Cutting Legal Arsenal," The Wall Street Journal, 19 April 1994; Clyde H. Farnsworth, "Tough Gun Control Near Approval in Canada," The New York Times, 17 October 1991; John E. Woodruff, "A crime wave alarms Japan, once gun-free," The Philadelphia Inquirer, 11 July 1992.
111. Erik Eckholm, "A Basic Issue: Whose Hands Should Guns Be Kept Out of?" The New York Times, 3 April 1992; and Kates, Guns, Murders, and the Constitution, at 42.
112. Dr. Edgar A. Suter, "Guns in the Medical Literature -- A Failure of Peer Review," The Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia, vol. 83, (March 1994):136.
113. Kleck and Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime," at 173, 185.
114. Criminal histories of murder victims is based on statistics from the city of Chicago: Matt L. Rodriguez, Superintendent of Police for the City of Chicago, 1992 Murder Analysis, at 23; 1993 Murder Analysis, at 23; and 1994 Murder Analysis, at 24. For criminal histories of murderers nationwide, see Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Update, (October 1991): 4.
115. Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Update, at 4.
116. FBI, "Crime in the United States," (1996): 58.
117. United States Senate, A Majority Staff Report prepared for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary, 1991 Murder Toll: Initial Projections (August 1991).
118. U.S. Senate, "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms," Report of the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, (1982): 8-17.
119. Id., at 12.
120. U.S. Senate, "The Right to Keep and Bear Arms," at 9. See also Stephen P. Halbrook, That Every Man be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (1984): 107-153.
The Senate sponsor of the 14th Amendment, Senator Jacob Howard (R-MI), said the Amendment would force the states to respect "the personal rights guaranteed and secured by the first eight amendments of the Constitution; such as freedom of speech and of the press; . . . the right to keep and bear arms . . . ." Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 3, 2765 (23 May 1866), cited in Halbrook, at 112.
The House author of the 14th Amendment, Rep. John Bingham (R-OH), said that the first eight amendments to the U.S. Constitution "never were limitations upon the power of the States, until made so by the fourteenth amendment. The words of that amendment, 'no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States,' are an express prohibition upon every State of the Union." Cong. Globe, 42d Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 2, Appendix, 84 (31 Mr. 1871), cited in Halbrook, at 146. (Rep. Bingham stated that the "privileges and immunities of citizens of a State, are chiefly defined in the first eight amendments to the Constitution of the United States.")
That the Fourteenth Amendment was intended, among other things, to prevent states from disarming black citizens is clear. During debate over the 14th Amendment, Senator Thomas Hendricks (D-IN) bragged that "colored" people in his state do not enjoy the same rights as white people. Thus, he opposed adoption of the 14th Amendment because among other things, it would grant Second Amendment rights to the "negroes, the coolies, and the Indians." Cong. Globe, 39th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 3, 2939 (4 June 1866) cited in Halbrook, at 113.
121. Public Law 99-308, Sect. 1(b).


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18 U.S.C. 2257 Déclaration d'exemption

subset: commoncrawl


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Normal anatomy
Veins carry blood back to the heart from the tissues. Blood flowing in the veins is under lower pressure and moves more slowly than blood flowing in the arteries. Blood is therefore more likely to clot in the veins, thus blocking the flow through the veins.
Blood clot formation in the veins is called venous thrombosis. Venous thrombosis most commonly forms in the veins of the legs. Risk factors for venous thrombosis include prolonged bed rest or immobility, as can be necessary after surgery, cancer, and estrogen therapy.
Procedure, part 1
Venous thrombosis can cause swelling and pain of the leg in which it forms. Large clots can also break free and travel to the heart and lungs, where they can cause cardiac arrest and sometimes death. This is called pulmonary embolism.
Procedure, part 2
Venous thrombosis of the legs is diagnosed by ultrasound. Treatment usually involves medication to thin the blood and dissolve the thrombosis. Two common medications are heparin and coumadin. If patients are not candidates for blood-thinning medication (such as patients with a history of stroke or bleeding), a filter is placed in the large vein leading from the leg to the heart, to catch any clot that may embolize up toward the heart. These filters can be inserted through a catheter inserted in the veins of the groin.
Post-operative patients are at risk for pulmonary embolism because of the time spent in bed after surgery. One method for reducing the risk of venous thrombosis is the use of sequential compression devices (SCDs). These are stockings that wrap around the legs and periodically inflate and deflate with air. In part, this prevents the formation of thrombosis in the leg veins by increasing blood flow through the veins. The use of SCDs and early ambulation after surgery greatly reduces the risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Walking immediately after surgery also reduces the risk of thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. SCDs are used after many major surgeries until patients are able to walk regularly on their own.
Review Date:
Reviewed By:
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, and Nissi Wang.


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MONTREAL — Drinking four cups of wine at the Passover seder is not only a tradition, but almost a sacred duty among observant Jews.
But one Chabad-sponsored holiday meal will have no alcohol on the table: a Sober Seder offered by Chabad Lifeline, a support program for those with addictions of all kinds.
At the first seder on March 25, Chabad Lifeline will open the doors of its centre at 4615 Côte Ste. Catherine Rd. to anyone with alcohol abuse problems or who are in recovery evening.
At this otherwise regular seder, the beverage poured into their cups will be grape juice.
Rabbi Benjamin Bresinger, Chabad Lifeline's director, has been running these alcohol-free seders for the past five years since he returned to his native Montreal from the United States.
You don't have to be a client of Chabad Lifeline to attend. In fact, you don't even have to be Jewish, because the centre's services are offered on a non-sectarian basis. Family members, including children, are urged to join in as well.
Bresinger and his wife Karen – the centre's clinical director – and their five kids, ages 2 to 14, will be there. The younger Bresingers have been attending similar Sober Seders most of their lives, back to the days when their parents started working with addicted people in New Jersey.
Since 2011, Chabad Lifeline (formerly Project Pride) has been located in a gracious two-storey home dating back to the 1920s, owned by the nearby Jewish General Hospital.
"There are segments of the Jewish community that are not going to participate in a [regular] seder because alcohol is served," said Rabbi Bresinger.
Being around alcohol in a social setting can be particularly difficult for those in recovery.
"Some will go and pretend to drink, others will feel like they don't belong if they don't," he said.
That has much to do with the denial and shame that persists in the Jewish community about alcoholism, he thinks. Even within families, there is often a lack of recognition of the seriousness of the problem or sensitivity to the recovery process.
"Those in recovery also benefit from the camaraderie of being with others going through the same thing – especially during the holidays," he said.
Rabbi Bresinger finds the themes of Passover especially relevant to those battling addiction. He describes addiction as a type of slavery, and those who have come through it can remember the bitterness of the past and savour their freedom today.
The spouses of these addicts, he adds, also can relate to the slavery to redemption analogy because they, too, suffer.
Of course, he also believes in the power of spirituality to heal.
During the seder, participants are invited to share their personal stories candidly. Chabad Lifeline's guiding philosophy is that addiction – be it alcohol, drugs, gambling, even sex – is a treatable illness, therefore, those suffering from it should not be judged.
Rabbi Bresinger believes it's beneficial for their relatives, even children, to witness these confessions because they can better understand what the afflicted are going through.
"I know it enriches my children," he said, "It's taught them that there can be no judgment of another's suffering."
Chabad Lifeline receives 16,000 visits per year, Rabbi Bresinger said, and 60 per cent of those using its services are Jewish. It currently runs 17 support groups a week.
For more information, visit www.chabadlifeline.com.


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CRESTVIEW � While it's common to see several city youth baseball and softball teams fill Durrell Lee Park on a Saturday afternoon this time of year, one team's uniforms have stood out.
CRESTVIEW � While it's common to see several city youth baseball and softball teams fill Durrell Lee Park on a Saturday afternoon this time of year, one team's uniforms have stood out.
The Crestview Cardinals � a team of 11 boys, ages 11-12 � are raising breast cancer awareness by wearing white and pink T-shirts. The shirts, featuring an image of a bra, promote Making Strides Against Breast Cancer.
"It was actually (Tyler), my son's, idea. I just took it and ran with it," coach Jeremy Southard said. His 12-year-old plays first and third base and the team�s catcher.
The Southards said women in their family have a history of breast cancer. Tyler�s grandmother, Angie Southard, had a cancerous tumor near her brain removed, and had cancer in her uterus.
"They thought they were going to lose me," she said, adding she has been cancer-free for 10 years. She served as the American Cancer Society-North Okaloosa unit�s president from 1996 to 1998.
Her journey, and involvement, helped spark Tyler�s idea.
"So I was thinking ... how about we do a breast cancer awareness baseball game," Tyler said, recalling the event�s origin.
Angie Harder and Candice Bellino, volunteers from the Fort Walton Beach ACS office, passed out ACS T-shirts, pins and wristbands for a small donation. They also distributed informational cards.
Saturday's event, which netted $157, was the kickoff fundraiser for the annual Making Strides against Breast Cancer Walk coming Oct. 26 to Destin.
Find it online
Follow the Making Strides against Breast Cancer on the Emerald Coast�s Facebook at http://on.fb.me/101e5k4.
Call 244-3813 for more information.
Contact News Bulletin Staff Writer Matthew Brown at 850-682-6524 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @cnbMatthew.


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Prospects for getting an agriculture disaster program through Congress now are "fairly low," a House Agriculture Committee staff member says.
"There was a major push for this prior to the mid-term elections, and there are still people pushing for it — but there's no appetite for this in Washington," Tom Sell, the committee's deputy staff director told members of the Southern Crop Production Association at their annual meeting at Charleston, S.C.
"If more assistance is given to agriculture, there will have to be offsetting reductions in other programs, and that's very difficult to do. The budget environment nowadays is very difficult, so agriculture in the new Congress will be in a mode of trying to protect what we got in the 2002 farm bill.
"Also, a lot of appropriations and other measures still have to be settled, and with the budgetary climate facing Congress, budget deficits, and the rather generous 2002 farm bill, a disaster program would be a very hard sell."
Hunt Shipman, USDA deputy under secretary for farm and foreign agricultural services, speaking on the same program, agreed. "Additionally, I think the recent increases we've seen in prices for several commodities, will temper any push for disaster payments."
Both said the new Congress is likely to do some "tweaking" of the farm bill's provisions.
"Lawmakers have always had a propensity to do this," Sell said, "and they likely will do some fine-tuning of this bill, particularly the most controversial provisions dealing with payment limitations. A number of members, particularly from the Midwest, are trying to make this their Number One tweaking goal.
"There's a lot of emotion surrounding this, and a lot of rhetoric, most of which isn't based on fact. It's great that Sen. Thad Cochran (R-Miss.) is now chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, rather than Sens. Harkin or Lugar, who are not so favorable to this issue. Sen. Cochran will try his best to keep others from wresting money away from the farm bill to give to other programs."
While some changes are to be expected to the landmark legislation, Shipman said, "Those who wrote this farm bill did an absolutely masterful job, and there's not a lot of need for technical corrections."
Sell said, "We're very excited by the recent elections, the increase in the Republican majority in the House, and the Republicans regaining control of the Senate. House Agriculture Committee Chairman Larry Combest (R-Texas) said Sen. Cochran's return as chairman of the Senate ag committee represents 'a great day for agriculture.' Between them, they've achieved some great victories for U.S. agriculture. American farmers couldn't have a better team working for them.
The upcoming two years of Republican control of the House will push the total to a decade, Sell noted.
But "one unfortunate aspect" is that when Republicans took control of the House, they placed a term limit on chairmanships of six years.
"Unless that's changed — and we've been lobbying for it — this will be the last two years of Rep. Combest's chairmanship. He has a great love for agriculture and cares deeply about facilitating the empowerment of this great industry, and we would hate to lose his experience and authority."
(Subsequent to the meeting, Rep. Combest announced he would resign in six months due to "personal reasons," among them the recent death of his 88-year old father.)


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Johnny Depp takes up Alice Cooper's offer to play onstage
The School's Out singer has often praised the actor for his guitar skills and offered him a regular slot in his band after Depp impressed him during an appearance at a Cooper show in London last year (11).
The rock star said, "Johnny came to Hollywood to play guitar. He didn't come as an actor at all... I always say to him, 'If you really want to go out on tour, let me know and you can come with us.' I wouldn't be surprised if he did."
And Cooper's premonition became reality at the Orpheum Theatre on Thursday when Depp joined his pal onstage and stuck around to play on several covers, beginning with Cooper's rendition of The Doors' Break On Through (To the Other Side) and the Beatles' Revolution.
Cooper and Depp were also onstage together for the set-ending School's Out anthem.


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Call To Book
Among the top choices in Duke University hotels, Courtyard by Marriott offers spacious accommodations and award-winning service near Downtown Durham, Treyburn Office Park and RTP. Each of our guest rooms feature luxurious bedding, fresh new d cor, and 32-inch HDTVs with in-room movies and games. Guests at our Duke hotel's accommodations can also enjoy complimentary high-speed wireless Internet throughout the hotel, and a Market offering freshly made sandwiches, salads, snacks and beverages. In addition, there are a wide range of restaurants just steps from our door. Enjoy your time at our Duke University hotel for shopping, dining or sightseeing at places such as Duke Medical Center, Sarah P. Duke Gardens, Museum of Life and Sciences, Nasher Museum, Durham Bulls Athletic Park (DBAP), Durham Performing Arts Center (DPAC), Carolina Theater, Durham Convention Center, and American Tobacco Campus! We look forward to welcoming you to our relaxing Durham hotel near Duke University.


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Neil Young & Crazy Horse Hole In The Sky Debut Perth Arena, Western Australia 2nd Mar 2013 [01:43]
Neil Young and Crazy Horse Live Debut of the unreleased track "Hole In The Sky" during Alchemy Tour at the Perth Arena, Perth Western Australia on the 2nd of...
Introduction to Western Horse Riding [02:51]
Taking a dude ranch vacation? Want to know the difference between English and Western style horse riding? Learn about Western Riding and hear a beginner's ta...
Jordan In The House: Wild West [06:10]
Jordan heads to a horse ranch to check out some country western-style decor...and to play with bunnies. And little chickens that look like snowballs. And som...
Westowa jazda konna(Western Horse Riding:) cz.I [04:08]
Nasza westernowa jazda konna cz.I
Westowa jazda konna(Western Horse Riding) cz.II [03:49]
Nasza westernowa jazda konna cz.II Na koniec-mały galopik:)


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The Yreka Miners volleyball team won a five set battle 25-22, 17-25,19-25, 25-22,15-8 against Lassen in the second round of the Northern Section Division 4 playoffs Thursday night in Susanville.
"Overall, just an awesome team win," head coach Scott Eastman said.
After Yreka earned a 25-22 set one victory, the Miners proceeded to drop the second and third sets.
Eastman said that his team, "gave me a heart attack in the middle of the match. But when we applied our system we just wore them down."
In the fourth set, Yreka was down 15-11, with the season on the line. Eastman said that the squad did a great job battling back in the fourth set to force a fifth set where everything came together.The key, Eastman said, was that the girls played the way they do in practice and ran the Miners system well.
"It was like the light switch came on." Eastman said. "The girls applied what they have been practicing to the match."
The Miners, the No. 5 seed, and the Grizzlies, the No. 4 seed, both had first round byes. Yreka, which made the section finals last season, moves on to the section semifinals next Thursday. The Miners are set to face either No. 1 seed Sutter or No. 9 seed Orland.Eastman was pleased to see several players contribute to the win, and said it was a true team effort.
"The setters played their best match of the year," Eastman said. "The defense came around in games four and five."
Emily Andrus finished with 15 kills, while Ashley Ensminger had 14 kills and Justine Cota had 11 kills.
Both squads split the regular season, with Yreka winning in three sets at home on Oct. 9 and Lassen winning on its home court in four sets on Oct. 25. Yreka improved to 29-7 overall while Lassen ended the season 20-4. Both teams finished the NAL season at 7-1 and co-shared the league crown. it was the first time since 1989 that the Miners earned a NAL title.
Miners volleyball team wins five set playoff battle
The Yreka Miners volleyball team won a five set battle 25-22, 17-25,19-25, 25-22,15-8 against Lassen in the second round of the Northern Section Division 4 playoffs Thursday night in Susanville.


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You would think DiCaprio would give away some of these gigs to his actor buddies who aren't doing so well. Like, couldn't he have thrown this Lohan's way? Or even Tobey Maguire? He probably has less than all the money.
For such a Serious Actor, you might also assume that slinging Jim Beam is beneath him. But it's not, and that makes me love him a little. He delivers the same intense performance as he does in Inception, but with a Super Mario Kart soundtrack. EeeeYAhhhhh!
[via WOW]


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What happens to the battery bank capacity, and the charging and discharging characteristics, when you connect a 12-volt (V), 100 amp-hour (AH) battery and a 12 V, 200 AH battery in series? Conversely, what happens when they are connected in parallel?
Sid Baxter • Pocatello, Idaho
Connecting two battery banks of different amp-hour capacity together in series is a bad idea. The problem is that the battery charging controls will operate based on the average battery voltage and the two batteries will have very different voltages because their capacities are different. The 100 AH battery will become fully charged long before the larger one. The combined voltage will rise, but by the time the controller turns off the charging sources, the 100 AH battery will be overcharged. Meanwhile, the 200 AH battery will not get fully charged. When the bank is being discharged, the 100 AH battery will go flat and its voltage will fall well before the 200 AH battery. The inverter will eventually cut out but not before the 100 AH battery is excessively drained.
Connecting two banks with different capacities in parallel is technically fine since the batteries will be operating at the same voltage. Charge and discharge current will be shared, based on capacity. It is best if the batteries are of the same type and age. For example, avoid combining a sealed (gel or absorbed glass mat) battery with a flooded (conventional) battery because they have different charging setpoints. Broadly speaking, you can parallel batteries without problems, and the charge controller will look after them. Just make sure you give them plenty of charge. If the system tends to operate at less than a full state of charge, adding new batteries to old will probably just result in the old ones pulling the new ones down and everything getting sulphated.
Hugh Piggott • Scoraig Wind Electric


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The Dynamo were eliminated from the CONCACAF Champions' Cup in the semifinals for the second consecutive year, falling 3-0 to Deportivo Saprissa in the intimidating Estadio Ricardo Saprissa. Houston played without Pat Onstad and had to remove Craig Waibel just six minutes into the game, both due to injury.
Houston Dynamo vs. Deportivo Saprissa
April 09, 2008 -- Estadio Ricardo Saprissa, San Jose CRC
CONCACAF Champions' Cup -- Semifinals, Game 2
Scoring Summary:
SAP -- Armando Alonso 35
SAP -- Celso Borges 49
SAP -- Jairo Arrieta 77
Houston Dynamo -- Tony Caig, Richard Mulrooney, Craig Waibel (Brian Mullan 6), Patrick Ianni, Wade Barrett, Geoff Cameron, Ricardo Clark, Dwayne De Rosario, Corey Ashe, Brian Ching (Chris Wondolowski 78), Franco Caraccio (Brad Davis 74).
Substitutes Not Used: unavailable.
Deportivo Saprissa -- Keilor Navas, Jervis Drummond, Victor Cordero, Gabriel Badilla, Try Bennett, Celso Borges, Michael Barrantes (Manfred Russell 87), Andres Nunez, Jairo Arrieta, Ronald Gomez (Walter Centeno 67, Jose Luis Lopez 81), Armando Alonso.
Substitutes Not Used: unavailable.
Misconduct Summary:
HOU -- Ricardo Clark (caution) 90
Referee: Marco Rodriguez (MEX)
Referee's Assistants: unavailable
4th official: unavailable
Attendance: 23,112
All statistics contained in this boxscore are unofficial


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The Daily Word in one-armed pole dancing, no-armed giraffe feeding, bad GPS directions
Man accused of stealing bus in Grants appears in court.
One-armed pole dancer takes world title.
No-armed zoo enthusiast gets to feed a giraffe with his toes.
Abq man blames city for a tree falling on his house during the weekend's wind.
Prez knocks back a cold Guinness at The Dubliner pub in D.C.
The FAA may lighten up on rules about electronic devices on airplanes.
Hobbes and Tyler Durden sympathize.
Japanese tourists wind up stuck in the ocean after following GPS directions.
Man ticketed after tying his cat to a rock because it wouldn't go jogging with him. Stupid cats.
Mets owners agree to pay out $162 million in Madoff case.
Open fire leaves at least 4 dead at Jewish school in France.
RIP Red Bull founder Chaleo Yoovidhya.


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Capture video files directly on a PC from webcam, external devices or record your computer screen.
- Capture video directly to your hard drive.
- Record video in many different file formats including .avi, .wmv, .flv, .asf, .mpg, .3gp, .mp4, .mov and more.
- Record from your webcam, screen or video input device (eg. VHS recorder).
- Record almost anything - anything you can see on your monitor can be recorded.
- Record video and audio simultaneously.
- Create photo snap-shots at any time.
- Add your own text captions or time stamp your video.
- Change colour settings and video effects before recording.
- Adjust the video resolution, size and frame rate for capture.
- Ability to burn directly to DVD with Express Burn DVD Recorder.
- Works with BroadCam Streaming Video Server to stream over the internet.
We don't have any change log information yet for version 1.60 Beta of Debut Video Capture. Sometimes publishers take a little while to make this information available, so please check back in a few days to see if it has been updated.
Can you help?
If you have any change log info you can share with us, we'd love to hear from you! Head over to our Contact page and let us know.