text:
MONTPELIER, Vt. — Some environmentalists may be overstating fears about the corrosive effects of tar sands oil on pipelines like the one across northern New England, a new study published by the National Academy of Sciences says.
Possible pipeline corrosion by tar sands oil has been cited by opponents both of a possible reversal of flow in the northern New England pipeline and the Keystone XL pipeline proposed to carry tar sands oil from western Canada to refineries in Texas.
Opponents say moving the oil through the aging pipeline would be a threat because it is thicker and more corrosive than the regular crude it now carries, making it more likely to spill and cause an environmental disaster. They also say that when burned, the fuel contributes more greenhouse gas emissions than lighter crude.
In Vermont, environmental official Kirsten Sultan ruled in April that a plan to reverse the flow of the New England pipeline, which now flows east to west from Maine to Montreal, would require a new permit under state law.
The pipe's owner, the Portland Pipe Line Corp. is asking Sultan to reconsider. On Tuesday, its lawyer, Peter Van Oot, wrote to Sultan and asked her to take into account a study released June 26 by the Transportation Research Board, an affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences. The NAS is a private, nonprofit organization chartered by Congress to advise the federal government on scientific matters.
The study said there did not appear to be increased risk from shipping tar sands oil on pipelines that otherwise would carry traditional crude oil.
"The committee does not find any causes of pipeline failure unique to the transportation of" tar sands oil, the study said. The committee also said it found no aspects of the oil that would make it more likely than other crude oils to affect its transportation.
The American Petroleum Institute welcomed the findings, noting that Canadian crude oils have been transported safely in the U.S. for 40 years.
"All crude oils have to meet the same criteria when put in a pipeline, which protects the pipeline and communities along its route, as well as the quality of all transported crudes," the API's pipeline director, Peter Lidiak, said in a statement.
One person outspoken about perceived dangers of shipping tar sands oil over pipelines is Jim Murphy, senior attorney with the National Wildlife Federation's Northeast regional office in Montpelier.
Murphy wrote in a blog post on Monday that the study "is no surprise and provides no comfort." He said the study did not consider several key issues, one being that when tar sands oil does leak, it sinks to the bottom rather than floating on the surface of water, making cleanup much more difficult.
"The study did not look at how this substance behaves after it spills," Murphy wrote.
Local & State
Beware the snow piling on your roof
Local & State
Pay-per-bag proposal, targeting plastic shopping bags, up for discussion in Augusta
Local & State
Five-year plans for Monmouth to include estimated $300,000 upgrade of salt shed
Local & State
Young man, daughter, 5, left homeless after Cornville fire
Nation & World
Michael Cohen delays testimony to Congress, citing threats from Trump, Giuliani


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Hi all, I recently got an Olympus ds-3400 for free... I'm hoping this will be a good digital recorder for EVP work, as it costs about $500.00 msrp.
My problem is this : it records in .ds2 format ( ie .DSS pro ), and i cant fing an editor that can play this type of file. Nor can I find an audio file converter that can convert .ds2 files.
What was olympus thinking ? anyway.... Im frustrated, and wondering if anyone can offer help. I do have another recorder ... a phillips voicetracer 620 digital, it records in mp3.
I would like to use the Olympus ds-3400, but I'm against a wall. Would the phillips work just as good ? i paid 59.00 bucks for it... so i cant imagine it would be as good as the 500.00 dollar one.
Anyway... thanks for any input...
Olympus ds-3400 ?
Started by IrishMonk , Feb 02 2010 01:20 AM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Necessities: My Cetma 5-Rail Front Rack
If there's one piece of equipment that's really changed my bicycle's capabilities, it's the 5 Rail Front Rack from Cetma. Since adding one to my Factory Five F550 about a year ago, I can confidently say that my life has improved; especially when it comes to grocery shopping and heading out on skate missions. I spend 3-4 days a week out skating and filming, getting the worst back pains from carrying a heavy camera bag all day while skating. Since getting myself a Cetma rack, I'll now simply strap my board and Chrome Niko bag to the rack using bungee cords and roll from spot to spot. Not only is my back much happier, I arrive at each spot with a head start on warming up. I also no longer have to deal with dragging all my gear through the metro.
With summer right around the corner, the 5-rail rack will be getting even more use. During the winter months, I don't really mind carrying a backpack as it keeps me a bit warmer. Though in the warmer weather, my stance on backpacks is the opposite; I avoid them at all costs even though I end up carrying the same amount of gear. When you're already getting sweaty from riding the last thing you want is extra weight and sweat on your back. The solution? Strap whatever you're carrying to the rack and cruise in comfort!
The Cetma 5-Rail is a breeze to install and remove as well. In the time it takes to change a tube, you can either install or remove your rack…though I just keep mine on at all times. If your main ride is lacking cargo carrying capabilities and don't want to go the pannier/rack route (or your frame is lacking the eyelets), then you should take a good look at the offerings from Cetma.


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|2012-05-11, 13:41
|Link #28761
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Renall have you considered the fact that if it was Erika that came up with that idea she would have gained an unlimited and unrestricted use of seals?
Or rather the fact that by your Battler's logic Erika had the right to use her seals wherever she pleased and retroactively on top of that.
|2012-05-11, 13:56
|Link #28762
Join Date: May 2009
I presume you mean that, by simply choosing to carefully define some non-contiguous area as "location x," she could have sealed anything and everything that she wanted using only three seals. That's true, if she were aware of it. The whole point Battler is making there is that it's her responsibility to ask for specifics, since she was the one who threw out implication and narrative fidelity in favor of extreme specifics. So yes, Erika could have defined any room she wanted as "Battler's guestroom," but she didn't, because she never asked to be sure that when they talked about a specific room by name, they actually meant the room the narrative described. Hey, she had every opportunity to ask him to clarify!
It's silly, because it's a joke, so I wouldn't look too much harder into it. It is "fair," at least inasmuch as Erika was being "fair."
|2012-05-11, 14:08
|Link #28763
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Think about it, Erika didn't use just three seals, we have at least 6 confirmed seals. two on the guestroom's doors, two on their respective windows, one on Battler's room's door and one on the broken chainlock. Plus there was probably one on that window's room too. So it's at least 6-7 seals.
So what's the actual deal? Erika was given the choice of three rooms that she could seal however she wanted and with as many seals she wished for!
Now you get the picture? ^_-
|2012-05-11, 14:29
|Link #28764
Join Date: May 2009
And I agree, she could have done that. Why didn't she? She didn't ask.
Same reason she could declare all those people dead. Battler didn't ask her to state every action she'd taken from start of story to finish. He could have! He didn't. I'm just turning the logic back against Erika. She didn't ask what a "room" means, so it's her fault she couldn't seal absolutely anything and everything using only the quantity Battler provided. In fact, were she clever enough, she could probably seal every entry or exit point to every location ever to exist using just one "seal," with a proper definition of a single "room."
Totally fair based on the rules Bern and Erika were playing by. Her fault for not exploiting Battler's excessive generosity.
|2012-05-11, 14:47
|Link #28765
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2011
|2012-05-11, 14:49
|Link #28766
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
However given your fanfic Battler was aware of that loophole and didn't try to block it.
Meaning he was banking on the fact Erika would never see it (if she did, he'd be pretty much screwed).
What would he have done if Erika actually used that definition of room? Would he have been a good sport and accept utter defeat or would have he declared that such definition wasn't acceptable?
|2012-05-11, 15:01
|Link #28767
Join Date: May 2009
Had she been aware of the trickery in play, she would not have lost in either the actual case of ep6 or the theory I had Battler propose. It is possible to imagine a scenario in which an absolutely inescapable Logic Error is created, but were that actually done there'd be no dramatic resolution when someone is able to escape from it.
If Erika had actually suggested this before the Logic Error, he probably would've shot her down and forbidden it. There's no reason she would have done so, however, given that she was trying to get him to be more specific, not less. Thus any failure of specificity is squarely on Erika. Now, had she been specific enough, she could have easily won in any event.
|2012-05-11, 16:49
|Link #28768
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Yeah your reasoning follows but this
But I suppose you're fine with that!
|2012-05-11, 18:09
|Link #28769
Senior Member
The red truth of the sealing in Episode 6 doesn't make sense.
In Episode 1, Eva placed a seal, and in Episode 5, Eva and Erika placed seals at various times. Later, they observed their seals to be unbroken when they opened the door / window. From this, they were able to conclude that the door / windows were not used between the times when they were sealed to when the seal was broken. This is valid.
But in Episode 6, Erika never observes the seals again. For all she knows, somebody could have broken the seal after she left the guesthouse and beaten her to Battler's room. She can't conclude in red that the doors / windows weren't used.
|2012-05-11, 19:53
|Link #28770
Join Date: May 2009
|2012-05-11, 20:21
|Link #28771
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Gnawing away at Rokkenjima
|2012-05-11, 20:25
|Link #28772
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Actually we know that one of the seals was broken. Why else Dlanor wouldn't simply deny that instead of sealing Gaap's blue truth?
The seal of the window of "the next room over" had to have been broken, else Dlanor's actions wouldn't make sense. But this means that anyone in that room could have gone and helped Battler, just as Gaap proposed.
The shkanon gimmick in the end was necessary not so much as to find a solution to save Battler, giving the setting, but rather as a way to bypass Dlanor's veto on the blue truth about the seal of the window. Blue truth that however Battler wouldn't need since he was the Game Master and could use the red truth directly.
This however doesn't make much sense to me for other reasons.
First off, how could the seal be broken if Battler didn't actively made one of his pieces do that? It's already difficult to accept hat Erika as a player could do something behind Battler's back, but even pieces? That's too ridiculous. This of course leads straight to genious Battler, but how in the world Dlanor didn't find strange that Battler wouldn't use one of the persons inside the neighboring room even though the window seal was broken? And it appears that Erika was aware of that too.
Second, if the seals could be broken, and if Battler didn't mind doing so... then why he didn't simply do that? He could have broken not only the seals of the neighboring room but even the one in the cousin's room. If there was no rule to prevent that, then hell! He's never really been in a pinch at all. Again genious Battler, but goddamn stupid Erika. Either that, or totally clueless Battler.
Third, Beatrice's grand strategy wouldn't have worked at all if the seal of the window of the room where Shannon was trapped hadn't been already broken. Which means someone else paved the way for her and yet she didn't wonder how come Battler didn't notice that and didn't use that to his advantage.
In the end the whole shkanon gimmick still required that one of the seals was broken. i.e. the shkanon gimmick wasn't needed at all if Battler used directly that.
So in the end Renall... there was an even easier and pretty stupid solution for Battler to save himself if he wanted.
Last edited by Jan-Poo; 2012-05-11 at 20:36.
|2012-05-11, 20:43
|Link #28774
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
Denying this would make it even more ridiculous, because that would mean that the shkannon gimmick had already happened and was present in the gameboard without Battler noticing it.
|2012-05-11, 20:49
|Link #28775
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2011
Even Ange and Featherine point it out: "The story still continues..."
I'm pretty sure the reason BATTLER was locked into a Logic Error was because *that* BATTLER was a game piece.
1) Gamemaster Battler made sure there were no Logic Errors
2) Red cannot be said if it isn't true. Therefore if it's impossible for the events to happen and the seals *not* be broken, then it is impossible to say it in red.
3) The Meta of EP6 is layered pretty high, and loops around at itself. I know I'm just handwaving your question but: "Don't think about it, you'll just get a headache"
|2012-05-11, 21:08
|Link #28776
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: forever lost inside a logic error
And it was pointless to distract Erika for the seals since Erika could not check the seals anyway, Dlanor could. And Dlanor had to have the power to know at any given time the situation of the seals to be able to pronounce red truths about their status.
Since Dlanor refused to give a red truth about the seal on the window on the next room over, while she had no problem doing so for the cousin's room, then that means she already knew the seal was broken. And that happened before Beatrice challenged Erika.
|2012-05-11, 21:28
|Link #28777
Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2011
Dlanor played dirty by putting the seal on... the seals, which is why Beatrice had to get Erika to remove it, because it was the only thing that was holding them back against Beato.
Wasn't it your EP8's parody of Ange reading to Ikuko the story of Ange reading to Ikuko? I was dying of laughter because of your execution, but I seriously think that it's real similar to what's actually going on. I say that with a straight face.
|2012-05-11, 22:04
|Link #28778
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
You know ... I may have said it before, but I'm of the opinion that both End and Dawn represent "works in progress", that haven't been finished yet. And Erika, a piece born of the established fandom's wish for Piece!Battler to not be incompetent, represents either the writer struggling, or a helping figure "suggesting" the sorts of actions an aggressive detective like that would take, just to make the writing process more difficult.
Okay, I mean yeah, BATTLER was presented as having completely baked the proverbial cake, and the EP opens with him putting the icing and cherries on a perfectly woven tale, but ... well, Featherine's still working on it, right?
Also, my own problem with Shkanon isn't so much that it EXISTS, but that he tried to hinge almost EVERY mystery on it. Could have explored several other directions to mix things up, especially with 18 characters to play around with.
|2012-05-11, 22:27
|Link #28779
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: Gnawing away at Rokkenjima
Hideyoshi entered the guest room
Hideyoshi did not leave the guest room
Hideyoshi does not exist in the guest room
Hideyoshi is dead.
|2012-05-11, 23:45
|Link #28780
Join Date: May 2009
Except... that was Beatrice's solution! Her solution was just "yeah someone in one of the two sealed rooms broke a seal and left to get Battler." The Kanon thing was just sleight of hand to flummox Erika. The actual solution was, even in its presentation, as mundane as possible. This runs entirely counter to Battler's stubbornness to not do that.
So really, the only thing you can possibly conclude is that Genius Battler is true, at least inasmuch as Battler only entered the Logic Error because he wanted to. A multitude of mundane solutions were available to him to salvage the situation (ep6 even says this), so there's no way he can be "trapped" in a Logic Error unless he refuses to take a particular line of reasoning. Which is fine if he's standing on principles to preserve the fantasy... but Beatrice's solution doesn't actually preserve the fantasy outside the Kanon trick, which is unrelated to the actual Logic Error solution itself.
So what the hell was the point?
|Thread Tools


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It's been a while since our man Randy has written about the weekly Wednesday night group ride from here at HQ, so this time he broke out his poetry skills to distill the events of the ride down to their essence:
Riders eleven / Humidity heavy like bull / Kicked off like a sheet
Double pace line form / Car back, car back, car back fools / It means single up
McCarter unstrung / Reeled in fighting for the line / Where did he come from?
Manager from rear / Strength took sprint with more to prove / Left wingman, Mav
Lithe UNC Soph / Hirsute trunks spin slower now / Off the back you learn
Gillis regrets pull / Harm done only to one's pride / Strong, but not that strong
Salesman banter fluff / Rehabilitated con / Crawford, where you at?
Rogers is confused / Bikes move on the vertical / Not counterclockwise
Webster to Jonesy / Conspiracies to punish / Step off this wack mess!
Solo attack wow / Watch Tachycardia chase / Neal just exploded
Here we go again / Punch drunk pugilist lays hurt / Rogers and Eich hold
Overby spit out / Jones and Webster huff / Chasers chase the chase
Damascus regroup / Rogers, Jones lead the descent / Gillis jumps the hill first
McCarter blows by / Jones an octopus arm's length / Suction cups employed
Gillis yields to Eich / Ahead distance grows shorter / Alas a vain chase
McCarter feels heat / Jones in afterburner wash / Glory to the chops
Soft pedal homeward / Rehydration Manther style / What beer you drinkin?


text:
219 East Erie Street
Near North Side, Chicago, 60611
Commute to Downtown Chicago
Daily errands do not require a car.
World-class public transportation.
219 East Erie Street has a Walk Score of 99 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
219 East Erie Street is a nine minute walk from the Red Line at the Grand-Red stop.
This location is in the Near North Side neighborhood in Chicago. Nearby parks include Seneca Park, Lake Shore Park and Cityfront Plaza.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 219 East Erie Street.
219 East Erie Street is a Rider's Paradise which means world-class public transportation. Car sharing is available from Zipcar, I-GO and Getaround.
Rail lines:
Red Line
0.4 mi
ME Metra Electric
0.7 mi
Brown Line
0.7 mi
Purple Line
0.7 mi
Green Line
0.7 mi
Pink Line
0.7 mi
Orange Line
0.7 mi
Blue Line
0.7 mi
Bus lines:
157 Streeterville/Taylor
0.1 mi
2 Hyde Park Express
0.1 mi
3 King Drive
0.1 mi
66 Chicago
0.1 mi
121 Union/Wacker Express
0.1 mi
120 Ogilvie/Wacker Express
0.1 mi
148 Clarendon Michigan Express
0.1 mi
146 Inner Drive/Michigan Express
0.1 mi
26 South Shore Express
0.1 mi
125 Water Tower Express
0.1 mi
219 East Erie Street compared to all of Chicago.
Lowest crime area.
Lowest crime area.
How do you feel walking near 219 East Erie Street?
Thanks for your feedback!
View all Near North Side apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include furnished, top floor and fireplace.
Search for homes in Chicago or find a Chicago real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
219 East Erie Street is in the Near North Side neighborhood. Near North Side is the most walkable neighborhood in Chicago with a neighborhood Walk Score of 96.
Moving to Chicago from another city? View our moving to Chicago guide.


text:
London Tramlink
Endeavour Way
MP Tom Brake welcomed the expansion of Hydro Cleansing who recently officially opened their new offices on Endeavour Way, Beddington.
Established in 2000 with an initial capitalization of just £800, it is now the South East's leading industrial and environmental specialists.
In little more than a decade, we have grown into a fleet of 70+ vehicles, using the most advanced technologies to deliver exceptional service. The opening of a new office is not just great news for the company, but great news for employment in the local area.
Steve Hoad, owner of Hydro Cleansing, commented "this expansion justifies the huge investment we have made in revolutionary technologies over the last few years. This expansion is the next step in developing our businesses and more job opportunities in the Beddington area."
Office Opening
MP Tom Brake will be officially opening Hydro Cleansing's new office on Endeavour Way, Croydon at 9am on Wednesday 1st May.
Update and photos to follow…


text:
- Contents - e-ifc No. 29
December 2011
- Editorial
- Research Findings
- Introduction: Nitrogen-Potassium Interaction in Soil-Plant Systems: A Special Session of the IPI-INI-ING at N2010, New Delhi, India
- The Effects of Nitrogen Form on Interactions with Potassium
- Physiological and Molecular Responses of Rice to N, P, K and Mg Deficiencies
- Role of Potassium Nutrition in Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereals
- Calculation of Carbon Footprint of Potash at Dead Sea Works, Israel
- IPI Events
- Management of Potassium in Plant and Soil Systems in China
- Other Events
- IPI Publications
- Proceedings of the International Symposium on 'Soil Management and Potash Fertilizer Uses in West Asia and North Africa Region'
- Other Publications
- Soil Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Food Security
- Rice-Maize Systems in Asia: Current Situation and Potential
- Publications by the PDA
- Scientific abstracts
- Impressum
If you wish to subscribe to the e-ifc please visit the subscription page.
The Effects of Nitrogen Form on Interactions with Potassium
Bar Tal, A.(1)
(1)Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Israel, email@example.com.
Nitrogen and potassium are major nutrients in crop fertilization. The monovalent cation K+ is the ionic form of K in soil and is taken up as such by plants. For N there are several ionic and non-ionic forms in soil but plant uptake by non-legumes is usually restricted to the two main monovalent ionic forms: NH4+, a cation and NO3-, an anion. The source of N available to plants and N transformations within the soil, influence K reactions in soil, K absorption by roots, short and longdistance transport within the plant, as well as K demand by crops. NH4+ and K+ share similar valence and size properties, and consequently compete for the same exchangeable and nonexchangeable sites of soil particles. The form of N fertilizer can thus affect K availability in both the short and longterm. In the short-term, K concentration in the soil solution may increase following NH4+ fertilization, whereas long-term NH4+ fertilization has been reported to deplete exchangeable and non-exchangeable K in soil. The available N form affects K adsorption to root surfaces and plant membranes. Transport of K+ through plant membranes is affected both by NH4+ and NO3- by direct competition between K+ and NH4+ for transporters, as well as by indirect effects of electrical balance following NH4+ assimilation. K+ transport to plant shoots decreases with an increasing NH4+/NO3- ratio in the root zone; the long distance transport of NO3- in plants is related to K+ recycling within the plant. The effects of K+ on fruit quality have been shown to be dependent on the N source. Consequently, the interactions of K+ with N forms have practical implications for fertilization of crops.
Nitrogen and potassium are major crop nutrients and fertilizer components. Römheld and Kirkby (2010) recently reviewing the subject of K in agriculture considered topics including soil K availability, K uptake by plants, as well as physiological and practical aspects of plant K status. General interactions between N and K in crop fertilization have been described by Milford and Johnston (2007). The main focus of this work was to draw attention to the requirement for adequate K supply to crops in order to optimize yield response to N fertilization. Potassium status of the soil was shown to exert a considerable influence on crop uptake and response to N, as a consequence of the physiological role of K in plants. Recently, the K nutrition of crops under varied regimes of nitrogen supply was reviewed by Zhang et al. (2010). The present minireview focuses on the effect of N form on crop response to K in agriculture. The paper specifically discusses the interactions of NH4+ and NO3- with K+ in the entire soil-plant system. It includes the following areas of interest: the influence of N source and the effects of N transformations within the soil on soil K reactions; K absorption by roots; short and long-distance transport of K in plants; and whole plant response to K supply and K demand.
Ammonium and potassium interactions in soil
The main broad differences between K and N properties in relation to their chemical reactions in soil, uptake by plants and their roles in plant physiology are presented in Table 1. The exclusive monovalent ionic form of K in the soil contrasts to the several ionic and non-ionic forms of N which are present. This means that potassium is taken up by plants as K+ whereas nitrogen can be absorbed as NH4+, a cation and as NO3-, an anion. Nitrogen is a major constituent of organic molecules in plants which include amino-acids, proteins and nucleic acids. On the other hand, K remains exclusively as an inorganic cation, with one of its major physiological roles as an osmotic-regulator in plant tissues. This difference between plant N and K raises the question of possible interactions or competition between these two nutrients. NH4+ and K+ are both univalent cations and have a similar ionic radius (2.8A0). Consequently, they compete for the same exchangeable and nonexchangeable sites of soil particles. The form of N fertilizer can thus affect K availability both in the short- and long-term.
|Table 1. Comparison of different properties of nitrogen and potassium in soil and plant.
|A component of organic matter, anion and cation forms, solid, dissolved and gases forms
|Inorganic cation or component of soil minerals
|Complex chemical reactions in soil, involving microorganisms
|Simple chemical reactions in soils
|Plant-uptake mechanism
|Taken up in two main ionic forms: NH4+ and NO3-
|Taken up only as K+
|Plant-physiological role
|A major component of proteins, nucleic acid and numerous other organic compounds
|An osmotic-regulator
Potassium availability to plants in soil is governed by the transfer between four main pools in the soil: structural, fixed (non-exchangeable), exchangeable and soluble (Römheld and Kirkby, 2010). The soluble and exchangeable phases exist in all soils, the latter providing negative charge sites on clay mineral surfaces and organic matter. The fixed or non-exchangeable phase exists only in micaceous type clays (2:1 layers like illite, vermiculite and other clays from this group) (Römheld and Kirkby, 2010; Zhang et al., 2010). In soils, equilibrium exists between these different pools and the relationship between them is presented in Fig. 1. The size of the soil solution pool is very small, about 5 percent of total crop demand at any given time (Mclean and Watson, 1985), and 0.1-0.2 percent of the total soil K. However, it plays a crucial role in the K cycle as can be seen in Fig. 1. It is the only pool that is available for plants and it is in equilibrium with exchangeable K (1-2% of the total soil K) and fixed K (1-10% of the total soil K). These pools are the main contributors to K supply to plants because of the very rapid rate of exchange of soluble ions with exchangeable ions, occurring in less than seconds (Eick et al., 1990; Bar-Tal et al., 1995; Sparks, 2003). When K+ is removed from the solution by plant uptake or leaching, the soil solution is rapidly replenished by K+ from exchangeable sites, whereas the fixed clay replenishes the exchangeable sites slowly by a diffusion controlled process. The main K pool in soil (90-98%) is the structural K in minerals like micas and feldspars, but the release of this form to the soil solution during the process of weathering is very slow. Microbial biomass provides an additional K pool in soil which contains from 2.1-25.4 μg K g-1 soil or 0.1 percent of the NH4+NO3- extracted K (Khan et al., 2009). This pool and the role of micro-organisms is not crucial for the K cycle, as it is in the N cycle, because the main form of K in living tissues is the ion K+ which is readily transferred to the soil solution.
click to enlarge
Soil K status influences K uptake by plant roots. The amount of K in the soil depends on soil type, production level, retention or removal of crop residues and the input of K as fertilizer or as a component of irrigation water. Imbalance in fertilizer application, especially N fertilizers with no K, is very common. This leads to a deficiency in K due to the continuous removal of K during crop uptake that alters the amount and status of remaining K (Römheld and Kirkby, 2010). Release and fixation rates of K in soil are highly dependent on soil K balance, confirming that these are reversible processes that depend on plant uptake and fertilizer inputs (Bar-Tal et al., 1991; Simonsson et al., 2007). In a greenhouse experiment, where corn was grown in pots (3 kg soil) for one season, the control treatment (nil K input) resulted in the release of 2.6 and 1.1 mmol kg-1 from loess and sandy loam soils, respectively (Bar-Tal et al., 1991). In the same experiment, application of 30 mmol K per pot resulted in fixation of 1.33 and 1.20 mmol kg-1 to a loess and a sandy loam soil, respectively. These changes in non-exchangeable K are quite considerable when compared to the initial levels of 7.6 and 1.9 mmol kg-1 in the loess and the sandy loam soils, respectively. This may be explained by the use of small volume pots which enhanced the rate of changes in the soil. Under field conditions, however, the same processes would be expected to induce these changes at a much slower rate; taking several years to obtain similar results. Crop uptake of K under a negative soil K balance due to imbalanced NPK fertilization in the field is mainly met through K released from non-exchangeable sources (Römheld and Kirkby, 2010; Lal et al., 2007). On the other hand, a considerable increase in fixed K is observed in permanent plot experiments in high K input treatments (Benbi and Biswas, 1999) and in pot experiments (Bar-Tal et al., 1991).
The NH4+ ion is also present in soil solution and in exchangeable and fixed soil pools. There is also equilibrium between these forms as was described for K. The main chemical difference between K+ and NH4+ is that the latter can also be oxidized to nitrite and NO3-, mainly through microbial activity. Only the fixed phase NH4+ is relatively protected from the oxidation process and can be retained in the clay interlayers for long periods. The similar properties of the K+ and NH4+ ions leads to strong interactions between them in the soil. Both ions are held by the same non-exchangeable sites in the interlayers and edges of interlayers of the 2:1 clay minerals. Consequently, a simple competition where application of one ion should displace the other and increase its fraction in soil solution is to be expected. However, the reality is more complex and application of NH4+ or K+ to soil may lead to increases as well as decreases in the non-exchangeable pool of the counter ion. Some examples and the possible explanations are presented below.
Fig. 2. Distribution of fixed K+ fertilizer over time and distance from the injection point in Hoytville and Avonburg soils following injection of KCl or anhydrous ammonia (AA) + KCl.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Stehouwer and Johnson, 1991; Soil Science Society American Journal 55:1374.
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Simultaneous injection of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and a KCl solution in a silty clay loam soil decreased K+ fixation, whereas the concentrations of the exchangeable and soluble K+ increased (Stehouwer and Johnson, 1991). The decrease in K+ fixation was attributed to preferential NH4+ fixation blocking K+ fixation and the increased exchangeable K+ explained by a decrease in K+ fixation (Fig. 2) and to pH-induced increases in cation-exchange capacity (primarily in the organic fraction) (Stehouwer and Johnson, 1991). Liu et al. (1997) reported that in field experiments, the soil fixation capacities for both NH4+ and K were significantly reduced by sustained high rates of K fertilization, but not by N fertilization. Kenan et al. (1999) also found that the fixation of NH4+ was reduced by K addition before NH4+ was added, and that the reduction was proportional to the amount of K previously fixed. Enhanced K+ fixation with increasing K application rates and reduction with increasing NH4+ application rates was reported by Chen and MacKenzie (1992) and Du et al. (2007). The sequence of NH4+ and K+ application may influence K fixation. Chen et al. (2007) reported that NH4+ at high rates of application before K fertilization to rice plants resulted in poor growth and reduced K uptake compared to NH4+ application after K fertilization. However, when NO3- was used as the N source, plant growth was not affected by the order in which N and K were applied. The explanation for the negative effect of the early NH4+ application on K availability was that the NH4+ blocked the non-exchangeable sites, thus reducing the capacity of the soil to store K to meet the continuous consumption by the plants. Evangelou and Lumbanraja (2002) reported that the surface of vermiculite clay exhibits high specificity for K+ at low-K fractional loads which cause the clay interlayer to collapse and thus a large proportion of interlayer NH4+ most likely becomes fixed. The available exchange sites appear to have relatively lower affinity for NH4+. Therefore, the data indicates that availability of applied NH4+ in vermiculitic soils would depend on the presence or absence of applied K+.
Clay minerals of the smectite type have a unique structure that enables a high exchangeable cation capacity in the interlayers. The size of the hydrated exchangeable cation affects the interlayer distance. Changes in the composition of the exchangeable cations affect the interlayer distance or swelling of the clay. However, the high affinity of K+ and NH4+ ions to exchangeable sites leads to their gradual fixation, a process which results in transformation of smectite to illite. The transformation from smectite to illite is a pedological or geological process that takes thousands of years to complete. When one considers transformations on a geological scale, the effect of temperature on this transformation was found to be critical, starting at 50 to 60°C. In the past few decades, new observations have indicated that the transformation of smectite to illite occurs also under ambient air temperature conditions with the relatively short time scales associated with soil cultivation. Such fast transformation has been shown in laboratory conditions under cycles of wetting and drying (Eberl et al., 1986 and 1993). Sandler and Harlavan (2006) suggested that high K concentrations may lead to this transformation without wetting and drying cycles. In vitro experiments of K+ and NH4+ fixation under wetting and drying cycles were conducted and the illitization of the original smectite by both ions was similar (Miklos and Cicel, 1993). The formation of illite from smectite in experimental field plots (Versailles) fertilized by inorganic K fertilizer and manure have been reported by Pernes-Debuyser et al. (2003). Additional laboratory experiments showed that the changes over one growing season were measureable (Barré et al., 2007a, 2007b and 2008). The opposite process of fast release of interlayer K and decomposition of illite clay due to agricultural activity has also been reported. The most extreme cases were observed in a rice field where wetting and drying cycles are common and the potassium is easily leached, leading to measureable changes over a relatively short time of 30 years (Li et al., 2003). Continuous maize cropping over several decades resulted in decomposition of soil illite, whereas no change was obtained under a corn-oat-hay rotation with the same fertilization treatment (Velde and Peck, 2002).
Fig. 3. Exchange isotherm for NH4+-K exchange in bulk soil of peach seedling at solution ionic strength of 0.02. The dotted line is non-preference line.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Chung and Zasoski, 1994; Soil Science Society American Journal 58:1368-1375.
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Numerous published data indicate that K+ and NH4+ are attracted by the same exchange sites with similar affinity. A slight preference for K+ over NH4+ has been demonstrated in laboratory exchange isotherms (Fig. 3, Chung and Zasoski, 1994). They also reported that similar exchange isotherms were obtained in the bulk solution and rhizosphere, independent of the solution pH and ionic strength. Consequently, the concentration of NH4+ in the soil solution has a strong and direct impact on the distribution of K+ between the soil solution and the exchange complex and vice versa. The situation becomes more complex when the soil contains additional cations. In a laboratory study, Evangelou and Lumbanraja (2002) investigated the exchange of K+ - NH4+ -Ca+2 on vermiculite and hydroxy-aluminium vermiculite. They found that in the case of vermiculite, binary exchange data alone may not be able to predict ternary exchange data. However, in the case of hydroxy-aluminium interlayered vermiculite, binary data may be able to predict ternary data as long as the third cation's distribution between exchange and solution phases remains constant across the isotherm. Liu et al. (1997) found that K+ application enhanced NH4+ fixation but reduced the amount of exchangeable NH4+ on the clay surface. Wang et al. (2010) reported that the application of the fertilizer ammonium sulfate to different soil types from China in incubation experiments significantly altered the distribution between pools of native K and added K in the soils. Addition of ammonium sulfate significantly increased water-soluble K+ and decreased exchangeable K+ in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K+ added. Added ammonium sulfate also reduced the formation of fixed K+ in the soils with K+ added and suppressed the release of fixed K+ in the three studied soils without K+ added.
The nitrogen source may significantly affect rhizosphere pH (Nye, 1981; Marschner, 1995; Marschner and Römheld, 1996; Bar-Yosef, 1999; Bloom et al., 2003). The common N fertilizer sources in soil systems are urea, NH4+ and NO3-. Urea is the cheapest N source (per N unit) and is the most concentrated N fertilizer (46%); it is highly soluble, moves easily in irrigation water and is therefore widely used in agriculture. The hydrolysis process of urea yields the derivative NH4+ ions - and thus urea is a source of the NH4+ form for plant nutrition. Rapid adsorption on the surface sites of the solid phases, and nitrification reactions diminish the NH4+ content in soils and media, and hence, rhizosphere NH4+ concentrations are commonly low even under irrigation with a high NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio.
In the field, the transformation of NH4+ to NO3- is usually a rapid process, between days to weeks, depending on temperature, soil moisture and pH. Therefore, in most fertilizer application methods the form of N should not have a strong impact on K distribution between the exchangeable and solution phases. However, when continuous fertigation is used it is expected that the N source will effect K concentration in the solution in the wetted soil, and several studies have validated this assumption. For example, during the irrigation season, K+ concentration in the soil solution of a citrus orchard increased when N was applied as ammonium sulfate, as opposed to ammonium nitrate (Fig. 4, Erner et al., 2011, submitted). The application of a nitrification inhibitor enhanced the effect of the ammonium sulfate on soil solution K+ concentration, indicating that the effect of the fertilizer on K concentration was via the NH4+ - K+ exchange process.
Fig. 4. The effect of N source on K concentration in the soil solution of a citrus orchard.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Erner et al., 2011, submitted.
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Another mechanism by which the N source influences K availability and leaching is unique to calcareous soils common in arid and semi-arid regions. In carbonate-bearing soil, the acid produced by nitrification of NH4+ gives rise to an increase in the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the soil solution, which can exchange with K+, leading to higher K+ solution (unpublished data of the author, Kolahchi and Jalali, 2007).
Potassium and nitrogen interactions in plants
Nitrogen is a unique nutrient that can be absorbed either as the cation NH4+or the anion NO3- (Marschner, 1995). This characteristic of nitrogen influences plant nutrition in general and the uptake of other elements that are taken up as ions as well as numerous physiological processes in plants (Marschner, 1995; Forde and Clarkson, 1999; Mengel and Kirkby, 2001; Epstein and Bloom, 2005). The cation-anion balance in plant tissues is maintained by diffusible and non-diffusible organic and inorganic ions, and has been found to be notably affected by the sources of N nutrition (Marschner, 1995; Mengel and Kirkby, 2001; Epstein and Bloom, 2005). It has been widely reported that NH4+ nutrition depressed the uptake of cations, especially in leaves and petioles, and that NO3- nutrition depressed that of anions (Kirkby and Mengel, 1967).
The nitrogen source has a strong impact on soil rhizosphere and the rhizosphere pH via three mechanisms (Marschner, 1995; Marschner and Römheld, 1996; Bar-Yosef, 1999): (i) displacement of H+/OH- adsorbed on the solid phase; (ii) nitrification/denitrification reactions; and (iii) release or uptake of H+ by roots in response to NH4+ or NO3- uptake, respectively. Mechanisms (i) and (ii) are not associated with any plant activity, and affect the whole volume of the fertigated substrate, whereas mechanism (iii) is directly related to the uptake of nutritional elements, and may be very effective in changing the pH because it affects a limited volume in the immediate vicinity of the roots (Moorby et al., 1984; Gahoonia and Nielsen, 1992; Gahoonia et al., 1992; Marschner and Römheld, 1996; Taylor and Bloom, 1998; Bloom et al., 2003). The extent of the pH changes caused by the three mechanisms described above depends on soil properties, plant activity, and all the environmental factors that affect nitrification rate.
Fig. 5. Effects of NH4+ on high affinity K+ uptake in plants grown with or without NH4+ in the absence or in the presence of NaCl.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Nieves-Cordones et al., 2007; Plant Science 172:273-280.
After K+ starvation for seven days, K+ depletion experiments were performed in the absence of NH4+ (closed symbols) or in the presence of 1 mM NH4+ (open symbols). One group of plants received the NaCl treatment (50 mM final NaCl concentration) (triangles) and the other remained in the NaCl free solution (circles).
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Transport through membranes and long-distance transport in plant
The selective transport of nutrients through plant membranes is mainly regulated by transporters (Hirsch et al., 1998). Two distinct membrane transport systems for K uptake by plants have been described: high and low affinity transport systems (HATS and LATS); (Maathuis, 2007; Maathuis and Sanders, 1997; Nieves-Cordones et al., 2007). At low external K+concentrations (<1 mM), HATS are dominant; while at higher external K+ concentrations (>1 mM) LATS become dominant, mostly via ion channels (Maathuis and Sanders, 1997; Hirsch et al., 1998). Over the past two decades, the complex system of K+ transporters and the genes encoding them have been identified (Szczerba et al., 2009).
NH4+ inhibits HATS which operate primarily at low external K+ concentrations (<1 mM), while LATS, which dominates at higher K+ external concentrations, are relatively NH4+ insensitive (Hirsch et al., 1998; Nieves-Cordones et al., 2007 and others) (Fig. 5). On the other hand, NO3--grown plants regulate cytosolic K+ concentrations at high K+ external concentration better than NH4+-grown plants by potassium efflux through LATS (Szczerba et al., 2006).
NO3- is a univalent anion that can serve as a counter ion to K+ (Abdolzadeh et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2007; Jarvis et al., 1990; Lu et al., 2005; Mathuis, 2007; Pettersson, 1984) and vice versa. Ivasshikina and Feyziev (1998) reported that the rate of NO3- uptake by maize seedlings was faster when K+ served as the accompanying counter ion, rather than the other main cations, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ (Fig. 6). It was found that growing sugarcane seedlings in a K+ depleted nutrient solution for a 3 1/2-month period reduced the roots' capacity to absorb NO3- (Subasinghe, 2006). On the other hand, growing sugarcane seedling in an N depleted nutrient solution reduced the initial K+ uptake rates and decreased the affinity of roots for K+.
Fig. 6. The time course of NO3- uptake by maize seedlings from solutions, containing Ca2+ K+ (1); Ca2+ Mg2+ (2); Ca2+ Na+ (3); Ca2+ (4) as accompanying cations.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Ivasshikina & Feyziev, 1998; Plant Science 131:25-34.
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The potassium ion is easily mobilized in the whole plant because it is not assimilated in organic compounds. Like other cations, it is transported from the root system upward to the canopy via the xylem, but it also has the property of high phloem mobility and, as a result, a high degree of re-translocation via the phloem (Marschner, 1995). K uptake and re-translocation play an important role in NO3- transport from roots to shoots as a counter ion and assimilate loading in the phloem (Maathuis, 2007). A conceptual model of K circulation and NO3- uptake was suggested by Ben Zioni et al. (1971). According to this model, NO3- is absorbed by roots and transported via the xylem to the shoots with K+ as the counter ion. In the shoot, NO3- is reduced and assimilated into organic compounds, whereas K+ is transported downward to the roots with malate via the phloem (Fig. 7). Then the root takes up more NO3- and exudes HCO3- to maintain electro-neutrality or takes up more K+, according to the external and internal K concentrations and the N form. The rate of uptake and partitioning of K in plants can be modified depending on the N forms supplied. NH4+-N as the sole N source caused a decrease in potassium uptake relative to the NO3--N supply in tobacco (Lu et al., 2005) and (Ganmore- Neumann and Kafkafi, 1980) tomato plants. In tobacco plants, using NH4+ as the sole N source resulted in more K translocated to leaves than NO3- in terms of the amounts of xylem-transported K (Lu et al., 2005). In contrast, Ganmore- Neumann and Kafkafi (1980) reported that increasing the NO3-/NH4+ ratio in the solution resulted in higher K concentrations both in roots and leaves of tomato plants (Fig. 8), in agreement with other reports that roots treated with high levels of NO3- absorbed and translocated more K+ (86Rb) than seedlings treated with low levels of NO3- (Pettersson, 1984; Zsoldos et al., 1990). Ganmore-Neumann and Kafkafi (1980) showed that temperature elevation from 8 to 34°C resulted in a gradual decrease and increase of K content in roots and shoots, respectively, due to enhanced transport from increased temperatures (Fig. 8). Engels and Kirkby (2001) reported that cycling and recycling of K+ increased with increasing shoot growth rate, which is in accordance with the suggested model by Ben Zioni et al. (1971). Cytosolic K+ concen-trations vary between 40 and 200 mM, depending on K+ supply and nitrogen form (NO3- or NH4+) demonstrating the strong impact of N form on potassium dynamics in plants (Szczerba et al., 2006).
Fig. 7. NO3- uptake by roots as regulated by NO3- reduction products of the shoot and K+ cycling in plant.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Ben Zioni et al., 1971;
Physiolgia Plantarum 24:288-290.
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Effects on whole plant, crop yield and quality
The nitrogen form is an important factor for plant development and yield. Increasing the N-NH4+:N-NO3- ratio in the N fertilizer reduced the uptake of K+ and other mineral cations, but increased the uptake of mineral anions by tomato (Kirkby and Mengel, 1967; Ganmore-Neumann and Kafkafi, 1980) and other crops as has been reported in numerous publications. Bar-Tal et al. (2001b) demonstrated that the uptake of Ca+2 and K+ increased quadratically as the N-NO3-:N-NH4+ ratio increased, throughout the studied range of 0.25 to 4.0 (Fig. 9).
K+ depletion of the nutrient solution enhances the absorption of NH4+-N, but in contrast suppresses the absorption, translocation, and assimilation of NO3--N, while simultaneously lowering leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA). This behavior suggests that plants require an adequate supply of K for absorbing NO3--N and maintaining high levels of NRA as compared with the assimilation of NH4+-N (Ali et al., 1991). K+ activates plant enzymes functioning in NH4+ assimilation and transport of amino acids (Hagin et al., 1990). Therefore, an adequate supply of K+ enhances NH4+ utilization and thus improves yield when both N forms are applied together. Potassium has been shown to strongly stimulate carboxylic acid accumulation in fruits (Erner et al., 1993). This is because the high rate of K+ uptake increases the cation-anion balance in the plant tissue and, in order to maintain electro- neutrality, carboxylates are synthesized (Marschner, 1995). NO3- uptake also stimulates carboxylation in plant tissue in order to remove hydroxyls produced in the NO3- reduction process and to balance the excess accumulation of cations over anions (Marschner, 1995). Thus, both K+ and NO3- have similar effects on organic acids production in plants leaves and fruits (Serna et al., 1996).
Fig. 8. Nutrient solution temperature and percentage
NO3--/NH4+ effect on percent K in the tomato plants.
a. shoot; b. root.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Ganmore-Neumann and Kafkafi, 1980; Agronomy Journal 72:762-766.
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The NH4+:NO3- ratio is an important N-management tool, particularly in soil-less culture (Silber and Bar-Tal, 2010) and in soil under fertigation (Bar-Yosef, 1999). For a given N dose and irrigation regime, the N-NO3-:N-NH4+ ratio affects Ca, Mg, and K uptake (Bar-Tal et al., 2001a, b; Kirkby and Mengel, 1967; Neilsen et al., 1995), and carboxylic acid biosynthesis (Kirkby and Mengel, 1967; Mengel and Kirkby, 2001). However, in a recent experiment investigating the effect of N source on grapefruit, no effect on fruit quality and acid concentration in the fruit was found (Erner et al., 2011, submitted). A possible explanation for this result is: in soil grown plants, two confounding effects of NH4+ take part, on the one hand a higher NH4+ concentration increases K+ concentration in the soil solution (Fig. 4) and on the other hand the competition between NH4+ and K+ on root uptake reduced the uptake of K+ by the trees.
Fig. 9. The Effect of the mineral N form on K and Ca uptake by pepper plant.
Adapted from (and redrawn): Bar-Tal et al., 2001. HortScience 36:1252-1259.
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The N form and K application modes have short and long-term effects on potassium availability in soil through exchange and fixation reactions, respectively. N form effects K+ absorption by plants through several mechanisms: NH4+ and K+ competition, long distance transport of K+ - NO3-, specific effects of N metabolism on K uptake and vice-versa.
The overall interactions of N form and K+ application on whole plant response and crop yield are a product of the above described effects.
Proper K+ application can improve N fertilizing efficiency, increase yield and reduce environmental pollution.
Further studies on the mechanisms of K+ and NH4+ fixation in soil clay minerals are required for better understanding of long-term effects on their availability to plants.
Further studies on the interactions of K+, NH4+ and NO3- at the molecular and whole plant levels are required for improving N and K fertilization.
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- Zsoldos, F., E. Haunold, P. Herger, and P. Vasfagyi. 1990. Effects of Sulfate and Nitrate; K+ Uptake and Growth of Wheat and Cucumber. Physiologia Plantarum 80:425-430.
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text: Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff scheduled the beginning of Germany's great 1918 gamble for victory on the Western Front in World War I for the first day of spring, March 21. Success depended on delivering a knockout blow before the arrival of millions of Americans in the summer. The offensive, code-named Michael, struck the sector where British and French forces joined, and matched three fresh German armies against one overstretched British army and part of another. After an intensive and carefully phased bombardment, mixing high explosive and poison gas, elite storm troops went forward. Avoiding strongpoints, they headed for the rear, leaving the mopping up to the conventional infantry. A famously thick fog aided their progress.


text:
Our poster collection is the world's best, encompassing vintage and contemporary posters from the 1960s to today. Our vast poster collection features classic bands in rock, blues, jazz, soul, and more. We also have thousands of movie, dance, political, sports and theater posters.
About Mark Arminski
Considered a leader in the new school of rock 'n' roll posters, Mark Arminski has painted the landscape of Detroit and beyond with his signature pieces of concert art. Influenced by artists like Gary Grimshaw and Carl Lundgren, his studies in graphic art and printmaking fueled his bold, brash style. Arminski is notable for bridging the gap between the psychedelic art of the 1960s and the grunge aesthetic of the early 1990s, and he has emerged as a genuine equal among his own mentors, doing gallery shows with Grimshaw, Stanley Mouse and Wes Wilson.


text:
Year Zero Individuals
From NinWiki
Revision as of 09:18, 23 February 2007 by Depravitor (Talk | contribs)
Important Persons
Another Version of the Truth Forum [1]
Vince- 22, shot while sitting in someone else's car staring up at the sky. Died on 2/9/0000 AKA "QuietContrary."
Suyai Abbot- Pulled into a white van by two black clad figures.
Dylan Chast- "University of South Florida, Sarasota Manatee, may have been at the Quaker Outreach center on Feb 5, during the raid."
Kyle Bilgare- Missing person, last seen around "fork" street. Possibly Fort street.
I Am Trying To Believe Site [2]
Calista Whitcomb- Author, refused to drink water and allegedly killed herself. [3]
Dahlasik C., Allbright L., Grunewald N.: Cited in report about Parepin's affect on declining birth rates [4]
Jerry Bomzer: NFL Commissioner
Church of Plano Site [5]
Pastor Johnson
Pastor Green
Bill Chapman- Experienced the "Presence"
Tyler Chapman- Took in by the Barnet(t) Family. Possible Son of Bill Chapman.
Barnet(t) Family- Took in Tyler Chapman after "Chapman family tragedy"
105th Airborne Crusaders Site [6]
John Fellstone MSgt - (Master Sergeant) Retired, wrote on the main page, seems to run the 105th site.
Pvt Gordon Shula - (Private) From Valentine, Nebraska, died 25th December in Southern Syria.
Cpl Jill Nasmith - (Corporal) Died 25th December.
Pvt Bunde - (Private) Was with Badland.
Dave P. MSgt. Ret'd - (Master Sergeant) Retired,
Cpl. Joseph M. - (Corporal) Wrote the poem about the Uranium Angel.
Murray S. Mjr. Ret'd - (Major) Retired,
Lt. Ramsay - (Liutenant) Wrote about South Africa, mentions Mammon.
'Badland - (Also called Badand) Wounded severely head/collarbone in Post-Iran, survived.
Be the Hammer Site [7]
Mallory- 19, part of the resistance, stoned to death, gave BeTheHammer a lock of her hair.
Consolidated Mail Systems Site [8]
Angry Sniper - A man who blew up Wrigley Field, and assasinated someone important. He goes by the alias "BeTheHammer" which more than likely ties him to bethehammer.net
"Another Version of the Truth Forum" Aliases [9]
U.S. Wiretap Site [10]
Claire Sikes - Agent leading official inquiry into Slanki's actions on February 7th.
Jeff Slanski - Police Sergeant on the scene for during Feburary 7th "terrorist incident"
Unidentified Female Agent - Responsible for cleanup operation. Reported by Slanski to cry orange tears.
Synes Brothers: Carlos Synes - A Colombian druglord. He is mentioned here.
Opalo.mp3 Woman/Lengüetaindia - A woman who is in Meta, Colombia. More here.
Son of Imam - The son of a Imam who was caught in a terrorist bust. More here.
Sunday School Strangler - Mentioned by Son of Imam as being a member of the Church of Plano here.
Mia - A girl who was in the Star Chamber that the cops locked down. More info at 216.333.1810.


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September 27, 2013
Dr. Jim Kim was appointed president of the World Bank Group in July 2012. Since 1989, the World Bank has provided nearly $4.6 billion to support multi-sectoral HIV/AIDS responses in low- and middle-income countries. In 1987, Dr. Kim co-founded Partners In Health, which now provides healthcare to low-resource communities on four continents. As director of the World Health Organization's HIV/AIDS Department from 2004 to 2006, he led the "3x5" initiative, the first ever global goal for HIV treatment, which aimed to provide antiretroviral treatment to three million people in developing countries by 2005. Dr. Kim served as president of Dartmouth University from 2009 to 2012. Among many accolades, he received a MacArthur "Genius" Fellowship in 2003.
TA Report: How has your background in public health shaped your approach to addressing the epidemic as president of the World Bank Group?
Dr. Jim Kim: Earlier this year, I announced two global goals for the World Bank Group: to end poverty by 2030 and boost shared prosperity for the poorest 40% of the population in every developing country. These are ambitious goals. But my work on the "3x5" initiative at the World Health Organization (WHO) convinced me that setting ambitious targets drives change. I also saw daily how HIV implementers were generating innovative solutions to seemingly intractable problems -- from supply chain management to creative use of human resources to including voices from the community in evaluating programs.
To realize a world free of AIDS and a world free of poverty, I believe we must infuse that same appetite for innovation and action. We must invest in strong health systems and advance the science of delivery, translating the evidence on what works and what doesn't in tackling HIV into cost-effective policies and programs that can operate at scale and produce measurable impact on people's lives.
TA Report: How is the World Bank Group working to implement evidence-based strategies in the context of HIV/AIDS?
Dr. Kim: In Eastern and Southern Africa, for example, the World Bank Group is working with partners to promote male circumcision, which has proven effective in curbing the spread of HIV. Bank Group support has also played a pivotal role in turning the tide on the epidemic in India. An independent impact evaluation of the India AIDS program concluded that it will have prevented 60% of the expected number of HIV infections by 2015, primarily through targeted behavioral interventions for sex workers and their clients.
We also have some promising evidence that empowering adolescent girls and their families can have substantial effects on their sexual and reproductive health, helping them access education, delay marriage, increase self-esteem, practice safe sex, and find good jobs. Recent Bank Group studies tested the use of conditional cash transfers in Tanzania and Malawi as a tool to reduce the risk of HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, and both studies suggest that financial incentives could be an effective tool. In Tanzania, participants showed a 27% reduction in the incidence of STIs after one year. In Malawi, adolescent girls showed a two-thirds reduction in the risk of HIV infection.
TA Report: Last year, the Obama Administration released its President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Blueprint identifying core priorities for accelerating progress on HIV/AIDS. How is the World Bank Group partnering with PEPFAR to bring to scale evidence-based programs including HIV treatment and prevention for children and adults?
Dr. Kim: Through PEPFAR, U.S. leadership has been, and remains, pivotal to the global fight against AIDS. The PEPFAR Blueprint is a major step forward in realizing our shared vision of a world free of AIDS and poverty. In support of the Blueprint, the World Bank Group is now working with PEPFAR to help countries scale up the most effective and efficient AIDS interventions and build the strong health systems required for sustainable AIDS prevention, treatment, and care. This support includes increasing collaboration on country health programming and improving indicators and tools to measure program impact.
TA Report: How does the World Bank Group tailor its funding approaches to ensure they fit the circumstances of individual countries?
Dr. Kim: World Bank Group financing is country-driven. We provide financing in response to government demand and in support of a country's own development strategy. Our funding modalities vary by country and project and can include loans, grants, results-based financing, and more. Bank Group support to address HIV is increasingly provided through broader projects in health or in other sectors, where we and our country partners determine that an HIV component can add critical value to the project's overall impact. Perhaps most importantly, the Bank Group provides analytical support to help countries sharpen their HIV strategies, and get more value for their money. This support can be especially important where HIV funding is tight and countries are striving towards an AIDS-free generation.
TA Report: The World Bank Group has issued multiple reports urging governments to improve their HIV programs for key populations including sex workers, MSM, and injecting drug users. However, funding for programs targeting them remains low in many places, especially in countries where one or all three populations are criminalized. How does the World Bank Group funding model work to address these key populations despite those challenges?
Dr. Kim: The evidence is clear that focusing on the most at-risk populations is critical to ending the epidemic. In many countries, sex workers, people who inject drugs, and men who have sex with men remain marginalized in society and are at a significantly higher risk of HIV infection than other groups in low- and middle-income countries. Even in countries with epidemic-level HIV rates in the general population, these groups are disproportionately affected. Targeted interventions not only protect members of these marginalized communities, but also make a major contribution to averting a wider epidemic.
World Bank Group financing for HIV interventions in countries as disparate as India, Vietnam, Nigeria, Niger, and Brazil explicitly focuses on these key populations. For example, in Nigeria -- where these key populations are estimated to contribute about 40% of new HIV infections -- the Bank Group supported the Nigerian government in conducting local epidemic appraisals that have improved understanding on the nature of sex work and other epidemic drivers, and how to best formulate local programs to address them. The emerging evidence led the government to scale up its HIV prevention program and prioritize these target populations and specific geographical areas most at risk.
TA Report: A World Bank Group report states that HIV programs targeting and empowering sex workers in India have averted three million new infections since 1995. How is the World Bank Group utilizing these findings in its work in other countries in the Asia and Pacific region and around the world?
Dr. Kim: Since its launch of the National AIDS Control Program in 1991, India has worked in close partnership with the World Bank Group and other development partners to focus on prevention among vulnerable populations at highest risk of contracting HIV. More than $640 million in Bank Group financing has helped to create the institutional framework of India's HIV response at national and state levels. The Bank Group has also financed, through pooled funding with the Indian government and other partners, more than 1,300 targeted HIV prevention interventions for those most at risk, reaching more than 70% of female sex workers and increasing the use of condoms. We estimate that three million HIV infections are being averted by this strategic approach from 1995-2015 -- demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of these targeted HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers.
The India experience offers very useful lessons for other countries even in different epidemic settings. It demonstrates the huge benefits from having a well-planned and targeted HIV prevention program and the population-level effectiveness of such an approach. Our package of support for Nigeria's national HIV plan is informed by the India experience. We also are supporting the Indian Government to develop its own South-South learning initiative to share the lessons of India's successful AIDS response with other countries.
TA Report: In multiple countries in Asia, the HIV rate in injection drug users is over 20%, but harm reduction programs, including syringe exchanges, remain scarce. How can the World Bank Group use its influence to persuade governments to establish effective harm reduction programs?
Dr. Kim: We are conducting numerous economic and policy studies to inform evidence-based policies. For example, we are working with the government of Malaysia to evaluate community-based alternatives to compulsory detention. Initial findings suggest far lower rates of relapse in voluntary, community-based treatment.
TA Report: How is the World Bank Group working to include and fund civil society in its efforts to address HIV/AIDS?
Dr. Kim: Community organizations have been on the front lines of responding to the epidemic. Of the first $1 billion the Bank Group contributed to the global AIDS response, nearly 40% went to community organizations for grassroots actions to reduce stigma, change behaviors and social norms to prevent infection, and care for people and orphans affected by HIV. Overall, the Bank has provided support to some 50,000 community-based organizations in more than 50 countries to address HIV and AIDS. The Bank Group also collaborated with civil society organizations and with the U.K. Government on a multi-country study that demonstrated the effectiveness of community responses to HIV/AIDS in 2012. If we are to sustain progress, governments and development partners such as the Bank Group must continue to work closely with civil society.
TA Report: You have been president of the World Bank Group for over a year. How would you say the Bank's response to HIV has changed over that time, and what further changes do you expect in the coming years?
Dr. Kim: I would like to highlight three things. First, we have expanded our focus on evidence and especially South-South learning to understand and share what works and how it is delivered. Second, we have intensified our emphasis on rapidly accessible solutions, assisting governments to plan their responses and prepare for future needs and costs. And third, we have integrated the response to AIDS into the Bank's new vision of a world free of extreme poverty and shaped by shared growth, especially through universal health coverage.
As we move forward, our support for HIV responses must be fully integrated with countries' efforts to advance universal health coverage. We must ensure that everyone, everywhere has access to the affordable, quality healthcare they need, regardless of their HIV status, their social status, or their ability to pay. This is about equity and social justice.
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Some Notes on the Pinner Affair
Shnayer Leiman
Kudos to Dan Rabinowitz for his informative account of the Pinner affair and, more importantly, for reproducing the original texts of Pinner's 1834 Hebrew prospectus and the Hatam Sofer's 1835 retraction. The comments that follow are intended to add to Dan's discussion.
1. "In his retraction the Hatam Sofer says the text [of his approbation to the Pinner translation] was published in a Hamburg newspaper."
It appears more likely that the Hatam Sofer's words should be rendered: "I have already made public my grievous sin and error – that I wrote a letter of approbation on behalf of Dr. Pinner's German translation of the Talmud – and it [Hebrew: iggerati] was published in Hamburg. In it, I confessed, and was not embarrassed to admit, that due to my sins, my eyes were besmeared and blinded…" What was published in Hamburg, then, was the Hatam Sofer's first public retraction of the letter of approbation, not the letter of approbation itself. Moreover, no mention is made of a Hamburg newspaper. (In 1835, no German-Jewish or Hebrew newspapers were published in Hamburg.) It was published as a broadside, the text of which the Hatam Sofer sent from Pressburg to Hamburg for publication. In was intercepted by the Chief Rabbi, R. Akiva Wertheimer (d. 1838), who refused to publish the text precisely as the Hatam Sofer had written it. (This was in 1834, when the Hatam Sofer was posek ha-dor and gadol ha-dor, and about 72 years old – and we think we have problems!) The Hatam Sofer had to revise the text of the retraction, after which it was published in Hamburg some time between December 23, 1834 (when Rabbi Wertheimer addressed his objections to the Hatam Sofer) and January 22, 1835 (when the second retraction was published by the Hatam Sofer himself in Pressburg). See R. Shlomo Sofer, איגרות סופרים (Vienna, 1929), part 2, letter 66, pp. 70-71. Indeed, one suspects that the need for a second retraction by the Hatam Sofer was occasioned by this act of censorship on the part of the Hamburg authorities. No copies of the Hamburg broadside seem to have been preserved in any of the public collections of Judaica.
2. "The full text of the retraction appears in three places."
It also appears in a fourth place: Y. Stern, ed., לקוטי תשובות חתם סופר (London, 1965), letter section, p. 90-91. This edition of the text is particularly important because it was obviously copied from the original broadside. Unlike the other editions of the text, the London edition contains two different fonts, Rashi script and enlarged square Hebrew characters – exactly like the original broadside. In a blatant misstatement of fact, the editor of the London edition, in a footnote, indicates that he copied the text from Greenwald's אוצר נחמד. If so, he could not have known about the two different fonts and where to use them! In any event, Greenwald's text lacks words that appear in the London edition! Most important, Greenwald's text gives as the date the broadside was written: Thursday, 22 Tammuz , 5595 (= 1835). (In 1835, however, 22 Tammuz fell on Sunday, July 19.) The London edition gives as the date the broadside was written: Thursday, 21 Tevet, 5595 (= January 22, 1835). This is precisely the date that appears on the original broadside, as posted by Dan! One suspects that the discrepancy between the editor's claim and the printed page originated in a parting of the ways between the editor and the great bibliophile and scholar, Abraham Ha-Levi Schischa (see the introductory page to the volume). Schischa's deft hand is evident throughout the volume, and no doubt he had access to the original broadside. Perhaps when the editor and Schischa parted ways, the editor – who no longer had access to the original broadside – claimed that he copied the text from Greenwald, when in fact Schisha had prepared the text based on the original broadside. There remain some very slight discrepancies between the London edition and the original broadside, probably due to the editor of the London edition. The editor's misstatement of fact misled, among others, R. Eliezer Waldenberg, שו"ת ציץ אליעזר 15:3, p. 8.
3. "As one can see, the retraction is dated 21 Tevet, 1834."
As indicated above, 21 Tevet in the year 5595 fell in 1835. In the light of the documents posted by Dan, we can reconstruct the chronological sequence of events. Sometime in mid- 1834, the Hatam Sofer wrote a letter of approbation on behalf of Pinner's translation of the Talmud into German. (One should mention for the record that it was much more than a mere translation. Pinner vocalized the Mishnah and punctuated [commas and question marks] the entire text of the Talmud, Rashi, Tosafos, and Rosh to Bavli Berakhoth! He also included occasional חידושים from his רבי מובהק, Rabbi Jacob of Lissa [d. 1832], at whose feet he sat for seven consecutive years.) On August 15, 1834, Pinner published his prospectus in Hebrew, announcing to the world at large that he had received letters of approbation from "all the גדולי ישראל in France, Italy, and German" and from none other than the Hatam Sofer himself! (The English version lists the same date, but makes no mention of the Hatam Sofer.) It was precisely the publication of the prospectus that forced the Hatam Sofer to go public. Now all of the Hatam Sofer's colleagues knew what he had done, and the criticism that followed was merciless. See the letter of the Dutch communal leader and philanthropist, R. Zvi Hirsch Lehren (d. 1853), to the Hatam Sofer, dated January 11, 1835 (in איגרת סופרים, part 2, letter 69, pp. 73-78). It would no longer suffice to simply send a note to Pinner and ask that he return the letter of approbation. Since it was public knowledge that the Hatam Sofer had lent his name to Pinner's translation, nothing less than a public retraction would set the record straight. By December 1834, the Hatam Sofer had already prepared an official retraction for publication (by disciples of his in Hamburg who had easy access to the local Jewish publishing houses) in Hamburg. After some delay due to censorship, the retraction was published either in late December 1834 or early January 1835. A second, fuller retraction was published in Pressburg on January 22, 1835. For Pressburg as the place of publication of the second retraction, see N. Ben Menachem, "הדפוס העברי בפרעסבורג," Kiryat Sefer 33(1958), p. 529.
4. The letter of retraction refers to Rabbi Nathan Adler. This, of course refers to Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler (1803-1890) of Hanover, and later Chief Rabbi of Britain, a much younger contemporary of the Hatam Sofer. He is not to be confused with the Hatam Sofer's teacher, Rabbi Nathan Adler of Frankfurt (1741-1800), who could not have been consulted by Pinner. Cf. Torah U-Madda Journal 5(1994), p. 131; (see now the corrected version "The Talmud in Translation" in Printing The Talmud: From Bomberg to Schottenstein, Yeshiva University Museum, 2006, p. 133).
5. Although Pinner insisted on going ahead with the project, despite the Hatam Sofer's protests, credit should be given where credit is due. Pinner omitted mention of the Hatam Sofer's letter of approbation in the one volume that he published in 1842.
6. Regarding why no further volumes of Pinner's translation were published, the simplest answer is: lack of funds and lack of determination to see a project through from beginning to end. Pinner, a moderate Maskil, spent a lifetime dreaming about all sorts of literary projects, none of which came to fruition. These included attempts at listing all Hebrew books and manuscripts, and all tombstone inscriptions of famous rabbis and scholars (including Moses Mendelssohn, Isaac Satanov, Hartwig Wessely, and Israel Jacobson). See his כתבי יד (Berlin, 1861), a partial publication of a book with no real beginning and no real end that captures the very essence of Pinner's personality. In that volume, pp. 62-64, Pinner published a lengthy fund-raising letter he wrote in 1847 in order to raise funds to publish his diary, a kind of travelogue that would introduce readers to the wonders of the world. It was yet another of his failed projects. In the case of Pinner's translation of the Talmud, Czar Nicholas withdrew his support and there was no one to pick up the slack. Note too the powerful language at the end of the Hatam's Sofer's retraction. Should Pinner insist on publishing the volumes, no Jewish publishing house may agree to publish the volumes, and no Jew may buy or read them. This surely didn't help either publication or sales. For the powerful impact of the Hatam Sofer's letters of approbation on the Jewish community at large, see my "Masorah and Halakhah: A Study in Conflict," in M. Cogan, B. Eichler, and J. Tigay, eds., Tehillah Le-Moshe (Moshe Greenberg Festschrift), Winona Lake, 1997, pp. 305-306.


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To whom it may concern,
I use a bicycle as my primary mode of transportation and like most Americans, I tend to patronize shops that are basically in my neighborhood. It was with joy that I saw a bicycle rack in front of your Lenexa location, as I usually have to find a less-than-suitable spot to lock my bicycle up while shopping. I am happy that you've decided to accommodate bicycles as transportation and given them a dedicated place to park as opposed to posting signs that forbid bicycles, skateboards and rollerblades.
I do have one concern, however. As of Labor Day 2009, the bicycle rack isn't bolted down or otherwise secured in any way. The rack is light enough for one person to lift onto a pickup bed, probably even if there's a bicycle locked to it.
Please contact me if you need help or suggestions for properly securing the rack at this location and any others.
Thanks again!
Photo of the rack in question. Some have suggested that I lock it to the hood ornament of that nice Benz in the rock-star spot. Somehow, I don't think that would work too well. :)
Until this thing gets bolted down, I think I'll stick to locking my bike to one of the brick support columns. By the way, the above note was sent through the official online comment form to Hen House Market in regards to the location I saw this rack at.
Monday, September 07, 2009
An Open Letter to Hen House Market
To whom it may concern,
6 comments:
- commuterDude said...
Hopefully the powers-that-be at the Hen House, or the property managers, will accommodate your requests. We had a similar issue when bike racks started showing up at our workplace. Now, they are nicely secured into the concrete. It took asking for it, though.
- September 07, 2009 8:44 PM
- Josh Mitchell said...
Huh, see I don't have any problems at our Hen House (135th & Blackbob). Then again, they don't have bike racks at all. I just walk my bike into the store and use a reusable grocery bag in my Wald folding basket.
The only thing approaching hassle I've gotten was the cashier chuckling and saying "I guess you don't need sacks, then?"
- September 08, 2009 7:36 AM
- BluesCat said...
As I read your post, it occurred to me that I saw an excellent bicycle rack at a bank I frequent regularly. I go to this bank in the early morning, when it is closed, so I just take my bike into the lobby and use the ATM. I'm going to pen a note to them about how happy I am they are providing this service. Maybe we should take a lesson from your lead, and do this every time we see a business which has provided secure parking for bikes.
- September 08, 2009 10:55 AM
- amnee said...
Yeah, same thing at the Cosentino's Market in Brookside. It is in a slightly different spot every time I go there. Doesn't make one feel very "secure" about locking their bike up
- September 08, 2009 11:50 AM
- Ed Stockwell said...
It is like a hitching post, just throw a rope around it and it shouldn't run off.
- September 08, 2009 12:21 PM
The bike rack at the Starbucks at 75th and Quivira is not bolted down either. It is also much larger, so it might be difficult to perpetrate a heist. In fact, the Starbucks employees did physically move the rack from another location. Of course, sitting in a coffee shop allows someone to occasionally glance at her/his bike.
- September 09, 2009 10:27 AM
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My first thought once AK was signed for the mini midlevel on the Nets was he was being paid under the table. I am reading this thing is actually picking up steam and that owners and GM's are wildly suspicious and it's compounded by the Nets owner actually being an extremely shady billionaire who accumulated his fortune by being shady.
/tinfoil hat
2013 Free Agent Thread
Talk about anything general in the NBA here.
Moderators: Mr. Crackerz, JREED, Guybrush, 32
It is quite obvious that Kirilenko is being paid in some other way. No modern player leaves money for a bench role. AK is not past his prime like Ray Allen and is getting a money in some other form. Nets do look real good in the East right now.
Ringo wrote:Ringo wrote:Mr. Crackerz wrote:Not unless they trade Monroe for Rondo.
That would make sense for both teams. Good call.
I'm hoping the Warriors sign a decent C/PF and PG soon before they're all gone.
...Decent C/PF - Speights and O'Neal, decent PG - Douglas. Check, check and check. Well done Bob Myers
Jermaine is well past it, but maybe can be decent enough and Douglas I don't know much about, but hopefully he'll be good enough. Speights was a very good signing.
An amazing offseason so far that trumps even last season.
This ownership so far is for real and deserves all praise.
Interesting the situation in Detroit now that they've signed JSmith. I don't think JSmith is good at SF, he's been good as a PF for a few years now. I think they might and should look to trade Monroe for a very good PG. Best option I think is Monroe, BKnight and Villanueva for Rondo and GWallace. The Celts have a real need for a good Center and Monroe is one of the best young ones. GWallace is highly paid for a backup, as Jeff Green is starting at SF. Rondo won't stand for rebuilding, no matter what the situation in Boston is painted as being. Rondo wants to go to a very good team and with this trade the Pistons go from mediocre at best to top 4 or 5 in the East. GWallace starts at SF and forms a great frontcourt that is versatile and one of the best defensively there is. Rondo passing to them would make them better than ever and do wonders for Stuckey, who would fit well next to him at SG. Boston gets the big expirer in Vilanueva, creating even more cap space for next offseason's big FA crop. Monroe, BKnight, Bradley and JGreen are a good young core to start with and pieces could be added quickly with all that salary to spend.
Josh Smith could be as good offensively as Blake Griffin if he wasn't a ****ing dumbass who took jump shots. I thought that would be fixed if he went to Houston because they have a very set offensive philosophy. Lay ups, dunks, or threes. Now he is on the Pistons. Probably won't ever fix himself.
The Houston Rockets are stockpiling centres with Marcus Camby agreeing to a one year deal. Maybe they're looking at playing Howard and Asik in a twin towers scenario. I don't like the balance of their roster at the moment. I think they'll need to try and trade Asik and his aweful contract for a power forward. Josh Smith would've completed their roster nicely if they could've worked out a sign and trade deal with Atlanta.
JSmith only got 14 million a year. Thought he'd get the max or wait out for it. Either way, he's a PF so Drummond will have to come off the bench again, which may be a good thing. JSmith at SF isn't a good thing. The Pistons still need at least one good backcourt player, preferably a PG to be a very good team.
Camby fits well with Houston right now. I think they'd be smart to trade Asik for Ryan Anderson. He did well next to Dwight and with Harden now alongside him, he'd be the best he can be. The shooting would be ideal with Harden, Dwight and then the other good outside shooters they've got.
Camby fits well with Houston right now. I think they'd be smart to trade Asik for Ryan Anderson. He did well next to Dwight and with Harden now alongside him, he'd be the best he can be. The shooting would be ideal with Harden, Dwight and then the other good outside shooters they've got.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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Ok. I feel a little bad for Randy...that was uncalled for to be quite honest. And Crystal has no room to laugh, her performance on the show has been so bad for being talked up so much....SHE ****ING SUCKS...get used to it Crystal! She is so worthless in challenges.As for next week...what is that all about, and why didn't that dumbass bob pull that out of his ass this week, instead of next when is back really is to the wall. What a bunch of dummies!Rob
Thanks Puddin Your TAR posts are always awesome!!
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Court Limits Bradley Manning's Ability To Use Whistleblower Defense
from the motive-limited dept
Basically, Manning's legal team won't be able to raise his motives for most of the charges, though they will be able to raise motives during any sentencing. They will be able to raise motives, narrowly focused, on the question of whether or not he was "aiding the enemy" and to show that he was not "dealing with the enemy." That's at least a small step in the right direction. However, there are multiple other charges where he cannot raise his motive -- including charges around whether or not he had "good faith" in releasing the documents and that he "wrongfully and wantonly caused to be published on the internet intelligence belonging to the United States government." Basically, the judge is saying that those charges require an objective standard, rather than Manning's specific viewpoint.
The other issue that Manning's team appears to have lost on was their desire to show the lack of harm from all of the leaks. The court ruled that this really doesn't matter in the trial, because it's all after the fact, and Manning did not know beforehand the results and whether or not it resulted in harm. Of course, part of Manning's defense is that he chose documents that would not cause harm on purpose -- but the judge apparently disagreed.
All in all, this definitely increases the likelihood that Manning will lose in court.


text:
Making Zines // Reviewing Zines // Workshops & Activities
And now for something a little different. We first glimpsed Steve Butler's illustrations in The Pasty Anthology when he contributed a story about the dangers of crossing the road to Greggs. On being pressganged for more examples of his work, Steve apologised that he didn't have any zines on him at the moment. . . then sent us a shiny new copy of his graphic novel instead. Score! Richard and Julie's Story is a tightly-paced mystery narrative focusing on a young man whose life has suddenly begun to unravel. After his mother's death, Richard and his partner face the challenge of sorting through all her old papers, comics and photographs — only to find out that the dates don't add up. Richard's father, supposedly dead since Richard was three, suddenly doesn't seem so dead, and Richard is determined to find out why he has been lied to all this time. There follows a gripping adventure as he darts between prison cells and seedy encounters on the quest to piece together his past, the search taking a toll on his sanity. A haunting tale of betrayal and paranoia.