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PKP Statistics Framework
- 1 The framework
- 2 Statistics migration
- 3 Report Generation
- 4 Statistics Logging
- 5 Processing Log Files
- 6 Reprocessing log files
The framework
The new statistics structure implemented by OJS 2.4.3 is more general and can serve many ways of collecting stats and generating reports. For example, it's easier to reuse structures to read log files, store statistics and generate reports.
Technical details
The technical details are not important for normal operation. This document should be enough to help you manage statistics in OJS. If you still want to learn more about that, access OJSdeStatisticsConcept.
The most important new concept is a "metric." It can be understood as a set of rules that determine how we measure system usage. Using the previous set of plugins to manage statistics, the Counter plugin had different rules to determine which accesses should be logged as valid article views than the Timed Views plugin; for example, the Timed Views plugin did not filter bots. For that reason, even if both plugins were counting the same events (article views, for example) they would present different results. In the new structure, this corresponds to each plugin having a different metric.
OJS can now have any number of metrics. Any report plugin can implement one, and serve the system with statistics. All calls for statistics inside the system are now dependent on which metric the system is using. So, if you have more than one plugin implementing different metrics, you can choose in the statistics settings page which metric will be used to present statistics to users, both in public and private pages.
You can still access different metrics statistics without changing the main metric setting using the statistics report page (manager/statistics). We will see more about this in Report Generation.
== Default metric (OJS/COUNTER)
OJS 2.4.3 ships with only one implemented metric. That means that only one report plugin implements a metric, specifically UsageStatsReportPlugin. This plugin follows all processing rules (avoiding bots, double clicking, etc) from the COUNTER project; therefore the metric that it implements is called OJS/COUNTER. This plugin collects statistics from the following public objects: journal, issue, article and galley. It implements time and geo localization dimensions, so reports can be generated by month, year, city, region and/or country.
Statistics migration
The current OJS upgrade process will migrate statistics data from the Timed View plugin, the Counter plugin, and the built-in OJS view counts from previous versions. Because each one of those sources had different approaches to collecting statistics, we can't merge them; therefore each will be migrated as a different metric:
|Previous data source
|Migrated metric name
|Counter plugin
|Timed Views plugin
|OJS views
The only data that the migration process will adapt are the statistics from the Timed Views plugin. Originally this plugin was not filtering bots; for data compatibility, the migration process will delete all entries that come from bots identified using the Counter robots list.
Because those old sources do not continue collecting statistics after the upgrade (the only source of statistics inside the default OJS 2.4.3 installation is the UsageStatsReportPlugin, which implements the ojs::counter metric) the metrics that they implement don't appear inside the main metric setting. They are only intended for backwards compatibility. However, as noted below, the new reporting tools are able to generate reports from both old and new data sources.
Requirements (for site administrators)
Geo location database
To run the upgrade process and to correctly migrate the old statistics data, you will have to ask your site administrator to download the geo location database, following these steps:
- open a shell prompt
- go into OJS installation's base directory
- wget http://geolite.maxmind.com/download/geoip/database/GeoLiteCity.dat.gz
- gunzip GeoLiteCity.dat.gz
- mv GeoLiteCity.dat plugins/generic/usageStats
- download the file GeoLiteCity.dat.gz
- decompress it using any decompression tool into plugins/generic/usageStats directory
In both cases the complete path to the installed database file should be plugins/generic/usageStats/GeoLiteCity.dat
Execution time
If you have a very large set of Timed Views entries, the migration process may take more time than what's allowed by a process using the browser. To avoid incomplete upgrade process, if you have a really large set of statistics, you should use the client upgrade tool.
After migration
When the upgrade is complete, OJS will begin logging usage events into log files. If you decide to use Apache log files, you can turn this logging off (see OJS Statistics Logging, below).
The difference for editors and authors will only be reading the views column that can be seen in the editorial process, for galleys. Because statistics are now unified, system will present statistics throughout using the default metric. As before, the default metric is ojs::counter, but, unless you start to process event log files (see Processing Log Files, below) you will have no statistics for that metric. Therefore the views column will show 0 until some statistics are retrieved. (You can process old Apache log files too, if you want to get historical statistics into the new metric; see below.)
Note that this not means that the old galley view data is not available anymore. The data is saved and still available for reports under the metric ojs::legacyDefault. Read the next section for more details on how to generate reports using both old and new statistics data.
Report Generation
Once the migration process is finished, you can generate reports using any metric. Each old OJS statistics source is now implemented as a report plugin, so it's possible to access them in the Report Generator part of the Stats & Reports page, under Journal Management.
All three plugins can work with both legacy and new statistics data sources. This means that you can generate the same reports that you could before migration, with the same results. And you can also generate reports from new statistics data, collected by the new usage statistics plugin.
Note that the new default statistic metric will not produce the same results that each one of those old sources would produce if they were still collecting statistics. This happens because now the usage statistics plugin implements rules for retrieving usage events in a different way, in order to be more consistent with the COUNTER project. One example is bot filtering, previously not executed consistently for all stats, and not using the official COUNTER robots list when it was being performed. Another difference is the process to avoid double-clicking, with different timing for file downloads and normal page views.
The OJS views data is the only element that doesn't have a way to generate reports from new statistics data using the interface. You have to use the following url:
That's because this report and the new usage statistics report are very similar. For statistics collected since the migration, can use the new OJS usage statistics report, in the Report Generator area of the Stats & Reports page, under Journal Management.
There you will get a similar format to the old view report, with the difference that you will receive more information, like geolocalization and date; also, galley objects will have their own rows. Note that you will get no data using the OJS usage statistics report if you don't process any log files (see Processing Log Files).
Custom Reports
Managers can now generate custom reports, selecting columns, filters and ordering. This can be done via the report generator user interface, accessed by clicking on the "Generate Custom Report" link, in the Report Generator part of the Stats & Reports page, under Journal Management.
After defining the columns, filters and order-by settings, you can submit the form by clicking on "Generate Custom Report". You will also notice that a URL will appear above the form submit button. You can use this URL to generate again the same report, without having to choose the same settings.
If you want to generate reports filtering data using times, like current day or month, you can click the "Current Month" or "Today" checkboxes in the "by time" filter section. A tip is to generate the report the way you like, get the url, and store it in your browser's Favorites for quick access.
The following section describes each of the report generator settings.
Default Report Templates
This option allows Journal Managers to select a set of predefined settings to generate a report. There are five default reports:
|Report name
|Article file downloads
|Shows the number of all article files downloads (html, pdf, others all together).
|Article abstract page views
|Shows the number of article abstract page views only.
|Issue file downloads
|Shows the number of all issue files downloads (html, pdf, others all together).
|Issue table of content page views
|Shows the number of table of contents page views only.
|Journal main page views
|Shows the number of journal main page views only.
Aggregate Stats By
You can define the aggregation level of the statistics. The default for each report template is to aggregate statistics by country and month. So all statistics for the same published object will be grouped by month and country. You can define a lower level of aggregation, like region, city and/or day. The lower the aggregation level is, the more rows the same published objects will likely have. Let's consider this example:
|Article title
|Article 1
This report shows that for November, the article 1 files were downloaded 10 times by users from Canada. As you can see, the aggregation level here is by country and month.
Let's see this other report now.
|Article title
|Article 1
|Article 1
With this new report, you can see two lines for the same published object (article). The difference between both reports it's that now we can see the Day column, so we can check the article files download by each day of the month. That's the day aggregation level.
Select Report Range
This option allows you to define the report time range. The options are:
|Time range option
|Will show only statistics for the current day of the report generation. If you generate a report url and save it for later use, when you use it, the day used will be that current day, and not the day you first generated the report url.
|Current month
|Same for today option, but will show statistics for the current month.
|Range by day
|Define start and end dates (year, month and day).
|Range by month
|Define start and end months (year and month).
None of those settings involve aggregation level, only the report range. You can generate a report for the current month in a day aggregation level, for example.
Public Object Types
All statistics in OJS are now associated with a type of published object. Each object type has its own usage event that triggered the statistic collection. The following table describes that.
|Object type
|Usage event
|Journal index page view.
|Issue table of contents page view.
|Issue galleys
|Issue file downloads.
|Article abstract page view.
|Article galleys
|Article file downloads.
The default report templates inside the report generator form will always generate reports with the object type column, so you can check what it means the count column values.
Advanced Options
These options, together with the time range, really define the reports. What the default template options do is simplyl preselect options here. If you select a default report template and change any option here, you will change the report, regardless of whether you selected a report template.
Define the columns that will be used to build the report. The columns you select here not only define which data will be presented inside the reports, but also defines the aggregation level of the statistics. For example, if you choose ID, Type and Month columns, the report will sum all views from an object from one month and will present that data in one row. If you choose Day instead of Month, each object will have a row for each day with statistics.
Define the data that will be used to filter statistics for the reports. You can choose to generate statistics only for articles inside an specific issue, or only for an specific article. You can also choose to filter statistics only by some kind of published objects (articles and galleys, for example). And you can also filter by geo location, selecting from which country or region or even city you want to generate statistics.
Order by
You can define which columns will be used to order the statistics in report. Note that even if you choose a column that you didn't pick up to be presented in the report (using the columns section) the report will still be ordered by that column. You can define several columns, so if the first column has a lot of equal results, the second one will be used, and going like that for the other ones.
Report templates explanation
Now that we understand better the concepts behind reports, let's take the default report templates as examples to see which settings they define (columns, filters) and why that generates the expected result.
|Type, Article, Issue, Country, Month
|Object type equals to Galley
|Type, Article, Issue, Country, Month
|Object type equals to Article
|Type, Issue, Country, Month
|Object type equals to Issue Galley
|Type, Issue, Country, Month
|Object type equals to Issue
|Type, Journal, Country, Month
|Object type equals to Journal
- Take a look at the reports table to see its description.
The most important setting is the filter. If we don't use the filter to select only stats related to article galleys (in case of report 1, for example), then all the other published objects would have stats presented in the report. The columns define the aggregation level, as said before, and you can play with them. Let's give an example:
|Article title
|Article 1
|Issue 1
This is a default report 1 result. Let's add the File Type column (you can do that selecting the article file downloads report template, then clicking on advanced options, holding the shift key and clicking on File Type, inside the columns select box).
|Article title
|File Type
|Article 1
|Issue 1
|Article 1
|Issue 1
Now we have a lower aggregation level, showing also the file type for the monthly article file downloads. The main objective of the report it's the same, but the aggregation level is different.
We can also play with the ID column. If you add that instead of the file type, you should have something like this.
|Article title
|Article 1
|Issue 1
|Article 1
|Issue 1
|Article 1
|Issue 1
The aggregation level is now really low, on the object id level. Each galley will have its own rows, even if they are galleys for the same article and with the same type.
In general, for those default report templates, if you change the columns, the purpose of the report will still be there, you will only have a higher or lower aggregation level. If you change the filter object type settings, then you will change the purpose of the report.
At the same time, you can use filters like geo location or the context one to be more specific while generating reports.
Statistics Logging
After installing or upgrading OJS, the system will already be logging accesses for all installed journals into log files, inside the OJS files directory, in usageStats/usageEventLogs. There will be one file for each day. Not all system requests are logged into those files, only the ones that matter for usage statistics (submission views, file downloads, etc).
If you don't want to log access into files, you can turn this option off inside the generic usage statistics plugin. Go to Plugins management page, into Generic Plugins category and search for the Usage Statistics plugin. Click on settings and you will be directed to the plugins settings page (manager/plugin/generic/usagestatsplugin/settings). Inside the settings page you will find the "Create log files" checkbox; uncheck it and save.
External access log files alternative =
The new usage statistics plugin can also read external log files to retrieve usage events from there in order to collect usage statistics. You can use your apache access logs, for example. The default expected format for the external access log files is the apache combined format.
If you wish to use log files in another format, you will have to create a regular expression that can parse the log entries. See the plugin settings page for more information.
The advantage to sharing logs with the web server is that logs will be kept in one unified place, and the existing operating system policies around log file management will not need to be extended to cover additional logs for OJS. You can turn off the "Create log files" usage statistics plugin option, so you don't duplicate logging data (see OJS Statistics logging section).
Processing Log Files
Basic (default)
OJS, by default, automatically starts logging the usage events into it's own access log files. It also automatically process those files, on a daily basis. So, for example, if you install OJS today, at 2 pm, tomorrow at the same time the processing of the usage events for today will start. If you don't change any setting, this will go on without the need to do anything else.
If you really want to control your stats processing, you can go to Plugins management page, into Generic Plugins category and search for the Acron plugin. Just disable it and the automatic processing will stop. Read the following steps to understand how to manually trigger the processing.
OJS needs to process the files to be able to retrieve statistics data from them. This process can be done using the File Loader task tool which comes with the Usage Statistics plugin.
The file loader task implements a process to reliably handle all file processing. It works with 4 folders: stage, processing, archive and reject. Everytime you run the file loader, it will search for files inside the stage folder. If there are any, it will move one file to the processing folder and it will start working on it. If anything goes wrong, it will send an email to the system administrator with valuable information about what gone wrong and will move the file to the reject folder. If the processing went well, then it will move the file to the archive folder. It will continue this process until there are no more files inside the stage folder.
The file loader is a scheduled task tool, which can be periodically invoked using cron or another system task management tool. The command to run this task depends on which process are you willing to use:
File loader task processes:
|OJS log files
|php tools/runScheduledTasks.php plugins/generic/usageStats/scheduledTasks.xml
|OJS log files with automated staging process
|php tools/runScheduledTasks.php plugins/generic/usageStats/scheduledTasksAutoStage.xml
|External log files
|php tools/runScheduledTasks.php plugins/generic/usageStats/scheduledTasksExternalLogFiles.xml
This should be executed from the OJS installation's base directory.
Process 1 and 3 needs you to move files inside the stage folder (regardless of whether it's an apache log file or an OJS log file). Process 2 already automatically moves OJS log files into stage folder, so you have only to execute the command.
Everything else is handled by the file loader task. If you don't schedule this for automatic execution using cron or a similar mechanism, you will have to run the file loader task manually.
Note that for any process you choose, you can move files into the stage folder anytime, even while the scheduled task is running. You can also move any number of files inside the stage directory. What determines the period of time that you will be moving files into the stage directory is mainly your necessity for updated statistics.
The only thing that is not recommended is to move a log file that it's still being used by the system (OJS or apache) to log access. OJS already controls that for process 2, but for 1 and 3 you have to be careful. It's not recommended because you can waste processing time when you reprocess the same file. You can guarantee that you will not do that paying attention to the apache log files rotation (moving only the ones that were already rotated) or, if you use OJS log files, not moving the file that has it's filename with the current day.
If you really need updated statistics from the same day, you can still copy the files, instead of moving, so the system can continue logging more access into the same file, but you will be able to process what were already logged. The system can handle with files re-processing (see next topic), as long as you don't change the filename and you make sure that the final copied version of the file contains all access logging.
Let's imagine that we have the following scenarios, all three with a cron job calling the file loader task tool on a daily basis:
- Journal Manager using apache log files, that rotate each week; the log files are named using the day in which occur the file rotation (e.g.: 20130929-access.log); JM uses file loader task process 3.
- Journal Manager using OJS log files, that rotate each day, having in their filenames the day that they were being used to log access; JM uses file loader task process 1.
- Same last scenario, but JM uses file loader task process 2.
In scenario 1, if JM can't configure the apache log files rotation to a smaller period of time, he can copy the 20130929-access.log file to the usageStats/stage directory every time he wants new statistics to be processed. The system will each time delete all data that were processed for that file and reprocess everything again. That's why this process is not as efficient as an smaller period of log file rotation. At day 20131006 the log rotation will occur and JM can finally move or copy the 20130929-access.log file to the stage directory for the last time, so the stats logged between the last time he staged the file and the log rotation will be also processed.
In scenario 2, JM can move one file per day, always moving the file from the previous day. On Monday he can move two files at the same time (from Saturday and Sunday). He will have a small time between access and available statistics (one day only almost all the week) and will avoid reprocessing same access log entries.
In scenario 3, JM don't have to move the files. Each time the file loader task is executed, the system will automatically grab the log files that were not processed yet, avoiding the current day one, will stage them and will start processing each one.
In scenarios 1 and 2, if for some reason JM can't move files for a whole week, in the next opportunity he can move all of them at once. The scheduled task will process one by one then, until the stage directory is empty again.
Reprocessing log files
If you need to reprocess any log file (if a new robot list or geolocation database is introduced, or you fixed problems inside rejected files) you can move them back to the stage process. Even if they were inside "rejected" or "archived" directories. They will be processed and any existing data from these logs will be replaced by reprocessed data.
The important thing is that after a file is succesfully processed and moved to the archive folder that you preserve its name. The filename is used to keep track of statistics data and the file that it was retrieved from. For the same reason, it's important that all log files have unique filenames. You don't have to worry about this if you are using OJS log files. But if you are using apache access log files, ensure that you are using something unique such as dates in the filenames.


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Work crews hustled on Labor Day to break down concrete barriers and fencing from the Grand Prix of Baltimore, racing to reopen downtown streets and sidewalks before Tuesday's rush hour and a National Football League pregame concert later this week.
By mid-morning, joggers, strollers and cars were pushing through roadway openings that workers had cleared between downtown and Federal Hill, areas that had been closed off for the weekend's auto races.
The Baltimore City Department of Transportation said streets along the track circuit, which included portions of Pratt, Conway, Russell and Light streets, were scheduled to open one-by-one on Monday and "most roadways affected by the race" were expected to be accessible by 6 a.m. Tuesday.
Crews planned to work nonstop to clear at least a third of the fencing that surrounded the Inner Harbor by Thursday, said Tim Mayer, general manager of the Grand Prix of Baltimore. The aim is to open up as much of the waterfront as possible for fans to gather at pregame festivities before the Ravens open the NFL's regular season.
Scheduling conflicts with the Orioles forced the Super Bowl champions to open their season in Denver, against the Broncos. But festivities planned at the Inner Harbor before the game's telecast will include a free performance from country music star Keith Urban. The concert is slated to start at 7:30 p.m. next to the Maryland Science Center as part of NBC's pre-game show.
City officials said they were on schedule to meet Thursday's deadline for the event.
"Although there may be some lane closures in place," transportation department spokeswoman Adrienne Barnes said, "we do expect everything to be cleared in time to set up for the NFL event."
Work crews will temporarily stop removing barriers on Thursday so the concert and other football festivities won't be disrupted. They will resume work on Friday and continue until completion, Mayer said.
About 39,000 linear feet of spectator fencing wrapped around 2.4-miles of downtown streets for the weekend's auto-racing track. Barnes said it would take between three weeks and a month for all of it to be removed.
The Charm City Circulator, a free bus service that runs through downtown and South Baltimore neighborhoods, also expected to resume normal routes on Tuesday, according to its website. Routes going north and south had been detoured because portions of Pratt Street and areas surrounding the Convention Center and Camden Yards were cordoned off for racing.
The Maryland Transit Administration expected other downtown bus routes that had been detoured to resume normal operations by Tuesday, as well.
The raceway had also temporarily shutdown light rail service between Baltimore and Hamburg streets but MTA spokesman Terry Owens said the entire line was re-opened Monday.
Baltimore Grand Prix 2013 news from The Baltimore Sun

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday, January 28, 2011
Introducing the one, the ONLY: Soma Quill-inator
We're often approached by customers who have a Nitto or Cinelli quill stem and can't use it because their fork is threadless. We mulled over this for a while..and came up with the design for the product that has been dubbed "The Quill-inator". Our friends over at Tange-Seiki in Japan are responsible for the production.
TA-DA, the new Soma Quill-inator! It allows the use of a quill stem on any threadless system. It's a niche product but we think it fills an important one. Now you can have the reliability of a threadless system and still use the vintage quill stems you have kicking around.
They're available in black and silver...
Labels: quill stems, quillinator, soma
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A new play about artist Ai Weiwei's secret detention in 2011 will premiere in April in London. Written by British playwright Howard Brenton, "#aiww: The Arrest of Ai Weiwei" is set to open at the Hampstead Theatre.
The title of the play is a reference to Ai's Twitter handle. The artist, who is a regular user of the social networking site, has gotten into trouble with Chinese officials a number of times due to his online activism.
In 2011, Ai was arrested by Beijing officials while attempting to travel to Hong Kong. He was put in secret detention for 81 days with little communication with the outside world. Since his release, he has not been allowed to travel abroad.
Brenton is an award-winning playwright whose best known work is "Pravda," a media satire that he wrote with David Hare and which debuted in 1985 at London's National Theatre with Anthony Hopkins.
Brenton's dramas are often provocative and tackle political and social issues. His works include "Weapons of Happiness," about a factory strike; "Paul," a controversial take on the Gospel; and the recent "Anne Boleyn," about the second wife of Henry VIII.
"#aiww" is based on conversations that took place between Ai and writer Barnaby Martin as told in Martin's book "Hanging Man: The Arrest of Ai Weiwei."
No casting has been announced for the play, which is scheduled to run April 11 to May 18.
Ai Weiwei discusses his art and life after prison
Demonstrators in L.A. show support for Ai Weiwei
Ai Weiwei goes 'Gangnam Style' in video tribute to Psy
PHOTOS: Hollywood stars on stage CHEAT SHEET: Spring arts preview 2014 PHOTOS: Arts and culture in pictures
PHOTOS: Hollywood stars on stage
CHEAT SHEET: Spring arts preview 2014
PHOTOS: Arts and culture in pictures


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Measurement of Single Molecule Conductance using STM-Based Break Junctions
Published on
With Xiulan Li, Joshua Hihath, Bingqian Xu, Xiaoyin Xiao
We have measured single molecule conductance using a combined STM- and conducting AFM-based break junction method. The method works in aqueous solutions, which is suitable for biologically relevant molecules such as DNA and peptides, and also allows us to control electron transport through redox molecules with electrochemical gate. By oxidizing/reducing the redox molecules, the conductance can be changed over several orders of magnitude. Since the method relies on statistical analysis of a large number of measurements, it determines the most probable conductance of a single molecule covalently bound to electrodes, reproducibly. However, due to the large variations in the microscopic details of the individual molecular junctions, the conductance of certain molecules can take different values corresponding to different molecule-electrode contact geometries.
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN


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FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) data is used for determining aid eligibility at colleges and universities across the nation. However, due to aid allocations specific to each institution, your financial aid award will not transfer per se from one institution to another. Therefore, if you are transferring into CSUB, or from CSUB to another school, there are some things you need to do:
Transferring into CSUB
- Notify your previous school about the transfer as soon as possible.
- Update/Edit your FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) to list our School Code so data may be sent to us. Our Federal School code is 007993.
- If you have a Cal Grant award at your prior institution, notify the California Student Aid Commission (CSAC) of your school change.
- If you receive scholarships or grants from an outside source, each donor will need to be notified of the transfer.
- You will need to disclose all aid received from outside sources to the CSUB Office of Financial Aid & Scholarships. For scholarships, please use the CSUB Scholarship Disclosure Form.
Transferring out of CSUB
In addition to all the steps above you should also:
- Make sure you have canceled any pending class registrations for upcoming terms.
- Make sure your university account balance has been cleared.
- Request official Academic Transcripts from the CSUB Admissions & Records Office for your new school.
- Update your FAFSA with the new school's code so your ISIR data will be transmitted to that school.
- Contact the new school to request any necessary financial aid information or paperwork specific to their institution.
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University of Vermont
2012-2013 Catalogue
Pharmacology (Undergraduate Minor)
Specific Requirements
|College or School
|College of Medicine
Graduate College
|Fifteen credits are required for the minor, including PHRM 201, PHRM 272, PHRM 290. Additional courses may be selected from PHRM 302, PHRM 303, PHRM 305, PHRM 328, PHRM 372, PHRM 373, PHRM 381. One extra-departmental course, approved by the designated minor advisor, can be used for credit towards the minor. Potential choices for the one allowed extra-departmental course include ANNB 323, BIOC 212, BIOL 288, CHEM 205, MPBP 295, NFS 263, or PSYC 223.
|BIOL 001 and BIOL 002 or equivalent. CHEM 031 and CHEM 032 or CHEM 035 and CHEM 036. CHEM 141 and CHEM 142 or equivalent.
|Other information
|Students must have a B average and junior status to qualify for admission to the minor.
|Contact person
- Colleges and Schools: College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. College of Arts and Sciences. College of Nursing and Health Sciences. College of Medicine.
- Departments and Programs: Pharmacology Department.


text:
Warning: By law we cannot sell this product to anyone under 18, by placing an order with us you are confirming that you are over the age of 18.
Maxwell & Williams Garlic Bread Platter
This is a specialist veterinary product. We will ask you a simple set of questions to confirm that you are buying the correct medicine for your pet and know how to use it safely
Order by 3pm for Express Courier Delivery Some of the items we sell are a bit too bulky to fit on our delivery vans so we offer our customers Express Courier Delivery via courier. Deliveries are made from 8am - 8pm Monday to Saturday and 9am - 5pm on Sundays. Your delivery slot will only be confirmed once your order has been placed.
Dimensions and Details
Care and Use
Microwave, Freezer, Oven and Dishwasher Safe
About The Brand
The Maxwell & Williams range is an extremely diverse collection of homewares, using a multitude of materials including ceramics, glass, stainless steel and acrylic to create a unique collection that encompasses the entire spectrum of homewares, from the kitchen to the tabletop and beyond. Maxwell & Williams products are made from the finest quality materials, with a solid reputation for delivering the best design/price quality ratio.


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What do I think about on rides home like last night? A ride with constant, soaking rain for an hour straight on a road edge filled with debris. Apart from the non-stop thought of "can they see me" I usually find myself day-dreaming about the good rides I have to look forward to.
I'm lucky enough to have a nice long vacation planned to Brisbane, Australia. I'm still working out the logistics of the bike and whether or not I need to buy a travel version, but I'm eagerly counting the days until sun. It makes the wet rides that much more passable.


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And the winner goes to . . . (Civil War History, I hope). Well, it is hard to believe that I have had this blog up for a little over six months. I would like to thank all of you who faithfully read and comment here, as we are closing in on 5,000 hits. With that said, I would like to ask a favor of you all. I nominated this site for consideration for the 2007 Cliopatria Awards, specifically the category for Best New Blog, which is posted through the History News Network site (I worked for the website as an intern from January to August of 2006). That said, I would appreciate your support and encouragement, as I attempt to earn this award. I believe in this site very much and feel that the proof is in the numbers for such a short time. Therefore, I ask you to go to the link for Best New Blog and nominate this site only if you feel that this site is deserving. In addition, I ask that you keep the comments coming, as I do appreciate them and make every effort to respond via email. If you feel that this site merits nomination in any of the other categories, please feel free to do so, as I would appreciate it. In addition to this site, do not forget some of the blogs linked here, especially Sarah's site Ten Roads, which could also use a nomination. With that said, I wish the other nominees the best of luck and I hope you will continue to show support.
Best New Blog in History for 2007?


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"Bornsoldiers Ent Presents Ak!, (Enough) FM15 FILMS
Quick Flick Directed by Arm For Fm15films off Ak's
"Welcome to Zombieland Mixtape Hosted By Dj Folk" Available for download at
www.fm15films.com" [m]
Please click the "Report" button below if the video on this page is not working properly.
Comments will only be displayed by verified emails. No Spamming or Racism.


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Texas A&M International University invites those interested in graduate education to the Graduate Studies and Research Open House, Thursday, Feb. 19, at 6 p.m. in the Western Hemispheric Trade Center, Fernando A. Salinas Lecture Room (WHTC 111).
The Open House will offer information on academic programs from the A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business and College of Education. Participants can learn about admissions requirements and meet program advisors. Refreshments will be served.
Financial assistance information for graduate students will be available at the event. Graduate students have the opportunity to apply for scholarships generously provided by the Lamar Bruni Vergara Educational Fund. The LBV Educational Fund provides scholarships, assistantships and fellowships to qualified students.
Scholarships pay tuition up to $3,000 a year ($1,000 per semester, including summer). Fellowships pay tuition up to $6,000 per year and are awarded to graduate students for part-time work (10 hours per week) in teaching or research while pursuing an advanced degree.
Assistantships are benefits-eligible financial awards to a graduate student for part-time work (20 hours per week) in teaching or research while pursuing an advanced degree, and pay tuition up to $9,000 per year.
The University offers more than 25 masters degree programs. All share a progressive agenda for global study and understanding across all disciplines.
TAMIU and the Office of Graduate Studies are committed to the preparation of students for leadership roles in their chosen profession and in an increasingly complex, culturally diverse state, national, and global society.
With the national economic downturn, many are smartly considering ways to retool and secure their careers with graduate degrees, said Cassandra Wheeler, the University's executive director of Career Services.
"A graduate degree is basically re-investment education – getting a graduate degree bolsters relevance to the market and can advance and further secure a career in the long run," said Wheeler.
Deadline for Summer and Fall 2009 admission is April 30. Deadline for Spring 2010 admission is Nov. 30.
For more information, please contact Suzanne Alford at the Office of Graduate Studies and Research at 326.3020, e-mail email@example.com, click on tamiu.edu/gradschool or visit offices in the Sue Radcliffe Killam Library, room 326.
Office hours are Mondays and Tuesdays from 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays from
8 a.m.- 7 p.m. and Fridays from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m.
Journalists who need additional information or help with media requests
and interviews should contact the Office of Public Relations, Marketing and Information
Services at email@example.com
Texas A&M International University
5201 University Boulevard
Laredo, TX 78041
© 2019


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Jack Call: Training and Defending Those Who Serve
Their reasons are many and their opinions are diverse, but those who choose military service often say it was simply the right thing to do at the time.
That was the case with Radford University Professor Jack Call, chair of the Department of Criminal Justice. Early in his career, he left a teaching job to enroll in the U.S. Coast Guard's Officer Candidate School (OCS). He was exempt from the military draft because he was a teacher, but "I didn't like the idea of teaching just to avoid going into the military."
Having an older brother who was in the Coast Guard in the early 1950s and having knowledge of the Korean and Vietnam wars may have affected his decision.
"At the time, there were few Coast Guard stations, and the Coast Guard was trying to consolidate as many as they could," Call said. "I didn't want to be in the Army. The nice thing about the Coast Guard officers training is that it's competitive. You throw your name in the hat for the top spots, and because there are not a lot of them, chances are good. My OCS class had some pretty impressive people."
Call had two duty assignments between stints in college on track to become a lawyer. By the time he had completed the second, he had become acclimated to life in the Coast Guard. He kept his eye on the job market and decided being a lawyer for the Coast Guard was as good a job as he was likely to find, and the pay was better than what most lawyers earned right out of school.
The Coast Guard didn't have the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG), the legal branch concerned with military justice and military law. "It's the only part of the military that didn't." The reason, Call said, is because of the Coast Guard's unique mission. "It's half military and half regulatory agency. I think that was one of the reasons for a long time they did not institute JAG."
The phrase "keeping others out of harm's way" typically conjures up an image of combat. For the Coast Guard, however, the harm is likely to be an environmental crisis or a weather disaster. During part of his service, Call was assigned to enforce provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Based in New Orleans, he was involved with oil spills affecting Louisiana, Texas and Alabama. "Sometimes there were 300 cases a month for pollution," Call said, not all of them related to large oil spills.
"I helped assess penalties. If we knew who caused the pollution and they declined to clean it up, the Coast Guard sued them to recoup their expenses."
During Call's service, each career officer rotated off legal tours every three years. "Legal officers have a wide variety of duties, and all of us did some courts martial. Then, and it's still true, the Coast Guard has a high caliber of enlisted persons, and we didn't have too many courts-martial." He remembers having fewer than 20 criminal cases a year.
"I really enjoyed and felt good about the time I was a teacher in Officer Candidate School," Call said. "The training helped indoctrinate future officers into having good feelings about the Coast Guard. It helped them to adjust to a military structure. I felt positive about it. If we did our job well, the people we trained felt good about their work."


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Ways to Fall Asleep Faster
Four Methods to Ease Into Bedtime
For some people, the hardest part about getting a good night's sleep is winding down.
Plenty of products and services promise to help. Americans spent $32.4 billion in 2012 on sleep-related aids—from noise machines to specialty pillows, according to IMS Health, a marketing analytics firm in Parsippany, N.J. And according to an August study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8.6 million people in the U.S. reported taking medication for better sleep in the month before....


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"I don't expect that the resolution is going to go forward, but there have been a lot of good changes with the TRT and the grant process," said Commissioner Phil Lyman at the August 27 meeting of the San Juan County Commission.
The resolution in question was introduced by Lyman to the Commission several weeks prior, a proposal that transient room tax money (TRT) collected in Monticello and Blanding be returned to the cities to run rather than run through the County Travel and Tourism office.
Since the proposal was introduced, the City of Blanding responded in favor, while the City of Monticello opted out, asking that the money be left in the County office and that a city representative be placed on the county travel and tourism board.
Lyman said the resolution is in a "wait and see" mode, as the tourism board wants to ensure the commission will not micro-manage and the commission wants to see the tourism board fulfill their responsibilities.
"I will be surprised if it comes back. If it does, it will be in a different form," said Lyman.
Commissioner Bruce Adams said, "I think we gave the advisory board an opportunity to express some of their concerns, and I feel like they understand what the commission expects them to do. I think that will make a lot of difference with what happens with the money and how it's administered from this time forward."
Lyman expressed appreciation to members of the tourism board for their passion and dedication to promote San Juan County.
Diana Davidson approached the commission on behalf of the Business Owners of Bluff regarding the issue. Davidson was delighted to hear the report on the meeting of the commission with the tourism board.
Davidson said that tourism is up 31 percent in the first six months of the year from the previous year and attributes this to the marketing efforts of the Visitors Services office. They feel the office has the ability to market the county in ways small businesses and communities cannot do.
Davidson specifically mentioned benefits Blanding receives from the Visitors Services Office, including advertising and support work for the ATV Safari, which she called a "valuable and tangible amount of services, grants and marketing efforts from the visitor's services office".
Davidson said a better approach to help Blanding get more would be for their travel council to work more closely with visitors services to devise a plan.
Lyman expressed his frustration over a lack of communication and transparency regarding the TRT funds. He said that as a commissioner, he cannot be accountable for the money when it never comes across the commission table for approval.
Lyman said the resolution was designed to bring the issue to the forefront and make it a discussion. "I'm thrilled with the discussion. I'm thrilled with the response Monticello gave on this when they came back asking for transparency in this department, accountability for these funds, and representation in the market."
Lyman said he hopes this will help bring better communication, better visibility and a better grant process.
In other business, Lyman reminded the public that if people have issues with their tax notices they should do something about it before September 15, when final tax notices are prepared.
Commissioners said they are pleased with the number of people who attended Board of Equalization meetings.
In open time, county landowner Larry Sorrell urged the commission to consider writing a letter to the Department of Fish and Wildlife recommending the deportation of the Gunnison Sage Grouse.
Sorrell said he cannot see a benefit to having the birds but can see a huge economic benefit in oil and gas and wind projects if the area is not designated sage grouse habitat.
"It's all benefit on that end and all risk on the other half," said Sorrell. "Nearly all of the land owners in the area support that idea."
Resident Marilyn Boynton expressed concern that such a letter would almost certainly bring an endangered species designation for the birds.


text: Farm Journal Foundation Names University Student Organization Grant Recipient December 21, 2012 03:17 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Farmers Feeding The World Farmers Feeding the World Farm Journal Foundation has awarded The Ohio State University student organization Micki Zartman Scarlet and Gray Ag Day Committee with its first ever "HungerU" grant, valued at $2,500. The organization was selected among several student groups participating in the Foundation's Farmers Feeding the World "HungerU Mobile Tour," a campaign designed to increase awareness about the role advanced agriculture plays in ending hunger, the world's number one killer. Sponsored by DuPont, the HungerU Mobile Tour took place in October and November 2012 and included stops at Michigan State University, Kansas State University, University of Illinois, Purdue University, The Ohio State University, University of Missouri and Iowa State University. To be considered for the grant, student organizations were challenged to build campaign awareness on campus and beyond, leveraging HungerU campaign assets, including its 40-foot trailer emblazoned with powerful images and messaging on hunger, and its social media platforms. The group exhibiting the highest level of engagement, including targeted outreach to campus organizations and influencers, distribution of fliers, attendance of campus events and meetings, posting social media updates and media outreach, would receive the grant. "We were thrilled when the HungerU team invited us to participate in the campaign, as it gave us a larger platform for addressing ag literacy," said Leslie Risch, adviser for the Micki Zartman Scarlet and Gray Ag Day Committee, whose mission is to educate hundreds of elementary school students annually about the importance of agriculture in the world. Risch said that the group plans to use the grant to support its next Scarlet Gray and Ag Day event on April 19, 2013. Along with outfitting more than 200 volunteer students with T-shirts and renting tents to house livestock, the money will be used to help connect elementary school teachers with curriculum to teach agriculture. "If we can start conversations with kids now, perhaps some will think about careers in agriculture to become part of the solution." Plans for the 2013 HungerU Mobile Tour are in progress. For more information, check out HungerU on Facebook, follow @HungerUTour on Twitter, or visit www.hungeru.com. Back to news


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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....."Hugo" sneaking away with a vat of ranch dressing. Couldn't they give him another vice besides the obvious?
Yea, but I'm weird also. I was upset when Maurice, erm Melinda was voted off Survivor. I'm also becoming a Bruce fan.
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My Keynote At The (RIAA Sponsored) Leadership Music Digital Summit
from the fun-stuff dept
Leadership Music Digital Summit 2009 - Mike Masnick keynote address, 3/25/09 from Leadership Music Digital Summit on Vimeo.
If you've seen my earlier Midemnet presentation, this is actually an extended and improved version of that, so part of it will already be quite familiar to you. However, the final 10 minutes of the presentation gives me an opportunity to respond to the biggest question that came after the original presentation: how does this work for less well known musicians. So, I went through five different musicians, who all come from different backgrounds and experiences, representing different "success levels" in the industry, to show that this basic concept of connecting with fans, giving them a reason to buy (and not freaking out about piracy) works quite well.
You'll note at the beginning of the presentation, I note that the RIAA was a major sponsor of the event, and there was a huge RIAA logo hanging over my head (not seen in the video). The RIAA also sponsored the lunch following my keynote. While I actually did end up talking to representatives from all four of the major record labels while in Nashville (with... um... very, very, very different reactions from reps from each label, from outright frosty, to curious, to very interested and engaging), no one from the RIAA itself actually said hello. Too bad.
In the meantime, there are a bunch of new events I'll be speaking at in the coming months (all doing very different presentations), and I'll be putting up a post detailing some of those in the near future as well -- and I hope to meet more readers and Techdirt/Insight Community participants at these events.


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This year I offer a photo collection that shows off a bit of Halloween and Fall in Northern California.
Happy Halloween!
Journaling my genealogy research online seems to be the right thing to do for the future of my research rather than hiding it away in some box or drawer in my home. This blog is more of a diary of my research which expands as I go. Know that a post from last year may have more updated research in a different post. I love the discovery process which has resulted in such wonderful success in finding my roots. If you comment and are looking for a response, please leave me an email address.


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Hi all, this is my first post here so hello to everyone.
I have the Mac version and up to now all has been well. I was emailed the latest update which I duly downloaded and ran. Oddly I noticed that two books - Ruth and the Song of Solomon were missing in their entirety. Now - some background - having been an avid user of electronic and digital Bibles for many years I imported - through various publicly available free softwares - various Bibles normally unavailable to BA users - the ESV and several others. These Bibles work perfectly in all respects, and even though the above books are not 'available' from the book 'tree' - they say the usual "Oops! This Chapter Is Not Found. Wrong Testament?" - material from the books appears in "searches" in the right hand panel.
I reverted to previous versions of BA and realised the same thing was happening there too, I just hadn't noticed.
Any suggestions? I checked the bib files in a sql database app and nothing appears unusual in the data or indexing.
Thanks in anticipation,
Rev. Mick


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Making the most of the Mercyhurst experience means choosing to be an engaged member of the campus community and is about getting involved. Mercyhurst University offers activities designed for fun and camaraderie! With over 85 Recognized Student Clubs & Organizations, there is never a dull moment!
We encourage students to jump start their collegiate experience by getting connected to campus! Whether you join a club or organization, attend campus activities, participate in intramurals, partake in the various athletic and cultural events on campus, or get involved in a variety of service and leadership events, regardless of how you choose to get involved, we are confident you will find your place at Mercyhurst University.
The Campus Involvement Center advances student success by providing opportunities to engage in social, leadership, and experiential activities. We strive to connect students to Mercyhurst through:
The Campus Involvement Center has an array of signature programs and events they sponsor throughout the year. Here is a glimpse of what you can expect to take place at Mercyhurst University.
Annual Wellness Fair: The goal of this event began with "Celebrating Women" during women's history month. It has since evolved to reaching out to all members of the campus community. The goal of the Wellness Fair is to focus on the seven dimensions of well being which are Environmental, Emotional, Mental, Occupational, Physical, Spiritual and Social and present this information to the campus community. The primary objectives for the Wellness Fair include:
Alcohol Awareness Initiatives: The Campus Involvement Center focus' on two themed weeks throughout the year, in addition to our Safe break campaigns and alcohol free programming. In the fall term, we celebrate National Collegiate Alcohol Awareness Week (NCAAW) and in the spring term our focus is on having a safe St. Patrick's day and week. Event calendars are created to promote these special themed weeks, which include hypnotists, educational lecturers, pledge signing, games, and give-a-ways.
The e: Mercyhurst University and Mercyhurst Student Government have partnered with the Erie Metropolitan Transit Authority (EMTA) to offer transportation services to students. Students with a valid Mercyhurst University Identification Card or One Card can use the entire EMTA system free of charge simply by showing their ID. The Campus Involvement Center is also responsible for working with Mercyhurst Student Government (MSG) and with the EMTA Intern, a Mercyhurst student, to promote these services to students.
Recognized Student Clubs/Organizations (RSCOs): RSCOs are an integral component of the vibrant student life at Mercyhurst. The Center is responsible for the approval and recognition of 80+ student clubs and organizations on an annual basis. The following support services are provided to RSCOs:
Campus Involvement Center
Location: Upper Level, Student Union
Phone: (814) 824-3643
Fax: (814) 824-2057


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Father of Michigan's first surviving set of sextuplets dies at 39 while playing with kids
- Image 1 of 2
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HOLLAND, Mich. – The 39-year-old father of Michigan's first surviving set of sextuplets suffered a heart attack and died after setting up a trampoline for his children, a relative said.
Ben Van Houten died Wednesday night, said Sue Herweyer of Dykstra Life Story Funeral Homes in Holland.
Van Houten lived in the Holland area in western Michigan. In 2004, his wife, Amy, gave birth to six children over three days at a Grand Rapids hospital. They're now 10 years old, and they have a 7-year-old sister.
"Just to know Ben for even one day would be a blessing," father-in-law Calvin Reimink told The Grand Rapids Press (http://bit.ly/1mZiDkD ).
Reimink said Van Houten set up a trampoline in his yard and was playing with his children when the heart attack occurred. Van Houten's father died of heart problems at age 40.
"He was always spending time with the kids," Reimink said of his son-in-law.
The sextuplets were tiny at birth: the largest was only 2 pounds, 1 ounce. Two have cerebral palsy.


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Selecting your vehicle's make, model, and year allows us to display only parts and items specific to your car's model and year.
Part# CHT9453
Be the First to Review
OPGI Price: $34.99
Part Type: (A) Aftermarket product, usually an enhancement product
Years: 1959-1977
Sold As: EACH
These fan shrouds are perfect for early as well as late-model Pontiacs. Especially useful where an engine swap is involved. Beautifully chrome-plated, they are available in either 3" or 5" widths—both are 20" in diameter. Mounting hardware included.


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Julian Ferreiro
Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Class Year:
Prior Education:
Abogado (LLB equivalent), Universidad de Buenos Aires
What I Did Before Law School:
Before coming to Penn Law, I worked as an "in house" counsel for Pan American Energy LLC, Argentina's second largest oil and gas producer, where I counseled in areas such as Contracts, Corporate law, Administrative Law, Environmental Law and Hydrocarbons legal framework.
Why I Chose Penn Law:
Because of the business concentration of its courses, added to its status of "Ivy League" top ranked school.
My Best Experience at Penn Law:
Everything, since the first day of the Summer Program.
Professor Who Influenced Me Most:
Professor Jody Kraus because of the way he approaches to the students, making them spend a good time in class, and his use of economic theory to explain its different effects over contracts theory.
My Favorite Course:
Contracts, I really enjoyed the Socratic method and the content of the course.
My Favorite Philadelphia Moment:
Walking around University City during the sunny fall days.
What I'm Most Proud Of:
Being open to ways to improve and thrive in life. That is what pushed me into the LLM, an experience that has exceeded my expectations.
My Extracurricular Activities at Penn Law:
The International Students Advisory Board, where I was a member of the Finance Subcommittee.
My Favorite Place or Activity on the University Campus:
Penn Park, I really enjoy the Friday afternoon soccer sessions with my LLM classmates.


text: Smartphone App for Livestock Producers now Available March 4, 2014 01:23 AM Tweet A smartphone app to help ranchers determine stocking rates is now available online. TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By University News Release Email By: Rod Santa Ana, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Livestock producers pondering stocking rates now have an app to help them determine that ratio, according to experts. GrazingCalc is a new mobile smartphone application developed by personnel at Texas A&M University's department of wildlife and fisheries sciences, ecosystem science and management units of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. "One of the most common problems livestock managers deal with is determining the best number of livestock to have on the land without harming their resources," said Blake Alldredge, an AgriLife Extension associate in College Station. "That task has just become easier with the release of this new app." GrazingCalc is now available for iPhone and other Apple devices at the iTunes Store, Alldredge said. "Being overstocked beyond what the land can handle may lead to overgrazing," he said, "resulting in issues such as decreased forage production, erosion problems and degraded wildlife habitat," GrazingCalc is applicable anywhere because it is based on actual forage production as measured by the rancher, said Dr. Megan Clayton, an AgriLife Extension range specialist in Corpus Christi who, with Alldredge, developed the content of the app. "Ranchers may need to do some work to obtain forage production on their property," she said, "but it is easily done, and a video within the app demonstrates how to obtain this forage production value from their land." GrazingCalc allows ranchers to manipulate the number of types of animals, grazing months and remaining available forage. Funding for the development of this app was provided through a Renewable Resources Extension Act grant from the Texas A&M Institute of Renewable Natural Resources. Back to news


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The Swish Group needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 374 designs submitted by 116 freelance designers.
OnOfficial.com is a new social networking news website, providing content that is current, raw, unedited and fresh.
It's content is provided by anyone with a video or still camera, mobile phone, or pen and paper. Using the tools of social networking, facebook, twitter, youtube, flickr and much more, OnOfficial makes YOU the journalist, editor and broadcaster in one website.
Todays major news outlets are controlled by advertising agendas and a need to provide content that is filtered through channels that don't often give an unbiased, raw aspect. OnOfficial is guided by topics that are created by the crowd, the trends, and viral marketing, that is, word of mouth, email, memes and that unknown madness of the masses.
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So, you've decided to upgrade your camera from a point-and-shoot to an interchangeable lens model. It probably means you're looking to do more with your photography and you want a camera that can deliver great image quality. Whether you've bought a traditional digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera or one of the new mirrorless models, the appeal of these shooters is that you can swap out the lens for different purposes. However, the camera only tells one part of the story. When it comes to great photography, oftentimes it's all about the lens – all the fancy features in a camera are pointless if there's no lens.
If you bought the camera from the local Best Buy or Costco, chances are it came with a lens or two. What you may or may not know is that the standard "kit" lens is a basic model that, while it does the job, barely unlocks the full potential of the camera; in fact, many consumers may not even realize there are hundreds of lens options available. While many of them cost thousands of dollars and are geared toward professional shooters, there are affordable options for the casual user.
Generally speaking, the lens that comes with a camera probably offers decent image quality but also comes with a few drawbacks. One is that they're slow: Usually starting somewhere at f/3.5, they require you to bump up your ISO in low light if you're handholding the camera. These lenses also have a variable aperture, which means that as you zoom in, your lens gets slower. You can tell a lens has a variable aperture when you see specs like f/3.5-5.6; if that lens has a focal range of 18-55mm, that means that at 18mm you can open up to f/3.5, but at 55mm you'd be limited to a very slow f/5.6. Variable aperture can make it difficult to get the right exposure in difficult lighting situations.
Some other limitations of kit lenses include slow/noisy autofocus motors, lack of image stabilization, and lower build quality. In recent years, however, lens manufacturers Canon and Nikon have enhanced the features to their kit lenses. In addition, there are numerous third-party manufacturers, such as Sigma and Tamron, that make lenses that are more affordable; while some are on par with those from camera makers in terms of quality, not all are.
If you are interested in upgrading your kit lens, there are a few different categories to consider. Lenses can generally be classified into one of six categories: standard or regular zoom, telephoto zoom, wide angle, macro, prime, and specialty. This isn't designed to be a comprehensive guide, but once you familiarize yourself with the categories and decide which lens you would like to add to your arsenal, you can look into each lens type in more detail. Here's a quick look at the six types of lenses.
(Note that, despite the name, not all lenses are interchangeable with any camera. For example, Canon lenses are designed to work with Canon cameras, and not Nikon or Sony. While there are third-party mounting adapters available, a Nikon camera won't be able to utilize the features of a Canon lens, like image stabilization.)
Standard zoom
The kits lens that comes with a camera is most likely a standard or regular zoom lens, somewhere in the 18-55mm range; another common standard zoom range is 28-70mm. If you're looking to upgrade your kit lens, this is a good place to start. For about $400-500 you can get a standard zoom with a constant f/2.8 aperture. It sounds like a lot of money, but it offers a major improvement in photo quality over the average kit lens, especially when you're extending the zoom all the way.
Telephoto zoom
Telephoto zoom lenses have a much longer focal length than standard zoom lenses. A fairly common telephoto zoom range is 70-300mm. These lenses are good for getting close to nature or photographing your kid's sporting event. Sigma makes a 70-300mm lens that retails for $549 MSRP, but it's a little slow at f/4-5.6. Unfortunately, the price really jumps up for faster, constant aperture telephoto zooms. Sigma's 70-200mm f/2.8 lens retails for around $2,470 MSRP.
Wide angle
On the opposite end of the spectrum you have the wide-angle lens. These lenses come in focal lengths that offer a maximum field of view. If your camera has an APS-C sized sensor, that increases the magnification or crop factor of your lens from 1.2-1.6 times, depending on the sensor. This means if your lens has a focal length of 28mm, it will effectively be a 42mm lens on an APS-C sensor camera. This is great on the telephoto side of things, but not great for capturing wide angle. Wide-angle lenses usually offer focal lengths between 10-24mm.
If you plan on sticking with your kit lens, the next lens you might want to pick up is a prime lens. Prime lenses have fixed focal lengths, which mean they don't have zooming capabilities . These lenses aren't for the lazy photographer because you need to physically reposition yourself in order to recompose your photos. Despite this limitation, prime lenses are generally regarded as offering the highest image quality (and a price tag to match). If you're going to purchase a prime lens, you need to weigh the pros and cons, and also consider what focal length best matches the kind of photography you'll be using it for.
Macro lenses allow the shooter to get extremely close-up images, and are a favorite among photographers. They're wonderful for exposing the tiny details of insects, flowers, and just about anything else out there that deserves a close-up shot. Like prime lenses, macro lenses are available in fixed focal lengths only. Also, they're good for other types of photography, too – a 70 or 100mm macro prime lens would be excellent for taking portraits.
Lenses that fall into the specialty lens category are ones like fisheye and tilt-shift. Fisheye lenses create a highly distorted circular image in a wide-angle field of view. They're not for every-day use, but can create some very interesting images. Tilt-shift lenses are some of the most unique lenses out there: a common feature is selective focus, which allows the photographer to select a specific part of the image to be in focus. These lenses are commonly used for "miniature faking," taking normal life-sized scenes and making them look like they're a miniature model.
Besides these two common specialty lenses, there are others like Lomography's Diana toy camera lenses and Lensbaby's creative lenses.
While the selection, quality, and price of lenses are vast, upgrading your lens is one of the best investments you can make in your camera collection, even more than replacing your camera body with a new one; while camera bodies will always continue to advance with new and better features, lenses tend to stay constant (for example, you can still use most Canon and Nikon lenses from decades ago with new DSLRs). Adding different lenses to your collection can open up a new world of shooting opportunities.
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Fresh off the most successful season in the history of the program, the MIT men's basketball team will be adding five freshmen to its roster for the 2012-13 campaign head coach Larry Anderson has announced. The talented and diverse group will add to a very experienced roster of returning players, one that includes four starters, from last season's 29-2 squad that advanced all the way to the NCAA Division III Final Four and finished the season ranked No. 4 in the nation.
"This was a critical recruiting year for us," said Anderson. "That said, we are extremely pleased and excited about this incoming class of freshmen. They are talented; each of them have great basketball pedigrees and come from places where they were leaders in the classroom, on the basketball court and in their communities. Because they embody the values of what MIT and our basketball program stand for, we believe they have the ability to make an impact."
MIT Men's Basketball 2012-13 Freshman Class
Ryan Frankel (5-11, 165, New York, N.Y., Collegiate School): Voted New York City's Best Guard as a senior … First Team All-Conference and First Team All-Manhattan … NY State Federation Tournament MVP … New York City Class A&B Player of the Year … Sportswriter's NY State Class B Player of the Year … overall was a three-time all-conference player and a two-time All-Manhattan selection … 1,200-point career scorer … AP Scholar with Distinction.
Russell Johnson (6-6, 200, New York, N.Y., Riverdale Country School): Team MVP as a power forward … all-conference selection … four-year letterwinner … Honor Roll student … Academic All-County.
Miles Nolting (6-8, 235, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Pine Crest High School): Twice selected as an all-county player as a power forward/center by the Miami Herald … played on a pair of state championship teams … Beta Club.
Justin Pedley (6-6, 200, Kennewick, Wash., Kamiakin High School): First Team All-State and All-Area Player of the Year as a senior … four-time all-conference selection … finished as his school's second all-time leading scorer … AP Scholar with Distinction … National Honor Society.
Lampros Tsontzos (6-10, 225, Maroussi, Greece, 3rd Lyceum of Maroussi): Member of the Greece National U18 team … has also been on the Greek U16 and U15 squads … top rebounder and shot blocker and third in scoring in his U19 league last season … averaged 14.7 points 17.2 rebounds and 3.6 blocks per game last season … finished in the top-50 in math and top-35 in physics competitions in Greece.


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Exerter Creek Crossing - The Outlaw Trail Part IXPosted in Ultimate Adventure on December 1, 2007
About mid-May of 1901, Kid Curry and Ben Kilpatrick stepped off the train in Lewistown, Montana. They were on their way to meet other members of the Wild Bunch. There was still a lot of planning to do before they would rob the Great Northern train at the Exeter Creek Crossing.
Historians disagree as to which outlaws participated in the robbery. The Outlaw Trail book by Charles Kelley and Kid Curry by Bruce Lamb both claim Butch Cassidy did most of the planning and that the Sundance Kid boarded the train in Malta, Montana, with Kid Curry. It seems unlikely that Kid Curry would give Cassidy the credit for making those plans if it was not true. Curry was a braggart and always put himself in the leadership role when telling his stories.
On the other hand, many historians claim Cassidy and Sundance were already in South America. They argue that tickets and hotel rooms were purchased using aliases known to be those of the two outlaws. In those days, outlaws and wanna-be outlaws changed names as often as they changed clothes. It is possible that other people were using the aliases or even the real names of Cassidy and Sundance. It's also possible that Kid Curry was lying and that Cassidy and Sundance were not involved in the Exeter Creek Robbery. Another possibility is that Cassidy and Sundance went to South America and returned because they needed more money to purchase the ranch they wanted down there. Nothing can be proved beyond dispute. For this story, Lone Writer chose to use the Kid Curry version.
Lewistown was familiar territory for Kid Curry. Before becoming an outlaw, he and his brothers ran cattle throughout the area and even had their own ranch headquarters near Landusky.
Ben Kilpatrick often rode with Kid Curry but had never been to Montana. He got a geography lesson as the two outlaws rode west for the crossing of the Missouri River on the Cow Island Ferry.
The Cow Island Ferry was one of several busy crossings until the modern-day bridge was built in 1959. Although it was referred to by that name, it was actually a short distance downriver from the island. The actual location of Cow Island provides a more shallow crossing and was used by drovers moving their cattle from one side of the river to the other.
Lone Writer spent the night in Lewistown and had breakfast at the 4 Aces Caf. On other trips, he camped in the Judith Mountains nearby. The mountains provide terrific views of the surrounding country, but it takes a little longer to get there. It is also a bad place to be during storms, and the whole area was having a dandy storm that night.
Leaving Lewistown behind, Lone Writer followed paved roads for a few miles then turned onto county roads that went cross-country to the town of Winifred. Rains the previous night had left the roads very slippery. Within a short time, the wheelwells of the Jeep were packed with mud. The odometer readings for this part of the trip may be high due to frequently spinning tires.
Winifred did not exist when the outlaws passed through. It was founded in 1913 as a railroad town. It is now a very small supply point for nearby ranches: Gas, food, and other basics are available. It's a good idea to top off gas tanks in Winifred since there isn't another opportunity until Malta. The gas station is open during normal business hours, Monday through Saturday. Nearby bars also have tasty sandwiches to take along.
Lone Writer left Winifred about noon and took the gravel road with the sign for D-Y Trail. That trail leads to the Cow Island Ferry crossing. The first section is a major gravel road classified as "all-weather" by the BLM. It consists of mostly level and gently rolling lands that provide no indication of the wild country ahead. There are numerous ranch homes along the way.
Eventually, the gravel surface gives way to dirt, which can be impassible when wet. The grassy lands lead into lightly forested areas, and the hills become much more prominent. There are some intersections, but the correct choice is always the D-Y Trail. Eventually, one intersection takes the D-Y Trail radically downhill on a winding, seldom-used dirt road. That road leads to the banks of the Missouri River where the Cow Island Ferry had its docking ramps.
On another trip, Lone Writer and Caveman brought a small raft and put it in the water at that point. They floated down the river to Grand Island, the most primitive hideout used by the outlaws after the Exeter Creek train robbery. After visiting the island, they hiked up Hideaway Coulee searching for remnants of the Kid Curry hideout cabin but did not find it.
On that trip, Lone Writer and Caveman continued their trip downriver all the way to the modern bridge at the Kipp Recreation Area. They had left a vehicle in an inconspicuous location near there. They used that vehicle to return to the Cow Island Ferry crossing and retrieve the second vehicle.
On this trip, Lone Writer left the Cow Island crossing and returned to the previous intersection. He followed the Two Cow Creek Road going east. That section of the road provides fabulous scenic views of the Missouri River from high above the hilltops along the southern ridge of the river canyon. There are numerous drop-offs and hillclimbs that had Lone Writer reaching for 4-Lo in the Jeep's transfer case.
At the Two Cow Creek crossing, another road can be used to access the Missouri River, but Lone Writer continued east and eventually reached the highway at the Kipp Recreation Area. After stopping for a break, he followed the highway across the bridge and continued northeast on Highway 191 to the historic marker for Landusky and the Little Rocky Mountains.
When Kid Curry and Ben Kilpatrick reached the Cow Island Ferry, they used its services as casually as any other travelers. They boarded the ferry with their rented horses, rode across, and then left the ferry behind. A few miles north of the ferry, they checked to be certain no one was watching then left the main road and cut cross-country to the entrance for Hideaway Coulee. A few hours later, they were resting peacefully inside Kid Curry's cabin. A string of fresh horses was in the corral waiting for them, and the cabin was newly stocked with supplies. Curry's longtime friend, Jim Thornhill, had everything waiting as previously planned.
The following day, Curry left Kilpatrick at the cabin while he rode to Landusky to visit Thornhill and get the latest news. Thornhill would also need to know what supplies and horses the outlaws would need during their stay in Hideaway Coulee and also for the robbery. As usual, he would be their primary source for anything needed without being directly involved in anything illegal.
Lone Writer reached Landusky late in the afternoon. He stopped at the national forest campground to use the facilities then drove into Landusky. There is not much left of the original town. The older buildings are being replaced with modern ones. There are no services available in Landusky.
The saloon where Kid Curry officially turned outlaw was burned down many years ago. There are numerous stories concerning that day. The most popular seems to be that many years of bad blood between the Curry brothers and Pike Landusky just came to a boil. Pike has been described as a cruel and violent man who took out his temper on anyone within reach. A love affair between one of the Currys and Pike's daughter added fuel to the fire.
Pike Landusky was a lawman in the town named after him. One night, he arrested Kid Curry and tied him up in a barn. According to one account, he spent many long hours in a drunken stupor beating the younger Curry to a pulp. Eventually, Curry escaped. For him the battle had only begun, but first he needed to heal his wounds.
On the night of the deadly duel, Kid Curry entered the saloon and walked directly to Landusky. He began delivering punches without warning. The fight quickly got bloody and Landusky found he was no match for the younger man in a fair fight. Landusky was knocked to the floor. As Curry approached, Landusky pulled a gun, pointed it directly into Curry's face, and pulled the trigger. Under normal circumstances that would have been the end of the fight, but Landusky's gun did not fire. Before he could cock the hammer again, Curry pulled his pistol and put the old mountain man to rest.
Curry decided he could not win a court battle over Pike Landusky's death. He left in a hurry and never returned to the ranching profession. His visit with Thornhill in May of 1901 came many years after that fatal fight. Through all those years, Thornhill was the only one in the town of Landusky Curry felt he could trust.
Jim Thornhill lived as an honest rancher. He was never accused of doing anything illegal, yet it is likely most people knew he often assisted Curry. He even took care of the property that had formerly been the Curry ranch.
A saloon at Great Falls, Montana, had been the agreed meeting place for the Wild Bunch. Sundance Kid arrived with a friend named Camilo Hanks. After some outlaw-style rest and relaxation, the four of them rode back to Hideaway Coulee.
Butch Cassidy was in Saint Paul, Minnesota, keeping an eye on westbound trains leaving the Great Northern home office. He spent time in saloons and other gathering places listening for talk of shipments which included large sums of money.
Ben Kilpatrick was not known in the area, so he was used to run after supplies when needed. Near the end of June, he went to Chinook and waited for word from Cassidy. When the word came, he headed back to Hideaway Coulee to deliver it. The train with the loot was scheduled to arrive in Malta on the afternoon of July 3.
The Sundance Kid and Kid Curry rode to Malta and lazed around the stable waiting for the train to arrive. Hanks and Kilpatrick rode to the bridge at Exeter Creek and set up the ambush. Cassidy was a passenger on the train from Saint Paul to Malta.
Lone Writer left the town of Landusky and drove toward Malta on the highway for a few miles before turning north on a dusty county road. The path he took skirted around the Little Rocky Mountains in the same manner the outlaws would have chosen on the way to Exeter Creek. He was immediately rewarded with a view of an eagle sitting on a fence post. Before he could get the camera out of its bag, the eagle rose from its perch and soared gracefully away toward the mountains.
There was also a large number of antelope and even some ducks on the small ponds. One deer watched Lone Writer from a hilltop in the distance. The road was relatively flat but gently rolling in places.
The only town along the way was Wagner. It sits beside the railroad track and was the train's first stop after the robbery. Wagner is mostly a ghost town with a few buildings that appear to be inhabited.
From Wagner, a gravel road runs alongside the railroad track to Exeter Creek. It connects to the paved highway where a historic marker tells the story of the train robbery. The tracks are now used frequently by freight trains and occasionally by Amtrak. From Exeter Creek, Lone Writer took the paved highway about 4 miles to the town of Malta for dinner.
Lone Writer spent some time in the museum at Malta. It is very well arranged and has an entire room dedicated to the outlaws, including info about the robbery and the hideout at Hideaway Coulee. It has copies of many of the conflicting stories concerning who was involved in the robbery and about what was taken. Any time spent in that museum is time well spent for anyone interested in the outlaws' activities.
On the day of the robbery, the Sundance Kid boarded the train as a passenger and casually nodded to Cassidy as he passed by. The nod was simply acknowledgement that everything was going as planned.
Kid Curry crawled on board the tinder car behind the engineer. As soon as the train began to move, he dropped down behind the engineer with gun in hand. From that point on, the outlaws had control of the train.
The train stopped at the Exeter Creek Bridge. Cassidy and Sundance kept the passengers quiet in the train while Curry used dynamite to blast open the safe in the baggage car. The robbery was over in a matter of minutes, and the outlaws rode away in a cloud of dust. They would hide out in Hideaway Coulee and on Grand Island until lawmen gave up trying to find them. From there, they would split up and head off in different directions, carrying a little more money than they came with... but that's another story.
Larry E. Heck has been writing backcountry adventure stories since 1985. If you have an idea for a historic backcountry trail that you think Larry should consider, write to firstname.lastname@example.com or call (303) 910-7647. Those who are interested in driving the Outlaw Trail as featured in this series, can do so best by purchasing DeLorme's TopoUSA 6.0 mapping software for use on a laptop computer. The exact track used in the preceding account can be purchased from Lone Writer and loaded into TopoUSA. By using a GPS, the exact track can be followed. Visit www.lone-writer.com for more details.
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We used the Mountain Acres RV park as a starting point since we camped there. The only place to get gasoline is in Winifred, but it is closed on Sunday and after 6 p.m. on other days. Supplies are very limited and should be purchased in Lewistown. Some vehicles will require extra gas if not topped off in Winifred.
|47 4.1770
|109 25.6833
|Lewistown, {{{Montana}}}. Mountain Acres RV campground on north side of town. Turn on Highway 191 and go north.
|47 11.3945
|109 24.4718
|Left at sign for Denton on State Route 81.
|47 14.3576
|109 34.1516
|Turn right on Plum Creek Rd. Reset trip meter.
|47 21.0928
|109 28.4561
|Left fork, then left on Salt Creek Rd.
|47 27.1178
|109 29.3299
|Stay on Salt Creek Rd.
|47 28.0280
|109 28.4492
|Left turn.
|47 28.8306
|109 28.4418
|Follow Salt Creek Rd. right.
|47 28.9888
|109 26.5370
|Left on Thrill Hills Rd.
|47 30.6907
|109 22.9790
|Left fork.
|47 33.5740
|109 22.5386
|Winifred, Montana. Café and supplies. Road to this point was hilly and muddy. Tires spinning a lot may have added a lot to the odometer. Reset trip meter.
|47 33.5617
|109 22.4820
|Leave Winifred on D-Y Trail at east side of town.
|47 34.1713
|109 20.6879
|Turn right, staying on D-Y Trail toward Middle Two Calf Rd. Stafford Ferry is left.
|47 35.0407
|109 18.1327
|Turn right, staying on D-Y Trail toward Middle Two Calf Rd.
|47 35.0541
|109 13.0380
|Turn left, staying on D-Y Trail toward Middle Two Calf Rd. Follow main road, staying on D-Y Trail.
|47 41.5305
|109 10.1232
|Right fork staying on D-Y Trail.
|47 43.1546
|109 3.4612
|Left fork. Reset trip meter.
|47 43.532
|109 0.432
|Right fork. BLM sign ahead.
|47 42.861
|108 58.663
|Left on Lower Two Calf Rd.
|47 42.5899
|108 {{{57}}}.3568
|Left goes to ferry crossing on Power Plant Rd. This is a very steep road. Reset trip meter.
|47 43.7471
|108 56.0817
|Cow Island Ferry crossing. Back at top at intersection. Reset trip meter.
|47 41.6863
|108 50.4566
|The view to the left is the mouth of Hideaway Coulee. Grand Island is out of view around the corner on the right.
|47 38.7441
|108 47.2714
|Right fork across Two Calf Creek.
|47 38.0267
|108 45.9664
|Left fork.
|47 37.4234
|108 41.3222
|Left on paved Hwy. 191.
|Take the paved Hwy. 191 to the historic marker for the Little Rockies.
|47 47.7456
|108 38.0160
|Historic marker. Take Hwy. 66 going north.
|47 48.9877
|108 38.2202
|Left is the turnoff for Hideaway Coulee. Stay straight. Reset trip meter.
|47 51.3048
|108 38.8097
|Right to Landusky.
|47 53.8276
|108 37.6089
|Left is campground; straight is Landusky.
|47 47.7456
|108 38.0160
|Historic Marker. Go north toward Malta. Reset trip meter.
|47 57.8609
|108 18.1979
|After Mile Post 122, turn left toward Lodgepole. Go straight at intersections not otherwise noted. Reset trip meter.
|48 5.3375
|108 17.1963
|Left fork at the Y. Now headed north.
|48 17.5151
|108 15.5538
|Right turn. Road going straight is paved.
|48 17.5066
|108 5.1132
|Left turn.
|48 22.1027
|108 4.7808
|Cross tracks and turn right in town of Wagner. Reset trip meter.
|48 22.0495
|108 57.9225
|Exeter Creek Bridge is on the right. Turn left and go to highway. Turn right on highway for historic marker.
|48 22.1418
|107 57.9198
|Historic marker.
|48 21.8060
|107 52.6921
|Malta, Montana. West Side gas station. Motels and campgrounds are available but sit alongside the railroad tracks with trains passing very often.