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How To: Backup and Upgrade Your PS3's Hard Drive
by Breakpoint
One of the best things a PlayStation 3 owner can do is to upgrade their PS3 to have more storage space by installing a new hard drive. Doing so will ease most worries about running out of room from all of the different game installs, save files, demos, and HD videos. The best part about this process is that it is pretty simple and anyone can do it!
Additionally, it is recommended that all PlayStation 3 owners have an external hard drive or flash drive to store and backup their PS3s data to in case of the probability that their system breaks. This allows for an easy swap of data from the old PS3 to the new PS3. These devices may also be used to easily transfer songs and movies from your computer to your PS3, turning your PS3 into a multimedia machine!
The guide below will show you how to find an external hard drive or flash drive to backup your PS3s data and how to find and install a new hard drive to your PS3.
How to Find an External Hard Drive or Flash Drive to Backup Your PS3s Data
Using an external device can be a quick way to ensure that your PS3s data is safe in case something bad happens to your PS3, such as it breaking down for many reasons. Even if your PS3 is covered under its warranty, most of the time when you send your PS3 in for repairs or replacement, you may not receive the same hard drive back. So Sony has placed the user in charge of backing up their data. If you take the chance of not backing up your data before something like this occurs, then you run the risk of losing everything you have on your hard drive. That risk means you must say goodbye to a lot of your important game saves and expect to start all over from the beginning, not something you may want to do if you are playing on expert difficulty.
So to make sure youre clear from anything like this ever happening, you must decide first on what kind of external device you would like. The two most popular options are an external hard drive or a flash drive. The external hard drive is a device that can usually match the storage capacity of your PS3s hard drive and should be used if you plan on backing up everything from your PS3, but they can be big and require a lot more power than a flash drive. The flash drive is a much more portable option since it can fit in your pocket, but it cannot store as much information, like an external hard drive, so you must pick and choose what you would like to back up.
When you are making a choice on the size and manufacturer of the external device, it is best to search the internet to see if these devices are compatible with your PS3. Even though most types of external devices will work with the PS3, there are some that may not work, and you will need to return them for another. Also keep in mind that if you plan to run the power for the external hard drive from the PS3, make sure it is less than 250GB since the USB ports wont be able to power anything larger than that size.
Once you have your external device, the first thing you should do is make sure it is formatted correctly on the FAT32 file system by connecting it to your computer. If it is not, then you will need to reformat the drive so it is FAT32 since this is the only file system the PS3 can read. The most recommended free utilities to use for reformatting an external hard drive to FAT32 are SwissKnife (XP) and Easeus Partition Manager (XP/Vista). Now you can connect the external drive to your PS3 and start to back up all of the data. But before you decide to backup everything, you should first go through the PS3 and delete any videos, game installs, and demos you do not need since they take up a lot of space. In order to do a full PS3 backup, you will need to navigate from the XMB menu to Settings > System Settings > Backup Utility > Backup. With the external device attached, the PS3 will begin to copy an exact image of your files on the PS3 to it. Be sure to create a backup of your PS3 every so often just to make sure you save all of you new files over time.
How to Find and Install a New Hard Drive to Your PS3
The best part about installing a new hard drive on the PS3 is that it is very simple. This is due to that fact that the PS3 uses the same type of hard drives that are found in most laptop computers. You also are free to install a new hard drive on any type of PS3 you may own, from the 20, 40, 60, 80, and 160 GB models, without worrying about voiding your warranty. The PS3 was made so owners could install a new hard drive in less than 10 minutes!
Before you install a new hard drive you will need to decide if you would like to save any of the information on your current PS3s hard drive, such as PSN games, save files, music, or videos. If you think that this stuff may be important to keep then you will want to create a backup of your PS3s hard drive before removing it. These steps were described above in How to Find an External Hard Drive or Flash Drive to Backup Your PS3s Data.
The first thing when looking for a suitable hard drive is to make sure you purchase a hard drive that is compatible with the PS3. When looking for a hard drive make sure that the hard drive you are purchasing is a 2.5 inch (2.5) SATA hard drive. Any hard drive you find that is not of this measurement should be avoided at all cost since it will not fit into your PS3 and you will need to return it. Next you will then need to decide on the size of your hard drive storage. Since you are upgrading you will want the hard drive to be big! So I suggest upgrading your hard drive to the biggest you can find on your budget. The biggest size available right now is 500 GB, but if you think you dont need that much than a 320 GB or 250 GB hard drive should be enough. Finally, you can choose the speed of your new hard drive. This aspect isnt that important, however, since tests have found that the different speeds of the hard drives on the PS3 had little effect on performance saving only about 2 seconds on some areas. So I suggest going with the speed of 5400 rpm since it will save you more money, but if you feel like bragging you can go for the hard drives with speeds of 7200 rpm or a solid state drive. Now that you know what kind of hard drive you want, you can go purchase one from an online store for your best selection. I suggested getting one that is manufactured by Seagate or Western Digital.
When you have received your new hard drive it is now time to remove the old one from your PS3. To replace the hard drives please follow the steps below, if you need more information there are instructions included in your PS3 manual on how to do this.
If you had previously used an external hard drive or flash drive to backup your PS3s data on the old hard drive then you should continue on to restoring the backup from those devices via the Backup Utilitys Restore option. Once you have completed the restore your PS3 will look much like its old self, but with a lot more storage space!
- Turn off and unplug the console. Remove the plastic HD side panel, and remove the blue screw
- Open the metal latch, move the hard drive tray to the right, and slide out the tray.
- Remove the four screws that hold the hard drive in the tray. Use a screwdriver that fits well since the screws are tight and strip easily
- Swap in the new hard drive and screw it back in
- Put the hard drive tray back into the system and slide it into place. Then screw in the blue screw and place the side panel back
- Turn on the console and let it format the new hard drive
Easeus Partition Manager
Results 1 to 8 of 8
How-To: Backup and Upgrade Your PS3's Hard Drive
This is a discussion on How-To: Backup and Upgrade Your PS3's Hard Drive within the Trophy Guides, Reviews & Articles forum, part of the Everything PlayStation; How To: Backup and Upgrade Your PS3's Hard Drive by Breakpoint One of the best things a PlayStation 3 owner ...
02-22-2012 #1
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How-To: Backup and Upgrade Your PS3's Hard Drive
04-05-2012 #2
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Thanks for the info!
Helped me a lot!
06-12-2012 #3
Thanks for the tutorial, I needed something like this!
06-15-2012 #4
Small question - how big is a normal backup file to be put on an external HDD.
I'm aware that it will depend on the amount of data - I'm looking at ballpark figures i.e. I've got a 16gb external flash drive - that should be enough, shouldnt it?
08-04-2012 #5
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I had very little data on my ps3 and the back-up was 20gb.
08-04-2012 #6
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Extra step
I upgraded my hdd this week and had an extra step that doesn't get mentioned above, I needed to have the latest firmware on a flash drive. The ps3 requested this in a cryptic message when I started it up with the drive in place. After a quick google I figured out what was needed.
Basically you have to go to the playstation site and download the latest firm ware, a pup file I thin, onto a flash drive. The file needs to be inside a folder called update, which itself should be inside a folder called ps3 - so you have PS3 >UPDATE>pup file. Have the flash drive in the ps3 when you boot up with the new hdd.
I was upgrading an 80gb fat, so it may just be that tpe affected. Anyway, hope that helps anyone who encounters the same problem.
01-23-2015 #7
Newegg is the way to go for HDD. Don't get the 7000 RPM,unless you have a fan mod... Can overheat ps3!!
01-24-2015 #8
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In an appearance tonight on SNY, SI.com's Jon Heyman said the Mets offered Francisco Rodriguez a two-year deal, with a third-year option, at roughly $12 million per season.
Earlier today, on MetsBlog.com, I wrote the following:
"According to people connected to the team, the Mets believe they can sign Rodriguez to a three-year deal before the end of the week. However, there is also a chance Rodriguez could agree to a two-year deal, with a third-year player option."
Heyman says, due to the economy, the Mets feel maybe they can get a bargain, 'though I don't expect him to take it.'
According to Heyman, it should take at least a three-year deal to sign Rodriguez.
…as i said earlier, i still believe the deal will be three years as well, with a fourth-year option, as most people have been suggesting…i mean, if K-Rod ever dropped to that two-year level, i have to think other teams will get involved, like the Tigers and Brewers…unless, of course, the Mets up the per-year salary, which would be creative…
Update, 6:42 PM:
In a post to his blog for Newsday, David Lennon says Rodriguez was recently spotted in the lobby of the Bellagio speaking with Mets VP Tony Bernazard.
According to Lennon, "When approached by reporters, K-Rod said the Mets told him not to talk about their discussions."
Lennon and Heyman will appear on tonight's 7 pm edition of Mets Hot Stove on SNY, as will Matt Yalloff's footage from the lobby of the Bellagio in Las Vegas.

subset: commoncrawl


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We've combed through our trove of Snap Judgments and selected the most viewed celebrity pictures of 2008. Travel back to a time when you cared about Ali Lohan, Brooke Hogan and Angelina Jolie's pregnant womb.
10. Hulk Hogan Having Trouble Telling Girlfriend From Daughter
9. Angelina Jolie Got A Big Ol' Bump
8. Dear Ali Lohan, Please Try To Stay Just Like This—Thanks
7. Natalie Portman Steps Out With Beefcake; Wellingtons
6. Monica Lewsinsky May Be An Angeleno Now, But She Doesn't Dress Like One
5. Clive Owen, Shirtless, In Rome. Please File Under "Dream Come True"
4. Lindsay Lohan's Leggings & Liger
3. Angelina Jolie Keeps The Kids In Line With Processed Foods
2. Courtney Love Has Us Concerned


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Terms and Conditions
Online Auction for the deceased estate of Mr.& Mrs. Donald Blome and consignees.
Sterling Transitions Inc NCAF#10011
Betty Baker, Auctioneer NCAL#9997
The lots listed in this catalog are being offered by Sterling Transitions Inc. as agent for consignor(s) subject to the following terms and conditions. By bidding at the auction you agree to be bound by these Conditions of Sale.
PREVIEW DATE: Sunday, December 17th 3:00-5:30 519 N Griffing Blvd Asheville, NC 28804. We will have an open house style preview where you can preview the items from this auction as well as the paintings from the second auction of the same estate. We will also have a book sale during the preview selling books from their large library. (Prices from $1 to $3).
ONLINE SALE DATES: Bidding starts at 8:00am Saturday, December 16, 2017. Lots will close every minute starting with Lot 1 at 6:00pm on Wednesday, December 20th, 2017. Individual closing will be extended 5 minutes when a new bid comes in within 5 minutes of lot closing.
PICK UP / SHIPPING: Local Pick Up is Thursday, December 21st from 12PM to 6PM in Asheville, NC and the exact address will be on invoice sent to buyer after the auction ends. Some lot items will be available for shipping via UPS Store where we will take to the Store and they will pack and you will need to pay them direct for the shipping of your winning items.You MUST communicate with us at auction close as to whether or not you are picking up or shipping your items. If you are shipping you must pay for your items and communicate your address and contact number before we will take to UPS. THIS MUST BE COMMUNICATED WITHIN 24 OF RECEIVING YOUR INVOICE. Please call 828-338-8448 or email email@example.com with your plans.
PAYMENT INFO: You will receive an EMAIL with an attached invoice from Sterling Transitions Inc AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE AUCTION, not after the item was sold. This email will include payment instructions via PayPal and instructions for pick up and shipping. Paypal requires a secure sign in and accepts all credit card payments. Buyer will need an account on Paypal.com and will use our email address, firstname.lastname@example.com, for payment on PayPal. **All items must be paid for within 24 hours of sale ending using Paypal or call / email us to communicate other payment preferences. Bring your paid invoice with you to pick up.
SOLD AS IS No Guarantee: Everything is sold "As-is, Where-is" without guarantees of any kind. No Exceptions! Neither the auctioneer nor any consignor or staff member makes any warranties or representation of any kind or nature with respect to the property, and in no event shall they be deemed to have made any representation or statement at the sale or elsewhere to mean otherwise. Due diligence to verify the condition and description of a lot is the sole responsibility of the Bidder prior to placing any bid. No Returns.
Sterling Transitions Inc, offers lot descriptions to the best of its knowledge presented solely for the convenience of the Purchaser. Prospective bidders should investigate a lot thoroughly before bidding by reviewing all photos and descriptions and coming to preview prior to bidding. Sterling Transitions Inc. does not accept liability for any omissions or mistakes in the description or photos. By bidding the Bidder acknowledges that Bidder has investigated the lot to his or her satisfaction or that Bidder has chosen not to do so, and agrees to accept the lot being bid on with no objections after the sale closes. If you are uncertain please contact us by email at email@example.com with your questions PRIOR to bidding. If you are still uncertain after we reply, please refrain from bidding.
ALL SALES ARE FINAL.Placing a bid is a legally binding obligation.
ALL ITEMS ARE SOLD "AS IS, WHERE IS". No returns.
By Bidding, a bidder agrees to Sterling Transitions Inc. terms and conditions
Buyer Premium of 15% is added to the final winning bid amount.
Ownership of all online purchases not picked up during pick up times will be forfeited and you may lose your right to bid on items in our future sales. If your items are being shipped, you must pay for your shipping and items prior to shipping. If we do not hear from you and you have not paid within 24 hours of receipt of updated invoice then you will forfeit your item and it will be donated. You may call us if you have any problems at 828-338-8448.
We will use reasonable efforts to carry out online bids and do not accept liability for equipment failure, inability to access the internet or software malfunctions related to the execution of online sale.
By bidding on any item in the sale, the bidder permits Sterling Transitions Inc to add them to their email mailing list. Bidder may freely opt out of mailings at any time by following the instructions in any mailing.
The auctioneer has the right at his or her absolute and sole discretion to refuse any bid, to withdraw any property or bid before and during the sale, as well as reserve the right to group one or more lots into one or more selling lots, or to subdivide into two or more selling lots. Sterling Transitions Inc. shall have no liability whatsoever for such withdrawal.
Cash, local checks and credit cards accepted if communicated to our staff PRIOR to pick up. 828-338-8448 or email@example.com


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Apple has updated the support document that details iPad Wi_fi connection issues, adding that a software fix is indeed in the works. Two of the main Wi-Fi issues include a weak signal and forgotten passwords.
While waiting for Apple, if you happen to be part of the "very small number" of iPad users suffering from these iPad Wi-Fi issues, you can try some of the following workarounds:
- Update your Wi-Fi router firmware
- Use WPA or WPA2 for your wireless security
- Adjusting screen brightness
- Renew your IP address
Any of these solutions work for you? Still having issues? Let us know in the comments below!
[Apple via Mac Rumors]


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Vipers Vanquish Skyforce With 3-Point Barrage
It's off in the distance, beckoning for your attention. Trying so hard to get closer, you realize the destination is an illusion. The first three quarters for the Sioux Falls Skyforce were hard-fought, with only a five point deficit heading into the final stages. The soothing mirage snapped into cold reality as the Rio Grande Valley Vipers (9-8) caught fire from long distance and cruised to a 107-92 victory on Friday night.
Both teams were reeling coming out of the NBA Development League Showcase, but the visitors broke the game open with a 21-4 run including a stretch of 13 straight to start the money stretch. Five three pointers in the 4th quarter for the Vipers was the highlight of an overall 11-21 performance from deep. The Skyforce (10-9) conversely were a substandard 4 of 19 outside the arc. Gains were made in the offensive rebounding department for Sioux Falls, but turnover troubles were still present as there were 19 giveaways.
The Vipers got an almost flawless night from German import Tim Olbrecht. Starting off 9-9 from the floor and 8-8 from the free throw line should get you noticed. Olbrecht finished with 29 points, 13 rebounds and 3 blocks for the former Olympian who played for Germany in the Bejing Games. Adding to the flavor was the recent transactions that sent Andrew Goudelock from Sioux Falls to the Vipers. Wearing the road red of RGV lit the former Laker's competitive edge for 23 points. Goudelock would take special delight in staring down the Skyforce bench after made baskets for extra effect.
Demetris Nichols was the scoring leader this time for the Skyforce tallying 21, Mark Tyndale next at 16 points and Dexter Pittman with a dozen. The big man on assignment from Miami presumably felt that he didn't give enough during the game as he got into early foul trouble and played only 23 minutes. An hour after the game was completed he was back on the court doing sprints. Dexter is making the most of his time in the D-League. Another chance at redemption arrives Saturday night as the Skyforce and Vipers finish their two-game set.


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Cheerful, happy and positive background music PACK. Good sound for children and all family. Best for cinema, movie trailer, advertisement, background music for videogames, presentations, slideshows, flash or video projects, or as web page music. Children Games – 1:19
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Main archive includes both WAV and MP3 files


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The word "fighter" often carries with it an image of a burley brute. The working barroom theory is that the bigger person usually wins. But that's only if you assume an even playing field, where neither guy knows what he's doing. If one of the combatants is trained, my money's on him, regardless of size.
In the sport combat world of mixed martial arts, even casual fans understand: Technique trumps power. Regardless, a clash of two heavyweights carries mystique and will draw more eyeballs and bigger paydays.
"People assume that heavyweights are supposed to move a certain way, without much finesse," explains John Dodson, a professional MMA Flyweight (125-pound) fighter. "When a big guy can move like a small guy, it's pretty incredible," he says. "People are drawn to the Heavyweights in hopes they'll see another Ali out there, a big guy that can move like that."
Fighters like Muhammad Ali are few and far between, he adds, but "time has proven that smaller fighters are going to be that technical and that skilled. The most entertaining fighters are at lighter weights."
MMA's premiere league, the UFC, is catching on. President Dana White has promised a Flyweight division, possibly as soon as 2012.
It isn't entirely clear where Dodson scored his nickname "The Magician." I heard it was after a match when an opponent caught one of his kicks, and he escaped the predicament via backflip. Dodson thinks the name was first used when he tossed an opponent in the air and jumped up after him: By the time they both landed, Dodson had secured a fight-ending rear naked choke. It's a feat that's hard enough to visualize, much less pull off. Adding to The Magician's lore, the fighter from Edgewood has never been taken to the mat in a fight.
Dodson has trained at Jackson-Winkeljohn Mixed Martial Arts for a decade and is an instructor there. He and his teammate Diego Brandão, who fights at Featherweight (145), are cast members in "The Ultimate Fighter" Season 14, which debuts Wednesday, Sept. 21, on Spike. For those who aren't familiar, the show is based on a house full of prospective fighters who live together and spend their days in the gym preparing to whoop each other's asses. (The rest of the time, they talk about how and why they're going to whoop each other's asses.) The winners advance, tournament style, until one man is left standing. The top dog gets a six-figure contract with the UFC.
"People are drawn to the Heavyweights in hopes they'll see another Ali out there, a big guy that can move like that."
-John Dodson
This season's cast includes two weight classes, Featherweights like Brandão, and Bantamweights, who compete at 135 pounds. While Dodson normally competes at 125, the UFC doesn't have a Flyweight division, so he competed at "thirty-fives" on the show, making him the smallest member of the cast.
Cast members aren't allowed to discuss what happened during filming. We'll have to watch and find out ourselves. Dodson will be hosting weekly viewing parties at Buffalo Wild Wings on the corner of Montgomery and Wyoming.
Dodson and Brandão are also among seven competitors who have used competitions organized by Jackson's gym to springboard onto the big stage of the UFC or Strikeforce.
The next such card, Jackson's MMA Series VI, goes down Saturday, Oct. 22, at the Hard Rock Casino. Not a single fight on the main card will be contested below 155 pounds.
The Jackson's Series brings a who's who of MMA out of the woodwork. The many stars who train at the gym come out to support their teammates. (I still haven't gotten all of the spittle out of my hair after sitting in front of a vocal Diego Sanchez at Julie Kedzie vs. Kaitlin Young in April.) Members of opposing teams show up as well. And don't be surprised to see Dan Henderson at the Oct. 22 event, when his California-based Team Quest protégé Federico Lopez takes on Jackson's fighter Matt Leyva in a Bantamweight bout. Lopez has already beaten Jackson's fighter Jorge Ruiz, a loss for his team that Leyva hopes to avenge. "Any time someone from our team loses to someone from another team, it's on," says Jackson's manager Ricky Kottenstette.
The card also features the U.S. debut of Japanese superstar Masanori Kanehara, at Bantamweight against Arizona's Carlos Ortega. Kanehara is visiting Albuquerque from Japan to train.
After years in the shadows, the lighter MMA fighters are finally getting a chance to show their stuff. From the regional circuit to reality TV to the big stage of the UFC, the doors are finally opening.
Even if Dodson loses in his attempt to win the "Ultimate Fighter" competition as a Bantamweight, he can still hope to enter the UFC's new Flyweight division. But if Dodson wins the show, he'd consider staying at that weight. The funny thing is, as we speculate about what will happen, he already knows the answer—or, rather, he knows if he'll be in the final fight, which will happen later this year on live TV. "A lot of people consider me the underdog because I'm the smallest guy in the house," he says, stopping himself there before letting out a telling "but" or some other giveaway.
Instead, he simply offers a word of advice: "Keep your eyes on the guys from New Mexico."
And don't blink. Those little guys are fast.


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Monterey Institute President Sunder Ramaswamy recently signed a Memoranda of Agreement with Peace Corps Director Aaron Williams establishing the Institute as a partner school for purposes of the prestigious Paul D. Coverdell Fellowship Program. The program offers Returned Peace Corps Volunteers (RPCV's) financial support to pursue a graduate degree program at the Monterey Institute, along with a substantial internship in an underserved community in the United States.
The Coverdell Fellows Program happens to be the brainchild of Dr. Beryl Levinger, chair of the Monterey Institute Public Administration program. Professor Levinger, who served in the Peace Corps in Colombia from 1967 to 1969, realized that Peace Corps volunteers have sought-after, specialized skills that could be put to good use back home. The program was launched in 1985 in partnership with Teachers College at Columbia University, with initial placements in New York City public schools, but is now offered in connection with a broad spectrum of specialties.
For more information about the Peace Corps Fellows program and MIIS degree programs, please contact the MIIS Enrollment Team.
For More Information
Jason Warburg
Eva Gudbergsdottir


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Beer me.
February 15, 2010
If I was ever on that show The Best Thing I Ever Ate…Soup this recipe would be the best Beer Cheese Soup I've ever eaten. Quite possibly the best soup, period. I can't wait to make this in football season. (The Spicy Popcorn Garnish will really wow your soup eaters :0) Thanks Emeril!
Beer Cheese Soup with Spicy Popcorn Garnish
- 5 tablespoons butter
- 1 onion, chopped
- 2 celery ribs, diced
- 1 parsnip, chopped
- 4 cloves of garlic
- 1/2 c. flour
- 4 c. chicken stock
- 2 c. pale ale (The #'s Ale I picked up at The Parish Market was delicious)
- 2 bay leaves
- 1/2 teaspoon cayenne
- 1/2 c. heavy cream
- 2 c. sharp Cheddar, grated
- 1 1/2 c. crumbled Stilton
- salt and white peppar to taste
Heat butter in a pot. Add parsnips, onion and celery and cook until tender, about 12 minutes. Add garlic and cook 1 minute. Sprinkle flour over veggies and cook 3 to 4 minutes, stirring constantly. Gradually whisk in broth and beer. Add bay leaves and cayenne. Simmer, stirring often, for one hour until the soup cooks down. Add heavy cream and cheeses (slowly) and stirring constantly. Season with salt and pepper to taste. Serve hot. Garnish with Spicy Popcorn Garnish.
Spicy Popcorn Garnish
- 3 tablespoons vegetable oil
- pinch of cayenne
- 1/3 c. popping corn
- 1 teaspoon Emeril's Southwest Essence
- pinch of salt
Heat oil in a pot and season with a pinch of cayenne. Put one corn kernal in the pot at the oil heats. Once it pops, add the remaining kernals. Cover pot with lid as popcorn pops, about 2 minutes. Toss popped corn in a bowl with remaining ingredients and serve atop soup.


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Huge product rangeOver 140,000 books & equipment products
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Goldfish come in a range of sizes and looks that is truly amazing. "Fancy Goldfish "is the most encompassing and thorough treatment of the fancy goldfish hobby to date. With photographs, essays, and instructions from a variety of experts, this book will provide readers with all they need to embark on the fascinating hobby of raising fancy goldfish. Fish veterinarian Dr. Johnson writes extensively on goldfish health and disease, including microscopy techniques, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the full span of goldfish diseases. In a helpful and accessible "frequently asked questions" format, Richard Hess provides a general introduction to all aspects of the hobby, from selecting the best fish, aquarium setup, maintenance, feeding, sexing and breeding, and keeping fish healthy. Jackie and Louis Chan, major exporters of fancy goldfish from China, discuss the tradition of goldfish appreciation in China, and a chapter on Japanese goldfish describes the history and standards of uniquely Japanese varieties and the techniques and secrets of Japanese breeders. Izhak Kroshinsky, a leading breeder of Ranchu in America, describes his methods for cultivating a superior strain over the last twenty-five years. With over 100 color photographs of beautiful specimens and rare varieties by Fred Rosenzweig, this book is a stunning visual reference as well.


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The Ultimate Fighter Fridays
Season Two - Episode Descriptions
Episode 6 - "Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson - One Mission" (Airs October 19, 10:00 pm e/p) - While Team Nelson has doubts about Roy's leadership, Carwin puts his squad through an unusual training session away from the gym. A prank at the house ignites heated smack talk between fighters. Then two more welterweights face off in the fifth preliminary fight.


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Growth abnormalities
Growth abnormalities
Natural Standard Monograph, Copyright © 2013 (www.naturalstandard.com). Commercial distribution prohibited. This monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. You should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.
Related Terms
Achondroplasia, acromegaly, adrenal, cerebral gigantism, childhood growth promotion, chondroectodermal dysplasia, congenital, cortisol, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Down's syndrome, dwarfism, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, fragile X syndrome, endocrinologist, GH, GHD, GHRH, gigantism, growth, growth hormone, growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone reserve test, growth hormone stimulation, growth hormone-releasing hormone, hormone, hypopituitarism, hypothalamus, IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1, mad cow disease, neurofibromatosis, panhypopituitarism, pituitary disorder diagnosis, pituitary gland, Russell Silver syndrome, sleep apnea, thyroxine, Sotos syndrome, Turner's syndrome.
Growth is characterized by increases in height and weight as well as bodily changes that occur as a person develops. Other aspects of growth include the growth of hair and bones and the transition of baby teeth to adult teeth.
Human growth can be tracked through various stages beginning with conception and continuing as the fetus develops. Once born, a healthy human will progress from a newborn/infant (zero months to one year), to a toddler (1-4 years), child (5-12 years), adolescent (13-19 years), young adult (20-35 years), adult (35-40), middle-aged adult (40-59), and finally to an elderly adult or senior citizen (60+ years).
Biological development or growth begins when a child is conceived. Conception happens when sperm from a man fertilizes an egg in a female resulting in a human embryo which develops and grows for nine month's in the mother's womb.
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), childhood is a time of rapid growth and cognitive, social, and emotional development that is accompanied by changes in organ system functioning, metabolic capabilities, physical size, and behavior.
Human growth may be affected by heredity, gender, illness and medications, nutrition, hormones, and psychosocial environment, among other factors. A warning sign of a growth abnormality is below or above average height and/or weight. During the first year of life, an infant should grow an average of 7-10 inches. During the second year, a toddler will grow approximately five inches. During the third year, toddlers grow three inches on average. From age four years until puberty, growth should be at least two inches/year. During puberty, girls may grow 2.5-4.5 inches/year. Puberty occurs later in boys and is usually characterized by a growth of 3-5 inches/year. After puberty, there is little to no additional growth of bones.
Growth problems may be genetic or acquired. Genetic growth abnormalities can be generally categorized as overgrowth disorders or undergrowth disorders. Overgrowth syndromes can be diagnosed by unusually large size at birth, excessive postnatal growth, and increased weight, increased length, and/or increased head circumference. There is an increased risk of cancer in a number of the overgrowth syndromes.
Common overgrowth syndromes include Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, fragile X syndrome, gigantism, hemihyperplasia, Maffucci syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Proteus syndrome, and Weaver syndrome. A common cause of overgrowth syndromes is the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before adolescence and a distinctive pattern of overgrowth called acromegaly.
Undergrowth syndromes may be caused by musculoskeletal and metabolic diseases, including those that cause alterations in the skeleton. Examples of undergrowth syndromes include dwarfism, Ellis Van Creveld syndrome, and Russell Silver syndrome.
Human growth disorders may affect growth symmetrically or may act regionally affecting the normal proportionality of the human body. Growth disorders may occur in infants, kids, or teens and may prevent them from meeting expectations of growth, such as failure to gain height and weight in young children to short stature or delayed sexual development in teens. Diseases of the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, bones, or other body systems may affect growth.
Types of the Disease
General: The endocrine system helps control growth and development throughout the body. It consists of small organs that regulate body functions through the release of hormones.
The pituitary gland is a small, oval-shaped organ at the base of the brain that releases a variety of hormones into the blood stream, including growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone is a protein hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. Once in the blood, GH travels to bone, muscle, and other tissues where it has many effects. The hypothalamus, a small structure located at the base of the brain just above the pituitary gland, controls the release of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. The principal stimulator of growth hormone secretion is called growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).
In children, GH stimulates linear growth (height) and contributes to the development of muscle and bone and the distribution of fat throughout the body. In adults, GH affects energy, muscle strength, bone health, and psychological well-being. Having either too much or too little GH can cause health problems, such as acromegaly, which is excessive growth. Excess GH in adults is most common in middle-aged men and women.
Acromegaly: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland in the brain, which makes GH, produces excessive amounts of GH. The excess GH may come from benign, or noncancerous, tumors on the pituitary called adenomas. Symptoms of acromegaly may appear at any age although it is most often diagnosed in middle-aged adults. Acromegaly is treatable in most patients; however, because of its slow onset, it often is not diagnosed early or correctly and may lead to serious illness and premature death. According to the National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service, the most serious health consequences of acromegaly are type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. Patients with acromegaly may also have an increased risk for colon polyps, which can develop into colon cancer. According to The Hormone Foundation, approximately 60 out of every one million Americans have acromegaly.
Dwarfism: Dwarfism is generally defined as an abnormally short stature, usually an adult height of four feet, 10 inches or less. Adult height among people with dwarfism ranges from two feet eight inches to four feet eight inches. More than 200 different conditions can cause dwarfism. Achondroplasia, a genetic condition that causes the arms and legs to be short in comparison to the head and trunk, causes about 70% of all dwarfism. Other genetic conditions, kidney disease, and problems with metabolism or hormones can also cause short stature. Achondroplasia occurs most often in families where both parents are of average height; 85% of children with achondroplasia are born to average-size parents.
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, or chondroectodermal dysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder associated with short-limb dwarfism, polydactyly (additional fingers or toes), malformation of the bones of the wrist, dystrophy of the fingernails, partial hare-lip, cardiac malformation, and often prenatal eruption of the teeth.
Fragile x syndrome: Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. A problem with a specific gene, called the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, causes the disease. Normally, the gene makes a protein needed for brain development. The mutation causes a person to make little or none of the protein, which results in the symptoms of fragile X. People with only a small change in the gene might not show any signs of fragile X; people with bigger changes may have severe symptoms. Common traits of fragile X syndrome include: intelligence problems, ranging from learning disabilities to severe mental retardation; social and emotional problems, such as aggression in boys or shyness in girls; and speech and language problems, especially in boys.
Gigantism: Gigantism is the result of an excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood before the closure of the bone growth plates; it is characterized by the overgrowth of long bones and a very tall stature. The excess GH secretion is frequently caused by a benign (noncancerous) pituitary gland tumor. Underlying medical conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), neurofibromatosis, or Carney complex, may also cause gigantism. Gigantism is inherited and occurs in fewer than 100 children in the United States.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the condition of having too little growth hormone (GH) characterized by abnormally short stature with normal body proportions. Growth hormone deficiency can be categorized as either congenital (present at birth) or acquired. In the United States, it is estimated that about 20,000 children and 35,000 adults have GHD.
Neurofibromatosis: Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder of the nervous system that affects how nerve cells form and grow, usually causing tumors to grow on nerves. Neurofibromatosis may be inherited or it can happen because of a genetic mutation. There are three types of neurofibromatosis: type 1 (NF1) causes skin changes and deformed bones and usually starts at birth; type 2 (NF2) causes hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and poor balance and often starts in the teen years; and schwannomatosis, which causes intense pain and is the rarest type.
Panhypopituitarism (hypopituitarism): Hypopituitarism is a rare condition caused by low levels of pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland is a small bean-shaped gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that influence nearly every part of the body. In hypopituitarism, there is a short supply of one or more of these pituitary hormones. This deficiency may affect growth, blood pressure, and reproduction.
Russell Silver syndrome: Russell-Silver syndrome, which presents at birth, results in poor growth, low birth weight, short height, and differences in the size of the two sides of the body. Other symptoms include: delayed bone age, wide forehead with a small triangle-shaped face, small, narrow chin, arms and legs of differing lengths, curving of the pinky toward the ring finger, short, stubby fingers and toes, "cafe-au-lait" (flat, pigmented spots on the skin that are named for the French term for coffee (café) with milk (lait) because of their light tan color) spots, arm span less than height (short arms), kidney problems (hydronephrosis, renal tubular acidosis, posterior urethral valves, horseshoe kidney), gastroesophageal reflux disease, swelling of the esophagus (food pipe), and failure to thrive. An estimated 7-10% of patients with this syndrome have a defect in a gene called the maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) for chromosome 7. In the other 90-93% percent of patients, a cause cannot be identified; most cases occur in a person whose family has no history of the disease. Males and females are equally affected.
Sotos syndrome: Sotos syndrome, also called cerebral gigantism, is a rare genetic disorder that is associated with excessive physical growth during the first 2-3 years of life and may be accompanied by mild mental retardation, delayed motor, cognitive, and social development, low muscle tone, and speech impairments. Children with Sotos syndrome are typically large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have larger heads than is normal for their age. Most cases of Sotos syndrome occur sporadically. However, familial cases have also been reported.
Causes and Risk Factors
Acromegaly: Acromegaly is caused by extended overproduction of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland produces several important hormones that control body functions such as growth and development, reproduction, and metabolism.
In over 95 percent of acromegaly patients, a benign tumor of the pituitary gland, called an adenoma, produces excess GH. Pituitary tumors are labeled either micro- or macro-adenomas, depending on their size. Most GH-secreting tumors are macro-adenomas, which are larger than one centimeter. These larger tumors may compress surrounding brain structures depending on where they are located. For example, if the tumor grows to the side, it may enter an area of the brain called the cavernous sinus potentially damaging the nerves located there. If the surrounding normal pituitary tissue is compressed, the production of other hormones may be altered. These hormonal shifts can lead to changes in menstruation and breast discharge in women and erectile dysfunction in men. If the tumor affects the part of the pituitary that controls the thyroid, another hormone-producing gland, then thyroid hormones may decrease. Weight gain, fatigue, and hair and skin changes may result from too little thyroid hormone. If the tumor affects the part of the pituitary that controls the adrenal gland, the hormone cortisol may decrease. Weight loss, dizziness, fatigue, low blood pressure, and nausea often result from too little cortisol. Some GH-secreting tumors may also secrete too much of other pituitary hormones. In rare cases, adenomas may produce thyroid-stimulating hormone. Experts recommend that a qualified healthcare professional examine all pituitary hormones in acromegaly patients as rates of GH production and the aggressiveness of the tumor vary greatly. Some adenomas grow slowly and symptoms of GH excess are often not noticed for many years. Other adenomas grow more rapidly and invade surrounding brain areas or the venous sinuses, which are located near the pituitary gland. Younger patients tend to have more aggressive tumors. Most pituitary tumors develop spontaneously and are not genetically inherited. They are the result of a genetic mutation (not present at birth) in a single pituitary cell, which leads to increased cell division and tumor formation.
Rarely, acromegaly is caused by tumors of the pancreas, lungs, and other parts of the brain. These tumors also lead to excess GH, either because they produce GH themselves or, more frequently, because they produce GHRH, the hormone that stimulates the pituitary to make GH. Nonpituitary tumors can be surgically removed causing GH levels to fall thus improving the symptoms of acromegaly. In patients with GHRH-producing nonpituitary tumors, the pituitary may still be enlarged and may be mistaken for a tumor. It is recommended that a qualified health professional carefully analyze all pituitary tumors removed from patients with acromegaly in case a tumor elsewhere in the body is causing the disorder.
Dwarfism: Dwarfism may be caused by any one of more than 200 conditions, most of which are genetic. Achondroplasia is the most common type, accounting for 70% of all cases of short stature. Dwarfism is typically caused by a spontaneous genetic mutation in the egg or sperm cells prior to conception. In more rare cases, the condition is caused by genes inherited from one or both parents. Two average-sized parents can have a child with short stature (though this is far more likely to occur with a spontaneous mutation). Similarly, depending on the type of condition causing the short stature, it is possible for little people to have an average-size child. What prompts a gene to mutate is not yet clearly understood. The change is seemingly random and unpreventable and can occur in any pregnancy. Generally, when average-size parents have a child with short stature due to a spontaneous mutation, it is rare to have a second child who is also of short stature. However, if parents have some form of dwarfism themselves, the odds are much greater that their children will have it as well. A genetic counselor can help determine the likelihood of passing on the condition in these cases. Dwarfism has other causes, including metabolic or hormonal disorders in infancy or childhood. Chromosomal abnormalities, pituitary gland disorders (which influence growth and metabolism), absorptive problems (when the body can't absorb nutrients adequately), and kidney disease can all lead to short stature.
Ellis-van Creveld: Ellis-van Creveld, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, results from defects in one of two Ellis van Creveld syndrome genes:EVC and EVC2. The two genes lie next to each other on chromosome 4. It is unclear how this unusual arrangement affects the presentation of the syndrome. The severity of the disease varies from person to person. The highest rate of the condition is seen among the Old Order Amish population of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Fragile x syndrome: Fragile X syndrome is caused by a change, or mutation, in a single gene called the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. This gene normally makes a protein the body needs for the brain to develop. However, when there is a change in this gene, the body makes only a little bit or none of the protein, which can cause the symptoms of fragile X. Fragile X is inherited, which means it is passed down from parents to children. Also, parents can have children with fragile X even if the parents do not have fragile X themselves. The changes in the gene can become more serious when passed from parent to child. Some people may only have a small change in their FMR1 gene (called a premutation) and may not show any signs of fragile X. Other people may have bigger changes in the gene, called a full mutation.
Gigantism: Gigantism is caused by an excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood, before the closure of the bone growth plates. This excess growth hormone causes overgrowth of the long bones and very tall stature.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): GHD can be caused by a variety of genetic mutations (such as in the Pit-1 gene, Prop-1 gene, growth hormone receptor gene, and the growth hormone gene), absence of the pituitary gland, or severe brain injury. However, in most cases, no underlying cause of the deficiency is found. Growth retardation may become evident in infancy and persist throughout childhood. The child's "growth curve," which is usually plotted on a standardized growth chart by the pediatrician, may range from flat (no growth) to very shallow (minimal growth). Normal puberty may or may not occur, depending on the degree to which the pituitary can produce adequate hormone levels other than growth hormone. Growth hormone deficiency may be associated with deficiencies of other hormones, including: thyrotropins (control production of thyroid hormones); vasopressin (controls water balance in the body); gonadotropins (control production of male and female sex hormones); and ACTH or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (controls the adrenal gland and its production of cortisol, DHEA, and other hormones). Physical defects of the face and skull can also be associated with abnormalities of the pituitary or pituitary function. A small percentage of infants with cleft lip and cleft palate have decreased growth hormone levels.
Neurofibromatosis: Neurofibromatosis (NF) is an extremely variable disorder. NF may be extremely mild with multiple "café-au-lait" (flat, pigmented spots on the skin that are named for the French term for coffee (café) with milk (lait) because of their light tan color) spots and a few dermal neurofibromas. More severe cases may result in one or more serious complications. The majority of people with NF (an estimated 60%) have mild forms of the disorder. Another 20% have correctable problems and 20% have serious and persistent problems. Many of the serious problems in NF, such as congenital defects of the bone, scoliosis, optic glioma, and neurological impairment leading to learning disability or mental retardation, may be evident at birth or may develop prior to adolescence. People with NF who have reached adulthood without having these problems are unlikely to develop them.
Panhypopituitarism: In hypopituitarism, there is an absence of one or more pituitary hormones, which leads to loss of function in the gland or organ that it controls. The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland (and their functions) are: growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth of tissues and bone; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete hormones that affect the body's metabolism; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol; cortisol, which helps to maintain blood pressure and blood sugar; prolactin, which stimulates female breast development and milk production; luteinizing hormone (LH), which controls sexual function in males and females; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which controls sexual function in males and females; antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which controls water loss by the kidneys; and oxytocin, which stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk release from the breasts. Causes of hypopituitarism may be: tumors of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, head trauma, brain tumor, radiation, brain surgery, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage (from a burst aneurysm), or infections of the brain and the tissues that support the brain. Occasionally, hypopituitarism may be caused by uncommon immune system or metabolic diseases, such as sarcoidosis, histiocytosis X, and hemochromatosis. Hypopituitarism can also be part of a rare complication following pregnancy, a condition called Sheehan's syndrome.
Russell Silver syndrome: In 7-10% of patients with this syndrome, there is a defect in a gene called the maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) for chromosome 7. However, the cause of this genetic defect has not been identified for most patients. Most cases of this syndrome occur in an individual whose family has no history of the disease. The features associated with Russell-Silver syndrome have been linked to many other genetic problems such as: chromosome rearrangements, autosomal dominant and recessive families (rarely reported), and abnormal methylation of chromosome 11p15. The estimated number of people who develop this condition varies greatly. Some estimates suggest it affects about one in 3,000. Other reports suggest it affects one in 100,000 people. Males and females are equally affected.
Sotos syndrome: Mutations in the NSD1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in normal growth and development, cause Sotos syndrome. About 95 percent of Sotos syndrome cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. A few families have been described with more than one affected family member. Sotos syndrome has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Sotos syndrome is reported to occur in one in 10,000 to 14,000 newborns. Many cases of this disorder remain undiagnosed however, so the true incidence may be closer to one in 5,000.
Signs and Symptoms
Acromegaly: Symptoms of acromegaly include: abnormal growth of the hands and feet, swelling of the hands and feet, protrusion of the brow and lower jaw, enlargement of the nasal bone, and abnormal teeth spacing. Overgrowth of bone and cartilage often leads to arthritis. When tissue thickens, it may trap nerves, causing carpal tunnel syndrome, which results in numbness and weakness of the hands. Body organs, including the heart, may enlarge. Other symptoms of acromegaly include joint aches, thick, coarse, oily skin, skin tags, enlarged lips, nose, and tongue, deepening of the voice due to enlarged sinuses and vocal cords, sleep apnea, breaks in breathing during sleep due to obstruction of the airway, excessive sweating and skin odor, fatigue and weakness, headaches, impaired vision, abnormalities of the menstrual cycle and sometimes breast discharge in women, erectile dysfunction in men, and decreased libido.
Dwarfism: Signs and symptoms of dwarfism include short stature (an adult height of four feet 10 inches or under), a shortened trunk with longer limbs, an average-sized trunk but small arms and legs, a relatively long trunk and shortened upper parts of their arms and legs, a large head with a prominent forehead, a flattened bridge of the nose, shortened hands and fingers, and reduced muscle tone.
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Sign and symptoms of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome include: stillbirth (common); death in early infancy (common); dwarfism; short arms and legs, especially the forearm and lower leg; sparse, absent, or fine textured hair; cleft lip or palate; tooth abnormalities (peg teeth, widely spaced teeth, teeth present at birth (natal teeth), delayed teeth, or absent tooth formation); nail problems, including absent or deformed nails; limited range of motion; extra fingers (polydactyly); epispadias or an undescended testicle (cryptorchidism); and heart defects such as a hole in the heart (atrial septal defect).
Fragile x syndrome: Symptoms of fragile X are often milder in girls than in boys. Common signs of fragile X include: intellectual disabilities that range from mild learning disabilities to more severe mental retardation; long ears, faces, and jaws; loose, flexible joints; flat feet; ability to extend joints like the thumb, knee, and elbow further than normal; behavior challenges; a feeling of being afraid or anxious in new situations; trouble paying attention; overly-aggressive behavior; overly shy disposition; trouble speaking clearly; presence of a stutter; trouble understanding the speaker's tone of voice or that person's body language; irritation with bright light, loud noises, or the way something feels; a dislike of being touched; and difficulty making eye contact with other people.
Gigantism: Symptoms of gigantism include: excessive growth during childhood, frontal bossing and a prominent jaw, thickening of the facial features, disproportionately large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes, increased perspiration, weakness, secretion of breast milk, irregular menstruation, headache, delayed onset of puberty, and double vision or difficulty with peripheral vision.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): GHD is characterized by a slowed or absent increase in height; slow growth before age five; short stature (below fifth percentile on a standardized growth chart, or an adult less than five feet tall); absent or delayed sexual development in an adolescent; headaches; excessive thirst with excessive urination; and increased urine volume.
Neurofibromatosis: Neurofibromatosis (NF) is characterized by the presence of multiple neurofibromas (tumors). Café-au-lait spots, which are the most common sign of NF, are the flat, pigmented spots on the skin, which are named for the French term for coffee (café) with milk (lait) because of their light tan color. In darker-skinned people, café-au-lait spots appear darker in color than surrounding skin. Iris nevi, or Lisch nodules, are clumps of pigment in the colored part of the eye (iris) that usually appear around puberty.
Panhypopituitarism: Symptoms of panhypopituitarism include fatigue, weakness, sensitivity to cold, decreased appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain, low blood pressure, headache, visual disturbances, short stature (less than five feet) if onset is during a growth period, and loss of armpit or pubic hair. Symptoms distinct to women include cessation of menstrual periods, infertility, lack of sex drive, and failure to lactate. Male symptoms may include decreased sexual interest and loss of body or facial hair. Common symptoms in children include slowed growth and sexual development. Symptoms vary depending upon the severity of the disorder, the number of deficient hormones, and their target organs. Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include weight gain (unintentional), joint stiffness, hoarseness or changing voice, hair loss, and facial swelling.
Russell Silver syndrome: Symptoms of Russell Silver syndrome include low birth weight, poor growth, short height, delayed bone age, normal width of head, wide forehead with a small triangle-shaped face and small, narrow chin, arms and legs of differing lengths, curving of the pinky toward the ring finger, short, stubby fingers and toes, cafe-au-lait (flat, pigmented spots on the skin that are named for the French term for coffee (café) with milk (lait) because of their light tan color) spots, arm span less than height (short arms), kidney problems, gastroesophageal reflux disease, swelling of the esophagus (food pipe), and failure to thrive.
Sotos syndrome: Symptoms of Sotos syndrome include: a long, narrow face; a high forehead; flushed (reddened) cheeks; a small, pointed chin; down-slanting palpebral fissures; intellectual impairment; behavioral problems; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phobias; obsessions and compulsions; tantrums; impulsive behaviors; problems with sound production; stuttering; a monotone voice; weak muscle tone (hypotonia); an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis); seizures; heart or kidney defects; hearing loss; and problems with vision. Some infants with this disorder experience yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and poor feeding.
Acromegaly: Blood and imaging tests may be used to diagnose acromegaly. The growth hormone (GH) level in a person's blood can be tested to determine if it is elevated. However, fluctuations in GH levels make such testing less reliable. More accurate information is obtained when GH is measured under conditions that normally suppress GH secretion. The oral glucose tolerance test is often used to diagnose acromegaly in healthy people. IGF-I levels may also be measured; IGF-I levels are much more stable than GH levels over the course of the day making them a more practical and reliable screening measure. After acromegaly has been diagnosed with blood tests, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the pituitary can locate and detect the size of the tumor causing GH overproduction. Computerized tomography (CT) scans may also be used.
Dwarfism: Some types of dwarfism can be identified through prenatal testing. However, most cases are not identified until after the child is born. A diagnosis is based on the child's appearance, failure to grow, and X-rays of the bones.
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Skeletal X-rays, echocardiograms, urinalysis, chest X-rays, ultrasounds, and genetic testing may be available for diagnosis.
Fragile x syndrome: There is a Fragile X DNA test has that can be accompanied by genetic counseling. It has been available since 1991, provides accurate diagnosis of fragile X syndrome and extremely accurate carrier detection, and is reliable for people of any age (it can also be performed prenatally). The fragile X cytogenetic test is also available. Although fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of inherited intellectual impairment, it is underdiagnosed due to wide variability in the clinical presentation of the disorder. Although certain physical and behavioral features are often associated with fragile X syndrome, they are not always present. In at least 10% of cases in males, intellectual impairment is the only presenting sign. The classic triad of long face, prominent ears and macroorchidism is present in just 60% of cases. Mental retardation is not a constant, either. Approximately 15% of males with fragile X syndrome have an IQ above 70 (Hagerman et al., 1994). In cases such as these, the possibility of fragile X syndrome may not be considered. Similarly, females with fragile X syndrome may not be correctly diagnosed because symptoms may be subtle.
Gigantism: Blood tests that detect an increase in insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels are used to diagnose gigantism. Imaging scans, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computerized tomography) scans, can detect pituitary tumors.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): A physical examination including weight, height, and body proportions will show signs of slowed growth rate and deviation from normal growth curves. Tests may include the following: hand X-rays, DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry), measurement of growth hormone and associated binding protein levels (IGF-I and IGFBP-3), tests that measure other hormone levels (lack of growth hormone may not be an isolated problem), X-rays of the head, and MRIs of the head.
Neurofibromatosis: Tentative diagnostic criteria include: a family history of NF1, six or more light brown ("cafe-au-lait") spots on the skin, presence of pea-sized bumps (neurofibromas) on the skin, larger areas on the skin that look swollen (plexiform neurofibromas), freckling under the arms or in the groin area, pigmented bumps on the eye's iris (Lisch nodules), skeletal abnormalities such as tibial dysplasia (bowing of the legs) or thinning of the shin bone, and tumors on the optic nerve that may interfere with vision. Laboratory tests are now available in most cases to determine whether a person has NF 1 and 2. Gene linkage testing is available for families with NF1 and NF2. Direct gene testing is currently available for NF1 and may be available in the near future for NF2. These tests may be used for presymptomatic diagnosis.
Panhypopituitarism: Diagnosis of hypopituitarism must confirm low hormone levels due to an abnormality of the pituitary gland. The diagnosis must also rule out disease of the organ affected by this hormone. Diagnostic methods include: cranial CT (computerized tomography) scans; cranial MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging); and tests for serum luteinizing hormone (LH), serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), serum testosterone level, serum estradiol (estrogen), serum cortisol, serum ACTH, T4 (thyroid hormone), serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), serum thyroid stimulating hormone response to thyroid-releasing hormone, serum growth hormone (GH), and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. In some cases, one of the hormones produced by the pituitary may be elevated in the blood stream if a patient has a pituitary tumor which is producing an excessive amount of that hormone. The tumor itself may be pressing against the rest of the cells of the pituitary, leading to low levels of other hormones.
Russell Silver syndrome: A physical exam is performed to detect the following symptoms of Russell-Silver syndrome: a triangle-shaped face with broad forehead, a small, pointed chin, and a thin, wide mouth. While specific laboratory tests for the diagnosis of Russell-Silver syndrome are not available, the following tests may be helpful: blood sugar, growth hormone, skeletal survey to rule out other conditions that may mimic Russell-Silver syndrome, chromosome testing, and bone age testing.
Sotos syndrome: Doctors may use the following signs of Sotos syndrome for diagnosis: a distinctive facial appearance, overgrowth in childhood, and learning disabilities or delayed development. Characteristic facial features include a long, narrow face; a high forehead; flushed (reddened) cheeks; and a small, pointed chin. In addition, the outside corners of the eyes may point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures). Other symptoms may include an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis), seizures, heart or kidney defects, hearing loss, and problems with vision. Some infants with this disorder experience yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and poor feeding.
Treatment and Complications
Acromegaly: Current treatment options for acromegaly usually include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation of the pituitary gland, or prescription medications including somatostatin analogues (SSAs), growth hormone receptor antagonists (GHRAs), or dopamine agonists. A possible complication of surgery is damage to the surrounding normal pituitary tissue, which requires lifelong use of pituitary hormone replacement. The part of the pituitary that stores antidiuretic hormone important in water balance may be temporarily or, rarely, permanently damaged and the patient may require medical therapy. Other potential problems include cerebrospinal fluid leaks and, rarely, meningitis, a bacterial or viral infection of the meninges, the outer covering of the brain.
Dwarfism: Treatments for dwarfism focus on alleviating symptoms and complications. Current treatment options include hormone therapy and surgery for correcting bone problems or for limb lengthening. Complications of dwarfism-related disorders can vary greatly, but some complications are common among a number of conditions. Women with disproportionate dwarfism may develop respiratory problems during pregnancy. A caesarean delivery is almost always necessary because the size and shape of the pelvis doesn't allow for vaginal delivery. People of average height often hold misconceptions about people with dwarfism. Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule.
The characteristic features of the skull, spine, and limbs shared by most forms of disproportionate dwarfism result in some common problems. These may include: delays in motor skill development, such as sitting up, crawling, and walking; frequent ear infections (otitis media) and risk of hearing loss; bowing of the legs (genu varum); difficulty breathing during sleep (sleep apnea); pressure on the spinal cord at the base of the skull; crowded teeth; progressive severe hunching (kyphoscoliosis) or swaying (lordosis) of the back; in adulthood, narrowing of the channel in the lower spine (lumbosacral spinal stenosis), resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and subsequent pain or numbness in the legs; arthritis in adulthood; weight gain that can further complicate problems with joints and the spine and place pressure on nerves.
With disorders causing proportionate dwarfism, problems in overall growth often result in complications with other poorly developed organs. For example, kidney or heart problems often present in Turner syndrome can have a significant effect on a child's general health. An absence of sexual maturation associated with growth hormone deficiency or Turner syndrome affects not only physical development but also social functioning.
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: There is currently no known single treatment for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Current treatment options vary widely and depend on which body system is affected and severity of symptoms and complications. Complications of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome include breathing difficulty, congenital heart disease (CHD), atrial septal defect (ASD), kidney disease, and bone abnormalities.
Fragile x syndrome: Currently, there is no known cure for fragile X syndrome, however, there are a variety of ways to help minimize the symptoms of the condition. Education, behavioral or physical therapy, and medication may give children the best chance of using their individual capabilities and skills. Those with significant mental retardation may master many self-help skills. Early intervention gives children the best start possible and the best chance of developing their full potential.
Gigantism: In Gigantism, surgery and radiation may be used to treat symptoms. Surgery is curative in about 80% of cases of pituitary tumors with well-defined borders. For situations in which surgery cannot completely remove the tumor, medication may be used, such as somatostatin analogs, which reduce growth hormone secretion. Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline) have also been used to reduce growth hormone secretion, but are generally less effective. Recently, pegvisomant, a medication that blocks the effect of growth hormone, has become available. Radiation therapy has been used to normalize growth hormone levels. Drawbacks to radiation therapy are that it can take 5-10 years for the full effects to be seen and is almost always associated with deficiencies in other pituitary hormones. Additionally, radiation has been associated with learning disabilities, obesity, and emotional changes in children. Many experts use radiation only if surgery and medication fail.
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD): Various medications may be used to treat GHD. If left untreated, extremely short stature and delayed puberty will result from this condition. In the past, some patients acquired Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (the human form of "mad cow" disease) from human-derived growth hormone that was used to treat growth deficiencies. This medication has been removed from the market. Synthetic growth hormone is used instead and does not carry risk of infectious disease.
Neurofibromatosis: Treatment for neurofibromatosis may include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Complications of NF1 neurofibromatosis include disfigurement, scoliosis, learning disabilities, large heads, optic gliomas, and congenital defects of bone. NF1 can result in disfigurement in a number of ways. Skin neurofibromas may develop on the face or on exposed areas of the arms or legs. Larger and deeper plexiform neurofibromas may grow around the eye or eyelid, and may affect the growth of one side of the face. Evidence that diet, exercise, or vitamins affect the growth of neurofibromas is currently lacking. Support and discussion groups may be helpful to those who are upset by the problems of disfigurement. Plastic surgery may also be an option. Plexiform neurofibromas around the eye are often managed jointly by an eye (ophthalmic) surgeon and a plastic surgeon. Children with NF1 should have routine eye examinations by an ophthalmologist, neurologist, or physician familiar with this problem.
Panhypopituitarism: Hypopituitarism is usually permanent and requires life-long treatment; however, a normal life span can be expected. Drug therapy may be used but may also cause side effects.
Russell Silver syndrome: Treatments for Russell Silver syndrome include physical therapy, special education, nutritional therapy, and growth hormone replacement. Russell Silver syndrome may cause self esteem and emotional problems related to appearance, chewing or speaking difficulty if the jaw is very small, and learning disabilities. Older children and adults do not show typical features as clearly as infants or younger children. Intelligence may be normal, although the patient may have a learning disability.
Sotos syndrome: There is currently no known single or standard treatment for Sotos syndrome and available treatment options are focused on alleviation of symptoms. Sotos syndrome is not a life-threatening disorder and patients may have a normal life expectancy. The initial abnormalities of Sotos syndrome usually resolve as the growth rate becomes normal after the first few years of life. Developmental delays may improve in the school-age years, however, coordination problems may persist into adulthood.
Integrative Therapies
Strong scientific evidence:
Arginine: Arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid because although it is normally synthesized in sufficient amounts by the body, supplementation is sometimes required (for example, due to inborn errors of urea synthesis, protein malnutrition, excess ammonia production, excessive lysine intake, burns, infection, peritoneal dialysis, rapid growth, or sepsis). Symptoms of arginine deficiency include poor wound healing, hair loss, skin rash, constipation, and fatty liver.
Intravenously administered arginine can be used to evaluate levels of growth hormone in individuals with suspected growth hormone deficiency. This procedure is called the growth hormone reserve test. This test may be beneficial, for example, in patients with suspected pan-hypopituitarism, growth or stature abnormalities, gigantism or acromegaly, or pituitary adenoma. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved this indication for arginine; however, it should only be performed under the direction of a licensed doctor.
Arginine has been well tolerated by most people in studies lasting for up to six months, although there is a possibility of side effects in some individuals. Stomach discomfort, including nausea, stomach cramps, or an increased number of stools, may occur. People with asthma may experience a worsening of symptoms if arginine is inhaled, which may be related to allergy. Headache has also been reported.
Good scientific evidence:
Probiotics: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria (sometimes referred to as "friendly germs") that help to maintain the health of the intestinal tract and aid in digestion. They also help keep potentially harmful organisms in the intestines (harmful bacteria and yeasts) under control. Most probiotics come from food sources, especially cultured milk products. Probiotics can be consumed as capsules, tablets, beverages, powders, yogurts, and other foods. There is evidence that young children (ages 6-36 months) who receive infant formula with Bifidobacteria Bb12 supplementation may achieve faster growth than those who receive formula without the supplementation. Balanced intestinal health aids in the absorption of nutrients.
Probiotics are generally considered safe and well-tolerated. Use cautiously in patients prone to infections or those with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, or in infants born prematurely or those with immune deficiency. Use cautiously in patients with gastrointestinal disorders or in those sensitive or intolerant to dairy products containing probiotics or to lactose. Avoid with known allergy or sensitivity to probiotics. Probiotics may cause diarrhea in sensitive individuals.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence:
Calcium: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and has several important functions. More than 99% of total body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, where it supports the structure. The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle tissue, and intracellular fluid. Calcium is needed for muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and relaxation, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and nervous system signaling. A constant level of calcium is maintained in body fluid and tissues so that these vital body processes function efficiently. Calcium helps support proper bone growth and maintenance.
Growth of very low birth weight infants correlates with calcium intake and retention in the body. It is possible that human milk fortifiers commonly used may have inadequate levels of calcium for infants of very low birth weight. Bone mineralization is also lower in very low birth weight infants at theoretical term than infants born at term. Use of a formula containing higher levels of calcium has been suggested to allow improved bone mineralization in these infants.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to calcium or lactose. High doses taken by mouth may cause kidney stones. Avoid with hypercalcaemia (high levels of calcium in the blood), hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in urine), hyperparathyroidism (high levels of parathyroid hormone), bone tumors, digitalis toxicity, ventricular fibrillation (ventricles of the heart contract in unsynchronized rhythm), kidney stones, kidney disease, or sarcoidosis (inflammation of lymph nodes and various other tissues). Calcium supplements made from dolomite, oyster shells, or bone meal may contain unacceptable levels of lead. Use cautiously with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices) or arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Calcium appears to be safe in pregnant or breastfeeding women; however, it is suggested to consult with a healthcare provider to determine appropriate dosing during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Copper: Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods, including vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains, and fruits as well as shellfish, avocado, and beef (organs such as liver). Because copper is found in the earth's crust, most of the world's surface water and ground water used for drinking purposes contains small amounts of copper. Severe copper deficiency may retard growth. Adequate intake of micronutrients including copper and other vitamins may promote growth as measured by length gains. Copper deficiency may occur in infants fed only cow-milk formulas (which are relatively low in copper content) or synthetic low lactose diets, premature/low-birth weight infants, infants with prolonged diarrhea or malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes (including celiac disease, sprue, or short bowel syndrome), cystic fibrosis, or during intravenous total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or other restrictive diets.
Copper toxicity is rare in the general population. Excess copper consumption may lead to liver, kidney, or nerve damage.
Polydextrose: Prebiotics are nutrients fermented in the large bowel that favor the growth of desirable large bowel microflora (healthy bacteria). Polydextrose, a carbohydrate with low digestibility, has been shown to have prebiotic activity. More high-quality studies with polydextrose supplementation are needed in order to determine its usefulness as a prebiotic in infant formulas for childhood growth promotion.
Use cautiously in patients with gastrointestinal problems, diarrhea, pancreatic problems, kidney disease, skin conditions, diabetes, or in those using antidiabetic agents or lipid lowering medications. Avoid use in patients with an allergy or hypersensitivity to polydextrose.
Qi gong: Children are capable of receiving instruction in internal Qi gong as a health promotion activity and it may have some behavioral benefits. However, it is unclear whether Qi gong can promote physical growth in children. More research is needed.
Qi gong is generally considered to be safe when learned from a qualified instructor and practiced in moderation. In cases of potentially serious medical conditions, Qi gong should not be used in place of more proven therapies. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes, hypoglycemia, bleeding disorders, low blood pressure, or in patients taking agents for these disorders. Caution is advised in immune-compromised individuals, pregnant or breastfeeding women, in patients with pre existing psychoses, or in vulnerable individuals without a psychiatric history.
Fair negative scientific evidence:
Zinc: Some limited evidence suggests that supplementation with zinc plus iron (but not zinc alone) may improve linear growth (length) of stunted infants with low hemoglobin. Overall, studies using zinc alone do not suggest any effect on growth.
Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Use amounts regularly exceeding the recommended upper tolerance levels (greater than 40 milligrams daily) under a physician's guidance only. Use cautiously in patients with bleeding disorders, diabetes, or low blood sugar levels, or in patients taking agents for these conditions. Use cautiously in patients with high cholesterol or blood fats, a high risk of developing heart disease, skin disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, liver disease, genitourinary conditions, blood disorders, nerve disorders, lung or respiratory disorders, immune disorders, or kidney disease, or in patients taking antidepressants, potassium-sparing diuretics, antibiotics (particularly tetracyclines and quinolones), iron, penicillamine, thyroid hormones, or copper. Avoid in patients who are homozygous for hemochromatosis (a metabolic disorder involving the deposition of iron-containing pigments in the tissues and characterized by bronzing of the skin, diabetes, and weakness) or with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to zinc compounds. Avoid use of intranasal Zicam®.
Prevention and Self-Management
There are several things an individual can do to help ensure that a child grows and develops normally. These include proper rest, proper nutrition, and adequate exercise. Growth disorders that are inherited may still be manageable with the help of doctors and therapists.
Adequate exercise: Because obesity is a growing problem in children, parents should ensure that children exercise regularly, in combination with receiving proper nutrition. Bicycling, hiking, in-line skating, sports, or other enjoyable physical activities can motivate a child to stay active and can help promote good health and fitness habits to help the child maintain a healthy weight.
Height measurement: Measuring height can ensure that a child is growing at a normal rate. The best height measurement is done by having the child stand in bare feet against a wall without a baseboard with knees straight, and hips and shoulders touching the wall. The head should be facing straight ahead. Children under two years may be measured lying on their backs on a flat surface with a measuring device that has adjustable ends. It is normal to see a decrease in height when switching from lying to standing measurements (approximately one-half to one inch).
Proper nutrition: A balanced diet, including limiting refined carbohydrates (such as sugars and white breads), eating less saturated fats, and eating plenty of fresh vegetables will help a child reach his or her full growth potential.
Rest: Sleep patterns vary by age and individual child, but most kids need an average of 10 - 12 hours of sleep per night. Sleep gives growing bodies the rest they need to continue growing properly. Sleep also helps regulate the release of growth hormone.
Author Information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.
American Academy of Family Physicians. http://familydoctor.org.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov.
Hernández LM, Lee PD, Camacho-Hübner C. Isolated growth hormone deficiency. Pituitary. 2007;10(4):351-7. View Abstract
Kanaley JA., Growth hormone, arginine and exercise. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(1):50-4. View Abstract
Kant SG, Grote F, de Ru MH, et al. Radiographic evaluation of children with growth disorders. Horm Res. 2007;68(6):310-5. View Abstract
Katznelson L. Current thinking on the management of the acromegalic patient. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007;14(4):311-6. View Abstract
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. www.nichd.nih.gov.
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. www.naturalstandard.com.
Sinués B, Fanlo A, Vicente J, et al. Growth hormone does not alter CYP2A6 activity in growth hormone-deficient children. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;102(1):45-9. View Abstract
The Hormone Foundation. www.hormone.org.
Copyright © 2013 Natural Standard (www.naturalstandard.com)
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
March 22, 2017


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testing for the presence of Pyramidalis muscle
Debate and discussion of any biological questions not pertaining to a particular topic.
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testing for the presence of Pyramidalis muscle
I'm in a dilemma. I'm an athletic therapy student in my second year. While in my clinical placement, my supervising therapist and a few others were on the discussion of certain muscles that only some people possess. Such as palmaris longus for example and pyramidalis. A test to see if someone has palmaris longus is to oppose your thumb to your pinky and flex your wrist. If there are two tendons present, one is the palmaris longus muscle tendon. My supervising therapist gave me an assignment. After looking through every pathological testing text and anatomy text we had, she asked me to find a test to see if someone had a pyramidalis muscle without having an MRI or dissecting someone. After a couple weeks of searching through several more text books, scowering medical journals, asking some of my professors and searching the internet, i have turned up nothing. My anatomy professor, who has been teaching the class for a long time, said she did not think there was one as she has never heard of any ways. So i am trying to broaden my resources and am asking if anyone here has any idea where i could find a test or if anyone knows of any that could help me. Thank you in advance for any input.
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Secrets of Henry VIII's Palace
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Secrets of Henry VIII's Palace
Sunday, June 30 at 8pm on PBS North
Behind Hampton Court's grand façade, opulent rooms and hidden corners lie the dark secrets of storied kings and queens. The palace is forever scarred by the story of Henry VIII and his many wives. Go beneath the brick and stone of this true pleasure palace and now thriving tourist location to uncover an abundance of art and stories that bring Hampton Court alive.


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Name of Completed Thread: By the time they figure out what went wrong we'll be sitting on a beach...
Mature - language content
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HARRISBURG — The Pennsylvania state House Republicans are following through on their threat to kill a provision written by the Senate to require Gov. Tom Corbett to seek federal approval for an expansion of Medicaid eligibility to hundreds of thousands of Pennsylvanians.
A key House committee today stripped the provision from a budget-related bill.
Corbett, a Republican, has refused to say whether he'd support or veto such a measure. The Senate approved it Sunday night, 40-10, as part of an 11th-hour effort to force the House and Corbett to support it.
Senate leaders say they negotiated the provision with Corbett's office, vetted it with the federal government and wrote certain conditions into it to make it more amenable to Republicans.
Senators haven't said yet how they'll respond.


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Early in the morning on Tuesday, August 17, 1999, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck along the Anatolian fault in the northwestern region of Turkey. Epicentered approximately 11 km southeast of the industrial city of Izmit (Kocaeli), the earthquake lasted 45 seconds and was felt over thousands of square miles in Turkey's most densely populated region. Commercial and residential buildings from Adapazari to Instanbul collapsed resulting in large-scale loss of life. Within days, MCEER dispatched a number of researchers to the region -- several as part of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) reconnaissance team -- to examine the earthquake's impacts. The chief MCEER-sponsored results generated in the immediate aftermath are the following :
MCEER Preliminary Report: Kocaeli (Izmit) Earthquake of August 17, 1999
MCEER Preliminary Report: Kocaeli (Izmit) Earthquake of August 17, 1999 (.pdf 1.2 mb)
Preliminary Report by Charles Scawthorn (.pdf, 3.5 mb)
MCEER Reconnaissance Photos
EQNET Links for the Earthquake of 8/17/99
In addition, the center has subsequently published a full-length report on the August 17,1999 event
The Marmara, Turkey Earthquake of August 17, 1999: Reconnaissance Report
Contact Us | Acknowledgements | Disclaimer | Copyright© 2007 by the Research Foundation of the State of New York. All rights reserved.


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I think it's worth leaving in the fact that Clendenin knows what he's talking about more than most of the other writers linked here. -FrJohn
- Agreed. I'm gonna "scholarize" the lingo a bit, then. --Rdr. Andrew
- Great! FrJohn
Can anyone find a page in which to insert a link to this article? At the moment it exists in isolation... --Matrona 11:19, 14 Oct 2005 (EDT)
Non-Chalcedonian Polemics
I am concerned seeing the Coptic Orthodox Church listed as Anti-Orthodox under this category.
- I am removing this section/sub-heading, as there are no links or other information. Any links or other information which may come up might better be structured under Oriental Orthodox, or another page relating to the differences between Chalcedonian and Non-Chalcedonian congregations (for instance, Christology or Council of Chalcedon). Arbible, it might be a good idea to think of this inclusion as an honest mistake, i.e., give the benefit of a doubt, rather than a signal of "fighting." [[User:Magda|—magda (talk)]] 11:40, 21 Oct 2005 (EDT)
- Thank you v much - God Bless+++
- I most certainly did NOT list the Coptic religion as "anti-Orthodox". I merely provided a category where information on and links to non-Chalcedonian polemics could be added. I would appreciate it if the category was added back. --Matrona 13:30, 21 Oct 2005 (EDT)
I think we can both pray for persecuted Christians around the world and focus on Christology. There clearly is much to discuss, and no official proclamations regarding the Christological questions between the Chalcedonians and Non-Chalcedonians have yet been promulgated. So it's not a dead question by any means.
In any event, while I do think that putting Non-Chalcedonian polemics against Chalcedonians into this article is probably not the best thing to do (if only because it's a large enough issue to warrant separate treatment), it is worthy of mention that according to official policy, Orthodox is defined on OrthodoxWiki as a term biased in favor of Mainstream Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. While Non-Chalcedonian material is welcome here, it is as "guests" that such material is welcome and not as "standard." —[[User:ASDamick|—Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!)]] 18:25, 21 Oct 2005 (EDT)
- Thank you. I respect your policy. God Bless+
- Thanks for understanding. --Matrona 21:09, 21 Oct 2005 (EDT)
Just a note to say that I've removed the empty headings here. I think, as regards the non-chalcedonians, that the Christological issues are dealt with adequately elsewhere. This page was envisioned (by me at least) as dealing more with newer/modern polemics. Let me add that I am very happy to have so much Coptic/Non-Chalcedonian material on OrthodoxWiki. I think our hearts are very close. While I do not want to cover over any significant issues which yet divide us (as Rdr. Andrew and others have brought up), I hope that this website could contribute in some small way to the feelings of brotherhood and unity we do have. Fr. John
- Let me add my Amen to what Fr. John has said here. I very much respect and admire the Non-Chalcedonian churches and pray that a full unity may be achieved. —[[User:ASDamick|—Fr. Andrew talk contribs (THINK!)]] 09:07, 22 Oct 2005 (EDT)
The following from the "Catholic Encyclopedia" : "This is the "Psuedosynodus Photiana" which the Orthodox count as the Eighth General Council".


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Pitch Perfect 3 PG-13
Play Trailer
Now graduated from college and out in the real world where it takes more than a cappella to get by, the Bellas return in Pitch Perfect 3. After the highs of winning the World Championships, the Bellas find themselves split apart and discovering there aren't job prospects for making music with your mouth. But when they get the chance to reunite for an overseas USO tour, this group of awesome nerds will come together to make some music, and some questionable decisions, one last time.
DetailsComedy , Musical
1 hr. 34 min.
Opened December 22nd, 2017
Rated PG-13 for crude and sexual content, language and some actionCastAnna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, Elizabeth Banks, Ruby Rose, Hailee SteinfeldDirectorTrish SieWriterKay Cannon