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Sick Bees – Part 16: The "Quick Squash" Method
Summary (completely subject to revision)
Randy Oliver
Since the discovery of Nosema ceranae, I and many other beekeepers and researchers have been frustrated by the tedium and apparent futility of counting nosema spores, since many of us haven't seen any meaningful relationship between spore counts and colony health or production. I strongly suspect that the issue is not that N. ceranae does not cause problems, but rather that our methodology for assessing the degree of infection has been flawed.
Correction for previous article: In Figure 5, the label under the right column should have been >2, rather than >2.
Infection Prevalence
The current "standard" method for monitoring nosema "level" in hives is to determine the mean spore count per bee in an aggregate sample (of typically 10-100 bees). The method is relatively quick and gives the sort of quantifiable numbers that scientists love. Unfortunately, as noted by Meana (2010), "the spore count is not directly related to the parasite burden and health status of whole colonies naturally infected by N. ceranae under field conditions."
Spore counts certainly have their uses, such as quantifying the progress of nosema infection in individual bees in cage trials by researchers. They are also appropriate as a method for "discovery sampling." For example, one can "discover" whether nosema is present to any extent in an apiary by taking an aggregate sample of say ten bees from the entrance of every hive and determining the mean spore count. If the count is less than 1M (1 million spores per bee), then nosema is likely not a problem in the sampled hives.
The point that I'm trying to make about sampling for nosema is that we are well beyond the "discovery" phase. Rennich (2011) found N. ceranae in at least half of all random bee samples taken in the U.S. during winter and spring.
So instead of "discovery" sampling, what we need to do is to shift to the most meaningful way to measure the potential impact of nosema upon colony health—the proportion of infected bees. Of the various terms used to describe this measure—"proportion of infected bees in a sample," "percent infected," or "infection rate"– I prefer the term used by epidemiologists: "prevalence."
Practical application: I henceforth plan to use the term "prevalence" as the measure of the proportion of bees infected by nosema. For example, if 2 bees out of 10 were infected, that would be a prevalence of 20%.
There is a strong case to be made for shifting our assessment of nosema infection from "intensity" (as measured by spore counts) to "prevalence" (the percent of bees actually infected). The only problem with determining prevalence is that most of us choke at the thought of having to inspect jillions of bees one at a time. Luckily, there are practical shortcuts:
Sequential Sampling
In my last article, I proposed that even a small sample of bees might be adequate for making management decisions. I'm immensely grateful to Dr. Jose Villa of the Baton Rouge Bee Lab for bringing to my attention that I was reinventing the wheel—this sort of decision making process, based upon small sample sizes, already has a fancy name: it's called "sequential sampling," and was develped as a time-saving method for quality control inspections during World War II. Furthermore, Dr. Villa dug into the library and forwarded me existing "Decision Tables" for tracheal mite sampling produced by Tomasko (1993).
Dr. Maryann Frazier (2000), following up on Tomasko's work, discussed the situation regarding the assement of tracheal mite prevalence as opposed to "parasite load" (analagous to spore counts). It is remarkable in that it almost exactly mirrors today's situation with nosema! And in her paper she validated the accuracy of sequential sampling.
Sequential sampling is all about the tradeoff between tedium (the number of bees that you need to squash and view) and confidence (the error rate which you are willing to accept). And it appears that for our purposes, I estimated the minimum number of bees to sample right on the nose!
So let's set some arbitrary parameters for our decision making:
- An infection prevalence of 10% is "tolerable."
- A prevalence of 30-40% is "intolerable."
- We'll accept a 20% error rate for overestimating the prevalence.
- But we won't accept an error rate above 10% for underestimating the prevalence.
We'll use the above parameters to set our treatment thresholds—below 10% prevalence, don't treat; above 30%, treat. The math gets complex, but here's the gist of the outcome:
Practical application: it appears that in order to make a decision whether to treat or not, that a couple of 5-bee samples should be adequate, interpreted as follows:
0 positive bees out of 5, or no more than 1 positive out of 10 indicates < 10% infection
3 positive bees out of 5, or at least 4 positives out of 10 indicates > 30% infection
Any number of positive bees lying between these cutoffs (e.g., 2 bees out of 5, or 3 out of 10) is not enough to make a firm decision, but suggests an infection level that lies in the gray zone. But I doubt that going beyond a 10-bee sample is worth the effort—I'd just move on to the next sample.
With true sequential sampling, you'd keep sampling until you hit a critical number of positive or negative bees in order to make a treatment decision. However, my limited experience suggests that we hit a point of diminishing returns after viewing 10 bees.
Update July 5, 2012 Beekeeper Ruary Rudd (email@example.com) has developed a great Excel spreadsheet for sequential sampling. You can write him for a copy–thanks Ruary!
So I've got us down to sampling a maximum of 10-bees. But even so, I must advise you that nosema infection appears to exist in "pockets" of bees in the hive, so any single small sample is inadequate for making an apiary-level decision (Botias 2011). Therefore, it's necessary to process a number of samples. What's been holding us back from determining actual nosema prevalence is the lack of a quick method for processing a number of samples of 10 bees!
A Neat Little Shortcut
Since I really wanted to find a quicker way to prepare and view the 200 bees for the validation table in the previous article, I racked my brain trying to figure out a technique for speeding things up, and finally hit upon a relatively simple procedure (Figures 1,2, and 3). I've now got over 400 individual gut squashes under my belt, and am pretty excited about the method! This solution allows me to process bees at an overall turnaround rate of less than five minutes per sample of 10 bees!
The size of the cover slips is critical—they must be narrow enough not to touch at the edges, in order to keep the individual gut slurries from mixing. The easiest solution is to cut off-the-shelf plastic microscopy cover slips in half with scissors. You can then just discard them after use (cost about 20¢/10-bee sample), or wash and reuse (use your mite shaker jar).
But if you don't have plastic cover slips at hand, don't despair! You can make cover slips out of clear plastic scrap around the home—but only some plastics will work; I've experimented with several. Clear plastic transparency sheets unfortunately refract light in such a way that they make nosema spores look like little rectangles, so they don't fit the bill.
The heavy blister packs from the hardware store are too thick to focus through—a cover slip for 400x viewing needs to be thin. But then I found just the thing—the clear lid from a tub of the Colonel's Kentucky mashed potatoes (get the gravy too, so you get an extra lid). Cut it into 11mm x 22mm rectangles—they work perfectly! You can wash them in soapy water, rinse, blot, and reuse until they get scratchy.
Practical tip: Cut a whole bunch of cover slips and keep them in a custard dish for easy pick up—this greatly expedites the slide prep time. Look for thin clear plastic with the #1 recycling symbol for polyethylene terephthalate:
Beekeeper Health Breakthrough: Wracked as I was by images of beekeepers stuffing themselves with mashed potatoes in order to be able to monitor nosema levels, I forayed to the grocery to see if I could recommend a more healthful suggestion. To my great relief, I found that the rectangular containers for the nutritious "Baby Mixed Greens" are also made from PETE, and make excellent cover slips!
The technique of "milking" the bee's abdomen by rocking a flat blade from front to rear will quickly cause the discharge of the gut contents, or with increased pressure, the gut itself. It is critical to thoroughly crush and mash these in a little water—I wet the tip of the knife blade in a stream of water if necessary—until you create a cloudy, but not opaque, macerate. Tip: it's critical to be able to press the knife tip down flat against the slide, so work with the slide near the edge of a raised cutting board, so that your knuckles can drop below the work surface level. Be careful to keep the macerate on the portion of the slide that will be under each cover slip. Then be sure to flip off any thick chunks of excess tissue, especially the sting or any dark pieces of exoskeleton, or they will space the cover slip up too high. Clean the knife tip under running water, and wipe it on the dry towel between each bee. With practice, this entire process takes only a few seconds!
Repeat the process down the slide, exercising caution to wipe the blade thoroughly between bees, and not allowing any liquid to run from sample to sample. The separate cover slips keep the samples from mixing. After you've crushed and covered 5 gut samples, then fold the towel over the slide and press down firmly and evenly to set all the cover slips down flat, and to absorb any liquid that might otherwise get onto the microscope lens.
At this point is really helps to have a scope with an adjustable stage (having turnable knobs to move the slide around). Then you can easily move from one cover slip to the next, and quickly scan up and down each slip if necessary. It's also very easy to see whether you've gotten nurse bees or foragers, since each gut squash clearly shows any contained pollen (Figs. 4 and 5).
These "fried eggs" have really caught my attention (I got up at 3:00am this morning in order to squash bees for four hours before sending this article to press). Dr. Eric Mussen and I observed them when we first started sampling collapsing hives in 2007. I'm currently finding them to be associated with weak hives, perhaps more so than nosema! In some of the samples I checked this morning, 8/10 and 10/10 bees were positive for "fried eggs"! However, I'm still not sure as to whether they are pathogenic—I plan to run some cage trials soon. Any interested microbiologists, please contact me! Stay tuned…
Update: these "fried eggs" are the spores of a rust fungus–see "Fried Eggs" Identified!
Back to nosema sampling, one of the major beauties of the Quick Squash method is how quick it is, since you don't need to count spores at all (Fig. 7)!
Practical application: After a bit of practice, my turnaround time for the entire process of preparing, viewing, and recording results for 10 bees (two 5-bee slides) is just over four minutes if I don't fumble something along the way. Tip: have plenty of precut cover slips at hand in a small bowl.
Viewing individual bees gives you a much better idea of just how greatly the gut contents of bees vary from bee to bee within the same hive! Sometimes each of the 5 gut contents look completely different. All that I can say is that bees have a lot of different things going on in their guts, and numerous infections, most of which I can't identify (Fig. 8).
This method takes less time than a standard hemacytometer count, yet provides you far more useful information.
Economic analysis: A scope (which will last the rest of your life) costs about the rental rate for three hives in almonds. You can easily run a dozen of these samples in an hour, which would give you a good idea of the infection rate for the weaker hives a 50-hive apiary. This method can quickly let you know if you have a serious nosema problem. On the other hand, bottle of fumagillin to unnecessarily treat those 50 hives would set you back $140, plus syrup and labor.
There is nothing new about knowing that measuring the infection rate is a better assessment of nosema infection than that of taking spore counts—Dr. White made that clear back in 1919, and it has been confirmed again and again. The problem has always been that it is simply too tedious to individually squash hundreds of bees (Dr. White individually squashed and microscopically viewed over 3000 bees). What has always been lacking is a time-efficient way to determine the infection rate, and that is what I tried to develop with this "Quick Squash" method. Shy of an automated device, this method may be the best practical assessment of colony infection rate, and appears to have a reasonable degree of accuracy.
OK, so this past week I took samples from the strongest hives and from dinks in some of my yards, and have so far processed a total of 40 samples (I still have a backlog at press time, and favored the samples from weak hives). I've graphed the results below (Fig. 9):
The preliminary data above strongly suggest that Nosema ceranae infection is associated with colony weakness in my own operation, which is not surprising, based upon the vast body of previous research on the negative effects of nosema! At this point in time, I am rather disillusioned with any field research findings based upon spore counts, and hope that other researchers follow the lead of Dr. Mariano Higes and include the percentage of infected bees.
Practical application: The point of the above graph is that up 'til this point, I have never been able to correlate N. ceranae infection intensity, based upon spore counts, with either colony health or production. But when I switched to a different assessment method—quantifying nosema prevalence based upon the number of infected bees in a sample of 10—the relationship jumps right out!
Summary (completely subject to revision):
Early spring and early fall are likely the most appropriate times to sample, or during winter if you're going to almonds. No need to look for nosema in July or August, as it normally "disappears" during that time.
- Take samples any time of year from any colonies or yards that appear to not be performing well—lagging, poor weight gain, lack of foragers or bees over the brood. I'm not sure whether it's worthwhile to routinely bother with taking nosema samples, provided that your colonies are not under stress, and so long as they are kicking butt.
- Brush a dozen bees from under the lid or an outside comb into a ziplock bag, and add a glug of rubbing alcohol (for long-term storage use bottles and additional alcohol, or freeze). If you wish to label the sample, make sure the marker is alcohol resistant, or write with a pencil and put the label inside the bag.
- (Alternate assessment) Process about 50 bees by the ziplock method (see Sick Bees Part 12). If you see fewer than about 5 spores in a field of view (about 1M equivalent), then you've got nothing to worry about. If more, go to the next step.
- From each sample, prepare two slides of 5 bees each per the "Quick Squash" method in this article.
- Interpret the entire 10-bee sample as follows:
- 0-1/10 positive for spores–likely safe
- 3/10–likely moderate infection
- 4/10–likely serious infection
- >4/10– very likely serious
- Be concerned any time that you hit 2 or more positive bees out of 5.
- The odds of hitting 3 or more bees out of 10 climbs rapidly with infection rate—to a definitive 95% chance once half the bees in the hive are infected!
- 6. I feel that it is likely not worth the effort to sample more than 10 bees from any single hive–10 bees should give you a fairly close estimate of infection prevalence in that hive. Better to spend the time sampling more hives!
- 7. Important: don't base any management decisions upon only a single sample! Keep sampling until you are comfortable with the consistency of the results.
I realize that I just threw a lot of numbers at you, but in practice the method is really intuitive. It's very much like playing poker—your brain easily grasps the probabilities of getting either one ace or four in a hand. Chances are that you'll get more positive hits from colonies with a serious nosema infection, and few or no hits from healthy colonies.
Processing bee samples by this "Quick Squash" method offers an easy way for beekeepers to monitor whether nosema is actually a problem in their operations. It takes me less time to process a 10-bee sample than it does to do a single hemacytometer count, but the results of this method are much more meaningful from a practical standpoint. The "old school" researchers found this method to be a reliable assessment of the seriousness of nosema infection for N. apis; I suspect (subject to verification) that it may also prove to be the best for N. ceranae.
It sometimes seems that beekeepers need to reinvent the wheel. Anyway, I just came up with this quick method and really like it! My sons mastered the technique in a couple of tries. My favorite part is that I no longer need to count spores—a quick glance gives you a yes/no for infection. I'd be a happy guy if I never had to count another varroa mite or nosema spore—I'd much rather be counting all the money I'll be making from my healthy hives!
I feel that it is time for a paradigm shift in the way that we assess the impact of nosema infection upon colonies—moving from spore counting back to determining the proportion of infected bees! To that end, this method is practical and surprisingly quick, and gives you a much better idea of what's actually happening in the hive. I'd really appreciate hearing your results or suggestions for improvement if you try it (firstname.lastname@example.com).
More Details—Web Version (Restart Figure Numbers)
I'm not looking to belabor the point of the reliability, or lack thereof, of spore counts, but I feel that this is an important enough issue to the beekeeping industry, in light of potential reduced honey production, increased colony mortality, and the cost of treatment, that interested beekeepers have a thorough understanding of the strong and weak points of various sampling methods.
The key question then is whether researchers, testing labs, and beekeepers can all agree upon a "standardized" method of testing, so that we can all compare results and recommendations. The current problem is that spore counts, even from the same colony, are frustratingly variable, depending upon the time of day at which the bee samples are taken (Fig. 1), the weather conditions, the place in the hive from which they are taken, the number of bees in the sample, how they are processed (mortar and pestle, filtration, squashing, etc.), how they are viewed (simple microscopy or hemacytometer), and even then counts are largely based upon the pure chance of whether or not one gets one or more highly-infected old bees in the sample!
The colony sampled in Figure 1 was presumably moderately-infected, but in apparent good health. The researchers concluded, "This strong variation in the spore count was not associated with signs of illness and indeed, the colony was apparently as healthy (asymptomatic) as any other. It would thus appear that the spore count is not useful to measure the state of a colony's health [emphasis mine]." I echo this conclusion (as do a number of other studies), since while monitoring nosema counts in my own operation over the past four years, I have been unable to detect any correlation between spore counts and colony health, productivity, nor survival.
The above authors conclude that "the mean proportion of infected bees may be a more reliable method to establish colony health." This suggestion goes right back to Dr. White's findings at the beginning of the last century, and has withstood the test of time. I guarantee that looking at the individual gut contents of a sample of 10 bees gives one a much better feeling as to the severity of nosema infection in that hive!
From Where Should We Take Samples?
Experts' Opinions
Smart and Sheppard (2011) concluded that: "Based on these findings, we speculate that bees collected from the inner hive cover represent a mixture of age classes of bees and, depending on the goals of the sampler, may provide a better estimate of the whole colony mean infection level than sampling just foragers.
So I asked Dr. Brian Johnson, who had considerable experience with tracking bees in observation hives. He told me:
"The bees just under the lid tend to be older middle age bees, while the bees on the outside combs are mostly middle age bees with smaller numbers of nurses and foragers. In general, the foragers are near the entrance, the nurses are in the brood zone, and the middle age bees are everywhere, but with a slight bias for the honey zone."
I also asked the preeminent bee behavioralist, Dr. Tom Seeley. His response:
"Interesting question. The only information that I have regarding the age distribution of bees who are spending time just under the lid or on one of the outer combs (i.e., ones without brood) comes from a study that I did back in 1982. In it, I mapped out the locations (in a large observation hive) of various activities and at the same time I took data on the age distributions of the bees performing these tasks. These results make it clear that the middle-aged bees are mainly working in the peripheral (outside the brood nest) regions of the nest. So if bees are collected from these areas during the day, then they will be mainly middle-age and forager-age bees. At night, the percentage of forager-age bees will be higher. You've probably seen in observation hives how the foragers literally hang out in the edge areas of a hive at night."
Finally, there is one more piece of supportive evidence for taking samples from under the lid: Moeller (1956) found that "nosema-infected bees congregate in and above warm brood areas."
Hey, I'll leave the conclusions up to you. Today, I did some spore counts of 20-bee samples of piles dead bees from the front of three hives in one yard. They had little nosema—about 5 spores per field of view, so approx. 1M/bee. So not enough spores to indicate that a 10-bee squash would be useful. Since the bees were dead, it would have entailed rehydration in order to do gut squashes.
I also did some Quick Squashes of bees from under the lid for other hives. Each method has its advantages and limitations. The smart beekeeper understands them!
Next Month
Nosema: The Smoldering Epidemic
I wish to thank my wife Stephanie for her patience, and helpful comments on my manuscripts (she chokes on math and graphs, and is immensely helpful to me for making my charts more user friendly). As always Peter Borst helped with the research for this article. A special thanks to Dr. Jose Villa, as mentioned previously. Thanks to Dr. Jerry Bromenshenk for his helpful suggestions. And a big thanks to Drs. Mariano Higes, Aránzazu Meana, and Raquel Martín-Hernández for their diligent work on nosema! For financial support toward this research, I've very appreciative of Joe Traynor, Heitkam's Honey Bees, Jester Bee Company, the Virginia State Beekeepers Assoc, and individual beekeepers Paul Limbach, Chris Moore, and Keith Jarret.
Botías, C, et al (2011) Critical aspects of the Nosema spp. diagnostic sampling in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Parasitology Research (in press).
Fingler BG, WT Nash, and TI Szabo (1982) A comparison of two techniques for the measurement of nosema disease in honey bee colonies wintered in Alberta, Canada. ABJ 122(5):369-371.
Forsgren, E, and I Fries (2010) Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees. Veterinary Parasitology 170: 212–217.
Frazier, MT, et al (2000) A sequential sampling scheme for detecting infestation levels of tracheal mites (Heterostigmata: Tarsonemidae) in honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. Journal of Economic Entomology 93(3):551-558.
Higes, M, et al (2008) How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environ Microbiol 10: 2659–2669.
Mattila HR, and GW Otis (2007) Dwindling pollen resources trigger the transition to broodless populations of long-lived honeybees each autumn. Ecol Entomol 32:496–505.
Meana, A, et al (2010) The reliability of spore counts to diagnose Nosema ceranae infections in honey bees. Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World 49(2): 212-214.
Moeller, F.E., 1956. The behavior of nosema infected bees affecting their position in the winter cluster. J. Econ. Entomol. 49 (6), 743–745.
Oliver, R (2008) The Nosema Twins Part 3: Sampling. ABJ 148(2): 149-154. http://scientificbeekeeping.com/the-nosema-twins-part-3-sampling/
Porrini, MP, et al (2011) Nosema ceranae development in Apis mellifera: influence of diet and infective inoculum. Journal of Apicultural Research 50(1): 35-41
Smart, MD and WS Sheppard (2011, in press) Nosema ceranae in age cohorts of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). J. Invertebr. Pathol. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2011.09.009
Tomasko, M. Finley, J. Harkness, W. Rajotte, E. 1993. A sequential sampling scheme for detecting the presence of tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) infestations in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Penn. State College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 871.
Traver, B., and RD Fell (2011a) Prevalence and infection intensity of Nosema in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Virginia. J Invertebr Pathol 107 (1):43-49.
Traver, BE MR Williams, and RD Fell (2011b; in press) Comparison of within hive sampling and seasonal activity of Nosema ceranae in honey bee colonies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.
White, GF (1919) Nosema-Disease. USDA Bulletin No. 780.
Tags: infection, n. apis, N. ceranae, nosema apis, Nosema cereanae, squash


text: NACDL's annual meeting in Denver included formal action regarding ethical issues surrounding the Bush Administration's rules governing conduct of trials of "enemy combatants" in military tribunals. NACDL's Board of Directors passed a resolution deeming it unethical for lawyers to participate in the tribunals under current rules, and advising that counsel who do participate raise every possible objection to the restrictions put in place by the rules. For the full text of the resolution and accompanying ethics opinion, visit www.nacdl.org under News & Issues. Attendees at the meeting also heard former U.S. Senator Gary Hart (D-CO) address the meeting's Friday luncheon, and many took the opportunity to visit a shooting range to gain a better understanding of forensic issues related to ballistics evidence as part of the "21st Century Forensics" seminar at the meeting. Seminar speakers included renowned forensic expert Dr. Henry Lee of Meriden, CT.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
No. 7 among a dozen "fresh ideas" for farm policy from the organization Environmental Defense is the recommendation that, "Farm and food policies should help farmers make the transition to organic food and fiber production to boost farm profitability, provide healthier food choices and help the environment."
According to Denise McWilliams, New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service, such a transition might take more than a tweaking of policy.
Speaking at the 2007 Beltwide Cotton Conferences in New Orleans, McWilliams cited numerous obstacles for the adoption of organic cotton production, including crop rotation problems, ineligibility of transgenic cotton for organic certification, lack of organic cotton marketing information and production cost issues.
Elimination of some conventional inputs is expected to lower the cost of production per acre for organic cotton, but this may not necessarily lower cost of production per pound of lint," McWilliams says. "Also, organic weed control practices, such as hand-hoeing, flaming or even additional early tillage tend to increase costs. Cost of production greatly varies among growers, production regions and countries, but unfortunately no authentic data are available to compare cost of production of organic cotton versus conventional production."
Organic cotton producers expect a price premium in exchange for the cost of certification, the risk of lower yield and possibly lower quality due to spotted or more trash in the cotton due to imperfect control of bollworms or other insects and problems in harvesting. Spotted and higher trash cotton could cause the farmer to receive a discounted price rather than a premium.
In addition, there does not appear to be a fixed premium for organic cotton, according to McWilliams. Studies indicate an average price per pound received by farmers of 69 cents to $1.40 per pound for upland organic cotton, compared to 57 cents to 76 cents in 2003-04 and 48 cents to 57 cents in 2004-05 for base grade conventional cotton (A-Index).
More on McWilliams' findings:
• Organic cotton produces lower yields and costs more to produce over large fields but may be viable where hand labor and small farms can utilize a holistic but limited production base and pest pressures are low.
• No systematic research has been undertaken on organic cotton production technology. Consequently, no pre-tested and authentic guidelines on production technology are available to the producers. However, general guidelines appropriate for all organic cotton production will be difficult, as each site most likely would need specific guidelines.
• Present commercial varieties of cotton have been developed for the region where they are grown to give optimum yield and fiber properties and using synthetic fertilizers and plant protection measures. New varieties need to be developed for organic cotton production. The breeding objectives could be better tolerance to insect pests and diseases. Another example could be varieties with natural characteristics to shed leaves at maturity, eliminating the need for defoliation in the case of machine picking. Also, more drought resistance and limited nitrogen-demanding varieties will need to be identified.
• A lack of nitrogen supply from the soil and insecticide efficacy as well as coverage affect yield significantly. More information on fertility and pest control are prime needs in organic cotton production.
• Information on the economics of organic production is also lacking or mixed in its message. This makes it difficult for growers considering organic production to determine if it will be profitable compared with conventional production.
• Cotton cannot be certified as organic cotton unless all the crops grown in rotation with cotton on the same land are also grown organically over multiple years. Thus, the economics of organic cotton production also have to consider the income from the rotation crops.
• Certification facilities are not available to the growers in many countries. They have to rely not only on certification by outsiders but also on the price premium decided by the certifiers.
• Cotton grown without synthetic chemicals can be referred to as environmentally friendly, chemical free, etc., which creates confusion. There is a need to promote organic cotton under worldwide acceptable labels.
• Presently, there are no official certification standards for post-harvest handling (i.e., ginning, yarn, fabric, garment manufacturing, etc.) of organic cotton. Standards and labels need to be established.
Based on a 2005 survey by the Organic Trade Association, organic cotton farmers in four U.S. states harvested 6,814 bales of organic cotton from 5,500 acres in 2004, an increase from 4,628 bales harvested from 4,060 acres in 2003. Texas is the largest organic cotton producer followed by California, New Mexico and Missouri. In 2005, U.S. farmers planted 6,577 acres of organic cotton.
McWilliams concludes that growing organic cotton is more demanding and more expensive than growing cotton conventionally. However, organic production is not necessarily any more environmentally friendly or sustainable than current conventional cotton production. "From a consumer residue standpoint there is no difference between conventionally-grown cotton and organically-grown cotton."
There are limitations to organic cotton production that need to be overcome if organic cotton is to become more than a small niche market. "But with experience, it may be possible and could provide price premiums for growers willing to meet the challenges. Conventional and organic cotton production can co-exist. Profitability will drive decisions in the supply chain."
While organic cotton has established a slight demand in the market place, estimated global retail sales of organically grown cotton products was $583 million in 2005, according to the Organic Exchange. OE expects global retail sales of organic cotton apparel to hit $2.6 billion in 2008. In 2000, world sales of apparel were about $1 trillion.
The task for organic cotton, according to McWilliams, is to locate production in a sustainable growth market — ideal for both production practices and in maintaining a demand for organic products.
The niche market could be expanded to other specialties — possible reentry into organic colored cottons, exotic plant dyes, minimal processing procedures—with the renewal of stricter conduits of commerce and even more constricting certification steps.
Lastly, the consumer media must continue to favor the organic cause in order to build demand and uphold organic cotton's fragile price platform. "This is indeed a delicate balancing act."
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text: Michigan Radio: The Associated Press Sexual Assault Of Child Sparks Protests In India's Capital By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Apr 20, 2013 A 5-year-old girl was in serious condition Saturday after being raped and tortured by a man who held her in a locked room in India's capital for two days, officials said. The girl went missing Monday and was found Wednesday by neighbors who heard her crying in a room in the same New Delhi building where she lives with her parents, said Delhi police official Deepak Mishra. The girl was found alone locked in a room and left for dead, he said. Jimmie Johnson Wins Second Daytona 500; Danica Patrick Makes History Of Her Own By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Feb 24, 2013 A big first for Danica Patrick, but an even bigger second for Jimmie Johnson. Patrick made history out front at the Daytona 500, only to see five-time NASCAR champion Jimmie Johnson reclaim his spot at the top in the end. Johnson won his second Daytona 500 with a late push on Sunday, grabbing the spotlight from Patrick as she faded on the final lap. Patrick became the first woman in history to lead laps in "The Great American Race" and was running third on the last lap, but slipped to eighth in the late push for position. Thousands Of British Troops On Olympic Guard Duty By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Jul 13, 2012 When a private firm failed to meet its promise of providing enough guards for the Olympics, the British military was called in to "mind the gap" in security. But even though the government is bringing in those troops — as well as RAF Typhoon combat jets, surface-to-air missiles on rooftops, and an aircraft carrier on the River Thames — organizers say it will still look like the Summer Games, and not war games. S. Korea Conducts Drill, Flouting N. Korean Threat By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Feb 20, 2012 South Korea conducted live-fire military drills near its disputed sea boundary with North Korea Monday, despite Pyongyang's threat to respond with a "merciless" attack. North Korea did not carry out the threat as it focuses on internal stability two months after the death of longtime leader Kim Jong Il and prepares for nuclear disarmament talks with the United States later this week. But with American forces scheduled to conduct additional military exercises with ally South Korea over the next few months, tensions are expected to remain high in the region. Saudi Arabia Enforces Gender Law In Lingerie Shops By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Jan 2, 2012 Saudi Arabia said Monday that it will enforce a law that allows only females to work in women's lingerie and apparel stores, despite disapproval from the country's top cleric. The 2006 law banning men from working in female apparel and cosmetic stores has never been put into effect, partly because of the views of hard-liners in the religious establishment, who oppose the whole idea of women working in places where men and women congregate, such as malls. Brazil Sets Trade Records, Due To Chinese Demand By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Jan 2, 2012 Brazil had record trade figures in 2011, logging $256 billion in exports and maintaining a $29.7 billion surplus on the back of high commodity prices and strong Chinese demand, officials said Monday. Exports to China hit $44.3 billion, an increase of more than 43 percent over 2010. In 2009 China surpassed the U.S. as Brazil's biggest trading partner. "It was an exceptional year for Brazilian foreign trade," said Alessandro Teixeira, deputy trade minister, who said China represented 17 percent of Brazil's exports. U.S. Auto Sales Seen Continuing To Rebound In 2012 By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Jan 2, 2012 After hitting a 30-year low in 2009, U.S. auto sales are poised for a second straight year of growth in 2012 — the result of easier credit, low interest rates and pent-up demand for cars and trucks created by the Great Recession. The sales forecast bodes well for the industry's continued recovery and for the broader American economy. Just two years ago, Detroit automakers were in peril. Car sales plunged as unemployment soared, and loans became harder to get. Chrysler and General Motors filed for bankruptcy protection. Ford avoided bankruptcy only by borrowing billions. Iran's Navy Tests Surface-To-Surface Missile By Michigan Radio: The Associated Press • Jan 2, 2012 Iran's navy said it test-fired a surface-to-surface cruise missile on Monday during a drill in international waters near the strategic Strait of Hormuz, the official IRNA news agency reported. The missile, called Ghader, or Capable in Farsi, was described as an upgraded version of a missile that has been in service before. IRNA said the missile "successfully hit its intended target" during the drill.


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The following is the obituary of a long lost relative who came to light yesterday via searching on Ancestry.com. We share the same ancestors, George Pecht and Rachel Hartsock. The couple were his great-grandparents and they are my third great grandparents.
Carlton Park Ruth's parents were Edward Ruth and Edna Hutchinson. His grandparents were Samuel Hutchinson and Martha J. Pecht. Martha was the daughter of George Pecht and Rachel Hartsock. Martha was the sister of my great great grandfather, John Crispin Pecht.
Carlton Park Ruth
Funeral services for the late Carlton Park Ruth, who passed away at Hines hospital on Sunday morning, were held this afternoon at 2:30 at First Methodist church, Freeport, with Rev. Gene Van Kranenburg, pastor of the Dakota Methodist church, officiating, assisted by Rev. John H. Nightingale, of First Methodist church. Brief services for the family were held at the Walker mortuary at 2. The American Legion conducted services at the grave. Eric Carlson, Albert Swanson, Clifford Scheider, William Frank, Donald Fink and Stanley Smith served as pallbearers, and burial was in Oakland cemetery.
Mr. Ruth was born in Lancaster township on Oct. 18, 1894, the son of Edward M. and Edna M. Ruth. He was married on Sept. 19, 1925, to Marie E. Kortemeier, who survives him, as do two daughters, Roselyn and Betty Louise. He resided on a farm in Rock Run township. He had been a devoted member of the Methodist church for 35 years and at the time of his death was a member of the Dakota Methodist church.
He is also survived by two brothers, William Ruth of Eagle River, Wis., and Edward Ruth of Wilmette, Ill., and a sister, Esther Ruth Smith, of Crescent City, Calif. He was preceded in death by his parents.
He served as a first musician in the U.S. navy during the first world war, having enlisted July 19, 1917. He was stationed at Great Lakes naval training station during 1917-1918 and later served overseas. He was a member of the Lena post of the American Legion.
Source: Freeport (Ill.) Journal-Standard, Freeport, Illinois, July 18, 1944


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The roster for Legends of Wrestling: Showdown continues to grow, as
another grappler will slither his way into the highly-anticipated
Acclaim game.
Jake \"The Snake\" Roberts, former WWF and WCW superstar, is the latest
grapping hero to be included in the game, following an earlier announcement
that Ultimate Warrior would be part of the April 2004 release.
\"We\'re thrilled to include Jake \'The Snake\' Roberts in Legends of
Wrestling: SHOWDOWN,\" said David Knies, brand director for Acclaim in a
release. \"Developing a dream roster of wrestling legends is paramount to
creating the ultimate supercard and wrestling fans should brace
themselves -- because there\'s even more to come and they won\'t be
Roberts, who had previously appeared in a few WWF game releases,
including the arcade game Wrestlefest, is looking forward to the new
game, the third title in the Legends of Wrestling series. \"I have been
lurking in the shadows waiting for the right time to resurface,\" Roberts
said in a release. \"My assault on Legends of Wrestling: SHOWDOWN begins
now and I thank Acclaim for giving me this opportunity.\"
\"Take the fear you\'ll have from seeing me in the game and then imagine
that I\'m standing in front of you with my snake, Damien; you\'ll think
it\'s a dream but it\'ll be your worst nightmare. What you don\'t
understand is that it has always been my choice ... April 2004 marks the
return of the DDT. Trust me.\"
Roberts has been living in England for the last while, running wrestling
Jon Waldman has been with SLAM! Wrestling since 2000. Look for more
breaking news on Legends of Wrestling: Showdown in the future.


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Karin Lazarus
Karin Lazarus baked her first batch of cookies when her mom gave her a Mix Master and a Betty Crocker cookbook when she was just 8 years old. She has been cooking ever since. Creating her own recipes and trying them out on family and friends is her greatest passion. She's dedicated to using natural, whole foods and fresh, vibrant, adventurous, ingredients to create recipes that are good for you and a pleasure to eat. In 2009, she took home the grand prize in Sharffen Berger's chocolate recipe contest for her Chocolate-Filled Pandan Dumplings.


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The Dawn of Awakening: Part 1 (The Manual of Spiritual Living Series)
Gio & Heather Ligresti
G&H Press (2012)
Reviewed by Paige Lovitt for Reader Views (11/12)
Article first published as Book Review: The Dawn of Awakening: Part 1 (The Manual of Spiritual Living Series) by Gio & Heather Ligresti on Blogcritics.
The Manual of Spiritual Living series is written by a married couple who share the same spiritual path. "The Dawn of the Awakening: Part I" by Gio & Heather Ligresti, was written to help facilitate the readers' awakening process so that we can move on to our next level of spiritual evolution which involves living in harmony and playing a direct role in helping co-create the world. The authors describe this process as, "Yoga Practice for the Mind." By awakening, we enable ourselves to take an active role in being in charge of our destinies, instead of just sitting back and being passive victims.
As we engage in Conscious Internal Evolution, it is necessary to stay on track by fully committing to our spiritual path. The authors state, "The spiritual path is a path of intentional conscious evolution." In addition to awakening, evolution involves transformation. While we evolve and better ourselves, we have a positive impact on those around us and help to improve our world. As part of our awakening we have to learn to live in the present with an eye towards the future. We also have to put our fears aside and focus on being the person that we want to be, not the person that others want us to be.
I found so much in this book that made sense. I like the emphasis that the author put on the importance of us being impeccable and not allowing ourselves to settle for just being domesticated creatures. We are so much more than that. I also like that they referred to following the spiritual path as a "Spiritual Adventure." That is so true, we are on a great adventure, and I think it is wonderful that the two people who wrote this book get to share their adventure together. I gained a great deal of insight from reading these pages. I found that a lot of the information in here ties together information from other sources. It makes everything make sense. The authors also list the names of the other books so that readers can refer to them for more information on a particular topic. "The Dawn of the Awakening: Part I" by Gio & Heather Ligresti is highly recommended to all of those who are aware that they are on a spiritual adventure so they can use it as a tool to further facilitate their awakening


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our Edison, NJ Audi dealership for a huge
selection of new Audis and used cars in Middlesex County.
Ask our finance team about our low interest auto loans or visit our car repair and auto
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Speak to an Audi Brand Specialist today! Call (888) 704-4428


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Kona 2016: Omni at Huggo's
images by Nick Salazar
Oct 4, 2016
images by Nick Salazar
Oct 4, 2016 52,347
Many of you have asked for some more 'real-world' pictures of Omni, and it doesn't get any more real than Ironman Hawaii. Here are some shots of the bike relaxing outside the iconic Huggo's cafe, in the heart of town on Ali'i drive. The TorHans guys were kind enough to set us up with an Aero20 bottle with matching orange decals. Enjoy!
Related Articles
Kona 2016 was an amazing race, both Frodeno and Ryf successfully defending their titles from last year. Enjoy our MASSIVE gallery of race-day bike photos.
Although Specialized has not introduced a new bike since the Shiv was launched in 2011, Tim Don's rig caught our eye getting its last-minute tuneup before tomorrow's race.
Some detailed shots of the new Diamondback Andean out on the water in Kona.
Yet another new bike showed up in Kona. We spotted Andy Potts aboard a new Cannondale Slice with disc brakes.
We caught up with Jesse Thomas and snagged shots of his new Dimond, with updated storage options on the beam and BB cluster.


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Salt Water Cure Throw Pillow by Tina Crespo | uBjefC1Q
- Product Code: uBjefC1Q
- Availability: In Stock
- £32.84 £19.53
Throw Pillow made from 100% spun polyester poplin fabric, a stylish statement that will liven up any room. Individually cut and sewn by hand, each pillow features a double-sided print and is finished with a concealed zipper for ease of care. Sold with or without faux down pillow insert.
"The cure for anything is salt water. Sweat, tears, or the sea." - Isak Dinesen
© Tina Crespo
Tina Crespo is a photographer, awkward joke maker, coffee enthusiast, and hopes to one day own a life size replica of the Titanic. Kidding. Kind of.
website: http://www.tinacrespo.com
instagram: http://www.instagram.com/tinacrespo
facebook: http://www.facebook.com/tinacrespophotography
Own a Tina Crespo print? Use hashtag #tinacrespo and share a picture of it in your home!
circle print, salt water, ocean, waves, quotes
Salt Water Cure Throw Pillow by Tina Crespo | uBjefC1Q


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Frank Meissner
Born: September 28, 1923
Trest, Czechoslovakia
Frank's town of Trest in western Moravia had a small Jewish community of 64 members in 1930, and Frank was sometimes beaten up in grade school because of antisemitism. When the Meissners' wooden shoe factory closed, Frank's father turned to the furniture industry. But due to post-World War I economic uncertainty, he lost his livelihood. To support the family, Mrs. Meissner worked as a secretary.
1933-39: Trest was small and didn't have a secondary school, so I studied during the week in the neighboring town and returned home for weekends. I was active in the Zionist youth movement, and went to Prague for a few months to a Zionist training program for young people. In October 1939 I went with a group of Jewish youth to Denmark, where we worked on farms. I stayed with a family called the Nielsens and got weekly letters from my family.
1940-44: In 1941 I earned a scholarship to attend an agricultural high school in Denmark. Afterwards, in 1943, I began studies at the Agricultural College of the University of Copenhagen. In October of that year the president of the university received a tip that the Gestapo was starting to round up Jews. A friend arranged my passage to Sweden. While in Sweden I learned my family in Trest had been sent to the Theresienstadt ghetto; in fall 1944 I found out they'd been deported to Auschwitz. I joined the Czechoslovak army-in-exile.
After the war, Frank went to Prague to search, unsuccessfully, for his family. He completed university in Copenhagen, and later settled in the United States.


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cytopia needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 7 designs submitted by 3 freelance designers.
I need PSDs for my web design and development company. Get creative!
Phat Site Productions
Most important things you need to know is the domain is http://www.phatsite.com and the company name is Phat Site Productions, make something awesome! I'd like some type of Phat Site logo.
I want something clean, nice, and easy-to-navigate. It will most likely just be 5-10 pages at most. Only PSDs needed: frontpage, get a quote page, about us, company, and portfolio.
Feel free to add some flash, but I want the site to load quick so not too big. Go ahead and add dynamic popups that can use javascript. I'd like a web 2.0ish site with great UI. Heck, the quote page might be a popup over the main page, do what you feel looks best...
- front page
- portfolio - thumbnails to show websites we have worked on
- clients - testiomonials from clients
- services - php, ruby, languages and software we have used
- company - about page - let them know how long we have been in business and what we can do for them -- which is-- quality web development and design
- page for them to submit a quote
- should be SEO spiderable -- text
website that is too huge and takes user a long time to download


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Rihanna & Justin Bieber Kiss... Again!
Pop sensations Rihanna and Justin Bieber pile up the swag at one of the gifting lounges backstage at the 2010 Grammys held at Staples Center on Friday (January 29) in Los Angeles.
Not too long ago, Rihanna kissed Justin on the cheek. Justin explained, "Just got to my first Grammy Radio Forum… maybe I can get another kiss from Rihanna while we're here. Still haven't washed my face [from last time]. Seriously."
Turns out Justin was once again successful: "Thanks for refreshing the lipstick mark @rihanna." Get it, Justin!
FYI: RiRi's jeans are made by Anoname.


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Me to grassroots: Change your typeface, save thousands or be able to print a LOT more!!!!
If Kinko's or a commercial printer does your printing, this could be used to negotiate a better price.
as a reminder for those that inkjet campaign materials, this strategy kills home printers and is expensive, so activists end up with less money to donate or spend on materials. Ideally, you want to get a used/referb, heavy duty (business) printer. There are several that accept bulk ink feeders. This is ideally what you want. Ink is cheapest when bought by the gallon and paper cheapest when bought by the pallet and cut to size.
Another reason to avoid home inkjets is a scummy tactic most printer manufacturers use, where they will default to multi-color printing and when printing black only, they will print the more expensive colored ink as part of the black. Some will refuse to function even in non-printing applications if any ink cartridge is empty. For this reason, a black only printer is ideal.
OK, highlights from the article:
"Ink is two times more expensive than French perfume by volume," Suvir says with a chuckle
He's right: Chanel No. 5 perfume costs $38 per ounce, while the equivalent amount of Hewlett-Packard printer ink can cost up to $75.
So Suvir decided to focus his project on finding ways to cut down on the costly liquid.
Collecting random samples of teachers' handouts, Suvir concentrated on the most commonly used characters (e, t, a, o and r).
First, he charted how often each character was used in four different typefaces: Garamond, Times New Roman, Century Gothic and Comic Sans. Then he measured how much ink was used for each letter, using a commercial tool called APFill® Ink Coverage Software.
Next he enlarged the letters, printed them and cut them out on cardstock paper to weigh them to verify his findings. He did three trials for each letter, graphing the ink usage for each font.
From this analysis, Suvir figured out that by using Garamond with its thinner strokes, his school district could reduce its ink consumption by 24%, and in turn save as much as $21,000 annually.
Fankhauser said Suvir's findings were so clear, simple and well thought-out, it had the peer reviewers at JEI asking, "How much potential savings is really out there?"
For the answer, JEI challenged Suvir to apply his project to a larger scale: the federal government.
With an annual printing expenditure of $1.8 billion, the government was a much more challenging task than his school science project.
Suvir repeated his tests on five sample pages from documents on the Government Printing Office website and got similar results -- change the font, save money.
Using the General Services Administration's estimated annual cost of ink -- $467 million -- Suvir concluded that if the federal government used Garamond exclusively it could save nearly 30% -- or $136 million per year. An additional $234 million could be saved annually if state governments also jumped on board, he reported.
Site Information
About Us
- RonPaulForums.com is an independent grassroots outfit not officially connected to Ron Paul but dedicated to his mission. For more information see our Mission Statement.


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Blogging doesn't have to be scary.
Last January, I started my position as a marketing and communication intern at a dance company. One of my main responsibilities was to produce blogs once a week for the company's web site. No problem.
Well, turns out, it wasn't as easy as I thought it would be. Before I had ever written a blog post, I thought they were a sort of internet diary, a place to put thoughts onto "paper" so that others could read them. That just never really appealed to me. I never really thought about using blogging in the workplace to market a company. And I had never written for an international audience before. Since any company with a web site is considered international, I knew that anyone could read my blog. It was a scary thought.
It was getting to be the end of my first week and I still sat blankly in front of my computer screen, blog-less. I had no topic, no enthusiasm and, well, no idea how to begin. I must have had a terrified look on my face, because my boss sat down next to me and simply said, "Write what you know."
Write what you know. I had heard this advice so many times. I'd heard it from teachers assigning papers and homework, but now more than ever the advice truly sunk in.
I excitedly turned to my desk to jot down the never-ending flood of topics that began to enter my brain. I have danced all my life, so I figured writing about dance didn't have to be hard. That is when I started to have some fun.
My first blog began to take shape. I decided to write about pointe shoes, since that is something I was very familiar with. I interviewed the pointe shoe mistress at the company, who is responsible for fitting and ordering pointe shoes for all of the dancers. She gave me so much to write about. She explained how shoes were made and fitted for each dancer, and how they go through hundreds of pairs of shoes each year. Next, I hit up the "pointe shoe box" where all of the dancers put their signed pointe shoes when they can no longer be used. They sell these to patrons at charity events to raise money for the company. I snapped a few pictures and then sat down to reflect upon my own experience as a dancer and, now, as a writer.
By the end of my blog post, I had produced something I was quite proud of. I was able to weave my own wonderful yet painful experience as a ballet dancer (pointe shoes are terribly uncomfortable) and all of the valuable information that the pointe shoe mistress had given me, and post something I thought dance-lovers would appreciate.
At the end of my internship, I wouldn't say that I had grasped the blogging concept perfectly, but it had become something I enjoyed. My deadline at the end of the week no longer scared me. Every Monday morning, I came in and began crafting up possible blog ideas. After I had chosen one I liked, I would write a little on it each day until I was ready to submit my final product. Blogging became a place for me to show my creativity, but I also had a sense that I was contributing to the voice of the company.
Blogging can be fun. It may seem intimidating at first, but your ideas will guide you through. Keep an idea journal of all the topics you know and love. If you are blogging for yourself or for a company, there will always be a way to tie in something you are passionate about and make it your own.


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Hilary Thomas, artistic director for Lineage Dance, is a Pasadena native whose love for dance and charity have combined to create a successful organization. Thomas is not only the creator of Lineage Dance Company, but she is also a teacher at a Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada. She began fueling her passion for dance at a young age (before she could walk) and trained during her childhood at Pasadena Dance Theatre under the guidance of Philip and Charles Fuller and Cynthia Young.
Thomas' interest in dance continued through college and beyond as she earned degrees in both dance and psychology from Santa Clara University and danced with the Joffrey Ballet. Since the creation of Lineage Dance, Thomas and the company have presented nearly 200 dance performances and raised tens of thousands of dollars for educational, nonprofit, and charitable organizations.
Lineage Dance Company was born out of a benefit performance Thomas organized in 1999. On a dancer's budget, she was looking for a way to support Young and Healthy, a nonprofit that helps provide medical care for uninsured Pasadena children. In 2010, Lineage Performing Arts Center (LPAC) was opened in the heart of Old Pasadena, fulfilling Thomas' desire to give back to the community by creating a cultural source of entertainment for locals and charities alike in Pasadena, offering dance and music performances, theatre productions, comedy, poetry readings, birthday parties, fundraising events, film screenings specialized dance classes and more. Each month a different nonprofit organization is featured. In addition, LPAC hosts a National Dance Day, (which happens to be Saturday, July 30, 2011 and is free to all.)
I was able to talk with Hilary about her life in Pasadena and her eternal passion for dance.
How did the company get started?
I started the company in 1999 as a way to give back. Growing up in Pasadena, I was always aware of the numerous, worthy nonprofits that serve as the backbone of our community, but as a dancer I didn't have any money to contribute. I decided to offer what I could, dance, and started putting together performances.
You usually think of restaurants and chain shops when you're in Old Pasadena, how did your company, as a performing arts company, end up here?
Good luck I suppose. We had been talking about opening a performing arts center for years and at the moment we were ready to take the leap. We saw the space, fell in love, and the rest is history!
Were you always interested in dance?
Apparently I was dancing before I could walk…so yes.
Wow, that's quite a while! Where did you study dance?
I grew up dancing with Pasadena Dance Theatre and I was trained there as a ballet dancer. I then went on to earn a degree in dance at Santa Clara. After that I continued my training with the Joffrey Ballet and danced with various companies in Los Angeles.
What's your career been like?
In 2001, a few years after creating the company, I began teaching science and dance at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Cañada. I have been teaching there ever since. We also opened the Lineage Performing Arts Center (LPAC) just last year.
What are your goals for Lineage Dance and LPAC?
The company was started as a vehicle to support nonprofits through dance. Over the past 12 years we've had so much fun touring the nation, performing for different nonprofits and bringing dance to people that wouldn't normally have the opportunity. Since opening LPAC, we've been able to bring those same experiences locally. We have dance classes for people with Parkinson's Disease, kids with Down Syndrome (a collaboration with Club 21), performances of all kinds (music, theater, comedy, dance) and nonprofit events. I want to continue to expand our reach so that we can bring dance to more specialized populations. We have numerous outreach programs that offer youth performance opportunities as well as subsidized tickets for our LPAC shows and our Pasadena Dance Festival. I'd love to be able to expand that further so we can truly make the arts accessible to all.
Lastly, what would you say is your favorite thing to do on a day off in Pasadena?
I sure would love a day off! Spending so much time in Old Pasadena these days, I do get to test out all the new restaurants, sneak away for a $25 massage at Heart & Sole, or catch a free concert in the park.
Lineage Performing Arts Center is located at 89 S. Fair Oaks Ave. in Old Pasadena.


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South Dakota Has The 2nd Most Corrupt State Government in The Country According To Report
The website TheRichest.com states that a nationwide poll was conducted to rate U.S. state governments in 14 categories revolving around honesty, competency and genuine hard work.
The site goes on to say that the states that ranked in the top 10 (or worst 10 depending on how you want to look at it) had failures in many of the same categories: redistricting, political financing, public access to information, ethics enforcement agencies, and lobbying disclosure.
For South Dakota, the website says "while it has one of the lowest population densities in the whole of the United States, South Dakota has an extremely corrupt government. According to Denise Ross' State Integrity Investigation report, the state does not have an ethics commission, comprehensive state ethics laws, and satisfactory transparency laws. It also does not put effort into requiring public officials, other than its judges, to disclose information about their assets and income. In addition to this, the state law also has a loophole that allows individuals to make unlimited donations to political campaigns. Fortunately, there have been major improvements in the integrity of the state, in the form of online state records."
The website lists Georgia as having the most corrupt government, while the rest of the 'top 10' lays out like this:
3. Wyoming
4. Virginia
5. Maine
6. South Carolina
7. North Dakota
8. Michigan
9. Tennessee
10. Alabama
How would you grade the South Dakota state government?


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The most compact Iridium satellite phone to date. This compact and rugged communicator offers global coverage -- including the polar regions, GPS location and an emergency SOS button.
Deluxe Package includes: 9575 handset, Pelican 1200 case with custom foam insert, battery, AC travel charger with international adapters, DC car charger, leather case, USB data cable, 2 accessory adapters, magnetic vehicle mount antenna with 5' cable, hands-free earpiece with microphone, user manual, quick start guide and CD-ROM with software.
Free Protective Case Included!
Regular Price:
Special Price
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Perforated Logo Leather Wallet with Detachable Strap
All orders will be fulfilled by Burberry Limited and shipped from the UK. When you place your order, you accept Burberry's Terms and Conditions and confirm that you have read our Privacy Policy.
Size Guide
Use the Size Guide to choose the best fit for your measurements.
In this window, you can find out the shipping and returns options for the selected item.
In this window, you can contact customer service for further assistance.
- A compact wallet in Italian-tanned leather, punctuated with diagonal Burberry lettering. The detachable shoulder strap converts the design into a crossbody bag.
- 19 x 4.5 x 13.5cm/7.5 x 1.8 x 5.3in
- Outer: 100% leather
- Inner: 100% leather
- Lining: 100% cotton
- Foldover flap with magnetic closure
- Detachable shoulder strap
- Six card slots
- One zip coin pocket, two slip pockets
- Hand-painted edges
- Polished metal hardware
- Imported
Item 40779751


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Using a set of activities, recommendations, and diagrams, participants will construct a fully functional Space Weather Action Center (SWAC) for use in a classroom. Students will access, analyze, and record NASA satellite and observatory data to... (View More) monitor the progress of an entire solar storm. Afterward, they will transform the data collected in their student journals into real SWAC news reports using an adaptable SWAC script. (View Less)
This is an activity about magnetic fields. Using iron filings, learners will observe magnets in various arrangements to investigate the magnetic field lines of force. This information is then related to magnetic loops on the Sun's surface and the... (View More) magnetic field of the Earth. This is the second activity in the Exploring the Earth's Magnetic Field: An IMAGE Satellite Guide to the Magnetosphere educators guide. (View Less)


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BRIDGEWATER, Va. – For the third week in a row, Bridgewater Eagles football team used a special teams score to en route to victory, this time a 35-24 win over the Ferrum Panthers.
Bridgewater's offense fired on all cylinders while the Eagles defense was yet again up to the task, holding Ferrum to their lowest rushing output in nearly eight years.
Wide receiver Tyler Beiler turned in a 212-yard performance on the receiving end to break the career receiving yardage record, formerly held by Marcus Richardson. Beiler now has 2,051 yards in his career, becoming just the second Bridgewater receiver to cross the 2,000-yard barrier.
Ferrum struck first in the middle of the opening quarter on a 25-yard dash from Justin Donnelly to put the Panthers ahead 7-0.
Bridgewater answered on the ensuing drive when quarterback Hagan Driskell caught Beiler on a 57-yard route to tie the score at seven apiece.
With 1:54 to play in the opening frame, the Panthers took 10-7 lead with a 29-yard Scott Puschell field goal, but it was the last time the Panthers would lead.
At the 8:39 mark, Driskell caught Beiler on a 58-yard pitch and catch to put the Eagles up by a 14-10 tally.
During Ferrum's ensuing drive, the Eagles defense forced a Panthers punt following a three and out. On the punt, junior Chris Wholey sprinted up the middle to block the T.J. Grzesikowski punt, which was recovered by senior Matt Jarvis who returned the ball 11 yards to the endzone to put Bridgewater ahead 21-10.
The punt block and return for a touchdown was the third special teams score of the year for the Eagles.
Bridgewater forced another three and out from the Panthers before notching another touchdown before the intermission. Driskell connected with Beiler yet again, this time on a 38 yard exchange, to put the Eagles ahead 28-10 at the break.
Following the intermission, a lethargic Bridgewater offense was forced into a pair of three and outs before the Panthers chipped the Eagles' lead to a 28-17 margin off of a Marcus Mayo 76 yard punt return.
Ferrum brought the game to a one-touchdown affair when Mayo connected with Roger Smith on a 33-yard route to bring the Eagles lead to a 28-24 score as the game headed to the fourth quarter.
With 9:44 to play in the game, Driskell tossed his fourth touchdown of the game, this time to senior Keenan Tillar to put Bridgewater ahead 35-24.
Ferrum's next drive went three and out before the Bridgewater offense chewed up the final seven-plus minutes of the game to record a 35-24 victory over the visiting Panthers.
On the ground, Tate's 112-yard afternoon led the way. Bridgewater rushed for 128 yards on 41 carries in the win.
Driskell turned in an outstanding performance. The Ruther Glen, Va. native was 14-of-21 for 299 yards and a career-high four touchdowns to go along with no interceptions. Driskell's four touchdown passes puts him in sole possession of fourth on the career touchdown passes list. His four touchdowns in a game is the most since Jeff Highfill's four-touchdown game against Guilford in 2007.
Beiler's 212-yard performance was the second time against the Panthers that the Lancaster, Pa. native has posted a 200-yard game. The senior hauled in seven catches, with three of the receptions being for a touchdown.
His seven receptions puts him in third place all-time with 107 career catches, while his three touchdowns moves him into a tie for third on career receiving touchdowns list.
On the day, Beiler posted 304 all-purpose yards, including 34 yards of punt returns and 54 yards of kickoff returns.
Defensively, seniors T.J. Montague and Darrin Stephenson led the way with eight stops a piece. Junior Stephen Howard also had a standout day with two sacks and three tackles for a loss.
As a unit, the Bridgewater defense held Ferrum to 66 yards on the ground marking the first time since November, 9 2002 that the Panthers were held to less than 100 yards rushing. The Eagles defense also held Ferrum to an abysmal 1-of-11 effort on third down.
Ferrum was led on the ground by Donnelly's 42 yards rushing.
Through the air, Mayo was a solid 9-of-18 for 153 yards and a touchdown.
On the receiving end, Smith had three catches for 67 yards and a touchdown.
Bridgewater outgained Ferrum by a 427-to-219 tally, and also owned the time of possession battle by a 35:26-to-24:34 margin. Ferrum's 217-yard output marks the third straight game that the Bridgewater defense has held its opponent to under 250 yards of total offense.
Bridgewater has five days to prepare for Southern Virginia. The Eagles will do battle with the Knights in Salem, Va. on Thursday night at 7:30 p.m. inside Salem Stadium.


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The Center for Conflict Studies (CCS) is the brainchild of Monterey Institute professor Dr. Pushpa Iyer, a respected scholar and practitioner in the field of conflict studies. The Center focuses on the study and application of the right tools for managing conflicts, approaching them as a vehicle of change. CCS was started with the specific goal to develop programs and publications that would contribute to the theory and practice of the field of conflict studies. With offices in India and the United States, CCS hopes to broaden the scope of its work and widen the network of scholars and practitioners it creates.
The inaugural celebration starts with a panel discussion, "Justice Lost: Personal Stories of Systematic Injustice," on Monday, November 5 in the Irvine Auditorium and continues with daily events leading up to a three-day conference titled "Religion and Gender: Identity, Conflict and Power," which begins with the keynote address on Thursday, November 8 and continues through Saturday, November 10.
Check out the CCS webpage for more information about the Center and schedule of events.
For More Information
Jason Warburg
Eva Gudbergsdottir


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Caught On Tape: All Out Brawl Breaks Out In A Brooklyn. N.Y. Hospital! (Youngins Punching Girls, Belts & Everything. Even Security Guards Back Down Until Its Over)
Hospital Brawl in Brooklyn. New York
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Achille Onorato's Mascalzone Latino Jr. Named 2014 Audi Melges 20 European Ranking Champion
26 September 2014
Milan, Italy - At the end of a very intense European racing season, the International Audi Melges 20 Class Association is pleased to announce and name Achille Onorato's Mascalzone Latino Jr. as the overall 2014 European Ranking Champion. It has been a golden year for Onorato along with his crew comprised of tactician Malcolm Page and bowman Stefano Campialini, as a second place finish at the World Championship held in Riva Del Garda last August helped secure the victory.
"2014 is a year to be framed," Onorato declared. "The only set-back we had during the Audi-Tron Sailing Series was in Porto Ercole. The icing on the cake was our second place finish at Worlds, all special thanks to my team - Malcolm and Stefano, but most especially to our coach Marco Savelli. It's a great team and we're very close knit, which has helped us better react when things didn't necessarily go the right way. To win the European Ranking is a great honor and the culmination of a fantastic year."
The Audi Melges 20 fleet also celebrates a 9-month-long season with 8 sanctioned events that commenced in Monaco at the Primo Cup (won by Interational Class Chairman Manfredi Vianini Tolomei on Maolca) and ended only just 10 days ago in Germany (won by Michael Illbruck on Pinta).
More than 90 teams, representing 12 countries (Canada, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Japan, Czech Republic, Monaco, Italy, Russia and USA) have each participated in at least one event of the European Tour.
2014 produced a strong battle with Dario Levi's Fremito D'Arja finishing second overall, followed by 2014 Audi-Tron Sailing Series Champion Guido Miani aboard Monaco Racing Fleet in third.
The European Ranking is only one part of the 2014 World Ranking Series. This weekend in San Francisco, the Pacific Coast Championship takes place acting as an incredible warm-up to the North American Championship happening on October 3-5, hosted by The San Francisco Yacht Club.
TOP TEN 2014 EUROPEAN RANKING RESULTS (After Eight Events)
1.) Achille Onorato, Mascalzone Latino Jr.; 86 pts.
2.) Dario Levi, Fremito D'Arja; 83 pts
3.) Guido Miani, Monaco Racing Fleet; 82 pts.
4.) Manfredi Vianini Tolomei, Maolca; 80 pts.
5.) Wesley Whitmyer, Slingshot; 65 pts.
6.) Mirko De Falco, Peccere; 64 pts.
7.) Pasquale Orofino, Raffica; 62 pts.
8.) Lauro Bonora, Camay; 45 pts.
9.) Giancarlo Capolino, Legionario; 41 pts.
10.) Valentin Zavadnikov, Team Synergy; 41 pts.
View Full 2014 European Ranking Results
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Audi Melges 20 on YouTube


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TMZ has obtained video proving Braylon Edwards didn't just attack a man outside of a Detroit nightclub this weekend ... he delivered one of the biggest CHEAP SHOTS we've ever seen.
The video begins with the 6'3", 218-pound unemployed wide receiver chewing out a photog who allegedly shot footage of Braylon pushing someone else around outside the nightclub.
After Braylon screams at the guy, the photog starts to walk away ... but Braylon chased after him, and while the photog had his back turned, Braylon reached down and ripped his ankles out from under him ... sending the photog flying face first into the pavement.
The photog eventually got up and headed to a nearby police station, where he filed a battery report against the 30-year-old.
As for the extent of his injuries, we're told the photog denied medical attention, claiming he only suffered minor injuries.
After the incident, Braylon adamantly denied ANY WRONGDOING ... tweeting, "The reports are blasphemy. Was joking with friends and a guy was filming us. I asked him to delete it, he said no. He wasn't harmed at all."
Braylon's rep initially told TMZ ... the photog concocted the story in a shameless attempt to "take Braylon's money."
The photog tells TMZ ... he's pissed about the situation and plans to pursue his case all the way through.


text: Korean Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - Respectful people: US vs KR Speak Korean Now! Korean Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Respectful people: US vs KR Goto page Previous 1, 2, 3 Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message KimchiNinjaJoined: 01 May 2012Location: Gangnam Posted: Sat Nov 03, 2012 4:40 am Post subject: Plume D'ella Plumeria wrote: nero wrote: This troll is annoying. It would be nice if he would just go and crawl under a bridge where he could stay untouched and unsullied by nasty filthy American women who seem to terrify him. Zzzzz. What would you guys do without me? You guys spout endless BS, I just give voice to the truth. If you don't like it, go pound sand. Back to top neroJoined: 11 Mar 2009 Posted: Sat Nov 03, 2012 5:18 pm Post subject: KimchiNinja wrote: Plume D'ella Plumeria wrote: nero wrote: This troll is annoying. It would be nice if he would just go and crawl under a bridge where he could stay untouched and unsullied by nasty filthy American women who seem to terrify him. Zzzzz. What would you guys do without me? You guys spout endless BS, I just give voice to the truth. If you don't like it, go pound sand. Ew. Stop it. Your stinking slobber is getting all over my clothes. Back to top mnjetterJoined: 21 Feb 2012Location: Seoul, S. Korea Posted: Sat Nov 03, 2012 5:39 pm Post subject: Re: Respectful people: US vs KR KimchiNinja wrote: US: Same story, major city, find some chick's wallet on the street, I catch up to her and say "hey lady you dropped your wallet". She gives me the classic American mean mug, raised eyebrow, maybe you are a terrorist or a rapist look (all men are presumed rapists) snatches it out of my hand, spins on her heel, and walks off without a word. No joke. Dude I don't know you from anyone, every male in existence is not trying to pick up on you, get over yourself, I'm giving you your freakin' wallet back cause you air-headed-out, I could have kicked it into a ditch or went on a spending spree. Develop some manners and basic respect, is that so hard? US: Major city, some guy catches up to me outside a coffee shop and hands me my purse, saying "Hey, you dropped this." I gasp and say "Oh my gosh, thank you! I can't believe I did that. Thank you, thank you so much!" I give him a great big smile and pocket my wallet and head to my car while he heads back to the coffee shop, both of us boosted by the knowledge that there are nice people in the world. There. Now we have an anecdote that directly counters yours. Feel free to offer more anecdotes of Americans being rude, and I will bring up anecdotes of Americans being nice. I've got plenty of Koreans being rude too if you want to go there, but I decided to concentrate on the one country. That's not to say that the US is better than KR, or the other way around. I'm just trying to illustrate that anecdotal evidence can be countered and counter-countered ad nauseum, and will never prove anything. For every example of something good or bad that you can find in a given place, I'm guessing I can find an example of the opposite. That goes for statements of general experience too. You evidently have experienced (or think you have experienced) more disrespectful things happening in the US than in Korea. I have had no such experience. Do either of our experiences amount to anything beyond two personal collections of anecdotal (read: useless) evidence? Nope. Back to top SteelrailsJoined: 12 Mar 2009Location: Earth, Solar System Posted: Sat Nov 03, 2012 9:31 pm Post subject: OP should go open up some egg bread packets. Back to top KimchiNinjaJoined: 01 May 2012Location: Gangnam Posted: Mon Nov 05, 2012 10:56 pm Post subject: This thread isn't that great, not that most threads on Dave's are great, but there are some classics. This one is just dull. But the denial that Korean are a polite people and that that is a good thing to live around strikes me as odd. You could always back home to NYC or whever and get flipped the bird for just walking out of your condo and breathing. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Korean Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Off-Topic Forum All times are GMT - 8 HoursGoto page Previous 1, 2, 3 Page 3 of 3 Jump to: Select a forum Forums:----------------FAQJob-related Discussion ForumGeneral Discussion ForumOff-Topic ForumTravel ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumBuy/Sell/Trade Forum You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group TEFL International Supports Dave's ESL Cafe


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Octopussy's Revenge is a 2D sidescrolling space shooter. It contains lots of funny enemies just like the eponymous Octopussy ^^ We are currently working on new weapons and more enemies to ensure that you always be challanged ! Track the game to be always up to date !
The windows executable of Octopussy's Revenge 0.5.5
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text: Alright, I guess I'm far enough along to start a WIP thread of my costume. This will just be a place for me to stash pics of my progress, and for me to keep track of where I'm at. Lots of parts to acquire, and lots of work to be done, but it's coming along nicely. Comments/Critiques are more than welcome, I rather EXPECT someone to call it out if it's not working. The suit is comprised of: Helmet: Asok CC (painted by me) Armor: FettPride V3 (painted by me/deadland) Neck, Vest, Belt Pouches: BatNinja Flight Suit: Arkady Spats: swprops Girth Belt: Dover Sadlery (painted by me) Boots: Man of War 2013 (dyed, sprayed by me) Spikes: Mojo Fett (awaiting delivery) Gloves: No idea of the manufacturer, but they're NICE Cape: Taken from a Don Post full-size statue Rifle: Master Replicas Ammo Belt: happily sold the 99centtaco, happily UPgraded to BBF Studs: Saint_nasty Yet to be acquired: Braids Gauntlets Jet Pack (fettseven - any dam day now) Shin Tools Lots and lots of greeblies Weekend Progress:


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The Bob Marley Mausoleum in Nine Mile, Jamaica
Stashed high above the brilliant turquoise waters of the Caribbean lies the small village of Nine Mile. Protected from the majority of rum-swilling tourists by a seemly impossible narrow curving road, the hamlet is home to the birthplace and final resting place of reggae legend Bob Marley.
For those with enough courage and interest to brave the journey, Nine Mile upon first sight seems little more than a few houses strewn across the landscape with little thought or planning. As you continue, you'll come upon a poorly marked compound that houses the Bob Marley Mausoleum.
The site is surrounded by locals – a surreal lot sporting dreadlocks, Rasta hats and yellow eyes, with offers to sell you marijuana in any quantity you desire. The images conjure up a cross between Apocalypse Now and Night of the Living Dead.
Two large wooden doors mark the drive in entrance of the compound. They are opened for you, and shut immediately. Once inside, a certain feeling of safety returns and you began to feel the part of a tourist again.
You're directed up a set of stairs and immediately into a souvenir shop stuffed floor to ceiling with trinkets, coffee mugs, jewelry and t-shirts sporting images of the singer and/or the red, yellow and green colors of Jamaica. If you'd like to tour the Marley house and mausoleum, the charge is a hefty $18 per person. Considering the effort to get here, it's hard to imagine anyone not continuing on.
After purchasing the ticket you climb another set of stairs and are directed through a restaurant and bar. The food is not overly priced considering the setting and surprisingly palatable. Perhaps the highlight for many would be partaking in a libation along with a spliff of marijuana without concern of consequences. For us U.S. travelers it was a bit unique.
Once suitably nourished and fortified, the tour begins. The guides are all Rasta men and provide a detailed, in-depth look at the legend's humble beginnings, his philosophy and music. The house where he was born comprises two rooms. One a gathering room, the other a small bedroom – both totaling no more than 300 square feet. The kitchen was outdoors and consists of rocks piled in a circle to contain the open fire.
There are two mausoleums. The first entered is Mama Marley's. The second entombs Marley as well as his half brother. Bob's crypt is on the bottom, and his brother lies in a tomb stacked above him. It was Mama Marley's wish that the brothers be buried together. No photography is allowed in either building.
The tour ends with a short serenade by the Rasta tour guide and encouragement to go forth with the Rastafari principles, peace and love. Perhaps that alone is worth the price of admission.
hal3000 Jan. 20, 2011 @ 2:28 p.m.
The drive over from Ocho Rios is the real adventure , in most places the road is only 1 1/2 lanes. When we went there we hired a driver to take 4 of us there. He had a old toyota corrola station wagen , the back area was a massive woofer which rattled our fillings loose booth ways. And of course the real Jamaican macho NO SEAT BELTS ! Which when I found out I wished I got right out of the car then. It was probably one of the scariest car trips I ever took. And the driver hooking like crazy when he came to a blind sharp turn , there is not over 100 yards where the road is straight, all hairpin turns. Beatiful scenery all the way there though. The fence is there to keep the locals out so they are not trying to sell the tourist Ganja. Or other items. It was a great experience over all, surviving the drive was the best part.


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What You'll Get
Choose Between Two Options
- $29.99 for a silver-tone bracelet with engraved heart-shaped charm ($85 value)
- $34.99 for a gold-tone bracelet with engraved heart-shaped charm ($90 value)
Dangling from this slip-on bracelet—comprising three bangles—is a heart-shaped disk that can be engraved with a monogram.
The Fine Print
Promotional value expires 90 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. Limit 10 per person, may buy 10 additional as gifts. Valid only for option purchased. Online only. All prices in USD. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
About MonogramHub
From its beginnings more than 20 years ago as a brick-and-mortar jewelry store in New York, MonogramHub has developed into an online emporium full of finely crafted jewelry pieces, personalized for every customer. The team of skilled craftsfolk at Monogram Hub specializes in one-of-a-kind products such as photo pendants for preserving a precious family memory or ornate monogram cufflinks for remembering which tailored suit in the closet is yours. Jewelers create glittering earrings, necklaces, and rings in the shape of a client's name, engrave wedding rings with anniversary dates, or fashion delicate hamsa and wishbone charms for good luck.


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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I'm confused, I thought Promo 2 was the first commercial and consisted of stock/generic footage.
23 might be leg 1 (Kelowna and area)4-6 is the startline
What about promo 2 #19-20? Same track??
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Facebook allows half-siblings to meet for first time
Reunion occured on Friday
Facebook allows half-siblings to meet for first time
Reunion occured on Friday
SABATTUS, Maine —
A Sabattus woman has met her two half-sisters for the first time thanks to Facebook.
Joan Brown Turgeon's father left their family when she was 4 years old. She never saw or heard from him again.
While trying to find information about her father years after he left the family, Brown Turgeon learned he had died. But she wanted to reconnect with her half-sisters from her father's second family.
She was able to find them using Facebook.
"I'm very family-oriented, so it's like if there are two sisters out there, I'll find them and I did. I never thought that would happen. Never," Brown Turgeon said.
Half-sisters Elaina and Kathleen flew to Maine at met Brown Turgeon's family and friends on Friday night.


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Apparently the taste of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes are not supposed to bring out the pothead in you -- because the company is officially kicking Michael Phelps to the curb.
After the bong shots surfaced, Kellogg was none too happy with their spokes-dolphin, and have just released the following statement: "We originally built the relationship with Michael, as well as the other Olympic athletes, to support our association with the U.S. Olympic team. Michael's most recent behavior is not consistent with the image of Kellogg. His contract expires at the end of February and we have made a decision not to extend his contract."
Interesting move ... considering Frosted Flakes are great for the munchies.
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This is a lesson about impact craters; the relationships between crater size, projectile size and projectile velocity; and the transfer of energy in the cratering process. Learners will create plaster of Paris or layered dry impact craters and... (View More) conduct controlled experiments using mass and velocity as the independent variables. Energy calculations for advanced classes, and vocabulary words are included. This is lesson 6 of 19 in Exploring Meteorite Mysteries. (View Less)
Keywords: Crater
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – A blistering first-half shooting performance by MIT helped power it to a 77-63 victory over Clark University in a New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) men's basketball game on Saturday afternoon. The Engineers, who improved to 11-5 on the year and 1-2 in league action, were 14-of-28 from the floor and had a 6-of-8 effort from three-point range in the opening frame. The Cougars, still in search of their first NEWMAC win, saw their ledger dip to 6-10 overall and 0-3 in conference action.
MIT saw three players reach double-digits in scoring, led by 17-point performances from Mitchell Kates and Jamie Karraker. Kates was 5-of-6 from the floor and drained all seven of his free-throw attempts while tallying five assists and four rebounds. Karraker was equally efficient, shooting 6-of-10 on the day and 5-of-8 from three-point range. Will Tashman added a double-double on 15 points and a game-high 15 rebounds. Coming off the bench, Tim Donegan chipped in seven points while Billy Bender contributed six rebounds, five assists, and two steals.
Drew Billington paced Clark with 17 points, shooting 4-of-5 from the floor and 8-of-9 at the charity stripe. He also he notched three assists and three steals. Brian Vayda totaled eight points, six steals, five boards, and four assists as Tucker Esborn registered nine points. Travis Curley and Jake Gubitose bolstered the Cougars' cause with seven points each.
The Engineers opened the game with 10 unanswered points before a layup by Esborn put the visitors on the board at the 15:23 mark. A Tashman three-point play ignited a 25-9 run during the next 10 minutes and increased MIT's advantage to 35-11. Clark responded with 13 straight points, trimming its deficit to 11 with 1:11 left in the half. Billington was responsible for seven points during the spurt. Donegan's layup moments before the buzzer gave the Engineers a 37-24 lead at the break.
MIT maintained its comfortable cushion throughout the majority of the second half, with its margin reaching 18 points on five occasions, the last at 58-40 with 7:14 to go. On Clark's ensuing possession, Billington drained a pair of free throws, sparking a 9-2 run that narrowed the gap to 11 (60-49) just 1:30 later. Kates' three-point play and two Daniel McCue free throws momentarily kept the Cougars at bay. However, Clark continued to attack as Jeff Tager's layup cut MIT's lead to 10 (73-63) with 59.8 seconds remaining in regulation. This was as close as it would get as Kates converted all four attempts during two trips to the free throw line down the stretch.
Both squads continue conference play next week. Clark will host WPI on Tuesday, Jan. 18 while MIT will make the trip to Springfield College the next day.


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Product 29/40
Peony Passion Vintage-Victorian at its finest. Lace doilies, a garden gate, regal black hat and pearls make the elements pack perfect for scrapping old photos of your ancestors. Perfect peonies, jeweled insects, and plenty of ribbons and stitches are all you need to make amazing clusters for layouts or cards.
This product contains 49 unique elements including: 1 jeweled bee, 1 butterfly, 2 buttons, 1 label, 1 clock, 1 comb, 6 flowers, 5 pieces of foliage, 4 frames, 1 iron gate, 1 hat, 1 wood knob, 1 piece of lace, 1 lady bug, 1 strand of pearls, 1 stitched paper bit, 1 purse, 4 ribbons 2 scribbles, 2 smudge, 1 set of staples, 2 stitches, 2 tags, 2 tape, and 1 vase.
This product is Personal Use, S4H, and S4O friendly.
NOTE: In addition to this product, example layouts may contain other Jilbert's Bits of Bytes products.
These papers were part of a daily download for my newsletter subscribers during NSD 2017.


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Software Upgrades - Serenade Pro Upgrade
Serenade Pro Sync-Along Upgrade
Version 4.5 - filename PIANO2K.SYS
Rev 4.5 released 07/01/03: The SyncAlong Release
Download the file "PIANO2K.ZIP"
Unzip "PIANO2K.ZIP" to a file folder called QRS on your hard drive(You made need Winzip to unzip files)
If you are using WINDOWS XP you can copy the files in the compressed zip folder and paste in the QRS folder.
Copy the file to a clean DOS formatted HD floppy
Label the Disk OS4.5 QRS Serenade Pro
Power down the Pro from both the remote and base unit
Insert the diskette labeled OS4.5 QRS Serenade Pro floppy drive
Hold down the Volume UP & DOWN buttons on the main control unit
While holding the UP & DOWN buttons press the POWER ON button
In a few seconds the system will update automatically to OS4.5
How to upload Sync-Along MIDI files to your hard drive for "drop and play" ease of your audio CD favorites.
Insert the commercially available (selected) CD into the CD drive (only CD's in QRS's SyncAlong Library have matching MIDI files)
A 10 digit ID number will appear on the display write it down
Create a LIBRARY on the hard drive by pressing MULTY 1 - Name the library a 10 digit ID you wrote down in section 2 (MULTY 1 Ð ADD LIBRARY)
Insert the corresponding floppy into the floppy drive
Copy all the matching piano files from the QRS Sync-Along diskette to the newly created library, by pressing MULTY 7
You are now done the diskette, save it for backup purposes.
After the COPY function is complete press the CD button on the remote controller
Press PLAY or select a song (arrow keys or numeric keypad)
Serenade Pro will automatically find the matching piano accompaniment file and play it in perfect synchronization. STOP, PLAY, PAUSE, NEXT, PREVIOUS as well as FAST FORWARD/FAST REWIND functions will work just as with other software media
Serenade Pro Manual
The Owners manual in PDF form for the Serenade Pro
return to Software Upgrades


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Although the album was released about eight months before the cartoon premiered, They Might Be Giants' Flood will probably forever be best associated with the Warner Brothers/Amblin Entertainment animated series: Tiny Toon Adventures. If you grew up in the 1990s, it's all but impossible to not picture Plucky Duck getting pummeled in a wrestling ring whenever Particle Man is played.
The sing-along episode actually featured two tracks from Flood: Particle Man and Istanbul, but the former was far more memorable as it gave a face to the mysterious Triangle Man, Universe Man, and Person Man. Not to mention the moving accordion solos by Dizzy Devil, and the deadpan lyrical delivery of Hamton J. Pig. Let's see the cast of Pokemon deliver such a performance.
And for longtime fans of the song who are still having a hard time comprehending how things play out, the band tweeted this handy flowchart from its official Twitter account yesterday that should straighten everything out.


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Alone in space, light years away from your family, you are Cargo Corps' latest recruit, a Cargo Commander. Your responsibilities are simple: travel through the vast reaches of wormhole-filled space salvaging priceless cargo from alien infested containers. The work, however, is hard, honest, and hairy: punch and shoot deadly mutants in the face, while traveling between your ship and containers. Jockey for promotions with thousands of other Cargo Commanders in the galaxy, collect over 80 different cargo types, all the while earning your way back home. * Randomly generated sectors based on names that you can choose, shared with other players * Fully destructible environments; create your own path with your Platform drill and explosives * Compete with other players; each sector has an online leaderboard * 2 modes: Career and Journey * Loot the bodies of other players * Upgrade your weapons and tools * Find and send postcards, and encounter cards lost by other players
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