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The third officially supported passdb module is the ldapsam backend. A complete discussion of LDAP is beyond the scope of this book. If you are interested in LDAP and directory services, a recommended resource is LDAP System Administration, by Gerald Carter (O'Reilly). The remainder of this section assumes a basic level of comfort with LDAP directories and the OpenLDAP software in particular. If you are using a directory server from a different vendor, the examples should prove easy to adapt.
When you consider the ldapsam backend, the first thing to do is to become familiar with the schema. There are two auxiliary classes and one structural object class that will be encountered in relation to users and groups:
This structural object class is used to store information that is intended to be shared between Samba domain controllers in the same domain. We examine this more in Chapter 9.
This auxiliary object class represents normal user and computer accounts and is commonly used to extend a user's posixAccount entry in the directory. If a user (or computer) does not have a preexisting entry in the directory service, Samba attempts to use the account object as the structural class to instantiate a user. We haven't discussed how machine and domain trust accounts are implemented yet, but we return to this subject in Chapter 9.
This auxiliary object class contains the attributes necessary for Samba's group mapping functionality and is designed to use the posixGroup class as its structural basis.* Group mapping is covered later in this chapter.
All the necessary attributes and object classes are defined in an OpenLDAP 2.x compatible schema file named samba.schema located in the examples/LDAP directory of the Samba source distribution. In this same location are schema files for other directory services as well, although these may not be up to date. Make sure that you include or import the appropriate schema file into your LDAP server's configuration. Be aware that Samba's OpenLDAP schema file requires you include the nis.schema, inetorgperson.schema, and cosine.schema files first.
Remember that the LanMan ( sambaLMPassword ) and NT ( sambaNTPassword ) password hashes stored in the sambaSamAccount object are plain-text equivalents and should never be made readable to users. Access control rules should restrict these attributes to administrative users only, such as Samba's ldap admin dn distinguished name (discussed a few paragraphs ahead). The following ACLs in OpenLDAP's slapd.conf file protect the passwords from normal users but allow them to be read and modified by Samba:
## protect the samba password hashes
access to attr=sambaNTPassword,sambaLMPasswor d
by cn=smbadmin,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com write
by * none
For performance reasons, the directory service should support fast equality searches on the uid , cn , sambaSID , gidNumber , uidNumber , and displayName attributes. Newer Samba releases (beginning with 3.0.23) also use a substring matching rule on the sambaSID attribute. To effect this performance enhancement, add the following indexes (or their equivalents) to the server's database section, if any are missing.
## Samba's index settings for OpenLDAP's slapd.conf
index uid,cn,displayName,memberUid eq
index uidNumber,gidNumber eq
index sambaSID eq,
Finally, it may be necessary to restart your directory server and/or rerun indexing tools to get it to recognize the changes.
Begin configuring smb.conf by setting up the connection parameters, starting with the LDAP server's URI in the passdb backend value.
passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://localhost/
By default, all LDAP requests are sent to the directory in an unencrypted form. Unless the master LDAP server and Samba are running on the same machine, it is highly recommended that you take steps to secure the LDAP traffic from eavesdrop ping. Even when an LDAP replica is running locally on the Samba host, any referrals going back to the master LDAP server must still be encrypted.
Use the ldaps:// URI in the passdb backend option if you wish to connect using LDAP over SSL. However, using StartTLS is the recommended method for configuring data privacy when communicating with an LDAP directory. In this case, the ldap:// URI suffices. To enable StartTLS support, add the following setting to the [global] section:
ldap ssl = start_tls
It is possible to include multiple LDAP URIs in a single-quoted string for purposes of fault tolerance or load balancing. If there are two servers, ldap1 and ldap2, which are replicas of the directory, we can configure Samba to use one in case the other is unavailable. The list of servers is passed on to the underlying LDAP client libraries, which handle the actual network connection details and any failover behavior. The ldap ssl parameter is included here to reiterate the need to secure all communication with the directory service; its value, however, specifies the use of StartTLS instead of SSL:
passdb backend = ldapsam:"ldap://ldap1/ ldap://ldap2/ "
ldap_ssl = start_tls
Samba treats LDAP as another storage facility for users and groups. Thus all of the user's attributes are retrieved from the directory when a SMB/CIFS connection request must be authenticated. When configuring the directory service access con trol settings, we restricted the password hashes to be readable only by Samba itself when using its ldap admin dn distinguished name to bind to the server:
ldap admin dn = cn=smbadmin,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com
The password associated with this privileged DN is stored in clear text separately in secrets.tdb. The smbpasswd command can store these credentials interactively ( -W option) or on a command line ( -w option). Here we have chosen to enter it interactively so that the password will not be displayed in the output of ps:
root# smbpasswd -W
Setting stored password for "cn=smbadmin,ou=people,dc=example,dc=com"
in secrets.tdb
New SMB password: <enter password>
Retype new SMB password: <re-enter password>
The final bit of information that Samba requires for ldapsam is the set of base suffixes used to query and store users and groups. The top-level suffix is specified by the ldap suffix option. This DN should be the parent of the other smb.conf search suffixes, which are specified by the following options:
ldap user suffix
The search base for locating and storing user
ldap machine suffix
The search base for locating and storing computer
and domain trust accounts
ldap group suffix
The search base for locating and storing group
mapping entries
ldap idmap suffix
The search base for mapping winbindd's SIDs to the
Samba host's uid/gid entries; additional information
on winbindd is provided in Chapter 10
The ldap suffix should be specified first in smb.conf and should be a full DN. The remaining search suffixes should be defined relative to the ldap suffix value. In order to support a directory name space such as the directory information tree (DIT) shown in Figure 5-2, we would add the following parameters to Samba's configuration:
ldap suffix = dc=example,dc=com
ldap user suffix = ou=people
ldap machine suffix = ou=people
ldap group suffix = ou=group
ldap idmap suffix = ou=idmap
It is possible to define different machine and user suffixes. If you do so, the server's LDAP NSS module must search both bases when querying for a posixAccount . As one of the Samba developers has said, "Machines are people too." The nss_ldap library from PADL software (http://www.padl.com) supports this by enabling the
Figure 5-2. Samba's DIT
library's RFC2307bis extensions (pass the –enable-rfc2307bis option to the nss_ldap configure script when compiling) and then defining multiple nss_base_passwd directives in its configuration file (usually /etc/ldap.conf). The complete details of PADL's nss_ldap configuration is beyond the scope of this discussion. For more information, please refer to PADL's web site and the documentation included with its software.
To finish off the section, Table 5-10 lists the LDAP-related parameters supported in smb.conf. Samba and LDAP integration are revisited in Chapters 9 and 10.
|ldap admin dn
|The user DN entry with administrative access to read and modify all Samba attributes and entries in the directory.
|ldap replication sleep
|integer (in milliseconds)
|The period to delay queries to an LDAP replica after updating the master directory server.
|ldap ssl
|Transport layer encryption settings when not using LDAPS in the ldapsam server URI.
|ldap suffix
|The parent search suffix that establishes the base suffix for LDAP queries.
|ldap group suffix
|The suffix relative to the ldap suffix that stores group mapping information.
|ldap idmap suffix
|The suffix relative to the ldap suffix that stores winbindd's identity mapping information.
|ldap machine
|The suffix relative to the ldap suffix that stores computer and domain trust account suffix information
|ldap user suffix
|The suffix relative to the ldap suffix that stores user account information.
|ldap timeout
|integer (in seconds)
|The maximum time in seconds to wait for a response to an LDAP query.
{mospagebreak title=Username Maps}
A username map is a mechanism for translating a login name sent by a client in the session setup request to a local Unix username. It's independent of any passdb backend. The most common use is to handle usernames that differ between Windows and Unix. Usernames on Windows systems can violate the limits placed by Unix systems on length and characters used, so sometimes the user account must be stored on the Unix or Linux system, and recognized by Samba as a different name from the one sent by a Windows system to authenticate the user.
This mapping feature comes in two forms: username map uses a file lookup, whereas username map script relies upon an external command to perform the search. Both smb.conf parameters are summarized in Table 5-11.
|username map
|Absolute path of the username map file.
|username map script
|Absolute path to a script or tool that accepts the requested username as a parameter and prints the mapped username (if any) to standard output. This script is mutually exclusive with, and takes precedence over, the username map parameter.
The username map option requires the absolute path to a map file on the server. Frequently this file is named smbusers and is stored in the same location as smb.conf. No default mapping file is distributed with Samba, although some vendors may choose to do so. The username map option must be explicitly set as shown here:
[global ]
username map = /usr/local/samba/lib/smbusers
This map file contains entries in the form of:
map_to = map_from
The map_to value is a single Unix username. The map_from value may be a list of val ues that include:
- A single username. Login names containing whitespace must be surrounded by double quotes (e.g., "Lee Zard").
- A Unix or NIS netgroup name prefaced by a & , @ , or + . This same syntax is reused for other smb.conf parameters and so is discussed in the final section of this chapter, where it is most applicable.
- A single wildcard character, *, that matches everything.
Processing of the username map file continues until either the complete map has been parsed or until an entry prefixed by an exclamation point ( ! ) matches successfully. Any lines beginning with a hash ( # ) or semicolon ( ; ) character are ignored as comments. If no match is found at all, the original username is unchanged.
As an example, to map a Windows user of Lee.Zard to a Unix login name of lizard, we could use a single entry such as:
!lizard = Lee.Zard
The righthand values are compared in a case-insensitive fashion, so this example would succeed regardless of whether the user logs on with Lee.Zard or LEE.ZARD. The beginning ! prevents smbd from continuing to look for additional matches for lizard after this entry is parsed.
The username map script allows an administrator to define an external command that will be invoked, rather than reading a map file directly. It provides the flexibility to store the maps in directory services such as LDAP. The mapping command must accept a username as its sole parameter (provided by smbd) and must return a single login name to standard output if any mapping is necessary. Without getting into too many details, the following example uses the OpenLDAP ldapsearch tool to query a directory service based on the common name ( cn ) attribute and maps the user to the login name provided by the uid attribute.
ldapsearch -x -LLL -h ldapsrv1 -b "dc=example,dc=com"
-s sub "(&(cn=$1)(objectclass=posixAccount))" |
grep uid: | cut -d: -f 2 | sed 's/^s*//'
Assuming that this script is named ldapmapuser.sh, we can instruct smbd to make use of it by adding the following line to smb.conf:
[global ]
username map script = /usr/local/bin/ldapmapuser.sh
In this way, it is possible to integrate the username map functionality with the ldapsam passdb backend.
The point at which the mapping occurs is dependent on the value of the security parameter. In the context of our current discussion around security = user , the map is queried before the user is authenticated. To illustrate the consequence, assume that we have the following entry in a username map file:
root = administrator
If a user attempts to connect to our standalone server with a login name of Administrator, the password supplied must match the one for root in Samba's configured passdb backend.
When Samba is configured as a domain member server ( security = domain or security = ads ), the map is applied after a user has been authenticated by a domain controller. The means that when a user connects as DOMAINadministrator, she must provide the actual password for that account even though the account may be eventually mapped to the local superuser account. The process becomes even more complicated with the presence of winbindd. Therefore the remainder of the discussion of username maps and member servers is saved until Chapter 10.
{mospagebreak title=Account Utilities}
Samba provides a set of tools for manipulating user accounts stored in its passdb. The Samba developers have designed these tools to work in the same manner, regardless of which passdb module is used. For this reason, our discussion can focus on the tool without worrying about where or how the information is stored.
Many administrators, particularly LDAP administrators, have a tendency to manage the user attributes (e.g., password hashes or SIDs) manually. It is possible in many instances to do this. However, it is not recommended for most installations. If you understand how to manipulate these attributes directly without breaking your server, it is probably okay. But consider this the sticker that voids your warranty if removed. If you can get away with it, congratulations. Such tactics are not covered here.
The two main user management tools are smbpasswd and pdbedit. The former is the original tool for setting user passwords in an smbpasswd file. During the Samba 3.0 development cycle, it was thought that this tool would be superseded by pdbedit. However, this has not yet happened, and pdbedit is considered by some as the example of how not to build a command-line interface. In Chapter 9, we explore how to use MS-RPC tools such as the Windows NT 4.0 User Manager for Domains and MMC plug-ins to manage users and group from Windows clients. At the moment, these two command-line utilities are what we have to work with.
The smbpasswd tool has two basic categories of functions:
- When run as root, the command can be used to manipulate Samba's local user accounts.
- Normal users can use the tool to perform password changes against remote Samba and Windows servers.
Local user management breaks down further into:
- Adding or deleting a user from Samba's list of accounts
- Setting user passwords
- Enabling or disabling user accounts
In previous chapters, you've seen examples of adding a new user by passing a login name to the -a argument. It is also possible to feed the new password to the tool on standard input using the -s option, which can be very useful for shell scripts. Here is an example that adds a user named smitty and assigns a password of "cat." The reason for the complicated syntax is to answer both prompts output by the smbpasswd command to request the password. Remember that the Unix user smitty must already exist.
root# (echo "cat"; echo "cat" ) | smbpasswd -s -a smitty
Added user smitty.
To later manually change this user's password, run the smbpasswd command again, but this time without the
-a option. In this example, we enter the new password interactively rather than using the -s option again:
root# smbpasswd smitty
New SMB password: <enter new password>
Retype new SMB password: <re-enter new password>
The password is verified by comparing both input strings. If both match, the new password is set. Otherwise you will see an error message stating, Mismatch – password unchanged.
An account can be disabled to prevent the user from logging on. Disabling a user's account sets the D flag in the account control flags. (Refer to Table 5-9 in the earlier section on the smbpasswd file format for an overview of these flags.) The following lines disable smitty's account ( -d option) and then reenable it ( -e option):
root# smbpasswd -d smitty
Disabled user smitty .
root# smbpasswd -e smitty
Enabled user smitty.
When the account is no longer necessary, we can delete this user from our passdb using the -x option and passing it the account name. This command has no effect on the user's Unix account in /etc/passwd.
root# smbpasswd -x smitty
Deleted user smitty.
Table 5-12 summarizes the command-line options available to root when running smbpasswd.
|-a name
|Add a user account.
|-c smb.conf
|Specify an alternative configuration file.
|-d name
|Disable a user account.
|-e name
|Enable a user account.
|Print the command usage.
|-n name
|Set a null password for a user.
|-x name
|Delete a user account.
If smbpasswd is a tool for day-to-day administrative tasks, pdbedit is more akin to a low-level database editor. Overall, its syntax can be cryptic at times, but it does pro vide three major functions not supported by the smbpasswd command:
- Editing of account policy settings, such as maximum password age and bad login attempts before locking an account.
- Editing the full set of supported user attributes, such as the login script, the user's SID, and roaming user profile location.
- Converting from one passdb backend to another.
The first two features are more related to Samba domain controller functionality, and so are discussed in full detail in Chapter 9. The last is covered here, because without the translation support between passdb storage formats, tasks such as converting from an smbpasswd file to tdbsam would be time-consuming and extremely error-prone.
pdbedit's option naming is a bit confusing at first. The import option ( -i ) reads in from one backend, whereas the export option ( -e ) writes to another. Each command-line switch accepts a passdb backend value as its argument. So to convert from smbpasswd to a tdbsam backend, you would run the following command as root:
root# pdbedit
Importing account for root…ok
Importing account for kong…ok
<remaining output deleted>
It is a good idea to copy your current passdb file or database to a tem porary location, rather than working on the live version.
{mospagebreak title=Synchronizing Passwords}
The complaint with Samba in regard to user accounts is that its user passwords must be maintained separately from the from the Unix or Linux system passwords. To help alleviate the pain of managing multiple passwords for each user, Samba provides a mechanism to synchronize the user's Unix password entry when a CIFS client requests that the LanMan and NT password hashes be changed. Of course, this solution does not help when the user changes the password by means other than the SMB/CIFS protocol, such as using the passwd command or writing to the passdb storage directly using pdbedit.
The only prerequisite of using this feature is for the root user to able to reset a user's password without knowing the old password. The reason for this requirement is that the client encrypts the new password with the old password hash as the key. The clear text of the old password is never sent. Password hashes are one-way, so there is no way to derive the clear text of the password from the old password hash.
It is extremely difficult to make generalities about Windows clients because there are so many different versions. In fact, Windows 9x/Me clients do send the clear text of the old password, in uppercase of course, when the the net.exe command is used to change a password. But this approach is hardly useful, because it is impossible to determine the case of the new password.
The smbd daemon currently supports three mechanisms for changing a user's Unix password:
- Communicating with an external password program
- Utilizing the PAM password change API
- Requesting that the LDAP Directory service do the work on its behalf
The simplest option of the three, the ldap password sync option (sometimes called ldap passwd sync ), instructs smbd to send a ModifyPassword extended request to the directory service, which then updates the userPassword attribute on behalf of the user. This option currently works only when Samba is using the ldapsam passdb module and when the LDAP directory service is running a recent version of OpenLDAP. To enable password synchronization, with all these prerequisites in place, add ldap password sync = yes to the [global] section of smb.conf.
If you can't make use of this optimal solution, the next option is to enable the unix password sync option and then choose which of the first two mutually exclusive password change mechanisms you wish to use. Relying on an external program is the older method. In this case, you must define a value for the passwd program parameter and then specify a passwd chat conversation string.*
The chat value is a special string generally called an "expect string" or "chat string"; it lists pairs of strings in which the first of each pair is the text that you expect the external program to output, and the second is the text that the external program expects the user to enter. With an expect string, an automated system can interact with a program that was designed for a human user. In this case, Samba is pretending to be the root user and is interacting with a password change program. The Samba expect string is case-insensitive and can contain wildcards ( * ) to eat a variable number of characters when evaluating the output from the program in the passwd program parameter. Remember that the passwd program executable is run as root, so be sure to pass the Unix user name ( %u ) as a command-line argument, or else you will be stuck just changing root's credentials.
The following example works on most recent versions of Linux from Novell or Red Hat:
encrypt passwords = yes
unix password sync = yes
passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
passwd chat = *New*password* %nn
Deriving passwd chat values is not extremely difficult. This one was developed by examining the output from running /usr/bin/passwd from a shell prompt, as shown here:
root# passwd lizard
Changing password for lizard.
New Password:
Reenter New Password:
Password changed.
Notice that the expect string collapses the first line of output to a single * character.
The pam password change Boolean parameter replaces the invocation of an external command with a series of calls to the system's PAM library. The passwd chat param eters plays the same role as before, providing a means by which smbd is able to interact with the PAM password change interface. This requires that the Samba PAM service has been correctly configured in either /etc/pam.conf or /etc/pam.d/samba. The following is a basic PAM password change stack that performs strengths checks on the new password, and finally hands it off to the pam_unix.so library to actually update the user's credentials:
password required pam_pwcheck.so nullo k
password required pam_unix2.so nullok use_first_pass use_authtok
Next, we can update the previous example to make use of the new PAM configura tion file:
encrypt passwords = yes
unix password sync = yes
pam password change = yes
passwd chat = *New*password* %nn
If desired, password strength checking can be performed using an external utility specified by the check password script parameter. This directive should point to a tool or script that accepts the new password as its single argument and returns 0 for valid passwords and a nonzero value if the strength check fails.
Table 5-13 summarizes all of the password synchronization options we have discussed in this section.
Table 5-13. Password synchronization parameters
check password script
Defines an external script that is used to verify the strength of a new password. The script must return 0 to indicate a valid password.
ldap password sync
If enabled, smbdsends a Modify Password extended operation (currently supported only by OpenLDAP servers) to request that the user's directory service password attribute be updated.
pam password change
Controls whether smbd uses PAM to change a user's Unix password.
passwd program
External program to change a user's Unix credentials.
passwd chat
An expect string that smbd uses to interact and evaluate the password change conversation.
*new*password* %nn *new*password* %nn *changed*
passwd chat debug
Samba dumps the passwd chatconversa-tion to its logfiles when this option is enabled, the DEBUG_PASSWORDmacro was enabled at compile time, and the debug level is set to 100 or greater.
passwd chat timeout
The maximum number of seconds that smbd should wait for a passwdchatto complete.
unix password sync
Defines whether Samba should attempt to synchronize a user's Unix password upon receiving a password change request from a CIFS client.
Please check back next week for the continuation of this article.


text:
Flickr / Sifu RenkaLast year, Henry Blodget posted part of an epic doomsday letter by legendary investor Jeremy Grantham arguing that, as he put it, "We're Headed for a Disaster of Biblical Proportions".
Now, nothing speaks to me like data. I'm a numbers person myself. So I appreciated the many graphs and long term data series Grantham's argument are based on.
But I've also come to the conclusion that he's wrong.
In doing the research that led to my new book, The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet, I pored over a huge wealth of data on energy, environment, and natural resources. What that data tells me is that we do indeed have very serious problems to tackle. But it also reveals that we have the resources to tackle them, if we're sufficiently clever. Indeed, if we make the right decisions, we may very well be on the verge of an explosion in global wealth, coupled by a reduction in our depletion of the planet's resources.
Here's why:
Population Growth is Ending
Grantham starts his piece by invoking Malthus and commenting on the incredible growth of global population. And it's true – population has bloomed. But that population explosion is almost over. Around the world, fertility rates are plummeting. In 1950, the average woman would have 5 children over the course of her life. Today a woman will have, on average, fewer than 2.5 children over the course of her life. 2.1 children is the magic 'replacement rate', below which population growth stops. We're on track to get there in the next few decades.
And we're not headed for a population of 10-12 billion. More likely, we'll top out at around 9.5 billion. That's still a hefty 35% growth of population from today. But, by contrast, since Malthus's time we've grown the population by about 600%. Since just the 1960s we've grown it by 100%. Most of the planet's population growth is behind us. Only a small fraction of it is ahead.
Affluence is the Driver
Grantham suggests that food supplies are what will limit population growth. But in reality, it's the other way around. Where there's poverty and hunger, there's high population growth. As countries get richer their population growth drops. Women, in particular, armed with greater education and greater opportunities, tend to start having children later in life and have fewer of them in total. Wealth, not poverty, is the brake on population growth.
Plenty of Food
Speaking of food production, it's true that food prices soared, and are still high. But we have the capability to grow much more food. This year we may see record wheat, rice, soy, and corn crops.
And most importantly, there's a huge potential for further growth in global food output ahead. The FAO estimates that by 2050 we'll need to grow 70% more food to feed the planet. But just bringing the planet up to the yield levels achieved in the US would double the amount of food the world grows, more than meeting that goal.
And of course, farm yields in the US keep rising, at a compound annual rate largely unchanged since the late 1940s. By the time we reach 2050, at this rate, US yields will be twice as high as are needed on a global basis to feed the world.
Growing Food Takes Less Energy
Grantham also mentions the immense use of fertiliser to achieve these yields. That's absolutely true. Yet we've been able to do that because we've made the process of making fertiliser so much more energy efficient. The energy required to make a ton of nitrogen fertiliser has dropped by nearly a factor of 10 since the process was invented.
The combination of lower energy cost for fertiliser and higher yield per acre means that the US actually uses less energy than at any other point in history for each calorie grown.
That's in stark contrast to the idea that we're "eating oil" or that we've been able to feed the world only because of heavy fossil fuel use. And on the horizon are ways to create fertiliser using wind power, without using any fossil fuels at all.
Even more exciting, on the horizon are biotech projects funded by the Gates Foundation and others that could boost wheat and rice yields by 50% and could create grains that can fertilize themselves from nitrogen in the air. Those technologies could boost yields dramatically, particularly in poor areas that can't afford large amounts of fertiliser.
Tons of Energy Available
What about the world's energy supplies? Energy, as the late economist Julian Simon said, is the 'master resource'. With enough energy you can solve a tremendous number of other problems. The flip side is also true. Spikes in the price of oil cause recessions.
Fortunately, energy is available in huge quantities. The total amount of energy we use every year – from coal, oil, natural gas, hydro, nuclear, and everything else – is dwarfed by the amount of solar energy
hitting the planet each year. How dwarfed? The solar input is 5,000 times greater than the amount we use from all those sources, combined.
In fact, it would take only about 0.3% of the Earth's land area to meet all of humanity's energy needs through 2030 via solar power.
That's a large chunk of land, but it's also just 1/100th the amount of land we use to grow food, and 1/60th of the available land in the planet's deserts. Doubters complain that solar power is too diffuse. Does that matter when there's so much more land available than we need?
The real problems with solar power have been the cost of collecting it and the cost of storing it. But both are plunging.
Solar panel prices are at all-time lows, less than half the cost they were two years ago, and a quarter of the price they were in the mid-2000s. Solar prices are falling at an exponential rate, in a sort of minor version of Moore's Law, the observation that the price of computing power falls by half every 18 months. Solar power's price decline isn't that steep – but it's still extremely impressive. Over the last few decades the cost of solar power has been halved every 10 years. And lately it's happening far faster – every two to three years.
The remarkable thing about this decline in this cost of solar power is that it's been going on since the invention of solar cells in the 1950s – roughly 60 years now. If solar keeps dropping in price (even at its slower, long term pace) for another 10 years, we'll have solar power as cheap as fossil fuels – but with available energy thousands of times greater. If the trend continues for another 20 years, or even 30 years, we'll have solar power a half or a quarter the price of current fossil fuels – a resource that would boost economic growth worldwide. That's a big if, but it does look as if we'll at least achieve parity with fossil fuel prices in the next decade.
The cost of storage also needs to come down, but we've done it before, with lithium-ion batteries, where prices dropped by a factor of 10 between 1991 and 2005. In those same 15 years, the amount of energy that a given weight of battery could store roughly tripled.
Raw Materials
Grantham devotes the largest chunk of graphs to looking at the prices of commodities. He finds that commodity price spikes since the beginning of 2008 have lifted the cost of the GMO Commodities Price Index to all-time highs, erasing all the price declines that have happened over the last century.
Everyone agrees that prices have spiked since 2008. Grantham is right in diagnosing the cause of the spike – it's being driven entirely by a rapid surge in demand as China and the rest of the developing world surge in wealth. The rise in commodity prices has almost exactly tracked the rise in demand.
But what's interesting here – and counter to the idea that we're running out of resources – is that global supply has surged as well. High prices have led (with some lag) to new investment.
USGSFigure 9 – The supply of metals and other commodities on the market is rising, not dropping. High demand and high prices have triggered a rapid surge in production, at a rate not seen in the last 60 years.
Indeed, the surge in metals production is faster than any we've seen since 1950. Demand is making itself known through higher prices, and that, in turn, is driving up supply. There's no signal in these umb ers that resources are anywhere near exhausted. And eventually, as new supply in development comes online and demand growth slows, supply will catch up, and prices will drop once more.
Not So Expensive
There's one more problem with Grantham's argument. Grantham argues that the commodities price spike in 2008 wiped out a century of price declines. But other long-running data sets don't agree with that at all. By most estimates, even after the commodity price spike, commodities today are still incredibly cheap compared to their historical levels
Consider the Dow Jones-AIG Commodity Index, which shows that the price spike in 2008 actually brought prices only back to their levels in the early 1980s, and that overall, prices are still in long term decline.
Or consider the very long term price trend of The Economist's industrial commodity index, continually maintained since 1871. The price series shows that the price spike of 2008 only took us back to prices seen 20 or 30 years ago. That's roughly what the Dow Jones-AIG commodity index says as well. The long term price trend, according to both sets of data, is towards cheaper and cheaper prices. And the 2008 price spike doesn't even look that remarkable in the grand scheme of things. It's certainly quite a bit smaller than the price spike of the 1970s, which the world recovered from.
The EconomistFigure 11 – The Economist magazine's long term price series also shows a long-term drop in prices, with a relatively mild spike in 2008 through now. Source: The Economist Special Report: World Economy
This is hardly the stuff that disasters of biblical proportions are made of.
Real Problems, Real Solutions
None of this is to say that we don't have problems. We do. The rise in the price of oil, food, and other commodities has had a tremendous negative impact on people around the world. We need to invest in research and development to boost crop yields, to speed the price decline and deployment of renewable energy, and more. Other problems that the market doesn't even factor into its numbers also loom: Climate change, dwindling fresh water supplies, ocean overfishing, and deforestation, just to make a few. Those are very serious challenges. We shouldn't trivialize them. We shouldn't stand by and watch them happen without responding. But neither should we given in to fatalism. We've solved such problems in the past.
We've solved them, in every case, by innovating – by coming up with new solutions that grew the global pie of resources. In fact, we've done it again and again and again, from the dawn of humanity until today. And those times that societies have failed and collapsed, you can draw a connection directly to their failure to innovate.
I talk in greater length about all of these resource and environmental problems that we face, the things we did to overcome similar challenges in the past, and the course of action we need to embark on now to supercharge innovation in my new book: The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet.
In the end, our minds and their ability to create new ideas are the ultimate source of all human wealth. That's a resource nearly without limit.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A nice place to visit when in Copenhagen is Studio Oliver Gustav. Here you can find unique objects and furniture and the lovely scented candles from Mad et Len. Special thanks to photographer Mikkel Heriba for letting me use his lovely pictures.
Wednesday, 17 February 2016
Studio Oliver Gustav by Mikkel Heriba
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Etiketter: shop design, Shopping
Thursday, 11 February 2016
Beautiful and stylish Frida Gustavsson. Photo via Lollipuff.
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Etiketter: Fashion
Tuesday, 9 February 2016
Tuesday inspo
Tuesday inspiration from Atrium and East London House. Architect: Mikhail Riches
Photography: Tim Crocker.
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Tuesday, 2 February 2016
Ilse Crawford inspiration
I guess most of you are inspired of Ilse Crawfords work. Whatever she and her team lays their hands on it looks great. Here are some pictures borrowed from the Studio Ilse website. Photo via studioilse.com
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text:
No Pictures Please Sweater
By Sheek Shat
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Want in on all the "Sheek" Gossip ? Be sure to sign up for an account to recieve exclusive "SHEEK ALERTS" ! (You can Thank us later) xoxo


text:
Cowl Scarf: An Experiment
Added Nov 7, 2011
by froggypondd
Hamilton, New Ze...
I woke up at 7am this morning and was at a complete loss as to what to do with the day. So I scrounged around in my cupboard of material and found some left overs from a school production about four years ago. I had made a list of things I want to make before I start work next week and I figured that these would be fairly simple to make without a pattern. I then found my mum's bag of polar fleece and spent a couple of hours working out how I could make these unloved bits of fabric into something wearable.
I'm pretty proud of how it turned out. It is super warm!
Material Notes
Scraps, scraps and more scraps. The inside (the polar fleece) is striped because I had to sew several pieces together to make one big enough for the inside.
4 Comments Sign in to add a post
Nov 11, 2011, 04.45 AMby domestic-divaonline
Be proud, Froggypondd. This looks wonderful.
Nov 10, 2011, 08.23 PMby pampula
your scarf is lovely, I love how it looks when you pull it on your head! And you look so adorable in the photos:)
Nov 9, 2011, 12.41 AMby bjr99
Great idea. What about posting the instructions?
1 Reply
Nov 9, 2011, 02.12 AMby froggypondd
I've posted some instructions for other projects but no one seems to use them. I think if I get enough people asking for how I did, I will :)
Nov 8, 2011, 02.35 AMby runningwithscissors1
Cool idea! I think I may need to steal this one… hee hee
Add to Favorites 5 people added it


text:
VELUX blinds enhance your decor, improve energy efficiency and provide ultimate light control with the touch of a button. Room darkening blinds utilize a double-pleated honeycomb structure with an interior aluminum coating to block even the brightest sunlight. Adjust the blind to the desired position to reduce incoming light or block it, making it ideal for bedrooms or TV or entertainment rooms.
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Rapid Engineering LLC specializes in Building Air Management and Industrial Process and Finishing Equipment. Rapid Engineering LLC is an innovative leader in providing high-efficiency air management systems. HVAC Equipment includes direct-fired, indirect-fired and air turnover. Industrial Process and Finishing Equipment consists
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text:
What Do We Know About Xi Jinping?
With a leadership change in China imminent, what do we really know about the man who is widely expected to take over the ruling Communist Party? The WSJ's Jeremy Page tells us what differences to expect and what Xi Jinping needs to do to steer China through the next decade.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... what I mean really nail that she Jinping while to get us more insight into China's next leader in joining me now reporter Jeremy Page from Bejing ... okay ... and Jeremy were really know about China's next leader at how different is he to the current leader Hu Jintao ... of course is the isthe big question surrounding Swedish return over what exactly is Mr Sheehan or ... do differently ... on the northern parts of their lives that are remarkably different than the typical be the most interesting thing is to ... the track record of dealing with business from the Jintao when he took on two thousand and two ... of note caught a lot of experience in front of the most in the fungal spores to China ... in provinces that we didn't have much foreign investment ... she's in pain ten years younger began his career in the early nineteen eighties often market oriented reforms what ... it down ... and spent most of that time in ... the eastern provinces of China ... that that that that the real hotbeds of private enterprise and has ... a lot of experience dealing with private business foreigner best to discuss some good friendships with summer ... comes of other prominent said Chinese and foreign business people ... ok and only now that is personality any Nissan Nissan play a friendly ... and and what appeared to be a plain hoping she didn't came and so how is it houses personality different than his ... she suddenly seems a lot more confidence the people who know him well except that some ... we've seen it in public as well ... but that appearance is ... here in China where he comes across as there is ... so confident artists such ... as Isa especially in the trips the United States where he really succeeded and charming as hosts ... I he went ... back to see the family to the statement ... on a visit to the US in ... eighteen eighty by that went down very well with us or him some to ... eyesore and public a few times now comes ... into the study comes across very well he's getting one of the crowd has said ... in a deep voice he's he's he's a bit to learn and longer and I was present stickles over and ... Jeremy she's father was a revolutionary hear analysts and later became a senior member of the Communist Party ... I need that been flying actually hurt him or how can in today's world ... but the bits of cuts ... both ways home or if you look of his childhood ... the sun was very damaging only on ... his father was a famous ... senior figure in the potty when Quinn was encouraged in the nineteen sixties and spent sixteen years and a hostile acts ... and then ... some weeding in the nineteen eighties ... it was more to help him into somewhat his father was back in senior positions in the party hopes of note to his career ... that that there is you know within the party disarmament of resentment at the same people into the perceived to that's ... not helping hand over the course of the careers and maybe ... you'll get a leg up along the way ... aam ... it does the dependence of network of contacts among sell the princelings ... the aussie Hermitage in some millet re positions ... and that could be useful to him is the isthe top leader because he can call of those people ... to support and ... it does put in when there is some controversial decisions to be married ... again the can is honestly a major issue the Communist Party is a saying ... on the Jintao at the opening of the party Congress even saying that crafting could be the death of the Communist Party ... any indication as to how our ... she plans to tackle police at a fraction ... known as yet no he hasn't made a speech at this Congress ... and term is not expected to surge ... it will probably have to wait awhile before we actually gets in ... terms of sensitive ... policy pronouncements from him ... but in a Jintao's message in his final speeches but each imports very impacting the reflects the view of the whole said ... Xi Jinping whatever it's a whirlwind cropping out as well ... so it ... did appear the problem is that none of these people really saying ... how old they want to tackle this problem ... is a lot of Russert about the needs ... and to tackle it is a lot of rhetoric about the sweat that it is the isthe because destroyed upon seeing the could destroy the States ... the Wall When Lockyer the moment is the new secrecy t tell about what exactly happened that day ... Itanium Mints and as you described his visit to the US is recent visit to the US ... how is expected to be yet on the Street Sino US ties is the expected to be a more friendly leader back to the US ... I wouldn't expect him to be more friendly area given the euro once becomesthe the Europe China ... areas of Ms main responsibility is to Congress to act as the nation's leader ... citizens of PostNL connection to the country ... shouldn't come into play in helping setbacks ... here he does have ... a possible connection to its been going back to ... the mid ninety NetEase his torturers an undergraduate at Harvard C has a much better understanding of the United States ... Vlad U S government were because people are coming from ... parts of the way to see China ... so that could be helpful ... but when it comes to Intoll discussions in the Chinese leadership on how to deal with the US but also when it comes but awful discussions between them own norms of difficult issues ... the better ... and doubtless come face to the extent that ... the cayenne can eat windy and believe that the Communist Party thought that she Jinping was the right cake to be the next leader of China ... it's a very interesting question because she Jinping was only releasing go back in two thousand and seven ... as a potential success of the region town or was he make competing there until two thousand and ten ... under by contrast it didn't I was ... I can fix ... a long time much longer will in a decade before he gets to two hours of current acts but don't stop paying as the ... leader of the of the so-called fourth generation of the turns that is ... what happened in two thousandseven when she Jinping was committed to the standing Committee lowered ... the concern has begun reports acting to become the Crimea ... and so ... according to many people than the party was STD Kutcher who was pitching towners ... Fuss choice to succeed him ... but she Jinping was more poker ... who among some policy leaders and in particular ... the support of terrorism and we were tired Sarah has been achieved ... okay thanks Fran that's Jeremy Page Joe inning as from ... AJ ... I describing what the next leader and time and she Jinping


text:
I'm slightly obsessed by the weather so I'm going to use Wednesdays to keep track of our back garden and the changing seasons.
I'm sure at some point I'll tie this into Genealogy but for now it's because I've got a bit of a wordblock and can't think of what to write about!!
I wonder if any of my ancestors were interested in the weather?


text:
.....With every falling petal,
The plum branches
.....Grow older.
With every falling petal: Buson (1716-1784), translated by Reginald Horace Blyth, in Haiku, vol. II: Spring, 1950
When all the blossoms are out, the plum-tree has a youthful aspect that hides its age, but as each petal falls, more of the black branch becomes visible, and the years are seen in the branches of the tree. At each moment, as each petal falls for ever to the ground, a vast and irrevocable amount of time passes. Each moment is felt as an age. (Blyth commentary)
Plum: textured photo by Marie Wintzer, 21 February 2010


text:
Chris Burden's 'Ghost Ship' Dangles Off New Museum
The New Museum in New York is featuring the outrageous work of artist Chris Burden, including his computer-driven "Ghost Ship" which once self-sailed off the coast of Scotland, and now is hanging on the side of the museum. (Photo: Dean Kaufman)
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... to the increased burden show at the new museum just look for the boat ... the California artist is known for making outrageous statements ... and his New York retrospective is no different ... big ocean ... to turn sailboat installation ... recently when Apple outside uneasy and ... dangling off the building's facade and looming over ... on the sidewalk ... the thirty foot wooden boat designed to sail without any crew ... the four hundred mile voyage up the coast of Scotland in two thousand five ... it used errors a spooky vessel crashing through the weights without a single soul ... for ... that that was equipped with computers in controlled remotely ... it's not the only burden work that walks the line between art and engineering ... the show features a heavy iron five wield it whips around in circles powered by a motorcycle ... and a yellow Porsche dangling from a teeter totter offices in the year ... for who rose to fame in the nineteen seventies with his performances ... he once had a studio assistants in in in the arm with a rifle and found ... and a few years later he nails askance at the roof of the DW ... age sixty he's not performing anymore ... the seats he lets objects like that though she ... do that job for ... I ...


text:
So if you're like us and you spend your weekends doing everything you can to avoid the computer, you might not know about this yet. So we feel like maybe you should sit down. Take a deep breath. You might not be ready.
So remember how Hall of Fame commenter Jimbo went by the courthouse for masturbating lonely mustached man Mike Cooper's sentencing? He did good work, but the real finale of this sordid tale was yet to come. Because, as MJD told you Saturday, Carl Monday was indeed there, and he caused one last ruckus. And oh boy, it was a ruckus.
If you haven't seen it yet, the video is right here, and it honestly rivals the first video in pure lunacy. We really can't describe it: You just have to see it. It's not on YouTube yet — can anybody make that happen? — but heavens, you can't really prepare yourself.
(By the way, there's a movement afoot among Deadspin commenters — codenamed "Operation Monday Night Moustache" — to somehow make Carl Monday pay for what is now just cruel warfare. We can't officially endorse such an endeavor ... but we do encourage everyone to look into it.)


text:
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text:
Wicked Pictures contract superstar and Penthouse Pet Stormy Daniels redefined the very term "superstar" thanks to Operation Desert Stormy, one of the most ambitious projects of her career as a writer, director, and performer. The movie's blend of eroticism, humor, and explosive action led the critics at Adult DVD Empire to call it "the greatest porn movie ever made." Predator 2: The Return, which Stormy wrote, directed, and starred in was rewarded with a Best All Girl Release nomination.
As befits someone with such a high mainstream media profile, Stormy won the Jenna Jameson Crossover Star Of The Year award in 2008. Other high profile performing accolades have included AEBN's Performer Of The Year for 2007, AFW's Actress Of The Year 2008, and NightMoves Best Actress awards for 2004 and 2006. Stormy's work in Space Nuts was featured in HBO's popular "Pornucopia," and led to her getting roles in the Hollywood blockbuster comedies The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Knocked Up. Her high-profile private life made her a household name in early 2018.
While any look at Stormy's career is bound to emphasize stardom and glamour, she has many other facets. An inventive writer, she was only with Wicked for four months when she wrote her first screenplay, Kink. Her contract was soon expanded to include writing. She directed her first film, One Night In Vegas in 2004, and true recognition of her diverse talents came at the 2006 AVN Awards, where she won both Best Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress for The Camp Cuddly Pines Power Tool Massacre. Joining her many other trophies in 2014 was a coveted induction into the AVN Hall of Fame, one of the adult industry's highest honors.
Eager to share her story with the world, Stormy wrote of her successful transition from actress to director in Carly Milne's Naked Ambition. She has walked the red carpet at the Grammys, graced the pages of Playboy Mexico and Penthouse, performed live comedy with SNL veteran Tim Meadows, appeared in the video for Maroon 5's "Wake Up Call," played a recurring role on Dirt with Courteney Cox, appeared on Nightline and Mind Of Mencia, and joined Wicked's Joy King on AMC's Sunday Morning Shootout. Stormy also lobbied with King in Washington DC on behalf of the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection and has been a guest blogger for the Independent Film Channel (www.ifc.com). She's received magazine coverage in everything from TIME to US Weekly to GQ.


text:
7:00 pm
Doc Martin: The Movie When successful but unhappy Doctor Martin Bamford discovers his wife, Petronella, has been sleeping with three of his friends, his world is ripped apart. Bamford flees London and heads for the small fishing village of Port Isaac, on the north coast of Cornwall where he seeks to work out the big questions in his life.G
8:30 pm
This American Land "Florida Panthers, Smoky Mountains, Rock Creek Wilderness" Conservationists race against time to save Florida panthers from extinction. Locals debate whether the Rock Creek area of the Bighorn Mountains deserves federal protection as wilderness.G
9:00 pm
Midsomer Murders "Painted In Blood, Part 1" Joyce Barnaby is in Midsomer Florey with a group of amateur painters when she finds the body of one of the members of the group. The dead woman however is not who she seems. But as the puzzle starts to get interesting, Barnaby is taken off the case because of Joyce's involvement. Part 1 of 2G
9:48 pm
New Chilling Tales "Beware of What You Wish For" A spine-chilling tale of magic and retribution based on the short story "The Monkeys Paw" by JJ Jacobs.G
10:10 pm
Death In Paradise Richard sees the dark side of show business when a comeback concert ends in the most public of murders. Now as if sun, sea, and sand were not bad enough, he now has to conquer his fear of snakes to find the elusive killer.G
11:03 pm
Charlie Rose NULL


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Family History News and Views from Lisa Louise Cooke, host of The Genealogy Gems Podcast at www.GenealogyGems.com
Wednesday, August 31, 2011
R.I.P. Google News Timeline
"As part of the phasing out of Google Labs, we have shut down Google News Timeline. It was a pleasure to serve you!"
Google News Timeline is not to be confused with Google News Archive. Google did also recently announce that they were discontinuing newspaper digitization efforts, but that the Google News Archive would remain in tact as is. Those digitized newspapers were also fed through the Google News Timeline which I considered a superior way to view the newspapers.
Since the Timeline had not been officially launched, it was kept where beta-baby tools were kept: in Google Labs. I say "were kept" because Google Labs is also now defunct.
So here's a recap:
Google News Archive - Still available, no new newspapers being added
Google New Timeline - No longer available.
Google Labs - Finis. Poof!
Google Giveth...and Google Taketh Away
Posted by Lisa Louise Cooke at 3:39 PM
2 comments:
I'm devastated. I just now (2-28-13) discovered your genealogy gems website and watched the video for the google news timeline only to find that it has died before I had a chance to discover it. Well, such is life. Back to the drawing board.
- February 28, 2013 at 5:09 AM
- Sally Mack said...
Google is having a hard time holding onto really good things they create. Perhaps if they spent a little time and effort on showing off their products instead of making the end user find the secret path to them, they would have a loyal group of google users. I miss the good old google days already. This does not bode well for Google.
- April 11, 2013 at 6:12 AM
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This is a lesson about using gravity to assist in spacecraft navigation. Learners will relate an elastic collision to the change in a satellite's or spacecraft's speed and direction resulting from a planetary fly-by, often called a "gravity assist"... (View More) maneuver. Both hands-on and online interactive methods are used to explore these topics. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
Learners will study the essential components and variables of an ion propulsion system. Activities include an on-line ion propulsion engine simulation and design. Included are changes in energy and fuel consumption as a result of variable changes... (View More) (dependent/independent variable relationships). This is activity 5 of 5 in Structure and Properties of Matter: Ion Propulsion. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free


text:
Newsweek, the venerable U.S. weekly magazine covering current events, will publish its final print edition on Dec. 31 and move to an all-digital format early next year, its parent company said on Thursday.
The all-digital publication will be called Newsweek Global and will be a single, worldwide edition, according to a post on the Daily Beast web site. It will be subscription-based and available on e-readers for both tablet and the Internet, with some content available on the Daily Beast web site, Tina Brown, editor in chief of Newsweek Daily Beast Co, and Baba Shetty, chief executive, said in their post.
Continue Reading Below


text: I implemented this fix on ISPConfig 2, http://www.howtoforge.com/forums/showthread.php?t=43749 Anyone have ideas of the best way to do this for ISPConfig 3? Currently, all my user's WebDAV accounts attempt to execute the php file rather then download it. Changing the file extension takes care of this, but forcing users to zip file prior to using webdav is painful. Also, once a PHP file is uploaded, it's impossible to recover/download it unless the admin goes in via SSH to recover it manually. :-(


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Home > Co-Curricular Activities (CCA) > Physical Sports > OutDoor Activities Club (ODAC)
OutDoor Activities Club (ODAC)
The Outdoor Activities Club (ODAC) was set up to bring out every student's potential, developing character, mental resilience and meet to life's demands with tenacity. Every child will be given the opportunity to excel beyond his or her limits, and to feel a sense of satisfaction through outdoor activities. ODAC members will also learn to persevere through the challenging activities presented to them, as well as learn that results can only be achieved over time through sheer hard work and determination. Finally, ODAC members will apply these soft-skills learnt via ODAC activities to the realms of academia.
- To inculcate knowledge of safe practices for partaking in fitness or sports activities effectively.
- To provide opportunities to practice proper techniques and skills for developing fitness effectively.
- To provide avenues to develop skills to be a team player and team leader.
- To participate progressively in more challenging activities and competitions.
- To foster a love for the environment and outdoor activities.
- To develop a love for sport and fitness for the pursuit of good health and its maintenance.
- To contribute to sustaining the environment and promote the importance of well-being to others.
Mr Sreenivasan (Coordinator)
Mr Jeffrey Ong
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Monday & Thursday
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Various locations within & outside school
- National Inter-Schools Cross Country Championships
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text:
What the Tabloids Taught Us While Waiting In Line This Week
We had some time to read the tabs while we were waiting in line to buy champagne and confetti this week and here's what we learned from National Enquirer, Us Weekly, In Touch, Globe and Life & Style.
Even in a new year, avoiding the express line has its privileges.
National Enquirer
- Hillary Clinton is involved in a brain cancer drama. As opposed to a brain cancer comedy. Those are almost never funny.
- There's shocking evidence proving Whitney Houston was murdered. Someone found a glove that didn't fit O.J. Simpson at the scene.
- Katie Holmes raged at Tom Cruise, yelling, "You make me sick!" He didn't make matters better when he offered to call Dr. Xenu for a prescription.
- The Connecticut school shooting nutjob was obsessed with Taylor Swift. Proving you really would have to be crazy to be obsessed with Taylor Swift.
Us Weekly
- Something tore Bethenny Frankel and Jason Hoppy apart. Most likely the need to keep up with the Kardashians in the tabloid cover race.
- The best celebrity events of 2012 are revealed. Technically, they're the same events from 2011, just with different names in the headlines.
- In her side of the story, Emily Maynard says she was fooled by Jef Holm's lies. People on reality shows lie? UNPOSSIBLE.
- Kevin Federline's brother says he's the father of Britney Spears' son Sean Preston. The tale was later found to be a hoax, but why let the truth get in the way of a great story?
In Touch
- A secret girlfriend has wild nights with Tom Cruise. During which she always wears a beard.
- Jennifer Lopez' dancer boyfriend is set to propose. Seems awfully quick. He hasn't even had the chance to make a really bad movie with her yet.
- Khloe Kardashian-Odom has been trapped by Lamar Odom. Sources close to the couple say he's got her by the Spanx.
- Ice and Coco's marriage is in trouble. That can't be. They're under contract for another season.
- A dying queen made William king. Inside sources say the gay community has some strange rituals.
- Louis Armstrong has a secret daughter, revealed 41 years after his death. Apparently, at least once, it was a wonderful world for Armstrong indeed.
- Find out where 22 former hunks and honeys are now. Because even washed-up celebs deserve to be stalked.
Life & Style
- Kourtney Kardashian has revealed how she got her body back. Kris Jenner was holding it hostage until Kourtney signed on for another year of reality shows.
- Bethenny Frankel made a sacrifice for her daughter. Grass skirts and chicken bones were involved. It's really best you don't know more.
- John Mayer is texting Emily Maynard. A source close to the singer says he can smell a female on the rebound from 2000 miles away.
- Prince William and Kate Middleton have been having a baby battle with the Queen. Royal experts agree that while it is traditional, using small children as pawns in family politics is not the healthiest way to handle issues.


text: Loyalty Stateroom Category Upgrade program provides guest the ability to upgrade from Club Interior (categories 09, 10, 11, 12) to Club Oceanview, Club Oceanview (categories 04, 05, 06, 07, 08) to Club Veranda, or Club Veranda (categories (VX, V1, V2, V3) to Club Continent Suite (categories N1 or N2) accommodations, based on availability, for $398 USD per stateroom. Loyalty Stateroom Category Upgrade is not applicable on Club World Owner's Suites and Club Ocean Suites (categories CW, CO). Equivalent amount in other currency is available. Program is available for bookings booked under full fare or general marketplace promotions only. Program is not valid for bookings made in guarantee categories (W, X, Y, Z), for bookings created within 120 days to departure, or bookings that change stateroom categories within 120 days to departure. Only one category upgrade of any kind permitted to reservation. To participate in the program guests or Travel Partners must go to AzamaraClubCruises.com/LCVupgrade and submit an Upgrade Request form. Azamara Club Cruises is not liable for any incorrect contact information included on the form and submitted by themselves or their Travel Partner. Once a guest or Travel Partner is notified by Azamara Club Cruises that they are eligible for the upgrade, it is up to the guest or Travel Partner to provide payment. When a guest or Travel Partner contacts the Call Center, an Azamara Club Cruises agent will validate that the guest is on the waitlist and is eligible for the upgrade before collecting payment and processing the upgrade. If a guest is on back-to-back voyages, and an upgrade becomes available while they are onboard, the Cruise Sales Manager, Guest Relations, or Concierge will contact the guest for payment. Once a guest is notified that an upgrade is available, the upgrade is still subject to availability until member or Travel Partner provides payment to Azamara. Single bookings will be required to pay for two guests ($398) in order to receive the upgrade. If an upgrade becomes available, members or Travel Partners will be contacted 2-4 weeks prior to departure. Requests will be prioritized based on loyalty level (guest with highest status in a stateroom will be used for these purposes) and then based on time of request. Terms may vary by country.


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noun (used with a plural verb)
Origin of breeches
pl n
c.1200, a double plural, from Old English brec "breeches," which already was plural of broc "garment for the legs and trunk," from Proto-Germanic *brokiz (cf. Old Norse brok, Dutch broek, Danish brog, Old High German bruoh, German Bruch, obsolete since 18c. except in Swiss dialect), perhaps from PIE root *bhreg- (see break (v.)). The Proto-Germanic word is a parallel form to Celtic *bracca, source (via Gaulish) of Latin braca (cf. French braies), and some propose that the Germanic word group is borrowed from Gallo-Latin, others that the Celtic was from Germanic.
Expanded sense of "part of the body covered by breeches, posterior" led to senses in childbirthing (1670s) and gunnery ("the part of a firearm behind the bore," 1570s). As the popular word for "trousers" in English, displaced in U.S. c.1840 by pants. The Breeches Bible (Geneva Bible of 1560) so called on account of rendition of Gen. iii:7 (already in Wyclif) "They sewed figge leaues together, and made themselues breeches."


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Product Overview
Lightweight, tough, weatherproof, washable and perfectly molded to the shape of your handgun. Suitable for outdoor and concealment applications, this nylon holster rides at a 10-13 degree forward angle for a fast, instinctive draw. The roll top thumb break strap offers handgun retention, while AccuMold construction keeps the holster top open at all times for easier draw and re-holstering than conventional nylon holsters. Belt slides through the 1-3/4" injection molded belt loop. A perfect match for Bianchi's 7202 Belt.


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Tuesday, June 5, 2012
My Mother's Birthday
This is a high school graduation photo of my mother, Audrey Meinzen Doyle. She graduated from Mineral Ridge High School in May or June, 1933.
The photograph was taken by P. T. Alfonsi, Photographist, of Niles, Ohio. Many of the photographs he took for my mother's family were printed on smooth paper but this one has a pebbly texture. It did not scan as well as the smooth ones.
Mom would have turned 97 today: she was born on June 5, 1915.
Happy Birthday, Mom! I hope it's fabulous.
6 comments:
She was so pretty, Nancy!ReplyDelete
Lovely lady, and so well-groomed!ReplyDelete
What a superb photo! They don't have that kind of quality any more.ReplyDelete
Please also accept my gratitude for your periodic checking on me. I really appreciate that.
Dee at Shakin' the Family Tree
Thank you, Shelley, Wibbo, and Dee.ReplyDelete
I hadn't consciously thought about the well-groomed aspect of the photo. When I did think about it, it occurred to me that they didn't have running water and my mind wandered to how she managed to look so well-groomed. It must have taken much more effort in those days than these days.
Dee, you're welcome for the checking on you. I hope you're feeling much better after your accident and are mostly healed. Take care.ReplyDelete
- AnonymousJune 9, 2012 at 6:34 AM
Oh yes, a beautiful and well groomed young lady. Gorgeous dress! Happy Birthday Audrey.ReplyDelete
Cheers... Catherine
I appreciate your comments and look forward to reading what you have to say. Thanks for stopping by.


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House Cuts EPA Funding, Ethanol Official Questions Cause of Food Price Increases
- A House Subcommittee approved legislation last week to cut EPA's funding by nine percent while stopping the agency from finishing carbon pollution regulations for power plants.
Subcommittee Chair Ken Calvert of California says there is a great deal of concern over the number of regulatory actions being pursued by EPA in the absence of legislation and without clear congressional direction. That is why the bill includes a number of provisions to address these concerns and stop unnecessary damaging regulatory overreach by EPA.
- Time and again Growth Energy CEO Tom Buis says big oil, big food and special interests have attacked the ethanol industry blaming it for increasing food prices.
Buis says, looking at the facts, nothing could be further from the truth.
There has been a recent surge in ethanol production while Buis says corn prices have been falling now trading at $3.99, half the cost of what it traded for two-years ago. However he says food prices continue to rise because the cost of oil continues to climb according to a recent World Bank Study.


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Chris Brown Wanted In Ghana After Smoking A Fake Blunt Live On Stage During Performance!?
Update. It's not a blunt or marijuana. Something Chris does every show
"Minister of State and Member of Parliament for Wa Central Rashid Pelpuo has condemned American R&B star Chris Brown for allegedly smoking in public. He said the act was appalling and unacceptable and Brown must be cautioned or arrested for it. His comments come shortly after the "With you" hit singer allegedly smoked on stage, substances said to be 'wee' during the Hope City Concert financed by rlg. The act has been condemned by civil society organisations and some music fans. Rashid Pelpuo who was speaking on MultiTV said the act offends the country's laws and Brown must be brought to book. "This is appalling. It is unacceptable. In Ghana we have laws and one of the laws is to ban drugs be it marijuana, ganja, weed or whatever it is being called. "- Ghanaweb
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PUYALLUP, Wash. – Freshman John Shaffer ran 32 yards for the winning touchdown with 7:03 remaining and Colin Forman snatched a game-sealing interception with under two minutes to play, lifting third-ranked Linfield to a come-from-behind 31-24 victory over Northwest Conference rival Pacific Lutheran Saturday at jam-packed Sparks Stadium.
Linfield (4-0, 1-0 NWC) twice overcame two-touchdown deficits in the first half and outscored PLU 10-3 in the second half, taking its first critical step toward a fourth-straight NWC titles.
Pacific Lutheran (1-2, 0-1 NWC), once considered Linfield's fiercest Northwest rival, lost to the Wildcats for the 11th consecutive time but had their best shot in recent seasons at knocking off the perennial champions.
Shaffer, a redshirt freshman from Aloha, Ore., wove his way through the PLU defense for 83 yards while backfield mate Stephen Nasca picked up 67 more. The two tailbacks collectively filled the void created by the loss all-star Josh Hill, sidelined for the remainder of the season with an injury. Hill had been the Wildcats' workhorse back, running for at least 100 yards in each of the team's first three games.
The Linfield defense, playing without injured all-star Tyler Steele, weathered an early storm to finish with a season-high seven sacks, including two from end Michael MacClanathan. Counting lost yards for sacks, the 'Cats held the Lutes to 19 net yards rushing. Forman totaled a team-high six tackles and his interception of a Dalton Ritchey pass at midfield touched off a wild celebration on the Wildcats sideline.
Taking full advantage of its opportunities, PLU twice opened up 14-point leads in the first half only to watch Linfield rally for a 21-all tie by intermission. PLU stuck quickly to open the contest, needing just four plays to reach the end zone, as Kellen Westering took a Ritchey pass, slipped a tackle on the sideline then raced 71 yards for a touchdown with the game less than three minutes old.
Linfield looked shaky at best on its opening drive, as quarterback Mickey Inns was nearly intercepted on first down and then picked off by Greg Hibbard on third down, who returned the ball 28 yards to the Linfield 17-yard line. Dalton hooked up with Kyle Warner four plays later for a 6-yard scoring strike and the Lutes led 14-0 following Nick Kaylor's extra point.
Linfield's next drive produced just 11 yards but a 50-yard punt by Josh Repp pinned the Lutes at their own 14. A bad exchange caused Ritchey to fumble and end KeAlii Poomaihealani recovered at the PLU 6. Inns then guided the Wildcats into the end zone, passing 3 yards to tight end Westly Meng with 4:01 left in the opening quarter.
PLU pushed its lead back to 14 points, scoring on a 32-yard catch-and-run by Westering. Linfield answered back, marching 67 yards in 12 plays to paydirt. Inns spotted Zach Young at the PLU 5, and Young took the ball the rest of the way to close the gap to 21-14.
Inns threw for his third touchdown of the half three minutes later, hitting Aaron Hire at the goal line to knot the game at 21.
The Lutes went three-and-out on their next drive and the Wildcats took over at their own 42. Linfield appeared to take the lead when Josh Kay split the uprights from 42 yards out, but Linfield was whistled for an illegal kicking penalty. Kay's subsequent attempt from 47 yards was wide right and the game remained deadlocked.
Linfield took its first lead of the game on the opening drive of the third quarter, highlighted by a 22-yard bomb to Lucas Jepson down the right sideline. Inns moved the 'Cats to the PLU 28 where Kay hit a 45-yard field goal.
PLU matched Linfield's points early in the fourth quarter as Kaylor booted a 37-yarder to knot the score at 24. The Wildcats responded with two key rushes by Nasca that moved the ball into PLU territory, setting up Shaffer's winding 32-yard run that took most of the air out of the Lutes' sails.
Needing a touchdown to tie, PLU continued to apply pressure to the Linfield defense, moving to the Linfield 49 but the Lutes failed to convert a 4th-and-1 play with just over four minutes to go. Halfback Niko Madison was stuffed at the line for a 1-yard loss by Forman.
Inns finished 17-of-31 for 208 yards and three touchdowns, but the senior pivot was sacked three times and threw two interceptions.
Nine different Wildcats caught passes in the game, including four from David Sigler and three by Poppen.
Dalton passed for 296 yards in a losing cause, completing 18-of-33. Westering, son of PLU coach Scott Westering, caught five passes for 146 yards and two touchdowns.
Lutes linebacker Jordan Patterson piled up a game-high 11 tackles. Ben Kaestner had eight stops, including a sack.
'CAT SCRATCH: Saturday's estimated attendance was 3,500. . . Nasca, a senior from nearby Sammamish, made his first career start in place of Hill. . . the Wildcats extended their NWC winning streak to 21 games while spoiling the Lutes' Homecoming . . . Inns was 2-for-8 passing in the first quarter, including two interceptions. . . PLU won the turnover battle, 3-2, and had five fewer penalties. . . the Wildcats outgained the Lutes 341-315. . . with its 11th straight series win over PLU, Linfield leads the all-time ledger with 37 wins, 21 losses, and four ties.
AHEAD: Linfield enjoys its second open date on the schedule this coming Saturday before returning to action Oct. 13 at home against Whitworth. Kickoff for the annual Homecoming game is 1 p.m.


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Smugglers and bounty hunters cozy up for great adventures at the Edge of the Empire!
Ascendant campaigns can view previous versions of their pages, see what has changed (and who did it), and even restore old versions. It's like having a rewind button for your campaign.
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Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation will host a free electronics recycling collection in Jamestown on Saturday, June 3, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Melrose school parking lot, located at 76 Melrose Ave.
Household computer equipment including monitors, CPUs, printers, scanners, keyboards, mouse devices, and laptops will be accepted. Cell phones are also accepted at this collection for recycling. Televisions may be disposed of for a $5 fee.
"We're coming to Jamestown to make it more convenient for island residents to recycle their household computers," said Sherry A. Mulhearn, executive director of RIRRC. "Take advantage of this hometown collection and stop by with your computers and cell phones," Mulhearn added.
Each year, Americans buy more than 15 million computers, and dispose of an estimated 300 million. As a result, the EPAidentified electronic waste as the largest single source of lead in municipal solid waste and a contributing factor to many other toxic substances in the environment.
Visit the Resource Recovery Web site at www.rirrc.org to learn more about local recycling efforts and to view a schedule of upcoming collections.
Paint the town red with geraniums
The Friends of the Fire Department and JEMS will be selling red geraniums in front of the fire station during the Memorial Day parade.
All the funds raised by the sale of these hardy, beautiful plants will be used to accomplish the friends mission of advocacy, recruiting and celebrating the volunteers of these two organizations. The geraniums cost $5 each, and purchasers will receive a free "Friends" T-shirt with the purchase of three plants. Full flats will also be available.
Medical fund sale this Saturday
Due to inclement weather on May 13, the Jamestown Medical Fund re-scheduled its annual plant sale to Saturday, May 27, with a rain date of Sunday, May 28, from 9 a.m. to noon at East Ferry.
A variety of annual plants are ready for planting and will be available in packs, flats, baskets, and bags. Prices range from $12 per flat to $15 per basket.
The sale benefits the Jamestown Medical Fund, which provides assistance to
Jamestown residents facing medical expenses they cannot meet on their own. Contact Kathleen Kearney at 423-2925 or Luann Gosselin, 423-0550. African film screened tonight
The first Jamestown screening of the powerful "Invisible Children" documentary will be held tonight, May 25, at the Jamestown library at 7 p.m.
This incredibly moving film brings to light the horrifying effects of war on the children of northern Uganda, Africa.
Three young filmmakers decided to chronicle their adventure to the Sudan, but instead they discovered and documented the experiences of Ugandan children desperately trying to escape being kidnapped, tortured, and forced into war as child soldiers.
This film may not be suitable for children under 12. Admission is free, but donations will be greatly appreciated.
Visit www.amnesty.org or email Melissa at jamestownteens@ yahoo.com
Planting day at the community farm
Volunteers are needed Saturday to help plant the 3.5-acre Jamestown Community Farm, which is on the corner of East Shore Road and the old Eldred Avenue.
Saturday hours are 9 a.m. to noon, and there will be volunteer
sessions each Tuesday and
Thursday from 6 p.m. till dusk.
Theatre group invites all to annual meeting
The Jamestown Community Theatre will hold its annual meeting on Thursday, June 8 at 7 p.m. in the library meeting room.
A membership drive is underway with individual memberships being sold at $15 per year and family memberships selling for $25. There are also sponsorship opportunities for individuals and corporate groups.


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Train Accident Lawyers
The train accident lawyers of Pottroff & Karlin work from offices in Manhattan, Kansas and throughout the U.S. for members of the public wronged by railroad companies. We are the only law firm in the nation that commits over 90% of its caseload to railroad related accidents and train crashes which result in damages to the public. We do not handle railroad employee [FELA] claims – our focus is public safety. We are tirelessly attempting to force the railroad industry to stop ignoring public safety.
Our expert train accident lawyers have repeatedly stood by their uncompromising demand: that the rail industry adopts basic safety engineering and systems safety principles. Currently, roughly 3,000 individuals per year are involved in some form of train accident – a number clearly in need of being reduced. If safety were properly and consistently employed, this number would indeed fall. Our legal experts have devoted their skill and expertise to overcoming safety hazards and defending train accident victims, and have seen tangible results.
Lead attorney Robert Pottroff is nationally recognized for his success and determination as a train accident lawyer. Not only has his ability in handling complex railroad crossing accident cases been nationally recognized, but his dedication to and impact upon public safety have received widespread praise as well.
Why seek a train accident lawyer?
Train accidents are incredibly destructive events. The collision of a car and a train is comparable to the collision of a car and a soda can – the size and weight of a train moving even at what might seem to be slower speeds result in a physical impact that is truly devastating. All forms of train accidents, be they truck/train accidents, train/car accidents, derailments, or pedestrian/train accidents, are quite capable of producing catastrophic injuries and death.
A good train accident lawyer will provide you with honest, direct legal guidance if you have been injured in one of these accidents. Railroad companies are notorious for denying responsibility, particularly at railroad crossings, making this form of litigation a complicated arena. A skilled train accident lawyer will tirelessly analyze the facts of your case to determine the degree to which the railroad company was responsible, what sorts of compensation you may receive in a settlement or trial, and ultimately, will fight on your behalf to ensure that your rights are upheld, no matter how uphill the battle may seem.A good train accident lawyer will not lie to you about your case, but will be honest with you about merit: whether or not you do have a case. In addition, a good train accident lawyer will not settle out of court for less than the case should be fought for in court, to ensure that your personal losses and medical expenses are rightfully compensated for.
See Pottroff & Karlin featured on Insider Exclusive
Contact Us
If you need a good train accident lawyer, contact us for a free intial consultation. We charge no attorney's fees until a verdict or settlement is reached. Our attorneys have developed a reputation for their experienced, ethical, and creative handling of railroad accident cases, as well as for their untiring dedication and success. Need proof? Feel free to read what other attorneys have to say, or get in touch with our former clients. Our goal is to promote public safety over corporate interests and to ensure that our nation's railroad crossings become safe. If you've been a victim in some way, our expert team of attorneys and staff is equipped to guide you to recovery.


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"I'm proud of the boys. They are really coming along. We just hope to keep it up." said coach Aaron Woodard.
Grand's golf team competed against four Region 15 teams at both tournaments, including Emery, South Sevier, North Sevier, and Blanding. At the Moab tournament on Aug. 27, GCHS junior Jace Woodard shot a 79, securing his first place finish. Senior Hunter Peterson placed second with a score of 82.
Also placing at the tournament were junior Tyson Saggboy with a score of 87 and sophomore Brayden Ward, who shot a 91. The team came out with a grand total score of 339 for the win over Emery's 352.
Grand's golf team also took first place at Richfield on Sept. 3, narrowly eclipsing the South Sevier team by only three strokes.
"It was the closest tournament we've had yet," said Wood-ard.
At the tournament, Jace Woodard scored an 82 for first place, Tyson Saggboy shot an 83 for second, and freshman Tobin Wainer scored an 89 for third place. Brayden Ward and Hunter Peterson tied for fourth place with a score of 90.
The team was scheduled to play in Monticello on Tuesday, Sept. 10 but that match was postponed due to weather.


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Stronger communities are built through diverse and thriving businesses.
- (574) 534-1177
- (574) 642-4770
- (574) 533-2070
"The Goshen Chamber of Commerce is a wonderful and rewarding organization. It allows business professionals of all ages to not only promote their company, but also to establish and maintain both business and personal relationships which aid in the success of an individual's career. I proudly serve as a Chamber Ambassador and see a true value in both my time and energy investment."
Welcome to Chamber Business Blog
Welcome to something new! Here at the Goshen Chamber, we try to be the best resource center for all [...]
How Malala started a movement with a blog
In the first Chamber Business Blog, we tried to tell you about providing you information regarding business. So why [...]
Top 7 Tech Trends for Real Estate Agents
If you're involved in the real estate market as an investor, agent, buyer, or seller, you likely already know [...]


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|Attention: DocWiki has reached EOL and will be decommissioned January 25, 2019.
Cisco Unified MeetingPlace Release 6.1 -- Adjusting the Clock on the Web Conferencing Server
From DocWiki
Revision as of 15:49, 21 January 2011 by MeetingPlace Moderator (Talk | contribs)
Cisco Unified MeetingPlace Release 6.1 > Web Conferencing > Configuring > Monitoring and Maintaining
Cisco Unified MeetingPlace Web Conferencing automatically sets up the Windows server to synchronize its clock with the Audio Server by using the Windows Time Service. You cannot adjust the clock on the computer while Web Conferencing is running on the system. You must shutdown the Web Conferencing services to adjust the clock time on the system or to perform an NTP sync.


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China appeals to Japan to preserve stability
July 2, 2014
BEIJING (AP) — China has appealed to Japan to preserve regional peace and stability after Tokyo eased its longtime restrictions on use of military force.
Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei urged Japan on Tuesday not to hurt Chinese sovereignty following its government's decision to reinterpret its pacifist constitution to allow the military to help defend allies.
Hong said Japan should pursue peaceful development, respect the concerns of its neighbors and refrain from undermining regional peace and stability.
China sees Japan as its main regional strategic rival and the two governments are in the midst of a dispute over ownership of a series of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.


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"princess garnet" wrote:I saw an adaptation of it on PBS's "Mystery" some years ago.
THAT would be so much fun!
A friendly place to discuss, review and discover historical fiction.
"princess garnet" wrote:I saw an adaptation of it on PBS's "Mystery" some years ago.
"DianeL" wrote:Have recently been re-reading Alcott's darker works and enjoying that immensely. Drugs and secrets and love, oh my!
"The Czar" wrote:I don't really care for the Victorian era much. Too much bodice ripping, not enough meat for my taste. That said, my favorites...
The Picture of Dorian Gray - Oscar Wilde (This is a smart, well written Victorian novel with a dark side.)
War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy (I am about 300 pages in and can hardly put it down. Immense in scope already, and very well written.)
Anything by Dostoyevsky - (Oddly, I haven't read brothers Karamozov yet, it will be next when I finish War and Peace. But I have read most of his others, and Crime and Punishment and The House of the Dead in particular I love).
The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo - Alexandre Dumas - (has anybody read his "new" one? http://www.amazon.com/Last-Cavalier-Adventures-Sainte-Hermine-Napoleon/dp/1605980005/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1306083613&sr=1-1
Les Miserables - Victor Hugo
Treasure Island - Robert Lewis Stevenson
Here is some of my favorites that are set in the 19th C, but not actually written there.
The Flashman Series - George Macdonald Frasier (These are hilarious, and contain more history than you think).
The Sharpe Series - Bernard Cornwell
The Aubery-Maturin Novels - Patrick O'brien (All you ever wanted to know and then some about the Napoleonic Era Royal Navy.)
"Thurinius" wrote:Have to agree with several of these. I'm 1113 pages into War and Peace and absolutely loving it. Before I started that I was on Anna Karenina, again which I loved. Though I disliked the two main characters: Anna and Vronsky. I couldn't warm to them at all. But every other character was a joy.
Flashman - so sad there won't be any more of them.
And the three musketeers I never get bored of that book. I can read it again and again.
"Nefret" wrote:Little Women
David Copperfield
The Devils
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
The Count of Monte Cristo