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Well, Well Well! Double page adds on the paper, small ads everywhere else extolling the virtues of a RED credit card, with APR of 15% or thereabouts, with 1% of sales (excluding taxes of course!) going to Africans, and the interest going to American Express.
OOOOOOOOH I can't wait to get one! How cool as I pay for my holiday flights, I can whip out this wonderful RED card, and everyone will see me with my RED AMEX card and with a clear conscience, I can pollute the planet, have a holiday, avoid the glare of the sun shining through the Ozone Layer with my RED shades, stroll manfully along the beach in my Gap shorts and help Africans.
I am gonna Orgasm all over my U2 collection........... oooooooo Bono you make me cream myself ..... I am so excited by this I will buy ALL your records, All your CDs, all your Merchandize three times over ....ooooooh how I LOVE HARD COMMERCE ....... and of course I will do it wearing Armani, and wipe up the mess with my Gap T-shirt...... now all we need is some RED washing powder to clean it all up! I can't wait for Christmas!


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subset: commoncrawl


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By Chris Wright
Brazilian football, especially regional and amateur Brazilian football, provides a rich seam of neck-high tackles, referee abuse and manic crowd "participation", but a recent game in the Maranhao region took the usual madness to a sickening level.
WARNING: As you may have guessed by now, this does not make for pretty reading.
On Sunday afternoon the amateur game between two sides from the city of Pio Xii ended in carnage after the referee (later identified as 20-year-old Otavio Jordao da Silva) fatally stabbed a player (30-year-old Josenir dos Santos Abreu) during an altercation over a refereeing decision.
It's being reported that Abreu threw a punch at the referee, who retaliated by stabbing him in the stomach with the knife he had been carrying throughout the match. Abreu was rushed to hospital but died from his injuries on the way.
Meanwhile back at pitch, a group of spectators were outraged by the incident and set about lynching referee Otavio, with reports stating he was tied up, beaten, stoned and then – as if couldn't get any more gruesome – "quartered". He was then relieved of his head, which was placed on a stake in the middle of the pitch.
According to Esportes R7, "one man, Luiz Moraes de Souza, 27, has been arrested over the incident. He has admitted to assaulting the referee but denied killing the man. Police are searching for two more suspects….and are currently viewing video footage of the incident filmed by a witness with a mobile phone."
Rather them than us.
Horrifying. Truly horrifying.


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Thanks Mate.
Hey Steve! What the heck are you up to nowaday man? Real life treating you ok?
Steve - I think that I've just replied to the email that you were referring to. If you don't get it within the hour, or it's not the one you were referring to, drop me a line again.
From a mutual friend I'm not a fan of January's either...
I heard... I'm sure things will get better mate.
Hey Steve, hows things going?
Some of these messages make for a welcome chuckle don't they lads.
persistent aren't they...
Did you get my PM with my address? I never found a reply
Americans are resolved to pay for bad tobacco, bad booze, and high gas prices, and they do it with a stupid smile on their faces. Lambs off to the slaughter. You want to have a weekend barbecue party you better have $500.00 bucks to blow.
Project Lead on SFM Film
Senior Member
Not Dead, Just Resting
SFM Guru


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Throwdown wrote:Blitzer88 wrote:Hey lets all look at it this way, if we get an nhl team we will get an nba team and likewise if we get an nba team we will get an nhl team. At least thats how I see it.
Incorrect, the NBA team must be acquired to even build the SoDo Arena, we don't get an NHL team without assurance that we will have a new arena for a team.
NBA team is the major goal.
Way to shoot down his only optimistic moment in the last year, Throw...real nice


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Leap Stone LTD is a professional manufacturer & exporter in China. Our marble factory mainly produce: all kinds of Marble & Granite Slabs, Tiles, Floors, Counter Tops, Sinks, Vanity Tops, Project Cut-To-Size, Special Type, Kitchen Tops, Bathroom Tops, Granite Countertops, Building Stone, Tombstone, Carving and other different processed products, mainly export to Europe, America, Middle East, Australia, Japan, southeast Asia and Hong Kong and so on.


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Draymire wrote:I have decided that i would like to try linux and have narrowed my choices down Geento, Mandriva, or Debian.
I have two questions:
Which one of these do you think would be the best Linux distro to use for someone completely new to linux? however i would prefer one that will teach me about computing as i will spend as much time as necessary to learn everything about my system.
Secondly, dual booting a linux distro, can i do this without having to re-install my windows os? or does this work for these distro's at all. I am using windows 7. If i have to reinstall stuff that is not a problem but no dual boot is.
Thanks in advance for your help.
Goatboy wrote:One other option, if you want this done fast, is to use Wubi. It's a Windows program that installs Ubuntu for you, instead of doing it from the disk. It may be a little easier. I only used it once, long ago, but it worked fine for me.
Draymire wrote:Ya i think i will use ubuntu for awhile until i get used to linux, resizing partions shouldn't be a problem because i have windows 7 on its own seperate partion from everything else. so in theory i should only have to resize my e: drive which contains nothing i am not afraid of losing. If it comes down to a full format of my HDD would mean nothing to me. Anyone have any good programs for partioning though as i used the windows disc to do it the first time.
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Pursuant to 119.12 (2), F.S., the custodian of public records is Hampton Peterson, 561.355.2996.
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Wednesday, March 27, 2019, 3:30 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.North County Courthouse, 3188 PGA Boulevard, Law LibraryPalm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
The Clerk & Comptroller maintains the records for all criminal court cases filed in Palm Beach County, as well as collects and disburses court fines, fees and assessments. Many criminal court records may be searched online.
See Also: Traffic Violations
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County Criminal processes cases and paperwork dealing with parking tickets; animal, marine and traffic infractions; and county and municipal ordinances and misdemeanors.
The Circuit Criminal Department handles all appeals from convictions and court rulings from Circuit Criminal Court and County Criminal Court in Palm Beach County.
Forms and instructions for filing a Petition to Seal or a Petition to Expunge are available for a nominal fee from the Clerk & Comptroller's Self Service Center.
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MCV's third free Gamescom daily is now live
The third MCV Gamescom daily magazine is available toread right now.
It features more news from the show, covering the opening of the consumer days at Koelnmesse, Minecraft, PS4, the winner of UKIE's game of the show, plus an interview with Deep Silver's Menno Van der Bill on today's release Saint Row IV.
Published in association with Xbox One, our third 14-pageFREEmagazine has been put together by the MCV team currently walking the floor out at the Cologne games show.
It features news from the show, a Gamescom event guide and a daily exec interview.
You can read itright now.
It is available either in our iPad app –click here to download it.
Alternativelyclick here to read it in your browser.
You can also readthe first show edition (Wednesday) right here, and then yesterday's edition (Thursday) right here.


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After nearly two years in the planning stage, new standards for guiding how development Downtown should occur are getting closer to becoming a reality.
The Downtown Memphis Commission's Design Review Board will vote Wednesday, Aug. 7, on the design guidelines, with the commission's full board expected to vote Aug. 22.
The document places an emphasis on promoting context-appropriate design for new construction – making sure new projects complement existing development in Downtown's distinct districts – strategies for sustainable design, and guidance for public improvements such as sidewalks and streetscapes.
The Downtown Memphis Commission's Design Review Board will vote Wednesday, Aug. 7, on design guidelines for Downtown.
(Daily News File/Lance Murphey)
The guidelines are the culmination of a nearly 24-month process that included meetings and feedback from Downtown residents, business owners, architects, developers and other stakeholders and they update the existing 2001 guidelines to reflect current best practices.
"One of the reasons for doing this process is our knowledge that Downtown has changed a lot since 2001 and our design guidelines need to reflect Downtown's current goals and the development patterns we're seeing," said Brett Roler, development projects manager for the Downtown Memphis Commission.
DMC staff, Boulder, Colo.-based Winter & Co., Memphis-based Self-Tucker Architects and Lee's Summit, Mo.-based White & Smith LLC, developed the new guidelines.
In many ways, the standards are intended to serve as an aspirational blueprint. Only developers seeking Downtown Memphis Commission incentives are required to seek design approval from the DRB. The Unified Development Code of Memphis and Shelby County govern projects not seeking DMC incentives.
Still, they offer guidance on how new development should complement existing conditions to maintain the urban look and feel of Downtown.
"We think these guidelines are important," Roler said. "The purpose of really having design guidelines in a place like Downtown is to encourage high quality development and make sure the projects that do get a DMC incentive contribute to the public environment in a positive way and are appropriate for their context."
The detailed guidelines offer several case studies that act as a roadmap showing developers how the new standards can be applied to their project, encourage sustainable design and green building and guidance on technical issues such as appropriate exterior and building materials.
One of the major changes in the standards is a more detailed focus on context-appropriate design within the distinct zones in the Central Business Improvement District.
Currently, the CBID is broken down into four zones: North CBID, Downtown Core, South CBID and the Medical District. The new guidelines go further by laying out how development should occur in eight specific areas: Riverfront, Downtown Industrial, Downtown Neighborhood, Neighborhood Center, Urban Campus, Downtown Core, Sports and Entertainment and Commercial Corridor.
"Each of these areas has established character that needs to be respected," Roler said.
"The character areas help us figure out what is appropriate in each area and guide future development, the idea being that new development in South Main (Historic Arts District) should probably be different than the Pinch District or Third Street."
Sharon Leichman, president of the Downtown Neighborhood Association and a Downtown Memphis Commission board member, said she thought the new guidelines go a long way toward preserving the unique characteristics of the eight zones while still encouraging investment and opportunity.
"It's not cookie cutter," she said. "I think it's really important that we preserve the character of Downtown while still allowing creativity, which I like about the style and design guidelines."
Copyright 1995 -
by The Daily News Publishing Co. Inc. - All Rights Reserved


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Colts head coach Jim Caldwell's job appeared safe as recently as Tuesday morning. By Tuesday afternoon, he had been fired.
"This was a difficult decision," owner Jim Irsay said. "I wanted to make sure we took all the time we needed to make sure it was the right decision. ... And just like 14 years, ago, it's a big change for the franchise and at the same time, there's players, coaches, many people on the staff that will go into the new day and get on with the work of 2012."
Caldwell joined the organization in 2002 as the quarterbacks coach before succeeding Tony Dungy as head coach in 2009. In his first year as Dungy's replacement, Indianapolis made it to the Super Bowl, losing to the Saints.
Two years later, and without franchise quarterback Peyton Manning, the Colts went 2-14.
On January 2, shortly after Irsay fired team vice chairman Bill Polian and his son, Chris, the Colts' general manager, he told the media that Caldwell had done some good things this season but that, ultimately, the coach's fate would be decided after a new general manager was hired.
"[Caldwell] could very well be back this year, that is not out of the realm of possibility," the Colts owner said at the time. "Jim and I had a good conversation in terms of the immediate future."
Irsay acknowledged that fans would probably like to see a change at head coach but supported Caldwell, calling him "a very bright guy, a great teacher, and a great personnel evaluator who prepares the team well."
But when you lose 14 of 16 games, there are issues and Irsay recognized those, too. He said defensive coordinator Larry Coyer was a mistake (not a "good match as a Cover 2 guy") and that Caldwell struggled at times with game and clock management.
Last Wednesday, Ryan Grigson was introduced as Indianapolis' new GM and today the team is looking for a new head coach. Presumably someone comfortable working with two franchise quarterbacks at opposite ends of their careers.
"Change sometimes isn't always the easiest transition to make but it's part of this game, part of this league and part of the direction we need to get going in this new era of Colts football," Grigson said Tuesday.
Posted by Ryan Wilson on CBSSports.com


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Only call if you need:
9-1-1 does not provide hurricane information. It is for extreme emergency situations only. Be mindful that emergency response vehicles may be unable to respond to calls just before or during a hurricane depending upon wind and weather conditions. For example, fire rescue units are generally not able to safely travel after sustained winds reach 35 miles per hour. If you need updated information before, during or after a hurricane, call the Broward County Hurricane Hotline at 311 or 954-831-4000 (TTY 954-831-3940).
Updated May 2017


text: News & Events / Events print Events All Events RSS Feeds Search by... Student Academic Alumni CLE Other Programs Month of... January February March April May June July August September October November December YEAR 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 « Back 03.11.13 TSI Webinar: What You Need to Know About Protecting Trade Secrets in the Digital Age Monday, March 111:00 - 2:00 pm Subotnick CenterBrooklyn Law School250 Joralemon StreetBrooklynwww.brooklaw.edu Access the Webinar at:http://www.ustream.tv/channel/blstsi Sponsor The Trade Secrets Institute SpeakersEric M. FriedbergCo-PresidentStroz Friedberg Alexander Kaplan Attorney at Law Proskauer Rose LLP This one hour live program and webinar will feature leading experts in the field who will address what companies can do to learn how their trade secrets were stolen or destroyed, measures to prevent such theft or destruction, and the legal framework that governs misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential business information in a corporate environment. CLE CreditThis course provides one (1) CLE credit in the State of New York. The credit is transitional and non-transitional and the category is Skills. Refunds cannot be granted less than 24 hours before the start of the program. Please note: newly-admitted (under two years) attorneys are not eligible to obtain credits via webinar without prior permission from the CLE board. To receive this credit, newly-admitted attorneys must attend the program in person. Cost for CLE Credit $10 for Brooklyn Law School graduates who hold a current BLS Alumni Association Membership Card. If you would like to join, you can do so here, or call 718-780-7966 for more information. $40 for all others Financial aid policy is available upon request. Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information. The program is free for those who do not want CLE credit. All attendees who are attending in person must RSVP. Email this article Share Watch: Book launch for Professor Heidi Brown, Director of the Legal Writing Program and author of The Introverted Lawyer: A Seven-Step Journey Toward Authentically Empowered Advocacy


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A happy, mischievous tune built on top of a bassoon and piccolo strings for a silly cartoon feel. The playful flute melody works well with any project involving cartoons, kids, or humour.
The music is designed to be looped (but would work without too). Two variations of the file are included: The one heard in preview, for playing on its own or making into your own loop, and a cropped version with the release tail removed, so it loops seamlessly.
See the FAQs for this item for tips on looping.


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Skull found in KC area may be prehistoric
KANSAS CITY, Mo. – Two Kansas City teenagers walking along a dry creek bed in northern Kansas City have found what a forensic anthropologist says is the skull of an American Indian woman who likely died centuries ago.
Hunter Collins, 15, and his girlfriend, Heather Johnson, 17, thought they had found some dead animal bones when they spotted the skull Jan. 28. But then Heather gathered up four pieces of the half skull and fit them together. They also poked around the mud with a stick and found a tooth, The Kansas City Star reported.
"When I first saw it and realized what it was, I was scared," said Heather, a junior at North Kansas City High School. She thought perhaps someone had been murdered.
The teens alerted a security guard at a nearby business. When police arrived they also thought they might have a homicide on their hands, in part because the skull had a hole that looked like it could have been from a bullet.
"We started ramping up, thinking we may be working a serious investigation," police Maj. Steve Beamer said.
The skull and the tooth were sent to the Jackson County medical examiner's office, which shipped them to a forensic anthropologist in Manhattan, Kan., to see if the skull belonged to a homicide victim, Beamer said.
Three days later, Michael Finnegan, who teaches anthropology at Kansas State University, told authorities there was no crime and that the skull belonged to a mongoloid female of a historic or prehistoric era. He said the puncture on the top of the skull likely happened after she died.
"The tooth displays a wear pattern consistent with earlier human populations (American Indian)," Finnegan reported.
The skull will be sent to the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, which plans to place it in the secure room at the Rock Bridge Curation facility at Rock Bridge Memorial State Park near Columbia, department spokeswoman Steph Reed said. Such artifacts are protected through the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. As a show of respect to the culture, no photographs are being allowed.
State officials eventually will send a report to Indian tribes associated with Missouri. Reed said the remains will be held until one of the tribes formally requests possession of it. The work of the medical examiner and forensic anthropologist was also sufficient in identifying the remains as of American Indian origin, and there are no further plans to identify the skull, Reed said.


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U.S. Stocks Slip at Close; Apple Hits New High
U.S. stocks are slipping at the close, breaking a four-day rally that pushed indexes near pre-recession highs.
The Dow Jones industrial average was down 40 points at 13,553 Monday. The Standard & Poor's 500 fell nearly five to 1,461. The Nasdaq composite lost five to 3,179.
Stocks are coming off a surge following Federal Reserve plans last week to buy bonds to get people to borrow and spend more.
Dampening spirits was an Empire State Manufacturing Survey suggesting conditions for New York manufacturers weakened in September.
Apple rose $8.50 to a new high of $699.78 after announcing blockbuster advance sales for its iPhone 5.
More than two stocks fell for every one that rose on the New York Stock Exchange. Volume was light at 3.2 billion shares.
(Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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The top Republican on the Senate Armed Services Committee is recommending that a special committee searching for ways to slash the deficit consider some of President Barack Obama's proposed changes to health and retirement benefits for the military.
In a letter to the bipartisan panel, Arizona Sen. John McCain signaled he was open to cost-saving steps in military benefits, a move certain to send shock waves through Congress and among powerful groups of retired officers and veterans resistant to change.
The Associated Press obtained a copy of the letter.
The Pentagon's health care costs have skyrocketed from $19 billion in 2001 to $53 billion, but lawmakers and various groups argue that members of the military and their families sacrifice far more than the average American, with a career that includes long and dangerous deployments overseas that overshadow civilian work. Health and retirement benefits help attract service members to the all-volunteer force.
McCain said he would support establishing an annual enrollment fee for TRICARE for Life, the health care program that has no fee for participation. Obama had proposed an initial annual fee of $200.
"This proposal would be the first such change since Congress established this program in 2001, a period during which national health care costs have risen significantly," the senator wrote.
McCain also urged the so-called supercommittee to consider restricting working-age military retirees and their dependents from enrolling in TRICARE Prime, which has the lowest out-of-pocket expenses. The retirees could still enroll in other TRICARE programs. McCain pointed out that the Congressional Budget Office has estimated that such a move would save $111 billion over 10 years.
Active-duty personnel still would be enrolled in the program automatically.
McCain, who was Obama's rival for the presidency in 2008, also said he supported Obama's proposal for a commission to review military retirement benefits that should consider changes to the military compensation system. He said he agreed with Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, who said those currently serving in the military should be "grandfathered" in, so expected benefits aren't reduced.
Veterans groups challenged Obama's proposals last month and are certain to mobilize to fight any effort by the supercommittee to adopt McCain's recommendations.
"Our nation's financial situation cannot be solved by breaking faith with those who singlehandedly fight our nation's wars - be it today or tomorrow," Richard L. DeNoyer, the head of the 2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars, said in a statement last month.
McCain also told the supercommittee he rejects any deeper cuts in overall defense spending beyond the 10-year, $450 billion cuts already set by the administration and Congress.
"I fully support the president's decision not to propose any additional reductions in defense spending limits beyond those he has already called for," he said.


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If Southampton are banking on the new manager bounce to save them, history suggests they've left it late...
The average age of football fans has increased, but who comes next? Nobody, unless something is done.
Wolves feature heavily, of course. While there may be a few in the list that surprise you.
Two Spurs players wasted their chance to prove a point, while someone disappointed two bosses.
Mahrez, Conte and youth, Pellegrino, Pardew, Moura's introduction, VAR and MORE. Much more, in fact.
Willian has revealed how he psyched out David Meyler with a comment just before his missed a penalty.
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Chelsea produced a clinical first-half performance to brush aside Hull City 4-0 in the FA Cup 5th round.
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When and how to use activated charcoal
Learn when decontamination with activated charcoal will benefit your patients and how to best administer it.
Mar 01, 2013
The American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) created a position paper in 1997 (revised in 2004) that stated, "Single-dose activated charcoal should not be administered routinely in the management of poisoned patients... [as]... there is no evidence that administration of activated charcoal improves clinical outcome."1 Since then, the use of activated charcoal in human medicine has declined from 7.7% in 1995 to 5.9% in 2003, according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.1 Despite the move in human medicine away from activated charcoal administration,1 the question of whether to continue to administer activated charcoal as part of the detoxification of poisoned patients still exists in veterinary medicine.2
Table 1 presents the results of 122 comparison studies in people that evaluated 46 drugs (e.g. acetaminophen, amiodarone, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, theopylline, verapamil), the absolute amount of charcoal administered (0.5 to 100 g), and the time of administration (up to 360 minutes after ingestion).1 Unfortunately, in these studies, certain factors could not be controlled, such as the influence of food in the stomach or the presence of a toxicant that may delay gastric emptying.1
Limited veterinary literature exists. Most of the animal studies were performed in mice and rats, not in dogs and cats. It is important to consider the differences in the patients' comparative anatomy, metabolism, GI motility, and morphology, as well as the toxicant's absorption rate and site, and route of elimination.1 A recent prospective study evaluated the effect of activated charcoal administration alone vs. emesis and activated charcoal administration in dogs after an experimental overdose of carprofen and found that activated charcoal administration alone was as effective as the combination was.4


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Way back at F25 I upgraded my hardware MB + CPU and ran into problems during the NVidia driver install and so was stuck because of dual boot and lazy.
I went to windows and stayed there until F27.
I installed F27 and right "out of the box" my triple monitor set up worked without the NVida work around. Thanks!
I am back into my coding hobby and am enjoying life again


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Home » Posts made in February, 2015
Billing for Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial or Permanent
Billing for Spinal Cord Stimulation Trial or Permanent Spinal Cord Stimulation is indicated in patients who have chronic moderate to severe pain of the trunk or limbs who have failed more from the conservative treatment. According to Laxmaiah Manchikanti, MD's book, there are some specific criteria that a patient should meet including: 1. More conservative… Please LOGIN HERE to view this content. Or, REGISTER...
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- Billing Modifier with Unlisted CPT Code | Use of Modifier with Unlisted Procedure CPT Code
- CPT Code for Genicular Nerve Block 64450 and Genicular Nerve Destruction 64640
- 2019 ICD-10-CM New Codes Releases – ICD-10-CM Codes Released for Fiscal Year 2019
- Billing for CPT Code 64450 Cluneal Nerve Block and Cluneal Nerve Destruction 64640
- Billing for CPT Transforaminal 64483, 64484 and Interlaminar Epidural 62323 together Unbundling
- CPT 64490, 64493, 64495, 64633 – Billing and Coding for Facet Nerve Block and Nerve Ablation RFA
- Aetna Denied Claim for CPT Code Knee Injection Billing Code 20610 as Investigational
- Anesthesia Coding Billing Guideline that Crosswalks to Pain Management Procedures
- Billing SI Joint Injection 27096 without Imaging Guidance – Use Trigger Points Billing Code
- 2018 ICD-10 ICD 10 New Codes for Pain Management Billing Coding and Pain Medicine
- 2018 Pain Management CPT Changes – Drug Testing Drug Assay Test Code 80305
- Billing Obesity Behavioral Counseling According to Medicare Guideline
- Billing Obesity Behavioral Counseling with Comorbidity | Evaluation and Management CPT 99401-99215 or G0447, CPT 99401-99405
- Billing for Obesity Screening and Treatment to Medicare and Commercial Insurance Using G0447, CPT 99401, CPT 99402, CPT 99403, CPT 99404, CPT 99405
- Billing for Telehealth Medicine and How to Get Paid for Obesity Behavioral Counseling
- Obesity Counseling G0447 99401 99405 Reimbursement IBT Policy
- How to Get Paid Treating Medical Obesity for Physician Offices
- CMS Medicare Require Global Surgery Reporting for Post-Op Visits for 9 States
- Physician Provider Going Out of Network with the Insurance Company | Think Again
- Can a Doctor Waive a Patient Copay | Medical Practice Offices Need to Know
- List of Medical Modifiers for Durable Medical Equipment DME Billing Services | Modifiers
- DME Durable Medical Equipment Billing Coding Modifier RR, KH, KJ, KI – Rental DME Modifier
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- CPT Unlisted Codes – What are they? Use it when there is no other appropriate code!
- Kyphoplasty CPT 2017 and Vertebroplasty – Billing for Moderate Sedation is Separate in 2017 Changes
- 2017 Billing for Moderate Conscious Sedation with Surgery Procedure Huge Changes in 2017
- Inpatient Consult Codes | How to Bill for Medicare Billing for Inpatient Consult Admitted Patient in the Hospital
- Insurance Payment Paid and Allowed 100% of Charged Amount – don't celebrate! Let me tell you why!
- Can I use modifier 59 for CPT 99204, 99213, 99214, 99215, 99205, 99203 Problem Focused E/M
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The ER wait time is updated every 30 minutes. The ER wait time provided displays the amount of time (in minutes) that it takes for a patient to see a qualified medical professional from the time of their arrival at the Emergency Room. The wait time displayed represents a rolling-average of the previous 60-minutes for all patients who have seen a qualified medical professional.
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A qualified medical professional is defined as a Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Osteopathy (DO), Physician Assistant (PA) or Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner (ARNP).


text: Seller: bygones_4_u (564) 100%, Location: Taunton, Ships to: GB & many other countries, Item: 253808540897 Welcome to my listing for this oven fire doors with nice detailing. The doors are in very good condition with latch and hinges working as they should. These doors could be reinstated as a clay oven in the garden, or I think would look magnificent as a doors to the wine cupboard in the wall, what a statement and talking point. Please scroll down for more pictures and dimensions. Please note: Delivery cost is for UK Mainland only. Northern Ireland, Isle of Man, Channel Islands etc. will probably cost more. Material: Iron/ Cast iron


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I have OSS v4.2 installed on my Debian squeeze system.
Sound is working, but I get a trouble with Wine.
Code: Select all
ALSA lib seq_hw.c:457:(snd_seq_hw_open) open /dev/snd/seq failed: no such file or device
looking at ossinfo return me no midi device
Code: Select all
Number of audio devices: 1
Number of audio engines: 6
Number of MIDI devices: 0
Number of mixer devices: 1
I don't know from where to start and how to create this device.
PS sorry for my pure english
thanks much


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Texan's Plans Put Wall Street on Edge
WASHINGTON—During Jeb Hensarling's first congressional bid, a man at a campaign stop in Athens, Texas, asked the Republican if he was "pro-business."
"No," the candidate replied, drawing curious stares from local business leaders who had gathered to hear him speak, a former Hensarling aide recalled. "I'm not pro-business. I'm pro-free enterprise."


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Did you read today's front page stories & breaking news?
From the Wires
Strongbow Resources Puts Compeer Well on Production
Location: Big Lake Compeer 5-29-33-2W4
By: Marketwired .
Feb. 7, 2013 08:15 AM
HOUSTON, TX -- (Marketwire) -- 02/07/13 -- Strongbow Resources Inc. (OTCQB: STBR) ("Strongbow" or "the Company"), announces its well at Compeer 5-29-33-2W4Hz was equipped with permanent production facilities. The well will produce from the Viking Formation. Gas production will initially be flared but will be conserved upon future development of the prospect. The oil will be trucked to a local facility for sale.
After reviewing production results, additional locations will be drilled on the lands earned by the already drilled 5-29-33-2 w4m well. There are seven sections adjoining section 29-33-2W4 in which Strongbow has a 100% working interest. Up to four wells per section can be drilled to develop the Viking Formation.
About Strongbow Resources Inc.
Forward-Looking Statements: This press release includes forward-looking statements as determined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this press release that address activities, events, or developments that the Company believes or anticipates will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such factors include general economic and business conditions, the ability to acquire and develop specific projects, the ability to fund operations and changes in consumer and business consumption habits and other factors over which the Company has little or no control. The Company does not intend (and is not obligated) to update publicly any forward-looking statements. The contents of this press release should be considered in conjunction with the warnings and cautionary statements contained in the Company's recent filings with the SEC.
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By Nathan Collier
There's one variant of Android.Bankun that is particularly interesting to me. When you look at the manifest it doesn't have even one permission. Even wallpaper apps have internet permissions. Having no permissions isn't a red flag for being malicious though. In fact, it may even make you lean towards it being legitimate.
There is one thing that thing that gives Android.Bankun a red flag though. The package name of com.google.bankun instantly makes me think something is fishy. To the average user the word 'Google' is seen as a word to be trusted. This is especially true when it comes to the Android operating system which is of course created by the search engine giant.
Malware authors know this and heavily use it to disguise their malicious intent. Mobile threat researchers like myself also know this and end up looking twice whenever we see 'Google' being used. Diving into the code, we see a simple application who's code all resides in one plainly named default class, MainActivity. A great place to start is on the "onCreate" function which is ran whenever the app is opened. Lets take a look:
Looking at the code, we can see that it calls "isAvilible" with parameters of different package names. The "isAvilible" function looks to see if that package name is installed and returns 'true' if it is installed which triggers the "if…else" statement to be ran. Lets look at the first "if…else" statement with "com.kbcard.kbkookmincard". If you look in the Google Play market you'll see that "com.kbcard.kbkookmincard" is an app called "KB Kookmin Card Mobile Home". It appears to be a Korean banking app. Whenever "KB Kookmin Card Mobile Home" exists, the malicious app will uninstall the app using the "uninstallApk" function after getting root access from the "getRootAhth" function. It then calls "installZxingApk" with the value of 'i' which is '1' for this "if…else" statement. Lets look at the "installZxingApk" function:
Under the "installZxingApk", it appears to be grabbing an apk from the assets folder with name of the parameter the function is called with (which for the "if…else" statement we're looking at is '1') and installs it. So, lets see if there is an apk in the assets folder of the malicious app named "1.apk":
There it is! Along with several other apks for other "if…else" statements to use.
To test this malicioius app out, I grabbed the legitimate "KB Kookmin Card Mobile Home" and installed it. Here it is sitting in my test phone's memory:
I then ran the malicious app and this popped up:
There's the app getting root access. Now, you should probably say "what in the…" and click 'Deny', but that's no fun so lets click 'Allow'. We then get this:
What's this? Maybe an update of my banking app "KB Kookmin Card Mobile Home"? lets click 'Install'. Looking at the icon for this app nothing looks different:
Now lets look in the phone's memory again:
The APK "com.kbcard.kbkookmincard-1.apk" has been replaced with "com.googles.smsservicesone-1.apk", or better known as "1.apk" from our malicious apps asset folder. So what does "1.apk" do? It's another malicious app that pretends to be "KB Kookmin Card Mobile Home":
After entering your sensitive banking info it sends it off to the bad guys. We also call this malicious app Android.Bankun. Another reason to not blindly accept anything that pops up on your phone. And as always, have Webroot SecureAnywhere Mobile installed on your Android device to protect you from nasty bank information stealing threats like these.


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Spencer Nicks
Spencer Nicks is a wild 5'5 wild teen who loves to get naked and go crazy. This hottie from cornhusker country who is built like a pin-up and dances like a rapper's girlfriend. A sexy new website to showcase all her naughty picture and videos in one spot this girl is here to please!
Spencer Nicks enjoys a soapy bubble bath.


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Woody Guthrie Turns 100
Folk music icon Woody Guthrie, one of the most important figures in the history of American music, was born July 14, 1912, 100 years ago today. Armed with a guitar bearing the phrase, "This Machine Kills Fascists," Guthrie wrote thousands of songs in his life, many of which are still being recorded today.
His influence on classic rock is most famously realized in the work of Bob Dylan, who had read Guthrie's autobiography, 'Bound for Glory,' in 1960. Shortly thereafter, he moved to New York to meet Guthrie and the two struck up a friendship. By this time Guthrie had been hospitalized in Brooklyn from Huntington's disease, a genetic neurological condition that would claim his life on Oct. 3, 1967. Dylan's 'Song to Woody' was one of two originals on his 1962 debut album. He also wrote a poem, 'Last Thoughts on Woody Guthrie,' which he recited at a 1963 concert.
Woodrow Wilson Guthrie began playing guitar and harmonica while growing up in Okemah, Okla. He eventually made his way to Los Angeles to look for work in the 1930s when the Dust Bowl made conditions in the Midwest untenable. Guthrie got a gig singing country and folk songs on the radio, but moved to New York in 1940, where he made his first album, 'Dust Bowl Ballads.'
In the mid-1940s, Guthrie rose to fame through his albums for Folkways, where they influenced an entire movement. His most famous song, 'This Land is Your Land,' was recorded during this period. Guthrie originally wrote the song in 1940 as an angry response to Irving Berlin's 'God Bless America,' but did not commit it to vinyl until 1944. Neil Young covered it on his most recent album, 'Americana.'
Bruce Springsteen, whose reading of a Guthrie biography in the early-1980s influenced his subsequent work, performed 'This Land is Your Land' at more than 100 concerts between 1980 and 1985 and released a version on his 'Live 1975-85′ box set. Springsteen has also performed or recorded Guthrie's songs such as 'I Ain't Got No Home,' 'Pretty Boy Floyd' and 'Vigilante Man' over the years.
Guthrie's work wasn't restricted to political songs. He wrote many children's songs, Jewish songs (with his mother-in-law, a Yiddish poet), ballads and also recorded many traditional songs. Even when he wasn't recording, Guthrie was an incredibly prolific artist. His archives contain thousands of lyrics, poems, and artwork that have never seen the light of day.
Over the past 20 years, his daughter Nora, who runs the Woody Guthrie Foundation, has commissioned artists to write music for his unreleased lyrics so that his music lives on for new generations to discover. The most famous of these projects is the 'Mermaid Avenue' collaboration of the late-1990s between Wilco and English songwriter Billy Bragg, which resulted in three albums worth of music. One of Bragg's best songs, 1991′s 'You Woke Up My Neighborhood' was inspired by one of Guthrie's drawings.
Woody Guthrie married three times and fathered eight children. His son, Arlo, has had a long and successful career carrying on his father's legacy of fighting social injustice through song and activism. His most famous songs are 'Coming Into Los Angeles' and the 18-minute talking blues 'Alice's Restaurant Massacree,' which has become a staple on folk music radio programs every Thanksgiving.


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Today's post is from our guest wine contributor Emilio Guerra, who is the Regional Manager for Dreyfus Ashby & Co., purveyors of fine wines. Click here to read Emilio's previous articles on South Florida Food and Wine.
We have learned about the great red wines of Rioja and Ribera del Duero, about Galicia's outstanding whites and visited Jerez de la Frontera for dry and sweet Sherry as well as its smooth and flavorful Brandies. Yet there is one major wine region in Spain we have not visited which many forget to consider when buying wine.
Penedes is a large wine growing area located in the Northeast corner of Spain influenced by the Mediterranean Sea and the mountain passes that create its varied and unique microclimates. This region is famous for Cava production (Spain's sparkling wine) and the sub-regions of Priorat and Conca de Barbera.
When visiting, there is no better place to stay than the city of Barcelona. If you have been there you know what I mean, if not, put it on your list of cities to visit. Barcelona is magical and you feel it just by walking around; is full of history, architecture, art, cathedrals, shops, great food, and fun loving people Barcelona is a city that never sleeps.
Schedule a day-trip to nearby St. Sadurni d'Anoia and visit the great Cava houses like Codorniu, Freixenet and Marques de Monistrol. Here is where you discover why Cava is so delicious and such a great value. Made in the traditional method (like Champagne) Cava is tart, clean, refreshing and makes a great aperitif.
Your second day-trip should be to Vilafranca del Penedes to visit the Miguel Torres winery for an unforgettable experience. Miguel Torres, Sr., along with his friend Jean Leon, were the first to plant Cabernet Sauvignon vines in Spain back in the late 60's. Torres was also the first to work with grapes like Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Riesling and to this day he continues to make some of the best whites and roses in Spain. Try a bottle of Torres Vina Esmeralda (off-dry) with Sushi and the Sangre de Toro Rose with Tapas.
For the food pairing with the Sangre de Toro Rose I could not think of anyone more fitting than the Tapas Queen herself, Foodalogue.com, a.k.a. Joan Nova. Joan and her recipes have appeared many times on this site. As a lover of all things Spanish culture, you are able to taste all that inspires Joan in most of her recipes. Today I chose five of her Tapas that are easy, fabulously flavorful and perfectly paired with this Rosé. Tortilla de Patatas (Potato Omelet), Potaje de Garbanzos y Chorizo (Stewed Chickpeas and Spanish Sausage), Shrimps a la Plancha with Piquillo Sauce, Mushrooms al Ajillo, Egg + Anchovy Tapas. Click here for the recipes.
On the red side, enjoy a Gran Sangre de Toro with a tender churrasco steak or splurge and buy his famous Mas La Plana Black Label, the only Spanish wine to have beaten France's first growths in a blind tasting. Enjoy it with succulent rabbit, braised short ribs or mushroom risotto.
The recipe we recommend comes yet again from our pal FOODalogue.com. Joan's Puerto Rican Style Short Ribs pair well with Torres' Black Label. Click here for the recipe from Foodalogue.com
Finally, spend your last day in Priorat where wine has been made since the 12th century but only recently recognized as one of Spain's best wine growing areas. Some of the most unique and awe inspiring vineyards in the world are there, literally carved out of the mountainside. Hot days and cool nights along with the slate based soil create big, bold wines made from Grenache and Carignan with some Cabernet and Syrah thrown in. These are monster wines, made in limited quantities that merit their higher cost. My favorites are: Clos Mogador, Clos Martinet, L'Ermita and the value priced Salmos. These wines are perfect with the "cheese course" at the end of the meal or with grilled lamb or steak. Good recent vintages: 2007, 2008, 2009
Originally published in part Taste duVin © 2012


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The Big Bang?
Discuss about the science of Allah's creation.
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Re: The Big Bang?
Nice Post! Islam means absolute submission to the Will of Allah and those who by choice submit to the Will of Allah are Muslims.
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One Transmitter, One ReceiverThe simplest network is one transmitter and one receiver (Figure 6). In this example, a termination resistor is shown at the transmitter end of the cable. Although unnecessary here, it is probably a good habit to design-in both termination resistors. This allows the transmitter to be moved to locations other than the far end, and permits additional transmitters to be added to the network if that becomes necessary.
Shouldn't there be ~120 Ohm terminating resistors at either end of the bus?


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This article was printed from mlb, originally published .
Read more news at: https://www.mlb.com/news
Lineup breakdown: AL Wild Card Game
A look at tonight's starting lineups in the NL Wild Card Game:
1. Michael Bourn, CF - This was a down year for Bourn both in terms of on-base percentage (.316) and stolen bases (23 in 25 attempts), and he's entering this game shortly after spraining his wrist and pulling up lame with a sore calf in the last week of the regular season.
2. Nick Swisher, 1B - A sore shoulder helped limit Swisher to a .220/.310/.370 slash line against right-handed pitching this season. And even in the midst of his September surge, those numbers were .190/.279/.293 against righties.
3. Jason Kipnis, 2B - Kipnis seemed to be hitting a wall early in September, but he hit .474 with a 1.249 OPS in his final five games of the season -- all must-win games for the Tribe.
4. Carlos Santana, DH - The switch-hitting Santana is slightly better against lefties (.864) than righties (.815) like Alex Cobb, but he also got hot in the last week (1.041 OPS).
5. Michael Brantley, LF - Probably the Tribe's most consistent pure hitter, Brantley hit .288/.336/.421 against right-handers.
6. Ryan Raburn, RF - The supersub winds up getting a start, and it's well-deserved. He has a .953 OPS against right-handers this year.
7. Asdrubal Cabrera, SS - The former All-Star had a disappointing year, all around. The vast majority of the switch-hitting Cabrera's power, though, comes from the left-hand side (.421 SLG vs. .363 against lefties), so this is at least a good matchup for him in that regard.
8. Yan Gomes, C - He's been a game-changer for the Indians at the plate and behind it (he threw out 38.3 percent of opposing baserunners). Will be interesting to see if the Rays test him.
9. Lonnie Chisenhall, 3B - A surprise addition to the lineup, as Mike Aviles had been getting the bulk of playing time at the position during the season-ending surge. But Chisenhall's .583 slugging percentage vs. righties in September was the best mark on the club.
Danny Salazar, SP - The kid's 11th big league start is a big one. The Indians have removed the cuffs on him, pitch count-wise, and Terry Francona said a manager in this type of game has to resist the temptation to have too quick of a hook.
1. David DeJesus, LF - Like Young, DeJesus has turned out to be a savvy in-season acquisition for the Rays. He had a .241/.315/.418 slash line in September, a nice tonic given Matt Joyce's struggles.
2. Wil Myers, RF - Some rookies fade in September. Myers hit .308 with a .904 OPS. Splits don't matter much with Myers, but he's actually shown more power against the same arm side.
3. James Loney, 1B - Loney had a resurgent season guided mostly by a stellar first half, but he also finished strong, going 8-for-21 with three walks and four doubles in the last six games.
4. Evan Longoria, 3B - There was a period in late August/early September when Longo's bat was sagging and so were the Rays. But he came through when it mattered most with a huge night in the tiebreaker against Texas.
5. Ben Zobrist, 2B - Zobrist's versatility is an obvious asset, especially this time of year. He had just a .666 OPS over the last four weeks, but he is at his best against right-handers when batting from the left-hand side (.290 average, .817 OPS).
6. Desmond Jennings, CF - Jennings returned from a hamstring injury just in time to provide a spark in Game 163. In his last eight games of the season, he had a .571 OBP. Worth noting he has just four stolen bases since the end of July.
7. Delmon Young, DH - Raise your hand if you thought Delmon Young would be in the postseason this year. He revived his season with the Rays by showing a lot more patience than he ever has previously, drawing a walk every 11.6 plate appearances.
8. Yunel Escobar, SS - Escobar has just a .674 OPS against righties, and he had a .203/.315/.329 slash line in September.
9. Jose Molina, C - Molina hit .325 with three homers and 10 RBIs in September so the Rays are sticking with the hot hand.
Alex Cobb, SP - Cobb silenced the Indians over 7 1/3 innings in his previous start against them this season. Of course, that was six months and one concussion ago. But there's no denying the Rays feel good about having Cobb on the mound in this must-win. He has a 2.41 ERA and .219 average against in nine starts since his return from the DL.


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Introduction to lubrication
GRL001Before taking the SKF lubrication course, it is recommended that you have passed the bearings basic course (GRB001), or have some prior knowledge about bearings. In this course you will learn about the physics of lubricants and the function of a lubricant within a bearing. The features and benefits of SKF standard bearing greases will be outlined, and you will be shown how to select grease for a specific application.
The presentation also discusses the features and benefits of SKF automatic lubricator systems; SYSTEM24 and SYSTEM Multipoint.
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- Angular contact ball bearings
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1. The Saintly All-HOLINESS Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I2. The Saintly Eminence, Emmanuel of France3. Saint John Paul II4. The Saintly All-HOLINESS Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV Muselimes (the Muslim)5. The Holy Fathers of the 3rd Meeting of the Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches6. The Holy Fathers of the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church VIIth Plenary Session7. The Saintly Titular Reverend, Killistos Ware8. The Saintly Titular Reverend, John of Pergamoni cannot count past 8
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Dial-up Technology
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Dialup is simply the application of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to carry data on behalf of the end user. It involves a customer premises equipment (CPE) device sending the telephone switch a phone number to direct a connection to. The AS3600, AS5200, AS5300, and AS5800 are all examples of routers that have the capability to run a PRI along with banks of digital modems. The AS2511, on the other hand, is an example of a router that communicates with external modems.
Dialup is simply the application of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to carry data on behalf of the end user. It involves a customer premises equipment (CPE) device sending the telephone switch a phone number to direct a connection to. The AS3600, AS5200, AS5300, and AS5800 are all examples of routers that have the capability to run a PRI along with banks of digital modems. The AS2511, on the other hand, is an example of a router that communicates with external modems.
Latest revision as of 21:10, 16 October 2012
Dialup is simply the application of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to carry data on behalf of the end user. It involves a customer premises equipment (CPE) device sending the telephone switch a phone number to direct a connection to. The AS3600, AS5200, AS5300, and AS5800 are all examples of routers that have the capability to run a PRI along with banks of digital modems. The AS2511, on the other hand, is an example of a router that communicates with external modems.
Since the time of Internetworking Technologies Handbook, 2nd edition, the carrier market has continued to grow, and there have been demands for higher modem densities. The answer to this need was a higher degree of interoperation with the telco equipment and the refinement of the digital modem: a modem capable of direct digital access to the PSTN. This has allowed the development of faster CPE modems that take advantage of the clarity of signal that the digital modems enjoy. The fact that the digital modems connecting into the PSTN through a PRI or a BRI can transmit data at more than 53 K using the V.90 communication standard attests to the success of the idea.
A Short Dialup Technology Background
Dialup technology traces its origins back to the days of the telegraph. Simple signals being sent across an extended circuit were created manually by tapping contacts together to turn the circuit either on or off. In an effort to improve the service, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1875 and changed communication forever. Having the capability to send a voice across the line made the technology more accessible and attractive to consumers. By 1915, the Bell system stretched from New York to San Francisco. Demand for the service drove technological innovations, which led to the first transatlantic phone service in 1927 via radio signal. Other innovations along the way included microwave stations that started connecting American cities in 1948, integrated digital networks to improve the quality of service, and communication satellites, which went into service in 1962 with the launch of Telstar 1. By 1970, more than 90 percent of American homes had telephone service.
In 1979 the modulator-demodulator (modem) was introduced, and dialup networking was born. The early modems were slower and subject to proprietary communication schemes. Early uses of modems were for intermittent point-to-point WAN connections. Often, the call would come into a regular phone at a data center. An operator would hear modem tones and place the handset onto a special cradle that was the modem.
In the late 1980s, the ITU-T began setting up V-series recommendations to standardize communications between both data communications equipment (DCE) and data terminal equipment (DTE). Early standards included these:
- V.8 - Standardized the method that modems use to initially determine the V-series modulation at which they will communicate. Note that this standard applies only to the communication session between the two DCE devices. This was later updated with V.8bis, which also specified some of the communication standards between the DTE devices going over the DCE's connection.
- V.21, V.23, V.27ter, V.29 - Defined 300, 600/1200, 2400/4800, and 9600 baud communications, respectively.
- V.25, V.25bis, V.25ter - Served as a series of standards for automated dialing, answering, and control.
Modems increased greatly in sophistication in the late 1980s. This was due in part to the breakup of the Bell system in 1984. With the client premises equipment in the hands of free enterprise, competition spurred on the development of speedier connections. More recent standards include these:
- V.32bis, V.34, V.90 - Standardized 14400, 33600, and up to 56000 baud communication speeds.
- V.110 - Allowed an asynchronous DTE device to use an ISDN DCE (terminal adapter).
The first access servers were the AS2509 and the AS2511. The AS2509 could support 8 incoming connections using external modems, while the AS2511 could support 16. The AS5200 was introduced with 2 PRIs and could support 48 users using digital modems-this represented a major leap forward in technology. Modem densities have increased steadily, with the AS5300 supporting four and then eight PRIs. The AS5800 was later introduced to fill the needs of carrier class installations needing to handle dozens of incoming T1s and hundreds of user connections
A couple of outdated technologies bear mentioning in a historical discussion of dialer technology. 56 Kflex is an older (pre-V.90) 56 K modem standard that was proposed by Rockwell. Cisco supports version 1.1 of the 56 Kflex standard on its internal modems, but it recommends migrating the CPE modems to V.90 as soon as possible. Another outdated technology is the AS5100. The AS5100 was a joint venture between Cisco and a modem manufacturer. The AS5100 was created as a way to increase modem density through the use of quad modem cards. It involved a group of AS2511s built as cards that were inserted into a backplane shared by quad modem cards, and a dual T1 card.
Today dialup is still used as an economical alternative (depending on the connection requirements) to dedicated connectivity. It has important uses as backup connectivity, in case the primary lines go down. Dialup also offers the flexibility to create dynamic connections as needed.
Dialup Connectivity Technology
This section provides information from various dialup options. Also included are advanced options for dialup connectivity and various dialup methods.
Plain Old Telephone Service
The regular phone lines used in voice calls are referred to as Plain old telephone service (POTS). They are ubiquitous, familiar, and easy to obtain; local calls are normally free of charge. This is the kind of service that the phone network was built on. Sounds carried over this service are sampled at a rate of 8000 times per second (using 8 bits per sample) in their conversion to digital signals so that sound can be carried on a 64 kbps channel at acceptable levels.
The encoding and decoding of voice is done by a piece of telco gear called a CODEC. The CODEC was needed to allow backward-compatibility with the old analog phones that were already in widespread use when the digital network was introduced. Thus, most phones found in the home are simple analog devices.
Dialup connectivity across POTS lines has historically been limited to about 33,600 bps via modem-often referred to as V.34 speeds. Recent improvements have increased the speed at which data can be sent from a digital source to a modem on a POTS line, but using POTS lines on both ends of the connection still results in V.34 connectivity in both directions.
Basic Rate Interface
Intended for home use, this application of ISDN uses the same copper as a POTS line, but it offers direct digital connectivity to the telephone network. A special piece of equipment known as a terminal adapter is required (although, depending on the country, it may be integrated into the router or DCE device). Always make sure to check-the plug used to connect to the wall socket looks the same whether it's the S/T or U demarcation point.
Normally, a Basic rate interface (BRI) interface has two B (bearer) channels to carry data, and one D (delta) channel to carry control and signaling information. Local telephone carriers may have different plans to suit local needs. Each B channel is a 64 K line. The individual 64 K channels of the telephone network are commonly referred to as digital service 0 (DS0). This is a common denominator regardless of the types of services offered.
The BRI interface is a dedicated connection to the switch and will remain up even if no calls are placed.
The T1/E1 line is designed for use in businesses. T1 boasts 24 TDM channels run across a cable with 2 copper pairs. E1 offers 32 channels, although 1 is dedicated to frame synchronization. As is the case with the BRI, the T1/E1 connection goes directly into the telco switch. The connection is dedicated, so like a BRI, the T1/E1 remains connected and communicating to the switch all the time-even if there are no active calls. Each of the channels in the T1/E1 is just a B channel, which is to say that it's a 64-K DS0. The T1/E1 is also referred to as digital service 1 (DS1).
The North American T1 uses frames to define the timing between individual channels. For T1s, each frame has 24 9-bit channels (8 bits of data, 1 bit for framing). That adds up to 193 bits per frame. So, at 8000 of those per second, the T1 is carrying 1.544 Mbps between the switch and the customer premises equipment (CPE).
The E1 similarly uses frames for timing, but the E1 uses 32 8-bit channels for a 256-bit frame. Again at the 8000 Hz rate, the channel yields 2.048 Mbps of traffic between the switch and the CPE. Most of the world uses the E1.
Depending on the region, various line code and framing schemes will have to be used for the CPE and the switch to understand each other. For example, in North America, the encoding scheme most often seen is called binary 8 zero substitution (B8ZS), and the most common framing done is extended super frame (ESF). The telco through which the T1/E1 service is purchased must indicate which line code and framing should be used.
For dialup purposes, there are two types of T1/E1: Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and channel associated signaling (CAS). PRI and CAS T1/E1s are normally seen in central locations that receive calls from remote sites or customers.
Primary Rate Interface
T1 Primary rate interface (PRI) service offers 23 B channels at 64 kbps at the cost of one D-channel (the 24th channel) for call signaling. Using NFAS to allow multiple PRIs to use a single D channel can minimize this disadvantage. E1 PRI service allows 30 channels, but it uses the 16th channel for ISDN signaling. The PRI service is an ISDN connection. It allows either voice-grade (modem) or true ISDN calls to be made and received through the T1/E1. This is the type of service most often seen in access servers because it fosters higher connection speeds.
Channel Associated Signaling
T1 Channel associated signaling (CAS) lines have 24 56K channels-part of each channel is borrowed for call signaling. This type of service is also called robbed-bit signaling. The E1 CAS still uses only the 16th channel for call signaling, but it uses the R2 international standard for analog call signals.
CAS is not an ISDN interface; it allows only analog calls to come into the access server. This is often done to allow an access server to work with a channel bank, and this scenario is seen more commonly in South America, Europe, and Asia.
From a terminology standpoint, a modem is considered data communication equipment (DCE), and the device using the modem is called data terminal equipment (DTE). As indicated earlier, modems must adhere to a number of communication standards to work with other modems: Bell103, Bell212A, V.21, V.22, V.22bis, V.23, V.32, V.32bis, V.FC, and V.34, to name a few. These standards reflect a dual analog conversion model, which is shown in Figure: Communication Standards Reflect a Dual Analog Conversion Model:
Figure: Communication Standards Reflect a Dual Analog Conversion Model
Advances in access server technology have allowed the development of new standards to take advantage of better connectivity at the server end. These standards are X2, 56 Kflex, and V.90. X2 and 56 Kflex represent earlier proprietary standards that were made obsolete by V.90. The assumption made by all these standards is that the access server has digital connectivity to the telephone network. The new model is shown in Figure: New Standards Model:
Figure: New Standards Model
Notice that the signal goes through only one analog conversion. Because the conversion is done on the client's side, traffic generated by the client modem is limited to V.34 speeds. The traffic coming from the access server is not subject to the noise problems that an analog conversion would introduce, so it can be sent at much higher speeds. Thus, the client can receive data at v.90 speeds but can send data at only V.34 speeds.
So how does it really work? Here's the overall flow of the data as it goes through a modem as shown in Figure: Overall Flow of Data as it Goes Through a Modem:
Figure: Overall Flow of Data as it Goes Through a Modem
Going from the DTE device, the data is sent through the UART, which handles buffering and flow control with the host. The data compressor passes the data to the packetizer, which puts a checksum on it and sends it on to the DSP. The packetizer also handles retransmits if the data doesn't get through to the other DCE. The data travels onward to the digital to analog processor, which pushes the data out the RJ11 jack to the phone line. Receiving data goes in the reverse process.
In theory, V.90 modems could send data at 56 kbps, but because of limits placed on the phone lines by government agencies, 53 kbps is all that is currently possible.
PPP bears mentioning because it is so vital to the operation of dialup technologies. Until PPP came along in 1989 (RFC 1134-currently up to RFC 1661), dialup protocols were specific to the protocol being used. To use multiple protocols, it was necessary to encapsulate any other protocols within packets of whatever protocol the dialup link was running. Many of the proprietary link methods (such as SLIP) didn't even have the capability to negotiate addressing. Fortunately, PPP does this and many more things with flexibility and extensibility. PPP connection establishment happens in three phases: Link Control Protocol (LCP), authentication, and Network Control Protocol (NCP).
LCP is the lowest layer of PPP. Because PPP does not follow a client/server model, both ends of the point-to-point connection must agree on the negotiated protocols. When negotiation begins, each of the peers wanting to establish a PPP connection must send a configure request (CONFREQ). Included in the CONFREQ are any options that are not the link default. These often include maximum receive unit, async control character map, authentication protocol, and the magic number. At this stage, the peers negotiate their authentication method and indicate whether they will support PPP multilink.
In the general flow of LCP negotiations, there are three possible responses to any CONFREQ:
- A configure-acknowledge (CONFACK) must be issued if the peer recognizes the options and agrees to the values seen in the CONFREQ.
- A configure-reject (CONFREJ) must be sent if any of the options in the CONFREQ are not recognized (such as some vendor-specific options) or if the values for any of the options have been explicitly disallowed in the configuration of the peer.
- A configure-negative-acknowledge (CONFNAK) must be sent if all the options in the CONFREQ are recognized, but the values are not acceptable to the peer.
The two peers continue to exchange CONFREQs, CONFREJs, and CONFNAKs until each sends a CONFACK, until the dial connection is broken, or until one or both of the peers indicates that the negotiation cannot be completed.
Authentication is an optional phase, but it is highly recommended on all dial connections. In some instances, it is a requirement for proper operation-dialer profiles, being a case in point.
The two principal types of authentication in PPP are the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), defined by RFC 1334 and updated by RFC 1994.
When discussing authentication, it is helpful to use the terms requester and authenticator to distinguish the roles played by the devices at either end of the connection, although either peer can act in either role.
Requester describes the device that requests network access and supplies authentication information; the authenticator verifies the validity of the authentication information and either allows or disallows the connection. It is common for both peers to act in both roles when a DDR connection is being made between routers.
PAP is fairly simple. After successful completion of the LCP negotiation, the requester repeatedly sends its username/password combination across the link until the authenticator responds with an acknowledgment or until the link is broken. The authenticator may disconnect the link if it determines that the username/password combination is not valid.
CHAP is somewhat more complicated. The authenticator sends a challenge to the requester, which then responds with a value. This value is calculated by using a "one-way hash" function to hash the challenge and the CHAP password together. The resulting value is sent to the authenticator along with the requester's CHAP host name (which may be different from its actual host name) in a response message.
The authenticator reads the host name in the response message, looks up the expected password for that host name, and then calculates the value that it expects the requester to send in its response by performing the same hash function the requester performed. If the resulting values match, the authentication is successful. Failure should lead to a disconnection. By RFC standards, the authenticator can request another authentication at any time during the connection.
NCP negotiation is conducted in much the same manner as LCP negotiation with CONFREQs, CONFREJs, CONFNAKs, and CONFACKs. However, in this phase of negotiation, the elements being negotiated have to do with higher-layer protocols-IP, IPX, bridging, CDP, and so on. One or more of these protocols may be negotiated. Refer to the following RFCs for more detail on their associated protocols:
- RFC 1332 "IP Control Protocol"
- RFC 1552 "IPX Control Protocol"
- RFC 1378 "AppleTalk Control Protocol"
- RFC 1638 "Bridging Control Protocol"
- RFC 1762 "DECnet Control Protocol"
- RFC 1763 "VINES Control Protocol"
A Couple of Advanced Considerations
The Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol (MLP, RFC 1990) feature provides a load-balanced method for splitting and recombining packets to a single end system across a logical pipe (also called a bundle) formed by multiple links. Multilink PPP provides bandwidth on demand and reduces transmission latency across WAN connections. At the same time, it provides multivendor interoperability, packet fragmentation with proper sequencing, and load calculation on both inbound and outbound traffic. The Cisco implementation of multilink PPP supports the fragmentation and packet sequencing specifications in RFC1717.
Multilink PPP works over the following interface types (single or multiple):
- Asynchronous serial interfaces
- BRIs
- PRIs
Multichassis multilink PPP (MMP), on the other hand, provides the additional capability for links to terminate at multiple routers with different remote addresses. MMP can also handle both analog and digital traffic.
This functionality is intended for situations in which there is a large pool of dial-in users, and a single access server cannot provide enough dial-in ports. MMP allows companies to provide a single dialup number to their users and to apply the same solution to analog and digital calls. This feature allows Internet service providers, for example, to allocate a single ISDN rotary number to several ISDN PRIs and not have to worry about whether a user's second link is on the same router.
MMP does not require reconfiguration of telephone company switches.
Another technology that should be mentioned because of its importance is Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA). The protocols used in AAA can be either TACACS or RADIUS. These two protocols were developed in support of a centralized method to keep track of users and accesses made on a network. AAA is employed by setting up a server (or group of servers) to centrally administer the user database. Information such as the user's password, what address should be assigned to the user, and what protocols the user is allowed to run can be controlled and monitored from a single workstation. AAA also has powerful auditing capabilities that can be used to follow administratively important trends such as connection speeds and disconnect reasons. Any medium or large dialup installation should be using AAA, and it's not a bad idea for small shops, either.
Dialup Methods
Most routers support automated methods for dynamic links to be connected when traffic that needs to get to the other end arrives. Cisco's implementation is called dial-on-demand routing (DDR). It provides WAN connectivity on an economical, as-needed basis, either as a primary link or as backup for a nondial serial link.
At its heart, DDR is just an extension of routing. Interesting packets are routed to a dialer interface that triggers a dial attempt. Each of the concept's dialer interface and interesting traffic bear explanation.
What's a Dialer?
The term dialer has a few meanings, depending on the specifics of the configuration, but in general, it refers to the interface where the routing is actually happening. This is the interface that knows the address and phone number where the traffic is supposed to go. When looking at the routing table, the dialer interface should be the interface referenced for the next hop to reach the network on the other side. The dialer interface does not have to be the physical interface that is doing the dialing, but it can be made so by placing the configuration command dialer in-band in a physical interface. Thereafter, the interface becomes a dialer. For example, an async interface is not a dialer by default, but placing the configuration command dialer in-band in the async interface causes dialer behavior on that interface. For example, calls received by that async interface after applying the command will have an idle timeout applied to the connection from then on. An example of a physical interface that is also a dialer by default would be the BRI interface.
|An idle timer is used by Cisco IOS to track how long a connection has gone without interesting traffic. By default, it's set to 2 minutes; after 2 minutes of inactivity, the call is hung up.
Beyond making physical interfaces into dialers, there are interfaces called dialer interfaces. These are logical interfaces that call upon real interfaces to place calls. The advantage of using a dialer interface is flexibility. A group of potential DDR links can share a handful of BRI interfaces. Dialer interface configuration comes in two flavors: dialer map-based (sometimes referred to as legacy DDR) and dialer profiles. Which method you use depends on the circumstances under which you need dial connectivity. Dialer map-based DDR was first introduced in IOS Version 9.0; dialer profiles were introduced in IOS Version 11.2.
Interesting Traffic
The term interesting is used to describe packets or traffic that will either trigger a dial attempt or, if a dial link is already active, reset the idle timer on the dialer interface. For a packet to be considered interesting, it must have these characteristics:
- The packet must meet the "permit" criteria defined by an access list.
- The access list must be referenced by the dialer-list, or the packet must be of a protocol that is universally permitted by the dialer-list.
- The dialer-list must be associated with a dialer interface by use of a dialer group.
Packets are never automatically considered to be interesting (by default). Interesting packet definitions must be explicitly declared in a router or access server configuration.
Benefits and Drawbacks
The benefits of dialup are flexibility and cost savings. First, let's look at why flexibility is important. Intermittent connectivity is most often needed in mobile situations. A mobile workforce needs to be capable of connecting from wherever they are. Phone lines are normally available from wherever business is transacted, so a modem connection is the only reasonable choice for mobile users.
In long-distance situations, a user often dials into a local ISP and uses an IPSec-encrypted tunnel going back to a home gateway system that allows access to the rest of the corporate network. In this example, the phone call itself costs nothing, and an account with the local ISP could be significantly less expensive than the long-distance charges that would otherwise be incurred. As another example, a BRI attached at a central office located in an area that offers inexpensive rates on ISDN could have database servers configured to call out to other sites and exchange data periodically. Each site needs only one BRI line, which is significantly less expensive than dedicated links to each of the remote locations. Finally, in the case of a backup link, the savings are seen when the primary link goes down but business continues, albeit slower than normal.
Cost savings is a two-edged sword where dialup is concerned, however. The downside of a dialup line is that connection costs for a heavily used line are higher than the price of dedicated connectivity. Going over long distance raises the price even higher.
There's also speed to consider. Dialup connectivity has a strong high-end bandwidth, particularly with the capability to tie channels together using PPP multilink, but dedicated connectivity through a serial port can outperform dialup connections.
Another consideration is security. Certainly, any PPP connection should be authenticated, but this presents anyone with the dialup number an opportunity to break into the system. A significant part of any dialup system's configuration concerns the capability to keep out unwanted guests. The good news is that it can be done, and AAA goes a long way toward dealing with this problem. However, it is a disadvantage to have potential intruders coming in through dialup lines.
Dialup technology has been around for a long time, but only in the last 20 years or so have the phone lines been available for dialup networking. In that time, a number of standards have been created to make sure that modems can communicate properly with each other and with the systems that employ them. Cisco moved into the access market with the AS2509 and AS2511, which used external analog modems, but Cisco currently produces access servers with cutting edge digital modem technology.
Current dialup technologies include the venerable POTS line as a low-cost and ubiquitous means of connecting via modem. To do this, it uses a single channel, or DS0. A step up from the POTS line is the ISDN BRI line, with two DS0 channels and a D channel used for signaling. Getting up to industrial-strength lines is the T1/E1. The T1 has 24 channels, and the E1 has 32, although the E1 uses slot 0 for framing and slot 16 for call signaling. PRI service is geared to allow ISDN clients to connect, while CAS will allow only asynchronous calls in.
Modems themselves have advanced considerably in recent years to take advantage of the direct digital connection that the access server modems have to the PSTN. This results in V.90 connections that can transfer data from the server to the client at speeds up to 53 kbps. Because of the analog conversion on the analog line, transmissions from the client modem are still capable of only 33.6 kbps.
After a connection is established, it's important to have a robust transport to use the link. PPP fills that need. With its three-phase startup-LCP, authentication, and NCP-PPP adapts to its environment and can learn its connection information while supporting a strong authentication scheme. PPP can extend a connection into a bundle across multiple connections by using PPP multilink. A step beyond that is extending the PPP multilink capability across multiple chassis. For large installations, this is invaluable because users get their PPP multilink sessions wherever the vacant DS0s are.
Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) uses two important concepts: the dialer and interesting traffic. The dialer is simply the interface that is handling the routing and controlling whether a call is placed. Interesting traffic is the traffic that has been defined as worth bringing up the link or keeping it up for.
When to use dialup technology is a question of usage pattern. In some circumstances, such as with a mobile endpoint, dialup is the only solution that will work. Also, in cases where intermittent connectivity is needed, it can be more cost-effective. However, if connectivity is needed most of the time, dialup may become the more costly alternative. Speed is another concern: Dialup connections are not typically as fast as a dedicated network connection. Security can be a concern for dialup sites as well.
Obviously, dialup technology has a place today at the outer edge of the network, providing access to those who need it from unfamiliar locations or from locations where better technologies are simply not available. Whenever the need calls for flexibility or low utilization in a connection, dialup technologies should be looked at as a viable solution.
Review Questions
Q - How many years did it take the telephone to reach 90 percent of the homes in the United States?
A - The telephone was invented in 1875, and in 1970, 90 percent of American homes had a phone-it took 95 years.
Q - Which V series recommendations pertain to bits per second?
A - V.21, V.23, V.27ter, V.29, V.32bis, V.34, and V.90.
Q - How many DS 0s are in a BRI, T1, and E1m respectively?
A - Two in a BRI (although the D channel might be considered a third); 24 in a T1; and 32 in an E1.
Q - What is the flow of data going through a modem from the RJ 11 to the DTE?
A - The data flows in the RJ 11 jack to the analog-to-digital converter. The DSP then gets the data and forwards it on to the packetizer, which sends the data to the data compressor. The decompressed data is then sent to the UART, which gets the data to the DTE device.
Q - What are the three phases of PPP negotiation? Why is the order significant?
A - LCP, authentication, and NCP. LCP must complete first because it determines whether the link is viable and negotiates the link properties between the two peers. LCP also finds out whether authentication is needed. Authentication happens before network protocols are negotiated so that the network protocol negotiation will be capable of identifying the incoming user or host and assigning the appropriate network attributes.
Q - How does interesting traffic relate to the idle timer?
A - Interesting traffic determines whether the link will remain up or time out. Interesting traffic resets the idle timer to zero.
Q - Is a BRI interface a dialer? How would an async interface become a dialer?
A - A BRI interface is a dialer. An async interface could become a dialer by having the dialer in-band configuration command entered into it.
Q - When is dialup connectivity appropriate to use? When isn't it appropriate?
A - Dialup connectivity is adaptable but expensive. For intermittent connections or connections in which the endpoints move around, dialup is a convenient and sensible use. For permanent connectivity or links that stay up most of the time, it is not appropriate.
For More Information
Cisco Systems. Cisco IOS Dial Solutions. Indianapolis: Cisco Press, 1998.
http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/cmodem.html http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/


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Danfordiae bulbs produce dwarf iris's which multiply very rapidly in the garden and are one of the earliest bulbs to flower. This variety has superb bright yellow flowers.
Please note the bulbs on our website are sold in packs only (not as loose Bulbs).
- Best for containers or borders
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- Guide to the number of Bulbs per Pack: 20
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- Flowering Period: Spring
- Brand: Simple Pleasures
Top Tips for Planting Iris Bulbs
Plant your Iris bulbs in a full sun position, in well drained soil. You can improve drainage by raking the top foot of the soil mixing in several inches of peat or compost.
Iris bulbs should be planted after the summer but before frost September is a prime time.
Plant your irises 4 inches apart and 4 inches deep.
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- Plant Features
- Eventual Height: 10-60cm (4-24in)
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- Planting Season: Autumn - Winter


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Date: Jun 25, 2015
Press Release Number: 92-2015
The Port Authority announced today that the Bayonne Bridge will close for a portion of this weekend to accommodate ongoing construction work on the bridge project. The closing was done in conjunction with other regional agencies to minimize traffic impacts.
The bridge will close from 11:59 p.m. Friday, June 26, through 8 a.m. Sunday, June 28. The bridge will then remain open until 9 a.m. Monday, June 29.
The Bayonne Bridge shuttle service, which provides alternate transportation for pedestrians and cyclists, will operate from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Sunday, June 28.
To receive real time traffic updates, travelers should register for Bridge and Tunnel Alerts at http://www.paalerts.com/, call 511 or visit www.511NY.org or www.511NJ.org.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Founded in 1921, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey builds, operates, and maintains many of the most important transportation and trade infrastructure assets in the country. The agency's network of aviation, ground, rail, and seaport facilities is among the busiest in the country, supports more than 550,000 regional jobs, and generates more than $23 billion in annual wages and $80 billion in annual economic activity. The Port Authority also owns and manages the 16-acre World Trade Center site, where the 1,776-foot-tall One World Trade Center is now the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere. The Port Authority receives no tax revenue from either the State of New York or New Jersey or from the City of New York. The agency raises the necessary funds for the improvement, construction or acquisition of its facilities primarily on its own credit. For more information, please visit http://www.panynj.gov.