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Spinal disc herniation
|Spinal disc herniation
A spinal disc herniation demonstrated via MRI.
|Classification and external resources
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|Spinal disc herniation
|Patient UK
|Spinal disc herniation
Spinal disc herniation (in Latin prolapsus disci intervertebralis, commonly called a slipped disc)[1] is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus) of an intervertebral disc (discus intervertebralis) allows the soft, central portion (nucleus pulposus) to bulge out beyond the damaged outer rings. Disc herniation is usually due to age-related degeneration of the anulus fibrosus, although trauma, lifting injuries, or straining have been implicated. Tears are almost always postero-lateral in nature owing to the presence of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the spinal canal.[2] This tear in the disc ring may result in the release of inflammatory chemical mediators, which may directly cause severe pain, even in the absence of nerve root compression.
Disc herniations are normally a further development of a previously existing disc "protrusion", a condition in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus are still intact, but can bulge when the disc is under pressure. In contrast to a herniation, none of the nucleus pulposus escapes beyond the outer layers. Most minor herniations heal within several weeks. Anti-inflammatory treatments for pain associated with disc herniation, protrusion, bulge, or disc tear are generally effective. Severe herniations may not heal of their own accord and may require surgical intervention. The condition is widely referred to as a slipped disc, but this term is not medically accurate as the spinal discs are firmly attached between the vertebrae and cannot "slip".
- 1 Terminology
- 2 Signs and symptoms
- 3 Cause
- 4 Pathophysiology
- 5 Diagnosis
- 6 Prevention
- 7 Treatment
- 8 Epidemiology
- 9 Research
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Some of the terms commonly used to describe the condition include herniated disc, prolapsed disc, ruptured disc and slipped disc. Other phenomena that are closely related include disc protrusion, pinched nerves, sciatica, disc disease, disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, and black disc. The popular term slipped disc is a misnomer, as the intervertebral discs are tightly sandwiched between two vertebrae to which they are attached, and cannot actually "slip", or even get out of place. The disc is actually grown together with the adjacent vertebrae and can be squeezed, stretched and twisted, all in small degrees. It can also be torn, ripped, herniated, and degenerated, but it cannot "slip".[3] Some authors consider that the term "slipped disc" is harmful, as it leads to an incorrect idea of what has occurred and thus of the likely outcome.[4][5][6] However, during growth, one vertebral body can slip relative to an adjacent vertebral body. This congenital deformity is called spondylolisthesis.[6]
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of a herniated disc can vary depending on the location of the herniation and the types of soft tissue that become involved. They can range from little or no pain if the disc is the only tissue injured, to severe and unrelenting neck or lower back pain that will radiate into the regions served by affected nerve roots that are irritated or impinged by the herniated material. Often, herniated discs are not diagnosed immediately, as the patients come with undefined pains in the thighs, knees, or feet. Other symptoms may include sensory changes such as numbness, tingling, muscular weakness, paralysis, paresthesia, and affection of reflexes. If the herniated disc is in the lumbar region the patient may also experience sciatica due to irritation of one of the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve. Unlike a pulsating pain or pain that comes and goes, which can be caused by muscle spasm, pain from a herniated disc is usually continuous or at least is continuous in a specific position of the body. It is possible to have a herniated disc without any pain or noticeable symptoms, depending on its location. If the extruded nucleus pulposus material doesn't press on soft tissues or nerves, it may not cause any symptoms. A small-sample study examining the cervical spine in symptom-free volunteers has found focal disc protrusions in 50% of participants, which suggests that a considerable part of the population can have focal herniated discs in their cervical region that do not cause noticeable symptoms.[7][8]
A prolapsed disc in the lumbar spine can cause radiating nerve pain. This type of pain is usually felt in the lower extremities or groin area. Radiating nerve pain caused by a prolapsed disc can also cause bowel and bladder incontinence.[9]
Typically, symptoms are experienced only on one side of the body. If the prolapse is very large and presses on the nerves within the spinal column or the cauda equina, both sides of the body may be affected, often with serious consequences. Compression of the cauda equina can cause permanent nerve damage or paralysis. The nerve damage can result in loss of bowel and bladder control as well as sexual dysfunction. This disorder is called cauda equina syndrome.
Other complications include chronic pain.
Most authors favor degeneration of the intervertebral disc as the major cause of spinal disc herniation and cite trauma as a low cause.[10] Disc degeneration occurs both with degenerative disc disease and aging.[11] With degeneration the contents of the disc, the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus, are exposed to altered loads. Specifically, the nucleus becomes fibrous and stiff and less able to bear load. The load is transferred to the anulus which, if it fails to bear the increased load, can lead to the development of fissures. If the fissures reach the periphery of the anulus, the nuclear material can pass through as a disc herniation.[11]
Disc herniations can result from general wear and tear, such as when performing jobs that require constant sitting and squatting or driving (sedentary lifestyle).[12] However, herniations often result from jobs that require lifting.[citation needed] Professional athletes, especially those playing contact sports, are prone to disc herniations.[13][14] Minor back pain and chronic back tiredness are indicators of general wear and tear that make one susceptible to herniation on the occurrence of a traumatic event, such as bending to pick up a pencil or falling.[citation needed] When the spine is straight, such as in standing or lying down, internal pressure is equalized on all parts of the discs. While sitting or bending to lift, internal pressure on a disc can move from 17 psi (lying down) to over 300 psi (lifting with a rounded back).[citation needed]. Herniation of the contents of the disc into the spinal canal often occurs when the anterior side (stomach side) of the disc is compressed while sitting or bending forward, and the contents (nucleus pulposus) get pressed against the tightly stretched and thinned membrane (anulus fibrosus) on the posterior side (back side) of the disc. The combination of membrane thinning from stretching and increased internal pressure (200 to 300 psi) results in the rupture of the confining membrane. The jelly-like contents of the disc then move into the spinal canal, pressing against the spinal nerves, which may produce intense and potentially disabling pain and other symptoms.[citation needed] There is also a strong genetic component. Mutation in genes coding for proteins involved in the regulation of the extracellular matrix, such as MMP2 and THBS2, has been demonstrated to contribute to lumbar disc herniation.[15]
There is now recognition of the importance of "chemical radiculitis" in the generation of back pain.[16] A primary focus of surgery is to remove "pressure" or reduce mechanical compression on a neural element: either the spinal cord, or a nerve root. But it is increasingly recognized that back pain, rather than being solely due to compression, may also be due to chemical inflammation.[16][17][18][19] There is evidence that points to a specific inflammatory mediator of this pain.[20][21] This inflammatory molecule, called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), is released not only by the herniated disc, but also in cases of disc tear (annular tear), by facet joints, and in spinal stenosis.[16][22][23][24] In addition to causing pain and inflammation, TNF may also contribute to disc degeneration.[25]
The majority of spinal disc herniation cases occur in lumbar region (95% in L4-L5 or L5-S1).[26] The second most common site is the cervical region (C5-C6, C6-C7). The thoracic region accounts for only 0.15% to 4.0% of cases. Herniations usually occur posterolaterally, where the anulus fibrosus is relatively thin and is not reinforced by the posterior or anterior longitudinal ligament.[26] In the cervical spinal cord, a symptomatic posterolateral herniation between two vertebrae will impinge on the nerve which exits the spinal canal between those two vertebrae on that side.[26] So for example, a right posterolateral herniation of the disc between vertebrae C5 and C6 will impinge on the right C6 spinal nerve. The rest of the spinal cord, however, is oriented differently, so a symptomatic posterolateral herniation between two vertebrae will actually impinge on the nerve exiting at the next intervertebral foramen down.[26] So for example, a herniation of the disc between the L5 and S1 vertebrae will impinge on the S1 spinal nerve, which exits between the S1 and S2 vertebrae.
Cervical disc herniation
Cervical disc herniations occur in the neck, most often between the fifth & sixth (C5/6) and the sixth and seventh (C6/7) cervical vertebral bodies. Symptoms can affect the back of the skull, the neck, shoulder girdle, scapula,[27] shoulder, arm, and hand. The nerves of the cervical plexus and brachial plexus can be affected.[28]
Lumbar disc herniation
Lumbar disc herniations occur in the lower back, most often between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies or between the fifth and the sacrum. Symptoms can affect the lower back, buttocks, thigh, anal/genital region (via the Perineal nerve), and may radiate into the foot and/or toe. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly affected nerve, causing symptoms of sciatica. The femoral nerve can also be affected[29] and cause the patient to experience a numb, tingling feeling throughout one or both legs and even feet or even a burning feeling in the hips and legs.
Intradural disc herniation
Intradural disc herniation is a rare form of disc herniation with an incidence of 0.2-2.2%. Preoperative imaging can be helpful, but intraoperative findings are required to confirm.[30]
Diagnosis is made by a practitioner based on the history, symptoms, and physical examination. At some point in the evaluation, tests may be performed to confirm or rule out other causes of symptoms such as spondylolisthesis, degeneration, tumors, metastases and space-occupying lesions, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of potential treatment options.
Physical examination
The straight leg raise may be positive, as this finding has low specificity; however, it has high sensitivity. Thus the finding of a negative SLR sign is important in helping to "rule out" the possibility of a lower lumbar disc herniation. A variation is to lift the leg while the patient is sitting.[31] However, this reduces the sensitivity of the test.[32]
- X-ray: Although traditional plain X-rays are limited in their ability to image soft tissues such as discs, muscles, and nerves, they are still used to confirm or exclude other possibilities such as tumors, infections, fractures, etc. In spite of these limitations, X-ray can still play a relatively inexpensive role in confirming the suspicion of the presence of a herniated disc. If a suspicion is thus strengthened, other methods may be used to provide final confirmation.
- Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan): A diagnostic image created after a computer reads x-rays. It can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it, including soft tissues. However, visual confirmation of a disc herniation can be difficult with a CT.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology. It can show the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration, and tumors. It shows soft tissues even better than CAT scans. An MRI performed with a high magnetic field strength usually provides the most conclusive evidence for diagnosis of a disc herniation. T2-weighted images allow for clear visualization of protruded disc material in the spinal canal.
- Myelogram: An x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces. By revealing displacement of the contrast material, it can show the presence of structures that can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, such as herniated discs, tumors, or bone spurs. Because it involves the injection of foreign substances, MRI scans are now preferred for most patients. Myelograms still provide excellent outlines of space-occupying lesions, especially when combined with CT scanning (CT myelography).
- Electromyogram and Nerve conduction studies (EMG/NCS): These tests measure the electrical impulse along nerve roots, peripheral nerves, and muscle tissue. This will indicate whether there is ongoing nerve damage, if the nerves are in a state of healing from a past injury, or whether there is another site of nerve compression. EMG/NCS studies are typically used to pinpoint the sources of nerve dysfunction distal to the spine.
- The presence and severity of myelopathy can be evaluated by means of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), a neurophysiological method that allows the measurement of the time required for a neural impulse to cross the pyramidal tracts, starting from the cerebral cortex and ending at the anterior horn cells of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. This measurement is called Central Conduction Time (CCT). TMS can aid physicians to:
- determine whether myelopathy exists
- identify the level of the spinal cord where myelopathy is located. This is especially useful in cases where more that two lesions may be responsible for the clinical symptoms and signs, such as in patients with two or more cervical disc hernias[33]
- follow-up the progression of myelopathy in time, for example before and after cervical spine surgery
- TMS can also help in the differential diagnosis of different causes of pyramidal tract damage.[34]
- L5S1 prolapsed intervertibral disc PID.jpg
Narrowed space between L5 and S1 vertebrae, indicating probable prolapsed intervertebral disc - a classic picture.
- C5-C6-herniation.jpg
MRI scan of cervical disc herniation between fifth and sixth cervical vertebral bodies. Note that herniation between sixth and seventh cervical vertebral bodies is most common.
- C6-C7-disc-herniation-cevical-mri-scan.jpg
MRI scan of cervical disc herniation between sixth and seventh cervical vertebral bodies.
- L4-l5-disc-herniation.png
MRI scan of large herniation (on the right) of the disc between the L4-L5 vertebrae.
- LumbarDiscHerniation.jpg
MRI Scan of lumbar disc herniation between fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies.
- Severe herniation of L4-L5 disc.png
A rather severe herniation of the L4-L5 disc.
- Herniated-Disc.jpg
Example of a herniated disc at the L5-S1 in the lumbar spine.
Differential diagnosis
- Mechanical pain
- Discogenic pain
- Myofascial pain
- Spondylosis/spondylolisthesis
- Spinal stenosis
- Abscess
- Hematoma
- Discitis/osteomyelitis
- Mass lesion/malignancy
- Myocardial infarction
- Aortic dissection
Because there are various causes for back injuries, prevention must be comprehensive. Back injuries are predominant in manual labor so the majority low back pain prevention methods have been applied primarily toward biomechanics[35] Prevention must come from multiple sources such as education, proper body mechanics, and physical fitness.
Education should emphasize not lifting beyond one's capabilities and giving the body a rest after strenuous effort. Over time, poor posture can cause the IVD to tear or become damaged. Striving to maintain proper posture and alignment will aid in preventing disc degradation.[36]
Exercises that are used to enhance back strength may also be used to prevent back injuries. Back exercises include the prone press-ups, transverse abdominus bracing, and floor bridges. If pain is present in the back, it can mean that the stabilization muscles of the back are weak and a person needs to train the trunk musculature. Other preventative measures are to lose weight and to not work oneself past fatigue. Signs of fatigue include shaking, poor coordination, muscle burning and loss of the transverse abdominal brace. Individuals who engage in power lifting place their bodies under heavy stress. Swimming is a common tool used in strength training. The usage of lumbarsacral support belts may restrict movement at the spine and support the back during lifting.[37]
In the majority of cases, spinal disc herniation doesn't require surgery, and a study on sciatica, which can be caused by spinal disc herniation, found that "after 12 weeks, 73% of people showed reasonable to major improvement without surgery."[38] The study, however, did not determine the number of individuals in the group that had sciatica caused by disc herniation.
- Initial treatment usually consists of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain medication (NSAIDs), but the long-term use of NSAIDs for people with persistent back pain is complicated by their possible cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicity.
- Epidural corticosteroid injections provide a slight and questionable short-term improvement in those with sciatica but are of no long term benefit.[39] Complications occur in 0 to 17% of cases when performed on the neck and most are minor.[40]
Lumbar disc herniation
Non-surgical methods of treatment are usually attempted first, leaving surgery as a last resort. Pain medications are often prescribed as the first attempt to alleviate the acute pain and allow the patient to begin exercising and stretching. There are a variety of other non-surgical methods used in attempts to relieve the condition after it has occurred, often in combination with pain killers. They are either considered indicated, contraindicated, relatively contraindicated, or inconclusive based on the safety profile of their risk-benefit ratio and on whether they may or may not help:
- Education on proper body mechanics
- Physical therapy, to address mechanical factors, and may include modalities to temporarily relieve pain (i.e. traction, electrical stimulation, massage)
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Weight control
- Spinal manipulation: Moderate quality evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is more effective than placebo for the treatment of acute (less than 3 months duration) lumbar disc herniation and acute sciatica.[41][42] The same study also found "low to very low" evidence for its usefulness in treating chronic lumbar symptoms (more than 3 months) and "The quality of evidence for ... cervical spine–related extremity symptoms of any duration is low or very low". A 2006 review of published research stated that spinal manipulation is likely to be safe when used by appropriately-trained practitioners,"[43] and research currently suggests that spinal manipulation is safe for the treatment of disc-related pain.[44]
Spinal manipulation is contraindicated for disc herniations when there are progressive neurological deficits such as with cauda equina syndrome.[45]
A review of non-surgical spinal decompression found shortcomings in most published studies and concluded that there was only "very limited evidence in the scientific literature to support the effectiveness of non-surgical spinal decompression therapy."[46] Its use and marketing have been very controversial.[47]
Surgery may be useful in those with a herniated disc that is causing significant pain radiating into the leg, significant leg weakness, bladder problems, or loss of bowel control.[48] Discectomy (the partial removal of a disc that is causing leg pain) can provide pain relief sooner than nonsurgical treatments.[48] Discectomy has better outcomes at one year but not at four to ten years.[48] The less invasive microdiscectomy has not been shown to result in a significantly different outcome than regular discectomy with respect to pain.[48] It might however have less risk of infection.[49]
The presence of cauda equina syndrome (in which there is incontinence, weakness and genital numbness) is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and possibly surgical decompression. Regarding the role of surgery for failed medical therapy in people without a significant neurological deficit, a Cochrane review concluded that "limited evidence is now available to support some aspects of surgical practice".
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing lower back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica. Lumbar disc herniation occurs 15 times more often than cervical (neck) disc herniation, and it is one of the most common causes of lower back pain. The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1 - 2% of the time.[50]
The following locations have no discs and are therefore exempt from the risk of disc herniation: the upper two cervical intervertebral spaces, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Most disc herniations occur when a person is in their thirties or forties when the nucleus pulposus is still a gelatin-like substance. With age the nucleus pulposus changes ("dries out") and the risk of herniation is greatly reduced. After age 50 or 60, osteoarthritic degeneration (spondylosis) or spinal stenosis are more likely causes of low back pain or leg pain.
- 4.8% males and 2.5% females older than 35 experience sciatica during their lifetime.
- Of all individuals, 60% to 80% experience back pain during their lifetime.
- In 14%, pain lasts more than 2 weeks.
- Generally, males have a slightly higher incidence than females.
Future treatments may include stem cell therapy.[51]
- ^ American English: slipped disk
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- ^ Rasouli, MR; Rahimi-Movaghar, V; Shokraneh, F; Moradi-Lakeh, M; Chou, R (Sep 4, 2014). "Minimally invasive discectomy versus microdiscectomy/open discectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 9: CD010328. PMID 25184502. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010328.pub2.
- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Herniated nucleus pulposus Frequency
- ^ Leung VY, Chan D, Cheung KM (Aug 2006). "Regeneration of intervertebral disc by mesenchymal stem cells: potentials, limitations, and future direction". Eur Spine J. 15 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): S406–13. PMC 2335386. PMID 16845553. doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0183-z.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spinal disc herniation.
- Herniated Nucleus Pulposus at eMedicine
- Herniated Disc - WebMD
- Low Back Pain with Sciatica Infographic, information on spinal disc herniations - Mount Sinai Hospital, New York


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ScienceDaily (Apr. 20, 2008) — When a tiny, quantum-scale, hypothetical balloon is popped in a vacuum, do the particles inside spread out all over the place as predicted by classical mechanics".
The question is deceptively complex, since quantum particles do not look or act like air molecules in a real balloon. Matter at the infinitesimally small quantum scale is both a wave and a particle, and its location cannot be fixed precisely because measurement alters the system.
Now, theoretical physicists at the University of Southern California and the University of Massachusetts Boston have proven a long-standing hypothesis that quantum-scale chaos exists ... sort of.
Writing in the April 17 edition of Nature, senior author Maxim Olshanii reported that when an observer attempts to measure the energies of particles coming out of a quantum balloon, the interference caused by the attempt throws the system into a final, "relaxed" state analogous to the chaotic scattering of air molecules.
The result is the same for any starting arrangement of particles, Olshanii added, since the act of measuring wipes out the differences between varying initial states.
"It's enough to know the properties of a single stationary state of definite energy of the system to predict the properties of the thermal equilibrium (the end state)," Olshanii said.
The measurement -- which must involve interaction between observer and observed, such as light traveling between the two -- disrupts the "coherent" state of the system, Olshanii said.
In mathematical terms, the resulting interference reveals the final state, which had been hidden in the equations describing the initial state of the system.
"The thermal equilibrium is already encoded in an initial state," Olshanii said. "You can see some signatures for the future equilibrium. They were already there but more masked by quantum coherences."
The finding holds implications for the emerging fields of quantum computing and quantum information theory, said Paolo Zanardi, an associate professor of physics studying quantum information at USC.
In Zanardi's world, researchers want to prevent coherent systems from falling into the chaos of thermal equilibrium.
"Finding such 'unthermalizable' states of matter and manipulating them is exactly one of those things that quantum information/computation folks like me would love to do," Zanardi wrote. "Such states would be immune from 'decoherence' (loss of quantum coherence induced by the coupling with environment) that's still the most serious, both conceptually and practically, obstacle between us and viable quantum information processing."
Zanardi and a collaborator introduced the notion of "decoherence-free" quantum states in 1997. Researchers such as Zanardi and Daniel Lidar, associate professor of chemistry, among others, have helped make USC a major center for the study of quantum computing.
Olshanii and his co-authors, postdoctoral researchers Marcos Rigol and Vanja Dunjko, developed their theory of quantum thermal equilibrium at USC and completed their work at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
Their research was funded by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Resarch.
Adapted from materials provided by University of Southern California, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Fausto Intilla - www.oloscience.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Sept. 28, 2007
A beautiful custom-made trophy was ready for the winner of the Lipscomb-Belmont soccer game.
The only problem was this version of the "Battle of the Boulevard" ended in a 0-0 tie with neither team being able to find the goal in 110 minutes of play. It was the first Atlantic Sun game for both teams.
"This game is what it is," said Lipscomb coach Charles Morrow. "It's a big rivalry. It is good for the team that wins, but in no way does it determine how the rest of the season will go. We will take what we can learn from it and get ready for our next game."
A school record crowd of 1,826 was on hand for the game at the Lipscomb Soccer Complex Friday night.
"I knew we would draw the numbers," said Morrow. "I think there is room in the Nashville sports market for that kind of crowd and I think we can do it more regularly than once a year.
"The student body has been great. I want to thank them for their support and for making this a special week for our team."
Lipscomb Bisons goalkeeper Jake Goergen made nine saves. He shared game MVP honors for his efforts.
Belmont goalkeeper Ron Gravely made four saves.
The Bisons lead the A-Sun in shots, but managed only 10 against Belmont. Garrett McLaughlin, Miguel DaSilva, Kezi Lara and T.J. Williams each had one shot on goal for the Bisons.
McLaughlin hit the left post early in the first half, the closest the Bisons came to scoring.
Belmont made 27 shots with Navarda Heath firing a game-high seven. Ian Schinelli made a game-high three shots on goal.
"It was a hard-fought game," Morrow said. "We hit the post early on. Belmont had its chances.
"We knew coming in it could go either way. Belmont is not happy with the way it ended up and neither are we."
The Bisons are 1-5-1, 0-0-1 in the conference. Belmont is 3-3-2, 0-0-1 in the A-Sun.
The Bisons are back in action Monday night at 7 when Western Kentucky visits for a non-conference game.
"Western Kentucky is not a conference opponent, but they are another local rivalry," Morrow said. "


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In this activity, teams of learners will model how scientists and engineers design and build spacecraft to collect, store, and transmit data to Earth. Teams will design a system to store and transmit topographic data of the Moon and then analyze... (View More) that data and compare it to data collected by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Over $20 per group of students
In this lesson on cosmic rays, students will explain two examples of a cosmic ray detector. Includes information about student preconceptions and a demonstration that requires a geiger counter and optional access to a small radioactive source that... (View More) emits energetic helium nuclei (alpha particles), e.g., the mineral the mineral autunite, which contains uranium. This is activity two of four from The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER). (View Less)
Materials Cost: Over $20
This is a design challenge about heat transfer and insulation. Learners will apply the scientific method to design and build a container that will keep items cool when placed in boiling water. They will practice collaboration in team-building and in... (View More) teamwork. This is lesson 4 of 4 at the Grade 9-12 range of the module, Staying Cool. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Over $20 per group of students
Using remote control cars and other materials, learners will simulate the experience of trying to operate a planetary rover and working as a team to address challenges and meet a common goal. Student information sheets and worksheets as well as... (View More) websites for additional information are included. This is activity 13 of 24 from a collection, titled Mars Activities. Note: Find the latest information and updates on Mars missions at the NASA Mars Exploration website (see Related & Supplemental Resources to the right). (View Less)
Materials Cost: Over $20 per group of students


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Paul McCartney Reveals That the Beatles Discussed Reuniting
In the latest installment of What Might Have Been, Paul McCartney disclosed that the Beatles occasionally discussed the idea of reuniting. Unfortunately, talks never got past the preliminary stage due to what McCartney called a lack of "passion behind the idea" and fears over whether their newer work together could approach the standards set by their brilliant catalog.
"[I]t could have spoiled the whole idea of the Beatles, so wrong that they'd be like 'Oh, my God, they weren't any good,'" he told Rolling Stone. "The re-formation suggestions were never convincing enough. They were kind of nice when they happened – 'That would be good, yeah' – but then one of us would always not fancy it. And that was enough, because we were the ultimate democracy."
Despite the bitterness of their breakup, the Beatles have often appeared on each other's solo recordings over the years. Their only reunion under their group name came in 1995 when they recorded overdubs onto a pair of unreleased John Lennon demos for the 'Anthology' project.
In October 2010, McCartney surprised Ringo Starr at his 70th birthday concert at Radio City Music Hall. There was also the famous story about how McCartney and Lennon nearly took 'Saturday Night Live' producer Lorne Michaels up on his offer for them to reunite for the show.


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Watson drops into 3-way tie at Travelers
CROMWELL, Connecticut (AP) — Bubba Watson made three bogeys in his last six holes to help create a three-way tie after three rounds at the Travelers Championship on Saturday.
Watson, Graham DeLaet, who tied for the low round of the day with a 65, and Charley Hoffman are all at 10-under par heading into Sunday's final round at the TPC of River Highlands. Watson shot an even-par 70.
Justin Rose, less than a week after his U.S. Open victory, sits at 7-under par and in a tie for seventh place after a second straight 68.
Watson made three birdies on his opening nine holes and was ahead by four shots after the third. But bogeys on Nos. 13, 15 and 17 brought the 2011 Masters champion back to the field.
Watson, who won the 2010 Travelers, is trying to become the seventh player to win this event at least twice. Arnold Palmer and Phil Mickelson have also done it.
After shooting a 61 in the opening round, Hoffman struggled and shot 73 on Friday. But he bounced back with a 66 in a round that included five birdies.
Hoffman, who has won twice previously on the U.S. PGA Tour, was leading the Travelers last year when he hit his tee shot on the par-4 17th into the water. He finished in a tie for second.
He said he doesn't expect a similar result this year.
"Obviously, if I get on 17 tee, I'd be lying to say I'm not going to think about that tee shot," Hoffman said. "But I'm a much more mature, better player than I was a year ago and don't feel uncomfortable on that tee shot."
DeLaet is playing this week in New England but many of his thoughts are about his native Canada. The heavy rain and flooding in Alberta forced the PGA Tour Canada to cancel its event this week.
DeLaet, the 2009 Canadian Tour player of the year, has pledged to donate $1,000 for every birdie he makes this weekend and $2,500 for every eagle to help the relief effort.
"It's a pretty small part, what we're doing, but anything helps," DeLaet said. "There's a lot of help from everyone all across Canada."
DeLaet first made it to 10-under after beginning his back nine with four straight birdies. A bogey at the difficult par-3 16th put a slight damper on his round, but DeLaet finished strong by delicately rolling in a downhill putt from the fringe on the 18th hole to get into the clubhouse at 10-under.
"I did play well pretty much all day. I had a lot of good birdie chances on the front nine, just couldn't really seem to find the hole," DeLaet said. "Julien (Trudeau), my caddie, just told me to stay patient."


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Joshua Chamberlain, one of my favorite Civil War vets. Had no previous military experience (was a college professor), volunteered at the start of the war and became one of the most respected military commanders in history.
1938 Gettysburg reunion, 75 years after the battle:
Brief clip on the Siege of Vicksburg:
For those of you that have never been to Gettysburg, I cannot recommend it more. The new visitor center is awesome, and the battlefield is humbling in much the same way a visit to Normandy or one of the WWII military cemetaries is.


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Motorcycle Security Systems
Abus (31)
Bully (2)
Gorilla (3)
Kryptonite (3)
KTM PowerParts (5)
OnGuard (26)
Oxford (33)
Sato Racing (3)
Scorpio (8)
Xena (10)
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Most Recent Security Reviews
Sato Racing Helmet Lock AnchorRaiderNation - The Woodlands, Texas Works great "It makes it much more easier to lock my helmet on my bike lock."
See all reviews for this product
Bully Alarm Lock With PagerWojtek - Canada Gives you a peace of mind !! "I have this alarm over 3 years by now. Works great and give me peace of mind any time I leave my bike."
See all reviews for this product
Protect your investment.
Motorcycles aren't just a monetary investment, they're something that transcends being a mere machine. Some would even argue that their bike has a soul and a personality all it's own. And as such, you want to protect your baby with the very best, right? We have a selection of motorcycle alarms and locks that'll keep your bike safe.
With any alarm, there's a huge cross-section of prices and lists of features as long as your arm, so let's look at a few of them and get the lay of the land.
First up, at the inexpensive end of the spectrum, is the Gorilla Cycle Alarm with 3-button remote. This is in no way an alarm short on features, as it has a motion sensor, electrical current drop sensor (in case someone tries to hotwire your bike) and a sensetivity adjustable shock sensor to keep tabs on shady activity around your bike. Installation is a snap and takes only about 20 minutes!
Second up isn't an alarm, but it's one of the most innovative locks available. The RoadLok XR, which is a lock that's designed for individual bikes. Mounting alongside your front brake caliper, it's permanently attached, negating the need to carry it around with you when you're not riding. They're also guaranteed to withstand 3500lb of prying force and 200 hours of saline spray (which is the equivalent to 15 years of regular wear & tear). It may not be an alarm, but it's just as good as one.
Third and final is the beast with all the bells and whistles. If you've ever laid awake at night dreaming of the perfect alarm, this is the one: The Scorpio R-Link SR-I1100 GPS. At 500 dollars, it's no joke, but the list of features this thing has makes the price seem cheap. First off, it's a full featured alarm with unlimited range two-way paging, meaning that the alarm alerts you via the key fob if something is happening to your bike. It also has real-time, police accessible GPS tracking, an Scorpio Alarms OEM connector kit that plugs straight into your wiring harness, and an RFID transmitter in the keyfob which makes sure no one starts your bike but you. It also comes with R-Link, which keeps track of your rides and telemetry to be viewed whenever you like via an iPhone app or your home computer!
But what about just a plain old lock? We have those, but they're neither plain nor old. The most common and effective lock for motorcycles is the disc lock, of which we have great selection like the Xena X1 disc lock, Kryptonite disc lock and the Bully disc lock reminder. Xena makes a range of alarmed lock for the person who likes all their bases covered. If all you want is a no-frills disc lock, check out the Bully Chrome Disc Lock. Just an incredibly high quality lock, nothing more.


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Zupponn Mining Co.
One day, just outside the reaches of Scythian space, a ragtag group of heavily armored mercenaries landed on a patch of asteroids. When the Scythians investigated, they learned that the group was led by one known as Zupponn and they called themselves the Zupponn Mining Co. Zupponn claimed to be interested in studying the Green Transparent ore that resided in the asteroids, and the Scythians, feeling that the near-worthless material had little to no value to them, allowed them to go about their business.
It was not long before the ZMC had discovered a unique way to refine the ore and extract its latent properties. They started experimenting with the ore's applications in weapon development and soon they created Zupponn's personal power mace, which was powered purely by Green Transparent. This was followed by many other weapons and rapid expansion by the ZMC to other similar asteroid patches.
Deal With the Immortals
The ZMC was largely neutral in the politics of the Brikverse until the invasion of Fico by the Immortals. The Immortal Warhead contacted Zupponn and offered the ZMC a lucrative contract for the services of a large amount of ZMC mercs. The first few waves of the mercs were mostly donned in a wide variety of heavy armor and armed with an even wider variety of weapons, but it wasn't long before the ZMC's current Black and Green Transparent color scheme was adopted.
The Allied Nations
When the Allied Nations popped up in G.R. 2012, the ZMC was included even though they technically weren't a nation. The potential for a quick profit was seen and the ZMC offered military services to the AN in exchange for a great deal of money and resources. Through this relationship, the ZMC became involved in the Avalonian Conflict and the subsequent Menggu Revolution and also used its position within the AN and its recent gain in resources to claim a virtual monopoly over the Green Transparent market.
With all that behind them as the AN has since been destroyed, the ZMC is constantly looking for opportunities to make more profit and expand their operations. Expansion has already begun in Green Transparent reactor technology, which should be very big in the ZMC's future.


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Prevu is a 100% organic sparkling liqueur. Prevu launched just out of LA, its healthy, organic, great on its own or with a mixer. Prévu has an excellent blend of wheat based vodka and cognac, which is distilled in Cognac, France. The sparkling liqueur contains 70% vodka and 30% cognac. This delicate beverage is immersed with black currant, raspberry, blackberry and a touch of violet flower, giving it a savory appeal and natural sophistication. Prévu's ingredients are all certified organic and natural with a 17% alcohol proof.
The extraordinary bottle design has a custom transparent dual-layer skin cap that was specifically hand crafted for easy handling and accompanied by a laser-etched surface. Although Prévu has a smaller proof than other liqueurs, consumers can actually taste the refreshing blend of vodka and cognac. The unique red color of the liqueur appeals to both men and women. Prévu is best when served on the rocks, chilled, with lime or as a mixer.
Prévu was created by 27-year-old, owner Simon Tikhman - who has always had an interest in owning his own alcoholic beverage company. Since being raised in a green and organic household then studying Business at USC, Tikhman felt there wasn't enough focus on organic/natural alcoholic drinks.
Craig's Restaurant offered some lucky journalists a tasting of some wonderful food paired with delicious unique drinks highlighting the wonderful taste and diversity of Prevu.
Here are some of the recipes offered:
Sparkling Sunrise-Prévu, champagne, apricot juice, pomegranate/blueberry juice, apricot garnish served in a champagne flute
Southern Honey- Prévu, honey whiskey, agave, splash of soda, mint garnish
Learn more at the Prevu website here


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Law School Admissions / Re: indy law early decision« on: November 05, 2009, 04:38:57 AM »
looking at some law student app websites, it appears indy sent out letters around the first week of december, but all that i saw were applicants that also applied to several other schools, so they couldnt have been early decision. im in the same boat as you. i hope i get in, im early decision. i wish they would tell us more.


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Cinnaminson Police Seek Home Invaders [VIDEO]
Cinnaminson Police are looking for four men who invaded a home and assaulted four people inside including two toddlers.
The men invaded the home on Union Landing Road on Thursday afternoon around 3 p.m. according to the Patch of Cinnaminson and ransacked the home. They also assaulted two children under the age of four and pistol whipped their mother before fleeing the home in a dark SUV.
The victims were treated at the scene for their injuries.
The suspects are described by police as black, three of them being approximately 6 feet tall and heavyset, and the fourth approximately 5 feet 9 inches with a medium build. One of the suspects had a long beard, police said. Another was wearing an orange shirt, and one was wearing a white rubber bracelet.
Anyone with information about the invasion should call 856-829-6666 and request to speak to an officer or anonymously by calling WeTip at 1-800-78-CRIME.


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Hello everyone,
First of all, i'm new to C#. I've bought a book to learn the basics and now i'm trying to write a little program.
I'm having problems with removing controls from a form.
Small explanation of the program i'm writing.
I search a folder every 30 seconds to see what files there are inside.
When i find files, i create a label (to display the name) and a button (to open the file). Every time i refresh, i need to clear the existin labels and buttons so they don't mixup.
I do this using a foreach loop:
foreach (Control c in test2.Controls)
if (c.Name.Contains("DYNAMIC") == true)
I set the name of the label to DYNAMIC_LBL(index) and the buttons to DYNAMIC_BTN(index).
Sometimes it works, sometimes it only deletes the buttons....
Does anyone know what i am doing wrong??
Screenshots below
Greetings and thanks,


text: Gerard Johnson Keith Lucas Monarchs Fall in Finale at North Carolina November 23, 2013 By ODU Athletics Football at UNC - Postgame Presser Football at UNC - Recap Box Score (PDF) Box Score (HTML) Photo Album CHAPEL HILL, N.C. - Old Dominion University football fell to North Carolina 80-20 in the season finale Saturday afternoon at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill. ODU (8-4) trailed 14-13 after the first quarter but UNC (6-5) followed by scoring 42-straight points to build a 56-14 lead before Marquel Thomas received a two-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Heinicke early in the third quarter. Gerard Johnson rushed for a career-high 143 yards while Colby Goodwyn had 57-yards and a TD. Heinicke was 14-of-31 for 130 yards and a touchdown. Larry Pinkard and Thomas had three catches apiece. Marquise Williams was 20-of-27 for 409 yards and six touchdown passes for UNC who broke their school record with the 80 points. T.J. Logan led UNC with 137 yards rushing and three rushing scores and also returned a kickoff 99-yards for a touchdown. Ryan Switzer caught five passes for 118 yards and two touchdowns and tied an ACC record with his fourth punt return touchdown of the season. UNC got on the board first as Williams hit Quinshad Davis for a 56-yard touchdown for the 7-0 Tar Heels lead. The Monarchs followed with a 37-yard field goal by Jarod Brown to cut the lead to 7-3. The drive was 10 plays, 53-yards, as all 53-yards were on the ground. Gerard Johnson produced most of the drive, grinding out 41-yards, including a 29-yard run. Heinicke also had 12 rushing yards on the drive. The ODU defense produced a stop on the next North Carolina possession, the UNC defense forced a Heinicke punt, but the Tar Heels muffed the punt giving ODU the ball at the UNC 31. Heinicke connected for 27-yards to Blair Roberts and Goodwyn ran in from four-yards out to give ODU a 10-7 lead. UNC retook the lead at 14-10 on a 27-yard touchdown pass from Williams to T.J. Thorpe. The Monarchs countered with a seven play, 50-yard drive as Brown knocked through a 40-yard field goal to make the score 14-13 UNC. Following the Brown field goal, North Carolina scored 35-straight points in the second quarter to take a 49-13 lead at the break. Williams connected with Ryan Switzer for two TD passes and another to Kendrick Singleton, while T.J. Logan ran for two, one-yard scores. Notes – D.J. Simon started his first career game at linebacker … Aaron Evans started his first game of the year as nickel defensive back for ODU … Larry Pinkard recovered an onsides kick in the first quarter for ODU, the fourth one the Monarchs have recovered this year … Colby Goodwyn scored his 12th rushing TD of the year, the second most in a single-season in school history … The two field goals marks the third two field goal game of the year for Jarod Brown … Gerard Johnson's 81-yard run in the third quarter is the longest in school history … It surpasses Cam Boyd's 70-yard TD run against Rhode Island … Johnson's 143 rushing yards was the most by an ODU running back this year … It is the second time he has rushed for more than 100-yards this year. He also did it against Norfolk State (101) … Heinicke's TD pass to Thomas was his 33rd of the season and 102nd of his career … It was Thomas' fourth TD of the year, all coming against FBS opponents.


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Product Details
Oldsmobile Intrigue 2002, Remanufactured Power Window Motor by A1 Cardone®. Connector Quantity: 2. Number of Mouting Holes: 3. Terminal Quantity: 2. Without Regulator. Mouting Type: Through Hole. Gear Material: Plastic. With Instruction Sheet. With Gear. This product is made of high-quality materials to serve you for years to come. Designed using state-of-the-art technology and with customers in mind. It will meet your needs and deliver great quality at an affordable cost.
- Each unit is 100% tested at 2 points in the remanufacturing process for guaranteed performance
- Every motor is assembled with the precise amount of lubricant to ensure quiet operation and long life
- Gears are redesigned with a stronger, less brittle material than O.E. to prevent premature wear, striping and breakage
- Motor magnets are 100% recharged for superior performance and reliability
Cardone® is a renowned manufacturer and remanufacturer of automotive parts in more than seven product divisions, including brakes, drivetrain, electronics, fuel/air systems, motors, pumps, and steering. The company was set in 1970 in North Philadelphia and has been initially a family-run business that is now in its third generation. Headquartered in Philadelphia, Cardone has additional facilities in California, Texas, Canada, and Mexico. Cardone provides A1 Cardone remanufactured parts and Cardone Select products – brand new parts with improved Cardone Select New designs. Cardone Service Plus is a line of accessories and tools that simplify installation of Cardone products.


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From the kitchen of One Perfect Bite...I'm sending all of you, wishes for health and happiness in the coming year. I hope that you and your families thrive, and that the New Year brings all measure of good things your way. I've been looking for recipes festive enough to start the New Year with a bang and, at the last minute, I found one cloaked in the tradition and lore of the Greek people and the liturgical calendar of the Greek Orthodox church. In Greece, January 1st marks the feast of St. Basil, as well as New Year's Day. Now, Basil was a fourth century bishop who wanted to return money, unfairly taken by others, to the poor of his Diocese. To accomplish that, he commissioned the baking of a sweetened bread that was to hide the coins and treasure being returned to their rightful owners. Somehow, everyone received exactly what had been taken from them and Basil is credited with the miracle. His gift to the people, is commemorated in Orthodox homes each year on January 1st, by the baking of a bread to which sweets and a coin have been added. For believers, the bread, which is called, Vasilopita, is the symbol of the sweetness and joy of corporeal and everlasting life. When the bread is prepared, a coin is usually kneaded into the dough and when it is cut the person who receives that portion of the bread is considered blessed. There are many recipes for Vasilopita and the bread can take many forms. I've chosen a simple recipe and even simpler form to share with you tonight. The date on top of the bread is a secular addition that has gained favor in recent years. This is a mildly sweet and anise-flavored bread that is traditionally cut at midnight by the head of the family. To honor the memory of St. Basil, he will cut a piece of the bread as a symbolic offering to the poor and needy of the world. The bread is lovely and the story is sweet. Here's how it is made.
Vasilopita - St. Basil's Bread...from the kitchen of One Perfect Bite courtesy of the Orthodox Kitchen
6 cups + 1/2 cup bread flour, divided use
2-1/4 teaspoons package dry yeast
2 cups warm milk, divided use
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon anise seed
1/2 cup sugar
4 eggs, divided use
3/4 cup melted butter
Crushed almonds, for a topping
1 coin (cleaned)
1) In a small mixing bowl, mix together 1/2 cup of warm milk, yeast, and 1/2 cup of flour. Let the mixture rise in a warm place for 45 minutes.
2) Place remaining 5-1/2 cups of flour in a large mixing bowl. Whisk in salt, cinnamon, nutmeg and anise seeds. Make a well in center of flour mixture. Add yeast mixture, 3 eggs, butter and remaining 1-1/2 cups of milk and mix well. Turn onto a lightly floured board and knead for at least five minutes, adding more flour as needed to form a smooth though slightly sticky dough. Tuck a coin into dough before pressing into a well-greased 9 x 13-inch pan. Cover and let the dough rise until double in bulk, about1-1/2 to 2 hours.
3) Preheat oven to 350 degrees f. Beat reserved egg with 1 teaspoon water. Brush top of dough with some beaten egg and then sprinkle crushed almonds over the top.
4) Bake until crust is a golden brown and the bread sounds hollow when thumped on the bottom (about 45 -55 minutes). Cool in pan for 10 minutes. Remove from pan and complete cooling on a wire rack. Yield: 1 large loaf or 12 to 16 pieces.
One Year Ago Today: Muhammara
Two Years Ago Today: Bouillabaise la Marseillaise
Three Years Ago Today: Mexican Beer-Cheese Spread


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When it comes to using active solar heating systems with a conventional home heating system, adding on to a solar domestic water heating system can be a viable solution—but the costs and benefits should be carefully considered.
Drainback and antifreeze solar water heating systems are easily adapted as an add-on home heating system—an additional one or two solar collectors serve the home's space-heating load. Balance-of-system components needed include a larger (or second) storage tank, pump, control, and heat exchanger. (Locations in which simpler direct forced-circulation SWH systems or passive water heaters usually have little or no need for space heating.)
To understand the economics of each system, the local winter solar resource and length of the winter heating season need to be examined. A common SWH system has an 80-gallon storage tank with two 4- by 8-foot collectors. Such a system might have an installed cost of $8,000.
Adding a third collector for space heating and replacing the tank with a 120-gallon tank brings the cost to $11,000. The first two–collector system cost $4,000 per collector, and the third collector adds $3,000. Let's assume that the heating season of the installation is six months, thus, the third collector is only used only half of the year.
However, because we're installing this system in a location with a lower winter solar resource (where half of the yearly average resource is available), the value of the third collector doesn't stack up to the first two. The math shows that the third collector gets only one-quarter of the useful production of the first two (0.5 for half the resource × 0.5 for half the year = 0.25). To have the same benefit-to-cost ratio of the original system, the add-on in this simple scenario would need to cost $1,000—not $3,000.
But the economics of the system change with location. Let's look at the add-on system scenarios in four different regions of the United States (see the "Add-On Heating System Economics" table). The Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors (bit.ly/SolarData) provides the solar resource and winter length information needed to evaluate active solar heating systems.
The heating season length is estimated using the heating degree days (HDD) per month in the solar radiation data. In the cities selected, the heating season varies from seven to nine months if we discount any month with fewer than 100 HDDs. (This is reasonable, since a month that measures fewer than 100 HDDs translates to about 3 HDD per day, for which even a small amount of passive solar gain will meet this need. If not, that's what sweaters are made for.)
The average solar resource is listed as "kWh per square meter" (aka peak sun-hours) per day for five different tilt angles. The data is given with a monthly and cumulative average. To compute the solar resource for the heating season only, the heating season months' resources are added and sum is divided by the number of months.
We used the "latitude plus 15° tilt" row for this evaluation, since, in most of the United States, a higher tilt angle gives better winter performance. However, in a few areas, such as the Pacific Northwest, heating season average peak sun-hours per month is slightly better at a tilt angle equal to the location's latitude. This is due to the extremely cloudy winters.
In all cases, during the coldest three months of the year the system benefits from having a greater tilt angle. The latitude plus 15° angle also provides a hedge against the possibility of summer overheating. Note that the "Add-On Heating System Economics" table contains the data gleaned from the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors (aka the "Redbook") and has a multiplier to represent the relative benefit-to-cost ratio of additional collectors required for space heating only.


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or the [[Beginners' guide]]
Revision as of 14:35, 9 September 2015
- Use Kernel 2.6.24 or greater
- Use install disc 2008.03 or greater (see install)
Questions: IM firstname.lastname@example.com (MSN) .
- 1 Hardware
- 2 Problems
- 3 Installation
- 4 Xorg
- 5 Wireless
- 6 Suspend/Hibernate
- 7 Adjust Brightness
|Ati Radeon Xpress
|fglrx (cataylst), radeon
|broadcom-wlAUR, b43, ndiswrapper
|PCMCIA Slot
|Card Reader
"Unknown Key Pressed"
- You may occasionally run across an error (occurring in an extremely high frequency) in your messages.log/dmesg:
atkbd.c: Unknown key pressed (translated set 2, code 0xee on isa0060/serio0). atkbd.c: Use 'setkeycodes e06e <keycode>' to make it known.
- The fix for this issue is fairly simple. Power down your dell laptop, and reseat the battery.
- Another possible cause may be due to your AC adapter being unplugged from the outlet, yet attached to the back of your laptop.
- Yet another suggested fix for the problem is updating your BIOS.. but since this is an extreme measure (found on the ubuntu forums.. so take it with a grain of salt), try the first two solutions before moving on to this potentially dangerous measure.
High Temperature
After the installation you will see that the temperature is around 60°C (Too High). You can get the temperature through:
cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/temperature
cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THM/temperature
This is because the CPU frequency is at full usage always... so before continuing with the install process install cpufrequtils, you can see further details on Cpufrequtils
- Note: using lm_sensors 'sensors' utility, k8temp-pci-00c3 reports much more reasonable temperatures (more along the lines of what windows reports) compared to this Virtual Thermal Zone. I have noticed no issues running without cpu scaling while on AC.
Follow the Installation guide or the Beginners' guide.
Xorg 7.4
- Install xorg
pacman -S xorg
- Install catalyst drivers
pacman -S catalyst catalyst-utils
- Install Synaptic Mouse Driver
pacman -S xf86-input-synaptics
- Copy and the paste the xorg configuration below and save it /etc/X11/xorg.conf
As of right now, Xorg 7.4 crashes when trying to auto generate (X -configure) a configuration file.
- Copy /usr/share/hal/fdi/policy/10osvendor/10-input-policy.fdi to /etc/hal/fdi/policy/
No Modifications should have to be made
- Follow the step below for the synaptic driver
Sample xorg.conf
Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Keyboard" Driver "kbd" Option "CoreKeyboard" Option "XkbRules" "xorg" Option "XkbModel" "pc105" Option "XkbLayout" "us" EndSection Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Mouse0" Driver "evdev" Option "SencCoreEvents" EndSection Section "Device" Identifier "Card0" Driver "fglrx" BusID "PCI:1:5:0" VendorName "ATI Technologies Inc" BoardName "RS482 [Radeon Xpress 200]" BusID "PCI:1:5:0" EndSection Section "Monitor" Identifier "LCD Display" Option "DPMS" EndSection Section "Screen" Identifier "Screen0" Device "Card0" Monitor "LCD Display" DefaultDepth 24 EndSection Section "ServerLayout" Identifier "Default Layout" Screen "Screen0" InputDevice "Keyboard" InputDevice "Mouse0" EndSection Section "DRI" Mode 0666 EndSection
The following configuration gives a vertical scroll and one-tap click. Modify to suite your needs. The default file does not give you the scroll or one-tap click.
Copy /usr/share/hal/fdi/policy/10osvendor/11-x11-synaptics.fdi to /etc/hal/fdi/policy/
Edit /etc/hal/fdi/policy/11-x11-synaptics.fdi and In between
<match key="info.product" contains="Synaptics TouchPad"> <!--Insert the following here--> </match>
<merge key="input.x11_options.Emulate3Buttons" type="string">true</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.SHMConfig" type="string">true</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.HorizEdgeScroll" type="string">false</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.HorizScrollDelta" type="string">100</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.TapButton1" type="string">1</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.VertEdgeScroll" type="string">true</merge> <!-- <merge key="input.x11_options.VertScrollDelta" type="string">100</merge> --> <merge key="input.x11_options.TapButton1" type="string">1</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.TapButton2" type="string">2</merge> <merge key="input.x11_options.TapButton3" type="string">3</merge>
Function Keys
To set the Functions keys you can use xmodmap. In xorg 7.4 the function keys are given keycodes. Xmodmap will bind the function key codes to a keysymname.
Create an .Xmodmap and put the following in:
keycode 123 = XF86AudioRaiseVolume keycode 122 = XF86AudioLowerVolume keycode 121 = XF86AudioMute keycode 213 = XF86Sleep keycode 246 = XF86Launch2 keycode 244 = XF86Launch3 keycode 170 = XF86Launch9
Next add xmodmap .Xmodmap to your start up
Then in your window manager you can bind the function key by providing the keysymname. For example in openbox I just have to pass in the key name XF86AudioMute and provide the action I want preformed when I hit that key.
- Gnome users should be able to open up the keyboard-shortcuts and just hit the Function which they would like to use
Native Linux Driver - Works with kernels >= 2.6.25
Install b43
- Install b43 fwcutter
pacman -S b43-fwcutter
- Download version 22.214.171.124 of Broadcom's proprietary driver.
wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/sources/broadcom-wl-22.214.171.124.tar.bz2
- Unpack the compressed file.
tar xvf broadcom-wl-184.108.40.206.tar.bz2
- Change the current directory to the newly created directory, and then further to the kmod folder:
cd broadcom-wl-18.104.22.168/driver
- Run
b43-fwcutter-011/b43-fwcutter -w "/lib/firmware/" wl_apsta_mimo.oYou may have to create /lib/firmware first.
- Load b43
modprobe b43
- Edit rc.conf and add b43
MODULES=(... b43)
Broadcom's Official Binary Wireless Driver
- Download the pkgbuild from AUR: broadcom-wlAUR
- Extract the pkgbuild
- Run makepkg
- Run pacman -U broadcom-wl-22.214.171.124-6-${arch}.tar.gz
- modprobe wl
If you add wl to your MODULES=(... wl) make sure you blacklist b43 (Open Wireless) and b44 (Ethernet)
- Install ndiswrapper
pacman -S ndiswrapper ndiswrapper-utils
- Download Dell Wireless Drivers:
- Extract drivers using wine:
wine R157039.EXE
- Move the drivers to your home directory
cp -R /home/youruser/.wine/drive_c/DELL/R157039 /home/youruser/wirelessdrivers
- As root run:
ndiswrapper -i bcmwl5.inf
- Run:
ndiswrapper -lIt should show something similar to:
bcmwl5 : driver installed device (14E4:4311) present (alternate driver: bcm43xx)
- Run
modprobe ndiswrapper
- Add ndiswrapper to your MODULES in rc.conf
Wicd is a network manager which allows you to connect to wireless networks very easily, you can follow this wiki page Wicd
- Suspend and Hibernate works with pm-utils
- Also works by issuing
echo mem > /sys/power/state
Resume not working after suspend to RAM
To workaround this issue edit the file
and add the following to the kernel boot line:
Backlight doesn't come back after Resume
You may need a workaround because the backlight doesn't come back after Resuming.
Install Pm-utils, and create this file:
- /etc/pm/sleep.d/radeonlight
#!/bin/bash case $1 in hibernate) echo "Suspending to disk!" ;; suspend) echo "Suspending to RAM" ;; thaw) echo "Suspend to disk is over, Resuming. .." ;; resume) echo "Suspend to RAM is over, Resuming..." radeontool light on radeontool dac on ;; *) echo "somebody is calling me totally wrong." ;; esac
# chmod +x /etc/pm/sleep.d/radeonlight
Now to make it work you need radeontool.
And DONE, you can suspend and resume with pm-utils normally.
Adjust Brightness
Adjust normally with the FN Keys if your using the kernel 2.6.24 or greater


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Guy Wins Video Game, Becomes Race Car Driver
Nissan Europe is touting its latest car, The Juke-R, with a short film featuring a guy who won a shot to race for real thanks to his dominance at the video game Gran Turismo.
Lucas Ordoñez is a graduate from Nissan's inaugural PlayStation GT Academy. The video, called "Desert Nemesis," shows Ordonez in a dramatization of his professional race for Nissan in Dubai. Rob Kaplan directed the approximately 6-min film which pits the gamer-turned-racer against local motor sport enthusiast Salah Salahuddin. The Dubai native used his supercars — a Lambourghini, a 458 and an SLS — on the streets of the city's International Marina.
According to his website, the 26-year-old Spaniard also raced at the Le Mans 24 Hours last year. Not bad for a guy who was studying for his MBA, then decided to test his skills of PlayStation 3 Gran Turismo 5 Prologue and beat out 25,000 other contestants.
See guys, screw studying and keep at those video games.


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- Delivery
- Returns
- All furniture deliveries £14.99
- All Other Orders £4.99
- We want you to be confident about every order you place with us, so we keep our returns policy simple – if you're not happy with your purchase, we'll take it back*. Just call our friendly Customer Care Team on 0344 879 4166 and they'll arrange everything. We're always here to help.
*Please do read our policy on turf returns. As a perishable product, it's subject to slightly different rules.
More information on our returns policy
Alexander Rose Acrylic Steamer Cushion
Product code: 10073469
Was £135.00 Now £90.00 Privilege price £81.00
Save 10% today with our Privilege Club
Whoops, this item is currently out of stock.
We should be getting more very soon. Enter your email address below and we´ll let you know when it´s back in stock.
Product Information
Available from Notcutts is this Alexander Rose Acrylic Steamer Cushion. Add extra comfort to your furniture with our range of cushions. Alexander Rose Premium Cushions are made using spun Acrylic which is the best material to use for the garden.
They are double piped giving a luxurious feel and come with ties to secure to the furniture.
The fabric is resistant to shrinking and staining, however we recommend storing the cushions in a dry environment during the winter months.
Key Features
- Dimensions: 1.75mx0.50mx0.50m
- Double piped giving a luxurious feel and come with ties for securing to furniture
- Colour: Green
- Material: 100% Acrylic


text:
Site map
An overview of the available content on this site. Keep the pointer still over an item for a few seconds to get its description.
Skip to content. Skip to navigation Go to page content Go to navigation of subsection Go to section "Why Denmark" Go to subsection "Study in Denmark" Go to subsection "Live in Denmark" See "Guides" Go to "News" About this site
Read about the application process and the steps you need to take to study at a Danish Institution of Higher Education
Here's the quick guide to all you need to know about tuition fees and scholarships
News from Study in Denmark About Danish research and higher education
Life is Denmark is not perfect, but it comes pretty close if you believe the latest survey on work-life balance. Here are the factors to consider, if you are pondering making Denmark your new home for years to come.
Students from selected countries (Brazil, China, Japan, Egypt, the Republic of South Korea and Russia) can now apply for a Danish Government Scholarship under the Cultural Agreements
A new report from the OECD shows that Denmark is the country in the Scandinavia, which invests most capital in education and has the second most educated population
Aarhus BSS stands out in the recently published rankings of the world's best universities and research fields. The school's 'Public administration' research is listed as the sixth best in the world. In comparison, the University of Copenhagen and Copenhagen Business School rank no. 34 and 50 respectively.
The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), places the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Scandinavia and as the 30th best in the world.


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It's a little misleading to state that rapper Asher Roth is back, when he never really left the hip-hop scene, but he has been flying under the radar of many fans for the past five years.
In 2009, Roth made noise with "Asleep in the Bread Aisle" (Island Def Jam), which included the hit, "I Love College," and then things got quiet. He was signed to a label, but because he wasn't a big moneymaker, Roth was left floating without support and direction. At the same time, his management added Justin Beiber to its roster, which attracted other similar artists and Roth didn't fit.
"I didn't really want to compromise my music and I didn't really want to compromise who I am, so it just resulted in a lot of sitting," Roth said. "It wasn't that I didn't put out music. I put out a lot of music, it just happened to be free, so I wasn't necessarily in the public eye, but continuing to hone the craft, continuing to be creative and all of that led me to where I am now."
That time spent working on mixtapes and other recordings has paid off for Roth in the form of his full-length self-release, "RetroHash," which will be available Tuesday. He will be celebrating his success with a CD release party at the Troubadour in West Hollywood, also on Tuesday.
"RetroHash" is produced by The Blended Babies and features guest artists ZZ Ward and Vic Mensa. Roth collaborated with The Blended Babies, Rich Gains and JP Keller, on the album's material and credits the trio's friendship for making the writing process comfortable and enjoyable. This relationship yielded an effort that is very different from his previous work, Roth said.
"We didn't even know we were creating, we were just making records and hanging around, recording in the living room, recording in the bedroom and in a very stress-free environment," Roth said. "I feel like 'RetroHash' is a very genuine introduction of who I am and moving forward as well. It's very focused on the present, very much into the future, but also acknowledging the past."
Roth grew up in the Philadelphia area and played drums from age 10-13. His father wouldn't let him practice without drum pads to stifle the volume, which made Roth lose interest. He began going to his friends' houses where, with headphones, he could collaborate on beats and raps and released a CD with a friend in tenth grade.
"Music's always been a part of my life. If you had asked me at 13 years old if making music was going to be my profession, I would probably say absolutely not. I try to retain being a fan first and appreciating everybody else that puts stuff out," Roth said.
He likes a wide range of music, from Earth, Wind & Fire and Stevie Wonder to Bruce Springsteen and the Clash.
"I gravitated to hip-hop because of the fun element of it, the communal element of it. The fact that people go to the streets and have block parties and break dancing and deejaying. All of that appeals to me from a community standpoint," Roth said.
Although Roth may dabble with new material, his main focus is currently on the live show he is presenting during his tour in support of "RetroHash." He enjoys performing and said that his stage show is what separates him from other rappers and emcees.
"A lot of people with technology these days think all you have to do is jump behind a microphone and sound good, but it's a matter of can that transfer to live? Can you move people? Can you speak to people? I feel like I do have a talent for communicating and connecting with people," Roth said.
In addition to making music that pleases him, Roth also listens to what his fans tell him.
"I feel like the fans are a reflection of me," Roth said. "Music is the most powerful form that we have. It's the one thing that allows people from all walks of life to get under one roof and rock the whole night and that's always intrigued me about music. I try to respect that process."