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Mixed-Media Bridging
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Transparent bridges are found predominantly in Ethernet networks, and source-route bridges (SRBs) are found almost exclusively in Token Ring networks. Both transparent bridges and SRBs are popular, so it is reasonable to ask whether a method exists to directly bridge between them. Several solutions have evolved.
Translational bridging provides a relatively inexpensive solution to some of the many problems involved with bridging between transparent bridging and SRB domains. Translational bridging first appeared in the mid- to late-1980s but has not been championed by any standards organization. As a result, many aspects of translational bridging are left to the implementor.
In 1990, IBM addressed some of the weaknesses of translational bridging by introducing source-route transparent (SRT) bridging. SRT bridges can forward traffic from both transparent and source-route end nodes and can form a common spanning tree with transparent bridges, thereby allowing end stations of each type to communicate with end stations of the same type in a network of arbitrary topology. SRT is specified in the IEEE 802.1d Appendix C.
Ultimately, the goal of connecting transparent bridging and SRB domains is to allow communication between transparent bridges and SRB end stations. This article describes the technical problems that must be addressed by algorithms attempting to do this and presents two possible solutions: translational bridging and SRT bridging.
Translation Challenges
Many challenges are associated with allowing end stations from the Ethernet/transparent bridging domain to communicate with end stations from the SRB/Token Ring domain:
- Incompatible bit ordering - Although both Ethernet and Token Ring support 48-bit Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, the internal hardware representation of these addresses differs. In a serial bit stream representing an address, Token Ring considers the first bit encountered to be the high-order bit of a byte. Ethernet, on the other hand, considers the first bit encountered to be the low-order bit. The Ethernet format is referred to as canonical format, and the Token Ring method is noncanonical. To translate between canonical and noncanonical formats, the translational bridge reverses the bit order for each byte of the address. For example, an Ethernet address of 0C-00-01-38-73-0B (canonical) translates to an address of 30-00-80-1C-CE-D0 (noncanonical) for Token Ring.
- Embedded MAC addresses - In some cases, MAC addresses actually are carried in the data portion of a frame. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), a popular protocol in Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks, for example, places hardware addresses in the data portion of a link layer frame. Conversion of addresses that might or might not appear in the data portion of a frame is difficult because these must be handled on a case-by-case basis. IPX also embeds Layer 2 addresses in the data portion of some frames. Translational bridges should resequence the bit order of these embedded addresses, too. Many protocols respond to the MAC addresses embedded in the protocol rather than in the Layer 2 headers. Therefore, the translational bridge must resequence these bytes as well, or the device will not be capable of responding to the correct MAC address.
- Incompatible maximum transfer unit (MTU) sizes - Token Ring and Ethernet support different maximum frame sizes. Ethernet's MTU is approximately 1500 bytes, whereas Token Ring frames can be much larger. Because bridges are not capable of frame fragmentation and reassembly, packets that exceed the MTU of a given network must be dropped.
- Handling of frame-status bit actions - Token Ring frames include three frame-status bits: A, C, and E. The purpose of these bits is to tell the frame's source whether the destination saw the frame (A bit set), copied the frame (C bit set), or found errors in the frame (E bit set). Because Ethernet does not support these bits, the question of how to deal with them is left to the Ethernet-Token Ring bridge manufacturer.
- Handling of exclusive Token Ring functions - Certain Token Ring bits have no corollary in Ethernet. For example, Ethernet has no priority mechanism, whereas Token Ring does. Other Token Ring bits that must be thrown out when a Token Ring frame is converted to an Ethernet frame include the token bit, the monitor bit, and the reservation bits.
- Handling of explorer frames - Transparent bridges do not inherently understand what to do with SRB explorer frames. Transparent bridges learn about the network's topology through analysis of the source address of incoming frames. They have no knowledge of the SRB route-discovery process.
- Handling of routing information field (RIF) information within Token Ring frames - The SRB algorithm places routing information in the RIF field. The transparent-bridging algorithm has no RIF equivalent, and the idea of placing routing information in a frame is foreign to transparent bridging.
- Incompatible spanning-tree algorithms - Transparent bridging and SRB both use the spanning-tree algorithm to try to avoid loops, but the particular algorithms employed by the two bridging methods are incompatible.
- Handling of frames without route information - SRBs expect all inter-LAN frames to contain route information. When a frame without a RIF field (including transparent bridging configuration and topology-change messages, as well as MAC frames sent from the transparent-bridging domain) arrives at an SRB bridge, it is ignored.
Translational Bridging
Because there has been no real standardization in how communication between two media types should occur, no single translational bridging implementation can be called correct. This section describes several popular methods for implementing translational bridging.
Translational bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between Ethernet and Token Ring frame formats. The problem of embedded MAC addresses can be solved by programming the bridge to check for various types of MAC addresses, but this solution must be adapted with each new type of embedded MAC address. Some translational-bridging solutions simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. If translational-bridging software runs in a multiprotocol router, the router can successfully route these protocols and avoid the problem entirely.
The RIF field has a subfield that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular SRB implementation. Translational bridges that send frames from the transparent-bridging domain to the SRB domain usually set the MTU size field to 1500 bytes to limit the size of Token Ring frames entering the transparent-bridging domain. Some hosts cannot correctly process this field, in which case translational bridges are forced to drop those frames that exceed Ethernet's MTU size.
Bits representing Token Ring functions that have no Ethernet corollary typically are thrown out by translational bridges. For example, Token Ring's priority, reservation, and monitor bits (contained in the access-control byte) are discarded. Token Ring's frame status bits (contained in the byte following the ending delimiter, which follows the data field) are treated differently depending on the bridge manufacturer. Some bridge manufacturers simply ignore the bits. Others have the bridge set the C bit (to indicate that the frame has been copied) but not the A bit (which indicates that the destination station recognizes the address). In the former case, a Token Ring source node determines whether the frame it sent has become lost. Proponents of this approach suggest that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in Layer 4 of the OSI model. Proponents of setting the C bit contend that this bit must be set to track lost frames but that the A bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination.
Translational bridges can create a software gateway between the two domains. To the SRB end stations, the translational bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard SRB. The ring number, in this case, actually reflects the entire transparent-bridging domain. To the transparent-bridging domain, the translational bridge is another transparent bridge.
When bridging from the SRB domain to the transparent-bridging domain, SRB information is removed. RIFs usually are cached for use by subsequent return traffic. When bridging from the transparent bridging to the SRB domain, the translational bridge can check the frame to see if it has a unicast destination. If the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the SRB domain as a spanning-tree explorer. If the frame has a unicast address, the translational bridge looks up the destination in the RIF cache. If a path is found, it is used, and the RIF information is added to the frame; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning-tree explorer.
Figure: A Network to Demonstrate a Unicast Transfer Between a Token Ring and an Ethernet-Attached Station shows a mix of Token Ring and Ethernet, with a translational bridge interconnecting the Token Ring to the Ethernet. A unicast transfer sourced by station 1 on the Token Ring to station 2 on the Ethernet segment passes through two bridges. Station 1 generates a frame with a RIF that lists Ring1-Bridge1-Ring2-Bridge2-Ring3 as the path. Note that Ring3 is really the Ethernet segment. Station 1 does not know that Station 2 is on Ethernet. When station 2 responds to station 1, it generates a frame without a RIF. Bridge 2, the translational bridge, notices the destination MAC address (station 1), inserts a RIF in the frame, and forwards it toward station 1.
Figure: A Network to Demonstrate a Unicast Transfer Between a Token Ring and an Ethernet-Attached Station
Because the two spanning-tree implementations are not compatible, multiple paths between the SRB and the transparent-bridging domains typically are not permitted. Following figures illustrate frame conversions that can take place in translational bridging.
Figure: Four Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between IEEE 802.3 and Token Ring illustrates the frame conversion between IEEE 802.3 and Token Ring. The destination and source addresses (DASA), service-access point (SAP), Logical Link Control (LLC) information, and data are passed to the corresponding fields of the destination frame. The destination and source address bits are reordered. When bridging from IEEE 802.3 to Token Ring, the length field of the IEEE 802.3 frame is removed. When bridging from Token Ring to IEEE 802.3, the access-control byte and the RIF are removed. The RIF can be cached in the translational bridge for use by return traffic.
Figure: Four Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between IEEE 802.3 and Token Ring
Figure: Three Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between Ethernet Type II and Token Ring SNAP illustrates the frame conversion between Ethernet Type II and Token Ring Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP). (SNAP adds vendor and type codes to the Data field of the Token Ring frame.) The destination and source addresses, type information, and data are passed to the corresponding fields of the destination frame, and the DASA bits are reordered. When bridging from Token Ring SNAP to Ethernet Type II, the RIF information, SAP, LLC information, and vendor code are removed. The RIF can be cached in the translational bridge for use by return traffic. When bridging from Ethernet Type II to Token Ring SNAP, no information is removed.
Figure: Three Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between Ethernet Type II and Token Ring SNAP
Figure: Four Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between Ethernet Type II 0x80D5 Format and Token Ring illustrates the frame conversion between Ethernet Type II 0x80D5 format and Token Ring. (Ethernet Type II 0x80D5 carries IBM SNA data in Ethernet frames.) The DASA, SAP, LLC information, and data are passed to the corresponding fields of the destination frame, and the destination and source address bits are reordered. When bridging from Ethernet Type II 0x80D5 to Token Ring, the Type and 80D5 Header fields are removed. When bridging from Token Ring to Ethernet Type II 0x80D5, the RIF is removed. The RIF can be cached in the translational bridge for use by return traffic.
Figure: Four Fields Remain the Same in Frame Conversion Between Ethernet Type II 0x80D5 Format and Token Ring
Source-Route Transparent Bridging
SRT bridges combine implementations of the transparent-bridging and SRB algorithms. SRT bridges use the routing information indicator (RII) bit to distinguish between frames employing SRB and frames employing transparent bridging. If the RII bit is 1, a RIF is present in the frame, and the bridge uses the SRB algorithm. If the RII bit is 0, a RIF is not present, and the bridge uses transparent bridging.
As with translational bridges, SRT bridges are not perfect solutions to the problems of mixed-media bridging. SRT bridges still must deal with the Ethernet/Token Ring incompatibilities described earlier. SRT bridging is likely to require hardware upgrades to SRBs to allow them to handle the increased burden of analyzing every packet. Software upgrades to SRBs also might be required. Furthermore, in environments of mixed SRT bridges, transparent bridges, and SRBs, source routes chosen must traverse whatever SRT bridges and SRBs are available. The resulting paths potentially can be substantially inferior to spanning-tree paths created by transparent bridges. Finally, mixed SRB/SRT bridging networks lose the benefits of SRT bridging, so users feel compelled to execute a complete cutover to SRT bridging at considerable expense. Still, SRT bridging permits the coexistence of two incompatible environments and allows communication between SRB and transparent-bridging end nodes.
Review Questions
Q - Translational bridging addresses several issues when interconnecting different media types such as Ethernet and Token Ring. List and describe four of the methods described in the article.
A - Answer is in the text and does not need to be restated.
Q - One of the challenges of translational bridging is the reordering of bits whenever a frame moves from an Ethernet to a Token Ring segment. If an Ethernet station targets a Token Ring station with a destination MAC address of 00-00-0C-11-22-33 (canonical format), what would the MAC address look like on Token Ring (noncanonical format)?
A - To convert the address between canonical and noncanonical format, invert each byte of the address. For example, the third octet (0x0C) looks in binary like 00001100. Reversing the bit order produces 00110000. This translates to a hex value of 0x30. Doing this for each byte of the address produces a noncanonical address of 00-00-30-88-44-CC.
Q - Can a translational bridge work for all Ethernet and Token Ring networks and protocols?
A - Not necessarily. For a translational bridge to correctly translate all pertinent fields in the frame, the bridge must understand the protocol format. Therefore, if the bridge does not understand the protocol, it will not make all changes, breaking the protocol.
Q -What is the difference between a source-route bridge and a source-route transparent bridge?
A - A source-route transparent bridge understands both source-route frames and transparently bridged frames. Therefore, it bridges frames both with and without a RIF field. A pure source-route bridge, on the other hand, can forward frames only if the frame contains a RIF.
For More Information
Clark, Kennedy, and Kevin Hamilton. CCIE Professional Development: Cisco LAN Switching. Indianapolis: Cisco Press, 1999.
Perlman, Radia. Interconnections, Second Edition: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols. Boston: Addison Wesley, 1999.


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Senior Chinese official in Pyongyang for talks
PYONGYANG, North Korea (AP) — China's top negotiator on North Korea's nuclear programs has arrived in Pyongyang.
No details of the purpose of the trip, which began Monday, were immediately announced by North Korea or China.
Wu Dawei is the Chinese Foreign Ministry's special representative for Korean Peninsula affairs and has previously chaired rounds of six-nation talks in Beijing which bring together North and South Korea, China, the U.S., Japan and Russia for negotiations on North Korea's nuclear ambitions.
It is Wu's first known visit to Pyongyang this year, and the first since North Korea surprised the world by executing one of its top officials, Jang Song Thaek, last December. Wu made at least two trips to Pyongyang in August and November last year.

subset: commoncrawl


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Little Live Pets Snuggles My Dream Puppy 30s TVC
Published on Aug 23, 2016
These cute little puppies need a loving home. As soon as you look into their expressive eyes you will want to make them your own! Pet and cuddle them. Their faces move and they even breathe, just like a real animal. These super adorable pups are just waiting to be adopted by you!
Little Live Pets - Snuggles My Dream Puppy Review, Cute Puppy With Soft Fur!
Published on Nov 20, 2016
We have reviewed plenty of robotic pets on the channel, but none really look or feel like a puppy.
Here is more information -
Hi! I'm Snuggles, your Dream Puppy! I move and feel just like a real puppy. Hold me in your arms and give me a hug. You wont be able to resist my big blue expressive eyes. Feed me with my bottle and I'll fall asleep in your arms and dream about you! Feel her snuggle into your arms as you pick her up! She looks and moves so real. Make her your own and give her a home.


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When I was a little girl, my favorite dolls came from Mattel and had wildly inhuman proportions. To me, they were magical and special and didn't look the least bit strange. But once, probably when I was making a Christmas wish list, my mother let her adult perspective slip. "You mean," she asked, with a disapproving edge, "one of those dolls with the huge heads?"
Yes, I spent my childhood playing with Liddle Kiddles, whose heads were roughly the height of their torsos and twice as wide. Yet never once, as a child or an adult, have I wished for a 4-foot-high head. Toys exist in an imaginative world. Nobody expects them to be scale models of reality.
Except for Barbie, of course. Complaining about her unreal proportions is practically an industry. All right-thinking people seem convinced that Barbie instills in her pre-school fans a false and remarkably detailed standard of beauty.
Hence the widespread praise for Lammily, the latest anti-Barbie concept doll. A crowd-funded project from artist Nickolay Lamm (the source of her ungainly moniker), Lammily is based on the average proportions for a 19-year-old, as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Average is beautiful," proclaims her maker, who has raised more than $370,000 in de facto pre-orders. Average is also supposedly "realistic" and "normal." In fact, average is neither desirable nor realistic.
Before embracing the reassuring claim that "average is beautiful," consider the CDC statistics behind Lammily's physique. Based on a representative sample of 118 people, the agency reports that the average 19-year-old female American is 5 feet 4 inches tall. She has a 33.6-inch waist and a 14.1-inch upper arm. She weighs 150 pounds, giving her a body mass index of 25.5. That indicates that she is overweight. BMI is, however, a crude and controversial measure. Better are the CDC's direct body-fat measurements. They confirm the same bad news: The average 19-year-old's body is about 32 percent fat, just at the threshold for obesity.
If Lammily were true to life, in other words, she'd have rolls of fat, not a firm plastic tummy. Her figure would turn off both beauty-minded girls and health-conscious parents.
To make her excess poundage appealing, her creator has made his supposedly average doll an athlete. "She is fit and strong," proclaims his website, showing the doll posed as a runner and standing with her foot on a ball. She isn't fat. She's muscular, with the kind of perfect bubble butt that requires great genes and many hours in the gym. The average 19-year-old may not have oversized thighs because she's a budding Serena Williams, but it's nice to pretend so.
Making average look unrealistically alluring — Lammily also has oversized lips and eyes — is a concession to market realities. "My doll is a cool-looking doll that just happens to be average," Lamm told Fast Company. "Very few kids are concerned about body image like parents are."
For those who are concerned with body image, average presents another problem: The average body doesn't actually exist. Nobody is normal. Everyone is weird.
Two people with the average height and weight may have greatly different proportions: shorter or longer torsos, arms and legs; wider or narrower shoulders or hips; greater or lesser waist-hip ratios. "The average takes you to nobody," says Susan Ashdown, a Cornell University professor. of fiber science and apparel design and a leading researcher on improving the way clothing fits.
The CDC records just a few measurements per person, giving a doll designer like Lamm plenty of freedom to create the most appealing version of "average." By contrast, scholars such as Ashdown use 3-D body scanners to map bodies in detail, giving them an appreciation for just how different individual bodies are. "There's an incredible amount of variation, much more than we're aware of," she says. Celebrating one version of average as "normal" and "realistic" implicitly stigmatizes everyone who doesn't meet that standard. Barbie doesn't pretend to do that; Lammily does.
As a mass-produced product, a doll represents a single version of female proportions. Taken as a role model, any single standard excludes those with a different build. Celebrating "average" doesn't solve the problem. Instead of trying to create a plastic role model, it's both kinder and more honest to treat a doll as an object of escapist fantasy — a plaything.
Barbie's popularity is waning, a fact Lammily boosters rarely fail to mention. But Mattel is in the business of selling play, not social commentary.
Rather than heed critics who advocate grimly "realistic" dolls such as Lammily, the toy giant has moved toward more explicit fantasy, with its hit Monster High line. Sporting such preternatural features as blue skin, fangs and tails, these dolls offer a novel take on beauty. But they're nobody's idea of average.


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Port Tracker report calls for solid first half of 2011
In a sign that the global economic recovery may have some sustained momentum, the most recent edition of the Port Tracker report by the National Retail Federation (NRF) and Hackett Associates is calling for import cargo volume at major United States-based container ports to be up 11 percent year-over-year in February. The report is also calling for first half 2011 volumes to be up 6 percent annually.
in the NewsU.S. Port Update Part 1: Infrastructure Shortfalls Driving Innovation Intelligent Vision-based Sortation & Tracking Systems Orchestrating the complex supply chain Smartrac and Axzon enter partnership Despite sluggish December, IANA reports 2018 intermodal volumes post annual gains More News
In a sign that the global economic recovery may have some sustained momentum, the most recent edition of the Port Tracker report by the National Retail Federation (NRF) and Hackett Associates is calling for import cargo volume at major United States-based container ports to be up 11 percent year-over-year in February. The report is also calling for first half 2011 volumes to be up 6 percent annually.
In December, the most recent month for which data is available, U.S. ports handled 1.14 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU). December's performance represents the 13th straight month to show an annual gain after a 28-month stretch of declines that ended in December 2009. Even with the annual increase, Port Tracker reported that December was down compared to November's 1.23 million TEU, due to the end of the holiday season, and was up 5 percent compared to a difficult 2009.
The ports surveyed in the report include: Los Angeles/Long Beach, Oakland, Tacoma, Seattle, New York/New Jersey, Hampton Roads, Charleston, and Savannah.
With its prediction of 6 percent volume growth for the first half of 2011, Port Tracker is calling for a cumulative 7.3 million TEU over that period, which would be down compared to 17 percent first half growth for the first half of 2010, which had favorable comparisons. In 2010 there were 14.7 million total TEU imports at the surveyed ports for a 16 percent annual gain over 2009, with 2009 checking in at 12.7 million TEU for its lowest level since 2003.
In an interview with LM, Ben Hackett, founder of Hackett Associates, said that the 2011 outlook is one of cautious optimism with 2011 being different from 2010 in that 2010 was driven by a mix of inventory restocking and purchases brought forward due to shortages of containers and space, and a lack of forecasting on retail sales, which led to additional purchasing activity. Another driver for a busy first half of 2010 were first-time homebuyer tax credits, which spurred housing-related import activity for items like furniture, coupled with improving industrial production in the U.S.
"In 2011, inventory restocking is not a factor, and the inventory-to-sales ratio has only been going up a little bit," said Hackett. "We will also see sales more accurately reflecting consumer demand, too, which we believe is coming back. There is more optimism in the marketplace now and less fear of losing jobs. U.S. exports are also going up and being helped by favorable exchange rates, which will lead to more demand for production of U.S.-manufactured goods. While the numbers won't be like last year, retail sales will help drive these optimistic numbers."
The Port Tracker report is calling for January to come in at 1.14 million TEU for a 7.3 percent annual gain. February is projected to also reach 1.11 million TEU for an 11 percent annual increase, and March is pegged at 1.16 million TEU for an 8 percent gain. April is expected to hit 1.22 million TEU for a 7 percent increase, and May at 1.3 million TEU for a 3 percent gain. June is expected to be up 4 percent at 1.37 million TEU.
"Strong growth in 2010 has retailers cautiously optimistic that the economic recovery is finally taking hold," NRF Vice President for Supply Chain and Customs Policy Jonathan Gold said. "While high unemployment and rising commodity prices are cause for concern, retailers are encouraged by six consecutive months of retail sales gains and improved consumer confidence."
About the AuthorJeff Berman, Group News Editor Jeff Berman is Group News Editor for Logistics Management, Modern Materials Handling, and Supply Chain Management Review. Jeff works and lives in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, where he covers all aspects of the supply chain, logistics, freight transportation, and materials handling sectors on a daily basis. Contact Jeff Berman
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Article TopicsOcean Freight · Ocean Shipping · Port Tracker · Transportation ·
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Sages and Crones
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Views: 253
Well, theists can't leave religion out of anything -- the public sector, their jobs, etc. But if the PPRI is the one doing the research, it's not at all suprising that that is what they'd "uncover" in their polling.
Agree with Dallas. A quick look at the board of directors of the PRRI show just how "unbiased" their research regarding religious attitudes, in all probability, is. Virtually everyone on the board is either a "Rev." "Rabbi" or in some way affiliated with an organization or institution that promotes theism.
Kind of like having having Dracula publishing his survey on the efficacy of blood donations.
Kind of like having having Dracula publishing his survey on the efficacy of blood donations.
In other news, a poll shows that bears do, indeed, sh*t in the woods.
Really? Is this news? Of course religion plays a part in presidential elections. It always has. Why have we only had one Catholic President? Never a Jew, Hindu, Buddhist, etc. etc. Because religion plays a part in how people vote and who they vote for.
Is it important that a President have religious views? I don't think so. Will a potential president's religious views effect my thoughts on voting for him/her? You bet it will! Because to me it speaks volumes about character and intellect. I would sooner vote for a presidential candidate who seems to merely give lip-service to religion to appease the stupefied masses (Obama) than one who vehemently and zealously touts actual belief in the idiocy of their particular ideology (Romney, Bachmann, etc.).
So, yeah. Religion is important to voters. Even Atheists like me. I am forced to ask, did we really need a poll to tell us that?
You might not have needed a poll to tell you that but for crunching numbers, you need facts more than intuition. You can attack the methodology or the lack of a percieved need as you see it, but hey, the more data available on a subject, the better a picture we have of it.
True, the more data available, the better it is. But it seems to me that a prerequisite is an unbiased data collector, and an unbiased interpreter of the data. PRRI doesn't fit either bill.
I agree with Pirate Bard for the most part, but I find the most important aspect is the overall religiosity of the U.S.
I have a son, otherwise a nice guy, who is intensely religious -- Independent Baptist (left of Southern). In 2000 he voted for Duh (George Duh-bya Bush) to keep legal abortions and gay marriage out of this country. I tried explaining that the President had nothing to do with either, as his method of delivery of choice was a Constitutional amendment. Ah, well.
I'm scared sh*tless of the Dominionists on the GOPher side. Most pew-sitters have NO idea how extreme these candidates' views really are.
I'm glad I'm old. And still a smoker (even though that's gotten to be an expensive hobby). I don't think I want to live here anymore.
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Thursday, August 16, 2012
Waiving The Renewable Fuels Standard: Will That Solve The Problem For Livestock Feeders?Tweet
The Congress is at loggerheads over nutrition funding in the Farm Bill, but can you imagine the Farm Bill suffering more if the dysfunctional Congress also jumped into the fray over waiving ethanol production requirements as part of the Farm Bill? Agriculture is politically split about as far as possible currently over whether corn should be re-allocated away from ethanol and toward the livestock industry. End users say a waiver of the Renewable Fuels Standard will ease the economic pain on livestock feeders and the food industry. But do the numbers justify that?
The National Corn Growers was among the initial proponents of ethanol in an effort to find a new market for corn. There was slow growth in consumption for 20 years until the Congress approved the Renewable Fuels Standard that established benchmarks for the amount of ethanol to be produced and blended into the nation's motor fuel supply. With a goal of 15 billion gallons by 2015 that would be a new market for nearly 5 billion bushels of corn, and while that was welcome news for a bumper crop, it has become controversial at a time when the corn crop is faltering from the drought and livestock feeders are chasing minimal stocks of corn.
The Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) has become a target for many opponents, particularly those who need corn. Among their arguments:
- "The ethanol industry won't share in demand rationing because of the RFS."
- "The RFS is an inflexible, inelastic demand driver that will suck up 5 b. bu. of corn no matter what."
- "The ethanol industry is insulated from the effects of high corn prices because of the RFS."
- "Waiving the RFS would 'free up' corn and meaningfully reduce feed prices."
- "The RFS is driving up food prices."
- "The RFS is causing higher gas prices."
In recent weeks there has been a series of academic studies looking at the RFS, and whether any waiver of its requirements to add corn-based ethanol to US motor fuel would relieve the financial impact on other corn end users, particularly the livestock producer. University of Illinois economists Darrel Good and Scott Irwin conclude, "The EPA does not necessarily have the ability to substantially ease the plight of livestock producers in 2012-13 at the stroke of a pen. Waiving the RFS mandate for ethanol may have a smaller impact on the price of corn or the quantity of corn available for feed than many expect. This conclusion is consistent with a recent Iowa State University Studythat estimated the price of corn would drop an average of only 28 cents across a range of corn yield outcomes due to a full waiver of the mandate. Without large changes in the economic incentives to blend ethanol with conventional gasoline, at least in theory, the price of corn and availability of corn for feed may be unaffected."
The Bruce Babcock Study at Iowa State indicates, "The flexibility built into the Renewable Fuels Standard allowing obligated parties to carry over blending credits (RINs) from previous years significantly lowers the economic impacts of a short crop, because it introduces flexibility into the mandate. The 2.4 billion gallon amount of flexibility assumed in this study lowers the corn price impact of the ethanol mandate in this drought year from $2.49 per bushel to $0.58 per bushel. This means that waiving would lower corn prices by about 7.4 percent." And Babcock adds, "The results of this analysis cannot be interpreted as concluding that ethanol production has no impact on corn prices. If US ethanol consumption were somehow banned, then US corn prices would drop to an average of $2.67 per bushel. But there is no mechanism for implementing a ban on corn ethanol production. The only tool that the US government has at its disposal to lower corn prices is to waive the mandate."
Purdue University ag economists Wally Tyner, Chris Hurt and Farzad Taheripour studied the impact of a partial waiver of the RFS within the context of the drought, and how a waiver would affect corn supply and price. They say, "The bottom line: if refineries and blenders have flexibility to reduce ethanol usage in the short term, use of prior blending RINs credits and/or a waiver could reduce corn price around $1.30/bu for a large waiver or $0.47/bu. for a modest waiver."
How does the Tyner study at Purdue differ from the Babcock study at Iowa State? Tyner says of Babcock, "His analysis gets a difference in corn price between the full mandate and the flexible mandate cases of $0.91/bu. for the 2.4 billion gallons use of RINs (production credits)—similar to this paper's analysis of $0.67/bu. for a 2 billion gallon RIN usage. Going from the flexible mandate case to no mandate yields another $0.28/bu. price reduction in Babcock's analyses. This result is driven by the assumed shape of the demand curve for ethanol."
And how does the Tyner study at Purdue differ from the Good and Irwin study at the University of Illinois. Tyner says of Good and Irwin, "They simply argue that the use of carry-forward RINs (production credits) would be enough to reach the perfectly elastic portion of the demand curve, so a waiver would have no impact on corn price. Their assumption is equivalent to that of this paper's no flexibility case, which projects zero impact. However, the degree of refiner and blender flexibility if a waiver were issued is unknown. Unlike the Irwin/Good paper, the Purdue paper argues there is limited flexibility to adjust to lower corn use for ethanol in the short-run, i.e. 2012, but there could be some reduction in corn use below the blend wall over the entire September 2012 through August 2013 marketing year."
On behalf of the Renewable Fuels Association, its economist Geoff Cooper assembled a summary of the numbers that argue against any waiver of the RFS. He prepared a series of charts for a webinar on August 14 and contends a waiver of the RFS is not necessary because the corn supply and price has idled 26 plants and production reduced by 12%. The ethanol industry also says ethanol exports are down and imports are up as a result of the corn economy, and that the EPA requirements will be met with the help of stocks and production credits. That will be done with only a 3.571 bil. bu. demand for corn, not the 4.857 bil. bu. that would have been used without the emergency measures. The Renewable Fuels Association also says any waiver would have little impact on corn prices. The RFA cites data by Bruce Babcock of Iowa State University that says there would only be a 4.6% decline in corn prices with a complete waiver of the Renewable Fuels Standard.
While the livestock industry may not be thrilled with the outcome, the ag economists at Cornbelt Land Grant Universities have generally concluded that any EPA action to waive the Renewable Fuel Standard, either fully or partially will not have any substantial impact on the price of corn.
Posted by Stu Ellis on 08/16 at 11:09 PM | Permalink
Posted by: Chris Green at August 25, 2012 11:11AM
Posted by: Chris Green at August 27, 2012 6:06AM
Posted by: Chris Green at August 27, 2012 9:09PM


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Greatest comeback matches of the decade - Women
Sportsworld can easily be considered the best source of dramatic entertainment. An entertaining match does not just call for power and technique, but the drama that spellbinds the spectator with the nail-biting tussle. Unlike the drama we seek in other sources of entertainment, there are no pre-decided scripts here, no direction, just pure tenacity and the WILL TO WIN.
The history of tennis has witnessed many such occasions where the expected 'vanquished' has come from the brink of defeat to rejoice in 'victorious' mirth. The past decade has seen some of the best matches and with these leading ladies in-charge, there sure has been plenty of room for on-court emotions and classic display of that elusive - never-say-die' attitude that made these tennis players, a lot more than just a STAR.
Let's take a look at the 10 greatest comeback matches of the decade (2000-09) -
Serena Williams beat Elena Dementieva 2009 Wimbledon semifinal -
No Tennis-list can ever be complete without a mention of one of it's most driving force, Serena Williams. There is a reason, why Serena is such a power to reckon with. And there is a reason, why she has such a huge number of Grand Slams in her kitty. The last of her 11 Grand Slam victories didn't just come at the expense of 5 time Wimbledon champion Venus Williams, it also included the mighty Russian Elena Dementieva, who looked in phenomenal form throughout the tournament. Serena lost the opening set in a tight tie-break but bounced back to win the second 7-5 to level the match at one-set a piece. The third set saw a real scuffle between these power women as both Williams and Dementieva looked in punishing form to win their initial service games. It was Dementieva who drew first blood then to race to a 3-1 lead just to watch Williams strike harder than ever to get the break back. After saving a match point at 5-4, Williams screamed in sheer excitement, thereby clearing her intentions about the match. The third set went on for 14 games with Williams grabbing the decisive break in the second last game to close the 6-7(4), 7-5, 8-6 victory to reach the final, where she beat elder sister Venus to win her third Wimbledon crown.
Check out the complete list...!


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When our rural, three-parish cluster began promoting Christ Renews His Parish retreats a few years ago, it was little surprise that recruiting men was no easy task. A weekend of listening to other men give emotional witness talks was a hard sell, especially when it competed with deer hunting, local or televised football games and, of course, the never-ending responsibilities of farms, jobs and household projects. Having gone through such a renewal weekend myself last year as a way to belong more deeply to my parish (and, I admit, to appease my wife), I became part of a team that planned the next. Somehow, by much begging, pleading, prodding and cajoling from team members (and the men's wives, of course), at long last enough men signed up for the retreat, whose anagram has the unfortunate and somewhat unmasculine-sounding pronunciation, Chirp.
The participants were machinists, mechanics, farmers, night-watchmen, tree-trimmers and truck drivers, along with one or two white-collar professionals. Most came from large German-Catholic families with deep roots and long histories in the area. Like their immigrant forebears, they were hard-working, pragmatic and taciturn. As we welcomed them to the retreat, I tried to remain sanguine about how they would receive the experience.
As a newcomer to this area (I grew up two counties west and I have lived here only a decade), I have often experienced a struggle between the desire to fit in and feel part of the community, and the desire to be my true and somewhat strange self, without pretense or apology. This weekend offered me a rare opportunity to swap roles: as a team member, I reveled in the chance to welcome the participants into what was, for them, the alien territory of the retreat.
You talk a lot on C.R.H.P. retreats. Team members delivered their witnesses, some with eloquence, some with simple words and halting delivery, one pronouncing "Lord" as "Lard" in strong local dialect and another apologetically repeating over and over: "Ah ain't one with words." Some were brief and to the point; others rambled on and included a half-century's worth of local history. Some confessed struggles with substance abuse; others admitted to criminal acts of vengeance. With tears and sincerity more than sophistication and nuance, we shared our unvarnished stories. We spoke of wounds given and received, of healing and reconciliation, of the deep imprints of loved ones and mentors, and of our rural area and parish communities. In various ways we witnessed to the simple but powerful truth of the Gospel: God loves us sinners. I, too often a detached observer, realized how much I had come to love my fellow team members and to feel a deep if unlikely sense of belonging with them.
I have often thought that most men—myself included—are tough nuts to crack, and I considered it no small miracle that we could open up in this way. It was the fruit of our own powerful retreat experience the previous year, but even more, of the ensuing regular meetings in which we prayed and studied Scripture together, slowly and awkwardly let down our guard and began to share our inner lives.
Or was it no miracle at all, perhaps, but simply the way of things? Nuts and seeds are not made to be cracked open from the outside. In the Creator's good time and given fertile soil and the right conditions, it is in their nature to open of their own accord—or they will die, barren. Like-wise, I would like to believe that all of us—even reticent, workaholic, spade-is-a-spade men—are created for revelation, which is the seed of real belonging.
I did see participants obviously moved by the weekend, but I make no claim that their walls came tumbling down and that the retreat was awash in their catharsis. Conversion is a lifelong, Spirit-led process, and no one can manipulate or even predict how it unfolds in the great mystery of any individual's interior life—especially in the hearts of men whose emotional muscles might not get frequent exercise. Time will tell. But I can report, happily, that cracks can appear even in what might seem the toughest and thickest of shells. And through the cracks comes a light that shines like the sun: a lovely, true, image-of-God self, hungry for connection.


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DailyDirt: It's Time To Open Up Access To Academic Journals
from the urls-we-dig-up dept
It's kind of ridiculous when researchers actually have to pay to read journal articles about their own research online, but that's how academic publishing works. Even worse, the costs of access are obscenely high, limiting the readership to mostly people with access to libraries that can afford to pay the high subscription fees for journals. However, academics are starting to push back, and the good news is that there are at least a few efforts underway to create open-access online journals. Here are a few interesting links on the subject.
- Did you know that in order to get access to the Arts and Sciences journal collection at an academic search engine company, like JSTOR, university libraries pay a one-time fee of $45,000, and then an annual fee of $8,500 to maintain that access? With tools like Google Scholar available, academic search engines just seem unnecessary. [url]
- A new open-access, online-only journal for biomedical and life science research will be launched this summer. Plus, the journal promises a faster turnaround time for the peer review process, which typically takes several months. [url]
- A website called "The Cost of Knowledge" has been set up so that researchers can take a stand against scientific and medical publishing company Elsevier's business practices. Elsevier also supports SOPA/PIPA and the Research Works Act, which aims to limit the free exchange of information. [url]
- To discover more interesting education-related content, check out what's currently floating around the StumbleUpon universe. [url]


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Speech Archive
Speech Archive
This page contains speeches by former Secretary of Education John B. King Jr. and speeches by former Secretary of Education Arne Duncan.
May 9, 2015I. Intro
Thank you so much, and good morning.
I'm so honored to be with you today, and to join in celebrating the class of 2015's success.
We're all living in a moment when so many aspects of our society and the world are in the midst of being reimagined, and redefined. Astounding changes have taken place since the year of this great university's founding1909from the end of Jim Crow segregation to the election of America's first black president.
May 2, 2015
Thank you, Dr. Peterson, for that very kind introductionand for your unwavering stewardship of this important institution. Both here and throughout your remarkable career, you have brought a visionary approach to an ever-changing educational landscape.
It's a real honor to be with you and everyone assembled today as we celebrate this momentous occasionespecially the members of the Georgia Tech Class of 2015! Congratulations to all of you!
April 9, 2015
Remarks by U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan on the 50th Anniversary of Congress Passing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
As delivered
April 7, 2015
Remarks by Secretary Duncan at Arizona State University + Global Silicon Valley Education Innovation Summit
Thank you. Please give another round of applause to CarmitaI'm a huge, huge fan. If I could invest in someone as a stock I'd be investing in her right now. You guys should take a note.
Thank you so much. I'm thrilled to be with all of you. Thanks for taking the time and inviting me, and I want to begin with a story. And I want to tell you a story about a young man named Rashon Johnson.
March 18, 2015
Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Secretary Duncan at the National Urban League's Legislative Conference in Washington, D.C.
Note: Speaker deviated from prepared remarks.
Thank you for letting me be a part of your 12th annual legislative conference.
Throughout its history, the Urban League has stood for meaningful action that helps not just communities of color, but also the entire country in our ongoing effort to create a more just and equal society. So I want to thank you for your work. And I want to say that I share your sense of urgency, as does my entire team.
March 13, 2015
Secretary Duncan's Remarks on Press Call Highlighting States Where Education Funding Shortchanges Low-Income, Minority Students
U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan delivered the remarks below on a press call with National Urban League President Marc Morial about the importance of ensuring equity in education as part of the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA).
January 12, 2015
Secretary Arne Duncan laid out a vision for the nation's landmark education law, the Elementary and Secondary Act (ESEA) in a speech at Seaton Elementary School in Washington, D.C. On the 50th anniversary of the introduction of the ESEA bill, he called for a new law that will work to ensure strong opportunities for all students, and protect the most vulnerable.
December 1, 2014
Prepared remarks of U.S. Under Secretary of Education Ted Mitchell at the Federal Student Aid (FSA) Servicing Summit in Atlanta, GA
Good Morning! I want to welcome you all to Atlanta, and to thank you for participating in today's event. This morning's forum is something we've never done before, but Jim and I thought it was important to do given the increasing prominence that student loans have in the lives of both individuals and the nation.
November 21, 2014
Secretary Arne Duncan challenged the National Assessment Governing Board to help move the nation toward "Assessment 3.0."
November 4, 2014
During remarks at the Rural Education National Forum in Columbus, Ohio, Secretary Duncan discusses the challenges facing rural education in America, recognizes the accomplishments of states and districts, and celebrates rural community values that help to support academic excellence.


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Primary Sources
Log of the Ships Africa, Good Hope, and the Fox, 1757-1758, unpublished manuscript, Connecticut State Library.
Newspaper and document collections at the New London Colony Historical Society, the Middlesex County Historical Society, the Connecticut State Library and Museum, the Connecticut Historical Society and Mystic Seaport Museum.
Secondary Sources
Alie, Joe. A., "A New History of Sierra Leone," London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.
Atkins, John. "A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil and the West Indies in His Majesty's Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth," 1735. Reprint, London: Cass Library of African Studies, 1970.
Bennett, Lerone Jr., "Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America," Penguin Books, 6th edition, New York, 1988.
Corry, Joseph, "Observations Upon the Windward Coast of Africa, The Religion, Character, Customs & etc. of the Natives with System Upon Which They May be Civilized and a Knowledge Attained of the Interior of this Extraordinary Quarter of the Globe and Upon the Natural and Commercial Resources of the Country Made in the Years 1805 and 1806," 1807. Reprint, London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., 1968.
Eltis, David, Behrendt, Stephen D., Richardson, David, and Klein, Herbert S., "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade," a Database on CD-ROM, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Falconbridge, Alexander, "An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa," 1788. Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1977.
Falconbridge, Anna Maria, "Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone During the Years 1791, 1792, 1793," Reprint, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000.
Fyfe, Christopher, "A Short History of Sierra Leone," London: Longman, 1962.
- "Sierra Leone Inheritance," London: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Hancock, Bruce, "Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785," New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Harms, Robert, "The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade," New York: Basic Books, 2002.
Higman, B.W., editor, "Trade, Government and Society in Caribbean History, 1700-1920," Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983.
Jackson, Michael, "In Sierra Leone," Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004.
Kiple, Kenneth F., "The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History," Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Mouser, Bruce L., "A Slaving Voyage to Africa and Jamaica: The Log of the Sandown, 1793-1794," Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
Shaw, Rosalind, "Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone," Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Spilsbury, Francis, B., "Account of a Voyage to the Western Coast of Africa, performed by His Majesty's Sloop Favourite, in the Year 1805," London: Richard Phillips, 1807.
Warner, Elizabeth A., "A Pictorial History of Middletown," Middletown: The Greater Middletown Preservation Trust, 1990.


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Breaking the Speed of Light and Contemplating the Demise of Relativity
Einstein released many theories during his scientific career, but it was the publishing of his two theories of relativity that literally shook the foundations of physics. The theories proposed by Einstein still stand today even though there are many individuals who have tried to challenge them. In 1905, Einstein published his special theory of relativity and he later followed that with the general theory of relativity in 1915. Each of these theories are comprised of their own sets of equations, laws and principles that explain why things act the way they do, from the largest of galaxies to the smallest of particles.
Einstein was in his mid-20's when he published his special theory of relativity, which became an absolutely essential tool for scientists, physicists, theorists and experimentalists around the world today. Some of the concepts that were introduced were time dilation, length contraction, and his famed theory of mass-energy equivalence with the introduction of E = mc2. One of Einstein's other concepts, and the subject of this blog entry, was Einstein's introduction of the cosmic speed limit which states that no physical object or information can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum.
Shortly after the publishing of his special theory of relativity, Einstein immediately began working out equations that encompassed geometric views of gravitation and introduced new and exciting concepts that replaced Newtonian mechanics, which had lasted 250 years. Scientists had been able to calculate low energy effects of gravity for centuries with Newton's theory, but until Einstein, what actually caused gravity had remained a mystery. Einstein's general theory showed the world that gravity was caused by the bending of space and time. So in short, it's not a gravitational force that is holding us all firmly down to the ground but it's space that is actually pushing you down. The theory explained such phenomenon as the bending of light by gravity and opened up the entirely new field of cosmology. The theory also made entirely new predictions, such as the Big Bang theory and also black holes, which continue to be a rich area of research for scientists.
Needless to say, Einstein's theory has withstood the test of time for almost a century and if there's one data-point out of place, we would have to throw the entire theory out. So everywhere we look into the heavens, Einstein's theory of general relativity comes right on the spot.
Last week, an international team of researchers and scientists reported that they have recorded sub-atomic particles appearing to travel faster than the speed of light. Over a period of three years, neutrinos were shot from the particle accelerator at CERN in Switzerland to a detector in Italy (the OPERA - Oscillation Project with Emulsion Tracking Apparatus) about 500 miles away. What the team found interesting was that the neutrinos arrived around 60 nanoseconds quicker than the light would have traveled. This recent result from the accelerator at CERN, which seems to contradict Einstein's theory of relativity, has generated enormous interest, among scientists as well as the public. However, not much has been written about precisely what this means for relativity itself.
Special Relativity of 1905, as discussed above, is based on the idea that the speed of light is the same, no matter who measures it, as long as you move smoothly and do not accelerate. This violates Newton's common sense notion that there is nothing special about the speed of light. Hence, something has got to give. So, our common sense notion of the universe must change if light speed is the same no matter how we measure it, whether it is coming toward us, away from us, or sideways. What gives is space-time. Hence:
All of the effects above have been observed. For example, our GPS satellites slow down a bit as they whiz overhead, just as Einstein predicted. There is also cosmic waves and particle accelerators that are also used to verify this fact.
If you get heavier the faster you move, then the energy of motion has turned into mass. The precise amount of kinetic energy that turns into mass is easily calculated using relativity (the derivation is 1 line long) and that result is the most celebrated equation in science, E = mc2.
So why is light speed the maximum speed in the universe? As you approach the speed of light, bizarre things begin to happen such as:
If you exceed the speed of light, then you get nonsense such as:
For these reasons, Einstein stated that you cannot go faster than the speed of light. This also affects general relativity, which is the foundation of cosmology, since (for small distances) general relativity reduces down to special relativity. Hence, both are wrong if the recent CERN experiments are correct. Not only is cosmology, nuclear physics, atomic physics, laser physics, etc. all in doubt, but also the fundamental theories of particle physics are also thrown in doubt. The Standard Model of particle physics (containing quarks, electrons, neutrinos, etc). is also based on relativity and would also mean that string theory, my field, may also be wrong. String theory has relativity built-in from the start and the lowest octave of string contains the entire general theory of relativity.
So you can see why physicists are breaking out in a cold sweat contemplating the demise of relativity. Not only will all textbooks have to rewritten but we will also have to recalibrate all our physics calculations, not to mention all of our theories of both nuclear, atomic physics and cosmology. What a headache! So, I think most physicists are holding their breath, wishing that the recent CERN experiment is shown to be flawed and something of a false alarm. However, there is the slim chance that the result holds up. Then relativity may fall and we will have to await the coming of the next Einstein who can make sense out of it all -- In retrospect however, This is How Science is Done.
LinkedIn meets Tinder in this mindful networking app
Swipe right to make the connections that could change your career.
Swipe right. Match. Meet over coffee or set up a call.
No, we aren't talking about Tinder. Introducing Shapr, a free app that helps people with synergistic professional goals and skill sets easily meet and collaborate.
4 reasons Martin Luther King, Jr. fought for universal basic income
In his final years, Martin Luther King, Jr. become increasingly focused on the problem of poverty in America.
- Despite being widely known for his leadership role in the American civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, Jr. also played a central role in organizing the Poor People's Campaign of 1968.
- The campaign was one of the first to demand a guaranteed income for all poor families in America.
- Today, the idea of a universal basic income is increasingly popular, and King's arguments in support of the policy still make a good case some 50 years later.
A world map of Virgin Mary apparitions
She met mere mortals with and without the Vatican's approval.
- For centuries, the Virgin Mary has appeared to the faithful, requesting devotion and promising comfort.
- These maps show the geography of Marian apparitions – the handful approved by the Vatican, and many others.
- Historically, Europe is where most apparitions have been reported, but the U.S. is pretty fertile ground too.
Why I wear my life on my skin
For Damien Echols, tattoos are part of his existential armor.
- In prison Damien Echols was known by his number SK931, not his name, and had his hair sheared off. Stripped of his identity, the only thing he had left was his skin.
- This is why he began tattooing things that are meaningful to him — to carry a "suit of armor" made up the images of the people and objects that have significance to him, from his friends to talismans.
- Echols believes that all places are imbued with divinity: "If you interact with New York City as if there's an intelligence behind... then it will behave towards you the same way."
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...lurching toward you with a soulless look in their eyes
Being from Ohio, I have to ask this question:How can I determine the difference between this:a zombie...and your 'typical' Michigander approaching an Ohioan to borrow money, perform simple arithmetic---anything that is insurmountable to someone from that state?
I take it you're a Buckeye fan. Their football team is ranked No. 1, ya know.
Yeah, you're right...I think I heard something about that...such as every time someone asks me around my parish "Father, who's your favorite football team: 'Bama or Auburn?"And I respond with "The #1 Ranked Oho State Buckeyes!"btw...the 10-0 Buckeyes just beat Wisconsin 38-17.
Hey, maybe it'll be my [Oregon] Ducks (currently 5th in the BCS standings) and your Buckeyes in the BCS Championship Game. Our QB, Dennis Dixon, is currently second, according to one source of whom I've read, in consideration for the Heisman.BTW, your archrival, Michigan, knows about the Ducks, particularly after we tamed their Wolverines 39-7 earlier this year.
Yeah that was the old Wolverines. We did away with them. Didn't they play you just after that Appalachia State fiasco? It was a rough couple of weeks. Go Blue!
Yahbut... the Ducks just knocked No. 4 Arizona State out of the ranks of the unbeaten, with Heisman candidate Dennis Dixon throwing 4 TD passes. I don't know about the Wolverines, but I know the Oregon Ducks are the real deal.
These people are soooo stupid. I cannot believe how many people think we are really doing this. It was the week before Halloween for crying out loud!Check out this blog and this girl who is an apparent a victim of a zombie who ate her brain...http://jaymee.blogster.com/zombies_attack_.html
No need to be dissing MY school. This is one of the best seasons we've put together in a long time.
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Well I think all three of these schools have reputable programs. They have strong regional reputations. They are all within the Top 100 of the US News Law School rankings. Accordingly, Loyola and Chicago-Kent do well salary wise in terms of private practice (this, according to the current US News salary data). It is my understanding that most programs (including part-time evening programs) meet four out of the standard five day week. According to US News, Chicago-Kent's part-time program is rated 10th in the country. Loyola's part-time program is rated 16th in the country. Depaul's part-time program is rated 21st in the country.It is untrue that "big law" is out of one's options at these schools. And as for government work, the most recent data shows that very few graduates (in terms of a percentage) are in this sector. Most are in the private sector. If you are interested in large law firms, you can do your own research at large firms in Chicago like Mayer Brown and Winston Strawn, do a search of the graduates from any of these schools, and see the current number of associates and/or partners. In my view, it is always problematic to rely on advice from users on message boards. It would be better to talk to actual admissions officers at these schools to help you figure out what you want to do. Do your own research of law school graduates from these schools at firms of all sizes to get an accurate assessment of what options are available, pursued, and granted.I hope that helps.PS: No matter what you decide, it is never too early to begin preparing for the LSAT.Thank you-I appreciate your feedback and honesty.
"Egregious Depaul trolling? Explain that. What proof or indication is that statement based on? I've said nothing with bias toward any of the three schools hunnie 0913 mentions. I've actually used data to back up my statements."Not to get into a huge thing, but you actually didn't show any data. And, while I'm on the more optimistic side of the ledger, I tend to agree; you're not getting Mayer Brown or other Chicago biglaw from DePaul or Kent unless you're top in the class (I mean, absolutely top), and even then only maybe. That's not an avenue that's open to you as a part-time student. There's simply too much competition.


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On Wednesday, Feb. 27, Barry's Wellness Initiative Network (WIN) hosted their annual Wellness Day event. This year's theme, Wellness Pursuit, challenged the campus community to engage their mind, body, and soul through the eight dimensions of the wellness wheel in the pursuit of ultimate wellness.
Over 250 members of the Barry community participated in a fun-filled day of activities and learning opportunities. Participants took part physical activities that included an obstacle course sponsored by FLIPANY, a zumba party led by SES student Genessys Villalba, and a pair of yoga demonstrations.
In addition to the physical activities available, patrons received free health screenings by Barry student nurses and staff from the fitness center, and sampled healthy eats from various food trucks.
This year's event featured three keynote lectures, all of which focused on a different aspect of the wellness wheel. Barry alumni Travis Ruane (2011) spoke on the link between financial and vocational wellness. Ruane was joined by Barry staffers Jennifer Williams, BSW program director, and Wendy Villetta, event coordinator in Conference and Event Services. Williams talked about linking social and emotional wellness, while Villetta discussed the link between intellectual and global wellness.
For more information about how you can become involved in the pursuit of wellness, visit the WIN website.


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What's Included
About This Organizer
The mission of Robinson Ranch remains firm; to provide comprehensive educational programs for under-privileged, disabled & able-bodied children and adults, utilizing horses to facilitate growth, learning and healing. Pursuing this mission enriches the lives of our students in a caring, safe, and challenging environment that will enable them to reach their full potential.
Organizer Info
Robinson Ranch


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Download A Most Violent Year Streaming In HDFull Movie A Most Violent Year High Quality with duration 120 Min and released on 2014-12-31 with MPAA rating is 2.
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WASHINGTON: President Barack Obama says the way business is done in Washington must change.
In his weekly radio and Internet address, Obama is telling Americans their frustration with politics is understandable. He's referring to the fiscal crisis that shut down the government and brought the U.S. close to default.
Obama says even with the crisis over, Republicans and Democrats won't agree on everything. But he says they should find areas of agreement. He's pushing Congress to act this year on a budget, a farm bill and an immigration overhaul.
In the Republican address, Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli says Obama's health care law is an affront to freedoms. He says its implementation has been a national embarrassment.
Cuccinelli is running for governor of Virginia.


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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Jessica Oleinik and Katie Kauffman each found the back of the net twice, as the MIT picked up a 6-1 win over visiting Smith College in New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) field hockey action on Saturday afternoon at Jack Barry Field. The Engineers jumped out to a quick three-goal lead less than 10 minutes into the contest, as they improved to 10-1 overall and sit in a three-way tie atop the conference at 3-0. Smith drops to 3-5 (0-3 NEWMAC) with the loss.
Kameron Klauber opened the scoring just 57 seconds into the game, stealing the ball in the midfield and carrying it into the circle, before firing a shot past Smith goalkeeper, Savannah Lawson. Oleinik would then be involved in the next three MIT scores. Her first marker extended the Tech lead with just under 33 minutes remaining with an assist by Molly McShane. She then picked up a helper on Kauffman's first tally just over seven minutes later. The senior scored for the second time, and sixth time this season, in the 15th minute of the half to put the hosts up 4-0. Alexandra Stein put the Pioneers on the board late in the first with an unassisted goal.
Kauffman found the scoring column for the second time with just over 12:30 to go and McShane got in on the action in the final 30 seconds to send the Cardinal and Gray to its 10th win of the campaign.
Keri Dixon had a solid effort in net for Tech, making three saves while allowing just the lone goal. Dixon and the MIT defense have surrendered just two scores in their past four games. Under constant pressure, as the Engineers recorded 31 shots on the afternoon, Lawson was up to the challenge, stopping 14 shots.
Both teams will return to action on Tuesday, October 5 for a pair of conference tilts. Tech will travel to WPI for a 7:00 p.m. game while Smith welcomes Springfield College at 4:30 p.m.


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The world wide egg: How do you share yours?
My initial courtship with what's now a significant other in my life had the most mundane and ordinary of beginnings. For one thing, our first date wasn't in a swish location – 'we' started in a stuffy and crowded office.
Neither did I have the thrilling luxury of a one-to-one, intimate encounter. Instead I had to sit at a special computer, within the buzzing features desk of the busy weekly magazine where I worked.
Back then, in 1998, no-one I knew expected anything different. The doorway I was about to open wasn't the swing one we now take for granted, forever at the tips of our click-ready fingers. In many ways, this 24-hour culture was still the stuff of science fiction – a mere technological twinkle in the eyes of the Geekarati.
Yes, dear reader, I'm talking about the first time I set up my first private, web-based email account. Of course, I already had a virtual address, provided by work and strictly used for business.
Only once I started my personal, pleasure-based relationship with email, another tantalising world opened up to me. Keeping in touch with friends, ordering gig tickets, shopping, sharing photos (or as back then, a never-ending supply of silly jokes)…all this and more seemed so much simpler, quicker and…well, fun, than ever before.
You can guess how the rest of my email relationship has developed. There are times when I love its capacity for brevity, others when I curse the reams of messages I inevitably sift through, but really could I give email up? Would I want to? Never!
Other later communication milestones in my life also started out in this similar, nonchalent manner – YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook were once optional amusing extras in my life but now I couldn't imagine my future without them.
Still, while I'm devoted to social media, I can understand the bewildered reaction many people still have to this vital part of my life. 'Why,' they might ask, 'do you Tweet about an event you've just been to?' Maybe I'd watch their confused faces when I tell them I share photos of the latest cake I've just baked with those I'm virtually connected to.
My answer to such bemused protests would be simple. My online presence works for me because I enjoy feeling connected and sharing with others. My life feels richer for it. I'd like to think the effect of my internet comings and goings is a two-way street.
Of course, the internet is a double-edged sword. For every person who gains connections, there's one who loses their grasp on their close tangible, relationships. You know the scenes so well they've become well-worn cliches. The teenager playing video games until his thumbs bleed, the lonely married virtually cruising for company…
As a journalist, I've written endless 'internet love cheat' stories. On the other hand, I think of another batch of articles I've brought to the world – the 'online reunions of long-lost mum/dad/sister.'
All in all, I look at the internet in a positive light. For me, it's not a 'faceless' world but one founded on freedom.
Whether that means sharing knowledge, information and opinion or building friendships beyond physical boundaries or pioneering modern ways of balancing careers with home life – just like the Easter eggs being devoured this weekend – the world wide web was made for sharing.
So am I right? Do you think the internet is friend or foe?
Let's share!


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The US criminal justice system is up to the task of detaining, placing on trial, and punishing suspected international terrorists, according to a report released on Wednesday.
With preparations under way for military commission trials to begin in July at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, the advocacy group Human Rights First has published an analysis of 107 terrorism cases prosecuted in American courts since the 9/11 attacks.
The authors, both former federal prosecutors, say an examination of US terror cases reveals that existing structures and institutions in the federal justice system are robust and flexible enough to detain and prosecute most terror suspects.
Lawyers Richard Zabel and James Benjamin say that existing courts enjoy many advantages over the untested military commission process at Guantánamo or the proposed creation of a special national security court in the US.
"In general, the criminal justice system has done a good job in handling terrorism cases," Mr. Benjamin said at a press conference. "It has produced reliable results without causing security breaches or other problems for national security."
The report emerges amid growing calls to close the Guantánamo terror prison camp and with the US Supreme Court expected to rule by late June on the legal rights of terror suspects there.
Officials at Human Rights First say the report is intended to spark wider debate over potential alternatives to military commissions.
The report's authors stress that they are not suggesting complete reliance on US courts to wage the war on terror. "The criminal justice system by itself can't be the only answer," Benjamin says.
But the two former prosecutors said that their research showed that the justice system is strong and flexible enough to handle many cases that some thought could never be tried in open court.
"The system has grown and adapted to handle cases that years ago it couldn't handle," says Mr. Zabel.
"In our view, before any dramatic changes are imposed ... it is important to take a step back and evaluate the capability of the existing federal courts and the existing body of federal law to handle criminal cases arising from international terrorism," Zabel and Benjamin write in their 171-page report.
More than 250 defendants were named in the 107 post-9/11 cases examined by Zabel and Benjamin. Of those, 145 either pleaded guilty or were convicted at trial. Fifteen defendants were acquitted.
The report notes that five defendants have been sentenced to life in prison, including confessed Al Qaeda member Zacarias Moussaoui and confessed shoe bomber Richard Reid. The average prison sentence for the remaining convicted defendants is more than eight years.
Federal judges were faced with the challenge of conducting a fair trial against concerns that disclosures in open court might harm national security. The report says that many trials have been conducted with the aid of the Classified Information Procedures Act. The law establishes a mechanism to allow a judge to assess the importance of sensitive evidence before it is disclosed in open court and, if necessary, create a nonclassified substitute for use at trial.
"We found there is not a single documented example of a security breach where CIPA has been invoked," Benjamin says.
He said their research revealed the falsity of an often repeated anecdote that an open-court disclosure in a terrorism trial tipped off Osama bin Laden that US intelligence was monitoring his satellite phone. "That simply didn't happen," Benjamin says.
Bin Laden's satellite phone was long silent by the time the evidence was presented at trial, he says.
Detention is another thorny issue prompting debate. US civilian authorities have relied on three methods to detain terror suspects. They have filed criminal charges against them, detained them based on immigration law violations, or obtained material witness warrants to hold them behind bars to secure their testimony before a grand jury. In addition, the US military has detained terror suspects as enemy combatants.
"Each of these procedures has at times been put to widespread use in the years since 9/11," the report says. "Together, these various tools have given the government the authority to detain the overwhelming majority of individuals whom it has arrested in connection with terrorism."
In most cases, law enforcement officials were able to successfully handle terrorism suspects. But in two cases – involving Jose Padilla and Ali Saleh al-Marri – the government shunned the existing justice system and instead relied on "novel and potentially far-reaching theories of military detention," the report says.
Both men were ordered held without charge in prolonged detention in a military brig in the US. Mr. Marri is still at the brig, and a legal challenge to his continued detention as an enemy combatant is pending at the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals. Mr. Padilla was eventually transferred to the civilian justice system and was convicted of participating in a terror conspiracy. He is serving a 17-year prison sentence in the maximum security wing of the federal prison at Florence, Colo.
Zabel and Benjamin say in their report that one lesson of the Padilla and Marri cases is that the attempt to hold US-arrested persons as enemy combatants may not have provided significant benefits to the government.
"The effort to keep a terrorist suspect beyond the reach of the justice system can consume even more time and resources than are consumed by dealing with him through normal criminal channels," the report says.
"The existing criminal justice system is an established institution that has generally done a good job in handling international terrorism cases," the report concludes. "It has become common, these days, for observers to point out the actual and perceived flaws in the criminal justice system and to argue that a new system should be created from scratch to handle international terrorism cases."
The report adds: "Based on our research, however, we believe that the justice system generally deserves credit for the manner in which it has handled terrorism cases."


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|2012-06-08, 08:28
|Link #301
Detective, Witch, Pirate.
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Ruins of the Golden Land
|2012-06-08, 09:45
|Link #302
Join Date: Apr 2011
It's a supernatural story, it should just be taken as simple as that imo.
|2012-06-08, 10:24
|Link #303
Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
Yeah. If it was Higurashi or Umineko, I could understand trying to disprove all the youkai, but this story isn't about proving and disproving whether or not the youkai exists. I mean, it's a neat perspective and I HAVE actually tried to go through the stories I've read with that perspective, but in the end I think it's meant to be enjoyed under the belief that the youkai exist.
|2012-06-08, 11:50
|Link #304
Blick Winkel
Join Date: Apr 2010
Location: Gobbled up by Promathia
The fact that it makes sense without the youkai also has to do with it.
Youkai lure their prey with some sort of temptation, and those who fall victim lose their souls. In other words, the weak-willed's souls are irreversibly corrupted.
I definitely agree that the ending was a downer , but if you think Of it this way it's a bit better.
|2012-06-08, 12:19
|Link #305
Spider Lily Translations
Join Date: Dec 2010
Location: England
Age: 24
By the way, people mentioning the ending Higanbana was designed to be released in two parts, so The First Night isn't really supposed to conclude anything. Although I haven't read The Second Night, I hear it has a proper ending ?
|2012-06-08, 16:47
|Link #306
Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2009
Location: With the runaways
Spoiler for Chp 7 ending:
Only by the end of the game I got this feeling: pity. For all the humans falling for the youkai, even Hikaru or Sumire's bullies, because although I am aware youkai are not all powerful and humans have the final say of "listening" to them, I am also aware what suffering and feeling worthless can do to people.
The only negative about the final chapter to me was the slow pacing, it felt prolonged simply to increase length as the final story, but once "Reiko" got introduced, it got interesting. Many times I thought "Please don't let x happen..." and, indeed, it avoided many traps and was sufficiently satisfying.
Yup, higanbana reminded me that ryu is pretty good when it comes to plot twists. The setting of the human/non-human world, its implications and the way their inhabitants affect each other was very effective in treating many issues like suicide, bullying, addiction, power abuse and social conformity in imaginative and interesting ways.
No flowers bloom in death. Beautiful. For a third time, thanks for the translation and I look forward to the second night!
|2012-06-09, 16:43
|Link #307
Detective, Witch, Pirate.
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Ruins of the Golden Land
I'm currently reading Utopia, and something with this chapter just doesn't sit right with me. Children are being portrayed as irrationally cruel in this chapter, and even for the teacher to join into the bullying.....
I mean, I haven't actually experienced anything like this in my school life, so it seems a bit unnatural to me, but is bullying such a big problem in Japan or anything, or is Ryukishi just pulling all of that out of his head?
|2012-06-09, 17:02
|Link #308
Spider Lily Translations
Join Date: Dec 2010
Location: England
Age: 24
I can imagine bullying is a big issue in all countries. However, the bullying in Higanbana is most probably hugely exaggerated. While horrible incidents are known to happen, I'd hope the majority of people would only experience minimal amounts of bullying, if at all.
|2012-06-09, 17:50
|Link #309
Junior Member
Join Date: Jun 2012
Spoiler for chapter 7 ending:
|2012-06-09, 21:24
|Link #310
Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2010
My main PC blew up, so I haven't been able to read Higanbana, so I don't have any comments on anything past 4, but I can confirm that Ryukishi isn't really exaggerating about the bullying. I was bullied to extent in school, and looking on it had I not had the internet (which was honestly my saving grace), I don't know where I would be now. I don't think I would've chosen an answer like murder or suicide, but these are answers that many bullied kids come to. And yes, teachers join in on the bullying, or outright ignore it often. I've seen it in my own schools. Most bullying is the kind in Hameln's Castanets
Spoiler for Chapter 5, early on:
I know it's hard to fathom if you haven't been bullied yourself, but yeah, this happens, and far too often. Again, like I said, Japan in particular has an extremely high teenage suicide rate, so it's probably something Ryukishi sees in the news often. I don't think we see it as often in America, though it's not uncommon to hear of teens committing suicide because they were bullied for being gay.
Try not to think of them as exaggerated, because they honestly aren't. Just search google for news articles on the issue, you'll find more than you think.
|2012-06-09, 23:23
|Link #311
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2011
Much of the bullying in Hameln's Castanets was kinda instigated by himself.
I'm surprised no one thinks that
Spoiler for Ep 7 moment:
The rest of the bullying in this story, I can completely understand, but that spoiler is the one thing I simply cannot fathom seeing in any real school, and even if it did happen, it would not happen without consequence. I'm not sure how the media works in Japan, probably wouldn't make such a big deal about it, but if that happened over here, parents would be calling for those kids heads on a platter. I mean, I'm sure many of the readers were very happy to see them die horrible deaths by falling off a bridge on a bus.
Spoiler for Further argument.:
Last edited by cronnoponno; 2012-06-10 at 00:31.
|2012-06-10, 03:53
|Link #312
Detective, Witch, Pirate.
Join Date: Jan 2012
Location: Ruins of the Golden Land
Spoiler for Chapter 7:
Having finished this chapter, I must say it was my least favorite from the First Night. Maybe that's mostly because I couldn't completely sympathize with the situations it presented, since the worst I've ever experienced in my school life was having nasty rumors spread about me, but those can't get to you if you don't give a shit, plus I never witnessed anything of the sort happen in my class so all of it seemed a bit unrealistic.
Well, as many above posts say, it really isn't that exaggerated, and I'm not as naive to the point that I can't understand people can make such asses of themselves, but another part I really don't get, is why would get that agitated just by an occassional abssence of their victim. I mean, shouldn't bullies normally think of their victim as worthless and look down on them rather than completely depend on them as an outlet for their rage?
Bottom line is, I didn't think this was a bad chapter, especially since
Spoiler for Chapter 7:
|2012-06-10, 04:03
|Link #313
Junior Member
Join Date: Jun 2012
|2012-06-10, 04:30
|Link #315
Spider Lily Translations
Join Date: Dec 2010
Location: England
Age: 24
Well, chapters 1-6 I can understand, but I think chapter 7 is extremely exaggerated. And I think it's exaggerated that all these incidents are occurring in the same school. That's what I was getting at.
|2012-06-11, 02:35
|Link #316
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
I started reading this game recently and it's pretty good. I finished reading chapter 1 and now half way through chapter 2. This isn't a thinking game i know but there's something that doesn't quite right, even if this is a supernatural story.
Spoiler for Chapter 1:
|2012-06-12, 04:41
|Link #319
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
Spoiler for Chapter 1:
Spoiler for :
Last edited by unsuspectingvisitor; 2012-06-12 at 04:55.
|Thread Tools


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EVERETT, WA - Fluke Corporation, introduces the new Fluke 8508A Reference Multimeter, an 8.5-digit resolution instrument designed specifically for metrologists with superior accuracy over a wide range of measurements.
The Fluke 8508A is designed to serve as a versatile precision measurement tool for calibration laboratories that must meet increasingly stringent measurement uncertainty analysis requirements demanded by ISO 17025 as well as the need for increased productivity. The 8508A also allows metrologists to make a multitude of measurements with just one instrument, rather than the eight they typically use. In addition to measuring voltage and current for both ac and dc, and frequency, the 8508A also includes a host of other features designed to increase the range of measurements made while increasing calibration laboratory productivity.
"The squeeze between calibration laboratory productivity and the reduced number of trained personnel has become a crucial topic as metrologists are now faced with ever-greater performance and economic demands," said David Coombes, Fluke Precision Measurement product marketing manager. "Our clear understanding of this industry-wide dynamic was a primary reason to develop the versatile 8508A with a full feature set and remarkable ease of use," added Coombes.
The Fluke 8508A "W Plus function" opens a toolbox of ohms features to improve the accuracy of resistance measurements. The Ohm Plus function includes True Ohms using current reversal techniques, a Lo Current Ohms feature to reduce measurement errors due to self-heating within the device being measured, and up to 200 V compliance on high resistance ranges to improve resistance measurements.
The precision PRT temperature readout extends the 8508A's functionality into advanced temperature metrology. A ratio feature, with front and rear connectors supporting all 8508A functions and GPIB control, enables simple, fast, automated measurement transfers. High current measurement - up to 20 A - extends the operational range to address the many measurements metrologists need to make.
The performance of the Fluke 8508A gives metrology labs complete confidence and certainty with one-year accuracy as precise as 3 PPM and 20-minute transfer uncertainty of 0.12 PPM. Its clear control structure and context-sensitive menus provide a transparent, logical and intuitive user interface that requires minimal training, even for metrologists who are new to the profession.
Another exclusive feature is the new Fluke "Dual Paramatrix" display which provides the metrologist with detailed information about measurement parameters and results. This innovative design is constructed to ensure rapid, error-free access to complex measurement set-ups. The result is an easy-to-use tool that reduces mistakes and minimizes the need for additional product training. The Fluke 8508A/01 Reference Multimeter with ratio measurement is now available at a US List Price of $12,495. For more information about the Fluke 8508A, visit the Fluke Web site at fluke.com/calibrators, contact Fluke Corporation, P.O. Box 9090, Everett, WA USA 98206, call (888) 308-5277, fax (425) 446-5116, or e-mail [email protected]


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Choosing the Right Law School / BC ($15k/yr - 2.0gpa min) vs Brooklyn Law ($45k/yr - top 80%)« on: August 02, 2013, 10:15:30 AM »
I just got off the wait list at BC and was offered a 15k/yr scholarship - I was kinda surprised but really excited about it nonetheless. However, I was/still am committed to Brooklyn Law with $45k/yr scholarship. I'd really like to get into Big Law in NY (I am from NY) and I know that's an extremely difficult endeavor coming out of BLS. However, I was playing the money card by trying to minimize debt (I'd prob be in $75k out of BLS and $150k out of BC). Given these parameters, is the extra debt worth it to pick up my things and head to Boston, or should I stick it out and see what happens at Brooklyn? Thanks!


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News and Events: Press releases
Media Advisory: Malala Day
Malala became a public figure when she was shot by the Taliban while travelling to school last year in Pakistan -- targeted because of her committed campaigning for the right of all girls to an education. Flown to the United Kingdom to recover, she is now back at school and continues to advocate for every childs right to education.
In support of the UN Secretary-Generals Global Education First Initiative (GEFI), on 12 July declared as Malala Day -- the President of the UN General Assembly and the UN Special Envoy for Global Education with the support of A World at School initiative are organizing the UN Youth Assembly, where more than 500 young leaders from around the world will convene to accelerate the goal of getting all children, especially girls, in school and learning by 2015.
Malala Yousafzai
Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General
Vuk Jeremic, President of the UN General Assembly
Gordon Brown, UN Special Envoy for Global Education
Ahmad Alhendawi, UN Envoy on Youth
Youth Advocacy Group of GEFI
Friday, 12 July 2013
UN Youth Assembly: 9:30am 11:30am
GEFI Youth Fair: 12:30 4:30pm
Closing Ceremony: 4:45 5:30pm
Trusteeship Council at UN Headquarters in New York
Please note a limited number of seats will be available for media, contact email@example.com
The UN Youth Assembly will be webcast live on UN Web TV: http://webtv.un.org/
For more information about Malala Day, visit: http://aworldatschool.org/
Media Contacts
For queries about Malala Yousafzai:
For queries about Gordon Brown:
Charlie King, firstname.lastname@example.com, +447780119567
A World at School:
Gretel Truong, firstname.lastname@example.com, +1-212 993-1122
Global Education First Initiative:
Shimali Senanayake, http://email@example.com, +1-917 265 4516
Youth Advocacy Group:
Daria Ng, http://firstname.lastname@example.com, +1-917-265-4556
UN Department of Public Information:
Wynne Boelt, http://firstname.lastname@example.com, +1 212-963-8264
For media access, UN Media Accreditation & Liaison Unit:
email@example.com, +1-212-963-6934 or +1-212-963-6937
Television live coverage / feeds:
email@example.com, +1-212-963-9399/ +1-212-963-7650
Radio live coverage / feeds:
+1-212-963-7656 or +1-212-963-3349