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Hamersly Library
Home » WOU Exhibits at Hamersly Library » 2008-2009 Mario & Alma Pastega Award Winners — 2009Menu
2008-2009 Mario & Alma Pastega Award Winners — 2009
Hank Bersani
Excellence In Scholarship Award
Reflecting on what he's accomplished in his career, and what he still plans to do, Bersani laughed over how he got involved with special education to begin with. "I was looking for a date, I met a nun, and I ended up teaching Special Ed." As an undergrad at St. Michael's College, an all male school in Vermont, he followed his friend's advice that the key to meeting girls was to volunteer in the religion education program for children with disabilities at the nearby all-girls college. Bersani went to talk with the nun who ran the program and she instructed him to think about why he was good enough to teach her kids and return next week with a response. Now, Bersani recognizes how revolutionary that attitude was for working with people with disabilities.
When he neared the end of his undergraduate program in biology in 1972 and med school didn't pan out, he asked the nun he'd worked so closely with for three years what he was supposed to do with his life. She replied immediately and without reservation that he was going to become a special education teacher. She told him to visit his hometown of Syracuse, New York to talk to a professor at the university. On her advice and through one of her connections at the university, Bersani earned both his master's and doctorate from Syracuse University.
Since graduating with his doctorate in 1982, Bersani has made it his mission to give a voice to those with severe and multiple disabilities who can't speak for themselves. This often means providing technology to speak for those who physically can't do it on their own. He also works to ensure that they are heard, once they can speak. One way he gives people a voice and ensures they are heard is by including them in his work by asking them to write chapters for the books he has edited.
Listing Bersani's accomplishments only paints a portion of the picture of what he does for the Western Oregon University community and beyond. Throughout his 36 years in special education and his 28 years as a faculty member, Bersani has collaborated on many projects.
"From the moment of his arrival on campus, Hank has sought ways to collaborate with other Western faculty in research, publication and presentation. He has mentored students in the development of their research endeavors and instilled in them a deep appreciation of the strong research base in special education," said education professor Dr. Mickey Pardew.
He has edited six books, each including chapters written by people with disabilities, which Bersani believes is as important in an academic text as hearing from professionals and government officials in the field. He has authored chapters in 18 books, published nearly 20 peer-reviewed journal articles, delivered well over 100 presentations and invited addresses all over the world. As evidenced by his lengthy list of qualifications, Bersani has been able to deliver his message of providing a voice to those in need in a variety of formats and channels.
"When people who haven't been able to speak suddenly get a voice, literally, then we realize they've got something to say. So there's this other meaning of voice, which is do people listen to what you have to say? Do people hear what you have to say," Bersani asked. "It's important to document and bring to light people's perspectives and point of view to teach others and learn from them," he said.
Currently he is working with education professor Dr. Chloë Myers to analyze how children's books talk about disabilities. They analyzed all Caldecott award winners of children's books, looking at how the books represented people with disabilities. Bersani said about one in 100 characters had a disability, and when there was someone, they were usually portrayed as weak, pitiful or scary.
Myers said, "Dr. Bersani's work has helped to reframe our understandings about intellectual disability." One of his many accomplishments includes spearheading an effort to rename the American Association on Mental Retardation to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Jon Tucker
Staff Excellence Award
Jon Tucker
There's a man at Western Oregon University who defines multi-tasking. To get a grasp of all Jon Tucker, director of Werner University Center and Student Leadership and Activities, is involved in throughout campus – it takes a glimpse at a day in his life. Peeking at a day on his calendar, one may see this as an example: work with the Alternative Break Africa group, lead a staff meeting, plan an interactive murder-mystery program, work with the international ambassadors and mentors program going to China, select art from a student art exhibit for purchases for the WUC, work with a PLUS team member learning how to give tours on campus, then finish the day at a Student Senate meeting.
Needless to say, Tucker is a busy man. But that business is what he thrives on and enjoys most about his job. "Everything changes on a day-to-day basis. My day could be completely focused on one thing in the morning then a completely different direction in the afternoon. The next day will look nothing like the day before. It really keeps me on my toes and gives me an opportunity to have my hands on a lot of different things. I like the pace," he said.
Tucker's staff appreciates his ability to juggle so many tasks, and to do it well, as stated in a nomination letter written by his office coordinator Angie Barry, and Amanda Rodino, coordinator of leadership and programs. "Jon is a wonderful role model for students, staff, and faculty at WOU. In the midst of all of that he does, he maintains an exceptional attitude and offers unconditional support to those fortunate to be around him. Jon is well on his way to leaving a positive and lasting impression on our campus, and his efforts to improve our university will undoubtedly be felt for years to come."
Tucker has worked at Western for seven years. He came to WOU from Colorado State where he worked in residence life. He wanted to get more involved in the leadership end of student life, so he came and interviewed for an opening on campus for leadership development coordinator. "I liked the opportunity to have student contact that was meaningful and purposeful. I couldn't have that at my previous location because it was too big. Here it's been great because I actually get a chance to know the students and work with them directly, and build connections across campus."
Now that he's been on campus a while, he's thrilled to be able to track the progress of students he's worked with. "I get one of those rare chances to see a student when they first come to campus through student orientation, literally on move-in day and they are just starting to get involved on campus. And now I've been here long enough to see those students graduate. That's really rewarding to see who they were when they came in and who they are as they leave, and recognizing there's been so much growth and opportunity and that I may have had a small part in that. That's why I keep doing what I'm doing."
He has made the most of his role by being involved in a wide array of activities and making positive changes on campus. He oversees 12 professional staff members and more than 50 student workers. He advises student government, supervises student media and the Student Media Board, coordinates the Parents Club, manages the PLUS Team and New Student Week, works with the international ambassadors and mentors program, and co-advises the Alternative Break group going to Africa. The office he manages is responsible for non-traditional student services, the WUC facility, programming activities, and all facility scheduling and reservations that aren't academic or class-related.
Tucker completed both a bachelor's in marketing and management, and a master's in industrial relations and human resources from the University of Oregon. He plans to pursue a doctorate in the future. In the spare time Tucker has been able to find, he has written a book on icebreakers and plays in international competitive volleyball tournaments. He'll be travelling to Denmark this summer for one.
Excellence in Teaching Award
Within minutes of health professor Dr. Jessica Henderson's company one can't help but become infected by her enthusiasm for life, her students, her research and teaching. Henderson is one of the teachers who inspire students to teach, without doing it intentionally.
A former student of Henderson's, Lori Palmer, agrees. "Though all [WOU faculty] are high quality, few are as exceptional as Dr. Henderson. When I first met Dr. Henderson, what stood out most was her undeniable enthusiasm and passion for the field of health education. Her passion for the subject is evident in every lecture, and she presents course material in a way that gets you excited about the topic."
Henderson knew from day one of first grade that she wanted to teach. From that point on, she always wanted to teach the age group she was in, but she wavered on the subject matter. But several experiences throughout her life steered her toward teaching public health.
At the age of five, Henderson began questioning the rules related to health practices. She was hospitalized for what was believed to be a life-threatening situation, but turned out not to be. They put her in a children's ward that housed children from zero to six years of age, and all slept in cribs. She was confronted with the health issues of little kids, including her own, at her young age. She found herself questioning the rules. Why did she have to be in a crib? Why were all the children together in one room? Why couldn't her family visit her?
Later in her life, a senior in high school in 1969, Henderson was in a serious car accident. The government had just passed a law requiring seatbelts. Prior to that, most cars didn't have them – especially the type of cars most high school students could afford. Henderson found herself questioning why she didn't even have the option of using a seatbelt.
Her search for a teaching focus kept returning to policy and laws. She uses her life experience to teach public health and policy issues both in and out of the classroom. Henderson's research focus is breast cancer. A breast cancer survivor herself, Henderson uses that experience to teach her students. She also takes a group of students to Washington D.C. every spring for the National Breast Cancer Coalition Conference. The students learn how to be advocates at a national level, whether it's for breast cancer research and awareness, or another issue close to their heart. After spending several days learning about how to be an advocate, the students spend a day on Capitol Hill lobbying Oregon congressmen.
"It's exciting and life-changing because we actually go to Capitol Hill to do something about this issue. Without the students, it wouldn't be the same. I love their energy and enthusiasm," she said.
Henderson has accomplished a lot since moving to Corvallis in 1992, from California, to earn her doctorate of public health from Oregon State University. While at OSU, Henderson worked as an instructor. After completing her doctorate she went to work for Samaritan Cancer Center then the Oregon Health Plan. After several years she began to feel the pull back to teaching. In 2003 she got the job at Western.
"During the interview, Dr. Linda Stonecipher pulled out the schedule of classes and asked, 'where's your passion?' I was hooked from that moment on. I get to teach what I'm passionate about. I love the topic of health, community health and public health. It's so helpful to people's lives. I truly believe that health is wealth and I'm fortunate to get to pay it forward and help people be healthy. It's so gratifying," Henderson said.
Stonecipher has been pleased with Henderson's performance and impact on the students. "Her work as a teacher in and out of the classroom will leave an important legacy as her students apply the skills, knowledge, and passion Jessica shared with them to their roles as health professionals and health educators."
Curator: Marissa Clausen, WOU Art Student

subset: commoncrawl


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I think, generally it's understood as for one particular tea. Some people cultivate their pots and dedicate each pot for one particular tea, therefore they buy a lot of pots for different teas, while few others dedicate their pots based on the classification you wrote above. I myself use my pots for different teas without bounded to the classification.Solodays wrote:It is said that one type of tea should only be brew in a Yixing teapot. What exactly does it mean by only one type?
It depends on how you raise your pot and how the brewed tea tastes after you steep it in your pot. Some pots improve the brewed tea taste while others don't improve your brew at all (compare to chawan). It's what fantastic about the yixing pot. If you find one of your tea brewed best in one of your pot, would you change to other pot? and if you find out that your 'best match' pot taste funny if you brew other tea in it, would you contaminate it?
I use only old zhuni (due to my preference) which is relatively not very porous compare to other yixing clay pots thus to my tongue and nose, they don't get contaminated even I brew puerh and oolong in the same pot.


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Women's Lacrosse set for Playoffs
Thursday, Apr. 04, 2013
The Student Life section of Utah State Today highlights work written by the talented student journalists at Utah State University. Each week, the editor selects a story that has been published in The Utah Statesman or the Hard News Café or both for inclusion in Utah State Today.
Women's Lacrosse set for Playoffs
By Sean O'sullivan, in The Utah Statesman, Thursday, April 4, 2031
The average Utah State student might not know how well the women's lacrosse team is performing this year, but the Aggies have earned recognition for the strides they've made in a short timeframe.
"After this weekend we are power-ranked at 21 in the nation, down from 13 because of our loss to the University of Utah," said coach Travis Barrus, who joined the staff this season.
The national ranking comes just one year removed from a very disappointing first season.
"I started the team last year, so it was kind of a whole building year," said co-captain and midfielder Madison Bell. "We only had one win last year compared to 6-1 this year."
This season has been different, and the team knew it from its first game at the start of the season against Utah Valley University.
"Our biggest win was our first one, a close one against UVU," Bell said.
Caitlin Foster, the other co-captain who anchors the defense, took a leadership role in the UVU game that she never had to before.
"We didn't have a coach at the time, and I actually stepped up and coached the team," Foster said. "We lost to UVU last year, but we beat them this year."
One reason for the quick turnaround in success [is] due to lacrosse being one of the fastest-growing sports in the U.S. There are players from many states on the team, including Colorado, California and New Jersey.
One other reason is the team's desire to compete.
"There's a lot of commitment on the team right now, and that's what I like," Barrus said. "It's tough because of class schedules to get everybody out to practice, but the commitment is there and that's why we're so successful, I think."
And the success has given the team a great attitude and a lot of confidence. Last season's results are not on the player's minds anymore.
"I'd say we are doing extremely well, especially with how new our team is," Bell said. "It's almost unimaginable how well we're doing compared to last year."
The style the Aggies play also helps earn wins. They are able to adapt to the way the other team is playing and take advantage.
"If they give us something on the fast break, we know what to do," Barrus said. "If they force us to settle, we work the ball around and get shots."
The Aggies hope this season's success will help build the team for the future.
"It's a growing program," Barrus said. "I really expect us to take it to that next level and get a lot of recruitment and get girls excited about playing next year."
But the plans for the future aren't distracting the team from the present. The Aggies have one more regular season game against Denver University, and then they will make their way to the playoffs.
"I'm expecting us to do very well in the playoffs and play in the championship possibly against Utah and hopefully win a championship," Bell said.
The playoffs are the biggest part of the season, and the whole team is focused on that goal.
"As far as this season goes, we're heading to the playoffs," Barrus said. "I think we have some challenges ahead of us, but I think we have a good chance."
The players hope their success can lead to more fans learning about and becoming interested in lacrosse.
"It's a really exciting game and it's super fun to watch," Foster said. "It's like nothing you've ever seen before."
The team will be having a fundraiser at Fox's Den Pizza on April 15 to help earn money to get to the playoffs. A certain percentage of the sales for the day go to the team.
"Come get to know lacrosse and come support Utah State," Bell said.
– email@example.com
Twitter: @seansy89


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VATICAN CITY — The Vatican recently updated its calendar of Pope Benedict's liturgical celebrations through January 2009, and confirmed that, as in previous years, the 81-year-old pontiff will preside over a full slate of Christmas activities.
The pre-Christmas season begins when the pope celebrates evening prayer Nov. 29 in St. Peter's Basilica on the vigil of the first Sunday of Advent. A more popular ceremony, at least among the Romans, occurs Dec. 8, the feast of the Immaculate Conception, when the pope will say a prayer and lay a basket of flowers before a statue of Mary next to the Spanish Steps in downtown Rome.
Thanks to a satellite feed that now reaches more than 70 countries, the world will tune in when the pope celebrates Christmas Midnight Mass in St. Peter's Basilica and delivers his urbi et orbi blessing — to the city (urbi) and to the world (orbi) — on Christmas Day from the central balcony of the basilica's facade.
On New Year's Eve, the pope will return to St. Peter's to lead evening prayer and sing a hymn of thanksgiving for 2008. Then on New Year's Day, he'll celebrate Mass in the basilica to mark the feast of Mary, the Mother of God, and the 42nd World Day of Peace. On Jan. 6, the feast of the Epiphany of the Lord, he will preside over another major liturgy.
Pope Benedict, maintaining a tradition of his predecessor, Pope John Paul II, will baptize infants during a Mass in the Sistine Chapel Jan. 11, the feast of the Baptism of the Lord. It's the one day of the year the Sistine guards don't shush people, and crying babies usually out-decibel the Sistine Chapel Choir.
The calendar contains two somewhat out-of-the-ordinary celebrations. The first comes Nov. 30, when the pope makes a pastoral visit and celebrates Mass at the Rome Basilica of St. Lawrence Outside the Walls, on the occasion of the 1,750th anniversary of St. Lawrence's martyrdom.
The second will take place Jan. 25 at the Basilica of St. Paul's Outside the Walls, when the pope leads evening prayer on the feast of St. Paul's conversion. What makes this celebration unusual is that it comes during the jubilee year dedicated to St. Paul, which commemorates the 2,000th anniversary of the saint's birth.


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WSOP 2013: Event #23 Champion David Chiu
David Chiu already lays claim to 4 previous WSOP bracelets and is now the is the proud owner of a 5th. However, he shared that this bracelet isn't just for him, it is for his close friend the late Dr. Jerry Buss.
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German and German Studies
GS Home
Program of Study
-German Studies
-German Studies
Study and Work Abroad
- Past Events
- Readings
Max Kade Workshop
- 2007 Workshop
- Past Workshops
Student Projects and Capstones
Useful Links
In its reconstituted form, Germany has again become a major player in European and global affairs. Germany has always been considered important to
European development-at various times it has been called the crossroads of the entire continent-but the economic might of modern Germany and the integration
of the European Union have now made American understanding of German culture and civilization, of Germany's contributions to the development of western
civilization, more important to-and worthy of study by-American students than at any other time since 1945. Based on the premise that understanding is
beneficial to the citizens of both nations in a variety of ways, Case Western Reserve University has responded to Americans' need for preparation for the
challenges of the 21st century by establishing the German Studies Program, an integrated program of study leading to the B.A. degree. The German Studies
Program prepares students for life-long learning, enables and encourages them to pursue a course of study that helps prepare them for a career in international
business, for study toward a graduate degree in a variety of disciplines, or for future study in professional programs such as law, business administration, and
Facilities available to students in the German Studies Program include the many printed and other resources available in the Max Kade Reading Room,
Clark Hall Room 113.
The German Studies major differs from the traditional German language and literature major by the breadth of its offerings. A German Studies major encourages students
to study in several disciplines from a generous selection of approved courses in the humanities, arts, social sciences, and economics. A graduate of the German Studies
Program is expected: to be prepared for lifelong learning; to be knowledgeable about and conversant in German contributions to western culture in such areas as literature,
film, philosophy, and music; to be proficient in the German language; to understand and be able to discuss German history, government, attitudes about religion; and to use
all of the above as the mark of an educated person in pursuit of a career in business or in study toward a graduate or professional degree.
Requirements for the Major in German Studies
Thirty hours from the list of approved German studies courses. Courses must include German 303 and 311, and German Studies 398 (Senior Colloquium) or equivalent. No more than 9 courses
of the approved list may be in any one department.
Sample Concentrations for the German Studies Major
History and philosophy
German literature and theater history
Political science and history
Art history, music history, and religion; etc.
Note that the above combinations are examples only. Within program requirements, students are free to shape the major as they wish based on their own intellectual interests.
Requirements for a Minor in German Studies
At least one of German 303 or 311; four additional 300-level courses on the approved list of German studies courses from any two departments; or a thematic
course of study (12 hours) approved in advance by the director of the German Studies Program.
A list of the approved courses for German Studies can be found here.
The Max Kade Center for German Studies at Case Western Reserve University
Clark Hall 112-133 | 11130 Bellflower Road | Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7120 | Part of: College of Arts and Sciences
Co-Director: Dr. Kenneth Ledford, (216) 368-4144, email: email@example.com
© 2005 Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland, Ohio 44106 | 216.368.2000 | legal notice


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Difference between revisions of "Wikitravel talk:Routes Expedition"
Revision as of 11:29, 15 December 2008
Intention Statement
Excuse the extremely long prose here but it's greatly needed...
Before we get into some serious discussion on the scope of this expedition, let me (being the one who brought this subject up in the pub) state my original intentions (just so you understand and to clear misconceptions). Wikitravel is a world-wide travel guide...built in collaboration by Wikitravellers from around the globe. When browsing the requests for articles page I noticed a desire for a "Highways and Interstates travel guide". As I am an American, I thought of how many tens of millions of Americans take road trips each year. Since this is a travel guide, I thought that maybe guides to interstates and a few other major highways would be helpful and within the scope of what Wikitravel is...a travel guide. When people go on long road trips, they will be going through numerous regions and to me, having to dig through numerous regions just to find something interesting or fun to do is a long and tedious task. Furthermore, what may be listed in an article for a major city could be on the opposite side of town from where the interstate passes through and at the same time something fun and/or interesting might be right off of the interstate but buried deep within a city article. To me the idea of creating articles for interstates was mostly about convenience...both for the someone just looking for an hour break on a trip...or someone looking to take a leisurely trip. If you take a look at what I did with Interstate 4(which I could still add much more to), you'd understand how much it differs from having to delve through numerous region and city articles. Someone who printed the guide and is on the road could go "look the next exit is the world's largest McDonald's...let's eat" whereas that is buried deep in the Orlando article and then they'd have to figure out where in the city it is...see what I mean by convenience? I did not intend that this become an encyclopedic "the next exit is in 14.2 miles and is blah blah"...no, I only want to list major exits of ones with attractions! The problem comes with fairness...Wikitravel is a world-wide travel guide. Now we need to make articles for highways in other countries...fine. The purpose, however, was to provide a guide to major highways that are oft-traveled by people on road trips (like the US Interstate system). Some have the misconception that we need to create a guide for every highway in every country...NO! Unless there's something special, we should stick to places with a "car culture" and where road trips are frequent and these articles would be of great use. Is this plan ambitious...absolutely! However, weren't the founders of Wikitravel ambitious to think that articles for thousands of destinations world-wide could ever get to the point of being useful? This is a project...err, expedition...which will take some time (maybe a few years), but once completed it will be a great asset for Wikitravel. If you still don't feel this belongs here, maybe someone could guide me through the process of creating a wiki website and I'll start Wikiroute for my ambitions. I just wanted to make my intentions clear before we start discussing things. I'm no authoritative figure around here (and not really trying to be) but I felt compelled to mention this and put it at the top of the talk page since I brought up the idea and it seems like there's zero direction to this new expedition. I hope you now have a better idea of this. We've talked a lot already in the pub, so please only reply if it's notable (we don't need 50 replies to this too)...otherwise skip to the next header AHeneen 04:50, 7 December 2008 (EST)
Wikitravel:Routes Expedition
I have many thoughts on this issue, and am not necessarily sold on either proposal. But could we please move our discussions out of the pub and to a "Wikitravel talk:Routes Expedition" page. I'd rather create new sections to discuss specific issues, since these two discussions are covering many points, and are a bit unwieldy. --Peter Talk 16:13, 6 December 2008 (EST)
AHeneen 02:50, 7 December 2008 (EST)
Discussion on creation of route pages
this was swept in from the pub on December 7, 2008 by AHeneen. Originally under the title "US Interstates".
I noticed a few days ago "highways and interstates" in the Requests for articles page. Being something I am interested in, I went ahead and started an article for Interstate 4. The reason I am in the Traveller's Pub is to ask what an appropriate template would be. Itinerary seems natural, but would it be fine to leave out the "get in" and "drink" sections altogether? They don't seem to be practical. There's only two other interstate articles on WT: Interstate 10 and Interstate 95(vfd). I'm just looking for a little feedback on how to structure the articles before more are created...that's all. Thanks! AHeneen 00:53, 5 December 2008 (EST)
Well, if you read the Requests for articles page, there was a bit of support for such articles. Eventually, this wouldn't just be a guide about one interstate, we'd have numerous articles made about interstates. The I-4 article is certainly not complete. What I had in mind was creating an article like an itinerary, but a little different. Listed in the article would be things to see and do, as well as listing major interchanges which (as more interstates became articles) people could click and find things to do along that interstate. My rationale behind this is that lots of users on Wikitravel are Americans and most Americans go on road trips every once in a while. Sure one can use the state articles and then browse the regions or cities through which the interstate passes, but I was thinking that interstate articles would make the information more concise for users. Say I am heading from Atlanta to Chicago...rather than click and browse regions of Georgia, Tenessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, I could use the Interstate 75 article to see what's between Atlanta and Chattanooga, then click on the link to the Interstate 24 article to see what's between Chattanooga and Nashville, then click on the Interstate 65 article to see what there is to do between Nashville and Chigago. To Inas...these would not be an itinerary that you would want to do (as in being particularly interesting), but once there are a sufficient number of interstate articles, you could create your own itinerary...like I said, lots of Americans go on road trips each year, and such guides would provide a means of figuring out what to do on them. I simply started w/I-4 because that's what I'm familiar with. With regards to Wikitravel:What is an article?, these articles would be like an itinerary...but need to be a little different. The "get in" and "drink" don't seem like practical sections and I was wondering what should be added before setting a precedent for other articles. Since this is a first in a series of articles on interstates, I was trying to decide on an appropriate template and dropped a few lines here in the Traveler's pub to get some feedback (because I know this is a good place to get some). Do you understand now? AHeneen 02:31, 5 December 2008 (EST)
As a travel site, it is understandable that users will be looking for information on specific roads and/or highways. See our helpful user who thought Interstate 95 should have an article, even if just a stub. While the convention here has been to focus on destinations rather than focusing on the methods one takes to get around, highway information seems to be an area where we have a gap between what users are looking for and what we have available for them. It's all well and good to explain how that you can get to Peoria (Illinois) by taking I-74, but it seems we have users who work the other way around -- "where can I go if I'm traveling on I-74"? Minimally, I think every major (i.e., national-level expressway) highway should at least have a bare list of destinations along the route -- sort of a disambiguation page, or like what we've done for Great Lakes. LtPowers 11:34, 5 December 2008 (EST)
So those who think that route articles are a bad idea in general, what do you think users who search for Interstate 84 (for example) should see? Should they see a redlink with some search results? Or a page that will at least give them a list of options for destinations? LtPowers 18:58, 5 December 2008 (EST)
I'd like to see an experimental article for an Interstate that does list all the cities and places it goes through just to see how well it works out. Here's my problems with just listing cities:
So I'd like to see us plunge forward with one or two non-itinerary articles just to see how well or badly it works out. For example, I'd like to see one for I-5 in California. -- Colin 21:49, 5 December 2008 (EST)
Update of Routebox experiment
A policy page has been created, so this discussion has been moved here. Texugo 06:24, 15 December 2008 (EST)


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Agriculture logo design perfect for any natural related company or business that is looking for a new identity. It is a simple and clean approach.
- Font : Trajan Bold ( Computer Basic Font )
- Colour: CMYK
- Files: .ai / .eps / .psd
- Size: Resizeable
Kindly contact me if you need any help and I am happy to offer support. Would be highly appreciate if you may rate this item..


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Building Community
The JCC is as much the programs we offer as the buildings we reside in as the members we serve as the community we support. To be sure, nothing we do is done without the power of partnership. And everything we do is done with the belief that a strong Jewish community benefits – and benefits from – the larger community around us.
As you'll see throughout these pages - and at every turn throughout the JCC or in every conversation you have with a JCC team member – we are the beneficiaries of remarkable generosity, investment, partnership, and commitment. The corporations and organizations that support our programs and events make possible the learning and growth that happens here. The supporters and contributors to our endowment funds and campaigns recognize the legacy of success we build upon, and ensure that success extends for generations ahead. And we cannot go forward without the contributions of the Milwaukee Jewish Federation and the United Way of Greater Milwaukee and Waukesha County, and the thousands of local residents who contribute to both throughout the year.
We take seriously our responsibility to paying forward the kindness we receive, and to partner internally and externally to ensure we live up to the value of Tikkun O'lam (repair the world.) The JCC is committed to serving as builder, convener, partner, and friend.
Our community – Jewish, geographical, membership, or otherwise – is diverse and strong. Working together, we can be sure of that for years to come.


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Transfer School:
SUNY Alfred State
Transfer Program:
Cyber Security
JCC Program:
Printer-friendly version
Guarantees acceptance, with junior standing and the opportunity to complete the bachelor's degree in four semesters with Alfred State, of JCC students who graduate with an A.S. Computer Science, A.A.S. Computer Information Systems, or A.A.S. Information Technology; complete coursework specified in the agreement; earn a minimum overall grade point average of 2.0 for all courses taken; and earn a minimum grade point average of 2.5 for all courses taken in Computer Science. Students can transfer as many as 67 JCC credit hours toward meeting requirements for the bachelor's degree, leaving as few as 57 credit hours to be taken with Alfred State. (latest update 2015)


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At a time when Angelina was at her emotionally lowest, a wonderful man showed up and cured her of her broken heart. And as timely as he appeared, he left shortly after she became ready to love again just to find out he was an angel. To remember the kindness he had shown her, she opened up an agency named "Angel Lover" to help others like herself who was hurt in love.
Add this episode to your queue to receive more information about
Episode 20 and we will let you know when it becomes available.


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Hate to say it, but I'm afraid your chances are slim to none unless you have some crazy connections (i.e. you are the son/daughter of a 20M/yr client). Most firms will only consider the top 5% or so at a tier 4 school. It may be snobbish and unfair, but that's generally the cutoff. Usually that cutoff is only deviated from under extraordinary circumstances. Additionally, most firms do the vast majority of their hiring through OCI. Since you are asking the question, I'm assuming that boat has already sailed. My advice is to start networking aggressively (search around for old posts from Matthies on the subject).
Outside the top of your class at T3/T4 you're not getting a traditional big firm SA job, but of course it always holds that the only time you really have no chance is when you don't apply.Apart from your traditional big firm SA jobs, if you are looking for a paid position I would consider:medium / small firmsfellowships (such as various ABA ones)paid federal or state gov jobs (attorneys general, alphabet soup agency)paid research assistantGood luck ! I'm a former T3 student and almost had a paid 1L gig through an ABA fellowship, I don't think school name matters much with those.
Just a couple of examples:Steiger Fellowship in Antitrust / Consumer Protection Lawhttp://www.abanet.org/antitrust/at-law-student/at-js-project.shtmlPeggy Browning Fund (workers' rights, etc.)http://www.peggybrowningfund.org/
Biglaw is probably out of the question, but you can try for small firm gigs, government jobs or public interest. Networking is key, so do take the time to attend every little wine & cheese hour or talk your school hosts. I certainly didn't feel prepared to do it right after graduating from law school, but you could go solo.


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Trading for Kitna Was Just a Bad Move
I am hearing alot of people excited about the Cowboys trading for John Kitna, my question is why?
Kitna who will be 37 a month into the season is only a year younger than Brad Johnson was when he signed in Dallas back in 2006. Yes he has put up gawdy passing numbers in Detroit, but lets take a look at that.
In '06 and '07 he threw for more than 4,000 yards, pretty good numbers right? Well lets dig a little deeper, in 2006 the Lions were ranked 32nd in the league in rushing and in 2007 they were 31st. In 2006 only 2 other teams had attempted more passes than the Lions, and in 2007 only one other team had more attemps than the Lions. Do you see where I am going with this? Any average NFL quarterback can throw for 4,000 yards when your team's running game is terrible and all you're doing is chucking the ball up to guys like Roy Williams, Calvin Johnson, and Mike Furrey. When your team is down that's all you do is throw the ball and thats all Kitna did.
Not convinced yet? Ok how bout this, in 2006 Kitna was sacked 63 times, and in 2007 51 times. Just to give you a little comparison in 1990 Troy Aikman's first 15 plus start season he was only sacked 39 times. In 2005 Drew Bledsoe seemed like he was being sacked at least once every series, and has always been known to take too many sacks, was sacked only 49 times. Kitna is not very mobile and more importantly not a smart quarterback with pressure heading his way.
Not convinced yet?? Well here is my final stat for you. Kitna has played 14 or more games in seven seasons, how many times do you think he has thrown more touchdowns than interceptions? Give up? That would be two! Only in 1999 in Seattle and 2003 with the Bengals has he done this.
What would be the reason we traded a starting defensive back for Kitna is beyond me. To save cap money? It was only a little over two million saved, so we would not get into a bidding war WHEN he was released? There are many back up quarterbacks out there that are just as good and a whole lot younger.
Pushing Tony for his position? Kitna has no prayer to start over Romo, if we wanted someone to push him we should have gone with Garcia.
We lost a starting defensive back (which we will have to replace with another veteran) for a late thirties average quarterback who was going to be released by the worst team in football.
Kitna is a Cowboy and I will root and love him just as I have for every player who has worn the star on his helmet, but god Tony please stay healthy!


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America Starves Herself Silent: A Call to Link Arms.
25 March 2012 § 1 Comment
Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City, has banned the donation of food to homeless shelters in his city.
He's enacted the anti-food policy because he, his food task force, and the NYC Department of Health (together dubbed the 'food police') want to keep better track of the nutritional needs of homeless in New York. The Department of Health Commissioner Seth Diamond insists that the ban is consistent with a government effort to improve everyone's health.
The donations are to be turned away because the salt, fat, and fiber contents in them cannot be verified, which defies new regulations which require of all food now served in government-run shelters. The good deeds of local bakers, restaurateurs, and shops who have donated food to the homeless for years, even decades, are now being rejected. Diamond says that the food they donate really isn't needed.
Naturally, those who donate the food, such as Glenn Richter and his wife Lenore, of Ohab Zedek, a synagogue on the Upper West Side, and those who eat the donated food, such as Jeff Stier, senior fellow at the National Center for Public Policy Research, disagree.
It's not difficult to understand the aesthetic, well-intentioned nature of such policies. If the true motive is for the homeless to be healthier, there is nobility in the actions of Bloomberg's so-called Food Police.
Given that New York City is in the United States, however, where people were once free to eat, pray, and love as they pleased, governmental micromanagement to this extent is intolerable, and unacceptable.
Just down the road, in Philadelphia, feedings to the homeless were banned in city parks, supposedly to protect homeless from "foodborne illness." Family picnics and gatherings around food are still allowed in city parks.
In February, Alaska Rep. Bill Stoltze refused to call a hearing to discuss Senate Bill 3, which would provide 15 cents to lunches and .35 to breakfasts in Alaska public schools. Stoltze's argument? He wanted to use that money on another bill that would improve the health of the state's children by providing Alaska-grown and caught foods.
A local Anchorage activist, Kokayi Nosakhere, sat outside the representative's office in Juneau, on a month-long food strike, trying to get Stoltze to call a hearing on Senate Bill 3. The politician never budged. Neither did his other proposed bill.
These events are not isolated or coincidental, just as the same-day crackdown on Occupy protests across the U.S. last October was not an accidental act of desperation by the threatened Powers That Be.
Now, it's personal. It's about food – that most basic resource that we all require, regardless of politics or social standing. If governments control the food supply (i.e. restrict resources) more than they already do, they control the people's ability to act – to protest, to speak up, to rally, to say that No, We Won't Have This.
Two months ago, SOPA and PIPA, acts that would have effectively shut down the internet, came dangerously close to being passed. Only what began as a grassroots movement against the bills kept them from passing. For every one law that people stand up against, twenty are passed under the radar.
Notice how the food policies are not beginning in the House of Representatives or the Senate. Just as film production companies screen 'risky' films in selected, representative locations (does the line "'Love Story' opens in NY and LA August 4th, everywhere August 15th" ring a bell?), the mayoral puppets of Government are trying out these tactics in smaller waves to see how people react to them.
If we don't say anything, what will come next? If the Egyptian protesters in Tahrir Square went home after then-president Mubarak told them to, where would have gone the Arab Spring? Libyans had to declare war on their dictator Muammar Gaddafi before he paid any attention to them. How far will America have to go?
The U.S. Constitution is a tourist trap, and means less now than it ever has. Corporations have been considered people for a hundred years. Our presidents are elected not based on their worth or potential, but how much money they pour into advertising. Peaceful protests are made violent by those sworn to protect and serve Us.
Now regional governments are limiting food supplies to children and the homeless, who are instead to be provided by institutional vendors serving genetically modified food that Americans have said with their silence that they didn't care to have marked as such.
As a result of that silence, kids are hitting puberty earlier than ever, having been raised on hormone-injected meat from animals who grew fat without ever gaining the strength or dexterity to stand. Multinational corporations that control food sources have been in bed with government for years.
Make no mistake: the Democrats and Republicans, no longer a unified America, have created those hormone-injected animals out of the American people, unable (but perhaps not unwilling) to stand and speak against the political atrocities made against them.
The generations who wield control say that it's too late to change things – that we're in a downward spiral, and no one's got the will to throw us out of it. Understand this: that's what the Powers are counting on. They want submission; they feed off silence like a bad relationship, and direct us in whatever direction they wish.
Control best operates on three basic concepts: fear, greed, and laziness. All are childish virtues to hold, and yet the world's powers use them in the face of even the largest protests and strikes.
We are capable of moving past them, of taking back our most basic resources. Of protecting and serving ourselves when those 'sworn' to battle us. We are capable of feeding our children.
We are the children of the internet. We are supposed to be the Y Generation, the insatiable children who ask Why? Why? Why?
We are the freest, most globalized organization of rebels history has ever known. Our ambition matches those of the corporations and governments who seek to no end our loyalty. So ask yourself, why else is our loyalty so important to them?
It's not just about money. It's about something bigger and more drastic than paper currency made by a private company that is employed by a government that we have the power, by our most basic rights, to redesign from the inside, out.
Initiating change takes the will to step outside ignorance, to learn about what's happening – events that penetrate deep into our lives and homes – and to do something about them. It takes the willingness to stand on anothers' shoulders to make the mountain less daunting, and the presence of mind to hold our ground when we are threatened. We have been tested before, and have succeeded. It's time to stand again.
Spread the word: share this, send it to your friends, reblog it, repost it. If you know of a publication which might put it up, please let me know.
§ One Response to America Starves Herself Silent: A Call to Link Arms.
Thank you for the well written article.


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Completing the Princeternship at Visionary was definitely a unique experience that I won't soon forget. The organization itself was run very differently than I expected, and the actual work the company did was less financial than I expected it to be. I spent two days working in New York with the Visionary team. Visionary is like the e-harmony of business and is an outgrowth of the older VisCap model founded by the same Princeton alumni as Visionary, Alex Salzman '07. The time during the Princeternship was very exciting for Visionary because the organization was sponsoring the Wall Street Green Summit at the time. This allowed me to see all the behind the scenes work that goes into a conference and all the logistical issues that can arise when more than one group of people is attempting to run the same conference. My first day was mostly spent helping Visionary with some administrative work on Salesforce by organizing the contacts that Visionary would be inviting to the closing reception of the Summit the following day. Alex also let us listen in to some calls which was interesting and this allowed me to get a better feel for what the business was. At the end of the first day we went over to see the venue for the conference where we would be meeting the next day.
On Tuesday Kyle, the other student on the Princeternship, and I met at the conference venue where we spent the day talking to various professionals in 'Green' fields. We met people who worked for green investment banks and green manufacturing companies and I thought that these interactions were extremely valuable because they allowed me to get exposure to a unique and innovative field of New York professionals. At the end of the second day we went to the reception hosted by Visionary where we met some other professionals, but mostly talked to Princeton alumni who also worked at Visionary and gave us their perceptions of the field.
I would really like to thank Alex for giving me the opportunity to work with the company and learn both about myself and Visionary through this process.


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Pampanga is a culture of contrasts, where the genteel elegance of the olden days collides with folk traditions. And the City of San Fernando on Good Friday is an embodiment of that clash, where both cultures come alive in their own ritualistic and colorful displays of faith.
I had to be in San Pedro Cutud before 11 a.m. so that I could watch the Via Crucis, a Kapampangan passion play written in the 1950s which began the crucifixion frenzy that has put San Fernando on the global map. While driving, I was surprised to see so many people lining MacArthur Highway. Then I remembered that there was also a group which made its way around our area and we would also wait for them to pass by when I was a small kid. I wonder how the guy survived all the pushing and the hitting.
In Pampanga, penitents are called magdarame. There are specific names for various types such as mamalaspas or those who flagellate themselves, mamusan krus for the cross-bearers, magsalibatbat for those who crawl on dirt roads, at times under the hot summer sun, and cristos which refers to those who have themselves nailed on crosses.
Anyway, I was expecting heavy traffic in Cutud by this time so I parked my car in the poblacion and took a pedicab to the crucifixion area. You'd be surprised by the number of foreign tourists who attend. On the way, I saw many of them in vehicles with diplomatic plates and all. As always, I forgot to bring my hat and now I have to deal with a badly sunburned face.
If you could not stand the sight of blood, Cutud is just not for you. On the way, you have dozens of flagellants making their way to the crucifixion site as well and it's close to impossible to keep your clothes blood free. As they whip themselves, blood would definitely splatter and it's very difficult to move around to avoid getting hit.
Don't be surprised too if you see everyone eating pork along the way. Bantayan Island is not the only place in the Philippines allowed to eat meat on Good Friday. Today is one of two fiestas celebrated annually in San Pedro Cutud and they've been granted dispensation too!
People do not realize that there is history in the Cutud crucifixions. It may be imitated in other parts of Pampanga and the Philippines, but the Via Crucis is something that makes it culturally significant. It is the only Kapampangan language passion play and it has been done non-stop since the 1950s with the first crucifixion in San Pedro.
The crucifixions start as soon as the Via Crucis makes its way to the hill after going around San Pedro Cutud. This is the only passion play in the entire world where the players are really nailed to the cross. It actually starts with the arrest at the entrance of the barangay. Then several scenes are reenacted around the barangay culminating with the crucifixion in the hill.
Stretchers are on standby, waiting for the penitent to signal the centurions to bring him down. After the first three are finished, the next set prepares to mount the cross. You could hear shrieks from the crowd as they watch the designated spotters hammer the nails into the hands and feet of the penitents. It may look foolish to many but these are acts of faith. Referred to as panata in Kapampangan, these are vows made by the penitents in the hope that their prayers will be answered.
I realized it was already 2 p.m. when it ended. My stomach was already grumbling since I hadn't eaten breakfast. The Via Crucis started late this year and thus ended late. Two years ago, it was done before 1 p.m. so the best time really to be there is 11 a.m. And expect to walk a long distance from the welcome arch of the barangay to the crucifixion site.
For the afternoon, I visited relatives in the different old houses as they were preparing their santos for the Good Friday procession. This was the other half of the clashing cultures I was referring to. There was so much to eat but I kept my food intake down since I was fasting today. I just had some home-made pastries for my late lunch and sampelut (ginataan) for a snack in another house. Dinner was just pako (fiddlehead fern) salad and buko sherbet. To see photos of the food we ate, visit the blog of Mike Mina.
By 4 p.m., the carrozas slowly made their way to the Cathedral. When I got to the plaza, it was already hard to move around. I am amazed by the sheer volume of people who join the Good Friday procession in San Fernando. Add to that the many grand heirloom carrozas and santos, it's really a sight to behold.
Notice also that all the santos are in black. During the Holy Wednesday procession, they are dressed in their symbolic colors. But come Good Friday, they all wear black vestments as a sign of mourning.
When you stand in one area to take photos, you get to say hello to countless friends, relatives and acquaintances who pass by. I saw blogger Spanky Enriquez of the Hizon Clan who owns the image of San Pedro.
Anyway, the procession took close to two hours to complete. By the time it finished, I was just so wasted. Imagine having to endure three hours under the scorching summer sun followed by a long walk of several kilometers around the poblacion for the procession. I think I really need some rest.
Related entry
Crucifixion rites held in San Pedro Cutud every Good Friday
Holy Week practices in the Philippines
Visita iglesia to our heritage churches


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TAMPA, Fla. — When Jill Kelley believed a reporter was trespassing at her white-columned mansion in a wealthy neighborhood this week, the Tampa socialite called 911 and claimed diplomatic immunity.
"I'm an honorary consul general, so I have inviolability," an exasperated Kelley told the dispatcher in recordings released by police. "I don't know if you want to get diplomatic protection involved as well."
Kelley isn't a diplomat; she holds the ceremonial title of "honorary consul" for South Korea, one of many informal ties to prestige and power that the energetic 37-year-old mother of three has brandished to climb to the top rungs of the social ladder in this conservative military community.


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1 large bunch green onions, chopped
1 large bunch chives, chopped
8 oz cream cheese, at room temperature
1/4 cup sour cream
1/2 teaspoon white pepper
1/2 teaspoon celery seed
pinch salt
Place all ingredients in a large bowl and mix to evenly distribute ingredients.
It is easier and quicker to mix it in a stand mixer using the paddle attachment, but it can be done by hand. Refrigerate overnight for best flavor.


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TECUMSEH — An additional 200 jobs are anticipated in the next seven years as a result of the latest expansion of Van-Rob Tecumseh, formerly Lenawee Stamping Corp.
On a unanimous vote Monday, the Tecumseh City Council approved a seven-year, 100 percent tax abatement on new equipment that will be added in the next seven years. City manager Kevin Welch said the action by the council on the abatement is different than previous such requests, which have traditionally been 50 percent abatements for 12 years. The change was necessitated after the Michigan Legislature did away with the personal property tax on businesses.
"This opens the door for Van-Rob to bring more work into their plant. This will bring in other projects," Welch said. "They have always under-promised and over-delivered. They probably have more employees in the plant than it was designed for."
When the project was first announced in October, Welch said the incentive was being done under a public act that covers a specific time frame instead of the usual act that addresses a specific project. He said this expansion, anticipated to be in the $10 million to $20 million range, is being developed over a seven-year period.
City officials will sign the agreement with Van-Rob once the incentive package from the state of Michigan is approved, Welch said. The project will result in an expansion of the building to accommodate the new production lines, he said.
The city and state are competing with other states, notably Texas, on such industrial projects, Welch said. Councilman Ron Wimple asked if the city would be able to monitor the company to make certain it creates the number of jobs it promises.
"I'm sure if they say 200 jobs (will be created), it will probably be more," Welch said. "If you don't approve it, they won't bring the jobs here."
Once the incentive package is approved by the Michigan Economic Development Corp., the work is expected to begin. In October, the Van-Rob property was added to the Tecumseh Local Development Finance Authority district.
Adding Van-Rob to the district allows the collection of property tax to help cover the local cost for road upgrades on M-50 (Chicago Boulevard) and Rogers Highway at the facility. Left-turn lanes were added on Rogers and upgraded on Chicago Boulevard to allow for smoother truck traffic onto and exiting the property.
Welch said the company had received a Michigan Economic Growth Authority (MEGA) grant and the city had received a Michigan Department of Transportation grant earlier this year to help pay for the $250,000 project. The local match of $25,000 is being split between the company and the city.
200 more jobs expected with Van-Rob Tecumseh's expansion
TECUMSEH — An additional 200 jobs are anticipated in the next seven years as a result of the latest expansion of Van-Rob Tecumseh, formerly Lenawee Stamping Corp.


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Those are pretty impressive highlights considering we're not even in September.
Kieran Dowell is an incredible talentForest have had some wonderful midfielders over the years, the likes of John McGovern, Nigel Clough and Roy Keane to name but three.Kieran Dowell is something special and you can see why hes so highly rated at Everton.Theres no histrionics with him, he just plays the game as it should be played and has such a fine football brain that will take him to the very highest level.Give it a couple of years, he may well be talked about as one of the top midfielders in England.His impact against Middlesbrough was hugely impressive and, while the majority of it came in the first half, partly because Forest lacked an element of control once David Vaughan departed before the break, he was key to much of the good work that his side did amid a performance that, at times, oozed quality.His fleet-footed nature ensures he glides around the pitch effortlessly and sees things that others dont. A case in point was the ball he played through that cut Boros defence apart for Barrie McKay to open the scoring which was nothing short of sublime.Dowell is already becoming a firm fixture in this Forest side and his style and panache typifies the way in which Mark Warburton likes his team to play.
Has the word panache ever been used before to describe a Warburton side?
Those are pretty impressive highlights considering we're not even in September.
I actually do want to know what's happenned to Tarashaj, is he alive? Is he with the U23s? Have we sold him? Seems like he's dropped off the face of he earth!
As for striker Shani Tarashaj (22 years), back in Everton, he was operated meniscus. Like his comrade, the unfortunate must wear crutches and miss the Swiss-Andorra meeting in St. Gallen. (The morning)
Absolutely nothing surprising about what Dowell is doing at Forest. He's too good for that level. You could see at age 17, when he made his debut against Krasnodar, that he had the game mapped and that he was always one or two steps ahead of the defense. He may not have been particularly influential that night because we were so disjointed but all of the signs were there and he's only gotten better since. Mentally, he's the most exciting attacking prospect we've had since Rooney.He's only out on loan to prove that he can cope with the physical side of the professional game in England. So far, so good.
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Frequent Links
Design of experiments
In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) or experimental design is the design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present, whether under the full control of the experimenter or not. However, in statistics, these terms are usually used for controlled experiments. Formal planned experimentation is often used in evaluating physical objects, chemical formulations, structures, components, and materials. Other types of study, and their design, are discussed in the articles on computer experiments, opinion polls and statistical surveys (which are types of observational study), natural experiments and quasi-experiments (for example, quasi-experimental design). See Experiment for the distinction between these types of experiments or studies.
In the design of experiments, the experimenter is often interested in the effect of some process or intervention (the "treatment") on some objects (the "experimental units"), which may be people, parts of people, groups of people, plants, animals, etc. Design of experiments is thus a discipline that has very broad application across all the natural and social sciences and engineering.
- 1 History
- 2 Principles of experimental design, following Ronald A. Fisher
- 3 Example
- 4 Avoiding false positives
- 5 Discussion topics when setting up an experimental design
- 6 Statistical control
- 7 Experimental designs after Fisher
- 8 Human participant experimental design constraints
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 Further reading
- 13 External links
Systematic clinical trials
In 1747, while serving as surgeon on HMS Salisbury, James Lind carried out a systematic clinical trial to compare remiedies for scurvy.[1]
Lind selected 12 men from the ship, all suffering from scurvy. Lind limited his subjects to men who "were as similar as I could have them", that is he provided strict entry requirements to reduce extraneous variation. He divided them into six pairs, giving each pair different supplements to their basic diet for two weeks. The treatments were all remedies that had been proposed:
- A quart of cider every day
- Twenty five gutts (drops) of vitriol (sulphuric acid) three times a day upon an empty stomach
- One half-pint of seawater every day
- A mixture of garlic, mustard, and horseradish in a lump the size of a nutmeg
- Two spoonfuls of vinegar three times a day
- Two oranges and one lemon every day
The citrus treatment stopped after six days when they ran out of fruit, but by that time one sailor was fit for duty while the other had almost recovered. Apart from that, only group one (cider) showed some effect of its treatment. The remainder of the crew presumably served as a control, but Lind did not report results from any control (untreated) group.
Statistical experiments, following Charles S. Peirce
A theory of statistical inference was developed by Charles S. Peirce in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883), two publications that emphasized the importance of randomization-based inference in statistics.
Randomized experiments
Charles S. Peirce randomly assigned volunteers to a blinded, repeated-measures design to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights.[2][3][4][5] Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s.[2][3][4][5]
Optimal designs for regression models
Charles S. Peirce also contributed the first English-language publication on an optimal design for regression models in 1876.[6] A pioneering optimal design for polynomial regression was suggested by Gergonne in 1815. In 1918 Kirstine Smith published optimal designs for polynomials of degree six (and less).
Sequences of experiments
The use of a sequence of experiments, where the design of each may depend on the results of previous experiments, including the possible decision to stop experimenting, is within the scope of Sequential analysis, a field that was pioneered[7] by Abraham Wald in the context of sequential tests of statistical hypotheses.[8] Herman Chernoff wrote an overview of optimal sequential designs,[9] while adaptive designs have been surveyed by S. Zacks.[10] One specific type of sequential design is the "two-armed bandit", generalized to the multi-armed bandit, on which early work was done by Herbert Robbins in 1952.[11]
Principles of experimental design, following Ronald A. Fisher
A methodology for designing experiments was proposed by Ronald A. Fisher, in his innovative books: "The Arrangement of Field Experiments" (1926) and The Design of Experiments (1935). Much of his pioneering work dealt with agricultural applications of statistical methods. As a mundane example, he described how to test the hypothesis that a certain lady could distinguish by flavour alone whether the milk or the tea was first placed in the cup (AKA the "Lady tasting tea" experiment). These methods have been broadly adapted in the physical and social sciences, and are still used in agricultural engineering. The concepts presented here differ from the design and analysis of computer experiments.
- Comparison
- In some fields of study it is not possible to have independent measurements to a traceable standard. Comparisons between treatments are much more valuable and are usually preferable. Often one compares against a scientific control or traditional treatment that acts as baseline.
- Randomization
- Random assignment is the process of assigning individuals at random to groups or to different groups in an experiment. The random assignment of individuals to groups (or conditions within a group) distinguishes a rigorous, "true" experiment from an observational study or "quasi-experiment".[12] There is an extensive body of mathematical theory that explores the consequences of making the allocation of units to treatments by means of some random mechanism such as tables of random numbers, or the use of randomization devices such as playing cards or dice. Assigning units to treatments at random tends to mitigate confounding, which makes effects due to factors other than the treatment to appear to result from the treatment. The risks associated with random allocation (such as having a serious imbalance in a key characteristic between a treatment group and a control group) are calculable and hence can be managed down to an acceptable level by using enough experimental units. The results of an experiment can be generalized reliably from the experimental units to a larger population of units only if the experimental units are a random sample from the larger population; the probable error of such an extrapolation depends on the sample size, among other things. Random does not mean haphazard, and great care must be taken that appropriate random methods are used.
- Replication
- Measurements are usually subject to variation and uncertainty. Measurements are repeated and full experiments are replicated to help identify the sources of variation, to better estimate the true effects of treatments, to further strengthen the experiment's reliability and validity, and to add to the existing knowledge of the topic.[13] However, certain conditions must be met before the replication of the experiment is commenced: the original research question has been published in a peer-reviewed journal or widely cited, the researcher is independent of the original experiment, the researcher must first try to replicate the original findings using the original data, and the write-up should state that the study conducted is a replication study that tried to follow the original study as strictly as possible.[14]
- Blocking
- Blocking is the arrangement of experimental units into groups (blocks/lots) consisting of units that are similar to one another. Blocking reduces known but irrelevant sources of variation between units and thus allows greater precision in the estimation of the source of variation under study.
- Orthogonality concerns the forms of comparison (contrasts) that can be legitimately and efficiently carried out. Contrasts can be represented by vectors and sets of orthogonal contrasts are uncorrelated and independently distributed if the data are normal. Because of this independence, each orthogonal treatment provides different information to the others. If there are T treatments and T – 1 orthogonal contrasts, all the information that can be captured from the experiment is obtainable from the set of contrasts.
- Factorial experiments
- Use of factorial experiments instead of the one-factor-at-a-time method. These are efficient at evaluating the effects and possible interactions of several factors (independent variables). Analysis of experiment design is built on the foundation of the analysis of variance, a collection of models that partition the observed variance into components, according to what factors the experiment must estimate or test.
This example is attributed to Harold Hotelling.[9] It conveys some of the flavor of those aspects of the subject that involve combinatorial designs.
Weights of eight objects are measured using a pan balance and set of standard weights. Each weighing measures the weight difference between objects in the left pan vs. any objects in the right pan by adding calibrated weights to the lighter pan until the balance is in equilibrium. Each measurement has a random error. The average error is zero; the standard deviations of the probability distribution of the errors is the same number σ on different weighings; and errors on different weighings are independent. Denote the true weights by
- <math>\theta_1, \dots, \theta_8.\,</math>
We consider two different experiments:
- Weigh each object in one pan, with the other pan empty. Let Xi be the measured weight of the ith object, for i = 1, ..., 8.
- Do the eight weighings according to the following schedule and let Yi be the measured difference for i = 1, ..., 8:
- <math>
\begin{matrix} & \mbox{left pan} & \mbox{right pan} \\ \mbox{1st weighing:} & 1\ 2\ 3\ 4\ 5\ 6\ 7\ 8 & \text{(empty)} \\ \mbox{2nd:} & 1\ 2\ 3\ 8\ & 4\ 5\ 6\ 7 \\ \mbox{3rd:} & 1\ 4\ 5\ 8\ & 2\ 3\ 6\ 7 \\ \mbox{4th:} & 1\ 6\ 7\ 8\ & 2\ 3\ 4\ 5 \\ \mbox{5th:} & 2\ 4\ 6\ 8\ & 1\ 3\ 5\ 7 \\ \mbox{6th:} & 2\ 5\ 7\ 8\ & 1\ 3\ 4\ 6 \\ \mbox{7th:} & 3\ 4\ 7\ 8\ & 1\ 2\ 5\ 6 \\ \mbox{8th:} & 3\ 5\ 6\ 8\ & 1\ 2\ 4\ 7 \end{matrix} </math>
- Then the estimated value of the weight θ1 is
- <math>\widehat{\theta}_1 = \frac{Y_1 + Y_2 + Y_3 + Y_4 - Y_5 - Y_6 - Y_7 - Y_8}{8}. </math>
- Similar estimates can be found for the weights of the other items. For example
- <math>\widehat{\theta}_2 = \frac{Y_1 + Y_2 - Y_3 - Y_4 + Y_5 + Y_6 - Y_7 - Y_8}{8}.</math>
The question of design of experiments is: which experiment is better?
The variance of the estimate X1 of θ1 is σ2 if we use the first experiment. But if we use the second experiment, the variance of the estimate given above is σ2/8. Thus the second experiment gives us 8 times as much precision for the estimate of a single item, and estimates all items simultaneously, with the same precision. What the second experiment achieves with eight would require 64 weighings if the items are weighed separately. However, note that the estimates for the items obtained in the second experiment have errors that correlate with each other.
Many problems of the design of experiments involve combinatorial designs, as in this example and others.[15]
Avoiding false positives
False positive conclusions, often resulting from the pressure to publish or the author's own confirmation bias, are an inherent hazard in many fields, and experimental designs with undisclosed degrees of freedom are a problem.[16] This can lead to conscious or unconscious "p-hacking": trying multiple things until you get the desired result. It typically involves the manipulation - perhaps unconsciously - of the process of statistical analysis and the degrees of freedom until they return a figure below the p<.05 level of statistical significance.[17][18] So the design of the experiment should include a clear statement proposing the analyses to be undertaken.
Clear and complete documentation of the experimental methodology is also important in order to support replication of results.[19]
Discussion topics when setting up an experimental design
An experimental design or randomized clinical trial requires careful consideration of several factors before actually doing the experiment.[20] An experimental design is the laying out of a detailed experimental plan in advance of doing the experiment. Some of the following topics have already been discussed in the principles of experimental design section:
- How many factors does the design have? and are the levels of these factors fixed or random?
- Are control conditions needed, and what should they be?
- Manipulation checks; did the manipulation really work?
- What are the background variables?
- What is the sample size. How many units must be collected for the experiment to be generalisable and have enough power?
- What is the relevance of interactions between factors?
- What is the influence of delayed effects of substantive factors on outcomes?
- How do response shifts affect self-report measures?
- How feasible is repeated administration of the same measurement instruments to the same units at different occasions, with a post-test and follow-up tests?
- What about using a proxy pretest?
- Are there lurking variables?
- Should the client/patient, researcher or even the analyst of the data be blind to conditions?
- What is the feasibility of subsequent application of different conditions to the same units?
- How many of each control and noise factors should be taken into account?
Statistical control
It is best that a process be in reasonable statistical control prior to conducting designed experiments. When this is not possible, proper blocking, replication, and randomization allow for the careful conduct of designed experiments.[21] To control for nuisance variables, researchers institute control checks as additional measures. Investigators should ensure that uncontrolled influences (e.g., source credibility perception) do not skew the findings of the study. A manipulation check is one example of a control check. Manipulation checks allow investigators to isolate the chief variables to strengthen support that these variables are operating as planned.
One of the most important requirements of experimental research designs is the necessity of eliminating the effects of spurious, intervening, and antecedent variables. In the most basic model, cause (X) leads to effect (Y). But there could be a third variable (Z) that influences (Y), and X might not be the true cause at all. Z is said to be a spurious variable and must be controlled for. The same is true for intervening variables (a variable in between the supposed cause (X) and the effect (Y)), and anteceding variables (a variable prior to the supposed cause (X) that is the true cause). When a third variable is involved and has not been controlled for, the relation is said to be a zero orderTemplate:Disambiguation needed relationship. In most practical applications of experimental research designs there are several causes (X1, X2, X3). In most designs, only one of these causes is manipulated at a time.
Experimental designs after Fisher
Some efficient designs for estimating several main effects were found independently and in near succession by Raj Chandra Bose and K. Kishen in 1940 at the Indian Statistical Institute, but remained little known until the Plackett-Burman designs were published in Biometrika in 1946. About the same time, C. R. Rao introduced the concepts of orthogonal arrays as experimental designs. This concept played a central role in the development of Taguchi methods by Genichi Taguchi, which took place during his visit to Indian Statistical Institute in early 1950s. His methods were successfully applied and adopted by Japanese and Indian industries and subsequently were also embraced by US industry albeit with some reservations.
In 1950, Gertrude Mary Cox and William Gemmell Cochran published the book Experimental Designs, which became the major reference work on the design of experiments for statisticians for years afterwards.
Developments of the theory of linear models have encompassed and surpassed the cases that concerned early writers. Today, the theory rests on advanced topics in linear algebra, algebra and combinatorics.
As with other branches of statistics, experimental design is pursued using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches: In evaluating statistical procedures like experimental designs, frequentist statistics studies the sampling distribution while Bayesian statistics updates a probability distribution on the parameter space.
Some important contributors to the field of experimental designs are C. S. Peirce, R. A. Fisher, F. Yates, C. R. Rao, R. C. Bose, J. N. Srivastava, Shrikhande S. S., D. Raghavarao, W. G. Cochran, O. Kempthorne, W. T. Federer, V. V. Fedorov, A. S. Hedayat, J. A. Nelder, R. A. Bailey, J. Kiefer, W. J. Studden, A. Pázman, F. Pukelsheim, D. R. Cox, H. P. Wynn, A. C. Atkinson, G. E. P. Box and G. Taguchi.[citation needed] The textbooks of D. Montgomery and R. Myers have reached generations of students and practitioners.[22] [23] [24]
Human participant experimental design constraints
Laws and ethical considerations preclude some carefully designed experiments with human subjects. Legal constraints are dependent on jurisdiction. Constraints may involve institutional review boards, informed consent and confidentiality affecting both clinical (medical) trials and behavioral and social science experiments.[25] In the field of toxicology, for example, experimentation is performed on laboratory animals with the goal of defining safe exposure limits for humans.[26] Balancing the constraints are views from the medical field.[27] Regarding the randomization of patients, "... if no one knows which therapy is better, there is no ethical imperative to use one therapy or another." (p 380) Regarding experimental design, "...it is clearly not ethical to place subjects at risk to collect data in a poorly designed study when this situation can be easily avoided...". (p 393)
See also
- Adversarial collaboration
- Bayesian experimental design
- Clinical trial
- Computer experiment
- Control variable
- Controlling for a variable
- Experimetrics (econometrics-related experiments)
- Factor analysis
- First-in-man study
- Glossary of experimental design
- Grey box model
- Instrument effect
- Law of large numbers
- Manipulation checks
- Multifactor design of experiments software
- Probabilistic design
- Protocol (natural sciences)
- Quasi-experimental design
- Randomized block design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Research design
- Robust parameter design
- Supersaturated design
- Survey sampling
- System identification
- Taguchi methods
- ^ Dunn, Peter (January 1997). "James Lind (1716-94) of Edinburgh and the treatment of scurvy". Archive of Disease in Childhood Foetal Neonatal (United Kingdom: British Medical Journal Publishing Group) 76 (1): 64–65. PMC 1720613. PMID 9059193. doi:10.1136/fn.76.1.F64. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ a b Peirce, Charles Sanders; Jastrow, Joseph (1885). "On Small Differences in Sensation". Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 3: 73–83.
- ^ a b Hacking, Ian (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis 79 (3): 427–451. JSTOR 234674. MR 1013489. doi:10.1086/354775.
- ^ a b Stephen M. Stigler (November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research". American Journal of Education 101 (1): 60–70. JSTOR 1085417. doi:10.1086/444032.
- ^ a b Trudy Dehue (December 1997). "Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design". Isis 88 (4): 653–673. PMID 9519574. doi:10.1086/383850.
- ^ Peirce, C. S. (1876). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". Coast Survey Report: 197–201., actually published 1879, NOAA PDF Eprint.
Reprinted in Collected Papers 7, paragraphs 139–157, also in Writings 4, pp. 72–78, and in Peirce, C. S. (July–August 1967). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". Operations Research 15 (4): 643–648. JSTOR 168276. doi:10.1287/opre.15.4.643.
- ^ Johnson, N.L. (1961). "Sequential analysis: a survey." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. Vol. 124 (3), 372–411. (pages 375–376)
- ^ Wald, A. (1945) "Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses", Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 16 (2), 117–186.
- ^ a b Herman Chernoff, Sequential Analysis and Optimal Design, SIAM Monograph, 1972.
- ^ Zacks, S. (1996) "Adaptive Designs for Parametric Models". In: Ghosh, S. and Rao, C. R., (Eds) (1996). "Design and Analysis of Experiments," Handbook of Statistics, Volume 13. North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-82061-2. (pages 151–180)
- ^ Robbins, H. (1952). "Some Aspects of the Sequential Design of Experiments". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 58 (5): 527–535. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1952-09620-8.
- ^ Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008, p. 300. ISBN 0-13-613550-1
- ^ Dr. Hani (2009). "Replication study". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Burman, Leonard E.; Robert W. Reed; James Alm (2010). "A call for replication studies" (JOURNAL ARTICLE). Public Finance Review. pp. 787–793. doi:10.1177/1091142110385210. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Jack Sifri (8 December 2014). "How to Use Design of Experiments to Create Robust Designs With High Yield". youtube.com. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
- ^ Simmons, Joseph; Leif Nelson; Uri Simonsohn (November 2011). "False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant". Psychological Science (Washington DC: Association for Psychological Science) 22 (11): 1359–1366. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 22006061. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Science, Trust And Psychology In Crisis". KPLU. 2014-06-02. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ "Why Statistically Significant Studies Can Be Insignificant". Pacific Standard. 2014-06-04. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ Chris Chambers (2014-06-10). "Physics envy: Do 'hard' sciences hold the solution to the replication crisis in psychology?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
- ^ Ader, Mellenberg & Hand (2008) "Advising on Research Methods: A consultant's companion"
- ^ Bisgaard, S (2008) "Must a Process be in Statistical Control before Conducting Designed Experiments?", Quality Engineering, ASQ, 20 (2), pp 143 - 176
- ^ Montgomery, Douglas (2013). Design and analysis of experiments (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9781118146927.
- ^ Walpole, Ronald E.; Myers, Raymond H.; Myers, Sharon L.; Ye, Keying (2007). Probability & statistics for engineers & scientists (8 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131877115.
- ^ Myers, Raymond H.; Montgomery, Douglas C.; Vining, G. Geoffrey; Robinson, Timothy J. (2010). Generalized linear models : with applications in engineering and the sciences (2 ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. ISBN 978-0470454633.
- ^ Moore, David S.; Notz, William I. (2006). Statistics : concepts and controversies (6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. Chapter 7: Data ethics. ISBN 9780716786368.
- ^ Ottoboni, M. Alice (1991). The dose makes the poison : a plain-language guide to toxicology (2nd ed.). New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442006608.
- ^ Glantz, Stanton A. (1992). Primer of biostatistics (3rd ed.). ISBN 0-07-023511-2.
- Peirce, C. S. (1877–1878), "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (series), Popular Science Monthly, vols. 12-13. Relevant individual papers:
- (1878 March), "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, March issue, pp. 604–615. Internet Archive Eprint.
- (1878 April), "The Probability of Induction", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 705–718. Internet Archive Eprint.
- (1878 June), "The Order of Nature", Popular Science Monthly, v. 13, pp. 203–217.Internet Archive Eprint.
- (1878 August), "Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis", Popular Science Monthly, v. 13, pp. 470–482. Internet Archive Eprint.
- Peirce, C. S. (1883), "A Theory of Probable Inference", Studies in Logic, pp. 126-181, Little, Brown, and Company. (Reprinted 1983, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 90-272-3271-7)
Further reading
|This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (November 2014)
- Atkinson, A. C. and Donev, A. N. and Tobias, R. D. (2007). Optimum Experimental Designs, with SAS. Oxford University Press. pp. 511+xvi. ISBN 978-0-19-929660-6.
- Bailey, R.A. (2008). Design of Comparative Experiments. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68357-9. Pre-publication chapters are available on-line.
- Box, G. E. P., & Draper, N. R. (1987). Empirical model-building and response surfaces. New York: Wiley.
- Box, G. E., Hunter,W.G., Hunter, J.S., Hunter,W.G., "Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery", 2nd Edition, Wiley, 2005, ISBN 0-471-71813-0
- Caliński, Tadeusz and Kageyama, Sanpei (2000). Block designs: A Randomization approach, Volume I: Analysis. Lecture Notes in Statistics 150. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-98578-6.
- George Casella (2008). Statistical design. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-75965-4.
- Ghosh, S. and Rao, C. R., ed. (1996). Design and Analysis of Experiments. Handbook of Statistics 13. North-Holland. ISBN 0-444-82061-2.
- Goos, Peter and Jones, Bradley (2011). Optimal Design of Experiments: A Case Study Approach. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-74461-1.
- Hacking, Ian (September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis 79 (3): 427–451. JSTOR 234674. MR 1013489. doi:10.1086/354775.
- Hinkelmann, Klaus and Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments. I and II (Second ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-38551-7.
- Hinkelmann, Klaus and Kempthorne, Oscar (2008). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design (Second ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-72756-9.
- Hinkelmann, Klaus and Kempthorne, Oscar (2005). Design and Analysis of Experiments, Volume 2: Advanced Experimental Design (First ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-55177-5.
- Mason, R. L., Gunst, R. F., & Hess, J. L. (1989). Statistical design and analysis of experiments with applications to engineering and science. New York: Wiley.
- Pearl, Judea. Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Peirce, C. S. (1876), "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research", Appendix No. 14 in Coast Survey Report, pp. 197–201, NOAA PDF Eprint. Reprinted 1958 in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 7, paragraphs 139–157 and in 1967 in Operations Research 15 (4): pp. 643–648, abstract at JSTOR. Peirce, C. S. (1967). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". Operations Research 15 (4): 643. doi:10.1287/opre.15.4.643.
- Smith, Kirstine (1918). "On the Standard Deviations of Adjusted and Interpolated Values of an Observed Polynomial Function and its Constants and the Guidance They Give Towards a Proper Choice of the Distribution of the Observations". Biometrika 12 (1): 1–85. doi:10.2307/2331929.
- Taguchi, G. (1987). Jikken keikakuho (3rd ed., Vol I & II). Tokyo: Maruzen. English translation edited by D. Clausing. System of experimental design. New York: UNIPUB/Kraus International.
External links
|Library resources about
Experimental design
- A chapter from a "NIST/SEMATECH Handbook on Engineering Statistics" at NIST
- Box–Behnken designs from a "NIST/SEMATECH Handbook on Engineering Statistics" ] at NIST
- Articles on Design of Experiments
- Case Studies and Articles on Design of Experiments (DOE)
- Czitrom (1999) "One-Factor-at-a-Time Versus Designed Experiments", American Statistician, 53, 2.
- Design Resources Server a mobile library on Design of Experiments. The server is dynamic in nature and new additions would be posted on this site from time to time.
- Gosset: A General-Purpose Program for Designing Experiments
- SAS Examples for Experimental Design
- Matlab SUrrogate MOdeling Toolbox - SUMO Toolbox – Matlab code for Design of Experiments + Sequential Design + Surrogate Modeling
- Design DB: A database of combinatorial, statistical, experimental block designs
- The I-Optimal Design Assistant: a free on-line library of I-Optimal designs
- Warning Signs in Experimental Design and Interpretation by Peter Norvig, chief of research at Google
- Knowledge Base, Research Methods: A good explanation of the basic idea of experimental designs
- The Controlled Experiment vs. The Comparative Experiment: "How to experiment" for science fair projects
- Spall, J. C. (2010), "Factorial Design for Choosing Input Values in Experimentation: Generating Informative Data for System Identification," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 30(5), pp. 38–53. General introduction from a systems perspective
- DOE used for engine calibration reduces fuel consumption by 2 to 4 percent
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