text:
Fatemeh Keshavarz
The Ecstatic Faith of Rumi
Fatemeh Keshavarz
is professor of Persian & Comparative Literature at Washington University in St. Louis, and the author of several books, including Reading Mystical Lyric: The Case of Jalal aI-Din Rumi.
March 8, 2012
KRISTA TIPPETT, HOST: The 13th-century mystic and poet Rumi is a best-selling author in the modern West. He's long influenced Islamic thought and spirituality, though his Muslim identity is often lost in translation. We enter the exuberant world of Rumi with an Iranian-American poet and scholar. And we explore why he matters in our time. Rumi understood searching and restlessness as a kind of arrival. He saw every form of human love as a mirror of the divine.
MR. SOLEYMAN VASEGHI: [Lines of Rumi poetry recited in Persian]
MS. FATEMEH KESHAVARZ: [Translating] Wherever you are, whatever you do, be in love.
MS. TIPPETT: "The Ecstatic Faith of Rumi." I'm Krista Tippett. This is On Being — from APM, American Public Media.
In his lifetime, the poet known in the West as Rumi was called Muhammad Jalal al-Din al-Balkhi al-Rumi. He was born in 1207 near the city of Balkh in what is now Afghanistan. When he was a child, his family fled Mongol invaders and settled in Konya in present-day Turkey. Rumi wrote in Persian, the literary and spiritual language of a civilization that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to India. To most of the people who read him today from Tajikistan to Iran, he is known as Mevlana or Mawlana, our master.
Rumi left behind a vast body of lyric poetry, metaphysical writings, lectures, and letters, which have influenced Persian, Urdu, and Turkish literature across the centuries. He also inspired the whirling dervishes, ascetics who base their practices on Rumi, including the dancing meditation that was part of his spiritual life. Lines from Rumi's poetry are widely quoted; lines such as "out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing, there is a field. I will meet you there." Fatemeh Keshavarz, calls Rumi a world-class thinker, relevant to our painfully compartmentalized world.
MS. KESHAVARZ: One of the reasons why he addresses the issues that are of concern to us so much today is because he belongs to a tradition, the Sufi tradition or the mystical tradition within Islam, which has always been concerned with the way human beings view themselves and each other and are able to relate to each other.
MS. TIPPETT: Fatemeh Keshavarz is a professor of Persian and Comparative Literature in the Department of Jewish, Islamic, and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Washington University in St. Louis. I spoke with her in 2007. She is also a poet, and she often sets Rumi's words to music. She grew up speaking the Persian in which Rumi wrote, in the Iranian city of Shiraz.
MS. KESHAVARZ: I grew up in a family in which people played chess, read poetry, or argued about poetry. That was basically — and only after I left Iran I realized that that's probably not what everyone else does all the time. Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: So in this landscape where poetry of all kinds, including poetry woven into religious sensibility, I mean, what did Rumi mean in that landscape? How was he part of the spiritual sensibility of that world you grew up in?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Well, he was a voice that echoed something that was, on one level, very familiar, because a lot of other people had talked about it, but on another level, it was completely new because of the way he played with it, the way he made it his own game. And I mean game because playing is very serious for him. Laughing and playing are the most serious things in his poetry.
So for me, he came into the picture as someone who said, "OK, you've read the text. You know the words. You've looked at the history. Now, transcend all that. Put it aside and live it. Encounter it." If you ask me to think of a few words that, for me, describe his poetry, one of them is it's an encounter. You come face to face with something. I never forget, I was once reading a ghazal that described as beautiful birds. You know, he said …
MS. TIPPETT: The ghazals are odes, what we would translate as something a little bit different than a poem, right?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. Ghazal is about eight to 10, 12 lines normally, although his could be much shorter or much longer. And the main theme is love and these are like flashes of ideas that come.
MS. KESHAVARZ: So I was reading one of those and he was describing these beautiful birds. You know, some can sing, some are colorful, and so forth. And I was, you know, enjoying the walk in the aviary. And he suddenly said, "Well, what kind of a bird are you?" All of a sudden, I realized I can't stay on the margins. You have to join in. And I think, in a way, the whirling is exactly a reflection of that. So he kind of comes into the tradition with all the intellectual legacy, but he says that's not enough. You have to do something else with it. Face it, play with it, dance it, bring it into your everyday life.
MS. TIPPETT: You know, something that strikes me, there are a lot of themes in his writing, in his poetry, that you might call ascetic. You know, he's very aware of the limits of the physical …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Sure, yeah.
MS. TIPPETT: … and of the importance of the spiritual in that equation. And yet, there's something incredibly sensual at the same time that, when you mention the whirling …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: … the weeping of the whirling dervishes. There's dance and music …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. I would say that it's all on the same continuum of human experience. We are not divided into body and soul in a way, although he does talk about body and soul and there's no question about the fact that the soul is exalted. Ultimately, the goal is to purify the soul and so on and so forth.
But we don't have to think about the rest of ourselves as base or as not — in fact, it's a tool. It's a part of us that's very important. He does say, in one verse, he says, "Love, whether of this kind or that kind," and obviously, it's either, you know, the kind of divine, spiritual, or the human-to-human love, "ultimately leads you to the same king." The body is not an obstacle on the way of the soul. It's a tool to be used for that journey.
MS. TIPPETT: After Rumi's death, some of his followers founded the Mevlevi Order, commonly known as the community of the whirling dervishes. Dervish is a Persian word, which described wandering Muslim ascetics of the medieval Persian Empire. Dervishes were and are Sufis, part of the Islamic mystical tradition that emerged as a spiritual renewal movement after the death of the Prophet Mohammed.
Rumi imprinted that movement with a vividly sensual and poetic spirituality that has been controversial across the ages. He crafted some of his most religious ideas in the form of erotically toned love poetry, which seems at once addressed to Allah or God and to an earthly beloved. Rumi inspired the whirling dervishes by spinning around a column as he recited his poems.
MS. TIPPETT: Something you wrote about whirling that was so gripping to me said, for Rumi, the whirling is one way to stay centered while moving.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. And, you know, and I do some speculation in my work. Does this have something to do with the fact that he traveled so young when he went all the way westward from the province of Khorasan to where is the city of Konya today, present-day Turkey. And the journey lasted about two years. He must have encountered so many different people and cultures and incidents. So it may have something to do with that.
But he's certainly very appreciative of the ability to change your vantage point. You know, at some point, he says, in his discourses, he says, "If you don't plow the earth, it's going to get so hard nothing grows in it. You just plow the earth of yourself. You just get moving. And even don't ask exactly what's going to happen. You allow yourself to move around, and then you will see the benefit."
MS. TIPPETT: Is there also something in the whirling that strikes you as very compatible with Islamic theology in general, or with Sufi theology, that might not be apparent to an outsider?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Well, I think you could say that everything in the universe is whirling, is quickened with the force of love. I mean, that fits with the Sufi theology. We are like planets. We have to appreciate that. And in order to appreciate that, you have to join the dance. But there are also — there are interpretations. We can now look at whirling and say things like, for example, one hand is pointed towards the sky and the other one to the earth. So that's usually interpreted as bringing the heaven and the earth together, like staying connected with the two. Or the dervishes wear a black robe and a white robe underneath, and then they disrobe the black robe and they dance in their white. That's interpreted as the shedding of the ego.
MS. TIPPETT: Right.
MS. KESHAVARZ: But then the master standing in the center doesn't have to do it because he supposedly has tamed his ego. But all of these things have been interpretations later, done of the activity of whirling. Beyond that, you know, to me, it comes across as something much broader and more universal than Islam or any other religion. It's a kind of getting in tune with the moving earth.
MS. TIPPETT: You've spoken a lot about love and love as the core of this spirituality. I think that, also, in the Persian culture in which you grew up and Rumi as well, there is a connection between love poetry and imagery of the beloved and lovers with religious ideas, which, again, you kind of have to introduce a Westerner into.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yeah. The imagery is very often almost identical with profane, you know, mundane love poetry. By this, I don't mean to give any negative connotation to it, but love that is purely sensual and emotional, and human love. To me, I think it's a statement by poets like Rumi and others like him that there isn't really a boundary between the two. It's the same thing. It's the same human experience.
And, you know, there is another medieval Sufi, actually a bit later than Rumi, who says that you can't look at the sun directly, but you can look at its reflection in the water. Now, our humanly experience of love is that reflection in the water of our senses. And it's God's way of teaching us and guiding us from this to the actual looking at the sun when you have gained the ability. I was just thinking of a particular ghazal.
MS. TIPPETT: Yes, I wanted to ask you if you had anything you would read or recite, yes.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yeah, yeah. I think that that actually could help see how one would lead to the other, and actually the ambiguity between the two. It's a source of great poetic force.
MS. TIPPETT: And you mean, one and the other would be divine — human love and divine love?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Human love and divine love, exactly.
MR. VASEGHI: [Lines of Rumi poetry recited in Persian]
MS. KESHAVARZ:[Translating] If anyone asks you about the houris, show your face, say, "Like this." If anyone asks you about the moon, climb up on the roof, say, "Like this." If anyone seeks a fairy, let them see your countenance. If anyone talks about the aroma of musk, untie your hair and say, "Like this." If anyone asks, "How do the clouds uncover the moon?" Untie the front of your robe, knot by knot, say, "Like this." If anyone asks, "How did Jesus raise the dead?" Kiss me on the lips, say, "Like this." If anyone asks, "What are those killed by love like?" Direct him to me, say, "Like this." If anyone kindly asks you how tall I am, show him your arched eyebrows, say, "Like this."
So the whole ghazal is a description of the physical beauty of the beloved, but at the same time, it's a fairly long poem. At the end, it leads us to blind with envy the one who says, "How can a human being reach God? Give each of us a candle of purity, say, 'Like this.'" In the end, human beings can get to that candle of purity and reach God, and all human beings can do that.
MS. TIPPETT: It is also an act of pointing at what is now, right? What is physical and human, as you say, as the only way we have of imagining.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Exactly. Exactly. There's a famous Sufi tale that this young disciple who approached the master to enter the order day after day. And finally, the master said, "Have you ever fallen in love with a woman?" He said, "No, not yet. I'm only 18." He said, "Well, go try that first."
MS. TIPPETT: We've selected more of Rumi's poems for you to hear and read on our website, onbeing.org, along with images and explanations of the whirling dervishes.
I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being — conversation about meaning, religion, ethics, and ideas. Today, "The Ecstatic Faith of Rumi." We're dipping into the spiritual background of the 13th-century Muslim mystic. In the "Song of the Reed," Rumi reflects on the human spirit through the metaphor of the ancient reed flute or ney that's popular in Middle Eastern music. This poem opened the Masnavi, Rumi's compendium of rhyming couplets that explored Sufi theology and the spiritual journey.
My guest, Fatemeh Keshavarz recites it.
MS. KESHAVARZ: [Reciting] Listen to the story told by the reed of being separated. Since I was cut from the reed bed, I have made this crying sound. Anyone apart from someone he loves understands what I say. Anyone pulled from a source longs to go back. At any gathering, I'm there, mingling and laughing and grieving — a friend to each, but few will hear the secrets hidden within the notes. No ears for that. Body flowing out of spirit, spirit out from body, no concealing that mixing. But it's not given us to see, so the reed flute is fire, not wind. Leave that empty.
MS. TIPPETT: There's a theme that is part of that, that runs all the way through, about separation and longing, as part of — well, not just the spiritual life, but being human, and also a kind of sense that the separation and the longing themselves are a kind of arrival.
MS. KESHAVARZ: On one level, you have to get on the road. You have to get started. You know, just like the earth that, you know, have to plow the earth, you have to get moving. On another level, time and again, he reminds us that the destination is the journey itself. So there isn't a point where you say, "OK, I'm here, I've reached, I'm done, I'm perfect. I don't need to do anything anymore." In the incompleteness of that, the need to move forward is inherent in that incompleteness, in the process of going forward, that you make yourself better and better and you, in a way, never reach. So the separation is the powerful force that keeps you going. If you ever felt that, "I have arrived, I've reached, this is it," then you wouldn't go any further.
MS. TIPPETT: You know, and I think it is counterintuitive in our culture — not that we necessarily think this through very often, but we think of desires and longings as something that we need to find something to meet, right?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, yes.
MS. TIPPETT: And …
MS. KESHAVARZ: And we want to meet it really fast and perfect. Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: Yes, because, somehow, the feeling of longing and separation from whatever it is, especially if we don't know what it is we want, that that is unsatisfying and there's something wrong with that.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: And yet, what Rumi is saying is that, you know, the longing itself is redemptive and is progress, kind of …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, and the longing itself — and also not to understand exactly what that longing is in itself is very productive. I think one idea or major concept that the Sufi tradition and Rumi in particular have to contribute to our current culture is value in perplexity, the fact that not knowing is a source of learning, something that propels us forward into finding out. Longing, perplexity, these are all very valuable things. We want to unravel things and get answers and be done, but as far as he's concerned, it's a continual process. We can't be done, and that's good.
MS. TIPPETT: I also have a feeling that Rumi is saying we also, though, at the same time need to be intentional about what we choose to be perplexed by. Does that make sense? I mean, there's this poem: "Stay bewildered in God and only that. Those of you who are scattered, simplify your worrying lives. There is one righteousness. Water the fruit trees and don't water the thorns. Be generous to what nurtures the spirit and God's luminous reason-light. Don't honor what causes dysentery and knotted-up tumors. Don't feed both sides of yourself equally. The spirit and the body carry different loads and require different attentions."
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. Yes. I think the energy can't go in all directions completely uncontrolled. And you have to — you have to choose because we have one life. You have to spend it wisely. So absolutely, he would say choose, be selective, recognize your own value. At another point, he says, "You are an astrolabe to God, you know? Don't use yourself for things that are not worthwhile." But I want to linger a little bit on that idea of being scattered because that's a key concept in Sufi thought.
MS. KESHAVARZ: And actually it's something that the Buddhists also talk about a lot. And that is our mind just jumps from one thing to the other. And, you know, the Sufis call it the onrush of ideas into our minds. And in some ways, if we allow it, it takes us over, you know? You know, what am I going to do about that credit card? You know, how am I going to …
MS. TIPPETT: Right, right.
MS. KESHAVARZ: You know, what do I do about this student's paper? And, you know, whatever else is you are — that you're concerned with — my family, my kids, my future. So it all invades your life. And so in a way, you're pulled in all directions. You're scattered. So one of the purposes of his poetry and one of the concepts the Sufis talk about is to collect that scatteredness.
Here is one of Rumi's ghazals, which Fatemeh Keshavarz translated and recites with the Lian Ensemble, a group that often sets Rumi's words to Persian music.
MR. HOUMAN POURMEHDI: [Lines of Rumi poetry recited in Persian]
MS. KESHAVARZ: [Translating] When pain arrives side by side with your love, I promise not to flee. When you ask me for my life, I promise not to fight. I'm holding a cup in my hand, but God, if you do not come till the end of time, I promise not to pour out the wine nor to drink a sip. Your bright face is my day. Your dark curls bring the night. If you do not let me near you, I promise not to go to sleep nor rise. Your magnificence has made me a wonder. Your charm has taught me the way of love. I am the progeny of Abraham. I'll find my way through fire.
MS. TIPPETT: What do you hear in that? What do you reflect on in that?
MS. KESHAVARZ: It's about steadfastness, about staying centered and keeping your eye on the goal, but at the same time, very much being in love and allowing the ecstasy of love take over. You see, he is very aware of the fact that, as human beings, we are limited. We have our limits. We just are not able to do everything that we desire to do. Our rationality is there; it's very helpful. It does its job in questioning things and showing the way, but that has its limits too. What opens the way beyond that is love.
What enables us to feel the pain and still go forth in the face of all of that is experiencing that love. And if you look at our lives, you know, people who produce great works of art, who are creative, who do something that goes beyond day-to-day activities, have that kind of steadfastness, that kind of devotion that lets them go through. What I see in that poem is that I promise to have that, but that comes from you. It's your magnificence, your love that gives me that energy, that power to stay, and I promise to hold onto it.
MS. TIPPETT: And "you" is the beloved, is God, is Allah.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, and that's where the ambiguity comes in, of course, because you should be able to relate to it as a human being in love with another human being. That would be your entry into the poem.
MS. TIPPETT: It's also probably important to note that Rumi had a great turning point with a friendship, with Shams, a Sufi master. I think it is actually helpful that the love relationship, out of which Rumi drew so many of his analogies, you know, is not a romantic love relationship. And what you're saying to me is that love is the core, but to think about the many forms that love takes in our lives. I mean, there's also the passionate love that we have for our children.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, and so they are a blessing and they all have their own place. And in the end, we don't replace them with the divine. It's like warming up, in a way. It's like getting you ready for a major exercise, a physical activity. You warm up gradually. You get yourself to a state where you can do it, test your abilities, see your problems and issues, ask your questions, quarrel with yourself, and get ready for it. And I think all these forms of experience of attachment with other human beings are various ways of experiencing that.
MS. TIPPETT: At onbeing.org, you can listen to all of the music and poetry from this hour — recited both in Persian and in English. While you're there, tell us how Rumi's words have spoken to you. And listen to the stories of many others who've written to us. Like the reflection of a former Roman Catholic priest who shared how Rumi helped him through a period of transition. Go to onbeing.org; tell us how Rumi has found expression in your life. And I encourage you also there to subscribe to our email update. This gives a preview of each week's show, my personal journal on each week's ideas, and the most popular articles from our blog — including right now guest reflections on Lent. Subscribe by clicking the "Updates" button. All this and much more at onbeing.org.
Coming up, how Rumi might speak to the spirit of Islam, past and present. I'm Krista Tippett. This program comes to you from APM, American Public Media.
I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. Today: "The Ecstatic Faith of Rumi," the 13th-century Persian poet and mystic. In recent years, English translations of Rumi's poetry by the American poet Coleman Barks have sold more than half a million copies in the United States. Rumi has been the subject of creative work by contemporary artists from Philip Glass to Madonna.
But popular renditions of Rumi often give little hint of his Islamic identity. He was the son of a Muslim teacher, born in the center of Persian Islamic civilization. He spent time as the head of a madrassa, religious schools, which were also designed as centers of great learning in the sciences and philosophy. Rumi's themes of separation and longing come straight from the heart of Islamic theology. There's no idea there of original sin, for example, but rather of a human tendency to forget and thus become separated from Allah or God. Islam imagines faith as zikr or "remembrance" of a knowledge that is already embedded in human beings.
My guest, Fatemeh Keshavarz, finds resonance in Rumi for the deepest challenges before the world and Islam today.
MS. TIPPETT: I'd like to talk about Rumi's Islamic grounding and identity.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, yes.
MS. TIPPETT: That gets lost in …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Absolutely. I agree.
MS. TIPPETT: … 21st-century translations. Coleman Barks' translations are the ones that many people have read, that became popularized, and …
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes, yes.
MS. TIPPETT: I was reading his introduction to The Essential Rumi. You know, he suggested that with a mystical writer like this, you know, he suggested that placing this person in historical and cultural context is simply not a central task. And he wrote, "My more grandiose project is to free his text into its essence."
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. I think one thing that Coleman Barks has done, he has written Rumi's ideas in the American poetic idiom. He's made it accessible …
MS. KESHAVARZ: … to the broad readership, and that should definitely be valued. And, you know, don't hear me saying anything else on that. But I don't think you can free people from the context in which they live. And I don't think even if you try to do that, that that serves a useful purpose. I don't see Rumi as detached from the Islamic context at all. In fact, I see his work as utterly and completely immersed in the Islamic tradition. I tell you, it would be hard to read a single ghazal, not even the Masnavi, which is expressly a work with theological and mystical intentions. But even a ghazal, it would be hard to read a ghazal and not find quite a few allusions to Qur'anic verses, to sayings of the prophet, to practices in the Muslim world, so I don't think we need to separate him from his Islamic context.
The way first I visualize this myself is that he goes through the religion, he lives it, absorbs it, and uses it in his way. So in the process, he subverts a lot of things. He changes a lot of things, reinterprets a lot of things, but he does not step outside of it. He lives in it. Let me give you an example.
MS. TIPPETT: Good.
MS. KESHAVARZ: You know that in his discourses — I try not to use the word sermons because sermon brings such a specific connotation that's probably not there. But the discourses are when Rumi is sitting in a local mosque, in a local gathering, talking to people. It's very interactive, it's very informal, and he kind of steps down the pulpit in a way and reaches out to the people and it's very poetic even though it's in prose. And he didn't write it down; his students and, you know, people around him took it down.
On one of these occasions, he quotes a Qur'anic verse, if I might quote the Arabic, is [recites Qur'anic verse in Arabic]. "We" — this is the royal we, God — "we sent down the zikr and we will be its protector." Now, the word zikr in Arabic means remembrance. And traditionally, the commentators have defined the word zikr as the Qur'an itself, and they have good reason to do so because elsewhere in the Qur'an, the Qur'an refers to itself as zikr and remembrance, in part because humanity is described as forgetful, so the Qur'an is a way of remembering.
MS. TIPPETT: Right.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Now, he says the commentators have said that this verse refers to the Qur'an itself, that God says, "We have given you the Qur'an, and we are, that I am the protector of it." And he said [foreign language spoken]. That's fine. [Foreign language spoken], but there is this interpretation, too, that God says [foreign language spoken]. "We have put in you a desire and a quest, and I, God, am the protector of that desire." That's a very different interpretation. First of all, it opens it immediately to all humanity.
MS. TIPPETT: Mm-hmm. I think that there is something in Rumi's writing which is so large, so generous.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: I don't like the word universal because, I think, in some ways, it waters things down.
MS. KESHAVARZ: I agree with you. Generous is a very good — yes, yes, yeah.
MS. TIPPETT: But it's easy to read this and also, I think, people from many different religious traditions can read this poetry or his discourses, or people who are not people of faith can read it and feel themselves addressed and feel their spiritual lives addressed.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes. Yes. And I think sometimes people feel that if they take away or overlook the Islamic flavor of it, maybe that makes him more accessible, more theirs. I think generosity and openness is a very good way of putting it. If you're not rooted in the specific and in the small, in the local, you can never see the broader vision. You have to love a tradition and to be completely immersed in it before you can subvert it and transcend it.
MS. TIPPETT: Before you can subvert it from the inside.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Exactly. And you have to love it for you to think that "I want to open it up. I want to make it better, and then go forward with it." And, you know, you can't break laws in an acceptable way unless you know them really well and practice them with tradition. That's the only time. And that's what I think he does. He's so well rooted in the Islamic tradition, so completely aware of the nuances, that he says, you know, "Hey guys, we can open it up here. Look. Look at this. This is what you always thought, but now look one step beyond." And he can do that precisely because he's rooted in the tradition.
MS. TIPPETT: And I think it's true also that around the same time that Rumi was entering popular imaginations by way of poetry, there were images of Islam suddenly in the news in this post-9/11 world, which were so very different from that.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: I mean — and, you know, you've written that Rumi is "a true child of an adventurous and cosmopolitan Islam." And, you know, those are not two words that you would associate with headline Islam that we've had these past years.
MS. KESHAVARZ: I'm actually, you know, really glad you bring this up because, I think, one thing that's desperately needed at this point, to show the adventureness, the surprise, the play, the aspects of his work that now are not normally associated with that part of the world. You kind of think that, you know, people just — it's all religion, and it's religion followed in a fairly institutionalized and stylized and, you know, planned form. Not at all. I mean, he's playing with it all the time. So I think another contribution he could do for us right now, exactly in this post-9/11 environment, is to bring out that side of the Muslim culture, that contribution to the world.
MS. TIPPETT: I'm Krista Tippett with On Being — conversation about meaning, religion, ethics, and ideas. Today, "The Ecstatic Faith of Rumi."
Ironically, just as Rumi was being rediscovered in the U.S. and Western Europe, the Sufi brotherhood formed by his followers has been banned in periods of recent history in Turkey — that's where Rumi did most of his writing and where he's buried. The whirling of the whirling dervishes, which Rumi innovated as a form of dancing meditation, has been reduced, some say, to mere entertainment.
I asked Fatemeh Keshavarz about Rumi's legacy in Iran, where she grew up, the center of the Persian universe of literature and culture to which Rumi also belonged.
MS. TIPPETT: Is Rumi still as much alive in Iran now as when you were growing up? How does that look?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Well, I tell you I can't keep up with the books that are published in Iran about him. Yes, absolutely. You know, there's this debate whether he was a Persian or a Turk or an Afghan, you know?
MS. TIPPETT: Right.
MS. KESHAVARZ: It is completely really irrelevant again. But for Iranians, he's just such a household name. You will have, in your house, you will have the Qur'an, you will have the volume of poetry of Hafez, another great figure from the little bit later period, and the Masnavi of Rumi. And then depending, of course, like any other culture, you have people who more immersed in his work and more familiar. They know him at different levels obviously. But, yeah, I wouldn't say that the interest in him has changed or lessened at all.
MS. TIPPETT: I mean, I hear in my conversations that Islam in Iran is — there's great intellectual discourse and study and, you know, that's just not a story that we hear.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Right.
MS. TIPPETT: So I mean, I'm just curious, you know? This subversive, playful, cosmopolitan quality of — are those also part of the discourse in Iran?
MS. KESHAVARZ: Absolutely. You know, I send out listserv to my friends called "Windows on Iran" precisely for that. Just once a week, I send out information about Iran that they don't get to see in the media. Like in the month of June, for example, there's a book fair in Iran. You know how many people visited this past book fair in June in one week? Two million people visited the book fair.
MS. TIPPETT: Oh, my Gosh.
MS. KESHAVARZ: You know, I send this out and then I get these messages, "Wow, this is happening in Iran?" Or I send pictures. I just realized afterwards that our visual vocabulary has been affected. If we think of Iran, we only have certain visions of unfortunate moments in recent history that get repeated. And our language — Rumi is so aware of that. Language can take over our lives and make us not see things.
He actually has a fabulous verse, he says [Persian spoken]. "Speak a new language so that the world will be a new world." I mean this is the most sophisticated, philosophical approach to language. Now we talk of language as being constitutive of experience, but that's exactly what he said. You know, "Get yourself a new language and then you will be able to see a new world." And that's definitely what we need to do in relation to that part of the world and certainly with Iran, to see the dynamics. A tremendous amount is going on that we don't get to hear about.
MR. VASEGHI: [Lines of Rumi poetry recited in Persian]
MS. KESHAVARZ: [Translating] To speak the same language is to share the same blood, to be related. To live with strangers is the life of captivity. Many are Hindus and Turks who share the same language. Many are Turks who may be alien to one another. The language of companionship is a unique one. To reach someone through the heart is other than reaching them through words. Besides words, allusions, and arguments, the heart knows a hundred thousand ways to speak.
MS. TIPPETT: You know, I can't help but look at Rumi's life and be struck by how the poles of culture and place in terms of, you know, where he moved and where he lived and settled, are all such important poles in our world today. There's Afghanistan, there's Turkey, which is somehow becoming symbolic of the struggle to define what is Western, right, what is not.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: There's Persia, there's Iran. Do you ever think about that, about Rumi's legacy and where he came from and how that echoes in the world today?
MS. KESHAVARZ: I consider myself tremendously lucky to be able to grow up with that language. But to tell you the truth, I think that all parts of the world have their own Rumis. I believe that we just need only to explore those traditions and look for them. So in a sense, I think he is just one other giant, you know, one other figure who is very important right now. I agree with you, it's very important to read him, to look at the vision that he has for humanity, because it's so healing, it's so needed to correct some of our shortsightedness and, you know, some of the problems we have with not being able to see the larger picture. So in that sense, I agree with you. But I don't know if I want to think of that part of the world as having any kind of monopoly on this.
MS. KESHAVARZ: I think, if anything, his vision is that all humanity is pregnant with God. You know, we all in various parts of worlds and traditions — we have people like him. We just have to find them.
MS. TIPPETT: You ask a question in something you've written: "How is one to nurture this God buried like a ruin in the treasure of one's being and let it permeate all of life?" How does your encounter with Rumi, your ongoing encounter with Rumi, how does it help you live with that question, answer that question in your life?
MS. KESHAVARZ: You know, the most important tool he has, which is hope, is what we need to nurture in ourselves. And hope, the energy to move, the energy to go, to never think that this is not worth it or I am done, I am tired, that's what he's given me. I can read them for hours, I can teach them for hours. I can come back to it and be surprised again. The gift is a kind of whirling that keeps your life to be a constant move on the road, and then according to your abilities, what you can see, what you can hear, what you can cherish, you get your own rewards. You put it together. Again, you give birth to your own God. Life kind of comes to life with his words.
MS. TIPPETT: With Rumi's words.
MS. KESHAVARZ: Yes.
MS. TIPPETT: Mm-hmm.
MS. KESHAVARZ: And, you know, depending on where I am and who I am at that point and what I'm doing, I get something out of it. It actually has a fascinating verse. He says [Persian spoken], says, "I am fire. If you have doubts about that, bring your hands forth." That's the dramatic flair I was talking about, you know?
MS. TIPPETT: Right, right.
MS. KESHAVARZ: "Bring your hands forth" — touch me and I'll tell you what I'm about.
MS. TIPPETT: Fatemeh Keshavarz is Professor of Persian and Comparative literature in the Department of Jewish, Islamic, and Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Washington University in St. Louis. Her books include: Jasmine and Stars: Reading More Than Lolita in Tehran. Her blog is "Windows on Iran." Here in closing is Fatemeh Keshavarz reciting a passage from Rumi's Discourses.
MS. KESHAVARZ: [Reciting]
The world is a mountain
Whatever you say, good or bad, it will echo it back to you
Don't say I sang nicely and mountain echoed an ugly voice …
That is not possible
The human intellect is a place where hesitation and uncertainty take root
There is no way to overcome this hesitation … except by falling in love
To reach the sea and be happy with a jug water is a waste
The sea that has pearls …
And a hundred thousand other precious things.
MS. TIPPETT: Rumi's poetry offers new ways of seeing beauty in the world. And even today, his lush and textured words inspire people from all walks of life. Tell us if and how Rumi has spoken to your life. Add your reflection to others at onbeing.org. While you're there, download MP3s of this show and my entire unedited interview with Fatemeh Keshavarz. And connect with us in all our of social media spaces — on Facebook, Twitter, and on Tumblr. That's onbeing.org.
This program is produced by Chris Heagle, Nancy Rosenbaum, and Susan Leem. Anne Breckbill is our Web developer. Special thanks this week to Houman Pourmehdi, Soleyman Vaseghi, the Lian Ensemble, Omid Safi, and Stanford University's Continuing Studies Department. Trent Gilliss is our senior editor. And I'm Krista Tippett.
MS. TIPPETT: Next time: There are losses we're born with and losses we grow toward. Storyteller Kevin Kling has experienced both. He takes us inside his story of disability and survival, humor and healing. Please join us.


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Rose Lynch (50), from Limerick, was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of David Darcy and membership in an illegal IRA style group.
On Tuesday Lynch pleaded guilty to the crime of shooting Darcy (39), the father-of-two, as he sat in his van outside his home in Ballyfermot, Dublin. He was shot three times in the head and upper body.
Lynch was sentenced to five and ten years respectively, on Wednesday, for the gun and ammunition charges and eight years for membership of the Real IRA.
According to reports by the Daily Star, Lynch, the first female assassin in the history of Ireland's State, had five other hits planned. The source said, "There were six people that there were plans to kill and she would have targeted them all if she had not been stopped."
The Dublin court heard that Lynch had "executed" Darcy who had never been involved in any criminal activity and was "totally blameless" and "wholly innocent," according to RTE's reports.
Darcy's family were present in court on Tuesday but were too upset to speak to the press, however, Lynch's father spoke to the Irish Sun saying he was "proud" of his daughter, a mother of three.
Joe Lynch, a leading member of the CIRA-linked Republican Sinn Fein, liken her to one of the Gibraltar bomb plotters killed by Britain's SAS in 1988.
He said, "I am proud of her as I was the day she was born. Whatever she was asked to do she did it.
"She is coping well and is as iconic as IRA volunteer Mairead Farrell. My daughter was born into the republican movement.
"She was militant all her life and she was protecting her community."
The assassin's daughter Ciara Bardon (23) said, "I am very proud of my mum and I love her — I will see her soon."
As Lynch exited the court on Tuesday she raised a clenched fist and yelled "Mná na hÉireann, tiocfaidh ár lá" ("Women of Ireland, our day will come"). One of Darcy's family shouted "scumbag" in response.
After a short police inquiry it was established that Darcy had no criminal connections and was innocent of any crime. A source told the Sun, "David may have known Nolan but there was no evidence to suggest he was a member of any crime gang or dissident group.
"This man had no convictions and there was no evidence of his involvement in crime or republican activity.
"This poor man was murdered in cold blood and his family have been left devastated.
"His only connection to any dissidents was having a few drinks with a man who lived in his area."

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday Edition: Education special and digital libraries
05/12/2013 9:00amA closer look at the value of a college diploma in today's economy. Plus, find out why all of our schools could use more parent volunteers. And in this digital age it may seem like libraries are obsolete.
'I see a lot of panic,' says new chief of corrections about prison relocation
05/12/2013 10:05amRollin Cook, a retired sheriff's deputy, was unanimously recommended Friday for state Senate confirmation next week as Utah's new executive director of the Department of Corrections.
Utah among top states for immigration cases
05/12/2013 11:30amUtah is one of the country's top 10 federal districts for the prosecution of immigration-related offenses, according to a new report.
State School Board calls for support of Common Core
05/12/2013 1:08pmThe State School Board has unanimously passed two resolutions that state official positions on the Utah Core Standards and the security of personal student information.
Missing man with Alzheimer's found by off-duty officer
05/12/2013 2:03pmA missing man with Alzheimer's was found Sunday afternoon when an off-duty Unified Police officer recognized him from an endangered missing advisory.
90-degree weather means danger near rivers, streams
05/12/2013 5:03pmThe hot weather being enjoyed along the Wasatch Front also poses risks due to fast-moving streams carrying runoff from melting snow. Authorities are reminding people to be watchful of children and pets near Utah waterways and to keep a safe distance.
Cedar City boy headed to national Soap Box Derby
05/12/2013 6:02pmA Utah boy has won himself a spot in the national All-American Soap Box Derby in Akron, Ohio, this summer.
2 ejected, 2 pinned by truck in Tooele County rollover
05/12/2013 8:04pmTwo couples in a pickup truck were injured in an overnight accident Saturday that went undiscovered for more than five hours. Two women and two men were sent to three different hospitals after the crash on Pony Express Road in Tooele County.
Woman adopts 8 foster kids, named SLC foster mom of the year
05/12/2013 10:10pmSunday, the nation took time out to celebrate the mothers in their lives and the immense influence each of them has had on their children. For Jennifer Larkin, that meant being named foster mom of the year. So far, she's adopted eight forester children, ranging from 1-year-old all the way to 12.
Dying mother keeps promise to daughter with treehouse
05/12/2013 10:28pmThis Mother's Day means a lot more to one Cheryl Heaton than most. It could very well be her last, and she has a promise to keep to her daughter — a treehouse. And the community rallied to help.
Children of LDS First Presidency honor their mothers
05/12/2013 11:10pmMany Utahns know the members of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But many may not be quite as familiar with their wives: Frances Monson, Kathleen Eyring, and Harriet Uchtdorf.
7-year-old girl killed in all-terrain vehicle accident
05/12/2013 11:59pmA 7-year-old girl was killed Sunday after an all-terrain vehicle wrecked up Middle Canyon in Tooele County.
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Fairfield, affordable housing . . . now if ever there was an oxymoron . . .
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When you are in unemployment, invariably you will see your savings dwindle by the day. Unless you are able to find another new job or get down to starting a new business of your own, sooner or later your bank account will go into deficit. Say, if you wish to do a small business but have no money, you may want to look for long term installment loans for the unemployed.
Depending on the type of business you want to go into, let's assume that you need a 10K startup business loan and you have bad credit, where is the best place for you to get unemployment loans that can be paid back in long term installment plans?
When it comes to borrowing a large sum of money, most people will attempt to approach their banks for a personal business loan with fixed rate interest. While it is advisable that one should talk to their bankers in regards to borrow money on your signature for business, lest we forget, these low interest business bank loans are often available only to their clients who have very good credit ratings. If you happen to have a low FICO score that reflects a bad credit history, the chance of you being approved for a long term loan for unemployed people is very slim.
The next alternative is to find private companies that give big loans that can be paid back in at least one year or more. Don't be surprised to learn that there are actually many legitimate business lenders that are approved by BBB and that these private lenders with installment loans are often able to extend credit to you without the need for collateral.
You can search the Internet for these long term loans for people with no job that let you pay by installments. In my experience, most of them are well-placed to give you a 12 months long term cash advance with no credit check and you can borrow 5000 dollars with no job.
Since we know that a bad credit score will likely be difficult to find a cheap personal loan for long term, why not consider what these private cash loan lenders can offer for online installment loans with bad credit.
Home » 10K Loan , 12 Months Loan , 5000 Cash , Long Term Installment Loans , Unemployed Business Loans , Unemployed Loans » Long Term Installment Loans For Unemployed
Long Term Installment Loans For Unemployed
Posted by Deddy Eko Posted on 7:26 PM


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All your hard work and its gone?
Dave1004 wrote:
CarboKill wrote:
Dave1004 wrote:
I would just, uh...Rage, I guess. And no, not the video game. Maybe go watch a funny video to unwind, make some hot cocoa, and re-do it all over again.
Kinda like the time I put 110 hours into Final Fantasy 12 (Hey, I just left it on and came back to it randomly), and then the power went out. For a second. While that was my fault, it's cool. I just re-played it. I was failing anyways...
Just think - you leaving that on contributed 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002% to global warming. I hope you're happy destroying the world.
Well then, that's 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002%
energy that went to a better place. RIP, Energy. You've earned it!
Better that that 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002%
energy was used to power FF12 rather than slave labor!
Very productive, sir.
*****Completely inactive, no other accounts*****
wwe wrote:
What would you do or feel if after working on something all day and something happen to it were its just gone?
Lets say you were doing something online for school, job or here on CR and work hard on your online project and you go to save and your computer starts acting up and your hard work did not save and most of it is gone. What or how you feel?
Has it happen to you before? What did you do the 1st time it happen?
This used to fill me with searing, white-hot rage. However, as I've grown older, I grown to realize that sometimes shi- happens, and what's done is done. Occasionally, there are ways of retrieving your work in whole or in part, but many times this isn't the case. I've learned to just accept that the hours I poured into that work are just gone, heave a sigh, and then start over. The upside is that your work usually goes faster the second time since you know exactly what you need to do.
I would totally filled with rage, cussing and such. And sometimes swear that I will do it tommorow or maybe never but in reality, I will do it 3 hours later, after I'm done being mad
♫ Today I don't feel like doing anything ♫
When you train for 6months day in day out for a tournament then bust your hamstring and have to pull out.
I hated everything...
slice and dice
Re type the whole dam thing
get em teddy ◟ʕ╬ᴥ╬ ◟ʔ
That happened to me once.
I was writing this really nice thing about my friend.
Normally I'm stuck on what to say.
I clicked the backspace because I made a spelling mistake.
And I took me back to my last page.
I broke my keyboard.
black butler ♥
scream and re-type it.
i'll go nuts! xDD
Bitch at that idiot.
If you consider work on a computer real work that a laugh by it's self. Not to save your work as you go is very,very dumb.
If can't poke fun at yourself do not poke fun at other good chance you'll loose
I was finalising my project report on a computer and suddenly my house suffered a power knockout and I'd forgotten to save my work. As a result, I was fustrated and lost motivation to redo everything at that time..
I prolly be mad then i would watch some commedy anime to calm me down :p
I know that feeling far too much. In particular, there was a weekend when I sat down on my old laptop and wrote a novella before the start of monday. Unfortunately for me the USB stick died on me halfway through the writing process. Backup copy #1 was now gone. So, as I finished writing, I uploaded it to my e-mail in a hurry. Came home later on monday to turn on my laptop, and the hard drive died. Looked at my e-mail, and in my fatigued state, I uploaded the wrong document. Backup #2 died. Original gone. Got a new laptop later that week. I have a few more USB sticks around the house, and save a copy in the e-mail that I use for my manuscripts.
Looking at the start, hope to see a finish
It's happened to me many, many times in my life. I've literally lost everything in my life - besides my job, and had to start from scratch on the cold floor of an apartment with just a blanket. I've learned to cope and not be selfish or covet things. However, I have also learned that many people do not know how to do this so it is best to avoid confrontation with those who demand, yell, and throw fits over the smallest things in their life. I worked customer service at a department store when I was younger, and thinking back on it makes me realize just how petty people can be.
This is why knowledge is power. Even if everything physical is removed from your life you still have your knowledge to start again.
After several occurrences of this in my life, I've learned that it's always good to have a hard copy of everything you draw/write, even if it's not touched up or edited. Computers are fickle creatures, and may decide to piss you off at any moment. Honestly, I believe that relying on computers is in itself a silly concept, as humans created computers. So for those of you who lost computer data, I recommend writing your reports and such in a notebook before typing them up.
Needing a good anime to watch...


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Clippers beat Timberwolves 111-95 to earn franchise-record 31st home win of season
- Image 1 of 2
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LOS ANGELES – Blake Griffin and Chris Paul led seven players in double figures with 19 points apiece, and the Los Angeles Clippers beat the Minnesota Timberwolves 111-95 on Wednesday night for their franchise-record 31st home win of the season.
Paul added 11 assists, and Willie Green had 15 points in breaking the old mark of 30 wins by the 1974-75 team, when it was known as the Buffalo Braves. The Clippers improved to 31-9 at home, three days after clinching their first Pacific Division title in franchise history.
Nikola Pekovic scored 20 points and Derrick Williams had 13 points and 10 rebounds for the Timberwolves, who got swept 4-0 by the Clippers for the first time since 1992-93.


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Organizer of meeting says three of five Brockton murder victims this year were of Cape Verdean descent
BROCKTON – Vera Rosa is working as hard as she can to give her kids the best life she can.
This working mom chauffeurs her 10-year-old son to the Hancock Elementary School and is actively involved in her 14-year-old daughter's life at Brockton High. She also coaches kids' soccer. They all attend church.
But for Rosa, who is Cape Verdean and has lived in Brockton for 25 years, her biggest worry is that her kids grow up safe. "I want Brockton to be a safe place," Rosa said. "All kids need and deserve to grow up like that."
There have been five murders in Brockton already this year. Three of those victims were of Cape Verdean descent, according to Carlos Lopes, who organized a forum for the Cape Verdean community in Brockton on Saturday to talk about the violence.
Brockton has one of the world's largest populations of Cape Verdeans outside the nation, which consists of a small group of islands off the west coast of Africa.
About 40 people attended. Residents, a religious leader and one politician showed up at the Cape Verdean Adult Day Health Center.
"We need to figure out what is going on with all the violence," said Lopes, who served on the board of directors for the Cape Verdean Association in Brockton.
On Jan. 11, 49-year-old Jacinto Correia was stabbed several times inside a Prospect Street apartment where he later died. On April 11, Jacinto Viera, 19, was stabbed multiple times before dying on a doorstep on Green Street. It was the same day that Elson Miranda, 22, was shot to death inside The Lit Bar on Ames Street.
"We understand this problem with violence has been going on for some time and it looks like it's getting worse," Lopes said.
Hamilton Rodrigues drove from Canton on Saturday afternoon to attend the forum. The realtor lived for several years in Brockton and still has family who lives in the city. "I'm concerned about the Cape Verdean community and I want to see what's going to be done," Rodrigues said.
Carlos Gomes is Cape Verdean and has lived and worked in Brockton for the past decade.
"We are all immigrants and we all want to do good," Gomes said. "We don't want to see all this violence." Getting government leaders involved is a way to jumpstart the problem solving, he said. "I am praying for a solution."
Councilor-at-large Jass Stewart attended the forum on Saturday. He traveled to Cape Verde in September of 2011 and wrote a position paper about it.
Part of that trip involved meeting with five mayors from Cape Verde to discuss the youth violence in Brockton. He said the majority of the shootings and fatalities in Brockton are among Cape Verdean youth.
"I'd like to see a small task force with conversations talking place on both sides of the Atlantic to address this problem," said Stewart.
Dialogue is part of the process but can't be the only way, said Filipe Teixeira at the meeting Saturday. Teixeria is the bishop at Saint Marin De Porres Church in Brockton. "We don't just want talk, talk, talk, we want dialogue with action," he said.
Djanine Daveiga is a concerned Cape Verdean who lives in Brockton. She spoke at the forum and translated as well. "It's not even summer yet and there have already been five murders and three of them are Cape Verdean," Daveiga said.
Moises Rodriguez is the first Cape Verdean elected to the Brockton City Council. He's also the executive director of the Cape Verdean Association of Brockton.
"I don't see it as a Cape Verdean issue," he said on Saturday. "We are not the only ones committing acts of violence."
The Cape Verdean Association of Brockton is holding a second anti-violence meeting on May 29 at the Brockton library. They also held a forum back in April.
That discussion netted some solid ideas, Rodriguez said. One he would like to explore involves creating a community council that would be made up of people of various ethnic groups, he said. It would also include law enforcement.
"It's something that we are not doing now and maybe it will work," he said.
Jennifer Bray may be reached at email@example.com or follow her on Twitter @JenniferB_ENT.


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The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute (OPEI) has announced a legal challenge to the EPA's "Regulation to Mitigate Misfueling" rule. This rule was meant to address concerns about 15 percent ethanol blends and non-road products and older model-year vehicles.
OPEI says that EPA's "weak labeling effort is inadequate to avoid potential misfueling." OPEI argues that legacy products not designed to run on ethanol blends higher than E10 could be damaged.
OPEI says that the EPA's prior experience with fuel transitions and misfueling demonstrates that labeling alone is insufficient to prevent misfueling. "As the EPA led the transition to unleaded fuels, the Agency reported a misfueling rate of nearly 15 percent almost ten years after the introduction of unleaded gasoline — even with a physical barrier at the pump," the OPEI stated.
"EPA's label more than adequately informs consumers as to the proper use of E15. Similar labeling, such as for the use of E85 ethanol fuel, have been around for years without incident," counters the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA). "Since the adoption of the E85 label, we are not aware of any gas station being found liable for misfueling. EPA's E15 label is far more descriptive as to the approved uses for E15 and eliminates the guess work for consumers. We believe the American motoring public will be quite capable of determining if E15 is right for their vehicles."
The RFA said that the new litigation would prevent EPA from finalizing a consumer label for the proper use of E15 in cars, pickups and SUVs model-year 2001 and newer.


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Aldridge, Borden & Company, P.C.
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2015 Rugby World Cup
World Cup organisers defend venue selection
Graham Jenkins
October 8, 2012
Leicester Tigers' Welford Road will not host any games during the 2015 Rugby World Cup © Getty Images
World Cup chiefs have defended their decision to include just one traditional club rugby ground on their list of potential venues for the 2015 tournament in England.
Gloucester's Kingsholm Stadium is the only Premiership ground named among 17 possible venues for the 48-match tournament with the biggest club rugby ground in the country - Leicester's Welford Road - failing to make the grade.
England Rugby 2015 (ER2015), the organisers of the sport's next global gathering, made no apologies about their decision to ignore one of the most historic grounds in the country and insisted that the need to offset the £80m hosting fee and their desire to make the tournament as accessible as possible were the over-riding criteria.
"We couldn't meet all the financial commitments if we were just using Premiership rugby grounds, it would be impossible, we would have to charge tens of thousands of pounds per ticket " insisted ER2015 chief operating officer Ross Young who aims to sell in the region of 2.9m tickets in a bid to generate what they hope will be a £100m profit. "Doing it the way we are doing it we will hopefully meet all our financial commitments and give both existing rugby supporters and new rugby supporters the best experience we can by using high quality large venues all over the country."
While Young hinted at concern about the development of Welford Road and in particular the Crumbie Stand that dates from the 1920s, the 24,000 capacity was not the main problem that surfaced from an extensive venue audit - it was the size of the pitch. "What's happened with previous World Cups and what we have been asked to do again is to be as consistent as possible with sizes and hopefully end up with no more than two pitch sizes and that was the criteria we were working towards," explained Young.
"Now 100m x 70m at the likes of Twickenham and Millennium will work and the other configuration we are working towards at the other grounds is 95m x 68m. If you try and overlay that on Welford Road there is no room basically."
The list, that also includes Wembley Stadium, is dominated by football grounds with five Premier League clubs represented in the form of Villa Park, Old Trafford, the Sports Direct Arena, St Mary's Stadium and the Stadium of Light despite doubts over the availability of those venues due to a clash with the start of the football season while the Olympic Stadium also makes the grade with the long-term future of that venue also unclear.
Outside of the Premier League, ER2015 have also included the Amex Stadium in Brighton, Bristol City's Ashton Gate, Pride Park in Derby, Coventry's Ricoh Arena, Elland Road in Leeds, Leicester's King Power Stadium and Stadium MK in Milton Keynes with all agreeing to strip sponsor names should they make the eventual list of 10-12 venues for the tournament itself that will be announced in the Spring.
Young insisted that their preference was not an "indictment" on the club game with only two such venues in the selection mix to begin with. And he is still keen to draw on the experience and expertise at English rugby's leading clubs to bolster ER2015's quest to 'engage' the nation with many in line to serve as training bases for competing nations.
"Because there is only one club venue we certainly want to work and engage with them to allow both of us to get mutual benefit," added Young. "There is a great fan base and we want to use that data and give them the ability to build on that data on the back of the World Cup being hosted here and allow them to drive and improve the size of their existing venues.
"There are a number of other ways we can work with the clubs and I don't think it is an indictment on the club game in this country. It makes sense because it meets the philosophy in terms of the engagement and geographical spread."
Young also revealed that negotiations with the Premier League were ongoing and was hopeful for a positive resolution. "We've had detailed discussions with them since the start of the year and continue to do so," he said.
"They need comfort that we are not going to interfere with the football schedule. They will not have their finalised schedule until June 2015 but what they can do is give us the guarantee that they will not place games there [at chosen grounds] once we have made the final selection."
The long list of venues selected by ER 2015 and approved by the RWCL Board is as follows:
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
Graham Jenkins is the Senior Editor of ESPNscrum and you can also follow him on Twitter.
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A jury recommended the death penalty for John Lee today, after convicting him last week for the murders of his girlfriend and a neighbor.
Traci Nabergall and Jason Salter were found stabbed to death in Salter's home in January 2011, just days after Lee was released from jail for allegedly battering both at the same house.
The 12 person jury voted nine to three in favor of the death penalty twice, once for each victim, after less than an hour of considering the case. The recommendation, which does not need to be unanimous, will go before the judge during a special hearing about a month from now.
The judge can take the jurors' recommendation or choose to give Lee, 49, a sentence of life in prison.
"It is rare for the judge to not follow the jury's recommendation, although it does happen," said Karen Fraivillig, an assistant state attorney prosecuting the case.
The jury's vote comes after a week-long trial and two additional days of hearings on the death penalty this week.
Doctors evaluated Lee and testified for the jury about his state of mind and ability to determine right from wrong. Several of Lee's family members spoke to the jury on Lee's behalf, while members of Nabergall and Salter's families gave statements about the victims' lives.
"The jury paid a lot of attention to the details," Fraivillig said. "They did the right thing."
Lee's defense attorneys had argued Lee killed Salter in self-defense, after Salter killed Nabergall. If the judge follows the jury's recommendation, the case will automatically receive review from by the Florida Supreme Court.
Jury recommends death penalty for Lee
A jury recommended the death penalty for John Lee today, after convicting him last week for the murders of his girlfriend and a neighbor.


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Find out the secret of Kitchen Wall Cabinet Height and apply it on your own home to build dream house, for more information about it, you can find it on Expert Tips to Install Kitchen Wall Cabinets and get more home decoration application from it to build your dream house for you and your family. Full size of this image: 967 × 650 px
To build a good modern house, you need a good plan. You should find many references about the latest modern home design. You can find it in a variety of media such as magazines, the internet, or ask directly to the professional architecture.
Here we present some of the Modern Home Decor ideas that you can use as reference to build your modern home. In addition to modern home decorating ideas, you can also find the idea of a modern home design, building tips, sample photos, tips on choosing the furniture, and all sorts of things that you need to build a modern home. Do not forget to always visit our blog to get the latest information about home design.


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Buried beneath the noise surrounding Bud Norris' trade to the Orioles was 29-year-old outfielder Justin Maxwell's being sent to Kansas City on Wednesday for righthanded pitching prospect Kyle Smith, 20.
Maxwell hit just .241 with two home runs and eight RBIs for the Astros this season.
He was limited to 40 games due to hand and head injuries and has been plagued by injuries during an abbreviated five-year career.
Maxwell was a strong presence inside the clubhouse, though, and a close friend of rookie center fielder Brandon Barnes.
Maxwell knows the Astros' record is difficult to accept, but he believes he left an improving club with a positive vision of how an MLB veteran should act on and off the field.
"I definitely enjoyed my time in Houston," he said. "I had a lot of fun this year and last year and met a lot of great guys here."
Wanted: Starter for fifth spot
The Astros lack a fifth starter with Bud Norris in an Orioles uniform.
Jordan Lyles, Dallas Keuchel, Jarred Cosart and Erik Bedard — who was scheduled to start Wednesday but was scratched — will hold the initial four spots.
Former No. 2 starter Lucas Harrell, Brett Oberholtzer, several relievers-turned-starters in the bullpen and a promotion from Class AAA Oklahoma City are possibilities for the open role.
Astros manager Bo Porter said the club first needed to "get through" Wednesday. Then the team would set its revamped rotation, outfield and 25-man roster.
Springer to keep OKC address
The Astros have no plans to soon call up Class AAA outfielder George Springer, who entered Wednesday hitting .349 with 10 homers and 28 RBIs in 31 games for Oklahoma City.
Springer, 23, has 29 homers and 35 stolen bases in 104 total minor league games this season at the AA and AAA levels.
"My answer is not going to change," general manager Jeff Luhnow said. "He's been at Triple-A for a little over a month. We feel he needs a little more time there."
Odds and ends
Righthander Bud Norris will start Thursday night for the Orioles against the Astros in the series finale. … Outfielder Brandon Barnes left Wednesday's game with lower back tightness. … Reliever Travis Blackley was hit in the face by a ball during batting practice, suffering a left eye contusion.
The Chronicle's Jose de Jesus Ortiz contributed to this report.


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Enjoy art and explore life's big questions
Manchester Art Gallery
Thursday 25 August 2016, 6pm–8pm
The Philosophy cafe is the perfect opportunity to experience art and discuss a philosophical question, creating a space for people to talk and think together. Each session starts in the gallery cafe, discussing the topic in small groups. After this we explore an artwork on display, followed by a group discussion in a gallery space, amongst our world class exhibitions and collections.
No need to book. Just turn up and meet Peter and Jenny in Learning Studio 1. (One off arrangement due to Vogue100 opening event)
For more information please contact: Ruth Edson:
Tel: 0161 2358877
Email: email@example.com


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8:00 pm
Grand View "Point Reyes National Seashore" In this episode Baumann discovers the beach where it is theorized that English explorer Sir Francis Drake once landed. This beautiful episode proves to be one of the most diverse landscapes in America, featuring over 330 species of animals, and some of the most shocking manifestations of plate tectonics on the West Coast. As he journeys this National Seashore, he meets up with Kate McClain, kayaking tour guide; John Del'osso, National Park Ranger, and peniped biologist, Dr. Sarrah Allen. D
8:30 pm
Lidia's Italy In America "New Orleans: A Cup and a Slice of Capuccino" NULL
9:00 pm
Cook's Country from America's Test Kitchen "Icebox Desserts" Bridget uncovers the secrets to perfect Lemon Icebox Cheesecake. Then, Jack challenges Chris to a tasting of chocolate ice cream. And finally, Erin updates a lost recipe and shows Chris how to make French Silk Chocolate Pie. D
9:30 pm
Great American Seafood Cook--Off II Fires blazed and seafood sizzled as New Orleans hosted the sixth annual Great American Seafood Cook-Off in July 2009. During the Iron Chef-style competition, chefs representing 15 states, including coastal Mississippi, Maine and California, as well as Illinois, West Virginia, Kentucky and Idaho, created dishes using seafood from their home state or from local sustainable fisheries. THE GREAT AMERICAN SEAFOOD COOK-OFF contains highlights from this one-day event. D
10:00 pm
Caprial and John's Kitchen: Cooking for Family and Friends "Choosing The Right Seafood" The Pences visit a seafood market and offer tips on bringing home the best catch. They serve salmon with cottage potatoes and horseradish-crusted halibut.G
10:30 pm
Rick Steves' Europe "South England; Dover to Lands' End" Rick ponders Roman, Norman and Nazi invasions at Land's End. Then, he explores Admiral Nelson's flagship.G
11:00 pm
Destinos: An Introduction to Spanish "La Misma Sonrisa" This episode features a look at the folk ballet of Mexico. Roberto rapidly recovers in the hospital and meets with Raquel and Arturo.G
11:30 pm
Destinos: An Introduction to Spanish "Entre La Espada Y La Pared" This episode introduces some phrases one might use as a tourist. Fernando is transferred to a hospital in Guadalajara where he will see a specialist.G


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Eckehard Stier: Conductor.
Messiaen - l'Ascension;
Mahler - Symphony No.5.
Messiaen's l'Ascension is a testimony to the depth of the composer's Catholic faith - it was described as "spiritually ecstatic" by one reviewer. Whatever its ecclesiastical references, this is a dramatic orchestral work.
Considerably grander is Mahler's Fifth Symphony, the opening trumpet fanfare of which presages a passionate and exhilarating journey through emotional territory that range from "total darkness to total light at either end of the symphony". Listen out for the music from the soundtrack to the film Death In Venice.


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John Shepherd needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 299 designs submitted by 82 freelance designers.
SCI-U is an initiative to develop e-learning modules for people with spinal cord injury, covering a range of topics that are important for healthy living.
For an online prototype, see:
(NB The SCI-U logo will replace the ONF logo in the top left part of the screen)
• People who have experienced a spinal cord injury
• Their family members and friends
• Caregivers and health professionals
SCI-U will be inclusive of people with diverse cultural and educational backgrounds.
The logo should be simple & uncluttered, and should prominently feature the letters "SCI-U."
The dimensions (width:height) should be between 2:1 and 2.5:1
It should convey two sets of visual associations:
1) With symbols of educational institutions (such as universities and colleges)--see Theme 1 in the attached word document (SCI-U Logo Themes.doc).
2) With icons of the spinal cord injury community, such as the wheelchair or the spinal column--see Themes 2 & 3 in the attached word document.
The overall look should be simple, fresh, reassuring and life-affirming.
Ideally, the colors would be green or blue, with a white background.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Oct. 15, 2008
NORTON, Mass. - The Wheaton College women's tennis team was fended off by perennial New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) power MIT, 6-3 in each team's league finale on Tuesday. The Lyons fell to 10-2 overall and 5-2 in the league while the Engineers improved to 7-2 on the year and 6-1 in the NEWMAC.
MIT took a 2-1 edge into singles, but only after surviving fights at the top and third slots. Leslie Hansen and Anastasia Vishnevetsky outlasted Sarah Geocaris and Catherine Teague, 9-7, in the No. 1 position. For the Engineers' second point, Melissa Diskin and Alex Hall held on for an 8-6 triumph against Ellen Van Faasen and Rosalyn Chesky. Katherine Knies and Allesandra DiOrio prevented the sweep courtesy of 8-6 decision over Anisa McCree and Karina Pikhart.
During singles play, DiOrio and Knies each rallied to victories for Wheaton, as DiOrio knocked off Diskin, 6-7, 6-2, 10-6 in the third slot, while Knies defeated Hall, 2-6, 6-3, 6-2 at No. 5. However, the Lyons lost their remaining four singles matches.
In the top slot, Hansen registered a 5-7, 6-1, 6-3 victory over Geocaris. Vishnevetsky fended off Teague, 7-6, 6-4, in the No. 2 position while McCree and Pikhart posted identical 6-3, 6-2 decisions in the No. 4 and No. 6 spots, respectively.
MIT vs. Wheaton College
Final Team Score: MIT 6, Wheaton 3
1. Leslie Hansen/Anastasia Vishnevetsky (M) def. Catherine Teague/Sarah Geocaris (W), 9-7
2. Allesandra DiOrio/Katherine Knies (W) def. Anisa McCree/Karina Pikhart (M), 8-6
3. Melissa Diskin/Alex Hall (M) def. Rosalyn Chesky/Ellen Van Faasen (W), 8-6
1. Leslie Hansen (M) def. Sarah Geocaris (W), 5-7, 6-1, 6-3
2. Anastasia Vishnevetsky (M) def. Catherine Teague (W), 7-6, 6-4
3. Allesandra DiOrio (W) def. Melissa Diskin (M), 6-7, 6-2, 10-6
4. Anisa McCree (M) def. Ellen Van Faasen (W), 6-3, 6-2
5. Katherine Knies (W) def. Alex Hall (M), 2-6, 6-3, 6-2
6. Karina Pikhart (M) def. Mallory Farmer (W), 6-3, 6-2


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Financial Risk Measurement and Joint Extreme Events: The Normal, Student-t, and Mixture of Normals
Financial Risk Measurement and Joint Extreme Events: The Normal, Student-t, and Mixture of Normals
We all know that there are more extreme events in the return or P&L distribution than the normal would predict (tails are fat). What receives less attention is that jointly normal random variables become independent far out in the tails, so that joint normality imposes independence on extreme events (except the boundary cases of 1). This independence in the tails potentially has important implications because it is precisely the occurrence of joint losses in multiple assets that are most important for generating large overall losses. And it is generally accepted that, empirically, financial assets do exhibit joint extreme behavior.
This paper has two objectives. First, to discuss and compare the behavior of four bivariate distributions: the normal, Student-t, two-point mixture of normals, and meta normal / Student-t (normal copula with Student-t marginals). The conclusion is that the Student-t and the two-point mixture of normals both exhibit or approximate tail dependence in a way that the joint normal and meta normal / Student-t do not. Second, to examine, in a limited manner, the empirical behavior of some representative financial assets and compare these with the four distributions discussed.
Thomas Coleman is the author of Quantitative Risk Management, published by Wiley and A Practical Guide to Risk Management published by the Research Foundation of the CFA Institute (the most widely distributed Research Foundation monograph, available for free download.
Mr. Coleman is Senior Advisor at the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics at the University of Chicago, a center for the support of inquiry on central questions of economic and social significance. He is also Adjunct Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Prior to returning to academia in 2012, Mr. Coleman worked in the finance industry for over twenty years, with considerable experience in trading, risk management, and quantitative modeling. Positions in the finance arena included head of Quantitative Analysis and Risk Control at Moore Capital Management, Llc (a large multi-asset hedge fund manager) responsible for firm-wide risk management and supporting quantitative infrastructure; a director and founding member of Aequilibrium Investments Ltd., a London-based hedge fund manager, with responsibility for risk management, portfolio management, and research; and a variety of positions on the sell side, with roles in fixed income derivatives research and trading at TMG Financial Products, Lehman Brothers, and S.G. Warburg in London.
Before entering the financial industry Mr. Coleman was an academic, teaching graduate and undergraduate economics and finance at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Mr. Coleman earned his PhD in economics from the University of Chicago, and his BA in physics from Harvard. He is the author, together with Roger Ibbotson and Larry Fisher, of Historical U.S. Treasury Yield Curves, and continues to publish in various journals.


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1. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellthe_wine_snob Mar 18, 2012 9:31 AM (in response to John T Smith)
John T,
Only from reading, and not from actual experience, it appears that the Canon D5 - D7 cameras do quite well, while the various Nikons (and I am a Nikon-guy) do not do so well.
Maybe others will have direct experience to help you decide.
Good luck and happy shooting (and editing),
2. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Mar 18, 2012 10:01 AM (in response to the_wine_snob)
I am searching... had a link from a previous discussion of edit problems (fixable via adding an MJPEG codec) for Nikon
I went to Nikon's page... within reach of my SMALL budget is the Nikon D3100 at $650 MSRP - it uses MOV so I would have to install Quicktime
I'm going to go look at Canon next, to see what they have in my price range
Added... no details yet (at Canon in other browser tab) but they have 2 in my price range
Canon DSLR EOS Rebel T3 EF-S $500 EOS Rebel T2i EF-S $650
Now need to find out their video codec(s) and filming modes
Added2... both use MOV (image data: H.264; audio: Linear PCM (monaural))
Now, off to read reviews
3. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellshooternz Mar 18, 2012 12:43 PM (in response to John T Smith)
Take a look at the Panasonic GH2.
No idea what they cost where you are.
4. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Mar 18, 2012 2:19 PM (in response to shooternz)
Outside my price range... with lens, $800 or so
Since my use will be "mostly" pictures and "some" video (I have a Canon Vixia for dedicated video) I'm not willing to spend a lot of $$ on a new camera
The Canon T3 at $500 is really at the very top of my budget... especially considering this is not a planed ($$ saved up) idea
The T3 site says it uses AVC/H.264 in a MOV wrapper, which means I would have to install Quicktime
Still thinking and reading... but $500, or very close to that, is my maximum (with, of course, a 32gig SDHC card)
5. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellthe_wine_snob Mar 18, 2012 4:41 PM (in response to John T Smith)
John T,
If you have not done so, you might want to look at the used equipment section of B&H Photo, and also Calumet Photo. Both are great companies, and both have top-quality used gear. Might save enough to move up a notch?
Good luck, and share what you end up with, please,
6. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Apr 12, 2012 1:10 PM (in response to the_wine_snob)
Just received this month's Costco flyer, and they have the Nikon L120 for $190 (280-90)
I did a forum search, and found zero mentions of video editing with that camera
Nikon site says MPEG-4 AVC H.264 for 1280x720p 30fps... which is pretty much the same as my Canon Vixia HFS100... albeit without as many video settings... but since I already edit AVCHD, my current PPro CS5.03 should work well
I may take my SD card to a local Costco to take some test video to bring home and play with, to be 100% sure the video will edit with my current system
I'm still not planning on upgrading to CS6
7. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Apr 13, 2012 5:11 PM (in response to John T Smith)
In case anyone else is looking for a "budget" camera for still pictures and video, the Nikon L120 is a non-starter (at least as far as I am concerned)
The lens is auto focus only, and it DOES NOT lock focus when in video mode and using the telephoto zoom
Even at the (coupon price) $190 at Costco, it is not worth it... to me
Now into good weather and LOTS of outdoor spending, so this whole idea is relegated to the back burner
8. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellable123 Apr 14, 2012 12:21 PM (in response to John T Smith)
say, John, while you're at it.. doing your " outdoor spending " ....keep in mind a small patch of ground big enough for a refridgerator box with a nice patch of garden around it, a gravel path to the 'entrance' and some solar powered " night lights " on the path...
so I have some place to live someday.
9. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Apr 16, 2012 12:32 PM (in response to able123)
Well, aside from no drinkable running water... no heat in the winter... and no bathroom (the stream is NOT used as a bathroom!) we do have a cottage... but not for guests, only for wife's outdoor parties in the summer
10. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellable123 Apr 16, 2012 2:38 PM (in response to John T Smith)
what does " direct to you sales " dot com mean? you selling tomatoes etc ?
wow, what a beautiful place. nice pics. thanks ! gives me some hope that if I become homeless I can look you up and beetle into that summer cottage in an emergency...despite no water etc.... just become part of the verdant foliage as it were...( wear camoflage pants etc ).
hehe.. nice place you got. as the birds cherp, butterflies flutter, cows moo, sheep bleat, and pet dogs wag tails, I will always remember your beautiful hacienda !
wanna buy some property in MN and hire me to be the gardener ?
11. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Apr 16, 2012 4:49 PM (in response to able123)
>selling tomatoes
Nope... I don't post the link here 'cause it has nothing to do with video... wife has an online business selling pond supplies... EPDM rubber liner, pumps, filters, UV lights... etc
She is also a designer... she used a specialty CAD program to design the house, and then was the general contractor supervising construction... she makes me tired with just the small part that I do
I'll tell her you like the pictures... she also designed the landscaping (and did a lot of the work... with me and some hired help for the heavy parts)
12. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellJohn T Smith Apr 18, 2012 8:43 AM (in response to John T Smith)
Well, back to my original subject of a camera to replace my Kodak still camera with a "budget" still+video camera
My "window of opportunity" (aka $$) was used up by wife's latest yard project, but I did find a camera that will work... for me
The Canon SX40 is a point-n-shoot still camera with video... AND the autofocus works while in video mode (per several tests I viewed on youtube)
Cost is under $400 (which is about what I paid for the Kodak 6 years ago) so maybe later this year, if I find it on "holiday special" I'll get one
13. Re: CS5 and DSLR that will edit wellMatt Dubuque Apr 28, 2012 8:12 PM (in response to John T Smith)
Hi John, I've had a Canon 5D Mark II for a few years now.... highly recommend that with your budget you pick up one of those two Canon Rebels.


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Monday, December 13, 2010
A determined father keeps his family together
3 comments:
Another moving biography. Thanks for sharing.ReplyDelete
Thanks for sharing this story. Your grandfather sounds like he was a special person. It is wonderful that he was able to keep the family together.ReplyDelete
Well done Patrick on refusing to split up the family. I makes you wonder how many children were taken away from their families at times of stress and when pressure was applied. Thanks ofr another touching tale, Jen.ReplyDelete
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Cheers, Jennifer


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Languages Available: Arabic, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish
Assertiveness is the quality of being self-assured and confident to act on your own both personally and professionally. This course will give you the tools to discover and improve your assertiveness by demonstrating how to assess your own strengths and weaknesses, tools you can implement to be more assertive, and methods you can use for expressing yourself in a confident manner.
By the end of the course, you will be able to capitalise on the benefits of self-esteem and self-confidence.
This e-learning course contains the following:


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Study: Cost to develop cancer drugs far less than previous estimates, revenues in billions
A new study tracking the cost to develop ten cancer drugs found the median cost was below previous estimates while profits were in the tens of billions.
Researchers from Oregon health and Science University and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York analyzed the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings for 10 cancer drugs developed by companies which had no other drugs in the market.
All the companies had received approval from the Food and Drug Administration and their SEC filings, estimated costs of development, and spending were tracked by the researchers.
Based on the data available, researchers say the median cost of a single drug to go through research & development from inception to date of approval by the FDA was $757.4 million, taking into account 'opportunity costs' (the amount of money that would have been earned had the same sum been invested in the hands of money managers rather than used for drug development).
This median cost of a drug according to researchers was well below a previous estimate by Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development which estimated it cost $2.7 billion to bring a single drug to market.
Researchers say of the ten drugs they tracked, they totaled $67 billion in revenue. However, the profits were largely carried by four cancer drugs (ponatinib, ibrutinib, enzalutamide, and eculizumab) developed by companies. Those four drugs showed revenue from sales ten times the cost of R&D spending.
Ponatib showed $5 billion in revenue according to research estimates while Eculizumab reflected $12 billion in revenue.
Nine of the ten drugs showed a profit on the market, while one company was still waiting to recover R&D costs. Researchers says the total cost to develop the drugs is estimated at $9 billion while revenue totaled $67 billion.
Researchers did add their analysis is limited since other companies could over or under-emphasize R&D costs in SEC filings through unintentional errors. Also, since firms could obtain tax breaks, costs up to 15% could be subsidized.
Although researchers feel confident their R&D spending estimates are accurate, they admit the lack of total transparency did not allow for exact measurements. Their hope is their findings push stakeholders to "produce a precise, transparent estimate to inform policy."
Researchers believe by tracking companies bringing their first cancer drug to market it reflects an accurate estimate of costs/revenues.
View the compete study: HERE