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Nineteen Eighty-Four
dystopian novel written by George Orwell(Redirected from 1984)
Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel by the English writer George Orwell, published in 1949. The story, which focuses on the life of Winston Smith, was Orwell's vision of a totalitarian state which has absolute control over every action and thought of its people through propaganda, secrecy, constant surveillance, and harsh punishment. In some editions it is retitled 1984.
Part OneEdit
Chapter 1Edit
- It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. (Opening line)
- The instrument (the telescreen it was called) could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely.
- The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education and the fine arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs.
- The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining in. Within thirty seconds any pretence was always unnecessary. A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people like an electric current, turning one even against one's will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic. And yet the rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame of a blowlamp.
- Then the face of Big Brother faded away again and instead the three slogans of the Party stood out in bold capitals:
- Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed— would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper— the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you.
- It was always at night—the arrests invariably happened at night. The sudden jerk out of sleep, the rough hand shaking your shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces round the bed. In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized was the usual word.
Chapter 2Edit
- It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children. And with good reason, for hardly a week passed in which The Times did not carry a paragraph describing how some eavesdropping little sneak — 'child hero' was the phrase generally used — had overheard some compromising remark and denounced its parents to the Thought Police.
- On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrappings of a cigarette Packet — everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed — no escape. Nothing was your own except the few cubic centimetres inside your skull.
- To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do not live alone — to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity, from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink — greetings!
- Thoughtcrime does not entail death, thoughtcrime IS death
Chapter 3Edit
- Tragedy, he perceived, belonged to the ancient time.
- If the Party could thrust its hand into the past and say of this or that event, it never happened — that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death?
- And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed -if all records told the same tale — then the lie passed into history and became truth. 'Who controls the past,' ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.' And yet the past, though of its nature alterable, never had been altered. Whatever was true now was true from everlasting to everlasting. It was quite simple. All that was needed was an unending series of victories over your own memory. 'Reality control', they called it: in Newspeak, 'doublethink'.
- The past, he reflected, had not merely been altered, it had been actually destroyed. For how could you establish even the most obvious fact when there existed no record outside your own memory?
- His mind slid away into the labyrinthine world of doublethink. To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the Party was the guardian of democracy, to forget, whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again, and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself — that was the ultimate subtlety; consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word 'doublethink' involved the use of doublethink.
- Oceania was at war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia.
Chapter 4Edit
- But actually, he thought as he re-adjusted the Ministry of Plenty's figures, it was not even forgery. It was merely the substitution of one piece of nonsense for another. Most of the material that you were dealing with had no connexion with anything in the real world, not even the kind of connexion that is contained in a direct lie. Statistics were just as much a fantasy in their original version as in their rectified version.
Chapter 5Edit
- It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. Of course the great wastage is in the verbs and adjectives, but there are hundreds of nouns that can be got rid of as well. It isn't only the synonyms; there are also the antonyms. After all, what justification is there for a word which is simply the opposite of some other word? A word contains its opposite in itself. Take "good", for instance. If you have a word like "good", what need is there for a word like "bad"? "Ungood" will do just as well — better, because it's an exact opposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a stronger version of "good", what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like "excellent" and "splendid" and all the rest of them? "Plusgood" covers the meaning, or "doubleplusgood" if you want something stronger still. Of course we use those forms already. but in the final version of Newspeak there'll be nothing else. In the end the whole notion of goodness and badness will be covered by only six words — in reality, only one word. Don't you see the beauty of that, Winston?
- Don't you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be needed, will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten.
- Orthodoxy is unconsciousness
- It appeared that there had even been demonstrations to thank Big Brother for raising the chocolate ration to twenty grams a week. And only yesterday […] it had been announced that the ration was to be reduced to twenty grams a week. Was it possible that they could swallow that, after only twenty-four hours? Yes, they swallowed it.
Chapter 6Edit
- Your worst enemy […] was your own nervous system. At any moment the tension inside you was liable to translate itself into some visible symptom.
- The aim of the Party was not merely to prevent men and women from forming loyalties which it might not be able to control. Its real, undeclared purpose was to remove all pleasure from the sexual act. Not love so much as eroticism was the enemy, inside marriage as well as outside it. All marriages between Party members had to be approved by a committee appointed for the purpose, and — though the principle was never clearly stated — permission was always refused if the couple concerned gave the impression of being physically attracted to one another. The only recognized purpose of marriage was to beget children for the service of the Party. Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema. This again was never put into plain words, but in an indirect way it was rubbed into every Party member from childhood onwards.
- The sexual act, successfully performed, was rebellion. Desire was thoughtcrime.
Chapter 7Edit
- If there is hope, it lies in the proles.
- Until they become conscious they will never rebel, and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious.
- It was not necessary to know much. So long as they continued to work and breed, their other activities were without importance. Left to themselves, like cattle... they had reverted to a style of life that appeared to be natural to them, a sort of ancestral pattern. They were born, they grew up in the gutters, they went to work... they passed through a brief blossoming-period of beauty and sexual desire, they married...they died...the care of home and children, petty quarrels with neighbours, films, football, beer, and above all, gambling, filled up the horizon of their minds. To keep them in control was not difficult.
- A few agents...moved always among them, spreading false rumours and marking down and eliminating the few individuals who were judged capable of becoming dangerous... It was not desirable that the proles should have strong political feelings. All that was required of them was a primitive patriotism which could be appealed to whenever it was necessary... even when they became discontented, as they sometimes did, their discontent led nowhere, because being without general ideas, they could only focus it on petty specific grievances. The larger evils invariably escaped their notice... As the Party slogan put it: 'Proles and animals are free.'
- How could you tell how much of it was lies? It might be true that the average human being was better off now than he had been before the Revolution. The only evidence to the contrary was the mute protest in your own bones, the instinctive feeling that the conditions you lived in were intolerable and that at some other time they must have been different.
- Everything faded into mist. The past was erased, the erasure was forgotten, the lie became truth.
- Under the spreading chestnut tree
I sold you and you sold me.
There lie they, and here lie we
Under the spreading chestnut tree.
- The past not only changed, but changed continuously. What most afflicted him with the sense of nightmare was that he had never clearly understood why the huge imposture was undertaken. The immediate advantages of falsifying the past were obvious, but the ultimate motive was mysterious.
- He wondered, as he had many times wondered before, whether he himself was a lunatic. Perhaps a lunatic was simply a minority of one. At one time it had been a sign of madness to believe that the earth goes round the sun; today, to believe that the past is unalterable. He might be alone in holding that belief, and if alone, then a lunatic. But the thought of being a lunatic did not greatly trouble him; the horror was that he might also be wrong. ...For after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the past is unchangeable? If both the past and the external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable--what then?
- Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows.
- Life, if you looked about you, bore no resemblance not only to the lies that streamed out of the telescreens, but even to the ideals that the Party had to achieve.
Chapter 8Edit
- We shall meet in the place where there is no darkness, O'Brien had said to him.
- But if there was hope, it lay in the proles. You had to cling on to that. When you put it in words it sounded reasonable: it was when you looked at the human beings passing you on the pavement that it became an act of faith.
- Within twenty years at the most, he reflected, the huge and simple question, 'Was life better before the Revolution than it is now?' would have ceased once and for all to be answerable. But in effect it was unanswerable even now, since the few scattered survivors from the ancient world were incapable of comparing one age with another. They remembered a million useless things, a quarrel with a workmate, a hunt for a lost bicycle pump, the expression on a long-dead sister's face, the swirls of dust on a windy morning seventy years ago: but all the relevant facts were outside the range of their vision. They were like the ant, which can see small objects but not large ones. And when memory failed and written records were falsified — when that happened, the claim of the Party to have improved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did not exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested.
- It would not matter if they killed you at once. To be killed was what you expected. But before death (nobody spoke of such things, yet everybody knew of them) there was the routine of confession that had to be gone through: the grovelling on the floor and screaming for mercy, the crack of broken bones, the smashed teeth, and bloody clots of hair. Why did you have to endure it, since the end was always the same? Why was it not possible to cut a few days or weeks out of your life? Nobody ever escaped detection, and nobody ever failed to confess. When once you had succumbed to thoughtcrime it was certain that by a given date you would be dead. Why then did that horror, which altered nothing, have to lie embedded in future time?
- He thought with a kind of astonishment of the biological uselessness of pain and fear, the treachery of the human body which always freezes into inertia at exactly the moment when a special effort is needed. It struck him that in moments of crisis one is never fighting against an external enemy but always against one's own body.
Part TwoEdit
Chapter 2Edit
- His heart leapt. Scores of times she had done it: he wished it had been hundreds — thousands. Anything that hinted at corruption always filled him with a wild hope. Who knew, perhaps the Party was rotten under the surface, its cult of strenuousness and self-denial simply a sham concealing iniquity. If he could have infected the whole lot of them with leprosy or syphilis, how gladly he would have done so! Anything to rot, to weaken, to undermine!
- In the old days, he thought, a man looked at a girl's body and saw that it was desirable, and that was the end of the story. But you could not have pure love or pure lust nowadays. No emotion was pure, because everything was mixed up with fear and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act.
- But by degrees the flood of music drove all speculations out of his mind. It was as though it were a kind of liquid stuff that poured all over him and got mixed up with the sunlight that filtered through the leaves. He stopped thinking and merely felt.
Chapter 3Edit
- If you kept the small rules, you could break the big ones.
- When you make love you're using up energy; and afterwards you feel happy and don't give a damn for anything. They can't bear you to feel like that. They want you to be bursting with energy all the time. All this marching up and down and cheering and waving flags is simply sex gone sour. If you're happy inside yourself, why should you get excited about Big Brother and the Three-Year Plans and the Two Minutes Hate and all the rest of their bloody rot?
- There was a direct intimate connection between chastity and political orthodoxy. For how could the fear, the hatred, and the lunatic credulity which the Party needed in its members be kept at the right pitch, except by bottling down some powerful instinct and using it as a driving force? The sex impulse was dangerous to the Party, and the Party had turned it to account. They had played a similar trick with the instinct of parenthood. The family could not actually be abolished, and, indeed, people were encouraged to be fond of their children, in almost the old-fashioned way. The children, on the other hand, were systematically turned against their parents and taught to spy on them and report their deviations. The family had become in effect an extension of the Thought Police. It was a device by means of which everyone could be surrounded night and day by informers who knew him intimately.
- "Actually, it would have made no difference," he said.
"Then why are you sorry you didn't do it?"
"Only because I prefer a positive to a negative. In this game that we're playing, we can't win. Some kinds of failure are better than other kinds, that's all."
- "We're not dead yet," said Julia prosaically.
"Not physically. Six months, a year--five years, conceivably. I am afraid of death. You are young, so presumably you're more afraid of it than I am. Obviously we shall put it off as long as we can. But it makes very little difference. So long as human beings stay human, death and life are the same thing."
Chapter 4Edit
- The tune had been haunting London for weeks past. It was one of countless similar songs published for the benefit of the proles by a sub-section of the Music Department. The words of these songs were composed without any human intervention whatever on an instrument known as versificator.
- [Winston] turned over toward the light and lay gazing into the glass paperweight. The inexhaustibly interesting thing was not the fragment of coral but the interior of the glass itself. There was such a depth of it, and yet it was almost as transparent as air. It was as though the surface of the glass had been the arch of the sky, enclosing a tiny world with its atmosphere complete. He had the feeling that he could get inside it, and that in fact he was inside it, along with the mahogany bed and the gateleg table and the clock and the steel engraving and the paperweight itself. The paperweight was the room he was in, and the coral was Julia's life and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of the crystal.
Chapter 5Edit
- Both of them knew — in a way, it was never out of their minds — that what was now happening could not last long. There were times when the fact of impending death seemed as palpable as the bed they lay on, and they would cling together with a sort of despairing sensuality, like a damned soul grasping at his last morsel of pleasure when the clock is within five minutes of striking. But there were also times when they had the illusion not only of safety but of permanence. So long as they were actually in this room, they both felt, no harm could come to them. Getting there was difficult and dangerous, but the room itself was sanctuary.
- But she only questioned the teachings of the Party when they in some way touched upon her own life. Often she was ready to accept the official mythology, simply because the difference between truth and falsehood did not seem important to her.
- It was all nonsense, as they both knew. In reality there was no escape. Even the one plan that was practicable, suicide, they had no intention of carrying out. To hang on from day to day and from week to week, spinning out a present that had no future, seemed an unconquerable instinct, just as one's lungs will always draw the next breath so long as there is air available.
- Once when he happened in some connexion to mention the war against Eurasia, she startled him by saying casually that in her opinion the war was not happening. The rocket bombs which fell daily on London were probably fired by the Government of Oceania itself, 'just to keep people frightened'. This was an idea that had literally never occurred to him.
- "You're only a rebel from the waist downwards," he told her.
- In a way, the world-view of the Party imposed itself most successfully on people incapable of understanding it. They could be made to accept the most flagrant violations of reality, because they never fully grasped the enormity of what was demanded of them, and were not sufficiently interested in public events to notice what was happening. By lack of understanding they remained sane. They simply swallowed everything, and what they swallowed did them no harm, because it left no residue behind, just as a grain of corn will pass undigested through the body of a bird.
Chapter 7Edit
- "Confession is not betrayal. What you say or do doesn't matter: only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you—that would be the real betrayal."
She thought it over. "They can't do that," she said finally. "It's the one thing they can't do. They can't make you believe it. They can't get inside you."
"No," he said a little more hopefully, "no; that's quite true. They can't get inside you. If you can feel that staying human is worth while, even when it can't have any result whatever, you've beaten them."
- It would not have occurred to her that an action which is ineffectual thereby becomes meaningless. If you loved someone, you loved him and when you had nothing else to give, you still gave him love. When the last of the chocolate was gone, his mother had clasped the child in her arms. It was no use, it changed nothing, it did not produce more chocolate, it did not avert the child's death or her own; but it seemed natural for her to do it. The refugee woman in the boat had also covered the little boy with her arm, which was no more use against the bullets than a sheet of paper. The terrible thing that the Party had done was to persuade you that mere impulses, mere feelings, were of no account, while at the same time robbing you of all power over the material world. When once you were in the grip of the Party, what you felt or did not feel, what you did or refrained from doing, made literally no difference. Whatever happened you vanished, and neither you nor your actions were ever heard of again. You were lifted clean out of the stream of history. And yet to the people of only two generations ago, this would not have seemed all-important, because they were not attempting to alter history. They were governed by private loyalties which they did not question. What mattered were individual relationships, and a completely helpless gesture, an embrace, a tear, a word spoken to a dying man, could have value in itself.
- Facts, at any rate, could not be kept hidden. They could be tracked down by enquiry, they could be squeezed out of you by torture. But if the object was not to stay alive but to stay human, what difference did it ultimately make? They could not alter your feelings: for that matter you could not alter them yourself, even if you wanted to. They could lay bare in the utmost detail everything that you had done or said or thought; but the inner heart, whose workings were mysterious even to yourself, remained impregnable.
Chapter 8Edit
- The Brotherhood cannot be wiped out because it is not an organization in the ordinary sense. Nothing holds it together except an idea which is indestructible. You will never have anything to sustain you, except the idea. You will get no comradeship and no encouragement. When finally you are caught, you will get no help. We never help our members. At most, when it is absolutely necessary that someone should be silenced, we are occasionally able to smuggle a razor blade into a prisoner's cell. You will have to get used to living without results and without hope. You will work for a while, you will be caught, you will confess, and then you will die. Those are the only results that you will ever see. There is no possibility that any perceptible change will happen within our own lifetime. We are the dead. Our only true life is in the future. We shall take part in it as handfuls of dust and splinters of bone. But how far away that future may be, there is no knowing. It might be a thousand years. At present nothing is possible except to extend the area of sanity little by little. We cannot act collectively. We can only spread our knowledge outwards from individual to individual, generation after generation. In the face of the Thought Police there is no other way.
Chapter 9Edit
- This section has been organized based on order of occurrence. Please consult the placement of the other quotes before adding another.
- The object of waging a war is always to be in a better position in which to wage another war.
- From the moment when the machine first made its appearance it was clear to all thinking people that the need for human drudgery, and therefore to a great extent human inequality, had disappeared. If the machine were used deliberately for that end, hunger, overwork, dirt, illiteracy, and disease could be eliminated within a few generations. And in fact, without being used for any such purpose, but by a sort of automatic process—by producing wealth which it was sometimes impossible not to distribute—the machine did raise the living standards of the average human being very greatly over a period of about fifty years at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. But it was also clear that an all-round increase in wealth threatened the destruction—indeed, in some sense was the destruction—of a hierarchical society. In a world in which everyone worked short hours, had enough to eat, lived in a house with a bathroom and a refrigerator, and possessed a motor-car or even an aeroplane, the most obvious and perhaps the most important form of inequality would already have disappeared. If it once became general, wealth would confer no distinction.
- In the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance.
- The problem was how to keep the wheels of industry turning without increasing the real wealth of the world. Goods must be produced, but they need not be distributed. And in practice the only way of achieving this was by continuous warfare.
- The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the products of human labour. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent.
- In principle the war effort is always so planned as to eat up any surplus that might exist after meeting the bare needs of the population. In practice the needs of the population are always underestimated, with the result being that there is a chronic shortage of half the necessities of life; but this is looked upon as an advantage. It is deliberate policy to keep even the favored groups somewhere near the brink of hardship, because a general state of scarcity increases the importance of small privileges and thus magnifies the distinction between one group and another.
- War, it will be seen, not only accomplishes the necessary destruction, but accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way. In principle it would be quite simple to waste the surplus labour of the world by building temples and pyramids, by digging holes and filling them up again, or even by producing vast quantities of goods and then setting fire to them. But this would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society.
- The empirical method of thought, on which all the scientific achievements of the past were founded, is opposed to the most fundamental principles of Ingsoc. And even technological progress only happens when its products can in some way be used for the diminution of human liberty.
- The two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought.
- All rulers in all ages have tried to impose a false view of the world upon their followers.
- War was a sure safeguard of sanity, and so far as the ruling classes were concerned it was probably the most important of all safeguards. While wars could be won or lost, no ruling class could be completely irresponsible. But when war becomes literally continuous, it also ceases to be dangerous. When war is continuous there is no such thing as military necessity. Technical progress can cease and the most palpable facts can be denied or disregarded.
- Nothing is efficient in Oceania except the Thought Police.
- War, it will be seen, is now a purely internal affair. In the past, the ruling groups of all countries, although they might recognize their common interest and therefore limit the destructiveness of war, did fight against one another, and the victor always plundered the vanquished. In our own day they are not fighting against one another at all. The war is waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not to make or prevent conquests of territory, but to keep the structure of society intact. The very word "war", therefore, has become misleading. It would probably be accurate to say that by becoming continuous war has ceased to exist.
- A peace that was truly permanent would be the same as a permanent war. This—although the vast majority of Party members understand it only in a shallower sense—is the inner meaning of the Party slogan: War is Peace.
- The book fascinated him, or more exactly it reassured him. In a sense it told him nothing that was new, but that was part of the attraction. It said what he would have said, if it had been possible for him to set his scattered thoughts in order. It was the product of a mind similar to his own, but enormously more powerful, more systematic, less fear-ridden. The best books, he perceived, are those that tell you what you know already.
- The aim of the High is to remain where they are. The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have an aim—for it is an abiding characteristic of the Low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more than intermittently conscious of anything outside their daily lives—is to abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all men shall be equal.
- The new aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists, technicians, trade-union organizers, publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians. These people, whose origins lay in the salaried middle class and the upper grades of the working class, had been shaped and brought together by the barren world of monopoly industry and centralized government. As compared with their opposite numbers in past ages, they were less avaricious, less tempted by luxury, hungrier for pure power, and, above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intent on crushing opposition. This last difference was cardinal. By comparison with that existing today, all the tyrannies of the past were half-hearted and inefficient. The ruling groups were always infected to some extent by liberal ideas, and were content to leave loose ends everywhere, to regard only the overt act and to be uninterested in what their subjects were thinking. Even the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages was tolerant by modern standards. Part of the reason for this was that in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance. The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio carried the process further. With the development of television, and the technical advance which made it possible to receive and transmit simultaneously on the same instrument, private life came to an end. Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, with all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of enforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the State, but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects, now existed for the first time.
- Ingsoc, which grew out of the earlier Socialist movement and inherited its phraseology, has in fact carried out the main item in the Socialist programme; with the result, foreseen and intended beforehand, that economic inequality has been made permanent.
- There are only four ways in which a ruling class can fall from power. Either it is conquered from without, or it governs so inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt, or it allows a strong and discontented Middle Group to come into being, or it loses its own self-confidence and willingness to govern. These causes do not operate singly, and as a rule all four of them are present in some degree. A ruling class which could guard against all of them would remain in power permanently. Ultimately the determining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself.
- What opinions the masses hold, or do not hold, is looked on as a matter of indifference. They can be granted intellectual liberty because they have no intellect.
- Crimestop, in short, means protective stupidity.
- Past events, it is argued, have no objective existence, but survive only in written records and in human memories. The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records, and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it.
- Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. […] The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt.
- The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with reality; but by the exercise of doublethink he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated.
- For the secret of rulership is to combine a belief in one's own infallibility with the power to learn from past mistakes.
- The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture, and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result from ordinary hypocrisy: they are deliberate exercises in doublethink. For it is only by reconciling contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely. In no other way could the ancient cycle be broken. If human equality is to be forever averted—if the High, as we have called them, are to keep their places permanently—then the prevailing mental condition must be controlled insanity.
- Being in a minority, even a minority of one, did not make you mad. There was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad.
- Sanity is not statistical.
Part ThreeEdit
Chapter 1Edit
- "They've got you too!" he cried.
"They got me a long time ago," said O'Brien with a mild, almost regretful irony.
- One question at any rate was answered. Never, for any reason on earth, could you wish for an increase of pain. Of pain you could wish only one thing: that it should stop. Nothing in the world was so bad as physical pain. In the face of pain there are no heroes, no heroes, he thought over and over as he writhed on the floor, clutching uselessly at his disabled left arm.
Chapter 2Edit
- That was doublethink. He had a feeling of deadly helplessness. If he could have been certain that O'Brien was lying, it would not have seemed to matter. But it was perfectly possible that O'Brien had really forgotten the photograph. And if so, then already he would have forgotten his denial of remembering it, and forgotten the act of forgetting. How could one be sure that it was simple trickery? Perhaps that lunatic dislocation in the mind could really happen: that was the thought that defeated him.
- I tell you Winston, that reality is not external. Reality exists in the human mind, and nowhere else. Not in the individual mind, which can make mistakes, and in any case soon perishes: only in the mind of the party, which is collective and immortal. Whatever the party holds to be truth, is truth. It is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party.
- "How can I help seeing what is in front of my eyes? Two and two are four."
"Sometimes, Winston. Sometimes they are five. Sometimes they are three. Sometimes they are all of them at once. You must try harder. It is not easy to become sane."
- Perhaps one did not want to be loved so much as to be understood.
- When finally you surrender to us, it must be of your own free will. We do not destroy the heretic because he resists us: so long as he resists us we never destroy him. We convert him, we capture his inner mind, we reshape him. We burn all evil and all illusion out of him; we bring him over to our side, not in appearance, but genuinely, heart and soul. We make him one of ourselves before we kill him. It is intolerable to us that an erroneous thought should exist anywhere in the world, however secret and powerless it may be. Even in the instant of death we cannot permit any deviation. In the old days the heretic walked to the stake still a heretic, proclaiming his heresy, exulting in it. Even the victim of the Russian purges could carry rebellion locked up in his skull as he walked down the passage waiting for the bullet. But we make the brain perfect before we blow it out.
- The command of the old despotisms was Thou Shalt Not. The command of the totalitarians was Thou Shalt. Our command is Thou Art. No one whom we bring to this place ever stands out against us. Everyone is washed clean.
- Do not imagine that you will save yourself, Winston, however completely you surrender to us. No one who has once gone astray is ever spared. And even if we chose to let you live out the natural term of your life, still you would never escape from us. What happens to you here is for ever. Understand that in advance. We shall crush you down to the point from which there is no coming back. Things will happen to you from which you could not recover, if you lived a thousand years. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling. Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves.
Chapter 3Edit
- He knew in advance what O'Brien would say. That the Party did not seek power for its own ends, but only for the good of the majority. That it sought power because men in the mass were frail cowardly creatures who could not endure liberty or face the truth, and must be ruled over and systematically deceived by others who were stronger than themselves. That the choice for mankind lay between freedom and happiness, and that, for the great bulk of mankind, happiness was better. That the party was the eternal guardian of the weak, a dedicated sect doing evil that good might come, sacrificing its own happiness to that of others. The terrible thing, thought Winston, the terrible thing was that when O'Brien said this he would believe it.
- The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth or luxury or long life or happiness: only power, pure power. What pure power means you will understand presently. We are different from all the oligarchies of the past, in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, were cowards and hypocrites.
- We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means; it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power.
- 'We are the priests of power. God is power. But at present power is only a word so far as you are concerned. It is time for you to gather some idea of what power means. The first thing you must realize is that power is collective. The individual only has power in so far as he ceases to be an individual. You know the Party slogan: "Freedom is Slavery". Has it ever occurred to you that it is reversible? Slavery is freedom. Alone — free — the human being is always defeated. It must be so, because every human being is doomed to die, which is the greatest of all failures. But if he can make complete, utter submission, if he can escape from his identity, if he can merge himself in the Party so that he is the Party, then he is all-powerful and immortal.
- What can you do, thought Winston, against the lunatic who is more intelligent than yourself, who gives your arguments a fair hearing, and then simply persists in his lunacy?
- The earth is as old as we are, no older. How could it be older? Nothing exists except through human consciousness.
- "The real power, the power we have to fight for night and day, is not power over things, but over men." [O'Brien] paused, and for a moment assumed again his air of a schoolmaster questioning a promising pupil: "How does one man assert his power over another, Winston?"
Winston thought. "By making him suffer," he said.
"Exactly. By making him suffer. Obedience is not enough. Unless he is suffering, how can you be sure that he is obeying your will and not his own? Power is in inflicting pain and humiliation. Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your own choosing."
- The old civilizations claimed that they were founded on love or justice. Ours is founded upon hatred. In our world there will be no emotions except fear, rage, triumph, and self-abasement. Everything else we shall destroy — everything.
- We shall abolish the orgasm. Our neurologists are at work upon it now. There will be no loyalty, except loyalty towards the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science.
- There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always — do not forget this, Winston — always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — forever.
- We control life, Winston, at all its levels. You are imagining that there is something called human nature which will be outraged by what we do and will turn against us. But we create human nature. Men are infinitely malleable.
- If you are a man, Winston, you are the last man. Your kind is extinct; we are the inheritors. Do you understand that you are alone? You are outside history, you are non-existent.
- "Tell me," [Winston] said, "how soon will they shoot me?"
"It might be a long time," said O'Brien. "You are a difficult case. But don't give up hope. Everyone is cured sooner or later. In the end we shall shoot you."
Chapter 4Edit
- How easy it all was! Only surrender, and everything else followed. It was like swimming against a current that swept you backwards however hard you struggled, and then suddenly deciding to turn round and go with the current instead of opposing it. Nothing had changed except your own attitude: the predestined thing happened in any case. He hardly knew why he had ever rebelled.
- "Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!"
For a moment he had had an overwhelming hallucination of her presence. She had seemed to be not merely with him, but inside him. It was as though she had got into the texture of his skin. In that moment he had loved her far more than he had ever done when they were together and free. Also he knew that somewhere or other she was still alive and needed his help.
- He lay back on the bed and tried to compose himself. What had he done? How many years had he added to his servitude by that moment of weakness?
- For the first time he perceived that if you want to keep a secret you must also hide it from yourself. You must know all the while that it is there, but until it is needed you must never let it emerge into your consciousness in any shape that could be given a name. From now onwards he must not only think right; he must feel right, dream right. And all the while he must keep his hatred locked up inside him like a ball of matter which was part of himself and yet unconnected with the rest of him, a kind of cyst.
- To die hating them, that was freedom.
Chapter 5Edit
- "You asked me once," said O'Brien, "what was in Room 101. I told you that you knew the answer already. Everyone knows it. The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world."
- "By itself," he said, "pain is not always enough. There are occasions when a human being will stand out against pain, even to the point of death. But for everyone there is something unendurable — something that cannot be contemplated. Courage and cowardice are not involved. If you are falling from a height it is not cowardly to clutch at a rope. If you have come up from deep water it is not cowardly to fill your lungs with air. It is merely an instinct which cannot be destroyed. It is the same with the rats. For you, they are unendurable. They are a form of pressure that you cannot withstand, even if you wished to. You will do what is required of you."
Chapter 6Edit
- "They can't get inside you," she had said. But they could get inside you. "What happens to you here is forever," O'Brien had said. That was a true word. There were things, your own acts, from which you could never recover. Something was killed in your breast: burnt out, cauterized out.
- "In that moment you really do mean it"
- But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.
- The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible.
- George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four
Quotes about Nineteen Eighty-FourEdit
- Alphabetized by author
- Found the P.M. absorbed in George Orwell's book, 1984. 'Have you read it, Charles? Oh, you must. I'm reading it for a second time. It is a very remarkable book.'
- Charles Wilson (Lord Moran) recounting a conversation with Winston Churchill in his diary for 19 February 1953, in Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940-1965 (Sphere, 1968), p. 423.
- When I traveled in the communist world before the fall of the Berlin Wall, I found that everyone I met who had read the book (clandestinely, of course) expressed immeasurable admiration for it and marveled that a man who had never set foot inside a communist country could not only describe the physical environment so well—the universal smell of cabbage, the grayness of the dilapidated buildings—but also its mental and moral atmosphere. It was almost as if the communist regimes had taken 1984 as a blueprint rather than as a warning.
- Theodore Dalrymple (pen name of Anthony Daniels), The Dystopian Imagination (Autumn 2001).
- 1984 has taught millions to look at the conflict between East and West in terms of black and white, and it has shown them a monster Bogy and a monster Scapegoat for all the ills that plague mankind. ... It would be dangerous to blind ourselves to the fact that millions of people in the West may be inclined, in their anguish and fear, to flee from their own responsibility for mankind's destiny and to vent their anger and despair on the giant Bogy-cum-Scapegoat which Orwell's 1984 has done so much to lay before their eyes.
- Isaac Deutscher, "1984 —The Mysticism of Cruelty" in Heretics and Renegades (1955)
- "Have you read this book? You must read it, sir. Then you will known why we must drop the atom bomb on the Bolshies!" With these words a blind, miserable news-vendor recommended to me 1984 in New York, a few weeks before Orwell's death. Poor Orwell, could he ever imagine that his own book would become so prominent an item in the programme of Hate week?
- Isaac Deutscher, in "1984 —The Mysticism of Cruelty" in Heretics and Renegades (1955)
- In North Korea, every person is property and is owned by a small and mad family with hereditary power. Every minute of every day, as far as regimentation can assure the fact, is spent in absolute subjection and serfdom. The private life has been entirely abolished. One tries to avoid cliché, and I did my best on a visit to this terrifying country in the year 2000, but George Orwell's 1984 was published at about the time that Kim Il-sung set up his system, and it really is as if he got hold of an early copy of the novel and used it as a blueprint.
- Three novels effectively tell the story of Burma's recent history. The link begins with Burmese Days, which chronicles the country's history under British colonialism. Not long after Burma became independent from Britain in 1948, a military dictator sealed off the country from the outside world, launched 'The Burmese Way to Socialism', and turned Burma into one of the poorest countries in Asia. The same story is told in Animal Farm. Finally in Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell's description of a horrifying and soulless dystopia paints a chillingly accurate picture of Burma today, a country ruled by one of the world's most brutal and tenacious dictatorships. In Burma there is a joke that Orwell wrote not just one novel about the country, but three: a trilogy comprised of Burmese Days, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.
- Emma Larkin, Finding George Orwell in Burma, p. 3.
- Orwell was almost exactly wrong in a strange way. He thought the world would end with Big Brother watching us, but it ended with us watching Big Brother.
- Alan Moore, CBR interview (14 November 2007)
- Hitler, no doubt, will soon disappear, but only at the expense of strengthening (a) Stalin, (b) the Anglo-American millionaires and (c) all sorts of petty fuhrers° of the type of de Gaulle. All the national movements everywhere, even those that originate in resistance to German domination, seem to take non-democratic forms, to group themselves round some superhuman fuhrer (Hitler, Stalin, Salazar, Franco, Gandhi, De Valera are all varying examples) and to adopt the theory that the end justifies the means. Everywhere the world movement seems to be in the direction of centralised economies which can be made to 'work' in an economic sense but which are not democratically organised and which tend to establish a caste system. With this go the horrors of emotional nationalism and a tendency to disbelieve in the existence of objective truth because all the facts have to fit in with the words and prophecies of some infallible fuhrer. Already history has in a sense ceased to exist, ie. there is no such thing as a history of our own times which could be universally accepted, and the exact sciences are endangered as soon as military necessity ceases to keep people up to the mark. Hitler can say that the Jews started the war, and if he survives that will become official history. He can't say that two and two are five, because for the purposes of, say, ballistics they have to make four. But if the sort of world that I am afraid of arrives, a world of two or three great superstates which are unable to conquer one another, two and two could become five if the fuhrer wished it.1 That, so far as I can see, is the direction in which we are actually moving, though, of course, the process is reversible.
- The question remains, why end a novel as passionate, violent and dark as this one with what appears to be a scholarly appendix?
The answer may lie in simple grammar. From its first sentence, "The Principles of Newspeak" is written consistently in the past tense, as if to suggest some later piece of history, post-1984, in which Newspeak has become literally a thing of the past — as if in some way the anonymous author of this piece is by now free to discuss, critically and objectively, the political system of which Newspeak was, in its time, the essence. Moreover, it is our own pre-Newspeak English language that is being used to write the essay. Newspeak was supposed to have become general by 2050, and yet it appears that it did not last that long, let alone triumph, that the ancient humanistic ways of thinking inherent in standard English have persisted, survived, and ultimately prevailed, and that perhaps the social and moral order it speaks for has even, somehow, been restored.
- Thomas Pynchon, "The Road to 1984" - foreword to a 2003 edition of Nineteen Eighty-Four
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text:
Sharing Our Best Recipes: Medina and Tappen, North Dakota
Members and Friends of United
Methodist Churches, Medina and Tappen, North Dakota
Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libraries, Fargo, North Dakota, in cooperation with United Methodist Churches, Medina and Tappen, North Dakota, 2003, 239 pages.
The Germans from Russia Heritage Collection is pleased to provide this excellent new cookbook, Sharing Our Best Recipes. The cookbook includes an Alphabetical Recipe Index by category.
Germans from Russia ethnic recipes include: Fleisch Kuechle, pigs in the blanket (Holapsie), potato soup, Knoephla soup, Ribble milk soup, egg drop soup (Einlaaf), vegetable soup (Borscht), potato pancakes, Stirrum, Grandma's Strudla's, baking powder Strudels, sweet sour Kraut, sweet cabbage, cabbage slaw, sweet and sour cabbage (Haloupsie), hot German potato salad, homemade noodles, dumplings, Spätzle (tiny egg noodle), cheese buttons, lay man's cheese buttons, Kase Knoepfla, cottage cheese buttons, potato Knoepfla, Schlitz Kiechla, Kiechla or fry bread, Baska (Easter bread), Buske (Russian Easter bread), butter horns, date butter horns, buns, peppernuts, Pheffernuesse cookies, pumpkin cookies, pumpkin turnovers, Blatschinda (pumpkin pockets), custard for Kuchen, wedding Kuchen, Kuchen dough, bundt Kuchen, raised potato doughnuts, baking powder biscuits, crackling cookies, raised doughnuts, mom's neckties, crumb cake, and apple slices.
Family names who contributed recipes include: Bitterman, Bittner, Eisenbis, Enzminger, Falk, Guthmiller, Harr, Hersch, Hieb, Hillius, Hoersch, Hofman, Hofmann, Job, Ketterling, Kinnischtzke, Kuck, Mayer, Messer, Mittleider, Moos, Moser, Pfaff, Reich, Roesler, Roemmich, Schlecht, Schmallinger, Sprunk, Staiger, Wasmuth, Wolsky, Wolt, and Zimmerman.
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CAS number: 27102-04-1
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In This is 40, the female character played by Leslie Mann is about to turn 40. But she's not ready. At a doctor's appointment, a nurse asks her to clarify her age. She wrote that she was born in 1972, 1974 and 1976 on different forms. After the nurse, an aid and the doctor drill her to tell the truth, she declares, "OK, I LIE ABOUT MY AGE." She doesn't want to shop at old lady stores like Ann Taylor Loft (oy vey, that's my regular). Unfortunately, she can't lie at the gyno. His response: "I know how old you are. I'm counting your rings!" Of course, Read More
This is 40-Something (and Mid-Life Crisis Giveaway)
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The term devotional has gotten a bad rap these days.
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by Mike Matthews.
Your irresistible urge to snatch up that cute little puppy and hug it for all you're worth isn't just a feeling. It's science.Browse Issue Subscribe
Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ.


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HSC Admission 2012-13 session Rules & Procedure by Bangladesh Ministry of Education
Bangladesh Ministry of Education (MoE) has published a circular notice of Rules and Procedure for HSC Admission 2012-13 session in all colleges of Bangladesh under all boards. This process will start on May 12, 2012 with the SMS registration system for Online HSC Admission in selected colleges only. SMS can be send from May 12 to June 6. Other colleges will begin the admission process with the distribution fo application form and receiving the form.
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Full & detail rules & regulations for HSC Admission 2012 is shown below –
This page will be updated if any rules and regulation changes for HSC Admission 2012.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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One funny thought: even though at Tribal Council, Jeff commented that the ruins were real, it still looked like a set! Maybe the lighting made the ruins look, uh, less than real.
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Besides, ordering manga online is rather easy.(it could be different in Croatia, I don't know ^^; )
I believe harm is done, on the contrary. I'm not saying that a fews scans will kill Hakusensha, of course, but they still take their toll on the manga sales.Just because lots of manga are printed in Japan doesn't mean that you can steal a few copies once in a while. Drawing and publishing manga is a work, and manga are products. You're supposed to pay for them, otherwise it's stealing."True fans" may try to get the original, but if editors had to rely on "true fans" only, I don't know if they would be able to pay Miura. ^^;
You wanna hear the story of my beherit again?
So Miura is rich afterall, eh?
But you do have all Berserk volumes, after all?
I believe he is, but so what? Is it all right to steal rich people's work?
Yep, I've got 2 x vol.1-8, and all the way to vol. 21 and a half, the scans, which don't really qualify, a hand made beherit, a receit for a never delivered model beherit, a big poster on Japan, and the manga too , The Wolf King and a bunch of scanned pictures from the net. Am I a criminal?
I don' t think I'm stealing, since sooner or later i'll buy the volumes.
I don't think Miura is that rich.
It's the same as Hagiwara or Shirow, they get dough but they ain't rich,
and they work all the time too, so they probably don't even check their bank accounts if not for purchase of slutty magazines...
I waste my money on violent magazines, like berserk, and make those guys richer, and if I "steal" a few scans to be up to date, I'm sure the god of biomechanics won't mind. Oh wait, that's if I were a replicant...
But that just shows that getting volumes isn't "impossible", is it?But some people won't, because of the scans.
Hagiwara has been through some problems with his editor, last year, but judging from his basement and how many LDs/DVDs he bought, I'd say he's fine. ^^;
Well those guys don't really like berserk, cuz I could never settle for the scans
Hagi, what a guy. So they finally pressed him eh?
How long was it since the last Bastard!!!?
Sorry about the quotes, even tough I finally began using them... (about time)...
You know...theres a "Modify" button.
Hagi, what a guy. So they finally pressed him eh? How long was it since the last Bastard!!!?Oh, ma, I've been waiting for vol.23 for a year now...but Hagiwara.... , I smile just thinkin about him...
Walter, could it be possible in the future to post here on the BBS some picture from YA that represents new characters or key moments ???
I dunno if I'd risk it.


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Apple's market capitalization fell below $500 billion on Thursday as shares of the world's most valuable listed company continued to slide after suffering their worst one-day decline in nearly four years.
Shares of Apple Inc fell to as low as $518.63 on Thursday, declining nearly 10 percent for the week. But for the year, the stock is still up more than 30 percent. At its peak in September the stock was worth $705.07.
Earlier in the day, research firm IDC said Apple's rank in China's smartphone market, which is set to become the world's largest this year, fell to No.6 in the third quarter as it faced tough competition from Chinese brands.
IDC's announcement comes a day after Apple's shares fell more than 6 percent on the Nasdaq, logging its biggest single-day loss in four years and losing $35 billion of its value, on concerns about rivals gaining ground in the mobile devices market.


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text: I have just started trying to figure out how to use the Remote capabilities to add a client. The SOAP login works. I created a basic html form for the required fields, the $_POST array shows data submitted, the $params array shows data but when the client_add method is called, the record is created but with NO data. I get the record ID returned without error as if everything worked. I am using ISPConfig 126.96.36.199 freshly updated. When I replaced my params with the example client add params I get the same results. Solved: The $params['master-template'] was set to '1'. There were no templates defined in the client-template table. Setting the master-template to '' or '0', conditional says > 0, prevents the array_merge. Unsure why the array_merge removes values for keys not defined in client_template table.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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Reality TV World: Last night's episode showed you making a comment that suggested you knew you had lost Survivor: Samoa even though Samoa hadn't aired yet. Was that just a reference to what you had told me when I interviewed you after Samoa -- that you knew you weren't going to win Survivor: Samoa based on how the jury questioning had gone -- or was there more to it? Russell Hantz: When you're sitting there at Tribal, you read people. You know what's going on. If you're pretty good at reading people -- which I am -- I knew it. You can see it in the questions they asked and the way they looked at you. It's easy to read bitter people.
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Transportation will play a critical role in the future of the Texas fruit and vegetable industry, says a Texas A&M Extension economist.
Marco Palma, speaking to a vegetable production and management seminar at the recent Texas Produce Convention in San Antonio, Texas, said a multi-modal transportation system, one that uses several means of transportation instead of relying on trucking, will be necessary to improve efficiency.
"Currently, transporting Texas produce depends on trucks," Palma said. But the trucking industry has problems.
"For one thing, shipping Texas produce is seasonal," he said. "April through June is the peak." Truckers and trucking companies need a consistent source of goods to establish routes that keep fleets moving. "Variations in production is a disadvantage for the trucking industry," Palma said.
Other challenges include rising fuel prices, a shortage of long-haul drivers (currently at 20,000 short and possibly to 111,00 by 2014), and urban congestion that slows movements.
"Traffic congestion in large cities, especially those on the East Coast, is bad and will get much worse," Palma said. But it's bad enough in Texas, with more than 300,000 miles of road networks and the nation's largest energy consumption. "Texas consumes 20 percent of all the fuel in the United States."
Palma said fuel price, currently at $2.40 per gallon for diesel, is up from $1.11 since 1995. "Increase is likely to continue."
With those challenges, he said the industry needs a more versatile and more efficient transportation system. "We need an intermodal terminal with multiple means of transportation working together," he said. Trucks, ships, railroads and planes all play roles in such a system.
The high cost to set up such an operation is the main obstacle, Palma said. But the possibility exists for an intermodal terminal in McAllen, Texas.
"The success of the produce industry depends on dependable transportation," Palma said. "But it's difficult to change transportation options in the short run. We need along-term solution and we need to start the process now."


text: [i:Vibes] :: View topic - Element Six - Together [OUT NOW] Guidelines FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Bookmarks Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Main Menu Frontpage News Reviews Interviews Party Reports Artist Profiles Label profiles Diaries Tutorials What is... Links Radio-info Interactive Forum User Stats Info FAQ Crew-info i:Vibes Info Site Updates Element Six - Together [OUT NOW] [i:Vibes] Forum Index -> Artist and Label News View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message KrisAHead BouncerVibes: 119.62Joined: 24 Nov 2008Member #: 26,996Posts: 573 Post subject: Element Six - Together [OUT NOW] Artist: Element Six Release: Together Label: Enhanced Progressive Spotify / Beatport: https://enhanced.lnk.to/Enprog278 Release Date (all stores): 31st March 2017 SoundCloud Preview: https://soundcloud.com/enhancedprogressive/element-six-together Enhanced Progressive welcome back Element Six to the label with a fresh delivery of the US-based artist's invigorating Progressive Trance style in Together. Reintroducing his ear for lush Progressive chords and crunching, techy FX, Together brings Element Sixs rolling sound back onto Enhanced Progressive in emphatic style with an expansive, seamlessly produced slice of uplifting Progressive goodness. Connect with Element Six: Facebook: http://facebook.com/elementsixmusic Twitter: http://twitter.com/elementsixmusic SoundCloud: http://soundcloud.com/elementsixmusic Connect with Enhanced: Website: http://enhancedmusic.com Facebook: http://facebook.com/EnhancedMusicLtd Twitter: http://twitter.com/enhanced_music YouTube: http://youtube.com/EnhancedRecordings SoundCloud: http://soundcloud.com/enhancedprogressive Instagram: http://enhan.co/EnhancedInsta Post rating: 0 Rate this post: Not logged in Posted: Fri Mar 17, 2017 1:08 pm Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First [i:Vibes] Forum Index -> Artist and Label News All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Spam----------------Spam posts Music----------------Music discussion (trance, techno, progressive and other genres)EquipmentArtist and Label NewsRadio BroadcastsMusic Production and DJ Mix PromotionClub Listings Non-music related----------------Other discussionBuy & Sell [i:Vibes]----------------Site Feedback and Help Content Discussion----------------News DiscussionReview DiscussionInterview DiscussionTutorial DiscussionWhat is...Party ReportsArtist ProfilesLabel Profiles You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forumYou cannot attach files in this forumYou can download files in this forum Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2005 phpBB Group


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Staff Members Honored for Service to UW Students
Members of the Mortar Board, the senior honor society at the University of Wyoming, selected UW staff members to receive the "Tip of the Cap" award. The award honors those who offered "exceptional contributions to the University of Wyoming and inspiration of students."
Mortar Board recognizes students who have excelled in and out of the classroom, based on scholarship, leadership and service. Mortar Board members participate in many projects and activities throughout the year, both on campus and in the Laramie community.
The Cap and Gown Chapter of Mortar Board students, listed with the staff members they selected for "Tip of the Cap," are:
Rebecca Baldwin -- Robin Petroski, Communication Disorders.
Emily Beagle -- Gale Bandsma, Mechanical Engineering.
Allison Beaufort -- Manuela Hofer-McIntyre, International Studies.
Megan Degenfelder - Cody Anderson, University Police.
Alexandra Edwards -- Mary Aguayo, Admissions.
Anna Fahlsing -- Melanie Stinson, Psychology.
Dustin Gochenour -- Jennifer Kost, Intercollegiate Athletics Director's Office.
Randa May -- Janet Marsh, Agricultural and Applied Economics.
Rachel Nedved -- Michael Lange, Wyoming Union.
Kara Rechard -- Jennifer Martin, Kinesiology and Health.
Amber Savage -- Brenda Bland, President's Office.
Dana Schultz -- Susan McCormack, Engineering and Applied Science.
Kati Stoll -- Mona Gupton, Family and Consumer Sciences.
Bryce Strampe -- Lisa Augustin, ASUW Office.
Molly Sullivan -- Rebecca Adair, Residence Life and Dining Services.
Amanda Thomas -- David Lutterman, Animal Science Livestock Center.
Saralyn van Knapp Jennings -- Kelli DeCora, Animal Science.
Samantha Wagner -- Danee Hunzie, Admissions.
Jenna Woodward -- Toni Boughton, UW Libraries.
Kyle Zakar -- Laurie Sanchez, Criminal Justice.


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The fiscal and tax issues in our country today should not be of concern only for individuals and their own income, but also for those who are interested in the work of countless nonprofit organizations in our own communities.
In particular, nonprofit organizations that carry the 501(c)(3) status, such as arts groups, hospitals, private schools, religious congregations and public television and radio stations, are facing a drastic change in their current funding models.
Right now, charitable giving to these nonprofit 501(c)(3) organizations is tax deductible. These donations accounted for 31 percent of revenue this past year in arts organizations alone, whereas 60 percent of revenue is from earned income. The remaining 9 percent comes from government funding.
President Barack Obama's Fiscal Year 2013 budget proposal would eliminate the value of tax deductions from income tax rates, thus capping deductions at 28 percent for individuals.
There also have been other, more-drastic proposals to eliminate any income tax deductions for gifts to 501(c)(3) organizations. The thought is that the elimination of these deductions would increase tax revenue for the federal government.
These proposed changes in the tax code would be more costly for individuals and, quite frankly, detrimental to the nonprofit sector.
I urge everyone to consider the outcome of hasty and extreme decisions regarding the tax code, and deductions in particular. Diminishing charitable-giving incentives with the idea of increasing federal revenue would have a lasting effect and negative consequences for nonprofit services and jobs.
Charitable giving is a significant revenue source for a wide range of nonprofits in our community, county, state and country. In arts organizations, ticket sales and admission fees alone would not even come close to covering the cost of presentations, educational programs, community-based programs and other services provided by the various organizations.
The desire to give to arts organizations usually is done from the heart because donors and patrons enjoy the product that these nonprofits produce. Limiting, reducing or eliminating the value of charitable giving and deductions would most certainly change the fundamental structure of funding for all arts organizations and, for that matter, all nonprofit organizations.
Think of it this way: When people or corporations/businesses are thriving, they often feel led to give more to the groups that they care about in their communities. The incentive would be a break in how much they owe to the government because they are supporting the hard work of individuals and groups that stimulate the members of their community.
Change the current setup to where people would owe more to the government and not get the same break for giving money away to charity or nonprofit groups, and those groups would earn less — and be able to do less.
It is a setup for a lose-lose situation.
People who care about non-profits in our community should communicate with their relatives, neighbors, friends and elected officials about the importance of protecting the charitable-giving deductions.
Without this very important source of income, these organizations would face great difficulty in surviving and staying relevant in our community.


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Boeuf Bourguignon, Cheesy Slow Cooker Rigatoni, Chicken and Potato Soup, Cider Baked Beans & Lamb Korma
Low and slow was the name of the game this week. We had recipes to help you get your slow cooker into action, like savory Boeuf Bourguignon and super cheesy "baked" rigatoni with spinach and mozzarella, as well as plenty of recipes that just need a pot and a place to put it, like lamb korma and hearty Colombian Ajiaco soup. This weekend, why not slow down and let dinner simmer for a while — meals like these are worth the wait.
- Slow Cooked Boeuf Bourguignon
- Cheesy "Baked" Spinach & Mozzarella Rigatoni
- Colombian Ajiaco (Chicken and Potato Soup)
- Slow-Cooked Cider Beans
- Roasted Onions Stuffed with Wild Rice and Kale
- How to Cook Beans in the Slow Cooker
- Slow Cooker Poached Salmon with Lemons & Fresh Herbs
- Lamb Korma
- How to Temper Chocolate Without at Thermometer
Published: Oct 25, 2013


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Freshmen who entered Ohio State University at Mansfield in the fall of 2006 are about to graduate. A legal battle set off by the selection of a book for them all to read their first semester only came to a close on Monday — when a federal judge rejected a former librarian's lawsuit against the university.
The former librarian, who said he felt pressured to resign after losing support at the university, was on a committee that was assigned to task of picking a book for the freshmen to read. During the deliberations, he suggested an anti-gay book — and his recommendation and the comments he made about the book led to an intense debate among faculty members at the university. The librarian's case became something of a cause célèbre in some circles, with the librarian portrayed as being ostracized for his Christian, conservative views. But many faculty members said that the issue wasn't political correctness, but professional responsibility.
Monday's ruling rejected all of the librarian's claims and backed Ohio State, finding that there was no legal standing to challenge the university's policies and that the case did not raise free speech issues. And it is also the latest to apply a controversial Supreme Court decision that many national faculty leaders fear is being applied in ways that could limit academic freedom. In this case, the judge ruled that the work of the faculty committee didn't have the same legally protected status for academic freedom as would a professor's teaching or research.
Ohio State Mansfield in 2006 was joining the growing number of colleges that ask all freshmen to read the same book as part of their arrival at the institution. Scott Savage, then the head reference librarian and a self-described conservative Christian, joined a faculty committee charged with selecting a book. In discussions, he criticized some of the proposed ideas as political, and when other committee members said that wasn't a problem, he suggested a number of conservative texts, with the most discussion focusing on one of his nominations: The Marketing of Evil: How Radicals, Elitists, and Pseudo-Experts Sell Us Corruption Disguised as Freedom, by David Kupelian.
The book suggests that a gay conspiracy is hurting society. Publicity material for the book blasts the gay civil rights movement for changing "America's former view of homosexuals as self-destructive human beings into their current status as victims and cultural heroes" and says that this transformation campaign "faithfully followed an in-depth, phased plan laid out by professional Harvard-trained marketers."
Savage could not be reached for this article, and he has said that he suggested the book to make a point, not necessarily to have it assigned, but he engaged in a series of e-mail discussions with faculty members in which he defended the choice and rejected their view that assigning such a book would send a message of intolerance to gay students and faculty members. (They also noted that they never suggested banning anyone from reading anything, including The Marketing of Evil, only that more sensitive choices be made for a book to be assigned to every new student.)
As the e-mails flew across campus, several professors filed internal complaints against Savage, saying that they did not feel they could send gay students to the library to work with him knowing of his attitudes. Savage filed his own complaint, charging with harassment the professors who had criticized him. The university ended up rejecting charges brought against Savage, as well as those he brought. After first requesting and receiving a leave, Savage resigned. But in his lawsuit, he charges that he was effectively forced out by the lack of support he received, and suggests that the criticism he received violated his free speech rights and that the university's anti-bias rules were used to censor him.
William O. Bertelsman, a federal judge, rejected all of those charges. In his decision, he wrote that there was no evidence that Savage didn't freely resign, and noted that his supervisor defended his right to hold controversial views.
"Thus, the fact that Savage felt wounded by the criticism of several faculty members and unnerved by their challenge to his professionalism does not create an objectively 'intolerable' working environment, given that he had the strong support of his immediate supervisor and no indication from the dean that his job was in jeopardy," the judge found.
The 'Garcetti' Impact
The academic freedom questions were more complicated and involved an interpretation of the Supreme Court's ruling in Garcetti v. Ceballos, a suit by a deputy district attorney in Los Angeles who was demoted after he criticized a local sheriff's conduct to his supervisors. In the ruling, the Supreme Court found that public employees, when speaking as part of their official duties, do not have the same First Amendment rights as citizens who speak out on various issues. Faculty groups had feared that such a ruling would limit the academic freedom of faculty members at public colleges and universities, and Justice David Souter raised this issue in a dissent in the case.
But Justice Anthony Kennedy, in the opinion in the case, suggested that the ruling need not apply to cases involving academic freedom. "There is some argument that expression related to academic scholarship or classroom instruction implicates additional constitutional interests that are not fully accounted for by this court's customary employee-speech jurisprudence. We need not, and for that reason do not, decide whether the analysis we conduct today would apply in the same manner to a case involving speech related to scholarship or teaching."
While that aside pleased faculty groups, they say that judges have started to ignore it and to apply Garcetti to public college faculty members in dangerous ways. In the Ohio State Mansfield case, the judge recognized that academic freedom issues could be relevant, but said that that they aren't a factor in cases of the work of a faculty committee.
Judge Bertelsman noted that Justice Kennedy specifically cited professors' scholarship and teaching as potentially work that should not be covered. "The Garcetti court recognized no broader exception to the rule it propounded," Bertelsman wrote. "Savage's recommendation of a book for a book list cannot, in the opinion of this court, be classified as 'scholarship or teaching,' however. The recommendation was made in the line of duty, but it was made pursuant to an assignment to a faculty committee. This court holds that, without exceptional circumstances, such activities cannot be classified as 'scholarship or teaching' in the Garcetti sense." (Generally, faculty groups argue that governance activities require the same commitment to free speech as do research and teaching, but that argument didn't sway the judge.)
David French, senior counsel of the Alliance Defense Fund, a group that has defended the rights of religious individuals and that backed Savage in this case, said via e-mail: "We are disappointed that the federal district court applied Garcetti to further limit academic freedom."
Adam Kissel of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, said: "Debate over which book should be assigned to students is an academic matter protected by academic freedom. The overall e-mail conversation, however, seems to have strayed far beyond that topic."
Ohio State officials said they were pleased with the ruling. Many of the faculty members who sparred with Savage said that they felt personally vulnerable in the case as they were criticized by some for being anti-Christian. Many also said they felt the case was an attempt to undercut their academic freedom to reject the selection of an offensive, anti-gay book — and that the publicity that the case received was an attempt at intimidation.
One faculty member who was involved in the case, and who asked not to be identified, said via e-mail: "In this sound, astute decision, the court affirms that the university's harassment policy was never used — ever — to punish Savage's speech. It determines that Savage quit his job voluntarily and was not discharged. It upholds the conduct of both the administration and faculty in exercising their own responsibilities and freedoms as perfectly consistent with the law. Given the reams of distorted media coverage about this case, this outcome could not be taken for granted, although we had every reason to expect it, based on the facts. We're very happy that the judge apprehended the matter so clearly. This is a terrific day for the state of Ohio, Ohio State University, and academic freedom."
In the end, at Mansfield, Savage's proposed book for freshmen was never assigned. They read David K. Shipler's The Working Poor.


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It is said that "the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world".[i] I think this is particularly true with families. My German ancestors brought their Catholic faith with them and remained strong in their faith. My grandmother Henrietta Burbach held her beliefs close to her heart. Her Viking prince, Adolph Hansen was of the Lutheran religion. Somehow she managed to have both her prince and her religion. I don't begin to understand it but on 30 October 1907 Henrietta and Adolph were married at a Nuptial Mass in Gesu Church in Milwaukee, WI. This was very unusual since at that time the church did not allow non-catholics to approach the altar. In fact mixed marriages were definitely not encouraged.
In 1908 Henrietta and Adolph are back in Milwaukee for the baptism of Henrietta's nephew Herman Adolph at St Joseph parish on 4 April 1908. They were the godparents of the baby who was named after his grandfather. Again this was just not allowed by the church at that time. According to church rules both godparents were required to be Catholic. Adolph and Henrietta's daughter Dorothy would be baptized in Chicago later in the year.
After his death in 1946, Adolph was buried in Mt Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois. Again at the time only Catholics were buried in Catholic cemeteries.
Was this the original "Don't ask, don't tell"? Or was there another reason that these exceptions were made? I have asked the Archdiocese of Milwaukee to check the records of Gesu Church to see if Adolph became a Catholic there in preparation for the wedding. Another route would be to find Adolph's address in Chicago in 1907 and see if he was baptized in a Chicago parish.
Will I find the answers?
1 From a poem (1865) by William Ross Wallace


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The ISSUE is how the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Secure Boot (protocol) v2.3.1 that Microsoft has mandated for all Windows 8 64bit systems illegally blocks boot loading software (such as FREE and legal Ubuntu) from being loaded unless a Microsoft or one of it's affiliates (collaborators) has digitally sign (cryptographic signature) your code with their UEFI signing key (KEK certificate which is a DER encoded binary X509 v3 certificate) stored in the firmware.
Why should Ubuntu developers or any other free software developer be held hostage and forced to PAY Microsoft any FEE for the right and privilege of running our own software?
No to mention there is no centralized signing authority to provide UEFI keys. Microsoft has made itself the only authority (gatekeeper) holding all the master keys.
I want to point out there is NO such thing as "Windows Hardware" because Microsoft does NOT manufacture Lenovo, Sony, Toshiba, Acer, Asus, MSI, VIA, HP, Dell, Celvo, Sager, etc… This is Microsoft extending its own brand (software) upon firmware, claiming it's their platform. Why do the manufactures accept this theft of their hardware product?


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The tragic events of September 11, 2001 also proved to be an unfortunate turning point in America's socio-cultural dynamics. For a nation that's built upon the principles of separating church and state, America's multi-religious identity came to the forefront as specific groups, especially Muslims or Hindus and Sikhs (who were presumed to be Muslims), became the targets of mistrust and prejudice, both institutional and social. While Americans enjoy considerable religious freedom regardless of affiliation or faith, the increased polarization of the religious communities post-9/11 is a major cause for concern. This issue is addressed in Breakthrough's multi-platform Facebook game America 2049 which, this week, takes players to Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.
The future that America 2049 presents, and asks players to save, shows a country torn apart by hate and mistrust. Yet the scenario of the future isn't too far from us today. The Gainesville Times recently published a letter to the editor that exemplified the extremities of religious and ethnic hate that exists in certain parts of the country. A reader, responding to the May 6 story of a Delta Airlines pilot refusing to fly with two Islamic imams onboard, said-
"It is impossible to distinguish between Muslims who are anti-American and just waiting for a chance to do us harm, and those who are merely pursuing their religious beliefs in this country. The only way to be sure and safe is to exclude them all. Such action would not constitute bias or racism against a particular nationality just because they may be different from us, or the condemnation of a specific religion because it differs from our beliefs but the action is necessary to create conditions in which it is safe to live without a constant fear of terrorism."
Such blatant justification of Islamophobia is alarming and begs us to work towards much more comprehensive multicultural education. Such views are further bolstered with several states, such as Tennessee, looking to pass a state bill which would essentially ban the practice of Sharia law in the state. The letter received much criticism and supports the statistic put forth by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) that since 2000, the number of organized hate groups has increased by 50 percent.
America 2049 provides players with an interactive scenario where this situation — which is already all too real — gets worse in the near future. Players also learn about the strong Anti-Catholic sentiments that pervaded America in the mid-1800s. Such sentiments gave rise to a political party called The Know-Nothings – so called because members swore to deny any knowledge of the party when questioned by outsiders. The Know-Nothings exhibited an extreme disapproval of the wave of Irish and German Catholic immigrants to the U.S in the mid-1800s, often engaging in violence and pushing for stricter immigration and naturalization laws to restrict Catholic presence in the country.
In a classic case of history repeating itself — a point America 2049 aims to make – we are now witness to similar sentiments against Muslim or Arabian/South Asian immigration to the U.S. The recent uproar around the proposed construction of an Islamic Cultural Center near Ground Zero in New York City serves as an apt example of this prejudice. America 2049 aims to address such issues of mistrust and blind discrimination by challenging players to make their own choices on how to confront religious profiling by contextualizing the entire issue across history. The crucial question, therefore, is – in a country that prides itself on freedoms of many kinds, do we want a future where our faith makes us a target?
Photo courtesy of Crux Photography
Like America 2049 | Follow America 2049 |


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Repeat Coursework
Federal student aid regulations limit the number of times an undergraduate, 2nd Bachelor's, and/or post-baccalaureate Teacher Credential student may repeat a course and receive financial aid for that course. These regulations do not apply to students in a master's or doctorate program.
- A student may receive aid when repeating a course that was previously failed (received an F or NC), regardless of the number of times the course was attempted and failed, if the student has never passed the course previously. Once the student passes the course, they may repeat the course only one more time with aid (regardless of the repeat outcome -- including grades of F, NC, W, I, etc.)
- If a student retakes a course that is not aid eligible, a recalculation of aid will be done to exclude the credits for the repeated course (this may result in a change to their award and the student being required to return financial aid funds already disbursed).
- If a student drops from all their aid-eligible courses, and is only registered in non-eligible repeat courses, a Financial Aid Withdrawal Calculation must be completed.
- If a student is enrolled in a recurring course that uses the same course number, but not the same course content (such as Orchestra), this course would not be retaking coursework.
- The Repeat Coursework rule applies whether the student received aid for earlier enrollments in the course.
- This regulation only affects eligibility for federal student aid programs (e.g., Pell Grant, SEOG Grant, Teach Grant, Perkins Loan, Direct Loans). It does not impact state aid programs (e.g., Cal Grant, EOP Grant, State University Grant, Chafee Grant, etc.) or Institutional awards (e.g., scholarships, athletic grant-in-aid, etc.).
- There are no exceptions to this regulation, and therefore no petition process.
Office of Financial Aid and Scholarships
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Bakersfield, CA 93311-1022
Phone: (661) 654-3016
Fax: (661) 654-6800
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Federal School Code: 007993
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NBA Daily Fantasy Helper: Monday 1/13/14
While seeing who our algorithmically optimal players are for a given night is nice, understanding why these players are going to help win you money tonight is always reassuring.
To read all premium content, upgrade to a Premium account with numberFire
If you're not a Premium subscriber, it takes just a few seconds to sign up. You'll get access to all of our insider information, game projections, handicapping advice, DFS tools, advanced statistics, and more.


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PHILADELPHIA—Eleven skinned animals dumped near a public park in northeastern Pennsylvania are now believed to be foxes, not puppies.
Necropsies performed Monday show that at least one was killed by buckshot and the others may have been trapped, a Lehigh County Humane Society official said.
DNA testing to confirm the species will take several weeks, but the eye sockets and teeth suggest they are adult foxes, humane society shelter manager Cary Moran said late Monday afternoon.
Fox hunting is legal in Pennsylvania from October through February, according to the state game commission website.
Moran was relieved to learn the animals were not domesticated dogs but was still concerned about the discovery, given that legitimate hunters would properly dispose of their kill. Her agency is still investigating the death of a larger animal found skinned, with its feet cut off and rope tied to one leg, a week earlier in Lynn Township, about 20 miles away.
Unless a witness comes forward, it's usually difficult to make arrests in animal cruelty cases, authorities said. And that means the person's motive for leaving the animals there remains unclear.
"That's what's so scary about not being able to (solve) these cases, and find out what happened, because you don't know who's out there," Moran said.
The other animal seemed too big to be a fox but might have been sought for its pelt, humane society Officer Christine Wiggins said. Two pairs of thin latex gloves were found beside the animal and will be sent to a forensics lab.
Wiggins initially thought the two cases might be related, given that the animals were skinned.
Neighbors and friends are often reluctant to report animal cruelty, fearing retribution, animal welfare officials said.
"Someone usually knows but is afraid to come forward. Often there are multiple witnesses who maybe feel intimidated to not 'snitch,'" said Wendy A. Marano, spokeswoman for the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.


text: Ok, so Lion has been released and the books on using it are starting to roll off the presses. What about all the supposed new security features that are rumored to have been built in? How is the whole disk encryption? Is it enterprise manageable? How is the auditing utility that is supposedly a rival for Microsoft's event viewer? Other new security features or links to *solid* reviews and whitepapers?