text:
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian/Arabic: ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا); (born c. 980 near Bukhara,[4][5] Khorasan, died 1037 in Hamedan[6]), also known as Ibn Seena[7] and commonly known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek Aβιτζιανός),[8] was a Persian[9] polymath and the foremost physician and philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, geologist, Hafiz, logician, paleontologist, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman, teacher and Islamic theologian.[10]
Ibn Sīnā wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.[11][12] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,[1] which is a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities.[13] The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650.[14] Ibn Sīnā developed a medical system that combined his own personal experience with that of Islamic medicine, the medical system of the Greek physician Galen,[15] Aristotelian metaphysics[16] (Avicenna was one of the main interpreters of Aristotle)[17], and ancient Persian, Mesopotamian and Indian medicine. He was also the founder of Avicennian logic and the philosophical school of Avicennism, which were influential among both Muslim and Scholastic thinkers.
Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine,[18][19] and clinical pharmacology[20] particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,[21] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases,[22] the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials,[23] randomized controlled trials,[24][25] efficacy tests,[26][27] clinical pharmacology,[28] neuropsychiatry,[29] risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.[31] He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics,[32] and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy for his invention of steam distillation and extraction of essential oils.[33] He also developed the concept of uniformitarianism and law of superposition in geology.[34]
George Sarton, an author of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:
"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments."[22]
Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as Islam's Golden Age (ca 10-11 century CE), in which the translations of Graeco-Roman, Neo- and Mid-Platonic, and Aristotelian texts by the Kindi schools were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, as well as building upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry, and medicine.[35] Samanid dynasty in Greater Khorasan and central Asia as well as Buwayhid on in western part of Persia and Iraq could provide a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivalled Baghdad as a cultural capital of Islam.[36]
The study of Quran and Hadith throve in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy Fiqh and theology kalam were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna could use the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamedan. As various texts, such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar show, he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. As Aruzi Samarqandi describes in his four articles before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met al-Biruni (a noted scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).
|The Canon of Medicine
|The Book of Healing
|Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
|Criticism of Avicennian philosophy
|Unani medicine
Early life
He was born in Persia around 980 in Afshana, in Bukhara province, his mother's home, a small city now part of Uzbekistan. His father, a respected Ismaili[37] [38] scholar of Balkh, an important town of the Persian state of Khorasan a part of Afghanistan, was at the time of his son's birth the governor in one of the Samanid Nuh ibn Mansur's estates. He had his son very carefully educated at Bukhara. Ibn Sina himself was a Twelver Shia[39]. Ibn Sina's independent thought was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. As he said in his autobiography there wasn't anything which he hadn't learned when he reached eighteen.
Ibn Sīnā was put under the charge of a tutor, and his precocity soon made him the marvel of his neighbours; he displayed exceptional intellectual behaviour and was a child prodigy who had memorized the Qur'an by the age of 10 and a great deal of Persian poetry as well.[1] He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer, and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid.[40][41]
As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work.[42] For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions (wudu), then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer (salah) till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, thus made by help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.
He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18,[1] and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.
His first appointment was that of physician to the emir, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labours, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.
When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in the modern Uzbekistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Shams al-Ma'äli Kavuus, the generous ruler of Dailam and central Persia, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find an asylum, was about that date (1052) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this season stricken down by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.
Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rai, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, (present day capital of Iran), the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rai. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir consented that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in a sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.
Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hidden, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labours. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favourite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped out of the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honourable welcome from the prince.
Later life and Death
The remaining ten or twelve years of Ibn Sīnā's life were spent in the service of Abu Ja'far 'Ala Addaula, whom he accompanied as physician and general literary and scientific adviser, even in his numerous campaigns.
During these years he began to study literary matters and philology, instigated, it is asserted, by criticisms on his style. He contrasts with the nobler and more intellectual character of Averroes. A severe colic, which seized him on the march of the army against Hamadan, was checked by remedies so violent that Ibn Sina could scarcely stand. On a similar occasion the disease returned; with difficulty he reached Hamadan, where, finding the disease gaining ground, he refused to keep up the regimen imposed, and resigned himself to his fate.
His friends advised him to slow down and take life moderately. He refused, however, stating that: "I prefer a short life with width to a narrow one with length". On his deathbed remorse seized him; he bestowed his goods on the poor, restored unjust gains, freed his slaves, and every third day till his death listened to the reading of the Qur'an. He died in June 1037, in his fifty-eighth year, and was buried in Hamedan, Iran.
Avicennian science
Medicine and pharmacology
Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, who lived in the second century of the Christian Era, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was developed by Hakim Ibn Sina in his medical encyclopedia The Canon of Medicine. The time of origin is thus dated at circa 1025 AD, when Avicenna wrote The Canon of Medicine in Persia. While he was primarily influenced by Greek and Islamic medicine, he was also influenced by the Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.[43]
[edit] The Canon of Medicine
About 100 treatises were ascribed to Ibn Sina. Some of them are tracts of a few pages, others are works extending through several volumes. The best-known amongst them, and that to which Ibn Sina owed his European reputation, is his 14-volume The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text in Europe and the Islamic world up until the 18th century.[44] The book is known for its introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,[21] the discovery of contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases,[22] the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, clinical trials,[23] neuropsychiatry,[29] risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases,[30] and hypothesized the existence of microrganisms.[31] It classifies and describes diseases, and outlines their assumed causes. Hygiene, simple and complex medicines, and functions of parts of the body are also covered. In this, Ibn Sīnā is credited as being the first to correctly document the anatomy of the human eye, along with descriptions of eye afflictions such as cataracts. It asserts that tuberculosis was contagious, which was later disputed by Europeans, but turned out to be true. It also describes the symptoms and complications of diabetes. Both forms of facial paralysis were described in-depth. In addition, the workings of the heart as a valve are described.[citation needed]
The Canon of Medicine was the first book dealing with experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, randomized controlled trials,[24][25] and efficacy tests,[26][27] and it laid out the following rules and principles for testing the effectiveness of new drugs and medications, which still form the basis of clinical pharmacology[28] and modern clinical trials:[23]
- "The drug must be free from any extraneous accidental quality."
- "It must be used on a simple, not a composite, disease."
- "The drug must be tested with two contrary types of diseases, because sometimes a drug cures one disease by Its essential qualities and another by its accidental ones."
- "The quality of the drug must correspond to the strength of the disease. For example, there are some drugs whose heat is less than the coldness of certain diseases, so that they would have no effect on them."
- "The time of action must be observed, so that essence and accident are not confused."
- "The effect of the drug must be seen to occur constantly or in many cases, for if this did not happen, it was an accidental effect."
- "The experimentation must be done with the human body, for testing a drug on a lion or a horse might not prove anything about its effect on man."
An Arabic edition of the Canon appeared at Rome in 1593, and a Hebrew version at Naples in 1491. Of the Latin version there were about thirty editions, founded on the original translation by Gerard de Sabloneta. In the 15th century a commentary on the text of the Canon was composed. Other medical works translated into Latin are the Medicamenta Cordialia, Canticum de Medicina, and the Tractatus de Syrupo Acetoso.
It was mainly accident which determined that from the 12th to the 18th century, Ibn Sīnā should be the guide of medical study in European universities, and eclipse the names of Rhazes, Ali ibn al-Abbas and Averroes. His work is not essentially different from that of his predecessor Rhazes, because he presented the doctrine of Galen, and through Galen the doctrine of Hippocrates, modified by the system of Aristotle, as well as the Indian doctrines of Sushruta and Charaka.[45] But the Canon of Ibn Sīnā is distinguished from the Al-Hawi (Continens) or Summary of Rhazes by its greater method, due perhaps to the logical studies of the former.
The work has been variously appreciated in subsequent ages, some regarding it as a treasury of wisdom, and others, like Averroes, holding it useful only as waste paper. In modern times it has been mainly of historic interest as most of its tenets have been disproved or expanded upon by scientific medicine. The vice of the book is excessive classification of bodily faculties, and over-subtlety in the discrimination of diseases. It includes five books; of which the first and second discuss physiology, pathology and hygiene, the third and fourth deal with the methods of treating disease, and the fifth describes the composition and preparation of remedies. This last part contains some personal observations.
He is ample in the enumeration of symptoms, and is said to be inferior in practical medicine and surgery. He introduced into medical theory the four causes of the Peripatetic system. Of natural history and botany he pretended to no special knowledge. Up to the year 1650, or thereabouts, the Canon was still used as a textbook in the universities of Leuven and Montpellier.
In the museum at Bukhara, there are displays showing many of his writings, surgical instruments from the period and paintings of patients undergoing treatment. Ibn Sīnā was interested in the effect of the mind on the body, and wrote a great deal on psychology, likely influencing Ibn Tufayl and Ibn Bajjah. He also introduced medical herbs.
Avicenna extended the theory of temperaments in The Canon of Medicine to encompass "emotional aspects, mental capacity, moral attitudes, self-awareness, movements and dreams." He summarized his version of the four humours and temperaments in a table as follows:[46]
|Morbid states
|inflammations become febrile
|fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism
|loss of vigour
|Functional power
|deficient energy
|deficient digestive power
|difficult digestion
|Subjective sensations
|bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia
|Lack of desire for fluids
|mucoid salivation, sleepiness
|insomnia, wakefulness
|Physical signs
|high pulse rate, lassitude
|flaccid joints
|diarrhea, swollen eyelids, rough skin, acquired habit
|rough skin, acquired habit
|Foods & medicines
|calefacients harmful, infrigidants beneficial
|infrigidants harmful, calefacients beneficial
|moist articles harmful
|dry regimen harmful, humectants beneficial
|Relation to weather
|worse in summer
|worse in winter
|bad in autumn
Avicennian psychology
In Muslim psychology and the neurosciences, Avicenna was a pioneer of neuropsychiatry. He first described numerous neuropsychiatric conditions, including hallucination, insomnia, mania, nightmare, melancholia, dementia, epilepsy, paralysis, stroke, vertigo and tremor.[29]
Avicenna was also a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He recognized 'physiological psychology' in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test attributed to Carl Jung. Avicenna is reported to have treated a very ill patient by "feeling the patient's pulse and reciting aloud to him the names of provinces, districts, towns, streets, and people." He noticed how the patient's pulse increased when certain names were mentioned, from which Avicenna deduced that the patient was in love with a girl whose home Avicenna was "able to locate by the digital examination." Avicenna advised the patient to marry the girl he is in love with, and the patient soon recovered from his illness after his marriage.[47]
Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa' (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul"). The main thesis of these tracts is represented in his so-called "flying man" argument, which resonates with what was centuries later entailed by Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").[48][49]
In the The Canon of Medicine, Avicenna dealt with neuropsychiatry and described a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, including melancholia.[50] He described melancholia as a depressive type of mood disorder in which the person may become suspicious and develop certain types of phobias.[51]
Astronomy and astrology
In 1070, Abu Ubayd al-Juzjani, a pupil of Ibn Sīnā, claimed that his teacher Ibn Sīnā had solved the equant problem in Ptolemy's planetary model.[52]
The study of astrology was refuted by Avicenna. His reasons were both due to the methods used by astrologers being conjectural rather than empirical and also due to the views of astrologers conflicting with orthodox Islam. He also cited passages from the Qur'an in order to justify his refutation of astrology on both scientific and religious grounds.[53]
In chemistry, steam distillation was described by Ibn Sīnā. The technique was used to produce alcohol and essential oils. The latter was fundamental to aromatherapy.[33]
As a chemist, Avicenna was one of the first to write refutations on alchemy, after al-Kindi. Four of his works on the refutation of alchemy were translated into Latin as:[54]
- Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae
- Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali
- Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapifum
- Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta
In one of these works, Ibn Sīnā discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances commonly believed by alchemists:
"Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change."[55]
Among his works refuting alchemy, Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais.[54]
In another work, translated into Latin as De congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum, Ibn Sina proposed a four-part classification of inorganic bodies, which was a significant improvement over the two-part classification of Aristotle (into orycta and metals) and three-part classification of Galen (into terrae, lapides and metals). The four parts of Ibn Sina's classification were: lapides, sulfur, salts and metals.[56]
Earth sciences
Ibn Sīnā wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing, in which he developed the concept of uniformitarianism and law of superposition in geology.[34][57] While discussing the formation of mountains, he explained:
"Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, such as might occur during a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of different kinds, some soft, some hard... It would require a long period of time for all such changes to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might be somewhat diminished in size."[57]
- See also: Islamic physics and Theory of impetus
In physics, Ibn Sīnā was the first to employ an air thermometer to measure air temperature in his scientific experiments.[58]
In mechanics, Ibn Sīnā developed an elaborate theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination (mayl) transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease.[59] He viewed inclination as a permanent force whose effect is dissipated by external forces such as air resistance.[60] His theory of motion was thus consistent with the concept of inertia in Newton's first law of motion.[59] Ibn Sīnā also referred to mayl to as being proportional to weight times velocity, a precursor to the concept of momentum in Newton's second law of motion.[61] Ibn Sīnā's theory of mayl was further developed by Jean Buridan in his theory of impetus.
In optics, Ibn Sina reasoned that the speed of light is finite, as he "observed that if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite."[62] He also provided a sophisticated explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benjamin Boyer described Ibn Sīnā's theory on the rainbow as follows:
"Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place not only of the bow, but also of the color formation, holding the iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye."[63]
Avicennian philosophy
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic - which was the de facto scientific language of that time, and some were written in the Persian language. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.
In the medieval Islamic world, due to Avicenna's successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Kalam, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of Islamic philosophy by the 12th century, with Avicenna becoming a central authority on philosophy.[64]
Avicennism was also influential in medieval Europe, particular his doctrines on the nature of the soul and his existence-essence distinction, along with the debates and censure that they raised in scholastic Europe. This was particularly the case in Paris, where Avicennism was later proscribed in 1210. Nevertheless, his psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.[65]
Metaphysical doctrine
Early Islamic philosophy, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism the difference between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a truly definitive Islamic philosophy can be seen in what is left to us of his work.
Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. [66]
Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists. [67][68] The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) [69] since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. [70] Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari') from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad'), and time (waqt). [71][72][73]
Avicennian logic
Avicenna discussed the topic of logic in Islamic philosophy extensively in his works, and developed his own system of logic known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to Aristotelian logic. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world.[74] After the Latin translations of the 12th century, Avicennian logic was also influential in Europe.
Ibn Sina developed an early theory on hypothetical syllogism, which formed the basis of his early risk factor analysis.[30] He also developed an early theory on propositional calculus, which was an area of logic not covered in the Aristotelian tradition.[75] The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were also written by Ibn Sina, who developed an original theory on temporal modal syllogism.[76] Ibn Sina also contributed inventively to the development of inductive logic, being the first to describe the methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation which are critical to inductive logic and the scientific method.[30]
Natural philosophy
Ibn Sina and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī engaged in a written debate, with al-Biruni mostly criticizing Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school, while Avicenna and his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi respond to al-Biruni's criticisms in writing. Al-Biruni began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.[77]
Philosophy of science
- Further information: Avicennism, The Book of Healing, and The Canon of Medicine
In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."[78]
Ibn Sīnā was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and his creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic.[79] Avicenna wrote a number of treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the Islamic prophets, whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers", and on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Qur'an, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system.[80]
Ibn Sīnā memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Qur'an. One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Qur'an in high esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.[81]
Thought experiments
While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality of the soul. He referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. His "Floating Man" thought experiment tells its readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argues that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. He thus concludes that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance.[82][83][84]
Other contributions
In the chapters on mechanics and engineering in his encyclopedia Mi'yar al-'aql (The Measure of the Mind), Avicenna writes an analysis on the ilm al-hiyal (science of ingenious devices) and makes the first successful attempt to classify simple machines and their combinations. He first describes and illustrates the five constituent simple machines: the lever, pulley, screw, wedge, and windlass. He then analyzes all the combinations of these simple machines, such as the windlass-screw, windlass-pulley and windlass-lever for example. He is also the first to describe a mechanism which is essentially a combination of all of these simple machines (except for the wedge).[85]
Almost half of Ibn Sīnā's works are versified.[86] His poems appear in both Arabic and Persian. As an example, Edward Granville Browne claims that the following verses are incorrectly attributed to Omar Khayyám, and were originally written by Ibn Sīnā:[87]
از قعر گل سیاه تا اوج زحل,
Up from Earth's Centre through the Seventh Gate
کردم همه مشکلات گیتی را حل,
I rose, and on the Throne of Saturn sate,
بیرون جستم زقید هر مکر و حیل,
And many Knots unravel'd by the Road;
هر بند گشاده شد مگر بند اجل.
But not the Master-Knot of Human Fate.
When some of his opponents blame him for blasphemy, he says [88]
کفر چو منی گزاف و آسان نبود
The blasphemy of somebody like me is not easy and exorbitant
محکمتر از ایمان من ایمان نبود
There isn't any stronger faith than my faith
در دهر چو من یکی و آن هم کافر
If there is just one person like me in the world and that one is impious
پس در همه دهر یک مسلمان نبود
So there are no Muslims in the whole world.
- Further information: Avicennism
As early as the 1300s when Dante Alighieri showed him experiencing a perfect eternity with some the greatest men in history in his Divine Comedy such as Virgil, Averroes, Homer, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, Socrates, Plato, and Saladin, Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West, as one of history's great figures.
George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history"[22] and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. He was influenced by the approach of Hippocrates and Galen, as well as Sushruta and Charaka. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. Ibn Sīnā is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics.[32]
In Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. Many portraits and statues remain in Iran today. An impressive monument to the life and works of the man who is known as the 'doctor of doctors' still stands outside the Bukhara museum and his portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the moon named the Avicenna crater. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe (The capital of the Republic of Tajikistan), Avicenna School in Karachi, Pakistan and Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan are all named in his honour.
In 1980, the former Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[89]
In March 2008, it was announced [90] that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated "Why Avicenna? Avicenna … was … noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality."
[edit] Works
Scarcely any member of the Muslim circle of the sciences, including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and music, was left untouched by the treatises of Ibn Sīnā. This vast quantity of works - be they full-blown treatises or opuscula - vary so much in style and content (if one were to compare between the 'ahd made with his disciple Bahmanyar to uphold philosophical integrity with the Provenance and Direction, for example) that Yahya (formerly Jean) Michot has accused him of "neurological bipolarity".
Ibn Sīnā's works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.[91] His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine,[1]
Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His book on animals was translated by Michael Scot. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though the Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.
The Logic and Metaphysics have been printed more than once, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836). Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.
List of Works
This is the list of some of Avicenna's well-known works:[92]
- Sirat al-shaykh al-ra'is (The Life of Ibn Sina), ed. and trans. WE. Gohlman, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1974. (The only critical edition of Ibn Sina's autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani. A more recent translation of the Autobiography appears in D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works, Leiden: Brill, 1988.)[92]
- Al-Isharat wa-'l-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), ed. S. Dunya, Cairo, 1960; parts translated by S.C. Inati, Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1984, and Ibn Sina and Mysticism, Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, 1996. [92]
- Al-Qanun fi'l-tibb (The Canon of Medicine), ed. I. a-Qashsh, Cairo, 1987. (Encyclopedia of medicine.)[92]
- Risalah fi sirr al-qadar (Essay on the Secret of Destiny), trans. G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. [92]
- Danishnama-i 'ala'i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge), ed. and trans. P Morewedge, The Metaphysics of Avicenna, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. [92]
- Kitab al-Shifa' (The Book of Healing). (Ibn Sina's major work on philosophy. He probably began to compose al-Shifa' in 1014, and completed it in 1020.) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952-83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour[92]
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan a Persian myth. A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively. In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.[93]


text:
The 24-hour fitness center is one of the fastest-growing fitness franchises, billing itself as an alternative to oversized and overpriced health clubs. So often, I am asked by my clients about whether or not the "new-24-hour-key-card-access-franchise-type-outfit" that has just opened down the street from them will make it in the long run. What are their chances for survival? I am asked this so often that it is clearly on the minds of a lot of operators — and for good reason.
Why is the model attractive to the consumer? Whether or not the facility offers 24-hour access, most franchise models offer streamlined products, services and programs that allow them to create the perception or the reality in the consumer's mind of low price and high value. If the consumer does not want court sports or a pool or group fitness classes, then they do not have to pay for them. If the facility is a 24-hour-access facility, then it offers an added measure of convenience for consumers because consumers can use it on their time — not just during limited club hours. For consumers who are not looking for the social value of a club, the 24-hour key-card club facilities offer that alternative for someone who wants to simply exercise and not engage with others.
Some consumers don't like the model. Most of the franchised facilities are smaller (2,500 square feet to 15,000 square feet), which means limited facilities, programs and services. Additionally, key-card franchise models have fewer staffed hours of operation, which may be unattractive to newer exercisers who need more instruction and supervision.
For some club operators, the model is attractive because of the smaller size of the facilities and the lack of services and programs that translate to simplicity of operation and lower operating costs. Staffing demands are not as high since technology can often do what staff does, which also lowers operating costs. These elements create an ease of entry into the market as well as an opportunity to own the market with multiple franchised units, especially in communities that have a large population of shift workers or in smaller communities where larger clubs will not go. The clubs are often niche oriented because of their smaller scope of services, programs and facilities. Operational direction and assistance from the franchisor (when proven and available) is also attractive.
However, the model is unattractive to some operators. The explosion of 24-hour-access franchised facilities has raised concerns about whether people should be working out in a fitness facility unsupervised, especially late at night. This setup can be a possible liability from the perspective of injury, crime and abuse. Some states do not allow facilities to operate without an automated external defibrillator or staff on the premises. If these franchise operators decide to do business in these states and an incident occurs, it could change the playing field all over the country. The fact that the facilities are smaller also limits profit potential unless the franchisee opens multiple facilities.
The economic law of supply and demand will determine whether or not these models will survive. If the market demands something and it can be supplied at a profit, it will survive. Clearly, some suppliers do a better job than others and enjoy a larger market share. Those who do not last will perish because they are not fulfilling the need as well as other suppliers. The bottom line for all of us as suppliers/club operators of any kind is to constantly evaluate our strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and to act upon them to be able to not only survive but also to thrive.
Karen Woodard-Chavez is president of Premium Performance Training, Boulder, CO, and Ixtapa, Mexico. Woodard consults and trains clubs throughout the world. She can be reached at 303-417-0653 or at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Logo design static website designing data entry and copy paste jobs. jobs
Goal: To run Plesk Oynx in a Docker Container with two public static IP's. Requirements: 1) Configure networking so both public static IP are displayed in Plesk Oynx dashboard. 2) Demonstrate access to Plesk var/lib/psa/dumps directory via FTP with writeable permission. 3) Provide screenshots of the process. Note: The host machine is a mac.
...to work fulltime and update works every day several times. Should have skills in React.js especially for React-Static and Webpack. plus project management with Gitlab and Jira. Bonus if you're good at animations and have a good eye for wonderful design. And also high-speed development and high-quality coding styles in Javascript an...
Hey guys! I have a layout (.PSD) and I was hoping to find a programmer to help me making it live and interactive. It is a scrolling page, nothing very complex, just linking the menu and adding the contact information. I have the domain name bought and I would like to have it life before the end of the year (December 28th). Let me know your availability
Ongoing Tech Website needs to be revamped. The website is static (HTML/CSS) but a .Html extension has been converted into .PHP extension. So header and Footer separate files were created into .php extension. New pages of the website are HTML and CSS need help on changing the older header and footer files by include header and Footer or some ...
Hey, Would like to create a landing page from ready materials that I'll provide. 1 landing page in 3 different languages.
Hi guys, I am looking for someone to help with developing a static header that appears after a certain scroll has been reached on a landing page I have developed with Instapage, and a drop down menu associated with this static header. Currently, the header is static and there all the time. I am interested in having the header appear after a user scrolls
...[login to view URL] Clone it replace some images and some links. Else it must look excatly like this. So you also need to download photos, icons and other needed assets. You need to replace one image and several links. The final output must be html,css (js if applicable) and assets (all non minified so I can work with it). If you do well
I need to add a static block to the top off my Magento store, that shows on every page.
Hello everyone, i have some jobs about writing, they are easy to finish, i can offer many jobs like this. If you are interested in writing, then come to me, please. Thank you very much..
We have an urgent requirement of a motion and static graphic designer who can work with us consistently on project to project basis. Required skills are : 2D animation, 3D animation, photoshop ,corelDraw, premier, indesign, flash.
Famous Poker Players is a mobile poker game on iOS and Android. The job is to create one banner image ad in these sizes: 600x100 640x100 640x200 1456x180 The banner will run on Google Ads. Here are the app URLs: [login to view URL] [login to view URL]
Hi, I need a static website to be developed. Maximum of 5 pages. I can provide the contents for the website. No database connectivity required. No eCommerce. Language not required. You can develop in any language you wish ( PHP, JAVA Script, Node JS, PHP, or anything ) If you can do it then please share the below information. 1. Cost ( In INR )
Need static website of 5 pages but looking good and My budget is low
For this project, please think about how you would architect a scalable and secure static web application in AWS. Create and deploy a running instance of a web server using a configuration management tool of your choice. The web server should serve one page with the following content.
Create and deploy a running instance of a web server using a configuration management tool of your choice. The web server should serve one page with the following content.   <title>Hello World</title>
Hello World!
   • Secure this application and host such that only appro...
I need to save the name and email fields submitted through an html landing page. i dont have databases set up yet, so it must be created, i need to be able to export the finished project to another domain.
i need free PHP web developer
i need a static website on Diabetes II. 4 page simple website. if u have any already website, no issues just change data and pics.. will be ok for me.. budget $20. if agreed then bid please otherwise ignore. Time: 18 hours from now
Need an awesome Webiste using BOOTSTRAP, JQUERY,php,ajax Details i will share later
...source tool for image manipulation. Its source code, and the code for all its dependencies, is available. By default imagemagick binary is built with shared libraries. Your job is to prepare a script that starting from scratch builds a totally static binary. Note that this means that each dependency (and their dependencies, etc) need to be statically built
We have several designs for static public pages on our website, created using Figma ([login to view URL]) which we would like translated into HTML and CSS. There will be 4 pages in total.
Company business - renting our building construction equipments on daily and weekly basis. Home (Sliding images of equipments) About Us - Brief description Equipments - Image People - (Partners Image) Contact Us
I need a new website. I need you to design and build a website for my small business.
I need a website which can work on Discount coupon websites. This website has to be developed on WIX. This website will be designed only for two discount coupons i.e. [login to view URL], [login to view URL] (india) Theme will be chosen as per discussion. Only 3 pages page -1 <Home> with some special offers/items from From Amazon & Flipkart Page - <Flipkart>
...would be able to create 5 GIFs and 5 static images of the app interface that look something like the example images attached. For animated GIF: you will need to be able show and track mouse pointer, visualize click (blue circle), move interface, zoom-in/zoom-out. For static image: you will need to do a fading edges and magnifier effect. One you apply
...need of someone to convert/migrate an existing static website to WordPress with very minimal change to the existing design of the website. The website is for a small manufacturing company and contains a lot of numbers/data. There's no need for any e-commerce functioning. Also, there is no need for website hosting services, as we are g...
...need of someone to convert/migrate an existing static website to WordPress with very minimal change to the existing design of the website. The website is for a small manufacturing company and contains a lot of numbers/data. There's no need for any e-commerce functioning. Also, there is no need for website hosting services, as we are g...
I am looking for someone with experience with GatsbyJS and/or other static site generators to implement the following changes on a site we're working on: - Ability to register and login using Auth0 (Email, Google, Facebook, Twitter) - Ability for user to enter into a paid annual subscription with a 7-day free trial using Stripe - Paywalling of one
Hi I'm looking to create a static HTML sales page. It must use the following: 1) CSS based font and style formatting 2) Use Jquery 3) Use sample text to show each element used within the page i.e. H1, H2, Countdown, underline, bold, Testimonials etc. Use the following pages as examples: 1) Examples Sales Pages can be seen at (https://hypnosistrainingacademy
...com/[login to view URL] I have 27 photos. I need them edited to look better (backgrounds improved etc), and stylized in different ways to make the performer look exotic and impressive. I guess this can be done in After Effects. I am attaching 3 photos from my collection. If you do a couple of samples, that'll help
i need a website coding 2 page ....
...a developer to help with building a Static single page website based on the design below. I can provide either sketch or psd format files. The website will need to be responsive for mobile / tablet devices so I would like to use a framework such as bootstrap or similar to simplify. I will be hosting as a static site on AWS s3 There will be additional
I have designs for a static website(7 pages) that I need built.
Hello, We need a single static responsive landing webpage for our social media invite page. Here are the details: 1. Single page Landing Page - I have attached a rough mock up of how it could look but please design it based on bets practice and what you see in www.dataself.io. 2. The journey is simple - Users who click on an invite link
and then do a few other things This is a very simple project. I need to do the following 1) Put my static landing page up on Heroku 2) I need to make some text changes to some of the sections that have spelling/grammar issues + update meta tags 3) I need to put up the social media icons in 4) I want to put up a pop-up overlay to get people to
Use Amazon Web Services to complete these tasks which are in the uploaded pictures. Also, I will be giving out the Username and password for it after agreeing on the price. it needs to be finished on 4/12/2018. Read the instruction carefully please.
1. Parse the java directory with .java files 2. create graph 3. extract features 4. generate verbose file
We are seeking Wordpress Expert to Change static menu to dynamic [login to view URL] click Your Location Vancouver Change see pop up? that's the static menu that needs to be made dynamic Please only bid if you're Wordpress exert PHP / HTML / CSS
To Build a Simple Static Responsive Web site of 4 / 5 Pages.
I need you to fill in a spreadsheet with data.
i need a architecture company website website should one page and attractive 15$ is final budget
I need a new static website. I need you to design and build a website Details 1)CMS with easy content management 2) products categories mosquito repellents, cleaning products, Agro booster , Fuel booster 3) Dealer enquiry form With a banner on home page with captcha 4) Dealer database with sign up with captcha 5) Normal enquiry form with captcha
I have two similar static php websites with a few pages and I want to add CMS on them by using WP's back-end database management. Here are my requests: ● Use minimal WP installation; use a decoupled, headless WP. Use directive: define( 'SHORTINIT', true ); and clean all the unused content after installation. No need to install any theme. ●
We provide fitness solutions to corporate companies with flexible plans.
Hi, We are looking for customized Static Pages HTML5 Website It will include following pages : Home Page, Products Descriptive Pages with multiple sections Around 5 but with same themes Pricing Page Documentation Page for supporting help manual and Docs Contact us and About Us Page All required graphics will be done by you, You will have to attached
Hello, I am looking for AWS expert who is very familiar with S3 and Route 53. I am going to host static website on S3 with custom domain. I will share more details to selected candidate. Please apply if you have previous experience.
Convert existing PSD designs to static html pages using angular and material design and flexlayout
I have static HTML template and I need install on WP


text:
So I know the Read option has been used a lot more since the Chicago game and I know we have had success. I also know that RW slides more than RG3 (he would definately have slid where RG3 got injured).
With that said - Bears hit RW on the head when he slid and it will keep happening. He exposes himself to hits during the run and when going for that first down on 3rd down runs he has shown several times that he will take a hit to get the first down.
I like the fact that he somehow manages to more bounce of guys / dance the sideline and get less impact hits. Not sure if it is because of being nimble / size has something to do with it or what. He doesn't run the head on runs like an RB and I also think he is smarter with his runs than RG3 (turning into the field for the extra 1-2 yards is what caused the injury to RG3).
The fact remains I believe that qb's that expose themselves to hits will get injured sooner or later. Look at Big Ben - people have been amazed at how he gets throws off after three guys are hanging on him. Well serious injuries comes from that type of play.
So when Wilson was drafted and later started the big thing was that he doesn't run much - he scrambles but is looking downfield to pass at all times. He gets rid of the ball rather than taking a sack / big hit.
So the game plan has clearly changed and I guess my three questions are the following:
1) Is this a negative on RW that he needs to run to create plays or do people think the running will go away with time
2) How concerned should we be about the increased amount of runs and increased risk of injuries
3) What are people seeing that is positive in regards to RW limiting his exposure to big hits / injury causing hits


text:
Vital Pieces of Connected Car Security
When you've entered your vehicle, you can begin the engine by pressing the engine begin button. You might wonder why there aren't any American cars within this list. Thus, a wind-powered car is a wonderful vehicle to be utilized in these days of international warming. Every vehicle isn't likely to have a truly different key,'' he explained, referring to the simple fact that once a single vehicle is hacked, all the models are vulnerable. If you're driving an auto from the past ten years, there are more odds of the auto stereo being outdated. Thus, if you're shelling out around $30,000 on an auto, you can set in $1000 and find the adaptive cruise control for your car. Consequently, if you intend to get a car equipped with a CVT, be sure you go for an exhaustive test drive.
Because you will be `reselling' it you need to be sure your internet provider permits this, most don't and will cut you off if they determine that you're charging different individuals to utilize it. Choosing the most suitable service is extremely important Obviously you'll need an online connection. Our clients need multi-layered protection to prepare them for almost any scenario.
Employing the amazing mixture of telematics and big data analytics, insurance businesses have the ability to boost their company processes to an extent that wasn't possible before. The business is rich and you may get a huge amount of mods for your vehicle. Indeed, technology evolves extremely fast. The technology is tried and tested. however, it's your decision how you wish to proceed. In addition to the evolution of technology in audio systems, nowadays you will locate quite a few systems housing the most recent technologies.
Connected Car Security Features
Finding sites to set the equipment is easily the most difficult part. All the more, personal and skilled information are sharing the exact same environment, irrespective of its nature, increasing the chance of leakage. It's wise to get in touch with them to learn more about it. All 3 phones are extremely basic ones and permit you to make and get calls. With the progress in technology and cheap cell phone deals it's now become more economically viable that people receive a completely free cell phone rather than having a landline connected. There are a lot of rather simple steps which you can take to safeguard your wireless network. Just if you've missed it, this is about the increasing quantities of cars that are constructed with an online connection integrated in their design.
You may establish a wifi hotspot on a little scale like in a cafe or even from your house with a low-cost router, an online connection, a computer and a number of WiFi hotspot billing program. Connectivity will enable new functionalities while additionally creating several new risks. Over the following five decades, automotive connectivity will disrupt massive areas of the automotive industry. It is necessary that you secure your router that has a good password. As there will be lots of folks using it at an identical time that you'll need the very best and fastest internet connection it is possible to get. Also you will likely not understand the length of time the cable should be before you begin the install so can't buy pre terminated cable. It differs from the automated transmission that has a certain number of gear ratios.
The Hidden Gem of Connected Car Security
The software is extremely easy to establish, and has lots of features for an absolutely free application. The new system, as with the majority of simliar systems is made up of 3 parts. Most modern automobile alarm systems are a lot more sophisticated than this. It works only in the event the adaptive cruise control was engaged. The most important portion of an auto stereo process is the head unit that is incorporated on the dashboard.
Security might also be a situation. Data security should not be overlooked. It is an exact real threat to our private safety. Now, finally, the circumstance is changing. The issue here is it doesn't have the immediate uummph!! The very first problem is, obviously, one of cost. You'll notice that this small change in your vehicle will earn an amazing impact and a lot of people will be impressed and ask you about it.
Except for a number of studies conducted in a lab environment, there aren't many empirical instances of car hacking. There are 3 primary options 1. At the base of the panel, you are going to observe several options that let you to manipulate the layer. The chief benefit of connected automobile technology is the data sharing process. Another advantage is in drivability. It's this fund that makes it possible for families of a minimal income to have access to a telephone.


text:
Hello Waledac, My Old Friend
One highlight in our upcoming mid-year security report is the sophisticated business strategies employed by modern cybercriminals. I can't think of a better example than Waledac…We studied the Storm botnet in 2007. And we weren't alone, as Storm's sophisticated socially engineered emails, peer-to-peer networking and prolific spamming innovations had every security researcher hot on Storm's trail. My team's research into the connection between Storm, Canadian Pharmacy and Glavmed/SpamIt.com unveiled a complex business ecosystem that was previously unknown — botnets like Storm sending spam for illegal pharmacy businesses like Glavmed.The industry responded by shutting down Storm's command-and-control ISP and removing the malware from PCs. Storm was dead — albeit after millions of infected PCs sent hundreds of billions of spam messages.But the calm didn't last long. Storm was reborn as Waledac in December 2008. While Waledac hadn't advanced much technically — same P2P, same Canadian Pharmacy/Glavmed connection with template-based spamming, same social engineering tricks to spread the malware via email — the Waledac business development team had been busy expanding their partnerships beyond Glavmed to include Yambo Financials, Conficker and Rogue Antivirus.Let's start with Conficker. In April our researchers found Waledac was propagating in a whole new way — Conficker E was updated with the Waledac malware! Successfully updated Conficker nodes used the Waledac malware to spam for pharma sites and propagate their malware. Conficker had previously done little to monetize their botnet, while the Storm/Waledac crew knew how to squeeze every penny out of their botnet to make millions. It was a partnership made in hell: Conficker gets a revenue stream and Waledac gets more bots.We also found evidence of real-time technical collaboration. In late March, the Conficker.c running in our malware lab launched a very unique self-protection mode to prevent inspection by packet-capture software Wireshark. Conficker didn't just kill Wireshark, as stated in many blogs, it ran a process scanner that looked for wireshark.exe. If Conficker.c detected Wireshark running it would kill it on the first instance. Subsequently, Conficker wouldn't kill Wireshark but would instead hook into something between the driver and Wireshark (perhaps the winpcap library) and hide all of the interfaces from Wireshark. Wireshark would still be running but there would be no interfaces available to capture! This is a very sophisticated and unique way for the Conficker malware to ensure it is not monitored by Wireshark.A few days later the Waledac in our lab exhibited the exact same behavior as what we had seen with Conficker! The business guys and the techies are working together.Waledac has also been observed to download Rogue Antivirus, one of 2008's biggest malware money makers. And Waledac expanded beyond its Canadian Pharmacy partnership to spam for "Canadian Health & Care Mall" aka Yambo Financials.What's the next business strategy for cybercriminals? Anything and everything to maximize their profits. Bottom line: it's not just about the vulnerabilities, exploits and malware. Our challenges and criminals' profits are driven by criminal adoption of sophisticated business practices. Look for the full story on July 14 when we release our mid-year security report.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


text:
African American History Timelines:African Americans in the West Timeline
Global African American History Timelines:
U.S. History Timelines:
Absorbing and referring to a time line (or better, yet, making your own) is an effective way of learning the sequential course of events and often the timeline can reveal the possibility of the relationship between causes, people and events that occurred in the same time period, while not in the same geographical area.
This is particularly true in surveying a discrete subject, which exists in relationship to many other events and background. African American history is such a subject.
BlackPast.org is an independent non-profit corporation 501(c)(3). It has no affiliation with the University of Washington. BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations.


text:
Established in 1872, John D Wood & Co. is a leading estate agent specialising in the sale and rental of residential property in London and the south of England. With a branch network of 20 offices, areas of expertise include valuation and surveying services, leasehold enfranchisement advice, short lets in central London, long lets property management services, planning and development, agriculture, alternative land use and leisure. The company has a network of associated offices in the country, co-ordinated from Kensington, providing wider coverage for clients. John D Wood & Co. achieves regular editorial coverage in the national press through the in-house press office and the marketing department publishes a regular property magazine. Advertising appears regularly in The London Magazine, regional publications and local newspapers and all properties are available on key property portals. The company's sales service department offers assistance in all aspects of a move ranging from changing utility accounts to complete refurbishments. For further company information and to search for property available for sale and to rent in London and the country please visit our website at www.johndwood.co.uk.
Disclaimer: The information about this Agent is provided by the Agent themselves as an advertisement for their agency services. Rightmove is not endorsing this Agent and makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information, and Rightmove does not check or verify the accuracy of the content. The information is generated, provided and maintained by John D Wood & Co, Weybridge. Please contact the Agent directly to obtain further information about their property services.
7 Baker Street, Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 8AF


text:
Robin Good: If you are looking for ways to expand your horizon of content sources that you can use to find valuable content for your curated news channel, Pawan Deshpande, founder and CEO of Curata, has done an excellent job of listing and describing the many alternatives available to you.
While many beginner curators rely on their set of RSS feeds and on simple web searches to find new and interesting stuff on their topic of interest, there are a dozen more content source types that can be tapped to find relevant stuff. This article helps you start learning where to look to find them.
Useful. Resourceful. 8/10
Full article: http://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2012/12/sources-content-curation-inspiration/
Via Robin Good, Guillaume Decugis


text:
Historical AIS Data Services
Historical AIS data is a valuable data source used for vessel traffic analyzes, port calling information, risk assessment and accident investigation. The data is also used for analysing the vessels movements on a global scale, potential trends in the shipping market or vessel behaviour patterns for prosecution of illegal activites.
Video Simulation
Video Simulation service uses raw AIS data to playback the vessel positions and create a video
simulation of the vessel movements on a digital map.
- investigate a ship accident or collision
- investigate vessel behaviour patterns for potential prosecution of illegal actions, such as bunkering or illegal ballast water exchange
- Raw timestamped NMEA data
- Decoded data (xls or csv format)
- Video simulation (AVI file)
Data is delivered in CSV or XLS format.
Additional parameters may be provided by request.
Vessel Movements Report
The vessel movements report provides data on the position of thousands of ships around the world. This service is based on historical AIS data collected by terrestrial AIS stations since 2009.The AIS position reports are performed for:
- one or more vessels for a given period of time (on a predefined list of MMSI or IMO numbers)
- all vessel movements in particular port or area (defined by geographical coordinates)
In most cases, typical time resolution of a vessel movements report is 5-minutes or 1-hour (time resolution is the time between two sequential position records of each vessel) depending on the customer requirements. For more detailed analysis, when time resolution should be as high as possible, raw NMEA data is used to perform the movements report.
- DATE / TIME timestamp of the position report (in UTC)
- MMSI – vessel's MMSI number
- IMO – vessel's IMO number
- NAME – vessel's name
- LATITUDE - geographical latitude (in degrees)
- LONGITUDE - geographical longitude (in degrees)
- COURSE – course over ground (in degrees)
- SPEED - speed over ground (in knots)
- HEADING – heading of the vessel's hull (in degrees)
- NAVSTAT – navigational status (according to AIS specification)
- CALLSIGN – vessel's call sign
- DIMENSIONS – length and beam of the vessel
- A - dimensions to bow (in meters)
- B - dimensions to stern (in meters)
- C - dimensions to port (in meters)
- D - dimensions to starboard (in meters)
- DRAUGHT – draught of the vessel at time of the position record
- DESTINATION – next destination of the vessel according to AIS
- ETA – estimated time of arrival
- AIS TYPE – vessel's type according to AIS specification
Additional parameters may be provided by request.
Data samples:
Port Calls
Port Calls reporting service is based on processing of AIS position data. The Port Call is registered when we detect a vessel in a predefined bounding box around most major ports.The Port Calls service is used to:
- explore the ports called by specific vessel or a list of vessels
- research all vessels that called particular port or geographical area
- DATE / TIME time stamp of each record (in UTC)
- MMSI – vessel's MMSI number
- LATITUDE - geographical latitude (in degrees)
- LONGITUDE - geographical longitude (in degrees)
- IMO – vessel's IMO number
- NAME – vessel's name
- EVENT - ENTER_ZONE or EXIT_ZONE
- PORT NAME / LOCODE - port's name and locode
Data is delivered in CSV or XLS format.
Additional parameters may be provided by request.
Event Tracking
- MOVEMENT STATUS - vessels were under way (speed higher than 0.5 knots) or not moving (speed equal to or lower than 0.5 knots)
- analyze when specific vessel or a list of vessels were moving
- explore when vessels got loaded or discharged considering the draught changes
- find out when vessels changed their destination or IMO number
- see when vessel gone out of range (turned its AIS off, experienced problem with the AIS or just left our coverage zone)
Data is delivered in CSV or XLS format.
Additional parameters may be provided by request.
Тhis service provides global picture on the traffic density in critical areas or ports based on historical AIS data. The density analysis is performed for particular area and selection criteria by ship type, size or year of built may be applied.This service is good to:
- analyze the shipping traffic in specific area or port
- research potential trends in the shipping market
- increase the efficiency of port activities
- Traffic density images
- Georeferenced KML/KMZ file
- Entire AIS data set used to perform the analysis
Cost of the data is a function of the data quantity, its frequency and all additional processing that may be required. Send us a request and we will check the data availability and email you with further information and a relevant pricing in due time.


text:
Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2006 News Releases > April 2006 > Students keep busy cleaning, helping Habitat
Students keep busy cleaning, helping Habitat
PLAINVIEW – On the TV show SWAT, team members armed themselves with weapons to fight crime and evil on the city streets. On Plainview streets, however, the SWAT Team is armed only with tools of their trade: servanthood.
Composed of students from Wayland Baptist University, the SWAT Team is a service group from the Baptist Student Ministries. Short for "Servants With a Tool," the team attracts folks who like to use their handyman skills to help the community.
Luke Loetscher, a sophomore from Wyoming, helped form the group, guided by a desire to use his special skills in ministry. A hard worker who enjoys carpentry and more handy tasks, Loetscher has managed to gather a small but dedicated group of students to work alongside him on various projects.
This semester, the group has been working with a Habitat for Humanity home on North Joliet, helping to decorate two rooms after the home was completed. The group has also done odd jobs for other homes.
In the last few weeks, they've spent Saturday mornings doing cleanup work along South Joliet street from Fifth Street to Southwest Third along the Plainview Cemetery. With a truck and driver provided by the City of Plainview, SWAT team members raked up tumbleweeds and trash along the road for hauling to the city dump.
On one recent Saturday afternoon, the group took a break to plant a tree, sponsored by the Sophomore Class, at the gravesite of Dr. James H. Wayland, founder of the university, in the Plainview Cemetery. The class hopes the tree will be in full bloom by 2008, the year of the university's centennial celebration.


text:
full story at ontopmag.com: http://www.ontopmag.com/article.aspx?id=11686&MediaType=1&Category=26
Views: 128
It's okay, folks! He was just misquoted. All just a big misunderstanding.
Whew! I feel better now.
-.- yeah, I hate when people record me ranting and completely misquote me by saying everything I said.
"...and when your daughter's acting butch, you rein her in... you have to act like a girl, walk like a girl, talk like a girl, smell like a girl..."
Does he go around sniffing little xtian girls?


text:
... @ Acme umbrellas
Sunday, July 10, 2005
No comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
Welcome Blog.a.nauts !!! This is doodlebot initiating a random sequence of stupid .. funny .. gobbledygook. Please keep your rear securely positioned on your seats, on board computer predicts significant risk of ROFL in few moments. If you've had enough for the day, do check back regularly for all things funny that my little doodle brain serves out ... mmmuuuha ha ha!.


text:
Comfort Inns Waynesboro properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Comfort Inns hotel prices in Waynesboro, PA for your personal or business trip. We list the best Comfort Inns Waynesboro lodging properties so you can review the Waynesboro Comfort Inns hotel list below to find the perfect place.
This page will list below Waynesboro, PA hotels/properties that have similar star quality of Comfort Inns.Need a group/meeting discount? Request a group rate for Waynesboro PA
How should we direct your call?


text:
- Inside Athletics
- Tickets
- Fan Zone
- Media Zone
- Social
- Shop
- Donate Now
FLORENCE, Ariz. (March 17, 2010) - The ETSU women's golf team placed two players in the Top 10 individually and ultimately finished fourth on the team leaderboard following third and final round play Tuesday in the Northern Migration Invitational at the Poston Butte Golf Club.
Senior Sinead O'Sullivan (Galway, Ireland) finished tied for third and sophomore Nina Muehl (Vienna, Austria) ended the event tied for 10th, as the Buccaneers finished just 13 strokes back of team champion Texas-San Antonio. The Bucs finished ahead of teams from Nebraska, Iowa State, Kansas State, Texas Tech and Kansas.
O'Sullivan finished at 221 for the event, 10 strokes back of Idaho's Kayla Mortellaro, who won the tournament's individual title. Other ETSU results included a tie for 19th by sophomore Mayte Vizcarrondo (Cadiz, Spain).
The ETSU women will return to action March 22 in the Pinehurst Invitational. For more on ETSU women's golf throughout the 2010 spring season, visit ETSUBucs.com and click on the women's golf link.


text:
Narrow Selection
Craving those Israeli sweets you love so much? Whether it is Elite Israeli chocolate or Max Brenner chocolate, Israel does chocolate right. Israeli sweets are truly one of a kind. Sweet snacks from Israel include a variety of Elite chocolate made from pure cocoa beans. Elite is the leading sweet brand in Israel. Elite Israeli chocolate was established in Ramat Gan in 1933 with a single chocolate factory. Popular Elite Israeli chocolates include the famous cow chocolate brand, instantly recognizable by anyone who was traveled to Israel. This chocolate melts in your mouth. Other Elite Israeli chocolate includes the well known Mekupelet chocolate bar and Pezek Zman crunch bar.
Sweet snacks are perfect for dessert or for a quick bite in the middle of the day! Indulge in a sweets candy bar. A sweet snack such as candy is great to keep in your pocket or purse for a pick me up in the afternoon. Give the gift of sweet snacks to family and friends as a souvenir gift after returning from Israel. Buy these chocolate sweet snacks and candy for yourself, make sure to stock up when you order Israeli chocolate online! Another great use for Israeli chocolate and sweets candy is to give it in a gift bag at a child's birthday party or place it in your Mishloach Manot basket this year for Purim.
Another famous Israeli chocolate brand known for their sweet snacks is Max Brenner. Known as chocolate from the bald man, these delectable Israeli chocolate combinations will have you coming back for more. The Max Brenner chocolate restaurant now offers a selection of Max Brenner chocolate online. World of Judaica is proud to offer Max Brenner kosher Israeli chocolate sweets. Whether you are looking for dark, white or milk chocolate, Max Brenner has it all. Buy Max Brenner sweets for yourself or a Max Brenner chocolate gift set for a friend. Max Brenner Israeli chocolate is a great idea for a birthday or anniversary occasion. All Elite Israeli chocolate and Max Brenner chocolate is certified Kosher. If you have questions about Israeli sweets or kosher food for sale, feel free to Contact Us.


text:
You are hereHome ›
Narrow Search
Now showing results 1-4 of 4
Students build background knowledge about black holes and active galaxies before taking on the roles of reporters to share information about a new NASA discovery. Students watch a simulated press briefing, gather notes, determine their target... (View More) audience and then write an article/produce a video. Instructions, handouts, answer keys and website links are provided. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
This problem-based learning module asks students to consider how future climate change could impact the frequency and intensity of hurricanes. They are tasked with studying the trends and impacts of hurricanes on coastal regions. They proceed by... (View More) conducting an Earth system analysis, examining connections and causal chains of impact that are set in motion by the hurricane throughout the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Teacher notes, rubric, and background resources are included. The student pages are available as a separate page that can be printed or displayed on a computer. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
Water supply in the Southwestern United States depends on snow. Students discover its importance through analysis and evaluation of data, satellite images, space shuttle photos, and ground-based observations, and then apply their findings in a... (View More) role-play. Working in seven groups representing the states in the Colorado River watershed, students assume the roles of U.S. senators to propose and defend their stand on the allocation of Colorado River water by state and by usage. The URL opens to the investigation directory, with links to teacher and student materials, lesson extensions, resources, teaching tips, and assessment strategies. This is Investigation 4 of four found in the Grades 9-12 Module 1 of Mission Geography. The Mission Geography curriculum integrates data and images from NASA missions with the National Geography Standards. Each of the four investigations in Module 1, while related, can be done independently. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students
Learners will design a development on the Moon that is suitable, feasible, and beneficial and present proposals for developments on the Moon in a competition for approval from a student-staffed Lunar Council. This activity is in Unit 3 of the... (View More) Exploring the Moon teachers guide, which is designed for use especially, but not exclusively, with the Lunar Sample Disk program. (View Less)
Materials Cost: 1 cent - $1 per group of students


text:
When winter arrives in Monticello, with it comes the hope that there will be enough snow to meet city needs for the coming year.
However, each storm comes with the daunting task of clearing snow from roads and sidewalks and keeping the city accessible to residents and visitors.
In the past, the City of Monticello established a snow removal priority list, which included removing snow from school access sidewalks as the top priority. At their December 8 meeting, the Monticello City Council voted 3-2 to completely remove the item from the priority list.
City crews will no longer clear sidewalks in town, with the exception of those on city-owned property. Also suggested for removal is the UDOT "storage lane" along Main and Center streets, which businesses and residents use for parking.
The public works department is looking at current operations for the best way to use staff and resources. City Manager Myron Lee brought the issue to the council, specifically mentioning concern with the new sidewalks in the city from the recently completed highway construction project. Lee said the number of sidewalks in town has nearly doubled, and the city no longer has the crew or equipment to continue moving snow off of sidewalks. He proposed that city crews no longer clear sidewalks or the Main and Center storage lanes.
Lee said that it takes two to three days to clear snow after a storm, with the largest amount of time taken to remove snow from storage lanes. Currently, the city crew removes snow from storage lanes from seven blocks at an estimated cost of $6,000 to $7,000 per storm.
Public Works Supervisor Nathan Langston said that there are time issues with sidewalks, as San Juan County asked the city to provide more assistance to clear intersections and help clear Woodland Way, the area around The Hideout, as well as lower Uranium Drive. He expressed concern about neglecting storm drains and fire hydrants in a storm.
Councilman Scott Frost expressed concern about not cleaning storage lanes, and the effect on traffic and business. Langston pointed out that businesses would lose the storage lane parking. Councilman Jeremy Hoggard questioned the feasibility of asking businesses to clear the storage lane, as most do not have the necessary equipment and many have no place to put the snow.
Mayor Allen suggested that the only way for many businesses is to use an independent contractor, which raises liability concerns. Frost suggested a special service district, with members paying the district and contracting to remove the snow.
Business owner and San Juan School Board Member Bill Boyle said that sidewalks may be the biggest issue, specifically sidewalks leading to and from the schools. He said that sidewalks on empty lots and those owned by the elderly may not be shoveled.
"In two weeks you're going to have school mothers coming in and they are going to be a whole lot harder to say no to than one business owner." Boyle said since he was the only Main Street business owner who came to the meeting, the storage lanes may not be the biggest issue. He expressed concern about school children walking to school in the middle of the road due to impassable sidewalks.
He added, "A lot of expense has been put into sidewalks, and I hate to use them only eight months of the year."
Councilman Brad Randall said that if Main Street business owners want business from Main Street, it is their responsibility to make it accessible.
"As a business owner, I think it's my responsibility," said Randall.
Hoggard suggested that the city provide options for businesses that are surrounded by other properties and have no place to put snow.
Frost said business owners have some responsibility, whether shared with the city or not, to deal with snow removal in front of their business.
"I will be glad to shovel my snow," said Boyle. "I will be glad to shovel the city sidewalk in front of my office. I will be glad to push the UDOT storage lane in front of my office. But at what point am I responsible for my neighbor on either side?"
Councilman Walter Bird said that if the City removes the storage lane from the priority list, they will have to enforce their ordinance, and make people clear their snow.
City code states it is unlawful to park on a city street from one hour after a snowfall begins until the storm is over and snow removal is completed. City code states that owners or occupants with a sidewalk along the property line are required to remove snow from the sidewalk within a reasonable time after the snow has fallen.
The code states that for a storm that occurs between 5 p.m. and 6 a.m., the sidewalk should be cleaned before 9 a.m. The code adds that it is unlawful for anyone to move snow (or dirt, leaves or any other material) into the gutter.
Langston said that the city crew is not trying to get out of work, but is asking for direction for what snow to clear. Langston said he simply wants a council decision so when people ask questions, he can refer back to direction from the council. He reiterated that the biggest issue is finding enough time with a small crew to cover all the needs.
Boyle expressed concern about discussing Main Street snow removal as simply for business owners. "Main Street is more than businesses. It's not just going to be bad for the business owners, it's going to show the whole town is questionable..."
Lee said the big issue is where to stop. He said the city should be fair and equitable to all businesses.
The current snow removal prioirities are school access sidewalks, fire station, ambulance garage, city office, Main Street parking lot, Welcome Center, assist county with intersections, water plant, sewer lagoons, fire hydrants, storm drains, and Main Street storage lanes from Center to 200 South.
The council wants to consult with business owners and UDOT to discuss options. Mayor Allen said the city needs to notify not only businesses in the blocks that have been cleared in the past, but other businesses as well.
Walter Bird motioned that the city continue with status quo until the meeting is held to discuss the issues involved with storage lane snow.
The motion was amended to remove school access and other sidewalks from the priority list. The one exception is sidewalks adjacent to city properties.
Jeremy Hoggard said it is bad timing to modify the priority list in the middle of snow season. Mayor Allen suggested making the change effective January 1 and holding a meeting before that time with business owners and UDOT.
City Manager Myron Lee reiterated that the council is asking for a snow removal plan that is acceptable to all parties involved and then bringing it back to the council for approval. The motion passed with Frost, Shakespeare and Bird voting in favor of the change, and Hoggard and Randall against.
A meeting with UDOT and business owners was held on December 15, after the press deadline.


text:
yeah he did...let's hope the outcome week 5 is different
yeah he did...let's hope the outcome week 5 is different
Let's consider... A veteran QB just lead a team to victory over a 3rd and 4th string defense. Not going to worry much about this one...
Losing the 1st preseason game doesn't bother me but this team has a lot of work to do..
not at all...Foles did work for them though
Okay. Lot's to learn from this one. Plenty of time to work out the kinks. You can quickly see who to keep and who to get rid of. Looks better on offense. Defense needs to tighten it up. But last sets were newbs.
whoever the conditioning coach is needs to be fired, players are always getting injured.
do they stretch properly? do they do anything properly to prep themselves against injury?
I'm getting tired of seeing players get injured every game.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
POL 1970-81 Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird 13" front drop spindle disc brake conversion kits are built to precise specifications and are shipped prefitted and assembled so you can rest assured that the brake system works properly. Performance Online's disc brake kits feature dual piston Corvette aluminum calipers, drilled and slotted rotors and high performance brake pads.
These systems not only upgrade your vehicle to discs, they also lower the vehicle a full 2" without affecting steering geometry.
All kits have a matched caliper system designed for American muscle cars, we do not use mismatched truck calipers like our competitors do. All kits include spindles! A $229.99 value, our competitors do not.
Kit includes:
• 13" Cross Drilled and Gas Slotted Rotors
• Dual 38mm piston aluminum calipers
• 2" Drop Spindles
• High Performance Brake Pads
• Bearings
• Seals
• Steel Hubs
• Rubber Brake Hoses
• Grease caps
• Spindle nuts
• Mounting brackets
• All necessary hardware
• Limited Lifetime Warranty!
We also offer polished or powder coated calipers for an additional $100.00.
Stainless Brake Hoses, Add $49 (pair)
Bracket color, Red or Black (no charge)
Requires 17" or larger wheels.
Note: Depending on year of vehicle, picture may vary from your application.
Fits: 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81 Camaro & Firebird