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Puzzle--how to get around these apparent dependencies of the modern synthesis on supernatural powers?
Natural selection works by whittling down the number of less-fit variations. As fast as it does so some agency must add new variations, otherwise natural selection would run out of variations to select from and evolution would cease. Failure to find a non-supernatural agency able to account for the creation of new variation led to natural selection being almost abandoned after Darwin's death.
But did the addition of genetic mutation help? Genetic mutation by itself leads to harmful mutations that, accumulating generation by generation, would lead to rapid extinction. Natural selection's effect, being so slight, can do little to slow that accumulation. But according to population statistics, when that slight effect acts in favor of beneficial mutations it can increase their incidence to make them the dominant form of their gene, although that would take millions of generations. For that time to be availalble something must be suppressing the accumulation of the harmful mutations that would otherwise lead to extinction in just a few generations. That can only be supernatural powers in the beneficial mutation.
Illustration: Take two species competing in the same niche. Both suffer genetic mutation but the second one has a perfect repair mechanism so no mutations survive into its phenotype. Until beneficial genes appear in the first species it accumulates harmful genes and extinction threatens. But once a beneficial gene appears, all that accumulation of harmful genes must supernaturally disappear and only beneficial mutations will increase in incidence, leading after millions of generations to eventual evolution and dominance in the niche. Without this supernatural power of the beneficial mutation, how else how can one account for mutations helping species evolve?
Views: 786
Look up the maths behind population statistics. The whole point of that is, no matter how tiny the effect of natural selection, over millions of generation it will act as an inexorable force to make one instance of a beneficial mutation the dominant allele at its position in the genome. But the equations were not applied to the harmful mutations, if they were the logic of the modern synthesis would fall apart. It's a classic example of garbage in, garbage out.
It's not easy to find estimates of the efficiency of natural selection, but in "Evolution: the Modern Synthesis" Huxley in an example uses a figure of 3%. It certainly isn't 99% or 100% as you'd need to reverse the proportions of harmful to beneficial mutations.
Since the modern synthesis tales no account of harmful mutations once a beneficial appears, I assume the beneficial mutation's been given magical powers to eliminate all harmful mutations from that point on. I can't see any other logic.
Can you? What's your logic?
I'm not going to do a wild search for population statistics to attempt to back up your outrageous claims, which you seem to have pulled straight out of your ass. That's not the way this works. You're the one making the claims; you freaking support those claims.
Can you name one expert in the field of biological evolution who thinks that natural selection resorts to a reliance on the supernatural? Can you give me a single source by anyone who knows what they're talking about when it comes to biological evolution who doesn't think that natural selection will do at least a passable job of cleaning disastrously negative genes out of a gene pool?
This is your insane claim. You support it.
Joseph, I gave you the logic, I quoted Huxley for an expert's estimate of the efficiency of natural selection, I can't do more. I've supported my claims all the way I can, at your request. If you can't check my logic, there's nothing more to say.
It's just logic. Do you really need experts to tell you what to think?
You ended your logic with a massive argument from ignorance. You even followed the classic form of the logical fallacy in your statement. That is not a logical argument. Your accusation of supernatural inclusion is bankrupt.
I accept being unable to satisfy you. I am leaving our discussion.
Really? You've got absolutely nothing to point me to, which demonstrates your assertion? Are you just making this shit up, because natural selection makes you feel icky?
I've read through your arguments and they all pre-suppose that a supernatural agent is guiding evolution to produce a particular result. Doesn't fly. Evolution is the process by which self organizing systems adapt to their changing environment. There is no "direction" to this process.
Also, I find your argument about changing blue prints unconvincing. Let's take product design. Most products are minor variations on the preceding product. Through a process of what really amounts to trial & error these "new" products are developed & test marketed. If the product is fit to survive, i.e. it sells, then it gets to reproduce. If not, too bad.
As many business people have told me, it's largely a crap shoot. "Fitness" is determined by complex market forces which are beyond the knowledge & control of the business. One simply can't know for certain if a particular product will be successful or not. It is a process of natural selection.
Jay, I appreciate your very thoughtful response. You've read through my arguments, you say, I assume you mean more than just those in this thread.
I agree with your points. Business does to a large extent operate on Darwinian principles. My concern is with two other aspects of human nature.
I want to add, alongside the scientific theory of evolution, a second theory, specifically for "creatives"--designers, musicians, actors, novelists etc. For creatives, just as large and well-qualified a group as scientists, coming up with new creative work does not feel like the "random generation followed by selection" process you describe. My goal is to come up with a theory of evolution that creatives can feel accounts for their conscious experience, and that can help them extend their experience and talents fruitfully, as I think the scientific theory can't.
Second, I see us having two modes of cognition. One is "left-brain," that wants to comprehend everything in a taxonomy, like a set of tables. I see this cognition as having captured evolutionary thinking, and trying to monopolize the subject. I aim to create an alternative, for "right-brain" thinking, which I'm using to refer to conscious experience--it has a center but no boundaries, or logical divisions. It follows meanings as they flow away in all direction, in mind, joining up to form new meanings. Of course, we all have both.
I know it can make no sense to primarily left-brain people to claim that both kinds of theory can be true. But if you give conscious experience as much weight as scientific knowledge, as I and many other people do, then both theories can be true.
Now I've clarified my context, I will probably discuss this only with humanities people. From the reception I've had on atheist boards I don't expect to fine them there. I'm preparing a talk to give to humanities groups, and from now on I'm going to focus on that. I'm gathering material at takeondarwin.com/genie
How much sense does this make?
To be honest, "left brained" thinking is not my forte. I see a big picture of interconnected things & events which I have to deconstruct into a sequential order for others to understand. My picture makes sense to me but it is woven together from many disparate sources so it is easier to draw than explain in words.
I am of the opinion that if any form of "higher intelligence" is discovered in the universe it will be part and parcel of the natural world.
You wrote:
"But once a beneficial gene appears, all that accumulation of harmful genes must supernaturally disappear and only beneficial mutations will increase in incidence, leading after millions of generations to eventual evolution and dominance in the niche. Without this supernatural power of the beneficial mutation, how else how can one account for mutations helping species evolve?"
I don't understand your words. "genes must supernaturally disappear". What is supernatural about the gene becoming inoperable or beneficial? Processes of chemistry, physics, and who knows what else is involved that do not require "supernatural" power. There is nothing in the formation of new genes or retirement of old genes that requires "supernatural" anything.
Have you done experiments with fruit flies? Do you think the changes that occur over time are "supernaturally" caused?
Or have you done any hybridizing of fruits, vegetables or flowers in the garden. There is no need to rely on "supernatural" influences. It is very straightforward.
Or how about breeding cats or dogs? Pair up a black Labrador with a Bulldog, what do you get? Is it "supernatural"?
This is what I've been objecting to since the beginning, yes. He uses inaccurate, loaded verbiage, then refuses to justify it except with a blatant argument from ignorance. He does this sort of crap in every post he's made on the subject.
I'm still not sure he isn't a stealth theist, since I've never seen him participate in any other discussions besides his evolution and materialism bashing. At the least, he's a very shitty thinker.
Joseph, I've been following this thread for a while. Considering I'm not a biologist, nor have training in any other branch of life science, I don't feel qualified to to tender an opinion on the specifics of what you have been discussing. I would, though, offer a qualified agreement with you. I don't particularly believe Shaun is a theist. I've not seen him invoke Jesus, Yaweh, Allah, or Ganesh the Hindu Elephant god.
HOWEVER, I would posit that he is a Deist. One who embraces the idea that there is a magical, mystical, force in the universe that is responsible for the development of life. In other words, a belief in some form of ju-ju magic. And, following this thread, I can't disagree with your assessment of his ability as a rational thinker.
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April 13, 2006: Fight for Your Life or Eat Episode Detail: Fight for Your Life or Eat Several castaways accept a tempting offer that means they must opt out of the Immunity Challenge; the remaining Casaya members are asked to form a new alliance; and a male survivor decides wear a skirt. Host: Jeff Probst.
Stephanie will fly to Panama just to eat the food
not to get off topic but that ep of Steph feeling so high and mighty that she was safe enough to stuff her face really ticked me
the skirt so has to be shane making fun of any of the ladies. wonder if he's part scotish?
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Congratulations are in order for Dr. Nancy C. Hinkle, who writes that she received the PhD degree from The University of Florida in December of 1992. Her dissertation was titled Biological factors and larval management strategies affecting cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) populations. She writes that a slide set featuring scanning electron photomicrographs of the various life stages of the cat flea is available from Dr. P.G. Koehler, Department of Entomology & Nematology, IFAS, University of Florida, P. O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 (phone 904 374-5903).
She also sent a copy of the Program of the Second International Symposium of Ectoparasites of Pets held in Lexington, KY on April 4-6, 1993. The following papers involving fleas were presented:
Rust, M.K. Status of insecticide resistance in fleas.
Dryden, M.W. Attacking the pupal window.
Campbell, W.R. Laboratory and field trials using Luefenuron (CGA-184699) for cat flea control on dogs.
Zakson, M., W.F. Hink & J.J. MacKichan. Fate of the Benzoylphenyl Urea CGA-184699 in the cat flea,Ctenocephalides felis.
Marchiondo, A.A., S. Akers, S.W. Fogt, D.L. Heimbichner & R. Young. Efficacy and safety of Fenoxycarb EC and WP formulations for control of cat fleas.
Meola, R.W., J. Readio & K.G. Palma. Efficacy of Fenoxycarb EC and WP formulations for control of cat fleas in soil.
Donahue, W.A., Jr., & R.W. Meola. Evaluation of Leufenuron, SAN-1259, and (S)-Methoprene for systemic ovicidal activity in the cat flea using an artificial membrane feeding system.
Myers, T. Flea and tick management: a pest control industry perspective.
Olsen, A. Focusing on the substrates when evaluating the efficacy of flea products.
Popiel, I. & R. Thomas. A study of the biology of fleas on cats using flea cages.
Gregory, L.M., S.D. Costa, K. Hecklenburg, B. Michael, R. Endris & W. Shoop. Comparison of two methods for counting fleas, Ctenocephalides felis, on dogs.
Georgi, J.R. & M.E. Georgi. Manipulation and quantification of conscious fleas.
Hinkle, N. Flea populations on cats and techniques for measuring them.
Koehler, P. Cat flea resistance to insecticides.
Hair, J.A. Methods for testing the efficacy of insecticides against fleas on dogs.
Dr. A.I. Goncharov writes that he is willing to provide Russian publications and flea adults and larva in exchange for literature and specimens from other parts of the world. He may be contacted at the following address, or at his home address given in the changes and additions to the mailing list: Dr. A. I. Goncharov, Laboratoy of Ecology & Systematics, Sovietskaya 13, Stavropol' 355106, RUSSIA.
Mr. R.L. Bossard asked that the following be included in this issue: "Dr. Robert E. Elbel, Research Professor, University of Utah, and I are attempting to find bat flea larvae. We are particularly interested in the fleas Sternopsylla texana, which is found on Tadarida brasiliensis, Nycteridopsylla chapini, usually on Eptesicus fuscus, and Nycteridopsylla vancouverensis, usually on Myotis californicus. The larvae, pupae and sometimes adults of these fleas live in the guano that accumulates below roosts of these bats, if the guano is moist enough to smell of nitrogen [=ammonia]. Guano and flea larvae of other bats are also of interest.
"We need an approximately 12" x 8" plastic bag of guano, fresh enough that an ammonia smell is noticeable. The collector may be able to see adult fleas in the guano. The guano should be shipped immediately so that we can collect live fleas and their larvae."
Responses should be sent to:
Mr. Robert L. Bossard, Department of Biology, 201 Biology Building, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.
26.Jan.1916 - 23.Oct.1991
The name Arthur Smith may not be familiar to most recipients of this newsletter, but he figured prominently as a scientific illustrator at the British Museum (Natural History) from 1940 until his retirement in 1973. During this period he estimated that he completed between 15 and 20K illustrations of insects and other animals. Many of his works were for the Hopkins and Rothschild catalogues I to V, 1953-1971. A detailed obituary was published in Ent. mon. Mag. 128: 173 (1992).
Liam H. Davis, 3989 Richmond Street, #101, San Diego, CA 92103
Brian Gerber, 185 West End Avenue, Apt 6H, New York, NY 10023
Dr. A. I. Goncharov, Dzerzhinskogo, 231, kv. 50, Stavropol', 355003 Russia
Dr. Karel Hurka, Department of Zoology, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
James Kucera, 4655 S. Locust Lane #17, Salt Lake City, UT 84117
Dr. Thomas H. Kunz, Department of Biology, Boston University, 2 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215
Dr. Andrew J. Main, 22 Sunset Road, East Haven, CT 06512
Dr. Roger W. Meola, Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475
Dr. Byron L. Reid, Center for Urban & Industrial Pest Management, Purdue University, 1158 Entomolgy Hall, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1158
Although the title is the same as the 1982 volume edited by Honacki et al., this is more than a simple update. After brief Preface and Acknowledgment sections, the 21 contributors and their addresses are listed. The 12 page Introduction includes a tabular comparison of the number of genera and species cited in the first and second editions. This is followed by a short section dealing with the organization of the volume. Included here are short discussions of the taxonomic arrangement, scientific names and authorities, type localities, distribution, status, synonyms, comments, appendices, bibliographic treatment and index. The following 827 pages list 4,629 species (up 459 from the 4,170 listed in the first edition) placed in 136 families and s6 orders. One hundred and seventy-two of these have been described since the first edition. The classification is essentially identical to that in the first edition except that the old Marsupialia has been divided into seven separate orders. Each species account is arranged with the genus, species, authority and description citation as the header, followed by short paragraphs describing the type locality, distribution, status (abundant, vulnerable, endangered), synonyms (actual junior synonyms and subspecies), and comments. Appendix I includes remarks on the bibliography and publication dates, including commentary of É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1803) and C.J. Temminck (ed.) (1839-1847). Its short bibliography clarifies the publication dates of a number of earlier works dealing with mammals that have frequently confused and frustrated mammalian systematists. Appendix II is a cumulative index of Mammalian Species, numbers 1-402, a series published by the American Society of Mammalogists. Each of these accounts reviews a single species, providing infromation on synonymy, distribution, habitat, ecology, morphology and reproduction. The Literature Cited section extends from page 843 to 999 and contains approximately 4700 citations. The remaining 205 pages make up the Index.
I have had occassion to use this work rather extensively while updating host names in a primary type catalogue, and find it extremely useful and remarkably free of errors. During a recent conversation with the senior editor I was informed than an electronic, updated version of the volume was planned for the near future.
The scientific community that is likely to use this volume in the years to come owes the editors and contributors a sizeable debt of gratitude for their devotion to their profession. REL
"One of his most famous songs, it was written in 1809 and is valued at up to [[sterling]] 200,000. It will be in a sale of manuscripts on May 28." (The Daily Telegraph (42884) 10 May 1993 :p. 4. F.G.A.M.Smit)
1981 (List 15)
Clark, F. & D.A.C. McNeil. Geographical distribution of house martin fleas in Leicestershire. Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society 75: 11-17.
1987 (List 12)
Jamieson, B.G.M. Order Siphonaptera. pp. 206-209. In: The ultrastructure and phylogeny of insect spermatozoa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1988 (List 11)
CAI Li-yun & WU Wen-zhen. A new bird flea from Qinghain China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 13(4): 403-404. [Caertophyllus picatilis]
1989 (List 9)
Oliveira, C.B.M. Parasitismo por Pulex irritans em aves de postura. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 24(1): 1299.
Rudolph, R. Developing the insect growth regulators. Boletí n Sanidad Vegetal, Fuera de Serie 17: 271-282.
Scalon, O.I. Order Siphonaptera (Aphaniptera, Suctoria). In: Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Volume V. Diptera and Siphonaptera. Part II. (G.Ya, Bei- Benko & G.C. Steyskal, eds.) E.J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands. pp. 1311- 1385.
1990 (List 6)
Almeida, F.A. de & J. Croce. Estudio de hipersensibilidade dos doentes com prurigo de Hebra à picada de pulga. Medicina Cutanea Ibero-Latino- Americana 43(2): 132-137.
Fain, A., F. Bartholomaeus, F. Cooke & J.C. Beaucournu. Two new species of phoritic deutonymphs (Acari: Astigmata) from Australian fleas. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 60: 97-101.
Kutzer, E. & M. Löwenstein. Tierflöhe als Lä stlinge beim Menschen. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Algemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 7(4-6): 499-503.
MA Li-ming. Observations on longevity of adult Neopsylla bidentatiformis Wagner and Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris (Jordan) under different conditions. Kunchong Zhishi 27(6): 358-359.
Medvedev, S.G. Structure of the thorax in fleas (Siphonaptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 69(3): 514-533. (in Russian)
Pototski, A. Five species of fleas (Siphonaptera) new to the Estonian fauna. Entomologica Fennica 1(3): 180.
Titus, R.G. & J.M.C. Ribeiro. The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease. Parasitology Today 6(5): 157-160.
Zlotorzycka, J. Catalogus faunae parasiticae Poloniae. Part IV. Parasiti avium, issue 3. Arthropoda parasitica. Passtwowe wyadwnictwo naukowe, Warzawa-Wroclaw. 366 pp. (Reviewed by V. Cerny, 1991, Folia Parasitol. 38(3): 208.
1991 (List 5)
Chadee, D.D., E. Furlonge, C. Naraynsing & A. LeMaitre. Distribution and prevalence of Tunga penetrans in coastal south Trinidad, West Indies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85(4): 549.
FANG Zhu & TAO Kai-hui. A simple method of laboratory rearing of Pulex irritans Linn. Kunchong Zhishi 28(1): 57.
George, R.S. Bat fleas (Siphonaptera) in the Channel Islands. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 127(1528): 195.
Good, J.A. & P.S. Giller. The diet of predatory staphylinid beetles - a review of records. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 127(1523): 77-89.
Kaczmarek, S. Fleas from the nests of Passer domestica and Passer montanus. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 37(1): 67-70.
Kumaresan, J.A., J.B. Grova, P.K. Mmatli & E.D. Maganu. Plague in Botswana. Central African Journal of Medicine 37(8): 271-272.
Kutzscher, C. Die Siphonapteren- Sammlung des DEI (Ein achliesslich Katalog der in ihr enthaltenen Typen). Beitrage zur Entomologie 41(2): 411-418.
Linardi, P.M., J.R. Botelho & J.A. Rafael. Ectoparasitos de pequenos mamíferos da ihla de Maracá, Roraima, Brasil. II. Interacao entre ectoparasitos e hospedeiros. Acta Amazonica 21: 141-150.
Linardi, P.M., J.R. Botelho, J.A. Rafael, C.M. Carvalho Valle, A. da Cunha & P.A. Ribeiro Machado. Ectoparasitos de pequenos mamíferos da ihla de Maracá, Roraima, Brasil. I. Ectoparasitofauna, registros geográficos e de hospedeiro. Acta Amazonica 21: 131-140.
Lopatine, Yu. V., A.D. Petrova-Nikitina & N.A. Tamarine. Structure and changes in populations of Acari and Siphonaptera in burrows of Citellus musicus in the Central Caucasus. Entomological Review 70(2): 123-132. (Originally published in Zool. Zh. (12): 61-69, 1990)
Medvedev, S.G. Structure of the thorax in fleas (Siphonaptera). II. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 70(2): 330-344. (in Russian)
Medvedev, S.G. Structure of the thorax in fleas (Siphonaptera). III. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 70(4): 774-784. (in Russian)
Moriello, K.A. Fleas and ticks in dogs. Veterinary Technician 12(4): 279- 285, 288-289.
Roberts, M. Parasitological evidence for the presence of other rodent species on "kiore only" islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21(4): 349-356. (kiore = Rattus exulans)
Rosicky, B. 60th birthday of Dr. Milan Daniel. Folia Parasitologia 38(3): 285-286.
Samurov, M.A. Peculiarities of the seasonal cycle of the flea Ceratophyllus tesquorum (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) in the northeastern part of the Caspian lowland. Entomological Review 70(5): 71-75. (Originally published in Russian in Ent. Obozr. 1990(4): 786- 790.)
Suciu, M. & F. Aioanei. Taxonomic and zoogeographic data on the genus Rhadinopsylla Jordan & Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) in Romania. Travaux di Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 'Grigore Antipa' 31: 265-284.
Ugbomoiko, U.S. & B.A. Obiamiwe. Distribution and incidence of ectoparasites on small mammals in a rainforest belt of southern Nigeria. Angewandte Parasitologie 32(3): 143- 148.
WANG Zhi-gang, et al. The development of different stages of ground squirrel flea by the influence of high temperature. Kunchong Zhishi 28(5): 288-290.
Weidner, H. Der Flohzirkus und sein vierhundertjährig poesiereiche Geschichte. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 10(143): 139-151.
ZHANG Zhi-cheng & YU Xin. A new species of the genus Stenoponia Jordan et Rothschild, 1911, from Shaanxi Dabashan, China (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae). Acta Entomologia Sinica 34(1): 96-98.
Zlotorozycka, J. External parasites of birds (Investigations in Poland). Wiadomosci Parasytologiczne 31(1): 61-66.
1992 (List 3)
Anonymous. Experts squash 'superflea' theory. Veterinary Record 131(9): 182.
Baker, K.P. & S. Elharam. The biology of Ctenocephalides canis in Ireland. Veterinary Parasitology 45(1-2): 141- 146.
Beaucournu, J.C. & P.C. Morel. Two new fleas from Ethiopia (Insecta: Siphonaptera). Annales de la societé Entomologique de France 28(2): 125- 131. [Chiastopsylla aethiopica and Ctenophthalmus (Ethio.) caecus]
Botelho, J.R. & P.M. Linardi. Endoparasites of Polygenis tripus (Siphonaptera: Rholapopsyllidae) of wild rodents from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 87(3): 453-456.
Chastel, O. & J.C. Beaucournu. Notes sur la spécificitéet l'éco-éthologie des puces d'oiseau aux iles Kerguelen (Insecta: Siphonaptera). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compareé 67(6): 213-220.
CHIN Ta-hsiung & LI Kuei-chen. The Anoplura and Siphonaptera of Guizhou. Guizhou Science and Technology Publishing House, Guiyang, PRC. 388 pp.
Daniel, M. Seventieth birthday of Professor Bohumir Rosicky. Folia Parasitologica 39(3): 287-288.
Davidson, D.L. 'Superfleas' bounce back? Veterinary Record 131(10): 223.
Dawson, P. More than a flea killer? Veterinary Record 131(14): 323.
Delgar, J.M., T.O. Manning, D.E. Bevier & M. Phillips. The essentials of flea control. Veterinary Technician 13(7): 489-494.
Dudich, A. Fleas (Siphonaptera) of small mammals of Slovakia. SlovenskáAkadémia Vied Vedecké Kolégium pre Biologicko - Ekologické Vedy. 35 pp.
Fisher, M.A. Developments in flea control in cats and dogs. Veterinary Times 22(4): 7.
Forrester, D.J. Parasites and diseases of wild mammals in Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 459 pp. ($59.95). (Reviewed by E.W. Howerth, J. Wildlife Dis. 29(1): 180, 1993.)
Frank, A.A., J.L. Ross & B.K. Sawvell. Toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with flea dips. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 34(1): 57-61.
Genchi, C. Arthropoda as zoonoses and their implications. Veterinary Parasitology 44(1-2): 21-33.
Guigen, C. & J.C. Beaucournu. Oiseaux, parasites et insularisation: le biotope rocheux. Le pigeon biset, Columba livia, hôte primitif de diverses biocenoses? Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compareé 67(6): 209-212.
Hansen, S.R. & W.B. Buck. Treatment of adverse reactions in cats to flea control products containing pyrethrin/pyrethroid insecticides. Feline Practice 20(5): 25-27.
Kilonzo, B.S., T.J. Mbise & R.H. Makundi. Plague in Lushoto district, Tanzania, 1980-1988. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86(4): 444-445.
Kotti, B.K. A new flea species of the genus Frontopsylla (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 71(11): 152-154. (in Russian) [Frontopsylla (F.) scalonae]
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Matskási, I., F. Mészáros, É. Murai & A. Dudich. On the parasite fauna of Microtus oeconomus Pallas, 1776 ssp. mehelyi Ehik, 1928 in Hungary (Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Siphonaptera). Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica 7: 9-14.
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Shanley, K., P.J. Douglas, C. Foil, C. Hendrix & K. Miller. Flea and tick control. Feline Practice 20(6): 127.
Sharma, M.C., D. Swarup, S.B. Lal & A.Bhaumik. Efficacy of Deltamethrin against ectoparasites of dogs. Indian Journal of Animal Science 62(10): 948-950.
Shimada, T. Distribution of split 5.8S ribosomal RNA in Diptera. Insect Molecular Biology 1(1): 45-48. (Ctenocephalides felis has a single RNA of about 154 nucleotides.)
Suntsov, V.V., L.T. Huong & N.I. Suntsova. Notes on fleas (Siphonaptera) in plague nidi on Tay Nguyen Plate (Vietnam). Parazitologiya 26(5): 516-520. (in Russian)
Thomas, R.E., W.J. Simpson, L.P. Perry & T.G. Schwan. Failure of intregastrically administered Yersinia pestis capsular antigen to protect mice against challenge with virulent plague: supression of fraction 1-specific antibody response. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 47(1): 92-97.
WU Hou-yong. The advances in medical entomology in China. Kunchong Zhishi 29(3): 162-165.
Yakunin, B.M. & N.T. Kunitskaya. Experimental interspecific hybridization in fleas of the genus Nosopsyllus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae). Parazitologiya 26(5): 418-423. (in Russian)
Yoshida, Y. Sarcoptea scabiei, fleas, lice and other pests in post-war Japan. Saishin-Igaku 44(4): 931-934.
1993 (List 1)
Amin, O.M., LIU J., LI S.-j., ZHANG Y.- m. & SUN L.-z. Development and longevity of Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi (Siphonaptera) from Inner Mongolia under laboratory conditions. Journal of Parasitology 79(2): 193-197.
Bartels, M.A. & D.P. Thompson. Spermophilus lateralis. Mammalian Species 440: 1-8.
Bartig, J.L., T.L. Best & S.L. Burt. Tamias bulleri. Mammalian Species 438: 1-4.
Best, T.L. Tamias palmeri. Mammalian Species 443: 1-6.
Best, T.L. & T.H. Henry. Lepus alleni. Mammalian Species 424: 1-8.
Best, T.L. & T.H. Henry. Lepus callotis. Mammalian Species 442: 1- 6.
Carraway, L.N. & B.J. Verts. Aplodontia rufa. Mammalian Species 431: 1-10.
Carraway, L.N., L.F. Alexander & B.J. Verts. Scapanus townsendii. Mammalian Species 434: 1-7.
Cervantes, F.A., V.J. Sosa, J. Martinez, R.M. González & R.C. Dowler. Pappogeomys tylorhinus. Mammalian Species 433: 1-4.
Clark, F. & D.A.C. McNeil. A study on some factors affecting mortality overwinter in three congeneric species of bird flea. The Entomologist 112(1): 55-66.
Codner, E.C. & P. Lessard. Comparison of intradermal allergy test and enzyme-linked immunisorbent assay in dogs with allergic skin disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 202(5): 739-743.
Dryden, M.W. Biology of fleas of dogs and cats. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 15(4): 569- 580.
Gest, H. Microbes, fleas, and the vast chain of being. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 36(2): 184-193.
Greene, W.K., R.L. Carnegie, S.E. Shaw, R.C.A. Thompson & W.J. Penhale. Characterization of allergens of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis: detection and frequency of IgE antibodies in canine sera. Parasite Immunology 15(2): 69-74.
Henderson, G. & L.D. Foil. Efficacy of Diflubenzuron in simulated household and yard conditions against the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30(3): 619-621.
Hominick, W. (ed.) The impact of global change on disease. Parasitology 106 (Supplement): S1-S107.
Hopla, C.E., D.B. Francy, C.H. Calisher & J.S. Lazuick. Relationship of cliff swallows, ectoparasites and an Alphavirus in west-central Oklahoma. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 267-272.
Jones, C.A. & J.N. Layne. Podomys floridanus. Mammalian Species 427: 1-5.
Lehman, T. Ectoparasites: Direct impact on host fitness. Parasitology Today 9(1): 8-13.
Lewis, R.E. Checklist of valid genus- group names in the Siphonaptera, 1758-1991. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 64-79.
Lewis, R.E. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preferences in the order Siphonaptera. Part 8. New taxa described between 1984 and 1990, with a current classification of the order. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 239-256.
Lewis, R.E., E.C. Becker & R.E. Skidmore. An annotated catalogue of the siphonapteran primary types in the Canadian National Collection of Insects (Insecta: Siphonaptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 95(2): 278-285.
Lewis, R.E. & R.E. Thomas. Allan Marion Barnes: An overview of his life and a selected bibliography. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 3-5.
Linardi, P.M. & L.R. Guimarães. Systematic review of genera and subgenera of Rhopalopsyllinae (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) by phenetic and cladistic methods. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 161-170.
LIU Jun, LI Shang-jun, O.M. Amin & ZHANG Yu-mei. Blood-feeding of the gerbil flea Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi (Yagubyants), vector of plague in Inner Mongolia, China. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7(1): 54-58.
MA Li-ming. Sex ratios of some fleas in North China. Acta Entomologica Sinica 36(1): 63-66.
Moller, A.P. Ectopsrasites increase the cost of reproduction in their hosts. Journal of Animal Ecology 62(2): 309-322.
Palma, K.G., S.M. Meola & R.E. Meola. Mode of action of Pyriproxyfen and Methoprene on eggs of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30(2): 421-426.
Pasitschniak-Arts, M. Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species 439: 1-10.
Rydell, J. Eptesicus nilssonii. Mammalian Species 430: 1-7.
Schwan, T.G. Sex ratio and phoretic mites of fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae and Hystrichopsyllidae) on the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthus niloticus) in Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 122-135.
Sorvillo, F.J., B. Gondo, R. Emmons, P. Ryan, S.H. Waterman, A. Tilzer, E.M. Anderson, R.A. Murray & A.R. Barr. A suburban focus of endemic typhus in Los Angeles County: association with seropositive domestic cats and opossums. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48(2): 269-273.
Tabor, S.P., D.F. Williams, D.J. Germano & R.E. Thomas. Fleas (Siphonaptera) infesting giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) in the Elkhorn and Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, California. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 291-294.
Taylor, P.J. & J. Meester. Cynictis penicillata. Mammalian Species 432: 1-7.
Thomas, R.E., R.H. Karstens & T.G. Schwan. Effect of Yersinia pestis infection on temperature preference and movement of the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 209-213.
Vaughan, J.A. & A.F. Azad. Patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insects: constraints on vector competence. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(1): 214-216.
Williams, B. Reproductive success of cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis on calves as unusual hosts. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7(1): 94-98.
WU Wen-zhen, CAI Li-yun & LI Chao. A morphological description of the male of Paraneopsylla longisinuata Liu, Tsai & Wu, 1974 (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 36(1): 71-73.
XIAO Bai-lin. Morphological observations of the larvae of Neopsylla hongyangensis and their comparison with larvae of Neopsylla bidentatiformis. Acta Entomologica Sinica 36(1): 67-70.
XIE Bao-qi, HE Jin-hou & CHAO Zhong- jie. Description of a new species of Chaetopsylla Kohaut, 1903 from western Yunnan, China (Siphonaptera: Vermipsyllidae). Acta Zootaxonomia Sinica 18(1): 105- 107. [Chaetopsylla zhengi]
Aeolotype. The type of a new species described from memory after the specimen has blown out of an open window.
Anonymotype. The specimen that would have been the holotype had the author who designated it in mentioning "holotype and 300 paratypes with identical data" bothered to distinguish it with a label.
Atype. A specimen labeled as the type of a nominal species by a museum curator despite it not being a member of the original author's type series.
Confiscatotype. A type that has been deliberately destroyed in order to facilitate the work of later researchers.
Dipsotype. Type specimen that fell into a glass of water subsequent to its description and was imbibed by its author.
Duplicitype. A specimen that is the type of two different species.
Dyslexotype. A type with its name misspelt on the label.
Enigmatype. A specimen bearing the label 'Type' but no name.
Inaccessotype. Type deposited in an institution that does not loan type material or reply to correspondence.
Sperotype. A specimen labelled as type of a name that the author intended to publish but never did. The type of a "manuscript species".
R.L.C. Pilgrim
Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Over the past several decades, scientists in the People's Republic of China have been publishing the results of their researches on flea larvae. These include morphology, life-history and conditions affecting development, pupation, as well as some keys for the identification of smaller or larger groups of larvae.
Regrettably, most of these publications have been overlooked by workers outside China. To some extent this is no doubt due to the relative inaccessibility of the periodicals in which the papers are published; many seem to have had very limited distribution outside the country of origin. Not all of them are monitored by the standard abstracting journals in the western hemisphere.
I am very fortunate in having obtained, thanks to the kind co-operation of a number of Chinese colleagues, what is believed to be a full representation of these papers, particularly with respect to larval morphology.
The following list is presented to draw their attention to workers in all countries who are interested in research on flea larvae. This survey was completed up to the end of July, 1992 (following the XIX International Congress of Entomology, Beijing). Publications since then may be monitored through successive issues of Flea News. The list includes only those publications specifically including descriptive (external) morphology of larvae and/or keys for their identification. If there is sufficient interest, a complementary list of papers referring to other aspects of developmental biology and immature stages of fleas will be offered.
Explanation of the arrangement
1. CHINESE personal names are given here with the family name placed first, entirely in capitals, in accordance with the proposal made earlier (Pilgrim, 1992. Flea News 45: 474).
2. THE names of the authors are in Pinyin transliteration as they appear in the publication (usually together with the English summary/abstract). Where no summary was provided, the names have been rendered into Pinyin for the purpose of this bibliography.
In a few instances (papers published before ca 1960) authors' names are shown transliterated according to the Wade-Giles system used at that time. Thus: WANG Dwen-ching (1956) is the same as WANG Dun-qing of later references.
3. PERIODICAL titles are similarly rendered into Pinyin and/or English to assist bibliographic searching. [But note: the Library of Congress retains the Wade-Giles system; see HUANG Han-chu and HSU David H.G. (1988) where there are included tables cross referenced to and from Pinyin.]
4. COMMENTS in [ ] following the full reference are my notes on the content of the paper, with lists of the species examined where the data are not evident from the paper title. No attempt is made to resolve problems of synonymy and no opinion is offered on the validity of the published information.
All of the following texts were published in Chinese characters; some include a summary/abstract in English.
FEI Rong-zhong, XU Bao-juan, SHI Gao, XU Shun & LIU Quan. 1986. [Morphological observations on the larvae of Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris and their comparison with the larve of two other forms of Citellophilus.] Acta Entomologica Sinica 29(1): 81-84. [In Chinese; English Summary] [Diagnostic table to distinguish C. t. sungaris, C. t. tesquorum and C. trispinus balkhaschensis.]
LI Jing-yuan, SHI Gao, WANG Jian-guo, CHEN Zhi-jun & XU Hai-quan. 1988. [Observations on the immature stages of Ischnopsyllus needhami, and the setal morphology of flea larvae.] Kunchong Zhishi [=Insect Knowledge] 25(1): 35-36. [In Chinese] [Laboratory reared from Pipistrellus abramus.]
LIU Chi-ying & CHU Fong-i. 1957. [Fleas from Shanghai, with descriptions of a new subspecies of Rhadinopsylla dives Jordan, 1929 and notes on the morphology and immature stages of Stenoponia sidimi Marikowsky, 1935.] Journal of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Military Academy of Medical Science 1(3): 64-75. [In Chinese; English summary.]
SHI Gao, FEI Rong-zhong, ZHAO Qi-fu, LI Jing-yuan & ZHOU Jian-hong. 1988. [Some morphological descriptions on the larvae of Ophthalmopsylla kukuschkini (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae).] Endemic Diseases Bulletin 3(2): 70-74. [In Chinese; English summary.] [Diagnostic table for O. kukuschkini, O. jettmari, O. p. praefecta and O. v. volgensis; and illustrations of their egg bursters.]
SHI Gao, LI Jing-yuan & Zhang Bao-zeng. 1989. [Morphological observations on the larvae of Ischnopsyllus needhami and their comparison with the larvae of Ischnopsyllus indicus (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae).] Acta Entomologica Sinica 32(1): 110-112. [In Chinese; English summary.]
SHI Gao, LI Jing-yuan, ZHANG Wan-sheng, ZHU Yue, WANG Jian-guo & ZHANG Yu-mei. 1986. [Morphological differentiation of 19 species of flea larvae from China.] Nei Menggu di fang bing fang zhi yan jiu [=Inner Mongolia Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Research] 18(2): 35-36 (+ 34 references). [In Chinese] [Key to distinguish: Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, Ischnopsyllus (I.) needhami, I. (H.) indicus, Stenoponia shanghaiensis, Ctenophthalmus arvalis, Neopsylla bidentatiformis, N. pleskei, Leptopsylla (L.) segnis, L. (P.) lauta, Ophthalmopsylla p. praefecta, O. jettmari, Nosopsyllus nicanus, N. [G.] laeviceps kuzenkovi, Monopsyllus anisus, Ceratophyllus gallinae tribulus, Citellophilus tesquorum sungaris, C. trispinus balkhaschensis.]
SHI Gao, LI Jing-yuan, ZHANG Bao-zeng, GAO Jun-qi & CHEN Zhi-jun. 1987. [Description on morphology of the larvae of two species of Ophthalmopsylla (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae).] Acta Entomologica Sinica 30(1): 93-96. [In Chinese; English summary] [Table to separate O. jettmari and O. p. praefecta. Illustrations of egg bursters of those species and of Leptopsylla (P.) lauta and L. (L.) segnis.]
SUN Chang-shiu. 1965. [Descriptive morphology of the larvae of three species of fleas (Siphonaptera).] Acta Parasitologica Sinica 2(3): 310-313. [In Chinese] [Includes Neopsylla bidentatiformis, Ceratophyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi and C. gallinae tribulus.]
WANG Dwen-ching. 1956. [Comparative morphology of some common flea larvae (Siphonaptera).] Acta Entomologica Sinica 6(3): 311-321 + Table 1. [In Chinese; English abstract] [Includes Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, Leptopsylla segnis, Monopsyllus anisus, Nosopsyllus nicanus and Ischnopsyllus indicus. Descriptions and a key, together with an extensive table of characters.]
WANG Dun-qing. 1988. [A tentative classification of flea larvae (Siphonaptera).] Acta Entomologica Sinica 31(3): 326-331. [In Chinese; English summary] [Includes key to families: PULICIDAE, HYSTRICHOP-SYLLIDAE, ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE, LEP-TOPSYLLIDAE, CERATOPHYLLIDAE. Extensive Table 1 with characters of Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Neopsylla abagaitui, N. bidentatiformis, N. pleskei orientalis, Ctenophthalmus arvalis, Stenoponia shanghaiensis, Leptopsylla segnis, L. lauta, Frontopsylla elatoides longa, Ischnopsyllus indicus, Nosopsyllus nicanus, N. laeviceps kuzenkovi, Monopsyllus anisus, Ceratophyllus gallinae tribulus, Callopsylla dolabris, Oropsylla silantiewi, Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus, C. trispinus balkhasch-ensis, Macrostylophora sp. Egg bursters illustrated for all except the last entry.]
WANG Dun-qing & XIAO Bai-lin. 1987. [Larval morphology of three flea species from the Alaschan ground squirrel (Citellus alaschanicus).] Acta Entomologica Sinica 30(1): 102-105. [In Chinese; English summary] [Includes Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus, Frontopsylla elatoides longa and Neopsylla abagaitui. Some generalizations on higher taxonomy, based on charaters of 18 known (but unspecified) spp.]
XIAO Bo-lin. 1990. [Descriptions of larvae of two species of fleas.] Acta Entomologica Sinica 33(2): 250-253. [In Chinese; English abstract] [Includes Frontopsylla aspiniformis and Amphipsylla qinghaiensis.]
XIAO Bo-lin & WANG Dun-qing. 1988. [Two flea larvae of Marmota himalayana.] Acta Entomologica Sinica 31(1): 96-98. [In Chinese; English summary] [Includes Callopsylla dolabris and Oropsylla silantiewi, reared in laboratory culture.]
XIAO Bo-lin & ZHANG Quan-fen. 1986. [Life history of Frontopsylla elatoides longa.] Chinese Journal of Endemic Disease Study 5(2): 123-124. [In Chinese] [Laboratory reared from Citellus alaschanicus nests. Duration of egg, larval and pupal stages; morphology of larvae; comparisons with larvae of Callopsylla dolabris, Oropsylla silantiewi, Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus and Neopsylla compar.]
YE Rui-yu. 1990. [Morphology of flea larvae.] Chapter 2.4, pp. 24-29, in: YU Xin, YE Rui-yu & XIE Xing-chu. The Flea Fauna of Xinjiang. Ürümqi, China: Xinjiang People's Publishing House. x-542 pp., Plates I-X. [In Chinese] [Figures 26a, b: egg bursters of Pulex irritans*, Xenopsylla cheopis*, Ctenocephalides f. felis*, Chaetopsylla (C.) lasia*, Ischnopsyllus indicus*, Neopsylla pleskei orientalis, N. democratica, N. mana*, N. bidentatiformis, N. abagaitui, Stenoponia shanghaiensis*, Ctenophthalmus arvalis*, C. assimilis, Leptopsylla segnis, L. lauta*, L. nemorosa, Mesopsylla eucta shikho*, Frontopsylla elata elata, F. elatoides elatoides*, F. elatoides [longa], Ophthalmopsylla v. volgensis*, O. jettmari, O. p. praefecta, O. kukuschkini, Amphipsylla anceps, A. primaris beigiangensis*, Oropsylla silantiewi*, Citellophilus trispinus, C. tesquorum altaicus, C. t. dzetysuensis*, C. t. mongolicus, C. t. sungaris, Callopsylla (C.) caspius*, Ceratophyllus enefdei tjanschani*, C. gallinae tribulus, C. hirundinis (? or C. caliotes), Nosopsyllus l. laeviceps, N. l. kuzenkovi, N. (N.) fidus, N. (N.) consimilis*, N. nicanus and Monopsyllus anisus*. Table 1: tabulated distinguishing characters of those taxa starred (*) in the foregoing list, plus Echidnophaga gallinacea and Hoplopsyllus (Euhoplopsyllus) glacialis profugus.
Pl. IX: "Morphology of the egg bursters of first instar flea larvae", comprises photomicrographs (reproduced from YE and YU, 1986) of Amphipsylla primaris (whole larva), and (heads only) of Ctenocephalides f. felis, Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Neopsylla mana, Leptopsylla segnis, Citellophilus tesquorum dzetysuensis, Amphipsylla primaris beigiangensis, Ceratophyllus enefdei tjanschani, Frontopsylla e. elatoides and Oropsylla silantiewi.]
YE Rui-yu & YU Xin. 1986. [Studies on the shape of egg burster of first instar larvae of flea and its taxonomic significance.] Di fang bing tong bao [Endemic Diseases Bulletin] 1(2): 107-111. Plates I-VIII. [In Chinese; English abstract] [Drawings (Fig.1) of egg bursters, and/or photomicrographs (Plates I-VIII) of head or of egg bursters of: Chaetopsylla lasia, Neopsylla democratica, N. mana, N. pleskei orientalis, Amphipsylla anceps anceps, A. primaris beigiangensis, Frontopsylla e. elatoides, Mesopsylla eucta shikho, Ophthalmopsylla v. volgensis, Ceratophyllus enefdei tjanschani, C. gallinae tribulus, Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus (recte dzetysuensis), C. trispinus, Callopsylla caspius, Nosopsyllus consimilis, N. l. laeviceps, Oropsylla silantiewi, Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides f. felis, Ctenophthalmus arvalis, Leptopsylla segnis and L. lauta.]
YE Rui-yu, YU Xin & WANG Dun-qing. 1982. [Comparative morphology of fifteen species of flea larvae known in China, in addition with four new descriptions and studies on their spiracles.] Acta Entomologica Sinica 25(2): 209-216. [In Chinese; English summary] [External morphology of larvae of: Neopsylla pleskei, Ctenophthalmus (Euct.) arvalis, Leptopsylla (P.) lauta and Citellophilus trispinus balkhaschensis. Characters of these taxa tabulated in Table 1, together with parallel data for: Pulex irritans, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, Neopsylla bidentatiformis, Stenoponia shanghaiensis, Leptopsylla segnis, Ischnopsyllus indicus, Nosopsyllus nicanus, N. (G.) laeviceps kuzenkovi, Monopsyllus anisus and Ceratophyllus gallinae tribulus. Fig. 25 illustrates egg bursters of all these taxa.]
YU Yi-hsin. 1957. [A study of the morphology of the larva of Ceratophyllus gallinae tribulus.] Chinese Journal of Zoology 1(2): 119-120. [In Chinese]
It is a pleasure to thank Professor YE Rui-yu, Ürümqi, People's Republic of China, for providing copies of many of the above publications as well as kindly checking (and improving) a draft of this submission.
HUANG Han-chu & HSU David H.G. 1988. Chinese periodicals in the Library of Congress. A bibliography. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. ix+814 pp. [Romanization Tables: pp. 811-814.]
It will be understood that - although their titles are given in English in these lists - papers in Russian or Chinese periodicals, or books published in Russia or China, are in Russian or Chinese (but often with summaries in English or some other language).
"The placid natives of Aitutaku, observing that the little creatures [fleas] were constantly restless and inquisitive, and even at times irritating, drew the reasonable conclusion that they were the souls of deceased white men." Buxton with Hopkins, 1927, Researches in Polynesia and Melanesia, parts I-IV, p. 55.


text:
More Media Companies Realizing That They Can Profit From 'Pirated' Content On YouTube
from the about-freakin'-time dept
In fact, the NY Times notes that a growing number of media companies have stopped sending takedown notices to YouTube, preferring to use the videos on YouTube as a part of their business model. Google has helped them out in this manner by allowing copyright holders to "claim" videos that they did not upload, and choose to share in the revenue created by ads, rather than requiring a takedown. Among those who have stopped doing takedowns entirely are CBS, Universal Music, Lionsgate and Electronic Arts. Universal Music is a bit surprising, given how it's been even more adamant than any of the other major record labels concerning how evil copyright infringement is. The NYT's is surprised by CBS's involvement, given that it's the sister company of Viacom, who is famously suing YouTube for $1 billion. Yet, CBS has always been much more open to YouTube, recognizing that if its shows were being uploaded, that was a sign of having a lot of fans, not something to be shut down.
The president of digital media at Lionsgate makes the point pretty clearly. saying that the company:
"[Doesn't] like the idea of keeping fans of our products from being able to engage with our content. For the most part, people who are uploading videos are fans of our movies. They're not trying to be evil pirates, and they're not trying to get revenue from it."If only others would recognize this simple fact. Of course, a good starting point would be recognizing that copyright infringement isn't "theft."


text:
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When Stealing In The Hood Goes Wrong: Boy Gets A Beating & Thrown Like A Child For Stealing A Bike!
Posted by @mahad_worldstar
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text:
father's day 3-d shoot — Saturday-Sunday at Beekman Ridge Archery Range near Butte Falls. Costs $15 for one day, $25 for both. Family rates and ages 11-and-under shoot free. Food on site. Free camping and fishing. For info, call 541-951-5581.
somabl wood-bat league — For ages 18-up. Managers and players contact Craig Raab at 541-301-5154.
ymca/kids unlimited volunteers needed — Those interested in coaching or officiating contact Gary Taylor at 541-772-6295, ext. 107. All volunteers must pass criminal background check and attend coaching clinic.
sou boys and girls day campS — June 17-21 and 24-28 for grades K-6. For info, visit www.souraiders.com, call Lynn Kennedy at 541-552-6044 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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challenger boys camp — Today-Friday, 8:30-11:30 a.m. for grades 9-12 and noon-4 p.m. for grades 3-8 at Cascade Christian High. Costs $80 for grades 9-12 and $110 for grades 3-8. For info, call Brian Morse at 541-944-2678.
kids unlimited academy — Eight-week camp Mondays-Thursdays June 24-Aug. 15. For ages K-12. Costs $50 per week or $200 for all eight. For info, call 541-774-3900 or visit www.kuoregon.org.
mba summer academy — June 24-July 28 for boys and girls in grades 3-12. Costs $50 per week or $150 for entire camp. For info, call Manny at 541-499-5749 or visit www.mannysbasketball.com.
mpr adult leagues — Season begins week of July 7. Register by June 21. Costs $350 per team for eight-game guarantee. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
MPR coach mac's youth game camp — June 24-28 at the Santo Community Center for ages 3-10. Costs $75 or $81 for non-residents. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
coach mac ashland camp — June 17-21, 9 a.m.-noon for grades K-8 at Ashland Middle School. Costs $75. For info, call Brian McDermott at 541-552-8554.
mba 3-on-3 tournament — July 6-7 at Central High School. Divisions include grades 3-12, adult and 6-feet-and-under. Costs $60 per team. Deadline June 28. For info, call Manny at 541-499-5749 or visit www.mannysbasketball.com.
mpr youth instructional leagues — For boys and girls in grades K-4. Instruction and games Sundays at Santo Community Center. Costs $29 per player. Register by July 10. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.sportsmedford.com.
mba summer league — Games July 1-28 at Central High School. For boys-girls in grades 4-12. Entry deadline June 24. Costs $250 per team or $45 to play as free agent. For info, call Manny 541-499-5749 or visit www.mannysbasketball.com.
kids unlimited high school summer league — July 8 at Kids Unlimited. Costs $400 per team for eight games. For info, call 541-774-3900.
precision cheer classes and teams — Recreational and competitive teams for ages 4-up. For info, visit www.precisioncheer.com or call 541-245-0432.
tnt cheer classes — For ages 4-up. No experience necessary. Includes competitive teams, half-season teams and recreational classes. Call 541-941-2450 or visit www.cheerzonegym.com for info.
ymca coaches and referees needed — To volunteer at the Rogue Valley YMCA, contact Gary Taylor at 541-210-6147 or 541-772-6295, ext. 107.
medford bmx community track — Weather permitting, races each Wednesday and Sunday. Registration 5-6 p.m. Open to all American Bicycle Association members. For more info, call 541-261-5727.
medford pop warner sign-ups — June 22, 8 a.m.-1 p.m. at Cascade Athletic Supply Company. For grades 2-6. Costs $185. Sports physical and full-year report card required. Visit www.roguevalleypopwarner.com or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
SOUTH MEDFORD cub camp — June 12-14, 9 a.m.-noon at Spiegelberg Stadium. For grades 3-6. Costs $30. For info, call 541-779-6388.
ultimate frisbee — For boys and girls, ages 16-up. All skill levels welcome. For info, visit www.soupa.org or call Nathan Broom at 541-778-0418.
rogue valley summer swing — June 17, 9 a.m. at Centennial. Four-person scramble. Costs $100 per player. For info, telephone Vern Loy at 541-941-4045 or email email@example.com.
rogue valley SHOOTOUT — June 22-23, at Rogue Valley Country Club. Open to public. Best ball, scramble formats. Costs $130. Benefits North Medford, South Medford, St. Mary's golf teams. For info, call Tracy Snyder at 541-772-4050.
eagle point women's invitational — June 25-26. Two out of four best-ball format. Costs $80 per player. Must have current GHIN. For info, call 541-826-8225 or visit epwgcspringswing.blogspot.com.
EAGLE POINT SENIOR DAY — Mondays, 10 a.m., for players 50-older. Costs $30 to walk, $35 to ride. For info, call 541-826-8225.
centennial senior day — Costs $40 every Tuesday. Fee includes cart. For info, call 541-773-4653.
stone ridge senior tour — Wednesdays, 9 a.m. at Stone Ridge. Costs $25 to walk, $35 to ride. To sign up, call 541-830-4654.
mPR lessons — For adults, juniors. Sundays at Centennial. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
oAK KNOLL WOMEN'S CLUB — Tees off Tuesdays at 8:30 a.m. All skill levels invited. Nine- and 18-hole groups.
stewart meadows ladies twilight league — Tees off Wednesdays 4-5:30 p.m. Contact Dana Didericksen for more info at 541-601-8784.
centennial women's rose club — Thursdays, 10 a.m. Women ages 18-up of all skill levels. For info, call Vicki Capp at 541-601-7650 or visit www.centennialgolfclub.com.
stewart meadows lady niners — Tuesday mornings. All golfing abilities welcome. Call 541-899-9909 or 541-770-6554.
monday night madness — Mondays 5:30 p.m. at Quail Point. Two-person scramble. Costs $18 to walk, $26 with cart. For info, call 541-857-7000.
divot divas — Thursdays, 5:30 p.m. at Quail Point. Costs $18 to walk, $26 with cart. For info, call 541-857-7000.
quail point ladies club — Thursday mornings, 9 a.m. For info, contact Laurie Fox at 541-776-6636.
eagle point women's golf — Tuesdays at 9 a.m. All skill levels welcome. For info, call 541-826-8225 or visit www.epwgc.blogspot.com.
stewart meadows junior program — For ages 8-16, Wednesdays beginning June 19 for five-weeks. Beginners at 9:30 a.m., intermediates 11:30 a.m. Costs $50. Clubs available. For inof, call 541-770-6554.
laurel hill friday couples night — Starts at 5:45 p.m., through September. For info, call 541-855-7965.
SPECIAL NEEDS PROGRAMS — Southern Oregon Gymnastics Academy. Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays. Cost $40 per month. Call 541-245-9379.
rogue valley youth association — Accepting coach applications for all age groups. For info, email John at firstname.lastname@example.com or visit www.usahockey.com/rogue_valley.
hockey lessons — Saturdays at The RRRink. For info, call 541-770-1177 or visit www.therrrink.com.
rogue valley horseshoe pitchers — Tuesdays, 5:30 p.m., at Culver Park in Phoenix and Thursdays, 5:30 p.m., in Rogue River. For info, call Alan Ringo at 541-779-6867.
ROOSTER CROW OPEN TOURNAMENT — June 29 at Coyote Evans Wayside at John F. Fleming Park under the bridge in Rogue River. Register by 9:30 a.m., pitch at 10 a.m. Must be 18. Costs $10, three guaranteed matches. For info, call Alan Ringo at 541-779-6867.
Ice Skating
adult lessons — Wednesdays, 9-11:45 a.m. at The RRRink. For ages 18-up. Costs $5. For info, call 541-770-1177 or visit www.therrrink.com.
learn to skate lessons — Through June 25 at The RRRink. For ages 3-up. For info, call 541-770-1177 or visit www.therrrink.com.
summer day camp — June 10-Aug. 16 at The RRRink. For info, visit www.therrrink.com or telephone 541-770-1177.
Martial Arts
self defense class — Friday at Abundant Life Christian Fellowship. Ages 8-12, 10:30 a.m.-noon and ages 12-up, 12:30-2 p.m. Contact Rising Phoenix Martial Arts at 541-535-1264 or email email@example.com.
FREE SALSA BOXING, ZUMBA classes — Saturdays at 9 a.m., Fabian's Karate, 7561 Crater Lake Highway, White City. For info, call 541-646-5658.
MPR tot sports sampler — Parent-child interactive sampler for ages 3-5. Introduction to soccer, baseball/softball and basketball. Three Sundays per month. Costs $25. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
rvcc — Open to public at Rogue Valley Country Club. Drop-in times are 6-8 p.m. Monday and Thursday, noon-2 p.m. on Wednesdays and Fridays and 10:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. on Saturdays.
Rock Climbing
ymca youth — Every Tuesday and Thursday, 4-7 p.m. for all ages. Financial assistance available. For info, call 541-772-6295 or visit www.rvymca.org.
Roller Skating
southern oregon princesses — For girls ages 13-17 at the Roller Odyssey. For info, call 541-772-1400, ext. 0, or visit rderby.com or www.sk8info.com.
ashland rowing club summer session — June 25-27, 10:30 a.m. at Emigrant Lake. For ages 14-up. Costs $120. For info, call 541-621-3778 or visit www.ashlandrowingclub.org.
longest day 5k run/walk — June 18, 7:30 p.m. at Bear Creek Park Pavilion. Fees vary. Discount if preregistered by today. For info, visit www.sorunners.org, call Charles Hodge at 541—878-3457 or email email@example.com.
rooster crow run/walk — June 29, 8 a.m. at Beck Field in Rogue River. Includes 5K run or 2-mile run/walk. Fees vary. Preregister by June 21. Benefits Rogue River High basketball. Register at www.sorunners.org. For info, call Dave Ehrhardt at 541-621-6361.
fourth of july run — July 4 at 340 S. Pioneer St. in Ashland. Includes 10K and 2-mile run/walk. Both at 7:45 a.m. Register by Friday to receive free T-shirt. Costs $22 for ages 13-up and $10 for ages 12-under. Register at www.ashland.or.us/julyrun or call 541-488-5340.
cowboy action shooting club — Western-style shooting with Table Rock Rangers, 10 a.m., Jackson County Sports Park, 6900 Kershaw Road in Central Point. First Sunday and second Saturday each month. Costs $13. Call 541-772-9941.
mpr kid kicks soccer clinics — Introduction to soccer for boys and girls ages 4-8. Mondays, 3-4 p.m. at the Santo Community Center. Costs $19. Call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
mpr youth indoor leagues — For ages 4-8. Costs $34 per player. Register by July 10 for the summer. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.sportsmedford.com.
fuego soccer academy camps — July 15-19, 9 a.m.-noon for ages 7-13 at U.S. Cellular. Costs $105. Deadline is July 2. For info, email email@example.com.
MPR adult outdoor league — Games at U.S. Cellular. Register by June 21. Costs $360 per team for 12-game season. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.sportsmedford.com.
mpr kid kicks camps — Intro for boys and girls, ages 4-9. June 24-27 at U.S. Cellular. For ages 4-6, 9-10 a.m. and 10:30-11:30 a.m. for ages 7-9. Costs $44. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
goalkeeping and striker camp — June 11, 13, 18 and 20, 4-5 p.m. at North Medford High field. Costs $35 per player. To sign up, email email@example.com or call 541-261-0070.
central point little league — Register online at www.eteamz.com/centralpointlittleleague.
medford national little league — For ages 4-16. Register online at www.eteamz.com/MedfordNationalLL. For info, call 541-227-9426.
Rogue Valley senior softball — Costs $40 per player. Players assigned to teams based on experience and ability. For info, call Bill Cooper at 541-826-6067.
rogue sharks — Year-round swim team coached by Tim Manley. For info, call Manley at 541-767-8517 or visit www.roguesharkswimming.com.
ymca lessons — Tuesdays and Thursdays. Financial assistance available. For info, call 541-772-6295 or visit.www.rvymca.org.
fitness group lessons — Avamere Health Club. For children and adults. Non-members welcome. For times, call 541-773-7718, ext. 400.
free ymca lessons for 2nd graders — For second-graders who have not learned to swim. Scholarships available for other ages. For info, call 541-772-6295, ext. 119 or visit.www.rvymca.org.
cascade community pool monthy lessons — Tuesdays and Thursdays, 3-4:30 p.m. and 5:30-730 p.m. Eight lessons costs $40. For info, call 541-826-2124.
mpr lessons and youth aquatics programs — At Jackson Aquatic Center. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
ymca Free family night — Third Friday each month starting June 21, 6-8 p.m. at the Rogue Valley Family YMCA. For info, call Holly Hawley at 541-772-6295 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
rogue valley swim & tennis club lessons — Group and private sessions available for ages 4-18. All levels welcome. Also, 10-under program. For info, call 541-734-2222.
mpr youth and adult tennis lessons — For ages 7-up. Costs $39 for three-week session. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
mpr youth fundamental skills — Wednesdays, June 12-July 24, 6-7 p.m. for ages 8-15. Costs $59 per person. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
mpr youth tennis camp — For ages 8-15, July 15-19, 9-11 a.m. at Fichtner-Mainwaring Park. Costs $55 per person. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
free kids fest tennis carnival — Thursday at Rogue Valley Swim & Tennis Club, 5-6:15 p.m. and 6:15-7:30 p.m. For ages 5-12. Beginners welcome. For info, call 541-734-2222.
Track & Field
mpr all-comers track meets — Free for ages up to 12. Meets at 6 p.m. today and June 18 at St. Mary's High track. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.
mpr california surf youth camp — July 8-11 at the Santo Community Center. Three-hour sessions for girls in grades 6-12. Costs $65. For info, call 541-774-2400 or visit www.playmedford.com.


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How Safe Is Your Smartphone From Hackers?
As more companies approve different smartphones for work, what does it mean for cybersecurity? Noah Wasmer from mobile-security specialist MobileIron talks about how companies can protect sensitive information on employees' smartphones.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... allowing employees to use a difference marked the end of life is the access that work email but just how safe is security on these devices ... joining me now is no loss ... at the ad mobile security company in ... mobile I and ... and Kate have ... now I thanks very much for Janney Assam from the new health plan ... there was a day when most companies would only trust BlackBerry because of the security out but that's no longer true is that ... no it's not annual overseeing users across the world across large enterprises everywhere ... that that they're wanting to get users their choice of devices the choice of applications ... of the two needle and to be productive and so we're seeing this ... holistic we ... and in most businesses in including on the government ... so many devices out there today and in this Martin the head of foreign Kmart is so highly competitive today ... how and when you be sure that I'm the device you're using is safe ... Citi news it really comes down to being local different ... here's a security review comes down to ensuring that ... there is a policy on the device that ensures that you know they did that attack concern that that ... that we have a layer of security on each individual application ... says no longer the day and just making sure you haven't asked him ... for the reply different layers of technology ... and the fact that there is now so many different devices are we seeing how my you'll wear more cases that actually I'm a smart friends being hacked ... to you Apple and Samsung in another continent in ... the job of re securing BLS ... in refining is that the large companies eager men are doing an ... incredible job ... of applying different levels of security on top of those Box's and ... refining them to be increasingly ... strong uptrend for businesses to be productive ... I'd also add that was really interesting about mobile security ... actually context aware ... which means that we can detect the user's in a certain location or something has changed on the device ... and immediately remediate and in a statement just an action for example true contents remove the pieces from that box ... and so I mean the email is one thing but actually I get downloading documents and email on tear devise a way where are the biggest problems and where a wearer uses most vulnerable on in terms of where hackers targets ... it is such a great point that a lot of companies today we hear the concern about ... what happens if they get an email attachment and cicada going to use services like Dropbox for things that we can expect to go out to the corporate boundary ... net effect is where we can learn and play technologies like ... increasing the attachments to only allow them to be open in ... a secure container that is managed by NY ... so in fact if something were to happen to them but it's ... the device to become geography and ... we can immediately take action and eliminate the content on the platform ... in less than this and in comparison to a computer device is a mean ... Smart vans versus computers where are you most likely to be hacked ... we'll certainly be a smaller form factor what people think that this is a unique user devices that consume a spot in or steal from user ... but in fact you can come to Apple and Samsung ... I really did employee ... incredible security algorithms inside of the more alas ... it has been leveraging that with new technology and one ... we see it in the mall with layers of security really through the security of the device compared to things like traditional PC ... okay thanks Fran that's no I'll lot for from a mobile eye and training us from them views thanks for for training us ... for more on that star a pink added Avista dot com under for ...


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The Ultimate Fighter
Season Three - Episode Descriptions
Episode 1 - "Team Jones vs. Team Sonnen - Enter the Octagon" (Airs January 22, 8:00 pm e/p) - 28 middleweights arrive in Las Vegas with their friends and family for a shot at a UFC contract. UFC President Dana White brings in coaches Chael Sonnen and UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon "Bones" Jones to evaluate the winners of 14 Elimination Fights. Teams are chosen, one coach receives unsolicited advice, and the first Preliminary Fight is announced.


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|How to Apply for Registration
The Application process for registration as an RPA is simple. There are four basic requirements:
You may now apply to the RPA by:
If your thesis or dissertation can be documented as meeting the requirement for a substantive data analysis of an archaeological research topic, you only need to fill out the first three sections of the application form.
If you are submitting your application on the basis of the research conducted as part of your thesis/dissertation, you must the application form, and the title page, table of contents, and abstract of this thesis/dissertation. The table of contents should include the standard listing of all chapters and sections in the thesis, as well as the standard listing of all figures and tables you included. If your institution did/does not require an abstract, please send relevant summary statements from your conclusions chapter. You must also a copy of either your diploma or university transcript documenting the awarding of the degree. A copy of your current resume or vita documenting your employment history and work experience, publications, presented papers, and participation in professional organizations must also be submitted.
If you are submitting your application based on your work experience and other relevant research, you must complete all four sections of the application form and then submit a copy of the entire application form and all the relevant documents listed above, as well as having filled out the entire application form.
If you have general questions about registration, including specific questions about the application process and form, please contact the RPA Business Office by phone at (410) 931-8100 or via email at email@example.com.
If you are interested in applying for registration, and would like further information regarding the RPA's process of reviewing applications, please visit the following page:
If you have any additional questions about the application fees, required documentation, qualification, or other miscellaneous issues, please visit the following page:
If you are ready to submit your application for registration with the RPA, please visit the following page:


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Really Granny? 87 Year Old Lady From Florida Gets Caught Selling Crack To An Undercover Officer! (Hidden Camera Footage Of The Deal)
"An 87-year-old woman was arrested on felony drug charges today after she sold crack cocaine to an undercover Escambia County deputy. Ola Mae Agee of the 900 block of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in Pensacola was arrested after the undercover deputy bought a $20 piece of crack from her, Sheriff's Office spokesman Sgt. Ted Roy said." - PNJ
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Expressionism: Selections from the Robert Gore Rifkind Center for German Expressionist Studies
This exhibition presents a selection of highlights from the Rifkind Center for German Expressionist Studies ranging from antecedents in Jugendstil through the Brücke and Blaue Reiter to the "New Objectivity" period that followed Expressionism in the 1920s. Among the items on view are selections from the Brücke's annual portfolios, which contain some of their most admired graphic works. Also included is a complete hand-colored set of Max Pechstein's woodcut portfolio of 1921, Das Vaterunser (The Lord's Prayer), which combines religious devotion with the Expressionists' vital interest in tribal artifacts. Several other works by Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Erich Heckel and Emil Nolde demonstrate how their interest in non-Western cultures helped them revolutionize modern art. The experience of World War I is reflected in Käthe Kollwitz's portfolio of seven moving woodcuts entitled simply Krieg (War), as well as in a selection from Otto Dix's war portfolio. The utopian aspirations of the Expressionist generation as they sought a new social order after the war are conveyed in Moritz Melzer's spectacular monotype, Lightning over Mittelberg, of 1919. The New Objectivity section of the exhibition concludes with Eddie Smith's precisely rendered drawing Murderer with Dove accompanied by the engraving it inspired. This exhibition will be complemented by a selection of objects from the Decorative Arts and Design Department.
Image: Franz Ritter von Stuck (Germany, Tettenweis-Niederbayern, 1863–1928), International Hygiene Exhibition, 1911, 1911, Poster/placard, Lithograph printed in blue, green, black and ocher on wove paper, Image: 35 3/8 x 27 in. (89.85 x 68.58 cm); Sheet: 36 1/2 x 28 in. (92.71 x 71.12 cm), Gift of the Robert Gore Rifkind Foundation, Beverly Hills (M.2003.114.54).


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Ever even conceive of a 300-pound crab cake?
The folks at Handy International did -- breaking their own record for World's Largest Crab Cake and serving it up to attendees of the Maryland State Fair Saturday.
What goes into a 300-pound crab cake? 200 pounds of crab meat, as well as eggs, breading and seasoning. Handy Seafood's Jim Cupp designed a rotisserie-style cooker to complete the challenge. It took 8 hours for the massive crab cake to cook, and it was weighed at noon.
Sandwiches from the record-setting cake were sold, benefitting the Maryland 4-H Foundation.


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3 July Update on Progress
All five chicks featured on nestcam have fledged successfully. They are now building up their strength and flying skills over the reed bed in front of the Whitley hide. So another great year for this particular female who is now reckoned to be at least 5 years old. Unlike last year the male stayed on the scene and helped her, particularly in the early weeks.
Unlike last year, when the weather was wet and cold, most bird and mammal species are more abundant providing extra food for the harriers. This has helped to make it a super year for marsh harriers at Sculthorpe Moor. We have another nest on site with five chicks in that will be flying soon and third nest contents unknown.
So if you are heading our way this summer, pay us visit and spend some time in the hide where you will see, not only harriers but also many other species of bird, dragonfly and damselfly in a peaceful colourful environment.
10 June Update on the Chicks
The marsh harrier chicks being monitored on our webcam are between 35 and 25 days old now. All are fine despite the recent hot weather. The temperature has been up to 25 degrees C and in the shelter of the reed bed there is no cooling breeze.
The female, when not off the nest for food, has been seen sheltering the chicks with her wings. The parents have been very busy and the chicks are not without food for long at any time throughout the day and are growing at a prodigious rate.
The reedcam has two more cameras mounted upon it. All have been giving more insight into the behaviour of the female and the chicks. We have a camera that looks down onto the nest giving us another angle to study behaviour.
The third points directly up to view the adult birds flying over and the female entering the nest. As you can see, the female is aware of the lens on this occasion and gives it a few exploratory pecks then afterwards ignores it.
The eldest chick looks to be about a week to ten days before it is ready to take to the air. The chicks were ringed yesterday evening (9 June) and as far as we can tell, there are 3 males and 2 females. (This is an estimate based on the weight and the hatch date.)
It has been a particularly successful year for the harriers at Sculthorpe Moor. We have another nest with five chicks on site. Food is plentiful, not only for the harriers but also for our barn owls and the small bird nest boxes have been well used.
Interestingly it has also been a very successful year for tree-creepers.
See previous post – The Harriers are Back


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Tuesday July 17, 2012
George Michael has revealed that his battle with pneumonia left him with a five-week gap in his memory.
The star, speaking at length about the illness which left his life in the balance, said it was "touch and go" whether he pulled through for three weeks.
George, 48, said he even had to learn to walk again as his muscles wasted away during his recovery late last year.
In an interview for Radio 2, he admitted: "It's like I just dodged a bullet."
He told presenter Chris Evans that the severity of the illness could have been avoided if he had followed advice to have a health check weeks earlier.
Prior to discovering he was suffering with pneumonia, George had been forced to axe a show at the Royal Albert Hall after his temperature and heart rate shot up, but he shrugged off advice to get examined, assuming he had got over it.
"I went and played for another three weeks in Europe, he said. "And then one afternoon I was having lunch and suddenly felt really odd and said to everyone that I need to go and lay down for half an hour on my own.
"And that's the last thing I remember for five weeks. It was three weeks of them trying to save my life and two weeks awake.
"I literally had to learn to walk again and weird stuff, because when they keep you sedated for that long your muscles literally atrophy at an incredible rate. And I just woke up like this feeble old man."
The singer also confirmed that he is scheduled to perform at the Olympics closing ceremony saying "That's the plan yes, that I'll be playing a couple of songs to kick off the concert at the end."
Photo: Rex


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Coroner: 82-year-old dies after car wreck
Coroner: 82-year-old dies after car wreck
The Oconee County coroner has identified a man who died after a traffic accident Wednesday.
Will Kelley, 82, of Mountain Rest, died on Wednesday at 4:13 p.m. at Oconee Medical Center, which was 45 minutes after the crash, according to coroner Karl Addis.
Addis said Kelley was the only occupant of a car that crashed into a utility pole on West Main Street in Walhalla.
Addis said an autopsy found Kelley died of blunt-force trauma to the chest.
Addis says Kelley had a history of cardiac problems, but there was no evidence that a medical problem caused him to lose control of his car and hit the pole.


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Active Play
Ride-ons & Wagons
Preschool Toys
Quick Links0 My Cart My Account Customer Service
Scooters are a great toy for promoting fitness and active play for children. Our line of kid's riding scooters includes great features like adjusting handles and easy rolling tires. Whether they're racing around in the house or learning better balance and control outside or rougher terrain, your kids will love riding around on these fun and safe scooters.


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By: Jacob Elyachar, jakes-take.com For the past eight years, NBC's sports action competition series American Ninja Warrior (ANW) has captured the hearts of the nation. ANW will be returning to the National Broadcasting Company for its sixth summer to look for the best athletes in the country. Their season nine search brought the show back […]
Home » Cowboy Ninja American Ninja Warrior
"American Ninja Warrior" takes over Kansas City
April 26, 2017 By Jacob Elyachar Leave a Comment
Filed Under: Television Tagged With: Akbar Gbajabiamila interview, American Ninja Warrior Behind the Scenes, American Ninja Warrior returns to Kansas City, American Ninja Warrior visits Kansas City, behind the scenes at American Ninja Warrior, Cowboy Ninja American Ninja Warrior, Drew Drechsel interview, Drew Drechsel visits Kansas City, favorite American Ninja Warrior moments, filming in Kansas City, Jake's Take interviews, Jake's Take visits American Ninja Warrior, K-9 Ninja returns to American Ninja Warrior, Lance Pekus American Ninja Warrior, Lance Pekus returns to American Ninja Warrior, Matt Iseman interview, returning summer shows, Roo Yori American Ninja Warrior


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LAS VEGAS, Nev. – The UCSB men's and women's swimming team concluded their invitational in Las Vegas on Saturday. The men finished in 5th place overall with 261 points. The women wrapped up a 6th place overall finish with 241 points.
The Gauchos only competed in the morning preliminaries. In the men's 200 backstroke prelims, Freshmen Dylan Kubick and Albert Miao both finished in 152.98. Junior Chase Lemley was the top Gaucho in the 100 freestyle in 45.5. Junior Chris Dotson finished in 45.56, with senior Alex Campbell right behind with a time of 45.62. Junior Tyler Jean swam a 2:06.84 in the 200 breast prelims. To wrap the day Sophomore Mickey Mowry came in 5th place in the 200 butterfly prelims, finishing in 1:47.37.
In the women's 200 backstroke prelims, the fastest Gaucho was freshman Reid Whaley, who swam a 2:04.62. Senior captain Sophia Yamauchi had the fastest time for the Gauchos in the 100 freestyle and 200 breaststroke with times of 51.21 and 2:18.58, respectively. Finally, junior Heren Alanis finished the 200 butterfly in 2:02.34.
The Gauchos head into Thanksgiving break next week. A few Gauchos will head to the Texas Swim Invite in Austin on December 5th, while the divers, who were idle, will compete in the Mission Viejo Dive Invite on December 13th.


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While a driver never has a goal of winning the Non-Qualifiers A-Main at the Knoxville Nationals, it does mean you have won an A-Main at the biggest sprint car race in the world. That is what Kevin Swindell did last night winning the A-Main on night three of the 51st Annual Goodyear Knoxville Nationals. Swindell passed Kenny Jacobs on lap five and set sail for the rest of the race. That was Swindell's fourth win this season at the Knoxville Raceway. The night moved on to the Race of Champions and no one knew the starting lineup of that race until the Revenge Draw was conducted and When Danny Holtgraver gave Tim Shaffer the pole position, Shaffer took advantage and led all 25 laps, however 360 National Champion Shane Stewart charged from 17 to second and was only a couple of tenths behind Shaffer at the line. The final race of the night was the World Challenge, and Lucas Wolf got his first win at the Knoxville Raceway not being challenged and led all 20 laps, however Shane Stewart would power from 13th to second in the 20 lap event. The field is now set for Championship night of the Knoxville Nationals. Sammy Swindell is on the pole for the A-Main with Brad Sweet also in the front row. You can hear live coverage starting with Let's Talk Racing at 12:30, Live Track Side at 5:30, and Race Night's Live at 7:30 on KNIA/KRLS and streamed live at kniakrls.com.
Non-Qualifyers A-Main
1. Kevin Swindell
2. Lucas Wolfe
3. Kenny Jacobs
4. Jac Haudenschild
5. Chad Kemenah
6. Jonathan Allard
7. Brian Ellenberger
8. Roger Crockett
9. Danny Heskin
10. Scott Winters
11. Jason Sides
12. Ed Lynch Jr.
13. Danny Holtgraver
14. Toni Lutar
15. Mike Reinke
16. Austen Wheatley
17. Mike Moore
18. Chris Shirek
19. Todd King
20. Brian Montieth
21. Marty Perovich
22. Danny Lasoski
23. Ricky Logan
24. Seth Bergman
Lap Leaders: Jacobs 1-4, K. Swindell 5-22.
Race of Champions
1. Tim Shaffer
2. Shane Stewart
3. Kraig Kinser
4. Jason Meyers
5. Sammy Swindell
6. Donny Schatz
7. Lynton Jeffrey
8. Danny Holtgraver
9. Greg Hodnett
10. Danny Lasoski
11. Steve Kinser
12. Terry McCarl
13. Chris Shirek
14. Bill Balog
15. Johnny Herrera
16. Brian Brown
17. Wade Nygaard
18. Jonathan Allard
19. Brian Montieth
20. Billy Alley
21. Kerry Madsen
Lap Leader: Shaffer 1-25
World Challenge
1. Lucas Wolfe
2. Shane Stewart
3. Jason Sides
4. Jason Johnson
5. Lynton Jeffrey
6. Sammy Swindell
7. Jason Meyers
8. Jonathan Allard
9. Ian Madsen
10. Brooke Tatnell
11. Toni Lutar
12. Marty Perovich
13. Bruce White
14. Ricky Logan
15. Craig Dollansky
16. Cody Darrah
DNS Kerry Madsen.
Lap Leader: Wolfe 1-20.


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Training insight
Your watch provides an overview of your training activity over the last 30 days.
Swipe up or press the lower button to see your training totals.
Tap on the screen to switch between total time and total distance.
From the totals view you can swipe right to see summaries of your top four sports. The summary includes total time, distance and calories for each sport.
Swipe right again to see the next sport summary.
Training plans
In Suunto Movescount, you can make training programs for yourself by creating a totally new program or using an existing program made by other members.
When you have planned Moves, your watch will show what's coming next after you have synced with Movescount.
To see your next planned training sessions:
- Swipe up or press the lower button to scroll to the training insight view.
- Then swipe left to view your next planned training session.
- Swipe left again to see additional planned sessions.
- Exit the planned training views and return to the time display by double-tapping the screen.
If you have a planned Move scheduled for the current day, that Move appears as the first option in the sport mode list when you enter the launcher to start an exercise recording. Start the planned Move as you would a normal sport mode recording.


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As of Version 10, most of the functionality of the Combinatorica package is built into the Wolfram System. >>
gives a shortest-path spanning tree and associated distances from vertex v of graph g. The shortest-path spanning tree is given by a list in which element is the predecessor of vertex in the shortest-path spanning tree. BellmanFord works correctly even when the edge weights are negative, provided there are no negative cycles.
- BellmanFord functionality is now available in the built-in Wolfram Language function FindShortestPath.
- To use BellmanFord, you first need to load the Combinatorica Package using Needs["Combinatorica`"].
See Also
Related Guides
- Graph Algorithms
- Graphs & Networks
- Graph Visualization
- Computation on Graphs
- Graph Construction & Representation
- Graphs and Matrices
- Graph Properties & Measurements
- Graph Operations and Modifications
- Statistical Analysis
- Social Network Analysis
- Graph Properties
- Mathematical Data Formats
- Discrete Mathematics


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BBC Home Entertainment releases all thirteen blockbuster episodes from the seventh series of the iconic sci-fi series Doctor Who on Blu-ray and DVD on September 24, 2013. In addition, the set collects the 2011 and 2012 Christmas Specials, and exciting bonus features including behind-the-scenes featurettes, "Doctor Who at Comic Con", the BBC AMERICA specials "The Companions" and "Doctor Who in the US," and more. These latest adventures test the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) and prove that even a madman with a box needs help sometimes.
Say farewell to the Ponds all over again. Meet the enigmatic Clara for the first time – and the second, and the third. Face enemies new and old, follow the Doctor to the one place he should never go, and learn the secret to a really great soufflé. With a cliffhanger ending that will leave fans breathless, this set arrives just in time to catch up before the Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Special on November 23, and the Doctor's regeneration in this year's Christmas Special.
In The Doctor, The Widow and The Wardrobe, the 2011 Doctor Who Christmas Special, the Doctor proves that sometimes wishes really do come true when his mysterious gift leads Madge Arwell and her two children to a magical wintry wonderland. Then, in the first part of series seven, the Ponds (Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill) make their final voyages with the Doctor. They save a spaceship full of dinosaurs, don Stetsons in the Wild West and are even kidnapped by the Doctor's oldest foe. But when they arrive in Manhattan the Weeping Angels are waiting for them – and the Doctor has to say goodbye to his companions forever.
The 2012 Christmas special, The Snowmen, brings the Doctor a new friend (Jenna-Louise Coleman) in Victorian London – but has he already met her before? And will she be able to pull him from his mourning in time to save London from the chilling menace that threatens it? The final eight episodes of series seven see the Doctor and his new companion battle monsters on distant alien planets, become trapped in a Russian submarine with a deadly passenger, chase terrifying ghosts, and come face-to-face with an army of upgraded Cybermen. When his friends are kidnapped, the Doctor and Clara are forced to visit the fields of Trenzalore, where the question that must never be answered is finally asked… and the Doctor uncovers the secret of the Impossible Girl.
The incredible list of guest stars includes John Hurt (Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy), Warwick Davis (Willow, the Harry Potter films) Liam Cunningham (Game of Thrones), David Warner (Titanic, TRON), Dougray Scott (Hemlock Grove, Ever After: A Cinderella Story), Ben Browder (Farscape), David Bradley (Game of Thrones) Jessica Raine (Call The Midwife, The Woman in Black), the mother-daughter duo of Dame Diana Rigg (Game of Thrones) and Rachael Stirling (Women in Love, Snow White and the Huntsman), and the voice of Sir Ian McKellan (The Lord of The Rings films). The episodes are written by lead writer and executive producer Steven Moffat, as well as Neil Gaiman, Mark Gatiss, Neil Cross, Chris Chibnall, Toby Whithouse and Stephen Thompson.
Doctor Who premiered as part of BBC AMERICA's Supernatural Saturday programming block in the US, and on SPACE in Canada.
Sept. 24, 2013
Blu-ray SRP
Blu-Ray Disc #
DVD Disc #


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Violence is a serious public health problem. From infants to the elderly, it affects people in all stages of life. Many more survive violence and suffer physical, mental, and or emotional health problems throughout the rest of their lives. CDC is committed to stopping violence before it begins.
Funded Programs & Initiatives
- Page last reviewed: August 8, 2018
- Page last updated: September 4, 2018
- Content source:


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When New England was hit by Tropical Storm Irene in 2011, there was not a satellite monitoring tropical storms that far north; the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) was operating in a band between the 35-degree latitudes. The Global... (View More) Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will change that. GPM will build upon TRMM's capacity by examining a larger swath of Earth with instruments that are more advanced and more sensitive. This video introduces the GPM satellite, its instruments and their capabilities. (View Less)
Keywords: Tropical cyclones; Hurricanes; Floods; NSTA2013
Audience: Informal education
Materials Cost: Free
Materials Cost: Free


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The retailer identified an opportunity to reinvigorate its brand and marketing image in existing markets and expand into new markets using a multichannel strategy. The first step would be to establish a closer connection to its customers through a new online sales channel integrated with the retailer's robust loyalty program and customer care services.
Together, Accenture and the European retailer have created a scalable online platform that can be easily rolled out to existing and new markets and maintained and improved the solution to offer new features and functionalities.


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Used by itself or in conjunction with the classic Scotch & Soda, this subltle new idea will give your coin magic a whole new dimension!
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Here you can find the best mobile app developers for hire in Lebanon. If you are a mobile app developer located in Lebanon, you can create your customized professional app developer profile. Add your apps, works, and mobile app development company information
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