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Cemetery Records
| Vital Records
This article is part of a series.
|Overview of Vital Records
|Marriage Records
|Births and Deaths in Public Records
|Cemetery Records
|List of Useful Vital Record References
This article originally appeared in "Vital Records" by Johni Cerny, BS, FUGA in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
Cemetery records and headstone inscriptions are also sources of birth and death information. The custom of burying the dead in areas set aside for that purpose goes back thousands of years, but the genealogist's interest focuses mainly on historic periods in Jewish and Christian communities. The records of this type most commonly found are church burial registers, sextons' records, cemetery deed and plot registers, burial permit records, grave opening orders, and monument (gravestone) inscriptions.
Such records usually supplement standard sources of genealogical information, but sometimes they represent the only information that can be found pertaining to the birth and death of an ancestor. Using these records effectively requires specific knowledge of their content, availability, and location. The following section, based on Arlene Eakle's How to Search a Cemetery, appeared in the first edition of The Source.<ref>Arlene Eakle, How to Search a Cemetery (Salt Lake City: Genealogical Institute, 1974).</ref> It has since undergone extensive revision by Jeanne Gentry, president of the Oregon Historic Cemeteries Association, and Lynette Strangstad, a consultant on burial ground preservation and author of A Graveyard Preservation Primer.<ref>Lynette Strangstad, A Graveyard Preservation Primer (Nashville American Association for State and Local History, 1988).</ref> Johni Cerny and Sandra Luebking added the new material in this edition and the updated Reference list.
- 1 Cemetery Research
- 2 Types of Cemeteries
- 3 Types of Records
- 4 Monuments and Memorials
- 5 Research Preparation
- 6 Finding Cemeteries
- 7 Relocated Cemeteries
- 8 Searching in Cemeteries
- 9 Special Problems Encountered When Recording Gravestone Data
- 10 Preservation of Cemeteries
- 11 Funeral Homes and Burial Customs
- 12 References
- 13 External Links
Cemetery Research
Searching in cemeteries compensates for the effort it requires if only for the information cemeteries provide about children under the age of twenty-one. In the twenty-first century, where the death rate for children is fewer than eight per one thousand live births, we often fail to realize that the local cemetery may contain the only evidence of some young nineteenth-century lives.
The cemetery is also, sadly enough, sometimes the only place to find real evidence of some women's lives. A woman, hidden in her father's household during her growing years and recorded in pre-1850 censuses as 'female 5'10 years of age,' who dies before 1850, may be located under her given name for the first time on her headstone.
For example, James Bell, born in 1773, was married three times and lost two wives in childbirth. His first wife, twenty-five-year-old Sarah, died four hours after giving birth to twins, both of whom survived. His second wife, also named Sarah, died at age seventeen, thirty-five days after giving birth to a namesake daughter who also died thirty-one days later. The third wife, Margaret, died at age sixty-eight. Their son James is buried between his parents in the cemetery of the old Stone Church in Fort Defiance, Virginia. The family Bible and the cemetery plot are the only records of the existence of these women.
Even though colonial gravestones are often long-since gone or illegible, the surviving gravestones in a cemetery are important sources of information for immigrants. Sometimes the only recording of the original surname is on a gravestone, overlooked by a genealogist who was unaware that the family name had been Americanized and thus missed the original spelling in the alphabetical list. Had the grave plot itself been checked, the person's juxtaposition to known family members would have drawn attention to the difference in the name. The period of time when the largest number of immigrants arrived'1820 to 1920'coincides with gravestones that have survived.
Types of Cemeteries
The Church Burial Yard
Most churches, until around World War II, were constructed on lots large enough to provide their members with burial grounds. Even churches in large cities had adjacent burial yards. Some of these still exist; however, as cities grew, church membership increased, and real estate values rose, the need for larger burial facilities developed. Burial grounds were established in the suburbs while the old plots were used as building sites. Sometimes the graves were moved; sometimes they were not.
Public Cemeteries
Most local civil jurisdictions in the United States have some sort of public burial ground. Some are maintained by the counties; however, most of them are village, town, township, or city burial sites. Some national and state jurisdictions maintain burial facilities for veterans and their families.
Family Burial Plots
Family burial grounds are still common in rural areas of the United States. With the enforcement of health codes that require burial permits, the use of licensed morticians, and regulations governing health hazards, such private plots are disappearing. In the nineteenth century or earlier, most rural families had family burial sites; usually the site was on the farm first settled by the family in the area. These cemeteries are the most difficult to locate, but obviously they are most valuable for establishing family identity. Today properties on which those cemeteries are located are often in the hands of unrelated persons. Fences are left in disrepair and gravestones are often overturned, broken, buried, carried away, or otherwise lost. Some, however, are still well preserved and cared for by descendants or local historical societies.
Commercial Memorial Parks
Since World War II, with the development of large, highly transient city populations, a new sort of burial institution has come into being: the commercially owned and operated nonsectarian facility.
Types of Records
Written Sources
Entries in burial registers are chronological as the funerals occurred. If the registrar noted which plot the person was buried in, you can sometimes deduce relationships, a valuable clue because gravestones may have been destroyed or never placed on the grave, women's maiden names are often not recorded, and children may not have been mentioned in previous records.
Church Burial Registers
Churches that have affiliated burial grounds usually maintain records of interments in their burial registers. These records sometimes include the names of other family members, as the following register from Killinger's Church shows.
- (62) 1826. Jan. 7, Buried Isaac Lotch, son of Johannes & Elisabeth Lotch. b. May 20, 1822; bapt. May 10, 1823, by Rev. Hemping. d. Jan. 6, 1826, cause: Gichtern. age: 3 yrs. 8 most less 4 days.
- Jan. 10, Buried Daniel Deiwler, in the David's cong. son of Albrecht & Catharina Deiwler. b. Febr. 16, 1771, in Upper Paxton twp. Dauphin county. bapt. by Rev. Mr. Enderlein. married in 1795 to Anna Maria Fissler. They had 11 children, 5 sons & 6 daughters. d. Jan. 9, 1826, Cause: Hitziges Fieber. age 54 yrs. 10 most 24 days.
- Jan. 11, buried in Hoffman's congr. Margaretha Hoffman, da. of Johannes & Catharina Herman. b. Nov. 7, 1753 in Heidelberg twp. Berks county. bapt. & confirmed in Lutheran religion. married Apr. 22, 1772, Johann Nicolaus Hoffman. They had 12 children, 6 sons & 6 daughters. 2 daughters preceded her as also her husband, d. Apr. 28, '14; cause of death: Pilger's Fieber. d. Jan 9, 1826, survived by 84 grandchildren & 21 great-grandchildren. Age: 72 yrs, 2 most 2 days.<ref>St. David's Reformed Church (also known as Killinger Church), Death Register, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, microfilm copy of typescript at the Family History Library, GUS-020,348, item 7.</ref>
Finding such registers today presents a problem. Some have been placed in central church archives or church-affiliated university libraries; some have descended through the heirs of ministers or clerks along with other personal effects; some are stored in the original meetinghouses. In short, you may have to hunt for them.
Sexton's Records
All municipal cemeteries, many large denominational facilities shared by two or more churches in a community, all commercially operated memorial parks, and a few large family burial grounds have offices or official caretakers where you can expect to find a registry of burials called the sexton's book (figure 13-15). Such records also list the plots available'occupied, owned, or not owned'described in sufficient detail for sale and resale. The sexton's record is thus an accurate record of cemetery deeds and plats.
Cemetery Deeds
The original cemetery deeds, like the deeds to any real estate, are given to the owner of the plat; however, recorded copies are retained by the sexton in separate cemetery deed books. Sales, transfers, and bequests of title to this property are duly recorded also.
Plat Records
In areas before local governments were functioning effectively, graves were dug where convenient with no concept of plots; often, the burial wasn't recorded. With the platting of cemeteries, selling of plots, and registering of deeds, attempts were made to record earlier burials. In many instances, the names and burial dates could be obtained, but the actual location of the grave was lost. Figure 13-16 is a plat record that was reconstructed after burials in the last four decades of the nineteenth century; for that reason, it is incomplete.
Burial Permit Records
Since around 1920, state health departments have regulated burials. Today, very few jurisdictions permit burials except by licensed morticians, who either obtain or determine that someone else has obtained a certified burial permit from the city or county authority. These records constitute another valuable source of burial information.
Grave Opening Orders===
Most cemeteries preserve records of all grave openings, whether for burial, postmortem exhumation, or transfer of body. These records are known as grave opening orders and usually begin around the time of state registration of deaths. The order shown in figure 13-17 is for a new grave. We can deduce that Matilda Bennion was an adult because children are buried in graves less than five feet in length. Amy Fowler was probably a relative. A researcher would be able to find the death certificate rapidly because its number is given.
Family Bibles
While family Bible records are more appropriately classified as home sources, they are also a primary source'sometimes the only source'for private burials. Usually, such Bibles are still in family hands; however, it has become increasingly popular for local and regional historical societies and other agencies to acquire the personal effects of original settlers and early families of their areas. The National Archives and the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., also have collections of Bible records sent as evidence in various claims against the United States government. These pages have been removed from their case files and arranged in alphabetical order. Lists of the Bible records are available upon request.
Monuments and Memorials
Few experiences in family history offer more intrigue, interest, and even recreation than searching for monuments and their inscriptions. Even when written records are available and seemingly complete, these sources should always be used.
Prominent, influential, and affluent families often present special gifts'stained glass windows, altar pieces, sacramental services, confessionals, ornaments, statues'in the name and memory of their deceased relatives. Plaques or inscriptions give names, dates, and relationships of those involved with such gifts.
Sometimes the family may make contributions in lieu of flowers toward a special trust fund, organization, or project in the memory of a deceased loved one. Records are often maintained of all who contribute, the amount of the contribution, and the date made. Indications of this type of memorial will be found in newspaper accounts, court records, home sources, and the records of the person or institution responsible for the fund or project.
The burial of a loved one in a tomb or raised vault rather than a grave is customary among some ethnic groups and is the practice of some families. These tombs are normally in a special part of the cemetery or in mausoleums created expressly for this purpose. The inscriptions found on the tombs themselves are similar to regular monument inscriptions. The decoration of the tomb is an important part of the memorial. Burial registers may be stored in a special cupboard inside the tomb.
The ashes of the cremated are usually placed in urns and preserved in vaults at the crematory itself, at the cemetery where the other family members are interred, or in the home of a family member. Inscriptions may be etched on a plaque or other label.
Monuments with inscriptions are extremely varied, ranging from wooden crosses rotted into illegibility to long marble slabs with paragraphs of biography inscribed upon them. Dates of birth and death, places of birth and death (especially when far removed from the place of burial), names of parents, names of spouses, occupation, brothers and sisters, and special circumstances of life can be found. Some typical inscriptions follow.
From a cemetery in Manchester, Vermont:
- In Memory of Rufus Munson, who Died Sept. 13th, 1797 in the 35th year of his Age & left a Widow & four children of the first two letters of thare names is thus:
From Old Burying Ground, Newport, Rhode Island:
|Wait daughtr of
|Also William
|William and
|their son
|Desire Tripp
|died March
|died April 24
|7th 1784 Aged
|1780 aged 10
|22 mo
|mo 10 days
- Also his Wife's Arm
- Amputated Feby 20th 1786
From a cemetery in Norton, Massachusetts:
- In Memory of
- Mr Joseph Hill
- Who Died
- Dec 6, 1826
- Aged 66 years
- My sledge & Hammer ly reclined
- My Bellows too have lost their wind.
- My fire's extinct My forge decayed
- And [in] the dust my vice is laid;
- My iron's spent my coals are gone
- My nail are drove My work is done.
From a cemetery in Mottville, Michigan:
- Ransom Beardsley
- Died Jan 24 1850
- Aged 56 yr. 7 mot 21 days
- A Vol. in the War of 1812
- No Pension!
Genealogists should also be aware of indirect evidence that can be found in monument decorations. Decorations can express occupations, age, sex, interests, cause of death, religious affiliation, membership in ethnic and fraternal organizations, and philosophies of life.<ref>A useful list, titled "Gravestone Art, Symbols, Emblems, and Attributes," is in appendix A of Sharon DeBartolo Carmack, Your Guide to Cemetery Research (Cincinnati: Betterway Books, 2002) 2150-23.</ref>A useful list, titled "Gravestone Art, Symbols, Emblems, and Attributes," is in appendix A of Sharon DeBartolo Carmack</ref> Such details are rarely recorded by transcribers, but sketches and photographs can preserve these symbolic messages.
The date when the stone was placed on the grave is very important. Obviously, one placed two days after the funeral is usually more reliable than one placed fifty years later, although there are exceptions. Gravestones, like cars, have distinctive styles and materials depending upon the year they were made that can provide clues about the time of placement. The attached image provides some typical examples.
By carefully studying the vintage of the gravestone, the researcher can more accurately determine the validity of its inscription. Modern gravestones with ancient dates indicate replacement of an earlier gravestone or considerable time lapse between death and grave marker.
Most older and some new graves sink, leaving a slightly depressed area outlining the dimensions of the grave. If no age or birth date is given, you can determine which graves are of children and which are of adults by measuring which are more than five feet in length.
Research Preparation
When you search a cemetery, you should arrive with as many clues as you can: surname variants, people who married into your family, maiden names of women on your pedigree, and dates of settlement and migration into and out of the area. Be sure to check land records and county or town histories to learn precisely when and where the first family member settled in the area, when and from where subsequent members of the family arrived in the area, precise property descriptions for graveyards located on family land or nearby farms, land reserved for burial grounds or conveyed to church or township authorities, bequests in wills to maintain a graveyard, location of families in relationship to churches in the area, church affiliations of family members, and the location of families in relationship to cities and villages in the county.
Check death certificates for the names of all cemeteries in which family members are buried. Usually, family members are buried in clusters. Even where surnames are familiar, consider the probability that persons buried nearby are related to you. Acquire death certificates for all children of the pedigree ancestor you are seeking.
Cemetery Research Projects
Investigate the possibility of cemetery research projects in the area of your ancestry. Some are one-person operations and some are large-scale projects carried out under the supervision of a project director. Some projects index names of those buried in a particular cemetery, township, or county; others build databases of tombstone inscriptions. The results of these efforts may be online at personal, organizational, or commercial websites.
An international project of the Jewish Genealogical Society is JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry (JOWBR). This is a database of names and other identifying information from cemeteries and burial records worldwide, from the earliest records to the present. The master index is at http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/cemetery.
Another ongoing project is the USGenWeb Tombstone Transcription Project. This has a very large collection of cemetery records contributed by vollunteers, as well as an index to nearly 8 million obituaries, which generally tell where interment took place. The Cemetery Transcription Library currently has 3.5 million records from 7,500 cemeteries around the world and adds new information daily. You can search millions of cemetery records (and find photographs of many tombstones) at Find A Grave. Both sites encourage users to submit records and have downloadable software available for that purpose. The attached chart features some excellent websites related to cemeteries, tombstone inscriptions, and obituaries.
Check printed compilations of cemetery inscriptions. Earning the gratitude of all researchers, county and state genealogical societies, in cooperation with Boy Scout troops, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, university and college units, and other interested parties have restored, copied, indexed, and otherwise preserved the information from gravestones. The results are printed in scattered volumes of local proceedings, newsletters, and journals. The inscriptions are copied by people who know local surnames and who may know where persons are buried for whom there are no gravestones. The volume is usually indexed and will have a location map showing where cemeteries are in relation to modern roads.
Cemetery Associations
Consult card indexes to inscriptions of cemetery associations (where they exist) for locations of cemeteries and plots. These indexes can save you hours of searching time and provide evidence of family members unknown to you who may be buried nearby. Some cemetery associations active in the United States today are shown in the attached chart. Most associations publish newsletters and hints on how to copy gravestone data or how to preserve cemeteries, including funding resources and work assignments. Some publish maps showing locations of cemeteries or display the sites on their Web pages, along with cemetery databases and links to cemetery-related sites.
Finding Cemeteries
If the cemetery name is not known, a county-wide search can be conducted. Procure a detailed county or city map with churches and cemeteries marked on it. County road maps are usually available through county or state highway departments, assessors' offices, or registrars of deeds. In rural areas, it is also helpful to have a U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle map for the area you are researching, because some inactive cemeteries may not be indicated on the current county map. Mark the cemeteries nearest the land holdings or residences of family members directly on your map.
If the name of a cemetery is known, try searching for its location at the U.S. Bureau on Geographic Names website. If a cemetery is located, the response will identify the correct USGS 7.5 series map and give the latitude and longitude of the property. A link is offered to http://www.topozone.com where the cemetery will be shown on a USGS series map. Another option is to link to TerraServer for a contemporary aerial photograph of the terrain.
Many cemetery and tombstone inscription projects are including Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates in their data files. Coordinates are also available from the search at the U.S. Board on Geographical Names described previously. Having the GPS location makes finding the cemetery easy. Graves also may be identified with GPS and adding the coordinates to transcription notes will mark the grave's location despite heavy snow or changes in terrain. For example, Samuel J. Kitterman, 1874'1968, is buried in the Kitterman Cemetery, Wapello County, Iowa. The grave's coordinate is 41° 02' 31' N 92° 20' 34' W.<ref>"The Use of GPS in Locating a Cemetery or Gravesites," at Saving Graves www.savinggraves.org.</ref>
If these processes seem elaborate, consider that a county may cover more than six hundred square miles. You could spend hours driving and asking local residents, who may know less than you do about the area, without ever locating the cemetery where your ancestors are buried.
When searching for family burial plots, you are dependent upon your own keen observation and the help of local residents once you are within half a mile of the cemetery's location. Since the 1930s, increasingly large acreages left unattended have succumbed to weeds, brambles, and trees. Some of this land is in the federal land bank. Some has been left by owners who now work in industry. It is not uncommon to find a property owner who is unaware of a burial plot in his or her woods. The best help may come from older residents who have lived in the area for years or young boys who enjoy rabbit and grouse hunting.
Relocated Cemeteries
In areas where land use has changed from agricultural to urban or industrial, few local people actually know where cemeteries have been relocated, but local historical societies have done much to preserve records of them.
When a dam is built, with subsequent flooding of local areas, or a freeway planned or an energy reservation set aside, surveys of local cemeteries are made to determine if any will be disturbed and, if so, where the bodies will be reinterred. These reinterment projects produce generally accurate records of all graves and inscriptions. Efforts are made to identify the occupants of unmarked graves using family records, the memories of local residents, and public documents.
These interments are usually recorded on file cards that are arranged alphabetically within geographic areas. They are open to the public through mail, e-mail, or telephone requests and the information is usually available without charge or for a minimal copying fee. A good example is the Tennessee Valley Authority, with its thousands of maps, cemetery inscriptions, and other valuable materials all along the Tennessee River. Some maps and cemetery inscriptions are available through the TVA Map Store, 1101 Market Street, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2801. A full list of maps is available at their website.
Military facilities sometimes relocate graves as well. Fort McPherson National Cemetery in Maxwell, Nebraska, opened in 1873 to consolidate twenty-two cemeteries in Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Idaho, and Nebraska. By 1947, the project had been completed. The cemetery is carefully plotted and indexed with control markers throughout the grounds; even so, there are 584 'unknown' graves. Copies of these records are in the National Archives, at Fort McPherson in Maxwell, Nebraska, or online at http://www.interment.net.
Churches that were moved during the years of their existence usually have more than one burial ground. For example, the old cemetery of the Augusta Stone Church in Fort Defiance, Augusta County, Virginia, is walled and stands behind a screen of trees. On a hillside within the walls is the grave of Rachel (Crawford) Berry, who was born on 18 April 1812 and died on 23 May 1832, wife of Thornton Berry. One hundred yards away in the Crawford family plot lies her ten-year-old son, James. Across the main highway lies another portion of the cemetery. This adjoins the new Augusta Stone Church. There lies Thornton Berry, who died on 11 December 1882 at age seventy-two, and his second wife, Nancy, who died in April (year illegible) at age eighty-one, and other members of his family. Had the old portion, which is not visible from the road, been overlooked, the graves of Thornton's first wife and son would not have been found.
It was fairly common for congregations to split during controversies and for the dissenting unit to build separate facilities'meetinghouse and cemetery'a few miles away. An example is found in Virginia. New Providence congregation broke with Old Providence over the procedure of singing hymns in meetings in the early nineteenth century. As a result, there are two churches and two cemeteries located only two miles apart. Sometimes the two congregations reunite at a later time and build a third meetinghouse, closing down the previous two. Furthermore, because it is common for members of the same family to have belonged to different churches, you should plan to search all cemeteries in the immediate vicinity of the family home, regardless of religious affiliations.
The procedure to follow in locating graves differs somewhat depending upon the size of the cemetery. The sexton's records, when they exist, should be searched first regardless of the size or type of gravestone. By looking at the names, you can locate females with surnames of interest who are buried under married names in the plots of other relatives who have surnames unknown to you.
Family cemeteries are usually very small and without sexton's records. You should, therefore, read every gravestone to determine which graves are those of ancestral families. For very large public, church, and private cemeteries, consult the various kinds of sexton's records to determine when family members were buried and the exact locations of each one. Then check the master plat or map showing the individual cemetery plats and their smaller subdivisions (sections, blocks, tiers, etc.) to determine the locations of graves for the period of time in which you are interested. Some cemeteries provide smaller map reproductions on which you can mark the gravesites in which you are particularly interested.
Searching in Cemeteries
It is best to explore cemeteries with one or more companions rather than conducting a search alone. Drive through or walk around the cemetery before examining individual gravestones. Absorb some of the atmosphere of the setting. Consider the location, the upkeep and condition, size, presence of above-ground burials, fenced-off or enclosed sections, plantings, artwork and statuary, presence of the graves of prominent citizens, positioning of gravestones and their relationship to others, and color and material of the stones. These elements provide evidence of ethnic graveyards, the economic base of the community, historical events, lifestyle and outlook of local residents, and other details.
Next, focus on individual gravestones, looking for naming patterns in the plots. A large name stone in the center with smaller stones around it bearing only given names may indicate Swedish origins. If the smaller gravestones have relationships or initials only, it may indicate German origins.
Note the dates of death. Many gravestones with proximate death dates can indicate an epidemic, a weather disaster, a mine accident, or the close of a generation. For example, in the Darling, Minnesota, Swedish cemetery, burials took place starting about 1870. They were the children of the immigrant generation who arrived in Minnesota just before the turn of the century with their parents or were born shortly after their arrival in America.
A Swedish cemetery will have gravestones in gray, sand, pink, and other warm, soft colors. The setting will be uncluttered, with open spaces around the plots and scanty data on the stones. Polish graves have large, heavy black or red gravestones in rows, with precise dates and frequently the original spelling of the surname. Early New England and Virginia origins show up in ornate carvings of winged death heads, weeping willows, and all-seeing eyes on gravestones large enough to include the essential facts and a scriptural verse. These gravestones are liberally interspersed with flat, biographical gravestones giving full details of family relationships. Quaker gravestones were exactly twelve inches high until well into the nineteenth century. Quaker stones with incomplete or missing inscriptions may have been 'oversize' monuments that Quaker leaders ordered trimmed to customary size.
Many cemeteries have special sections set aside for specific kinds of burials. The sexton's records for the paupers' section will be found among poor relief or workhouse records; African American, Asians, and Native Americans may be buried in 'colored' sections; religious sections may contain Catholics, Jews, or Muslims. Those who died without the sacraments of a church may be found in an unconsecrated section of a religious cemetery. In Masonic sections, burials are in crypts or wall vaults. Watch for other sections as well.
The best time of year to conduct cemetery searches is in the early spring, after winter has killed the weeds and before spring briars and grasses begin growing or snakes come out of hibernation. Snow and winter rain will have removed some of the moss from the faces of the gravestones.
Many cemeteries, especially abandoned ones, harbor snakes, chiggers, poison ivy, thorns, and other natural hazards. Wear protective clothing, including gloves and sturdy shoes. Be alert for animals, uneven ground, and other hazards. A can of Mace or another eye-stinging mist may deter dogs. Again, knowledgeable cemetery searchers advise never going to a cemetery alone.
Reading and Photographing Gravestones
Whether an 'expedition' to read cemetery stones is a personal or group project, make every effort to secure permission from the proper authorities in advance. Explain the nature of your work and be specific about how you intend to approach the reading or photography. Become familiar with the proper methods of care for these valuable and irreplaceable artifacts. Be aware that in some states practices deemed detrimental to tombstones are against the law.
The popular stones for markers in years gone by were often soft. Often, old inscriptions are so weathered they can hardly be deciphered. Furthermore, there may be an accumulation of moss or lichen on the gravestones. It is improper to use harsh abrasives or wire brushes to remove such growth because these measures further damage the inscriptions and are of questionable value even to the immediate user. Chalking is not a good practice; it can actually stain porous stone. If a gravestone must be cleaned, preservationists recommend gently brushing away loose material with a natural bristle brush, then wetting the gravestone with clean water. Carefully remove organic growth with a natural bristle brush, using a smaller brush to clean incised areas. Thoroughly rinse the stone with clean water and pat the surface dry with a soft towel.<ref>More detailed information is at the Oregon Historic Cemeteries Association website at www.oregoncemeteries.org. See Jeanne Robinson, "Cleaning Marble Tombstones II."</ref>
For details on how to make a documentary photograph (as opposed to an artistically pleasing photograph), some good references are available. In Digitizing Your Family History, Rhonda McClure gives suggestions for using the special features of a digital camera to photograph gravestones. The chapter 'An Introduction to Digital Photography' is a must-read for those contemplating the purchase of a digital camera. And her advice to those who buy is to become thoroughly familiar with your camera before you enter the cemetery.<ref>Rhonda R. McClure, Digitizing Your Family History (Cincinnati: Family Tree Books, 2004).</ref>
Online, Steve Paul Johnson's 'Recording Cemeteries with Digital Photography' at http://www.interment.net/column/records/digital/digital.htm is instructive. Society leaders planning a cemetery recording project will note the increase in productivity with a camera. By hand this avid recorder could transcribe from 250 to 300 tombstones daily. Using a Palm II (handheld computer) he was able to do 75 to 100 tombstones per hour. After perfecting his technique with a digital camera, he can photograph 100 tombstones in 30 minutes without fatigue.
Photographers who prefer a thirty-five millimeter camera may consult, see Daniel and Jessie Lie Farber's Making Photographic Records of Gravestones.<ref>Daniel and Jessie Lie Farber, Making Photographic Records of Gravestones, a leaflet published by The Association for Gravestone Studies, 30 Elm St., Worcester, MA 01609 www.gravestonestudies.org.</ref> The Farbers advise that documentary photographs be made only in brilliant sunlight. The light should fall across the face of the gravestone at an angle of approximately thirty degrees. If necessary, a mirror can be positioned to reflect sunlight across the stone. Never attempt to straighten a leaning or fallen gravestone. Doing so could result in permanent damage to the marker. Instead, tilt the camera to correspond with the lean of the stone. A thirty-five millimeter camera is recommended. For black-and-white photographs, tri-X film shot at a shutter speed of 1/250th of a second produces good results. Using a tripod and light meter can further enhance results.
While photographing produces an exact copy of the gravestone, it may not give you a legible reproduction of the text on the stone. Always copy the inscription in your notes in case the photograph does not turn out. And remember, the best preservation method of all is to share the information with others. Duplicate the results of a cemetery photography session and send copies to other family members. Or place the pictures online, perhaps at the USGenWeb Tombstone Transcription Project site. Search the Internet for collections by others, such as the Farber Gravestone Collection of over 13,500 images documenting the sculpture on more than 9,000 gravestones. Most of these stones date prior to 1800 and are in the Northeastern part of the United States. A website and online image database has been created by David Rumsey Cartography Association with the sponsorship of the American Antiquity Society.
Special Problems Encountered When Recording Gravestone Data
Making Gravestone Rubbings
The practice of making impressions by laying paper or fabric onto a tombstone and rubbing it with chalk or charcoal is viewed as potentially destructive by professional preservationists. The following caution, from cemetery conservation activist and author Lynette Strangstad, is worth repeating: 'Gravestone rubbing should be strongly curtailed or eliminated due to potential damage to markers. Irreparable and significant damage has been done by people who thought they were careful and knowledgeable. In addition to the damage caused by pigment residue, most visitors are not able to accurately distinguish between sound gravestones and unstable ones. Because of the potential damage, rubbing is best avoided altogether.'<ref>Preservation of Historic Burial Grounds, Information Series No. 76, 1993 (Reprint, Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2003).</ref>
Fallen Markers
Markers frequently fall and are buried under an accumulation of undergrowth and topsoil. When working in poorly kept cemeteries, carry a probe long enough to gently check the ground eight to ten inches deep. Carefully check fence lines and hedgerows. Fallen markers that could not be easily replaced may have been carried to the side and propped against a fence or left on the ground. Though they cannot be readily identified with the appropriate plot, the inscriptions are still valuable. Notify the proper authorities of the locations of fallen markers; do not attempt to replace or repair them yourself.
Duplicate Gravestones
When a new gravestone is prepared for a grave, there is always the possibility that the stonecutter will leave the original stone in place; you may thus find two gravestones for the same person. In very old cemeteries, you may also discover some apparent duplicates that are really a head-stone and a footstone. A gravestone for the same person may appear in a family cemetery or plot with a second gravestone in the cemetery where the person is actually buried.
Recording Cemetery Data
The more times you copy an inscription, the greater the chance of error. Therefore, take an ample supply of family group worksheets or research notepaper with you and transcribe the data directly on the worksheet or notepaper.
Most researchers copy only the direct genealogical data: dates and places of birth and death, parents, husband, and wife. Such a practice, however, can cause you to overlook the clues indicated in the selection of epitaphs: church affiliation, survivors, occupations, military service, cause of death, physical description, citizenship, and migration patterns.
Another reason for recording all that you find is the fragility of the site. Once you leave the site, the information may no longer be available to you. Many cemeteries are destroyed through vandalism, development, or other circumstances, and what you record on your visit may soon thereafter prove to be the only information available. Consider the potential needs of those working in related fields'landscape historians, archaeologists, folklorists, and preservationists, as well as future family historians who could benefit from your data. Always reread your notes for accuracy and completeness before leaving the cemetery, comparing them to the gravestones.
One manner of insuring a complete recording of data is to plot the site. Because people are usually buried in family units, drawing a diagram of each plot enables you to analyze graves in their relationships to others: size, location, gravestones, and so on. On the backs of your worksheets, sketch the gravestones as they appear in the plot; number each one, then list the inscription and description of the stone by the same number on the worksheets. Where family units are definite, record them on the same worksheet as a family; but where there is any question, list each one on a separate sheet and refer by number back to the plot you have drawn for the relationship of each individual grave to the entire plot. Figure 13-20 is an example taken from the Lexington Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Lexington, Virginia. The numbers refer to the inscription notes, which made it possible to analyze some family relationships.
- Unit 1
- 1. Margaret McDowell, wife of Robert McDowell, died 14 Feb. 1830, age 70.
- 2. Robert McDowell, born 10 Mar. 1767, died 2 Aug. 1838. Both stones were identical (despite the difference in the sketch).
- Unit 2
- 3. Zachariah Johnston, died 7 Jan. 1800, age 57.
- 4. Ann Johnston, died 25 Aug. 1818, age 77.
- Unit 3
- 5. Sally W. Johnston, wife of Alexander Johnston, born 29 Jan, 1776, died 30 Apr. 1818, age 43.
- 6. Zechariah G. Johnston, born 18 June 1807, died 28 June 1815, age 6. This inscription was rather hard to read.
- 7. A.J., no date, child's grave with no other inscription, probably part of the Johnston family and a grandchild of Zachariah and Ann.
- Unit 4
- 8. Ann, daughter of Susan and Thomas Johnston, born 10 Apr. 1803, died 7 oct. 1834.
- 9. William G. Johnston, son of Susan and Thomas Johnston, born 27 Jan. 1819.
- 10. Susan, daughter of Susan and Thomas Johnston, died 10 April 1832, age 22.
- 11. Susan Johnston, wife of Thomas Johnston, died 19 Nov. 1857, age 81.
- 12. Thomas Johnston, born 10 Jan. 1773, died 27 Dec. 1847.
- Individual Burials
- 13. Elizabeth McDowell, 'Our Loving Aunt,' born 28 Sept. 1796, died 29 May 1861.
- 14. Rebecca (Our Sister), wife of William C. Lewis, died 2 April 1857, age 57.
In this plat, family groupings are clear in most cases, and certain hypotheses can be made and tested with evidence from other sources.
Although compiled records cannot fully replace a personal search, historical, genealogical, and patriotic societies have performed a valuable and commendable service in preparing compilations of gravestone inscriptions, especially in view of the annual toll taken on grave markers through neglect, highway construction, suburban development, and reclamation projects. Beware, however, that compiled sources obscure family relationships because the entries are artificially arranged in an alphabetical sequence. The value of such works is dramatically increased when the inscriptions are listed as found in the graveyard, cross-referenced to their specific locations on a map of the cemetery, and indexed by surname on separate pages.
Another weakness of these compilations comes from including only the names, dates of birth and death, and relationships. Indirect evidence and clues are omitted because they are too voluminous. In a printed compilation of gravestones in Tinkling Spring Presbyterian Cemetery in Fisherville, Augusta County, Virginia, the alphabetical sequence reads:
- Cynthia Johnson
- Born 19 Dec 1799
- Died 15 Aug 1887
- Aged 87 years 7 months and 26 days
- Wife of Thomas Johnson
- Thomas Johnson
- died 19 Dec 1865
- Age 75 years, 4 months and 25 days<ref>Howard M. Wilson, Tinkling Spring: Headwater of Freedom (Fisherville, Va.: for the congregation, 1954), appendix E.</ref>
In the cemetery itself, in a lovely, wrought-iron fenced enclosure, the graves of Cynthia and Thomas lie surrounded by Cynthia's family: her parents, James and Martha Black; and several of her brothers, sisters, and their families. However, nothing in the printed volume connects Cynthia with the Black family.
Preservation of Cemeteries
All researchers need to be concerned about and supportive of the ongoing efforts of cemetery preservation organizations and genealogical and historical societies seeking to bring conservation procedures to the attention of cemetery officials. Individuals and groups interested in familiarizing themselves with this process (which certainly should be done before any cemetery projects are undertaken) would benefit from a study of Lynette Strangstad, A Graveyard Preservation Primer. This work was published in cooperation with the Association for Gravestone Studies and is a landmark in the field. Their website has a current list of the association's publications.
Funeral Homes and Burial Customs
The records of funeral homes may provide personal information about the deceased, such as full name, age, dates of birth, death, and burial, cause of death, former address and occupation of the deceased and place of death and burial. There may also be notes regarding the funeral services, the name of the person who officiated, and the identity and relationship of whomever made the arrangements. If the body was shipped from or to another city, there may be a copy of the transportation of corpse form that accompanied the remains.
The name of a funeral home may appear in family records or on the death certificate, cemetery office record, or the obituary. A search online by name, city, and state should provide contact information if the business is still in operation or, if the business has closed but the records have been indexed in a database, a website might be given. A search for the J. F. Bell Funeral Home in central Virginia, yielded information on the history of the funeral home, which was established in 1917, and the family that now manages it, descendants of John Ferris Bell (1890'1959). A database to information from the Bell registers is at http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/projects/bell.
Funeral homes are often family owned for two or more generations and records are usually meticulously preserved. Because a funeral home is a privately-owned business, its staff is not obligated to provide information from their registers. Fortunately, most directors will share information in response to a brief and courteous inquiry. To find records of funeral homes that are no longer operating, see chapter 4, 'Business, Institution, and Organization Records.'
Funeral and burial customs have varied over the centuries but throughout history, it is location, ethnicity, and religion that determine how the dead will be laid to rest. For example, cremation is required in the faiths of Buddhism and Hinduism yet prohibited for members of the Free Presbyterian Church and the Islamic religion. Many customs, some of which are still followed, date directly from the Victorian period in England, when first upper society and then more commonly-situated folk adopted the fashions and practices of their Queen. Black dress, mourning jewelry, and postmortem photographs or etchings were founded in the nineteenth century. In larger urban areas, mourners' coaches came into being. These were the equivalent of a limousine today; examples may be viewed at http://www.hearse.com.
Many of these objects, including an early hearse, are preserved in the Museum of Funeral Customs in Springfield, Illinois, and some may be viewed on virtual tour at http://www.funeralmuseum.org. An excellent discussion of customs and folkways used by Americans and by certain ethnic and religious groups is featured in Sharon Carmack's Your Guide to Cemetery Research.
In the original edition of The Source, Arlene Eakle closed this section with words that are still apt. 'I confess to a weakness for the emotional impact of searching a graveyard, but the wealth of direct and circumstantial evidence a cemetery can provide would still justify a search on the least sentimental of grounds. Although the extra time, expense, and inconvenience of on-site searches may deter a genealogist, examining these sources with the same care and thoroughness you would bring to library research pays off.'


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Lightweight O Matter frame material is the secret to all-day comfort, and Oakley New Dispatch Sunglass takes advantage of Oakley's patented Three-Point Fit to keep the lenses in precise optical alignment. High Definition Optics@ (HDO@) is the reason why its clarity exceeds ANSI Z87.1 standards. Notice the lens curvature that extends peripheral vision. Our pure Plutonite@ lens material blocks 100% of all UV and helps this design meet ANSI Z87.8 basic impact standards.As you browse the other options, take a look at lenses with Iridium@ coating that balances light transmission. If you need visual correction, you can get Dispatch with Oakley Authentic Prescription Lenses.
Current Reviews: 0

subset: commoncrawl


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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Andrew Dorne (Irvine, Calif.) scored four straight goals during a 2:07 stretch in the third period to help lift MIT over Harvard University, 8-4, in Collegiate Water Polo Association (CWPA) action Friday night. The win is the second straight for the Cardinal and Gray in league play as it improves to 6-11 overall and 2-1 in the CWPA Northern Division.
The Engineers jumped out to an early 2-0 lead and held on to a 2-1 edge at the end of the first quarter, thanks in part to a terrific block by keeper, Columbus Leonard (Mill Valley, Calif.), at the buzzer. Tech added two more goals in the second quarter and led, 4-2 at the half.
Dorne began his scoring spree after the intermission, as the sophomore would tally four straight markers to extend the MIT lead to 8-2 and put the game all but out of reach.
The Crimson added two late scores to cut the gap but MIT was able to hold on for the win.
Craig Cheney (Sherwood, Ore.) added a pair of markers while Nikola Otasevic (Belgrade, Serbia) and Scott Stephens (Los Altos, Calif.) each found the back of the net once. Leonard totaled 10 blocks in the contest against just four goals allowed. The Engineers were also able to stave off four six-on-five situations for the Crimson while converting on two of their five man-up opportunities.
MIT is back in action in the Zesiger Pool on Saturday, October 8. Tech will host Brown University at 6:00 p.m. in a CWPA Northern Division matchup.


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Daniel Sysoev
This article or section is a stub (i.e., in need of additional material). You can help OrthodoxWiki by expanding it.
Fr. Daniil Sysoev (1974 - 2009) was a married Russian Orthodox Priest, the rector of St. Thomas' church in southern Moscow and a noted missionary especially among Russia's Muslim community, neo-Pagans, and Protestants. He was killed in the church by a masked gunman on November 19, 2009.[1]
In December 2009, Fr. Daniil's killing was claimed by a militant Islamic group based in the North Caucasus. According to a statement made by Russian Islamists and released on kavkazcentre.com:
- "One of our brothers who has never been to the Caucases took up the oath of (former independent Chechen president Doku Umarov) and expressed his desire to execute the damned Sysoyev"[2]
- ↑ Sophia Kishkovsky. Russian Priest Killed in Church. The New York Times. November 19, 2009.
- ↑ Islamists claim killing of Russian priest. AFP. Dec. 25, 2009.
- Fr Daniil Sysoev at Wikipedia.
- Kevin O'Flynn. Murder Of Priest Highlights Missionary Role In Russian Church. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. December 01, 2009.
- The funeral of the Priest Daniil Sysoyev passed in Moscow. Interfax-Religion. November 23, 2009.
- Patriarch Kirill urges believers to think about importance of missionary outreach. Interfax-Religion. November 23, 2009.
- Council of Muftis expresses condolences on priest's murder. Interfax-Religion. November 20, 2009.
- Moscow priest could have been killed by extremists, pagans – sources. Interfax-Religion. November 20, 2009.
- Patriarch Kirill offers condolences over death of the priest. Interfax-Religion. November 20, 2009.
- Famous Orthodox priest killed in Moscow. Interfax-Religion. November 20, 2009.


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1 Radio Stations from Cecina
Top 40
Cecina, Italy
Listen to radio stations from Cecina, from a wide variety of genres like Top 40. Enjoy stations such as Radio Stop and more. Come find the top new songs, playlists, and music! Listen on your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Android, Blackberry, and other app-enabled mobile phones.


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This blog is about fairness; about looking at objects from multiple perspectives. Stable transformation comes only slowly; and only if the environment is free of sporadic jitters of passion and anger that destabilize growth. I strongly believe that the path to peace crosses through the battle with self.
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Kidnapping the second martyr!
17 comments:
- Pedestrian said...
Naj, for the life of me, I just can not believe this. Just a few nights ago my friends I and were going over the IRI's tactics post-election and we were saying how as far as conniving and brutality is concerned, they were always so far ahead than anything anyone could have imagined.
... and now this! killing an innocent protester and then stealing his body as one of your own.
Naj, how can we ever ever "win" against such perfidy? against a lie that doesn't even let go of the dead?
I'm just in awe.
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 8:28:00 PM
- Naj said...
I just don't know what to say ... what REALLY bothers me is that there are actual humans who are holding this coffin and they KNOW they have stolen it ... I just cannot imagine the level of complicity ... something horrible will befall us if we don't do something about this.
You know, until this recent event, I was an ardent anti-radicalist. But, this INCREDIBLE HYPOCRISY ... there is just no way left to hope for reform and compromise ...
Ped any news of Karoubi/Mousavi? I dont' believe the 'statements' to be authentic ... I will not be surprised if they have already slit the throats of these families; and then they will blame it on Zionists and Monafeghs!!!
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 8:33:00 PM
- Pedestrian said...
LOL ... I see this transformation in both of us, and it's mind boggling. I'm NO way a radicalist either, I HATE revolutions and chaos, but for the past week I've been thinking "what does 'reform' even mean anymore?" They won't even let go of a body! Narges Mohammadi's accounts too were mind numbing. Just like the people stealing the coffin ... these are REAL people participating in this perfidy and murder ...
really? I thought the karoubi statement was funny, but Mousavi's sounded real to me. I even though to myself that he probably wrote it before the protests and gave it to them to publish post-protest, knowing that people would be killed in the process.
Are they even alive?!!
Every last force in the IRI asked for their execution today and yesterday. Shit is waiting to happen ... that son of a gun Nateq Nouri and Rezaie! I wanted to pull out every last hair on his head and watch him weep :'(
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 8:45:00 PM
- Pedestrian said...
Naj, what worries me isn't Khamenei ... but what you wrote .. the "complicity" of REAL people. I have a distant cousin who left her parents along time ago to go to Qom, 'nazdeh agha'. she believes in this shit. she's a highly educated women who left everything. sure, she's just one person. but I fear the FISSURES that have been created, these thugs are not only carrying out violence, but PERPETUATING it in various forms. As bad as things are, they have supporters. paid and unpaid, male and female, in any size & shape.
That's what I fear. That's what makes this case different. That's what makes me hate and fear this macabre form of theocracy so much.
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 8:54:00 PM
- Pedestrian said...
Sorry to litter your posts, but I was watching this on IRIB and saw ayandehNews has just posted it too:
Shariatmadari was on TV claiming that Jaleh had attended the Montazeri meeting as a "spy" for the basij!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 9:58:00 PM
- Naj said...
Thank you dear.
Actually this blunder of Shariatmadary was posted on a site; but it is now filtered.
The grotesque of Shariatmadari deserves to be a classic.
He is so intent on snatching this dead man to his cause, that he is saying: "Look, I have proof that he was from us, he was shit!"
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 10:17:00 PM
- Naj said...
Ped, I updated the post with the video!
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 10:35:00 PM
- RevoIran said...
You cannot win against the regime without countering its propaganda and unlinking its brutal hands of enforcement.
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 11:18:00 PM
- Naj said...
We should NEVER SINK to their level of propaganda; that will be a losing game to play.
- Wednesday, February 16, 2011 11:21:00 PM
- Id it is said...
I am completely baffled by what's happening there; however it's intriguing and bothersome to see a people with a history of revolution being gagged and forced into becoming bystanders as hard-line lawmakers call for the execution of three leading reformist and opposition figures, Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mehdi Karroubi and former president Mohammad Khatami.
Like I said, I don't know what to make of this anymore, and the media can't be trusted and FB and Twitter are falling prey to sensationalism in order to garner following...
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 12:37:00 AM
- Naj said...
good to see you again, it's been long time.
How is it possible, that these things happen? Simple: fear! Also, keep in mind that the most ardent supporters of this cause are already jailed or have fled the country.
The people that you see in the photo below are not ordinary 'enemies'; they are DANGEROUS individuals, who are partly ideologically brain-washed, partly opportunist, and partly mentally deranged.
They arrest illegally, RAPE in the name of Islalm, and then kill and torture brutally, all in the name of Islam, with a decree from one of the Mullahs who stands behind their cause.
As for the MSM, social media and twitter sensationalization: I don't think anyone media-sensationalizes things more that the IRI media does.
In the posts I have made in the past few days, I am getting my information straight out of Iranian media, the Ahmadinejadist media. So, things are really ugly.
But why are people standing by when death is chanted to Hashemi & Mousavi? Well, the answer to this also answers another one of your points. You shoudl remember that Hashemi and Mousavi ruled Iran during a very similarly oppressive times. A lot of people in Iran have NEVER been revolutionaries; and have hated Khomeini and his 'kids' (Mousavi Karoubi Hashemi) for ever. So, to some extent, Iranians are letting the Islamic Republic self-destroy! And the IRI is busy self-destroying alright. so, that's that!
A bit more clear?
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 7:39:00 AM
- C.H. said...
This has got to be the most disgusting thing I have ever seen in my life. The regime's madness, hypocrisy, and cruelty have gone off the charts.
I thought it was pathetic when they condemned the UK's crackdown on student protests. Then they came out of support for the Tunisian uprising...followed by condemnations of Egypt's crackdown hours before they executed Zahra Bahrami!
Now this...
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 8:21:00 AM
- Naj said...
Disgusting doesn't even begin to describe it.
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 8:31:00 AM
- Id it is said...
Thanks Naj... it makes me want to believe that oppressed and gagged they may be, but Iranians are not delusional. It's only a matter of time when this charade is going to explode in the faces of those who created it!
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 9:45:00 PM
- Naj said...
I wish it did.
I feel we are at the point of no return.
The most pacifist of us, the most conservative and prudent of us, are totally incensed by this recent bout of crookery and lawlessness. I am no longer going to preach peace to the youngsters who have had enough of this and want to go get themselves killed to get these thugs out.
If I were 22; and my friend's body was carried on teh shoulders of his killers, I will not have remained silent or non-violent. so all bets are off now; and wit the Green leaders in unlawful detention no one can even control the anger of the youth. So I am just bracing for the worst, personally.
- Thursday, February 17, 2011 9:55:00 PM
- programmer craig said...
Naj, thank you for all your posts. I find your updates much more informative and useful than anything I've seen elsewhere.
- Friday, February 18, 2011 2:28:00 PM
- Naj said...
Thanks Craig.
Happy you are visiting and interacting.
- Friday, February 18, 2011 2:38:00 PM


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The canine nail consists of a central bundle of blood vessels and nerves that are informally known as the "quick," which is surrounded by a layer of horny material called keratin. The central quick is living tissue, while the brittle keratin is not. Normally, there are five nails on each front foot, and four nails on each rear foot. The front nails that are found slightly higher up the foot are called dew claws.
Nails normally wear down as dogs walk on hard surfaces. However, in dogs that are sedentary or that walk mostly on soft surfaces, the nails tend to grow longer, placing them at greater risk of being cracked or torn. The quick tends to grow out as the nail grows, so injuries often include this living tissue, which accounts for the pain and bleeding.
Nails can become caught on a variety of surfaces, such as floor grates and loosely woven fabrics (eg, afghans). A sudden tug or twist can cause the nail to crack or tear off. Dogs frequently yelp in pain and hold up the injured paw. Any nail can be involved, but those on the front feet are most at risk. The dew claws are especially vulnerable because they are often only loosely attached.
Treatment for a broken nail consists of removing the damaged portion (if necessary), stopping the bleeding, and protecting the damaged area until it heals and new nail regrows. Broken nails need to be trimmed above the break, so that the injury can heal cleanly. This is best done by your veterinarian. However, first-aid procedures at home can help stop the bleeding and protect the foot until you can take your dog to your vet. Ideally, a styptic pencil, silver-nitrate stick, or cauterizing powder can be pressed into the torn end of the nail to stop the bleeding. Alternatively, corn starch or flour can be pressed firmly into the broken end of the nail. Pressure from a folded cloth or paper towel can also stop the bleeding; firm pressure against the wound is needed for at least 5-10 minutes. The foot can then be bandaged temporarily to protect the injured area and to prevent bleeding from starting up again.
Again, because a broken nail is a painful injury, make sure your dog is well controlled for any first-aid procedures. Remember that any animal in pain may bite, so a muzzle may be in order. If you are squeamish or unable to adequately control your dog, it is probably best to simply temporarily bandage the foot with a cloth and take your pet to the vet for immediate treatment. Even with successful first-aid at home, you should have your vet examine the injury within the next few days in case further treatment is needed (eg, in case of infection).
Prevention consists of regular nail trimming and adequate exercise on hard surfaces. Dew claws are often removed at the time of tail docking (for specific breeds) or when the pup is spayed or neutered.


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A sinkhole will ruin a commute every-time! Bike Month Day Two in Seattle was interrupted by a massive sink hole under the south end of University Bridge.
I talked to a couple of cyclists from Redfin that just missed the sinkhole. Anyone see that happen?
The Seattle PI updates the Sinkhole story with photos and the blogs are posting.


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Agritechnica, even the name sounds a little imposing. The every-other-year event held in Hannover, Germany brings together thousands of international visitors and hundreds of companies with the latest in new products and technology for global agriculture. I've heard plenty about it and after years of attending farm shows in the United States - and even in the United Kingdom - this year I'm finally heading to Germany.
It's never seemed to work out that I can attend this big event, but I'm going to make up for lost time in a big way next week and you can follow along. Starting Monday here in this blog and on the site, I'll be working with a long-time freelancer - Mark Moore - to put together galleries and daily blogs to cover the big event.
My in-box is already filling up with companies that want to get together and Moore and I will be making the rounds. And I'll post impressions, information about the event and more in this blog regularly as the week progresses. We'll try to show you all we can see while there, and hopefully offer you the latest technology from companies that may be eyeing the North American market.
I'm also getting email from U.S. companies that will be on the ground at the big show, and we'll be sure to show you what they're displaying as well.
And the coverage will continue in the weeks following the show as Mark and I pull together some special video coverage from the event as well. Offering you even greater insight into what companies are introducing overseas. The global market for agricultural technology is continues to be strong as food demand rises and companies seek to help producer grow ever more efficient.
So make it a point to join us next week stopping by to check out our galleries and other stories that get posted from the show. As you have probably noticed, we've increased the information available from our galleries to bring you useful details on products or product categories. That's the plan for Agritechnica too, though we may not resist a chance to have a little fun from time to time.
As you wind down harvest (USDA says you're already 73% done this week) get ready for a big data dump of new tech from Agritechnica. And in this blog I'll try to give you the perspective of a first-time visitor who is also a show veteran to give you the flavor of this unique event.
Thanks for reading. And if you have questions during the week, post comments to the blogs and we'll try to find answers.


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Wyoming Man Missing After Moving for Pot Industry
AURORA, Colo. (AP) — Authorities are looking for a Wyoming man who went missing after moving to Colorado to become involved in the marijuana industry.
Aurora police spokesman Frank Fania said Friday that 50-year-old Carl Shull has been missing since Nov. 28, and investigators suspect foul play in his disappearance.
Shull, who was last seen in Aurora, may have been driving a Chevrolet S-10 pickup with Wyoming plates that he bought in the Casper area before moving to Colorado. Police do not know its color or the license plate number. He was traveling with his blue heeler dog named Bez.
Shull is white, 5-foot-10 and weighs 170 pounds. He has brown hair and blue eyes.
Fania says Shull has family in Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Wyoming.


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Vince Neil Shows the World How to Take a Fall
Vince Neil sure knows how to roll with the punches — and the falls. The Motley Crue singer did a fairly ungraceful faceplant onto the stage at his strip club, but his recovery was nothing if not laudable.
Performing 'Girls, Girls, Girls' at his Las Vegas nudie joint of the same name, Neil was trying to hop from the stage onto a platform that was a bit higher when he lost his footing and took a tumble. But not only did he barely miss a beat, he turned the mishap into an excuse to scoot to the bevy of lovelies at the edge of the stage, who seemed all too eager to kiss his boo-boos and make them better.
The incident isn't his only public stumble of late — he was also recently barred from the Palms casino for reasons he doesn't really understand, but which the establishment said in a press release were due to his "inappropriate behavior."
Vince's new strip club, described as a "G-string's throw from the Palms," had its soft opening a few weeks ago and formally opened for business on Friday, April 13.
Watch Vince Neil Fall and Recover During Performance


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PORTSMOUTH — Bob Raiche, of Danvers, Mass., was nominated by a congressional leader of Massachusetts for a Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding Friends Forever in 1986.
The first Nobel Peace Prize was given in 1901 to one of its first recipients, Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross. The Nobel Peace Prize continues to award innovative work in the areas of advocacy of human rights, arms control, and mediation of international conflicts. Past recipients include Martin Luther King Jr., Jimmy Carter, and Mother Teresa.
Bob believed there was a need for a program like Friends Forever after reading the countless newspaper articles covering the conflict in Northern Ireland. His discoveries led him to develop the innovative Life Raft Formula that is the foundation of Friends Forever's work. "If you really want to know someone, take the seat next to him or her in a life raft," said Bob.
Friends Forever's first group, comprised of 5 Catholic and 5 Protestant young men from Northern Ireland, traveled to the New Hampshire seacoast in the fall of 1986. The organization has since then expanded to Israel to work with Arab and Jewish youth, and has applied its simple, yet innovative group work theory to more than 1,000 youth around the world.
Based in Portsmouth, N.H., Friends Forever's mission is to promote trust, empathy, and friendships among cultures in conflict by working with international and local youth leaders. Serving as a liaison between U.S and international communities, Friends Forever allows people of all backgrounds to participate first hand in the international peace process.
On October 12, 2012 the Nobel Committee awarded The European Union with the Nobel Peace Prize for its decades of work dedicated to reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe, and the advancement of peace. While Bob Raiche did not receive the award the organization regards its founder's nomination as a great honor. "It is great to recognize the impact that Bob has had on generations of youth around the world," says Steve Martineau, Executive Director of Friends Forever.
Bob continues to inspire and is a visionary member of the organization's board of directors, volunteering regularly with the youth.
For more information regarding Friends Forever, please visit their website, www.friendsforeverusa.org, or contact Chelsea Fitton, Communications Director at 603.433.7607.
Portsmouth's Friends Forever founder nominated for Nobel Peace Prize
PORTSMOUTH — Bob Raiche, of Danvers, Mass., was nominated by a congressional leader of Massachusetts for a Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding Friends Forever in 1986.


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Fun & Function: Comics Inspired Home Accessories
Designers are always talking about form and function. Comic-Con reminds us that we should also consider fun and function! With Comic-Con International in San Diego just past, and New York Comic Con in the horizon, they'll spread the fun from coast to coast.
Homes should be comfortable, functional and beautiful. With fun accessories like these, they can also have small pockets of humor, just so your home knows you're not taking it too seriously!
Shown above from left to right:
1. Sensitive boyfriend: Dreamy Pillow Cases, £45.00 from Supermarket Sarah
2. Mr.Stika comic Decor Wall Lettering, $6.99 from Romantic Pink
3. FaceMaker Wooden Blocks, $75.00 from Poketo
4. Comic Shelf, $(Contact for pricing) from Oscar Nuñez
5. Set of 5 Felt Comic Bubble Coasters, $16.00 from Marilu Shop
• Pow! Decor Inspiration from Comic-Con
• DIY Comic Book Coasters
(Images: As credited above.)


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wrap someone around your little finger
wrap someone around your little finger = twist someone around your little finger = wind someone around your little finger
have the ability to make someone do whatever you want.
be all fingers and thumbs
be clumsy or awkward in your actions – British – informal
In the mid 16th century this idea was expressed in the form
each finger is a thumb.
All thumbs
developed in the 19th century as an expression indicating a complete lack of dexterity.
burn your fingers = get your fingers burned = get your fingers burnt
suffer unpleasant consequences as a result of your actions.
1998 - Times - An American buyer remains a possibility, although it is not entirely clear why any would want to risk getting their fingers burnt twice.
cross your fingers
hope that your plans will be successful
trust in good luck
The gesture of putting your index and middle fingers across each other as a sign of hoping for good luck is a scaled-down version of the Christian one of making the sign of the Cross with your whole hand and arm as a request for divine protection. It is also superstitiously employed when telling a deliberate lie with the idea of warding off the evil that might be expected to befall a liar.
1998 - Spectator - Since resources were limited the only hope the clients had was to hang in there, fingers crossed.
get your finger out = pull your finger out
cease prevaricating and start to act – British informal
give someone the finger
make a gesture with the middle finger raised as an obscene sign of contempt - North American informal
Since 1976, this gesture has sometimes been called the
Rockefeller Gesture
after Nelson Rockefeller was seen making it on a news film.
have a finger in every pie
be involved in a large and varied number of activities or enterprises
have a finger in the pie
be involved in a matter, especially in an annoyingly interfering way.
have your fingers in the till = have your hand in the till = with your fingers in the till = with your hand in the till
stealing from your employer
have your finger on the pulse = keep your finger on the pulse
be aware of all the latest news or developments.
lay a finger on
touch someone, usually with the intention of harming them.
1993 - Tony Parker - May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast - The one thing I'll say about my husband is he never laid a finger on the children and he never hit me in front of them.
point the finger
openly accuse someone or apportion blame.
1998 – Spectator - Reason suggests that one should point the finger at those who whipped up the emotion in the first place.
put something on the long finger
postpone consideration of something
put something off – Irish
put the finger on
inform against someone to the authorities – informal
put your finger on
identify something exactly.
1988 - Glenn Patterson - Burning Your Own – There was something about the dinette that struck him as peculiar, but he couldn't quite put his finger on it.
snap your fingers = click your fingers
make a sharp clicking sound by bending the last joint of the middle finger against the thumb and suddenly releasing it, typically in order to attract attention in a peremptory way or to accompany the beat of music.
work your fingers to the bone
work very hard.
your fingers itch
you are longing or impatient to do something.
1998 - Patchwork & Quilting - There's a good gallery towards the end of the book and it will make your fingers itch to get started.
wrap someone around your little finger :
wrap someone around your little finger To HOME PAGE
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Grateful Dead 3-28-81 Rockpalast Festival Grugahalle Essen Germany
Of all the places for the Grateful Dead to play, who'd expect Germany? Are there a lot of hippies in Germany? #seriousquestion
Cannabis hydroponics Vertical 52 oz hydroponics Rockwool slab grow
Now this is a slick space-saving way to maximize your yield if your floor-space is limited.
Watch Bill Nye Dance and Sing with a Band Called Bill Nye and the Science Guys
Funny, I remember the Bill Nye, Science Guy Theme Song as having more lyrics than that.
How to Make Iron Press Hash
While impressive, it seems like too many steps. Why not just smoke the kief as a bowl topper?
Kevin Smith Rips a Heckler Apart
Yeah, you tell 'em Silent Bob!


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After a serious transgression, harsh punishment is often the first thought, just as a parent might raise a hand in response to an unruly child.
But just as a sober parent often thinks better of bringing that hand down in anger, so sober citizens rightfully worry that an overly severe judgment in a complicated legal case could compound rather than help ease the problem.
Assuming, that is, that correcting the problem, rather than taking any joy in the mere fact of the punishment, is what we're after, right?
Such is the question raised by the proposal by the California Public Utilities Commission to levy a staggering combination of $4 billion in fines and penalties against PG&E after the terrifying, tragic, deadly 2010 gas-line explosion in the Bay Area city of San Bruno.
It's a confusing punishment. Essentially, $300 million of it would go to the state's general fund. The remaining more than $3 billion is a combination of both future and past infrastructure spending the company would not be allowed to seek ratepayer reimbursement for.
That the explosion and resulting fire was PG&E's fault is not a point of contention. Though many factors in the complicated transmission of natural gas led to the explosion, the company's failure to properly maintain the pipeline and its putting too much gas through it at too high a pressure were clearly major problems leading to the disaster. PG&E doesn't dispute those facts. Its executives have not been defensive and obfuscatory in their response to the huge problem on their watch. No, those facts will never bring back the eight people whose deaths are the fault of the company, never undo the injuries and burns suffered by dozens, never erase the memory of a wall of fire that reached 1,000 feet high in the middle of the night in a residential neighborhood in the sleepy suburb west of San Francisco International Airport on Sept. 9, 2010. It took more than an hour for responders to figure out that what some thought was an earthquake and others an airplane crash was really the blow-out of more than 100 feet of 30-inch gas pipe, resulting in a crater 167 feet long and 40 feet deep.
The pipe in question was installed in 1956. That's a long time for metal to hold at pressure. This is a cautionary tale applicable to energy infrastructure across the nation. Remember those aging Los Angeles water mains that exploded with disturbing regularity in 2009? Imagine the destruction if they were filled with explosive gas.
PG&E did not shirk responsibility. It reorganized its gas division, fired senior managers, replaced old pipes, investigated its record-keeping. Nonetheless, it deserves financial punishment for its serious transgressions. The recommended package would be about 40 times larger than any previous assessment against a utility nationwide. Company defenders say the theory seems to be extracting money just short of making the company insolvent.
An administrative law judge is set to issue a ruling by the end of the year. With guilt acknowledged, the more money that goes into pipeline repair, the safer Californians will be.
That's why a reasonable course for the judge to take would be rescinding the $300 million fine that would not go toward safety at all and allow the company to seek that amount in ratepayer investment in infrastructure. With its other unreimbursable spending, PG&E is penalized enough.


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by Jim Harris
The United Nations wants you to eat bugs. According to a recent U.N. report, "The current world population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase by one billion over the next 12 years, and the emerging middle classes are increasingly demanding more protein."
This presents a problem since, for most people, protein means meat, and the amount of land required to raise farm animals and grow their feed is becoming prohibitive. Plus, it's been proven that animal agriculture contributes significantly to climate change, air pollution, deforestation and the reduction of biodiversity.
The report touted bugs as not just a means of feeding people sustainably but also as an economic opportunity for poor and urban people in the form of "mini-livestock." The bugs could be fed on "organic waste streams." If the sound of that bothers you, it should.
And if you find the thought of eating insects repulsive, consider this — you're eating them now. The USDA says it's impossible to eliminate insects from the human food chain. They have therefore established permissible insect levels in all the foods we eat. I have to wonder who actually checks this and how?
The U.N. report also points out that it is mainly Western households that need to get over their fear of bugs and start thinking of them less as a nuisance and more as a cheap source of nutrition. With the increasing power of the U.N. and the globalization of world government, this bug-eating, anti-Western mandate paints a disturbing picture of a possible future for us that might look something like this:
• September, 2019: "Good evening. I'm Jim Gardner. On Action News tonight: U.N. planes strike more meat restaurants in Philadelphia, including The Rib Crib, The Baby Back Shack, The Wing Thing, The Beak Boutique, The Jerk Hut, Gizzard Gulch and Harry's House of Haggis. And our reporter Monica Shapely is on the scene in Chestnut Hill where one family was terrorized overnight by U.N. troops. Monica?"
"Thanks Jim. Around 3 a.m., U.N. soldiers kicked in the door of this modest 40-room mansion, yelling 'Where's the beef?' and 'How do you get your protein?' They found the terrified owner of the house in the bathroom, trying to flush a pound of ground beef down the toilet. The entire family was arrested and sent to The Hague to be tried for crimes against humanity.
"As you know, there have been rumors that the U.S. government is arming the beef-loving rebel forces, even though President Hillary Clinton has publicly declared that the U.S. is fully willing to embrace bug-eating as a way of life. 'Honest,' she said at yesterday's press conference, 'It's on our list of things to do right after converting to the metric system.' That's it from Chestnut Hill, Jim. I have to go now, I hear planes overhead."
• November, 2020: After a bitter struggle, The U.S. has given up and switched to an all-insect diet. Americans no longer have a problem thinking of grubs as grub or mealworms as a meal. Everyone seems happy. That is, except for the exterminator's union. They're upset because now everyone just eats bugs found around the house.
On Thanksgiving, families gather around the holiday centipede ("Who wants a few legs?"), and every Sunday guys watch football on TV while chowing down on hot beetle wings and Kentucky Fried Larvae. On Germantown Avenue, giant billboards ask, "Got Bugs?" The Acme sells Roach-A-Roni and Lice Krispies. The new restaurants on The Hill are La Cucaracha, The Ant Farm, and Casa Cicada. Popular dishes include the pupa platter and apple spider.
Personally, I converted to vegetarianism 40 years ago, so I'm not about to start eating bugs. When the revolution comes, hopefully I'll be able to dine on foods like veggie buggers, tofu termites and mock mantis. But for you carnivores out there, it's going to be a whole new can of worms.


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I am pretty sure that www.myrichuncle.com offers private summer internship loans to law students. That way you only need to take out enough to get you through the summer living frugally. Better than paying summer school tuition and balancing class and your summer employment and then graduating off-cycle.
5% is a gigantic origination fee.
If credit cards had deferral periods, I'd be better off doing that. I'm not sure what the current index is, but I think it's around 2.5% or something. So, 4.9 + 2.5 is 7.4%, plus 5% origination fee, means I'd be paying 12.4% for the first year. That's f-ing rediculous.


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|Latest News
|Dec. 27, 2015 7:43 PM PT8:43 PM MT9:43 PM CT10:43 PM ET3:43 GMT11:43 AM 北京时间8:43 PM MST10:43 PM EST9:43 PM CT7:43 UAE (+1)22:43 ET1:43 - Jackson was Seattle's best rusher not named Russell Wilson on Sunday with a pathetic effort. He also caught five passes for 43 yards.
Analysis: Jackson carried twice for 11 yards while Christine Michael and Bryce Brown combined for 13 carries and 15 yards. None are good fantasy options.
|Oct. 21, 2015 11:54 AM PT12:54 PM MT1:54 PM CT2:54 PM ET18:54 GMT2:54 AM 北京时间11:54 AM MST1:54 PM EST1:54 PM CT22:54 UAE14:54 ET16:54 - Jackson will play Thursday night against San Francisco after being examined by the team following a minor car crash.
Analysis: Seattle coach Pete Carroll said Jackson participated in the team's walkthrough Wednesday before departing to face the 49ers. Carroll said Jackson addressed the team Wednesday regarding the car accident on Tuesday night near the team's facility. Carroll said he's confident no other players were involved.
|Oct. 20, 2015 5:35 PM PT6:35 PM MT7:35 PM CT8:35 PM ET0:35 GMT8:35 AM 北京时间5:35 PM MST7:35 PM EST7:35 PM CT4:35 UAE (+1)20:35 ET22:35 - Jackson was uninjured when his car crashed outside the team's facility on Tuesday.
Analysis: The Renton Police Department said shortly before 5 p.m. PDT on Tuesday, Jackson lost control of his 2016 Chevrolet Corvette as he drove down Seahawks Way. The crash happened about 48 hours before the Seahawks face the San Francisco 49ers in a Thursday night game.
|Oct. 9, 2015 2:14 PM PT3:14 PM MT4:14 PM CT5:14 PM ET21:14 GMT5:14 AM 北京时间2:14 PM MST4:14 PM EST4:14 PM CT1:14 UAE (+1)17:14 ET20:14 - Jackson is listed active for Sunday's game against Cincinnati after suffering a high-ankle sprain last week against Detroit.
Analysis: Marshawn Lynch is missing his second straight game due to a hamstring strain, so Jackson could see significant work if his ankle holds up.
|Oct. 6, 2015 9:15 PM PT10:15 PM MT11:15 PM CT12:15 AM ET4:15 GMT12:15 PM 北京时间9:15 PM MST11:15 PM EST11:15 PM CT8:15 UAE0:15 ET3:15 - Jackson left Monday night with a sprained ankle.
Analysis: Reports are that X-rays on Jackson's ankle were negative.
|Sep. 9, 2015 7:05 AM PT8:05 AM MT9:05 AM CT10:05 AM ET14:05 GMT10:05 PM 北京时间7:05 AM MST9:05 AM EST9:05 AM CT18:05 UAE10:05 ET13:05 - Jackson has signed with the defending NFC champions, reuniting with former Buffalo teammate Marshawn Lynch.
Analysis: The relationship between Jackson and Lynch dates to their time together in Buffalo. They've been close friends since 2007, when both broke into the NFL with the Bills. Lynch was Buffalo's first-round pick and Jackson made the Bills roster after spending the previous year on the team's practice squad.
|Sep. 1, 2015 7:02 AM PT8:02 AM MT9:02 AM CT10:02 AM ET14:02 GMT10:02 PM 北京时间7:02 AM MST9:02 AM EST9:02 AM CT18:02 UAE10:02 ET13:02 - A person familiar with the situation tells The Associated Press that former Buffalo Bills running back Fred Jackson is traveling to Seattle to meet with the Seahawks in a bid to sign with the team. The person spoke on the condition of anonymity Tuesday because the visit is private and the two sides have not reached a formal deal.
Analysis: Jackson, an eight-year veteran, is a free agent after the Bills cut the respected team leader and fan favorite on Monday. In Seattle, Jackson has an opportunity to be reunited with Seahawks starting running back Marshawn Lynch, who spent his first two-plus seasons in Buffalo.
|Aug. 31, 2015 7:10 AM PT8:10 AM MT9:10 AM CT10:10 AM ET14:10 GMT10:10 PM 北京时间7:10 AM MST9:10 AM EST9:10 AM CT18:10 UAE10:10 ET13:10 - Veteran running back and respected team leader Fred Jackson has been released by the Buffalo Bills.
Analysis: With nine seasons in Buffalo, the 34-year-old Jackson had been the second-longest serving active player and one of the team's most popular players among fans. The move came as a slight surprise, though Jackson's tenure was in question because of his age and the team's moves to restock its running backs this offseason.
|Aug. 22, 2015 1:46 PM PT2:46 PM MT3:46 PM CT4:46 PM ET20:46 GMT4:46 AM 北京时间1:46 PM MST3:46 PM EST3:46 PM CT0:46 UAE (+1)16:46 ET19:46 - Jackson returned to practice Saturday. His return from a hamstring injury is critical at a position that has been decimated by injuries. The Bills are without leading rusher LeSean McCoy (hamstring), rookie Karlos Williams (undisclosed) and fourth-year pro Bryce Brown (hamstring).
Analysis: Jackson is second on Buffalo's depth chart behind McCoy. He was not limited in practice Saturday and hopes to play next week against Pittsburgh.
|Aug. 7, 2015 12:10 PM PT1:10 PM MT2:10 PM CT3:10 PM ET19:10 GMT3:10 AM 北京时间12:10 PM MST2:10 PM EST2:10 PM CT23:10 UAE15:10 ET18:10 - Jackson could miss two weeks after suffering a hamstring injury at practice on Friday. Bills coach Rex Ryan says Jackson's injury is "not a terrible one."
Analysis: Jackson suffered the injury midway through the practice session and didn't return. The 34-year-old is Buffalo's No. 2 running back behind starter LeSean McCoy.
|STATS GameZone


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Graff Diamonds has pulled its planned Hong Kong listing after receiving orders for just half its $1 billion initial public offering less than two days before its deadline – the latest sign of weakness in global equity markets.
The ultra-high-end jeweler had been pinning its hopes for getting the offering away on a final U.S. sales push, said people close to the aborted offering. Management and advisers had been in New York and had planned to meet more than 80 U.S. investors before the end of Thursday, when the offer would have closed.


text:
Feb 13, 2012
The Central Connecticut women's cross country team was named to the 2011 USTFCCCA All-Academic list on Monday. A total of 205 institutions were selected representing 30 conferences. Along with Central, six Northeast Conference teams were also recognized including Monmouth, Quinnipiac, Robert Morris, Sacred Heart, and St. Francis (P.A.).
In order to qualify as a USTFCCCA All-Academic Cross Country Team, a cumulative team GPA of 3.00 is required. The Blue Devils achieved a cumulative team GPA of 3.45.


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15 Great Design Tips, Products, and Inspirational Ideas for Small Kitchens
Small kitchen cooks have a unique set of challenges, and we understand that. Many of us cook in small kitchens as well, which means when we find something cool, useful, or inspirational for our tiny kitchen, we want to share it with you, too! Here are 15 of this year's favorite tips, products, and inspirational ideas for small kitchens:
• 6 Small Kitchen Ideas: Backsplash Shelves
• 7 Look! A Good-Looking, Multi-Purpose Kitchen Bookshelf
• 8 From Budget to Blowout: Imagining 3 Renovation Scenarios For a Tiny Kitchen
• 9 Make Small Kitchen Living Easier With This One Tip
• 10 Small Kitchen Storage: Put Baskets Above the Cabinets
• 11 A Smart Dining Solution for Tiny Kitchens: A Pull-Out Tabletop Hidden in the Cabinets!
• 12 The #1 Multi-Tasking Gadget You Should Have In Your Small Kitchen
• 13 5 Essential (and Renter-Friendly) Storage Products for Small Kitchens
• 14 Smart Solutions for Small Kitchens: Under-Cabinet Lighting
• 15 Smart Solutions for Small Kitchens: Over-the-Sink Cutting Boards
Welcome to The Kitchn's Best of 2012 roundup!
From December 17 through January 1 we are rounding up some of our favorite (and your favorite) posts from the past year.
(Images: See linked posts for full image credits)


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Offroad driving
This article is a travel topic
Differences between 4x2 and 4x4[edit]
Besides from the obvious fact that all four wheels are driven and thus giving more traction, there are other important differences between a two-wheel and a four-wheel drive:
Driving techniques[edit]
There are many places where one can receive advanced offroad driver training training. Most of the major offroad vehicle manufacturers offer courses on their own vehicles.
Recovery Kit[edit]
It is highly recommended that you carry a recovery kit when traveling offroad. A simple kit can mean the difference between getting yourself out of a tight spot within an hour or being stuck for days waiting for help to arrive.
A basic recovery kit should contain at least the following:
Always ensure that the equipment is from a reputable manufacturer and of good quality. When suck in the mud 100km from the nearest town, a working snatch block is worth a lot more than a broken one with a 12 month no questions asked exchange warranty.
Due to quality concerns it is generally better to build your own recovery kit by purchasing each component individually, than to buy a complete all-in-one recovery kit.
Improvised repairs[edit]
Spare parts[edit]
First check the cooling water level. If it is low, refilling does not help too much, because as you have lost it during the last short period of time (you have checked it before you started your journey, haven't you?) you will probably lose it again very soon. So you have to search the leakage. Check the tubes from and to the radiator, and the radiator itself.
Bigger punctures in the radiator can be repaired with epoxy putty, smallers by putting egg white in the radiator. But be sure to clean this as soon as you can. If you have a leakage in the radiator hose put a (used!) chewing gum on it and fix it with some duct tape.
If the cooling water level is ok, but the engine is still running hot, something might prevent the water from being cooled. Check the fan belt, is it loose or broken? Have a look at the radiator, is grass or seeds disturbing the airflow?
With some practise you do not need the clutch to change gears.
Car types[edit]
Cars by this manufacturer have the reputation of beein very reliable. They are used in many 3rd world countries so it is easier to get spare parts even there.
The workhorse for offroad driving! Very reliable and because it is very commonly used spare parts are even available in Timbuktu.
Hiring a car[edit]
Most companies require a minimum age to rent a car.
Camping gear is sometimes included in offroad rentals, this allows you to combine your transport and accommodation requirements in one.
Be sure to check on the cost of insurance and the excess payable in the event of an accident or theft of the vehicle.
Organized Tours[edit]
Organized tours are becoming quite popular. It ensures that there is at least one experienced driver in the group and that there is always someone to assist in recovery if a vehicle gets stuck. Many people also prefer the social interaction of a larger group rather just one or two vehicles travelling on their own. Some tours may even be fully catered with regular meals provided.


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40 Fabulous Readers' Rides - Not Your Everyday RidesPosted in Features on February 1, 2007
Vehicle: '74 Ford/Marmon Herrington 4x4 school bus
Owner: Aaron Johnson, Chattanooga, TN
Tires: Semi-dry and rotted 9.0x20 mud terrains
Suspension: Barely any
Drivetrain: Ford 361ci engine, Clark 285 five-speed tranny, has a transfer case, Marmon Herrington front axle, Rockwell rear axle
Other Doodads: Curtains
Funniest Wheeling Incident: What's not funny about driving a purplish-brown 4x4 school bus?
Does everything work the way you want?: No! The bus needs an 800hp diesel engine, and I need a fuel card
Anything to Add?: We could use a sponsor to support us driving to the tip of South America and back (preferably Pabst Blue Ribbon)
Vehicle: '53 REO/Studebaker M-45 chassis/cab
Owner: Tony Borglum, Waseca, MN
Tires & Wheels: Michelin 16.00x20 XMLs on 20x10 three-piece split rims
Suspension: Homemade 3-inch drop hangers
Drivetrain: B Series 5.9L Cummins Spicer 5th overdrive, Rockwell transfer case, Rockwell axles
Performance Mods: Lock-out hubs on rear axle for lack of bind on highway
Other Doodads: 3-inch body lift, LED light conversion, 12-volt conversion, hydraulic power steering
Funniest Wheeling Incident: When I pass people on the freeway with six 52-inch tires
Does everything work the way you want?: It works excellently
Anything you would change: Yep
Anything to Add?: I did all the work myself
Vehicle: '88 Chevy Caprice
Owner: Chris Hardy, Webster, NH
Tires & Wheels: N/A (tank tracks and skis)
Suspension: It's there
Drivetrain: Stock Chevy
Other Doodads: Tracks and skis in front
Does everything work the way you want?: Yes
Anything you would change: Solid bogie tires
Vehicle: '69 VW Squareback
Owner: John Burges
Tires & Wheels: 33x12.50-15 Swampers
Suspension: 4-inch lift
Other Doodads: '79 Toyota frame, 3-inch body lift, Warn 8,000-pound winch
Anything to Add?: My rig would look better with a 4-Wheel & Off-Road plate


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InkShield Project
I acquired an InkShield from this Kickstarter. My goal for this project is to have a smallish enclosure to contain the system and buttons on the top which allow different messages to be printed.
So this worked out pretty nice, the code reads 5 button values from the free analog input 5. Just holding the button down repeats the messages printed. You can see that different font widths can be achieved by moving the print head faster or slower.
I banged together the inkshield sample code with OneAnalogPin5switches code. To update the messages printed I update the sketch and re-burn to the arduino. One could write a serial menu interface to store messages in flash, but that is way down the road. File:InkShield5Buttons v.01.pde (Note: I just noticed that the debug mode does not work, but the code otherwise works fine. This may or may-not be resolved at some point.)
Other Notes
As the inventor of the InkShield states, it's wise to remove the ink cartridge from its holder before updating the sketch on the Arduino, I had it spew ink out during this process once. Fortunately my project was sitting on a plastic bag when this happened and not directly on the couch. Also I keep the unit in a cheap grocery-store plastic sack when not in use. The Ink cartridge will smear and wick onto anything it touches, watch your clothes and furniture. It's also a good idea to keep a kleenex on-hand, the printhead needs occasional cleaning.


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I installed the
2.6.32-32-generic-pae kernel over my existing
2.6.32-32-generic kernel.
This solved the problem I had with the system not showing the full amount of RAM, but it has had a side-effect. I can't start my VirtualBox VMs. I get this message:
Kernel driver not installed (rc=-1908)
Please install the virtualbox-ose-dkms package and execute 'modprobe vboxdrv' as root
virtualbox-ose-dkms was already installed and when I ran
sudo modprobe vboxdrv, I got another error message:
FATAL: Module vboxdrv not found.
I purged virtualbox-ose-dkms (complete removal) and then re-installed it, but I still got the same error.
I then repeated the full re-installation, but this time with the previous non-pae kernel. It works, but fails when I reboot into the pae kernel.
Next I uninstalled and then re-installed VirtualBox into the pae system, but it gave the same error.
What can I do to get VirtualBox running with the pae kernel?