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St. Hugh's Catholic Primary Voluntary Academy
St. Hugh's Catholic Primary Voluntary Academy is situated in the south of the city of Lincoln. It transfered from the centre of Lincoln in 1993 and is now part of Saint Peter and Saint Paul's parish.Welcome to the school website. I hope you enjoy reading about our news and information about St Hugh's.
The school has a strong tradition of high academic standards as well as being proud of it's sporting, drama and musical achievements.
Currently we have 270 pupils on roll. We offer a wide range of extended provision with a successful breakfast and after school activity club running each school day.
Please feel free to contact the school directly through this website or by telephoning 01522 501137. If you would like to visit the school you would be most welcome.
Yours sincerely
Mr Gregory Hughes
St Hugh's received an OFSTED inspection on 26-27 February 2013.
The outcomes were as follows:
|Overall effectiveness
|This inspection:
|Achievement of pupils:
|Quality of teaching:
|Behaviour and safety of pupils:
|Leadership and management:
Summary of key findings for parents and pupils (for the full report, please, click on the OFSTED logo).
This is an outstanding school.
Pupils make outstanding progress. From starting points which are in line with those expected for their age, they reach standards in English and mathematics at the end of Year 6 which are well above those found nationally.
Pupils' behaviour is exemplary. Pupils work very well together and show high levels of respect for each other and the adults that work in school. Pupils are very polite, have impeccable manners and make the school a very inviting and safe place where all are welcome.
Teaching is outstanding. Teachers have high expectations of pupils. They motivate them to learn through well planned and highly stimulating activities.
Pupils enjoy school very much. They work together in lessons in a highly mature and sensible manner. They have a clear understanding of how to keep themselves safe.
Leaders are ambitious. They are constantly pushing for further improvement. They monitor the quality of teaching and pupil progress very carefully. They provide well focused training for staff and high quality support for pupils.
The rigour with which the quality of teaching and pupils' progress are monitored ensures that, pupils make outstanding progress throughout the school. The senior leaders' extremely high expectations are shared by all staff.
The school promotes pupils' spiritual, moral, social and cultural development extremely well. Pupils enjoy a wide variety of activities. Staff and pupils express pride in the school's very caring ethos.
Pupils have a very many opportunities to take on responsibilities and serve their community. They are being exceptionally well prepared for a future in the modern world.
The governing body is well-organised and very effective. It uses information provided by the senior leaders to hold the school to account for pupils' achievement and well-being.
On behalf of our Chair of Governors Mr O'Connor I would like to thank Governors, staff, parents and of course pupils for such a glowing report. It is to be celebrated by all stakeholders. We look forward to maintaining and indeed improving standards at St Hugh's Catholic Primary. Finally thank you to all the parishioners who have been praying for the school and continue to support us!
Gregory Hughes
Partner Secondary Academy – St Peter and St Paul
Please click on the logo or follow the link to read all about our secondary partner academy
St Peter and St Paul
St Peter and St Paul welcome visits from prospective parents and students.
Please contact St Peter and St Paul to arrange your visit.


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Internetwork Design Guide -- Designing Packet Service Internetworks
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This article focuses on the implementation of packet-switching services and addresses internetwork design in terms of the following packet-switching service topics:
This article focuses on the implementation of packet-switching services and addresses internetwork design in terms of the following packet-switching service topics:
* Hierarchical internetwork design
* Hierarchical internetwork design
Latest revision as of 21:25, 16 October 2012
This article focuses on the implementation of packet-switching services and addresses internetwork design in terms of the following packet-switching service topics:
- Hierarchical internetwork design
- Topology design
- Broadcast issues
- Performance issues
Information provided in this article is organized around these central topics. An introductory discussion outlines the general issues; subsequent discussions focus on considerations for the specific packet-switching technologies.
Understanding Packet-Switched Internetwork Design
The chief trade-off in linking local-area networks (LANs) and private wide-area networks (WANs) into packet-switching data network (PSDN) services is between cost and performance. An ideal design optimizes packet-services. Service optimization does not necessarily translate into picking the service mix that represents the lowest possible tariffs. Successful packet-service implementations result from adhering to two basic rules:
- When implementing a packet-switching solution, be sure to balance cost savings derived by instituting PSDN interconnections with your computing community's performance requirements.
- Build an environment that is manageable and that can scale up as more WAN links are required.
These rules recur as underlying themes in the discussions that follow. The introductory sections outline the overall issues that influence the ways in which packet-switched internetworks are designed.
Hierarchical Design
The objective of a hierarchical internetwork design is to modularize the elements of a large internetwork into layers of internetworking. The general model of this hierarchy is described in Internetworking Design Basics. The key functional layers in this model are the access, distribution, and backbone (or core) routing layers. In essence, a hierarchical approach strives to split networks into subnetworks so that traffic and nodes can be more easily managed. Hierarchical designs also facilitate scaling of internetworks because new subnetwork modules and internetworking technologies can be integrated into the overall scheme without disrupting the existing backbone. Figure: Hierarchical packet-switched interconnection illustrates the basic approach to hierarchical design.
Figure: Hierarchical packet-switched interconnection
Three basic advantages tilt the design decision in favor of a hierarchical approach:
- Scalability of Hierarchical Internetworks
- Manageability of Hierarchical Internetworks
- Optimization of Broadcast and Multicast Control Traffic
Scalability of Hierarchical Internetworks
Scalability is a primary advantage that supports using a hierarchical approach to packet-service connections. Hierarchical internetworks are more scalable because they allow you to grow your internetwork in incremental modules without running into the limitations that are quickly encountered with a flat, nonhierarchical structure.
However, hierarchical internetworks raise certain issues that require careful planning. These issues include the costs of virtual circuits, the complexity inherent in a hierarchical design (particularly when integrated with a meshed topology), and the need for additional router interfaces to separate layers in your hierarchy.
To take advantage of a hierarchical design, you must match your hierarchy of internetworks with a complementary approach in your regional topologies. Design specifics depend on the packet services you implement, as well as your requirements for fault tolerance, cost, and overall performance.
Manageability of Hierarchical Internetworks
Hierarchical designs offer several management advantages:
- Internetwork simplicity-Adopting a hierarchical design reduces the overall complexity of an internetwork by partitioning elements into smaller units. This partitioning of elements makes troubleshooting easier, while providing inherent protection against the propagation of broadcast storms, routing loops, or other potential problems.
- Design flexibility-Hierarchical internetwork designs provide greater flexibility in the use of WAN packet services. Most internetworks benefit from using a hybrid approach to the overall internetwork structure. In many cases, leased lines can be implemented in the backbone, with packet-switching services used in the distribution and access internetworks.
- Router management-With the use of a layered, hierarchical approach to router implementation, the complexity of individual router configurations is substantially reduced because each router has fewer neighbors or peers with which to communicate.
Optimization of Broadcast and Multicast Control Traffic
The effect of broadcasting in packet-service networks (discussed in "Broadcast Issues" later in this article) require you to implement smaller groups of routers. Typical examples of broadcast traffic are the routing updates and Novell Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP) updates that are broadcast between routers on a PSDN. An excessively high population of routers in any area or layer of the overall internetwork might result in traffic bottlenecks brought on by broadcast replication. A hierarchical scheme allows you to limit the level of broadcasting between regions and into your backbone.
Topology Design
After you have established your overall internetwork scheme, you must settle on an approach for handling interconnections among sites within the same administrative region or area. In designing any regional WAN, whether it is based on packet-switching services or point-to-point interconnections, there are three basic design approaches that you can adopt:
The following discussions introduce these topologies. Technology-specific discussions presented in this article address the applicability of these topologies for the specific packet-switching services.
Star Topologies
A star topology features a single internetworking hub providing access from leaf internetworks into the backbone and access to each other only through the core router. Figure: Star topology for a regional internetwork illustrates a packet-switched star topology for a regional internetwork.
Figure: Star topology for a regional internetwork
The advantages of a star approach are simplified management and minimized tariff costs. However, the disadvantages are significant. First, the core router represents a single point of failure. Second, the core router limits overall performance for access to backbone resources because it is a single pipe through which all traffic intended for the backbone (or for the other regional routers) must pass. Third, this topology is not scalable.
Fully Meshed Topologies
A fully meshed topology means that each routing node on the periphery of a given packet-switching network has a direct path to every other node on the cloud. Figure: Fully meshed topology illustrates this kind of arrangement.
Figure: Fully meshed topology
The key rationale for creating a fully meshed environment is to provide a high level of redundancy. Although a fully meshed topology facilitates support of all network protocols, it is not tenable in large packet-switched internetworks. Key issues are the large number of virtual circuits required (one for every connection between routers), problems associated with the large number of packet/broadcast replications required, and the configuration complexity for routers in the absence of multicast support in nonbroadcast environments.
By combining fully meshed and star approaches into a partially meshed environment, you can improve fault tolerance without encountering the performance and management problems associated with a fully meshed approach. The next section discusses the partially meshed approach.
Partially Meshed Topologies
A partially meshed topology reduces the number of routers within a region that have direct connections to all other nodes in the region. All nodes are not connected to all other nodes. For a nonmeshed node to communicate with another nonmeshed node, it must send traffic through one of the collection point routers. Figure: Partially meshed topology illustrates such a situation.
Figure: Partially meshed topology
There are many forms of partially meshed topologies. In general, partially meshed approaches are considered to provide the best balance for regional topologies in terms of the number of virtual circuits, redundancy, and performance.
Broadcast Issues
The existence of broadcast traffic can present problems when introduced into packet-service internetworks. Broadcasts are necessary for a station to reach multiple stations with a single packet when the specific address of each intended recipient is not known by the sending node. Table: Broadcast Traffic Levels of Protocols in Large-Scale Internetworks lists common networking protocols and the general level of broadcast traffic associated with each, assuming a large-scale internetwork with many routing nodes.
Table: Broadcast Traffic Levels of Protocols in Large-Scale Internetworks
|Network Protocol
|Routing Protocol
|Relative Broadcast Traffic Level
Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)
Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
DECnet Phase IV
DECnet Routing
DECnet Phase V
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Connectionless Network Service (CLNS)
Xerox Network Systems (XNS)
Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES)
Routing Table Protocol (RTP)
The relative values high and low in Table: Broadcast Traffic Levels of Protocols in Large-Scale Internetworks provide a general range for these protocols. Your situation and implementation will determine the magnitude of broadcast traffic. For example, the level of broadcast traffic generated in an AppleTalk Enhanced IGRP environment depends on the setting of the Enhanced IGRP hello-timer interval. Another issue relates to the size of the internetwork. In a small-scale internetwork, the amount of broadcast traffic generated by Enhanced IGRP nodes might be higher than with a comparable RTMP-based internetwork. However, for large-scale internetworks, Enhanced IGRP nodes generate substantially less broadcast traffic than RTMP-based nodes.
Managing packet replication is an important design consideration when integrating broadcast-type LANs (such as Ethernet) with nonbroadcast packet services (such as X.25). With the multiple virtual circuits that are characteristic of connections to packet-switched environments, routers must replicate broadcasts for each virtual circuit on a given physical line.
With highly meshed environments, replicating broadcasts can be expensive in terms of increased required bandwidth and number of CPU cycles. Despite the advantages that meshed topologies offer, they are generally impractical for large packet-switching internetworks. Nonetheless, some level of circuit meshing is essential to ensure fault tolerance. The key is to balance the trade-off in performance with requirements for circuit redundancy.
Performance Issues
When designing a WAN around a specific packet service type, you must consider the individual characteristics of the virtual circuit. For example, performance under certain conditions will depend on a given virtual circuit's capability to accommodate mixed protocol traffic. Depending on how the multiprotocol traffic is queued and streamed from one node to the next, certain protocols may require special handling. One solution might be to assign specific virtual circuits to specific protocol types. Performance concerns for specific packet-switching services include committed information rates (CIR) in Frame Relay internetworks and window size limitations in X.25 internetworks. (The CIR corresponds to the maximum average rate per connection [PVC] for a period of time.)
Frame Relay Internetwork Design
One of the chief concerns when designing a Frame Relay implementation is scalability. As your requirements for remote interconnections grow, your internetwork must be able to grow to accommodate changes. The internetwork must also provide an acceptable level of performance, while minimizing maintenance and management requirements. Meeting all these objectives simultaneously can be quite a balancing act. The discussions that follow focus on several important factors for Frame Relay internetworks:
- Hierarchical design
- Regional topologies
- Broadcast issues
- Performance issues
The guidelines and suggestions that follow are intended to provide a foundation for constructing scalable Frame Relay internetworks that balance performance, fault tolerance, and cost.
Hierarchical Design for Frame Relay Internetworks
In general, the arguments supporting hierarchical design for packet-switching networks discussed in the section "Hierarchical Design" earlier in this article apply to hierarchical design for Frame Relay internetworks. To review, the three factors driving the recommendation for implementing a hierarchical design are the following:
- Scalability of hierarchical internetworks
- Manageability of hierarchical internetworks
- Optimization of broadcast and multicast control traffic
The method by which many Frame Relay vendors tariff services is by Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI), which identifies a Frame Relay permanent virtual connection. A Frame Relay permanent virtual connection is equivalent to an X.25 permanent virtual circuit, which, in X.25 terminology, is identified by a logical channel number (LCN). The DLCI defines the interconnection between Frame Relay elements. For any given internetwork implementation, the number of Frame Relay permanent virtual connections is highly dependent on the protocols in use and actual traffic patterns.
How many DLCIs can be configured per serial port? It varies depending on the traffic level. You can use all of them (about 1,000), but in common use, 200-300 is a typical maximum. If you broadcast on the DLCIs, 30-50 is more realistic due to CPU overhead in generating broadcasts. Specific guidelines are difficult because overhead varies by configuration. However, on low-end boxes (4,500 and below), the architecture is bound by the available I/O memory. The specific number depends on several factors that should be considered together:
- Protocols being routed-Any broadcast-intensive protocol constrains the number of assignable DLCIs. For example, AppleTalk is a protocol that is characterized by high levels of broadcast overhead. Another example is Novell IPX, which sends both routing and service updates resulting in higher broadcast bandwidth overhead. In contrast, IGRP is less broadcast intensive because it sends routing updates less often (by default, every 90 seconds). However, IGRP can become broadcast intensive if its IGRP timers are modified so that updates are sent more frequently.
- Broadcast traffic-Broadcasts, such as routing updates, are the single most important consideration in determining the number of DLCIs that can be defined. The amount and type of broadcast traffic will guide your ability to assign DLCIs within this general recommended range. Refer to Table: Broadcast Traffic Levels of Protocols in Large-Scale Internetworks earlier in this article for a list of the relative level of broadcast traffic associated with common protocols.
- Speed of lines-If broadcast traffic levels are expected to be high, you should consider faster lines and DLCIs with higher CIR and excess burst (Be) limits. You should also implement fewer DLCIs.
- Static routes-If static routing is implemented, you can use a larger number of DLCIs per line, because a larger number of DLCIs reduces the level of broadcasting.
- Size of routing protocol and SAP updates-The larger the internetwork, the larger the size of these updates. The larger the updates, the fewer the number of DLCIs that you can assign.
Two forms of hierarchical design can be implemented:
Both designs have advantages and disadvantages. The brief discussions that follow contrast these two approaches.
Hierarchical Meshed Frame Relay Internetworks
The objectives of implementing a hierarchical mesh for Frame Relay environments are to avoid implementing excessively large numbers of DLCIs and to provide a manageable, segmented environment. The hierarchical meshed environment features full meshing within the core PSDN and full meshing throughout the peripheral internetworks. The hierarchy is created by strategically locating routers between internetwork elements in the hierarchy.
[[Internetwork Design Guide -- Designing Packet Service Internetworks#Figure 5 illustrates a simple hierarchical mesh. The internetwork illustrated in Figure: Fully meshed hierarchical Frame Relay environment illustrates a fully meshed backbone, with meshed regional internetworks and broadcast networks at the outer periphery.
The key advantages of the hierarchical mesh are that it scales well and localizes traffic. By placing routers between fully meshed portions of the internetwork, you limit the number of DLCIs per physical interface, segment your internetwork, and make the internetwork more manageable. However, consider the following two issues when implementing a hierarchical mesh:
- Broadcast and packet replication-In an environment that has a large number of multiple DLCIs per router interface, excessive broadcast and packet replication can impair overall performance. With a high level of meshing throughout a hierarchical mesh, excessive broadcast and packet replication is a significant concern. In the backbone, where traffic throughput requirements are typically high, preventing bandwidth loss due to broadcast traffic and packet replication is particularly important.
- Increased costs associated with additional router interfaces-Compared with a fully meshed topology, additional routers are needed to separate the meshed backbone from the meshed peripheral internetworks. However, by using these routers, you can create much larger internetworks that scale almost indefinitely in comparison to a fully meshed internetwork.
Figure: Fully meshed hierarchical Frame Relay environment
Hybrid Meshed Frame Relay Internetworks
The economic and strategic importance of backbone environments often force internetwork designers to implement a hybrid meshed approach to WAN internetworks. Hybrid meshed internetworks feature redundant, meshed leased lines in the WAN backbone and partially (or fully) meshed Frame Relay PSDNs in the periphery. Routers separate the two elements. Figure: Hybrid hierarchical Frame Relay internetwork illustrates such a hybrid arrangement.
Figure: Hybrid hierarchical Frame Relay internetwork
Hybrid hierarchical meshes have the advantages of providing higher performance on the backbone, localizing traffic, and simplifying scaling of the internetwork. In addition, hybrid meshed internetworks for Frame Relay are attractive because they can provide better traffic control in the backbone and they allow the backbone to be made of dedicated links, resulting in greater stability.
The disadvantages of hybrid hierarchical meshes include high costs associated with the leased lines as well as broadcast and packet replication that can be significant in access internetworks.
Regional Topologies for Frame Relay Internetworks
You can adopt one of three basic design approaches for a Frame Relay-based packet service regional internetwork:
Each of these is discussed in the following sections. In general, emphasis is placed on partially meshed topologies integrated into a hierarchical environment. Star and fully meshed topologies are discussed for structural context.
Star Topologies
The general form of the star topology is addressed in the section "Topology Design" earlier in this article. Stars are attractive because they minimize the number of DLCIs required and result in a low-cost solution. However, a star topology presents some inherent bandwidth limitations. Consider an environment where a backbone router is attached to a Frame Relay cloud at 256 Kbps, while the remote sites are attached at 56 Kbps. Such a topology will throttle traffic coming off the backbone intended for the remote sites.
As suggested in the general discussion, a strict star topology does not offer the fault tolerance needed for many internetworking situations. If the link from the hub router to a specific leaf router is lost, all connectivity to the leaf router is lost.
Fully Meshed Topologies
A fully meshed topology mandates that every routing node connected to a Frame Relay internetwork is logically linked via an assigned DLCI to every other node on the cloud. This topology is not tenable for larger Frame Relay internetworks for several reasons:
- Large, fully meshed Frame Relay internetworks require many DLCIs. One is required for each logical link between nodes. As shown in Figure: Fully meshed Frame Relay, a fully connected topology requires the assignment of [n(n-1)]/2 DLCIs, where n is the number of routers to be directly connected.
Figure: Fully meshed Frame Relay
- Broadcast replication will choke internetworks in large, meshed Frame Relay topologies. Routers inherently treat Frame Relay as a broadcast medium. Each time a router sends a multicast frame (such as a routing update, spanning tree update, or SAP update), the router must copy the frame to each DLCI for that Frame Relay interface.
These problems combine to make fully meshed topologies unworkable and unscalable for all but relatively small Frame Relay implementations.
Partially Meshed Topologies
Combining the concepts of the star topology and the fully meshed topology results in the partially meshed topology. Partially meshed topologies are generally recommended for Frame Relay regional environments because they offer superior fault tolerance (through redundant stars) and are less expensive than a fully meshed environment. In general, you should implement the minimum meshing to eliminate single point-of-failure risk.
Figure: Twin-star, partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork illustrates a twin-star, partially meshed approach. This arrangement is supported in Frame Relay internetworks running IP, ISO CLNS, DECnet, Novell IPX, AppleTalk, and bridging.
Figure: Twin-star, partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork
A feature called virtual interfaces (introduced with Software Release 9.21) allows you to create internetworks using partially meshed Frame Relay designs, as shown in Figure: Twin-star, partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork.
To create this type of internetwork, individual physical interfaces are split into multiple virtual (logical) interfaces. The implication for Frame Relay is that DLCIs can be grouped or separated to maximize utility. For example, small fully meshed clouds of Frame Relay-connected routers can travel over a group of four DLCIs clustered on a single virtual interface, whereas a fifth DLCI on a separate virtual interface provides connectivity to a completely separate internetwork. All of this connectivity occurs over a single physical interface connected to the Frame Relay service.
Prior to Software Release 9.21, virtual interfaces were not available and partially meshed topologies posed potential problems, depending on the internetwork protocols used. Consider the topology illustrated in Figure: Partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork.
Figure: Partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork
Given a standard router configuration and router software predating Software Release 9.21, the connectivity available in the internetwork shown in Figure: Partially meshed Frame Relay internetwork can be characterized as follows:
- Core A and Core Z can reach all the remote routers.
- Remote B, Remote C, and Remote D cannot reach each other.
For Frame Relay implementations running software prior to Software Release 9.21, the only way to permit connectivity among all these routers is by using a distance vector routing protocol that can disable split horizon, such as RIP or IGRP for IP. Any other internetwork protocol, such as AppleTalk or ISO CLNS, does not work. The following configuration listing illustrates an IGRP configuration to support a partially meshed arrangement.
router igrp 20 network 220.127.116.11 ! interface serial 3 encapsulation frame-relay ip address 126.96.36.199 255.255.255.0 no ip split-horizon
This topology only works with distance vector routing protocols, assuming you want to establish connectivity from Remote B, C, or D to Core A or Core Z, but not across paths. This topology does not work with link state routing protocols because the router cannot verify complete adjacencies. Note that you will see routes and services of the leaf nodes that cannot be reached.
Broadcast Issues for Frame Relay Internetworks
Routers treat Frame Relay as a broadcast media, which means that each time the router sends a multicast frame (such as a routing update, spanning tree update, or SAP update), the router must replicate the frame to each DLCI for the Frame Relay interface. Frame replication results in substantial overhead for the router and for the physical interface.
Consider a Novell IPX environment with multiple DLCIs configured for a single physical serial interface. Every time a SAP update is detected, which occurs every 60 seconds, the router must replicate it and send it down the virtual interface associated with each DLCI. Each SAP frame contains up to seven service entries, and each update is 64 bytes. Figure: SAP replication in Frame Relay virtual interface environment illustrates this situation.
|One way to reduce broadcasts is to implement more efficient routing protocols, such as Enhanced IGRP, and to adjust timers on lower speed Frame Relay services.
Figure: SAP replication in Frame Relay virtual interface environment
Creating a Broadcast Queue for an Interface
Very large Frame Relay networks might have performance problems when many DLCIs terminate in a single router or access server that must replicate routing updates and service advertising updates on each DLCI. The updates can consume access-link bandwidth and cause significant latency variations in user traffic; the updates can also consume interface buffers and lead to higher packet rate loss for both user data and routing updates.
To avoid such problems, you can create a special broadcast queue for an interface. The broadcast queue is managed independently of the normal interface queue, has its own buffers, and has a configurable size and service rate.
A broadcast queue is given a maximum transmission rate (throughput) limit measured in both bytes per second and packets per second. The queue is serviced to ensure that no more than this maximum is provided. The broadcast queue has priority when transmitting at a rate below the configured maximum, and hence has a guaranteed minimum bandwidth allocation. The two transmission rate limits are intended to avoid flooding the interface with broadcasts. The actual transmission rate limit in any second is the first of the two rate limits that is reached.
Performance Issues for Frame Relay Internetworks
Two important performance concerns must be addressed when you are implementing a Frame Relay internetwork:
Each of these must be considered during the internetwork planning process. The following sections briefly discuss the impact that tariff metrics and multiprotocol traffic management can have on overall Frame Relay performance.
Packet-Switched Service Provider Tariff Metrics
When you contract with Frame Relay packet-switched service providers for specific capabilities, CIR, measured in bits per second, is one of the key negotiated tariff metrics. CIR is the maximum permitted traffic level that the carrier will allow on a specific DLCI into the packet-switching environment. CIR can be anything up to the capacity of the physical limitation of the connecting line.
Other key metrics are committed burst (Bc) and excess burst (Be). Bc is the number of bits that the Frame Relay internetwork is committed to accept and transmit at the CIR. Be sets the absolute limit for a DLCI in bits. This is the number of bits that the Frame Relay internetwork will attempt to transmit after Bc is accommodated. Be determines a peak or maximum Frame Relay data rate (MaxR), where MaxR = (Bc + Be)/Bc * CIR, measured in bits per second.
Consider the situation illustrated in Figure: Example of a CIR and CBR traffic limiting situation. In this environment, DLCIs 21, 22, and 23 are assigned CIRs of 56 Kbps. Assume the MaxR for each line is 112 Kbps (double the CIR). The serial line to which Router A is connected is a T1 line capable of 1.544 Mbps total throughput. Given that the type of traffic being sent into the Frame Relay internetwork consists of FTP file transfers, the potential is high that the router will attempt to transmit at a rate in excess of MaxR. If this occurs, traffic might be dropped without notification if the Be buffers (allocated at the Frame Relay switch) overflow.
Figure: Example of a CIR and CBR traffic limiting situation
Unfortunately, there are relatively few ways to automatically prevent traffic on a line from exceeding the MaxR. Although Frame Relay itself uses the Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) and Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) protocols to control traffic in the Frame Relay internetwork, there is no formally standardized mapping between the Frame Relay (link) level and most upper-layer protocols. At this time, an FECN bit detected by a router is mapped to the congestion notification byte for DECnet Phase IV or ISO CLNS. No other protocols are supported.
The actual effect of exceeding specified CIR and derived MaxR settings depends on the types of application running on the internetwork. For instance, TCP/IP's backoff algorithm will see dropped packets as a congestion indication and sending hosts might reduce output. However, NFS has no backoff algorithm, and dropped packets will result in lost connections. When determining the CIR, Bc, and Be for Frame Relay connection, you should consider the actual line speed and applications to be supported.
Most Frame Relay carriers provide an appropriate level of buffering to handle instances when traffic exceeds the CIR for a given DLCI. These buffers allow excess packets to be spooled at the CIR and reduce packet loss, given a robust transport protocol such as TCP. Nonetheless, overflows can happen. Remember that although routers can prioritize traffic, Frame Relay switches cannot. You can specify which Frame Relay packets have low priority or low time sensitivity and will be the first to be dropped when a Frame Relay switch is congested. The mechanism that allows a Frame Relay switch to identify such packets is the discard eligibility (DE) bit.
This feature requires that the Frame Relay network be able to interpret the DE bit. Some networks take no action when the DE bit is set. Other networks use the DE bit to determine which packets to discard. The most desirable interpretation is to use the DE bit to determine which packets should be dropped first and also which packets have lower time sensitivity. You can define DE lists that identify the characteristics of packets to be eligible for discarding, and you can also specify DE groups to identify the DLCI that is affected.
You can specify DE lists based on the protocol or the interface, and on characteristics such as fragmentation of the packet, a specific TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port, an access list number, or a packet size.
|To avoid packet loss, implement unacknowledged application protocols (such as packetized video) carefully. With these protocols, there is a greater potential for buffer overflow.
Multiprotocol Traffic Management Requirements
With multiple protocols being transmitted into a Frame Relay internetwork through a single physical interface, you might find it useful to separate traffic among different DLCIs based on protocol type. To split traffic in this way, you must assign specific protocols to specific DLCIs. This can be done by specifying static mapping on a per virtual interface basis or by defining only specific types of encapsulations for specific virtual interfaces.
Figure: Virtual interfaces assigned specific protocols illustrates the use of virtual interfaces (assigned using subinterface configuration commands) to allocate traffic to specific DLCIs. In this case, traffic of each configured protocol is sent down a specific DLCI and segregated on a per-circuit basis. In addition, each protocol can be assigned a separate CIR and a separate level of buffering by the Frame Relay service provider.
Figure: Virtual interfaces assigned specific protocols
Figure: Virtual interface configuration example provides a listing of the subinterface configuration commands needed to support the configuration illustrated in Figure: Virtual interfaces assigned specific protocols. The command listing in Figure: Virtual interface configuration example illustrates the enabling of the relevant protocols and the assignment of the protocols to the specific subinterfaces and associated Frame Relay DLCIs. Software Release 9.1 and later uses Frame Relay Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (IARP) to map protocol addresses to Frame Relay DLCIs dynamically. For that reason, Figure: Virtual interface configuration example does not show Frame Relay mappings.
Figure: Virtual interface configuration example
You can use the following commands in Software Release 9.1 to achieve a configuration that is similar to the configuration shown in Figure: Virtual interface configuration example:
You can use the following commands in Software Release 9.1 to achieve a configuration that is similar to the configuration shown in Figure: Virtual interface configuration example:
Version 9.1 interface serial 0 ip address 126.96.36.199 255.255.255.0 decnet cost 10 novell network A3 frame-relay map IP 18.104.22.168 21 broadcast frame-relay map DECNET 10.3 22 broadcast frame-relay map NOVELL C09845 23 broadcast
Configuring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping
Beginning with Release 11.2, Cisco IOS supports Frame Relay traffic shaping, which provides the following features:
- Rate enforcement on a per-virtual circuit basis-The peak rate for outbound traffic can be set to the CIR or some other user-configurable rate.
- Dynamic traffic throttling on a per-virtual circuit basis-When BECN packets indicate congestion on the network, the outbound traffic rate is automatically stepped down; when congestion eases, the outbound traffic rate is stepped up again. This feature is enabled by default.
- Enhanced queuing support on a per-virtual circuit basis-Either custom queuing or priority queuing can be configured for individual virtual circuits.
By defining separate virtual circuits for different types of traffic and specifying queuing and an outbound traffic rate for each virtual circuit, you can provide guaranteed bandwidth for each type of traffic. By specifying different traffic rates for different virtual circuits over the same time, you can perform virtual time division multiplexing. By throttling outbound traffic from high-speed lines in central offices to low-speed lines in remote locations, you can ease congestion and data loss in the network; enhanced queuing also prevents congestion-caused data loss. Traffic shaping applies to both PVCs and SVCs.
This article has focused on the implementation of packet-switching services and addresses internetwork design in terms of the packet-switching service topics including hierarchical internetwork design, topology design, broadcast issues, and performance issues.

subset: commoncrawl


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You can see here a basic map of Pontpierre from OpenStreetMap, but you can switch easily to other types of the map: Just choose the second option above the map and you can see Bing Maps, which offer other types of detailed maps of Pontpierre, related countries, geographical places etc. You can also switch to aerial and birds eye maps of Pontpierre there.
You may remember we offered other types of maps here also in the past, for example Google Maps, Nokia Maps and MapQuest Maps, and many kinds of their infomaps, like the traffic map, bike trails, weather map, map with photos and map of public transport from these sources. But some of these services cancelled their operations or changed the conditions under which their maps may be displayed. We sincerely hope you appreciate these new kinds of maps here, as you can see, for example, the difference between the OpenStreetMap vector map tiles from Mapzen shown by Leaflet here and the bitmap tiles from Bing Maps. We are considering adding more maps of Pontpierre in the near future again.
You may not only switch among different types of maps using the switches above the map, but you can also change settings of the map using controls on the map. See more details of Pontpierre using the zoom control on the left side or see street or terrain map of Pontpierre using the controls on the top of the map (Bing Maps). In the past you could also place the yellow figure (Google Maps) to see a street view of any interesting place, but this feature is not available here anymore. But you can see the Birds eye view on the Bing Maps here. Notice: Not all features are available everywhere. Some maps offer more details then the others.
Look below to see more useful information regarding Pontpierre and the map of Pontpierre. You can find links to other places related to Pontpierre, but there are also tips about how to easily print the map of Pontpierre, where to find detailed information about Pontpierre, how to plan your journey and much more. Our primary target is to allow you to compare different types of maps, but we would also like to offer you more when considering your travels and learning about the World.
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Ghastly and Grim Ghost Stories Vol. 1
eBook (PDF), 203 Pages
Price: $3.99
Empty Room Studios Publishing, has only one goal with out Skull & Bones book line: to publish the most exciting Horror and Mystery for the widest possible readership. Whether you're an existing Skill & Bones reader, read Horror in the past and have given up, or never read it before, if you love imaginative stories and frightening fiction, you're in the right place. Ghost Stories, Horror Stories, Strange Fisction, Murder mysteries, True Crime, Weird Tales.
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Product Details
- Copyright
- Empty Room Studios (Public Domain)
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- Volume One
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- Empty Room Studios Publishing
- Published
- September 29, 2011
- Language
- English
- Pages
- 203
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- 17460180
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The tour involves visiting up to 5 hotels over a 2.5 hour leisurely walk covering approximately 5 kms, taking back streets and visiting many places of interest along the way. The tour price includes lunch at the final hotel with a drink provided by that hotel.
The tours start at Darling St. Wharf which is easily accessible by bus or ferry. The ending point is the final hotel of the day close by to Darling St.
PRICE: $100 per person ($75 senior discount)


text:
Congratulations to the uber-wealthy Kochs, Edelsons, et al, in managing to degrade our once wealthiest middle class to second place, conceding the title to Canada, that "Socialist" country.
With the help of their duped middle class cheering squad voting against their best interests, there is no telling what depths they can achieve.
With the ever widening disparity in earnings, the once seemingly absurd suggestion of an American allegarcy becomes moot.
Nicholas Zizelis


text:
Saturday nights chili supper in Breen had some people saying the event was at the Breen Grange Hall, though it is now the Breen Community Building. That fact reflects the dwindling importance of granges in some rural communities.
Were having a hard time getting new, younger members to join, said Ruth Shock, president, or master, of the Animas Valley Grange. Families have many more demands on their time such as their childrens activities or even multiple jobs, she said.
Animas Valley Grange now has about 25 enrolled members.
Breen Grange has about a dozen members, said Mae Morley, the Granges master.
Grange is a great thing for the community, Morley said.
In Breen, there used to be lots of cattle ranches and sheep ranches. Now there are a few, with many of the bigger ranches being sold in 35-acre tracts.
Cindy Greer, lecturer of the Marvel Grange, said the granges still provide opportunities for community fellowship. But perhaps the most visible reminder that granges still exist are the actual grange hall buildings.
An example of the community service orientation is the Colorado State Granges Mandy Project, which help(s) children with hearing loss to become productive citizens by providing financial grants to the family experiencing hardship due to the childs hearing loss, according to the organizations website.
Greer also is the overseer (vice president) for the Colorado State Grange, director of the Mandy project and Junior Grange and secretary of the county-wide La Plata Pomona Grange.
She said there are other active granges in the area, including Animas Valley, which recently held a St. Patricks Day dinner; the Mount Allison Grange, hosting its annual Easter Supper; the Florida Grange on Florida Mesa; and the Oxford Grange in Ignacio.
But as rural America changes, granges have been losing membership as communities develop into more suburban areas.
The average age of farmers is now 58, Morley said. Aging, along with the high cost of farming, contribute to making farming less profitable.
The number of farms in Colorado has been increasing, according to Colorado Agricultural Statistics 2012 from the National Agricultural Statistics Services Colorado Field Office.
There were about 36,700 farms earning at least $1,000 in Colorado as of 2011, the report said. That was up from 31,400 in 2002.
Granges havent necessarily benefited from that increase. Greer said the Eureka and Pine River granges in La Plata County gave up their charters and sold their grange halls.
Their buildings, for those that have buildings, serve the community in many different ways, for other community organizations to meet such as 4-H and ditch boards, memorial services, anniversary celebrations, birthday parties, county commissioners on the road meetings, etc., Greer said.
She said some granges have junior granges for children ages 5 to 14 where they learn leadership skills, flag etiquette and friendship while earning merit badges, playing games and making crafts.
Many people who move into our community in Marvel join the grange to get to know their neighbors and the community, Greer said.
Some members hold on to their affiliation for a long time, such as former Animas Valley Grange master Roberta Barr, now 98, who will be honored with a 100th birthday celebration at the grange in May 2014.
Still, Greer said grange membership during last generation has decreased, but that seems to be a trend with all organizations within our current society.
Greer said those who are left will continue to work on improving their communities.


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|Powered by QM on a Linux server
KnowledgeBase 00101: Configuring QM
QM has many configuration parameters. Although the default values may be adequate for development, they are likely to need amending for production use.
The full list of configuration parameters appears in the System Administration section of the QM Reference Manual. This article describes the differences between private and global parameters and reviews ways in which the parameter values can be modified.
Global and Private Parameters
QM has two classes of configuration parameter; global and private. Global parameters set system wide values that can only be changed by restarting the entire QM system. Private parameters take on an initial value specified in the QM configuration file but can be modified on a per-process basis.
The Configuration File
The configuration parameters are defined in a text file named qmconfig in the QMSYS account directory. On Linix systems, the file name is lower case. The data in this file is broken into a number of sections, each starting with a section header that encloses the section name in square brackets. This article considers only the [qm] section.
Each parameter line is of the form
NAME=valuewhere NAME is the uppercase parameter name and value is the value to be assigned to this parameter.
Some numeric parameters are defined in the QM Reference Manual as being additive. For example, the FILERULE parameter has three additive values corresponding to different extended file name syntaxes that are to be enabled. The modes with values 1 and 4 could both be enabled with two lines
FILERULE=1 FILERULE=4or in a single line as
All parameters have default values that will be applied if the parameter is omitted from the qmconfig file. These defaults are shown in the QM Reference Manual.
Viewing Parameter Values
The current values of all configuration parameters can be seen by use of the CONFIG command. Parameters that appear in the qmconfig file and hence may not have their default values are marked with an asterisk. Private configuration parameters that have been modified are marked with a + symbol.
Modifying Parameter Values
Because qmconfig is a simple text file, it can be amended with any convenient text editor. This might be ED or SED from inside QM
SED $ACC qmconfigor an operating system editor such as Notepad (Windows) or vi (Linux).
Alteratively, the EDIT.CONFIG command can be used in the QMSYS account. This has the advantage that it performs basic validation of parameter values.
The LICENCE parameter must not be changed manually. New licence details are entered using the UPDATE.LICENCE command.
Whichever method is used, changes to the configuration parameter file do not take effect until QM's shared memory structures are reloaded. On Windows, this requires the QMSvc service to be restarted. On Linux, the qmlnxd dameon must be restarted.
Modifying Private Parameters
A private configuration parameter may be changed within an individual QM process by use of the CONFIG command. For example,
CONFIG RECCACHE 10Note that some parameters have special rules about how they are modified. For example, the value of the QMCLIENT parameter that limits what actions can be performed by a QMClient process can be increased but not decreased.
Important Parameters
The most important configuration parameters to consider when installing a new QM system are:
Related Articles


text:
Events for August 20, 2018
Events Search and Views Navigation
12:00 pm
Intuitive Readings with Rev. Marcella Zinner, M.M.A. ThM. ChT.
I am an intuitive counselor, Past Life Regression Therapist, Reiki Master teacher, and teach Spiritual and Intuitive Development classes. I am a certified Medical Intuitive, in which I am able to provide physical and emotional insights regarding your health and well-being. I am able to see and sense blockages and energetic imbalances in the body, […]Find out more »


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Black for the Bathroom
Black is back. Actually, it never really went anywhere but people are starting to feel more and more comfortable with using it as a color for their interior walls. Here at Apartment Therapy, we've seen every room in the house painted black and we never get tired of seeing it. Check out these fabulous bathrooms that may inspire you to let out your dark side.
To learn more about these bathrooms, be sure to read the full posts below.
1. Black tile throughout. Looks great but you will most likely have to keep the Tilex close by. Jimmy Schönning's Bathroom
2. Perfect idea for a bar. Now all they need is matching toilet paper. Hot or Not? Black Bathroom with Neon
3. Perfect black accents for a bathroom in your country home. Black and White Bathrooms
4. Simplistic living for those without neighbors. Inspiration: Dark Interiors
5. An AT favorite where black and gold work together wonderfully. Look! A Black Bathroom
6. Loving everything about this bathroom: the mirror, the tub, even the chandelier. Paint it Black: A Norwegian Apartment


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Not only is the Hill Country central to Texas and home of our capital, but many consider this the heart and soul of the state. Perhaps only here have such an array of cultural and natural features come together to create such a uniquely charming region. The land's beautiful rolling hills, sparkling rivers and bold display of bluebonnets every Spring are matched by the independent spirit of the people and a level of cultural diversity Texans pride themselves on.Read more
Don't be shocked, but the Hill Country is rather hilly, from lush rolling green hills to dramatic, craggy landscapes populated by cacti and scrub trees. Lakes abound and spring-fed rivers flow through bluff-filled greenbelts—a natural for swimming, hiking, mountain biking and rock climbing. Several spectacular caves reside here, as well. Like Cascade Caverns, boasting glistening drops of water on the Diamond Ceiling, a nine-story-high underground waterfall and rare wildlife, too. Another fun feature is the brilliant color of Texas wildflowers, which make for a great family photo opportunity.Character and Characters
The most rustic and refined that Texas has to offer not only coexist here, they somehow make perfect sense: High tech and hippie. Cowboy and cosmopolitan. Even the State Capitol Building in Austin is just blocks from 50,000+ students at The University of Texas. And two minutes in any colorful Hill Country town will put a smile on your face as you see what spirited, independent-minded folks you'll encounter.A Big Thirst
Although five million visitors visit the 30-plus Hill Country wineries a year, it's still a surprise to some that wineries abound here. Grape vines were cultivated in Texas as far back as the 1600s, making this one of the oldest and most prolific wine-growing states. Of course, a heavy influence of German and cowboy culture in the area, like Fredericksburg and Johnson City, means you can also count on a variety of excellent beers and oh-so-festive beer gardens – if that's more your style.Fun & Games
While you're here, seek out many unique attractions like Schlitterbahn Water Park on the spring-fed Comal River. Of course, this area is loaded with great music venues...from the thriving music scene of Austin to the classic dance halls of towns like Gruene, where you can honky-tonk yourself silly. There's also plenty of world-class shopping, outlet malls and charming antiques to be discovered in towns like Dripping Springs and Wimberley, plus endless opportunities to enjoy Hill Country cuisine.


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How many of you are studying to go into a scientific or mathematically based industry?
Kurenai_Taka wrote:
power1x1 wrote:
Im a 3rd year EE student in Canada do I count? It takes about 4 years here in Canada to graduate with a B.A.Sc. for 'traditional' Engineering disciplines. Also, my school offers Engineering Physics as a study area ...
Of course you count buddy! Us polar bear-riding, igloo dwelling, snow-loving northerners must stick together eh? (though with the state of science and research in the hands of the government these days... )
It rains more than it snows here in Vancouver... but we do have lots'o bacon ...and international food...
Well, I'm an electrician. Does that count?
Thinking of something cool to say...
I know it sounds weird but i want to major in physics and computer sciences. I hope that I can one day say that I worked in building the first next big thing be it Giant Robot,Armor suit, ect
I'm about one semester from a bachelors degree in pre-professional biology. I'm taking a gap year and then plan to apply to med school.
Don't talk about it, be about it.
I wouldnt say industry but I do want to major In Astro-physics ^^
[Enter life resembling quote here]
I'm going for a Computer Science & Computer Engineering degree which is very heavy in both math and well obviously science. Bachelor of Science is all I'm going for. I'll do my masters one class at a time, it'll take like 5 years, but I got to get to work first. Then I can push for raises and promotions.
Currently: Computer Science Tutor
Summer of 2013: I will be going for my first Co-Op with a company of my choice. If I do well I will be hired by them after I graduate.
I was, then I decided not to.
[No information available]
Getting my Bachelors in Dental Hygiene 6 months from now. Pretty much theres always a demand for health care professionals, but as I'm learning now in class, this job market is slowly becoming over saturated as there are ~3x more hygienists graduating than dentists.
You there, entertain me.
Well I'm trying my hand in Chemical Engineering, I'm just starting college and if that doesn't work out for me I'm still for sure picking a science field.
6th Year B.S./PH.D in EE & CompE. Do work in Space Systems, Robotics, and Semi-conductor fabrication.
Now... If I survive engineering school, I'm promptly taking my nice shiny degree, buying a boat, and retiring on a beach on some nice tropical island...
Under the stars. (* ̄∀ ̄)b ☆彡
Zxzero wrote:
I know it sounds weird but i want to major in physics and computer sciences. I hope that I can one day say that I worked in building the first next big thing be it Giant Robot,Armor suit, ect
You're better off picking Electrical engineering or mechanical engineering instead if you want to build robots or powered suits. My concentration was Robotics and it was only offered to the EE or ME majors. Trust me, you will do more than enough physics and computer science classes needed for robotics.
Zxzero wrote:
I know it sounds weird but i want to major in physics and computer sciences. I hope that I can one day say that I worked in building the first next big thing be it Giant Robot,Armor suit, ect
Good news for you, if you take physics you don't need computer science. You'd be better off spending that time on engineering.
MrOhNo wrote:
I think any jobs created in engineering would be better suited towards environmental sustainability than space exploration technology; which will most likely end up in military tech before it enters space.
True. About 50 years ago. Military is broke now. I dislike to admit it, but we're right at the door of a civilian age with no wars. Humanity will strive for the next hundred years. We'll easily turn the ocean into drinkable water and we'll start tapping into the energy of the sun in a more direct way.
The space industry will not create that many jobs in the US in 20 years alone. That company will profit a lot by mining asteroids, but not yet. If they do manage to create a constant traffic to the asteroid belt, which would take roughly 2 years to go and come back at current technology, they'll become the richest company in the world. One asteroid alone of a kilometre or two (or even less depending on contents) could cost a couple of trillions. It would only cost a few billions to get there in unmaneed craft, but we don't yet have the technology to do so.
Gold and other precious metals aren't that rare in the universe. But in our case, most of it sank into Earth's core or near it, because that's how gravity works. We don't know much about our core, much less even dream about digging near it. In asteroids they're easily obtained. There's not much to stop you in the universe. Assuming other bodies (like Jupiter) don't affect it, if you throw a rock towards Pluto from space, it'll eventually reach, after a few million years of course.
*****Completely inactive, no other accounts*****
<-VGD degree
The past is the past, don't let it cloud who you are now.


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Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger met with the media Wednesday, about two hours after the team officially announced he would be out for Sunday night's game against the Ravens. And Roethlisberger revealed that a rib injury -- not his sprained throwing shoulder -- was the bigger concern.
"From what I understand, it's an SC joint and a dislocation of the first rib," he said. "That's really the scary part because I guess if it goes in the wrong direction it can puncture the aorta. That's more of the issue, I think."
Roethlisberger was sandwiched by a pair of defenders in Monday night's 16-13 overtime win over the Kansas City Chiefs. Steelers coach Mike Tomlin said Tuesday that Roethlisberger had sprained the sternoclavicular (SC) joint in his right shoulder, but he didn't mention the rib injury that has Roethlisberger sleeping in a chair. Roethlisberger said that he didn't know if it was the sack or hitting the turf afterward that caused his injuries.
"I'm not sure. I know when I hit the ground is when I heard the crunch and the crack and stuff," said the 30-year-old quarterback, whose right arm was in a sling. "But I don't know if it happened when he hit me."
Roethlisberger said the rib injury has caused him more pain, and asked to gauge the severity, he estimated that it was a nine on a scale of one to 10. He said he has gotten four hours of sleep the past two nights.
He declined to give a deadline on when he might return. "I don't know yet, but I'm going to get back as soon as I can," he said. "I know that much." But he did say that he didn't think the injury was season-threatening.
The Ravens host the Steelers at M&T; Bank Stadium on Dec. 2.
Roethlisberger expressed disappointment that he would miss Sunday night's rivalry game, but he gave votes of confidence for Byron Leftwich, who will start in his place, and Charlie Batch, who will be Leftwich's backup.
"I have no fear because of the backups that we have," he said. "Both guys are extremely capable. Byron's a great player. He's been doing this for a long time. I know he's going to go out there and give it his all."


text:
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It's a detailed, daily itinerary with important dates, times, and confirmation numbers, plus directions, maps, weather, and more.
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text:
To call Diamond Dallas Page an inspiration is akin to calling Michael Jordan a good baskeball player or Wayne Gretzky a solid hockey player.
The man, whose wrestling career spanned more than two decades, didn't actually break into the wrestling part of his career until he was 35, when most professional wrestlers are either retired or long past their primes.
Then again, DDP isn't "most pro wrestlers."
Page would only go on to become a three-time World Championship Wrestling (WCW) World Heavyweight Champion, two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion, four-time WCW World Tag Team Champion and WCW World Television Champion. He was the fourth WCW Triple Crown Champion. Before hanging up his boots, he would enjoy a short but successful run with WWE Inc. that included runs as a European and Tag-team champion.
DDP broke into the business in the late 1980s as a manager in the American Wrestling Association. But it was later in life before he caught his big break with WCW.
"I was trained by Jody Hamilton," Page said during a telephone interview when asked about his path to eventual superstardom. "I always say that without Dusty Rhodes, there is no Diamond Dallas Page," he said, referring to the legendary WWE Hall of Fame superstar. "He's the one that gave me my first break in Florida and in WCW. He's been a mentor and a friend to me. He's still one of my closest friends. When I got down to WCW, Jody Hamilton ran the Power Plant," a WCW training centre. "Do you remember The Assassins?" Page asked, referring to the 1960s tag team on which Hamilton was Assassin #1.
It was another former megastar who would help Page hone his skills as pro wrestler. The legendary Jake "The Snake" Roberts took Page under his wing, teaching him the important role psychology played in becoming a successful pro wrestler. It was while working under Roberts that the pair become friends. Lifelong friends, in fact. It's a friendship that endures to this day. More on that later.
Looking back, even Page himself acknowledges how unique his situation was.
"The average length of an NFL player's (career) is three years," he said. "Sure, there are guys that have (played) 17 years, (but) the average is still three. In wrestling, all the guys you've ever seen on TV, probably the average is about four years.
"Coming in so late ... the reason I started as a manager was because I was ... almost 32. I thought I was way too old to start to really learn how to wrestle. The opportunity in WCW, I jumped. I left the nightclub I owned a piece of to follow the dream," DDP said adding "when you start at 35 and a half, they laugh at you. I mean, Michael 'PS' Hayes, in my last match as a manager, we were in Chatanooga, I will never forget it. I was about to go through the curtain. He said, 'I heard this is our last match with you as our manager,' and I said, 'Yeah. I'm going down to the Power Plant ... I'm gonna learn how to wrestle.' Hayes fell down laughing. Literally fell down."
It was not all smooth sailing, however.
"I started at 35 and a half, tore my left rotator cuff, they fired me, and then I came back at 37."
If DDP owes some of his success to Roberts, he has repaid it in spades, having taken Roberts in during his darkest hour and most recently helping Roberts get back into shape with his DDP Yoga. More on that shortly.
"Our relationship, when we were on the road ... we had each other for support and all that s--t," DDP said of his friendship with Roberts. "(I was) sitting home with a torn rotator cuff, and the company is letting me go and Jake called me up to see how I was doing."
Later, when Page learned his friend was living out of a hotel, he would return the kindness shown to him.
"I went by and saw him, and I was still with (Page's ex-wife) Kimberly; I was still married to her. And I said, 'Hey, what if Jake comes and stays with us until he can find his own place? You know, for a couple of weeks?' She was like, 'OK.' I figured I (could) learn a lot from him. I can help him, he can help me. But long story short, we lived together for three months, and the only reason we didn't live together after that was because (Roberts' pet snake) stayed in my house," and went missing. "Kim was like, 'He's got to go!'" Page recalled, laughing.
It's a friendship that has never looked back.
"We're like kindred brothers, to a certain extent, but he really helped me with the psychology of wrestling," Page said. "Anybody who really understands what wrestling is ... it's like telling a story, a match. And Jake could tell it verbally, and physically. He taught me a lot. (Again),I would say there is no Diamand Dallas Page without Dusty Rhodes, but there is no guy that becomes a three-time world champion without Jake Roberts."
Page was not only successful inside the ring, he was one of the best outside of it. He could -- and still can -- bring an audience to its feat with seeming ease.
So it comes as little surprise that following his retirement at the mind-boggling age of 53, Page continues to succeed, and inspire; this time helping others with his DDP Yoga, which, for the record, is not to be called anything but.
"Don't ever call my stuff yoga," Page said, politely. "It's DDP Yoga. Yoga puts you in a block ... in a box. You know, everybody thinks they know what yoga is. Just like bikram yoga, have you ever heard of that?" he asked, to which I replied I had.
"If I had just called it yoga, would you have known it was bikram?"
No, I replied.
Page's yoga past traces back to a time when he was home, with an injured back, when he spotted his then wife emerging from their basement, dripping with sweat.
"She was doing power yoga," he said. "I'm the guy that wouldn't be caught dead doing yoga the first 42 years of my life ... like most guys," DDP said, before explaining what led to his being home that fateful day.
"I had a crazy, rigorous schedule for years," he said. "I was doing movies, I was doing The Tonight Show ... I was doing everything ... not enough sleeping, and going really hard. I was in a match (when former WWE superstar Kevin) Nash power bombed me. Man, I thought I broke my back. I mean, I had never felt that kind of pain. I've torn some big s--t in my body, but, you know, I thought I was done. Your back is the centre of the universe, man, cause you can't do s--t. I had three doctors tell me my career was over.
"So I'm home, crashed out, and Kimberly is coming up from downstairs, soaking wet. And I'm like, 'What are you doing down there?'" he recalled, wondering at that time if the heat was cranked up too high in their basement. "It was that power yoga tape. I was like, 'Really? You're sweating like that?' She was like, 'You should try to do it babe, it'll help heal your body.' And I was like, 'Yeah ... right ... f--k that! I'll never do yoga!' So any guy who says that ... I get that," Page admits now.
He was right in one sense, he's not doing yoga. He's doing DDP Yoga, as you'll recall.
Put simply, and according to Page's DDP Yoga website (www.ddpyoga.com), DDP Yoga is "a hybrid workout that incorporates some traditional yoga positions and adds dynamic resistance, active breathing techniques and power movements to make for a more challenging and results oriented workout that anyone can do."
A mere 534,238 people had liked Page's website through Facebook as this column was being written. Another 40,000 people follow DDP Yoga (Twitter: @DDPYoga) on Twitter.
Forget the sheer numbers for a moment. It's the success stories that count. And there are many.
Some include many of DDP's former wrestling colleagues, including Canadians Adam (Edge) Copeland and Chris Jericho, as well as Kingston Whig-Standard columnist Tommy Dreamer, to name some.
Even many current wrestlers use it, such names as Goldust, Ryback, Zack Ryder and Kane, to name some.
Jericho recently returned to the WWE in the best shape of his life, something he credits to DDP Yoga.
"I was so proud, and humbled by how Chris talks about the workout," Page said. "It helped him get his career back.
Few success stories tug at the heartstrings quite like that of Arthur Boorman, a disabled veteran of the Persian Gulf War, who weighed nearly 300 pounds and walked with the aid of crutches and leg braces when he embarked on the DDP Yoga journey. Boorman lost 140 pounds in the first 10 months of using DDP Yoga and now walks unaided.
If Boorman's success story isn't enough, then consider DDP's current project, the transformation of his longtime friend Roberts, whose well documented struggles with drugs and alcohol left him looking old and haggered, to put it mildly.
"The whole thing with Jake ... going down there to Texas ... before I went there you know, a lot of people said 'Can you please help Scott Hall?' 'Please help Buff Bagwell ...' and I'm like 'They've gotta reach out' you know, because I don't want to come to them and say, 'Okay, now you're going to do this, this and that.' That's not what I do. Like for Jake Roberts, we had a real bond. And I had bonds with both of those other guys, too. But with Jake, it finally got to the point where he's like, 'Now I'm ready to listen.' And I showed him the program. And I said, 'Just do the eating plan, dude. Just do the Phase 3 eating plan, for frigging one week, and in 10 days, I'll call you back, and if you do it, if you can lose eight to 10 pounds, cause I know if you're doing what I tell you to, you will, then we'll talk about another big idea I have for you, that will also make you money, as well as heal your body.' And, he was like, 'Okay, I'll give it a shot.' In 10 days, he lost eight or nine pounds."
Roberts' struggles with drugs and alcohol were prominently featured in the wrestling documentary Beyond the Mat in 1999.
"Jake Roberts has spent a lot of money in his time," Page said. "Bad use of money, you know, just bad decisions. Between the crack, the coke, all that s--t ... the booze, the pills. And, when I saw him, he was a shell of the man that I knew. I really didn't know if I could really help him. I know Jake Junkie, I know Jake, the greatest promo in wrestling, I know Jake Frigging Workout Guy ... for about a month, then he's off again. It lasts two or three weeks. I know Jake God. I know Jake Alcoholic, I know Jake Pill Head, I know all those Jakes. But this (was) the first time I met this Jake.
"I told him, 'Dude, I want to film a movie with you.' I want to do ... I want to help you change your destiny. One of his lines is, 'My history is not my destiny.' We started this journey down there, and he was a little over 305 pounds when he started."
The DDP Yoga program, Page explained, is broken down into the 13 most used moves.
"Jake would do two moves, then have to sit down. And I mean, it's not even a workout. I just show you a position, and how to get into it. The first time he said that ... 'I gotta sit down, I gotta sit down,' you know, he's only done two moves. I'm thinking, 'OK, he can't get out of a chair by himself. He may have been eating clean for the last frigging eight to 10 days, but God, can I really keep him doing that?'
"I started thinking that this was going to be such a burden for me. I own my own business, I've created my own business, is he going to put the work in? This is all I'm thinking. And then I'm like, 'Okay ... breathe ... breathe ... look at the positive side here. You can't not do it.' I was committed now. Unless I wanted to ruin my friendship forever. In my mind, okay, I'm going to figure out how to make this work. I walk in, I start talking and he says, 'Okay, let's go.' And I go, 'What do you mean, let's go?' And he says, 'Well we're working out, aren't we?' And I said, 'You wanna still work out?' He goes, 'Well what the f--k did you come here for, if we're not working out?'
"So we did another couple of moves, and he sat down. Another couple of moves and he sat down. I told him I'd leave him there. He already knew what I was going to do with him anyway. But I had to give him a goal. I said, 'Bro, it's going to take me about a month and a half, or two months to put this together. If you can be 18 pounds to 20 pounds under your weight right now, I promise you I will bring you up when I get that place in Atlanta.' When he finally did it, he had lost 26 or 28 pounds, on his own.
"One of the first things I taught him the first day I was there was how to go from standing to the ground from the ground back up again because he couldn't get up without someone helping him. I had to show him how to use a chair, and his body, to stand back up. And we just did that."
Every step of Roberts' transformation from a man who looked defeated and who could barely walk has been filmed. Recently, before and after pics of Roberts made the social media rounds. In the before, he appeared haggard and overweight. The after -- DDP is quick to point out that picture is the during, not after -- shows a thinner, clearly happier man who resembles the legendary innovator of the DDT.
Only a recent shoulder injury has been able to stall Roberts' resurrection.
"Right before he hurt his shoulder, he was doing five-second pushups," says the proud Page. "When you lower for five (seconds), hold for five, then come up for 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. He could do one and a half of those. I was so proud of him, he had shoulder problems for a while, we both went to go see my doctor, and he gave him some cortisone shots to help him with the pain, and he was doing so great."
Against the advice of Page, Roberts returned to the gym -- "I was like, 'Bro, you don't need the gym, DDP Yoga gives you everything you're wanting' -- where he suffered a tear in his shoulder. What happened is, Jake was feeling so good, (so) he wanted to work harder. He was turning into the hardest working man. I was the hardest working man in wrestling, besides Triple H. And there was nobody that was working any harder than either one of us did. And right now, Jake's work ethic is unbelievable. But he's got this shoulder tear."
Never one to quit, Page and Co. set up a fundraising campaign online, with the hopes of raising the necessary money to have Roberts' shoulder surgically repaired. Page told his friend that if they could raise half of the money online, he would pay for the rest.
They set out in hopes of raising $9,200.
"We raised over $9,500 within the first 24 hours," Page said.
"(Within) three days, we were over $19,000. People want to be a part of it."
Watching the transformations of current and former superstars -- guys and girls who Page considers family -- as well as ordinary folks like Arthur Boorman, is very humbling for Page.
"I tell ya, I get choked up, really .... it's really personal to me," he said. "Because, in our business, guys are so proud of what they do themselves, the odds of another wrestler who's going to give you props and do your s--t, nevermind talk about it, just do it, are really slim."
At this point, Page carries me through an exercise over the phone.
"I want you to reach both hands right out in front of you," he instructs. "Now I want you to push your thumb and your index fingers together ... like the Diamond Cutter (his signature gesture and finishing move). I want you to push them against each other."
I followed his direction.
"Can you feel the muscles in your biceps, your forearms and pecks?"
I could.
"Engaged?" he asked.
They were.
"Now push them against each other again, but now spread your pinkies apart. Spread those pinkies apart, as wide as you can. Keep pushing those thumbs and index fingers together. See how the outside of your forearms, your biceps and your traps, and your delts engage?"
I sure could.
"Now slowly, slowly raise your arms up like the Diamond Cutter, you're not going to be able to go as far as I want you to, because your phone is there, but just feel that. And then, just hulk it up. If you start creating that resistance, if you would have been able to do the whole movement with me, your forehead would already be starting to get moist."
Little did he know, but it already was.
"You haven't done anything," he explained, "but it's the flexing of the muscles, and this is a fact! No one's ever told me this, I figured it out, and then went, 'Wow!' The doctor explained it to me. He explained that every time you engage a muscle, your heart has to beat faster to get the blood to the muscle. So, think about this. When you're sitting down, your heart rate is 72, 62, whatever it is. You get up, it's 72, and start walking, it goes to 80, or 90. Now you start to jog and it goes to 100, or 105, 108. You start to run, it goes 110, 120, 130, 140. Now you start to sprint. It goes. 150! 160! 170! 180! Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom! All you're doing is engaging muscles."
Truth be told, I really could feel all the muscles engaged. I've been finding myself showing others and doing that very move since Page carried me through it.
"This workout is virtually ... zero impact. Kick-ass cardio. Dramatically increase your flexibility, and your core strength conditioning."
DDP Yoga, Page says, is unique, something he is extremely proud of.
"P90X or anybody else ... they can't have our stories," he said. "People will try to copy this, but you can't have our story. You can't have the guy who started wrestling at 35, whose career took off at 40, back got blown out at 42, whose career was said to be over ... comes back in three months, and at 42 is the world champ -- the oldest world champ ever crowned. And then on to wrestle until he's 46, takes off two and a half years, then at 49, just to see if could he come back and have another run, goes and wrestles in TNA."
What a story, indeed. An inspiration, in fact.
Granted, Page is incredibly busy, what with the popularity of his DDP Yoga, helping his friend Roberts and countless other people, but wrestling fans should know that there remains an outside chance, albeit slim, that they may once again see DDP inside the squared circle, if the stars align just right.
"Would I be able to go 270 days a year? Not a chance. Could I come back for one big program? Abso-f---ing-lutely. And freak f---ing people out. But, I don't want to do it. It's more important for me to go and stand on one leg and pick up other leg up over my ... head than it is to stick my frigging foot up somebody's a--."
That said, there remains one intriguing match from Page's perspective.
"You know, I would do it for one person, and one person only. Randy Orton. I don't think that'll ever happen, and I'm fine with that because I love being one of the legends that he hasn't killed. So he hasn't killed every legend out there. Hey! You ain't got me yet, Randy."
Of course, only WWE chairman Vince McMahon has the power to make that match happen. If it never happens, that's OK, too, Page says. His 2012 return as part of the Raw 1,000th episode fanfare gave Page a chance to, well, turn the page, so to speak.
Following that appearance, during which he delivered his patented Diamond Cutter to WWE superstar Heath Slater, "I said to myself, 'I never have to do another thing again, I've been off TV for 11 years, I walked out ... I hit that f---ing move, and I popped the f--k up, and the place went crazy. If that's the last time I ever do on that stage, I'm happy with it.' Now if there was a chance to do it again? You bet your ass, man. I'm going to lock up, and own that spot, man. Because that might be my last time."
If I were a betting man, I wouldn't bet against Diamond Dallas Page.


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'SNN,' YouTube amplify Syrian voices
- Shaam News Network or SNN helps distribute amateur videos from Syria
- The information is increasingly important as it's difficult for journalists to report there
- A photo credited to SNN came to represent Friday's massacre in Houla
- 108 people died in the massacre, according to reports
(CNN) -- You've heard of CNN, but unless you pay close attention to photo and video credits on news sites, you've probably never heard of the Syrian group SNN.
The Shaam News Network is one of several groups that aggregates photos and videos taken by citizen journalists in Syria and tries to show them to the world.
Most recently, the group came into the news on Friday after it played a role in distributing images from a U.N.-condemned massacre in the village of Houla, which left 108 people dead, including some children who reportedly were axed to death.
YouTube, meanwhile, put a collection of 10 videos from Houla on its homepage on Saturday in an effort to raise awareness about the bloodshed there.
Of all the content, one particular photo -- of a tile room lined with bodies wrapped in white cloth -- became the de facto symbol of the violence in Houla. It has been run by numerous news websites, including this one, with credit attributed to Shaam News.
Photos: Images paint horrific scene in Houla
The photo and the group highlight a crucial trend as the government of Bashar al-Assad continues to crack down on protestors and rebels: Activists and everyday people have taken it upon themselves to record violence against themselves and their neighbors and to distribute it online. And they do so at great risk to themselves.
"Perhaps the single most important way that people are telling their stories is through clips uploaded through YouTube," Ausama Monajed, a member of Syria's opposition group, said during a recent talk at the Oslo Freedom Forum, according to a live blog of the event that was posted online. "And activist have learned that for this information to be credible, it must be properly dated and documented. And they are hoping that one day, these videos may be used to bring the regime to justice.
"If a picture is worth a thousand words, a video is worth a thousand times more."
Networks like SNN have become aggregators and, in a sense, gatekeepers to the videos uploaded by citizen journalists. Syrians often will upload controversial videos to YouTube anonymously and without any information about the content, said David Clinch, editorial director at Storyful, a company that verifies and distributes videos from citizen journalists to news organizations. The videographers then text information to aggregators like SNN, which adds details and distributes the videos more widely.
The division of labor is intended to make the process of uploading information safer for all those involved, he said. And in a place where it's difficult or sometimes impossible for journalists to report on the news, these images have become all the more important, said Clinch, who is a former CNN employee.
"It's hugely significant," he said. "As far as I can tell there were no international journalists anywhere near Houla when this happened and so the only original video from when the immediate aftermath -- not just of the bodies but of the shelling and everything else -- was provided by what you could call citizen journalists."
He added: "By the time the U.N. got there the next day and shot video themselves, any number of things could have been changed or moved and manipulated."
CNN cannot verify the authenticity of all photos and video submitted by citizen journalists in Syria, in part because the government restricts the movement of journalists in the country. Clinch said aggregators like Shaam are somewhat helpful at attempting to verify the authenticity of this kind of media, but they don't always get it right.
According to its website and Facebook page, Shaam was founded in February 2011 and is headquartered in Damascus, the Syrian capital.
Few details about the group are available online and CNN was not immediately able to reach Shaam's organizers for comment.
Anas Qtiesh, a Syrian activist based in San Francisco, said SNN has been a "prime source" for videos and grassroots information coming out of Syria. The group has become so closely watched that fake SNN accounts have popped up on Facebook and YouTube, Qtiesh said, with similar logs but wildly different information.
"They are really valuable," he said. "It's just very tricky to verify it sometimes because the regime often fakes activist videos just to discredit them."
He added: "Videos spread like wildfire once they're out so it's very important that they be verified before they're uploaded."
Qtiesh pointed to a Facebook page for "Shaaam News," with too many A's in its name, and three YouTube channels -- shaamnews2, shaamnews6 and shaamnews10 -- as fakes that are likely operated by people loyal to the al-Assad regime in Syria.
YouTube, the Google-owned video site, is working with Storyful to try to verify activist videos from Syria and distribute them via its website. The company has created a Human Rights channel and a CitizenTube channel to highlight the verified videos.
YouTube appears to be making efforts to keep content that has high news value on its platform, even if the content could be deemed objectionable or graphic. The video channel occasionally marks clips as graphic or requires users to sign in to prove that they are older than 18 before watching videos that are violent or gruesome.
Jillian York, director of international freedom of expression at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, said in an e-mail that YouTube and Facebook generally are doing a good job of making sure videos from Syrian activists surface on their platforms.
"YouTube has been great about keeping content up, even recently creating a human rights channel with the organization Witness," she said. "Their policy is, explicitly, to keep up violent content if it is educational or documentarian in nature."
A YouTube spokeswoman declined to comment on the record for this story.
Getting the videos from Syria to the Internet is, of course, a major challenge.
Clinch, from Storyful, said many Syrian activists upload videos via proxy servers, which are located in other countries, so that it's more difficult for the government to track them. They also may scramble their communications or run small hard drives or camera cards across the border to neighboring countries so that they can be uploaded, he said.
The Syrian government, meanwhile, has been tracking their efforts with some success.
According to a report from CNN's Ben Brumfield: "Supporters of dictator Bashar al-Assad first steal the identities of opposition activists, then impersonate them in online chats, said software engineer Dlshad Othman. They gain the trust of other users, pass out Trojan horse viruses and encourage people to open them."
Clinch said dozens of YouTube videos still are uploaded from Syria every day. Watching these clips, from SNN and many others, is perhaps the best and fastest way, he said, to get a sense of what's really going on inside the country right now.
Four journalists have been killed in Syria since the conflict began, according to the activist group Reporters Without Borders. U.N. officials say more than 9,000 people have died in the conflict, which began in March 2011.
Opposition groups put the number at more than 11,000.
Source: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/tech/web/shaam-news-syria/index.html?eref=edition


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Ask Maykon Quispe what kind of violence he sees in his hometown of Huancavelica, in the Peruvian Andes, and he thinks of the markets, where kids his age or younger haul sacks and crates. "A lot of kids want to help out their families by earning a little money, but the merchants make them carry too much weight," the 12-year-old said.
Anahi Salazar, 16, immediately thinks of death. "Children suffer psychologically because of the violence," she said of her native El Salvador. "There are too many murders in our country. What we want most is peace."
Family violence kills more than 80,000 children a year in Latin America, and more than 6 million suffer severe abuse, according to U.N. figures. Experts—and even some young people—say those high levels of violence are not surprising in a region that also has the greatest gap between rich and poor.
And the younger the child, the greater the risks.
"Early childhood, from birth to age 5, is silent," said Father Gaston Garatea, who heads a nonprofit civic group in Peru called Investment in Children. Kids that age "don't go on strike, don't protest, don't set up roadblocks" to call attention to their problems, he said.
"The causes of violence are the same in nearly all countries," said 18-year-old Sofia Melgarejo of Paraguay. "The main one is poverty, which leads children to work. That's something we see in many countries. Working children and street children suffer a lot of violence. There is also domestic violence by parents who think they are educating their children by mistreating them physically or verbally."
Quispe, Salazar and Melgarejo were among about 20 children and teens who participated in a U.N. expert consultation on children and violence in Lima in late August. These young participants and adults—including government officials and representatives of nonprofit organizations that work with children and their mothers—offered a glimpse of the violence that affects children, as well as possible solutions.
The forms of violence range from gang murders to sexual abuse, from corporal punishment in schools to harsh punishment by parents or guardians. Because much of the violence occurs behind closed doors, experts say statistics are unreliable, especially for children under age 3, and that the problem is probably underreported.
The figures that do exist reveal the magnitude of the problem. About 28 percent of the approximately 100,000 people murdered in Latin America and the Caribbean every year are between ages 10 and 19, according to U.N. figures. Some killings are related to organized crime or gangs—an estimated 82,000 young people between ages 13 and 29 belong to gangs in Central America and Mexico—according to the U.S. Agency for International Development.
But while those cases grab the headlines, everyday violence at home and in school often goes undetected and may be more insidious.
A study in Peru in 2011 found that 44 percent of children in three major cities—Lima, the highland city of Huancayo, and Iquitos, in the Amazon region—had suffered violence at home and 28 percent in school. About 27 percent of the children reported having been struck with an object at home, while 6.4 percent suffered serious injury, such as cuts or burns.
When parents in Colombia were asked if they mistreated their children, all said no. When asked about specific actions, however, 60 percent said they had yelled at their children, 30 percent had spanked and about 15 percent said they had struck their children with hard objects.
The percentage of parents in Cali, Colombia, who said they had struck their children with hard objects was nearly twice the national average. Armed with that and other statistics, Cali Mayor Rodrigo Guerrero put his experience as a physician and epidemiologist to work to understand the problem of violence in his city.
He lengthened the school day, adding recreational and sports activities, spruced up parks, and implemented programs to improve housing and create jobs. The city also has focused on health care and support for pregnant women to help reduce child abuse—which, in turn, helps reduce youth violence, he said.
Although it has little direct impact on his city, the armed conflict in Colombia "has legitimized the use of violence to achieve political ends," Guerrero said, adding that, as a result, the violence of drug traffickers "fell on fertile ground." Father Garatea said the same was true in Peru, where nearly two decades of political violence left many children in remote parts of the country traumatized.
Increasingly, countries in the region are addressing violence against children through health programs and changes to legislation, but those efforts can be slow.
In Peru in August, the office of the government's human rights ombudsman criticized changes made to a proposed updating of the Code for Children and Adolescents, after a congressional commission removed specific protection against sexual violence and physical punishment.
The young people at the U.N. consultation called for parents to open lines of communication with their kids instead of resorting to force and urged countries to spend more on children's programs. Quispe said he hoped to organize workshops for his peers and would like to see "parents' schools" for adults.
Father Garatea said adults' attitudes about children must change.
"To work for children is to work for the present, not for the future," he said, "because children deserve it now."