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- Methodology article
- Open Access
An efficiency analysis of high-order combinations of gene–gene interactions using multifactor-dimensionality reduction
- Cheng-Hong Yang1,
- Yu-Da Lin1,
- Cheng-San Yang2 and
- Li-Yeh Chuang3Email author
© Yang et al. 2015
- Received: 21 February 2015
- Accepted: 24 June 2015
- Published: 1 July 2015
Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) is widely used to analyze interactions of genes to determine the complex relationship between diseases and polymorphisms in humans. However, the astronomical number of high-order combinations makes MDR a highly time-consuming process which can be difficult to implement for multiple tests to identify more complex interactions between genes. This study proposes a new framework, named fast MDR (FMDR), which is a greedy search strategy based on the joint effect property.
Six models with different minor allele frequencies (MAFs) and different sample sizes were used to generate the six simulation data sets. A real data set was obtained from the mitochondrial D-loop of chronic dialysis patients. Comparison of results from the simulation data and real data sets showed that FMDR identified significant gene–gene interaction with less computational complexity than the MDR in high-order interaction analysis.
FMDR improves the MDR difficulties associated with the computational loading of high-order SNPs and can be used to evaluate the relative effects of each individual SNP on disease susceptibility. FMDR is freely available at http://bioinfo.kmu.edu.tw/FMDR.rar.
- SNPs
- Gene–gene interactions
- Multifactor dimensionality reduction
Large single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) research projects across the human genome are important studies for biological and biomedical science, with many researchers seeking to use SNPs as predictors for susceptibility to disease. Traditional approaches to identify SNP interactions usually use bio-statistical methods such as contingency tables combined with k-fold cross-validation, but the vast number of possible combinations makes the application of traditional methods difficult. Therefore, current research is aimed at combining biostatistics and machine learning in family-based and case–control association studies [1–8].
Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) [9] is a well-known hybrid technology that combines a 2-way contingency table, k-fold cross-validation, and a dimensionality reduction technique. MDR belongs to a group of non-parametric statistical methods used to determine high-order gene–gene interactions in case–control studies [9, 10]. Typically, multi-locus genotypes are classified into high-risk and low-risk classes, allowing the number of genotype predictors to be effectively reduced from n dimensions to one dimension. This reduction influences the contingency table allowing for the quick computation of statistics including the accuracy rate, odds ratio (OR), P-value, etc. Many modifications and extensions to MDR have been proposed and these can be divided into three groups. The first group contains modifications and combinations of biostatistics in MDR; this group includes entropy-based interpretation methods [11], the use of OR [12], generalized linear models [13], log-linear methods [14], Bayesian posterior probability [15], and model-based methods [16]. The second group focuses on particular data problems, such as imbalanced data [17, 18], permutation testing [19], and missing data [20]. These extensions and modifications of MDR have been used to address different situations encountered in disease analysis. Many disease studies have thus successfully employed MDR to detect interactions between particular genes, including those for coronary artery disease [21, 22], hypertension [23–25], bladder cancer [26], and autism [27]. Finally, the third group aims to reduce MDR computational time, using methods including parallel implementations [28] and the use of hardware graphics processing units (GPUs) [29, 30]. Although these studies use GPUs to reduce MDR running time, the problem of factorial operation in MDR still presents a challenge.
This study seeks to develop a new framework to improve MDR computational times in investigations of high-order gene–gene interaction. The framework retains the significant factors to reduce the number of multi-locus evaluations in MDR. Improvements in computational time were measured over 100 runs on a simulation data set and a genome-wide analysis of chronic dialysis epistasis.
MDR algorithm
where l represents an SNP factor and/or environmental factor.
where the cases are labelled P and the controls are labelled N. P * and N * respectively represent the sizes of cases and controls in the training set. Here j represents the index of samples in the cases and controls. P j represents the j th sample among the cases and N j represents the j th sample among the controls. u(L, P j ) represents a match (given a score of "1") if all multi-locus genotypes l in vector L match P; a mismatch is given a score of "0". u(L, N j ) represents a match (given a score of "1") if all multi-locus genotypes l in vector L match N; a mismatch is given a score of "0". For example, a 2-order interaction model consisting of SNP1 and SNP2 has nine multi-locus genotypes, i.e., AA-AA, AA-Aa, AA-aa, Aa-AA, Aa-Aa, Aa-aa, aa-AA, aa-Aa and aa-aa. The AA represents the homozygous reference genotype, while Aa represents the heterozygous genotype and aa represents the homozygous variant genotype. In the first multi-locus genotype (AA-AA), the \( {\displaystyle {\sum}_{j=1}^{P^{*}}u\left(L,{P}_j\right)} \) includes 88 samples matching AA-AA among the cases and \( {\displaystyle {\sum}_{j=1}^{N^{*}}u\left(L,{N}_j\right)} \) includes 90 samples matching AA-AA among the controls. Evaluation with Eq. 2 yields a value of 0.978, which is computed by (88 × 300)/(90 × 300); P * and N * are respectively 300 samples among both the cases and controls.
Among all n SNP combinations, the best model with the minimum classification error rate is selected by the training step. The third step evaluates the remaining 1/10 of the original data set (i.e., the independent test data). This step creates an MDR attribute for the testing set using the n SNPs that have the minimum training classification error rate. In addition, the best model in each cross-validation is collected and named the cross-validation consistency (CVC). In the fourth step, the procedure is repeated 10 times (i.e., ten-fold cross-validation) so that each sample is included in the testing set once, and the resulting classification error rates of each of the ten models in CVC are averaged. In the last step, the best MDR model with the highest frequency in CVC is selected.
Fast MDR algorithm (FMDR)
Illustrative example to FMDR and statistical analysis
The supplementary Additional file 1 provides an example to illustrate how the FMDR works, and the supplementary Additional file 2 explains the statistical analysis method.
Results on the simulated data set
A paired t-test comparison of the power analysis between MDR and FMDR for 2- to 5-loci
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Model 1
0.12 (±0.11)
0.12 (±0.11)
0.27 (±0.21)
0.27 (±0.21)
0.67 (±0.21)
0.67 (±0.21)
0.94 (±0.08)
0.91 (±0.11)
Model 2
0.05 (±0.00)
0.05 (±0.00)
0.24 (±0.18)
0.24 (±0.18)
0.78 (±0.14)
0.78 (±0.14)
0.96 (±0.04)
0.96 (±0.05)
Model 3
0.05 (±0.00)
0.05 (±0.00)
0.73 (±0.14)
0.72 (±0.14)
0.90 (±0.08)
0.88 (±0.09)
0.99 (±0.01)
0.99 (±0.01)
Model 4
0.24 (±0.10)
0.24 (±0.10)
0.50 (±0.14)
0.50 (±0.14)
0.88 (±0.09)
0.87 (±0.09)
0.99 (±0.02)
0.98 (±0.03)
Model 5
0.06 (±0.01)
0.06 (±0.01)
0.50 (±0.13)
0.50 (±0.12)
0.95 (±0.06)
0.91 (±0.10)
1.00 (±0.00)
1.00 (±0.00)
Model 6
0.05 (±0.00)
0.05 (±0.00)
0.11 (±0.04)
0.11 (±0.04)
0.70 (±0.12)
0.70 (±0.12)
1.00 (±0.00)
1.00 (±0.00)
Results on the chronic dialysis data set
The 77 mitochondrial SNPs in the D-loop region of chronic dialysis patients were obtained from investigations conducted by Chen et al. [32] that enrolled 193 chronic dialysis patients and 704 healthy controls from unrelated ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. The results revealed that chronic peritoneal dialysis patients suffer from higher oxidative stress than healthy subjects; this elevated oxidative stress alters the number of copies of mtDNA in peripheral leukocytes. The possible complicated networks with direct or indirect cross-communication among the 77 SNP candidates were explained. The ratio of controls (n = 704) to cases (n = 193) was 3.65:1. We randomly sorted the samples in the data set to generate 100 data sets each of which was then divided into ten groups for ten-fold cross-validation. The ratios of cases to controls amongst 1000 training sets range from 3.41–3.95, with a mean (SD) ratio of 3.65 (0.10). Each data set was used once to test MDR and FMDR.
Analysis results of the chronic dialysis data sets from MDR and FMDR
Candidate model
21,59,62, 64,71
21,59,62, 64,71
21,45,59, 62,64,71
21,45,59, 62,64,71
2 / 10
2 / 10
4 / 10
2 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 10
2 / 10
3 / 10
candidate model
19,21,34, 56
41,43,45, 56,62
40,56,64, 71,77
4,21,56, 60,62,70
40,21,56, 64,71,77
1 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 10
Mean (SD)
0.56 (±0.00)
0.56 (±0.00)
0.58 (±0.01)
0.58 (±0.01)
0.58 (±0.002)
0.58 (±0.002)
0.60 (±0.01)
0.60 (±0.01)
Mean (SD)
1.73 (±0.05)
1.73 (±0.05)
2.04 (±0.19)
2.03 (±0.19)
2.21 (±0.18)
2.17 (±0.19)
2.31 (±0.08)
2.30 (±0.08)
Mean (SD)
0.97 (±0.03)
0.99 (±0.02)
0.99 (±0.02)
0.99 (±0.02)
0.99 (±0.003)
0.99 (±0.002)
0.99 (±0.004)
0.99 (±0.003)
The substantial computational limits of MDR make it difficult to detect nonlinear interactions of high-order combinations of SNPs amongst a large number of SNPs. Determining all combinations of SNPs in MDR entails calculating C(N,M) × V = N!/[M!(N-M)!] × V combinations, where N is the total number of SNPs, M is the number of factors considered for a model, and V is the number of cross-validation intervals. In big-O notation, MDR has a time complexity of O(n!).
Exhaustive search approaches, e.g., genetic algorithm (GA) [10] and ant colony optimization (ACO) [33] are important for improving MDR computational times. GA and ACO use small combinations to find the acceptable n-loci gene–gene interaction model in a huge combination space, thus effectively reducing the computational time requirements. However, all parameters can influence the results of detected gene–gene interaction. The parameters of population size, generation size, random seed, and algorithm setting (e.g., mutation probability in GA and pheromone in ACO) are difficult to define to successfully find the n-loci gene–gene interaction model for data sets of different sizes, i.e., sample size and SNP size. Therefore, current research directions focus on the use of software and hardware to improve MDR computational times.
Many researchers employ software [28] and hardware [29, 30] techniques to speed up MDR. Bush et al. proposed a framework which divides the MDR processes into three classes: (1) a data handling class, (2) a model generation and processing class, and (3) a result storage class. These three modular classes were implemented in parallel, finding that parallel MDR can be used to analyze high-order interactions of small data sets and can feasibly perform lower-end genome-wide analyses. Greene et al. and Sinnott-Armstrong et al. [29, 30] employed modern computer Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) to speed up MDR since GPUs have a higher memory bandwidth and computational capability than Central Processing Units (CPUs). Still, the factorial increase of time complexity remains an obstacle.
The FMDR procedure is a type of greedy search strategy [34], and is based on joint effect property [35]. The joint effect can be divided into the three effects: (1) overall effect, (2) n-order interaction effect, and (3) main effect. In epistasis, overall effect indicates the common effect amongst n risk factors. The main effect indicates any effect(s) could serve as a guide to determining the correct multi-locus interaction. The n-order interaction effect indicates the least proper subset of the loci also interacts epistatically. The highly-associated SNPs have a high probability of being a significant factor in the next-order interaction. A low classification error rate in an MDR model indicates a high statistically significant risk of n-loci effects. Suppose all 2-loci combinations in four SNPs are sorted according the classification error rate as {SNPa, SNPb}, {SNPb, SNPc}, {SNPa, SNPc}, {SNPa, SNPd}, …, {SNPb, SNPd}. The {SNPa, SNPb} is the best model in 2-loci gene–gene interaction. The {SNPb, SNPc} and {SNPa, SNPc} combinations are both probably significant models for gene–gene interaction, but neither is the best model. SNPc has the highest probability of joining the 3-loci gene–gene interaction because it's strong association with SNPa and SNPb (i.e., 2-order interaction effect). On the other hand, {SNPb, SNPd} is the worst model; it means that adding SNPd via SNPb into the gene–gene interaction network is the least likely scenario. SNPd has a high probability of being added via the SNPa effect because {SNPa, SNPd} belongs to the top model with a low classification error rate. Therefore, the {SNPb, SNPd} can be deleted, and all combinations based on {SNPb, SNPd} in 3-loci combination are not evaluated. These properties allow us to apply the greedy search strategy to find the significant gene–gene interaction model. Moreover, FMDR only sets one parameter to select the number of best combinations with the low classification error rate, which are then saved into the memory. We suggest the optimal choice for n is the dynamic adjustment according to the order of interaction, i.e., n = 2 with 2-order gene-gene interaction and n = 3 with 3-order gene-gene interaction.
The idea behind FMDR is the retention of good results for high-order interaction, indicating the available combinations are generated from n% good results, i.e., n% results × N combinations, where N is the total number of SNPs. Therefore, FMDR has a time complexity of O(n). The execution time of FMDR is much shorter than that of MDR in high-order gene–gene interactions because FMDR effectively decreases the number of possible unnecessary computations. FMDR includes the following advantages: (1) FMDR can effectively reduce the computational time required by MDR for high-order interactions, (2) the best model has a low classification error rate and a high sensitivity for disease prediction, and (3) FMDR can easily be combined with existing MDR methods.
FMDR based on the joint effect property reduces MDR computational time by retaining results for higher interactions. The retained number of results can be formularized and improved using statistical methods and mathematic theories in future work. The time complexity can be easily computed by estimation of a function. We suggest that the function be designed as a dynamic adjustment based on the data set size and the order of interaction. The flexible framework underlying FMDR can effectively improve the limitations of existing MDR methods in finding high-order interactions.
This study was partly supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan for Grant NSC 102-2221-E-151-024 -MY3, 102-2622-E-151-003-CC3, and 102-2221-E-214 -039.
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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.


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Author's Advisory: This posting is erotica and may not be palatable to everyone's tastes. If such would, in fact, offend you, I encourage you to read no further. If such would appeal to you, I encourage you to read on and provide feedback as the spirit moves you.
Tatiana thanked whatever erotic guardian angel it was who'd sent her Seth. The man was hung like a horse, had the stamina of a bull and was an unashamed dirty dog in the sack. In the brief time they'd been intimate he'd expanded, not only, her sexual horizons but had sure as hell increased the elasticity of her thoroughly-satisfied orifices.
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This story was written for the weekly Sinful Sunday erotica flash fiction challenge.

subset: commoncrawl


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by Tina G. Santos, Inquirer, Feb 28, 2018
Labor groups on Tuesday said they would not accept any compromise being pushed by President Rodrigo Duterte on the draft executive order (EO) prohibiting the contractualization of jobs.
"With regard to the labor-drafted executive order that we have submitted in a dialogue with the President on February 7, we will not accept a compromise," Nagkaisa Labor Coalition spokesperson Rene Magtubo said.
"(D)iluting the EO would no longer effectively address the widespread contractualization of labor and the proliferation of agency-hiring that tremendously affect the workers' right to security of tenure," Magtubo said.
He added that the EO already had a provision that allows labor contracting in jobs that, by their nature, could be contracted out subject to consultation between the labor secretary and labor groups represented in the National Tripartite Industrial Peace Council.
At the launch of a new shooting range in Davao City on Sunday, Mr. Duterte said he could not compel employers to support his plan to push for the regularization of contractual employees.
Because of the number of jobseekers and the scarcity of jobs, the President said he was seeking a compromise for workers and employers.
During the third and last debate among presidential candidates in April 2016, then Davao City Mayor Duterte promised to end contractualization.
"The moment I assume the presidency, contractualization will stop," Mr. Duterte said then, adding that employers tried to get away with not paying workers their bonuses and 13th month pay by ending their contract (endo) before they automatically become regular employees after six months on the job.
In March 2017, the Department of Labor and Employment signed Department Order No. 174, which sets strict regulations on contracting and subcontracting arrangements.
AMAPO-TUCP is in the midst of a bitter union organizing campaign in the contractors of Korean shipbuilder Hanjin Heavy Industries Corp. Philippines in Subic Bay. The Union reports illegal dismissals, harassment, discrimination, sexual incidents, physical abuse, diminution of benefits, and hundreds of other unfair labor practices, including transfers of work sites, illegal detention and death…Please send protest letters to Philippine authorities using the attached template or your own letter.


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Yes, you read that right. Here's how you can spend the night in a luxury canvas tent on Governors Island in the middle of New York Harbor this summer.
Ever since the U.S. Coast Guard vacated Governors Island—a tiny 172-acre island just off the tip of downtown Manhattan—back in 1996, it has undergone a spectacular transformation from a military installation into a public park enjoyed by locals and visitors alike. Each summer since 2005, thousands of visitors have been able to bike, eat, and enjoy the views from the island during the day, but for the first time in over 20 years they'll also be able to spend the night there now that Collective Retreats's latest glamping site is open.
Traditionally, Collective Retreats is known for opening luxury camping sites in more remote locations, including Vail, Yellowstone, Texas Hill Country, and New York's Hudson Valley. Collective Governors Island marks the first time it's built one of its campgrounds in an urban setting.
Here's a look inside New York City's brand-new glamping retreat.
It only takes eight minutes on a ferry from downtown Manhattan to reach Governors Island and the campsite is a short walk or golf cart ride from the ferry terminal. With rates starting at $150 per night, this ultimate city-meets-outdoors experience is a far cry from pitching a tent in the Adirondacks, but it certainly beats spending hours stuck in a car trying to leave the city on a summer Friday. Plus, did we mention there are views of the Manhattan skyline and the Statue of Liberty outside each luxury canvas tent?
Guests can choose to spend the night in one of 27 "Journey" tents or 10 "Summit" tents within the retreat. Both types of tent feature real beds and mattresses, fully functional electricity, and French Press coffee bars. Starting at $150 per night, the Journey tents offer a slightly cozier option and shared bathrooms within a two-minute walk of each campsite.
Local New Yorkers can apply to a lottery system to win $75 rates for the Journey tents via Collective's email database. While the lottery is currently full for the summer, Collective Retreats says it is planning on offering more dates this fall before closing for the season on October 31.
While the tent areas are restricted to overnight guests, public visitors who take the ferry over to Governors Island can relax on the great lawn and eat at the Three Peaks dining tent at the center of Collective Governors Island during the day. Guests and visitors can choose between a set menu or à la carte offerings at the restaurant, which include short-rib ragu pasta and a pan-roasted catch of the day. There's also a BBQ-in-a-Box option for those who want to do some of their own grilling out on the lawn.
Collective Governors Island hasn't secured a liquor license yet, but those who wish to enjoy beer, wine, or something a little stronger can make the five-minute walk to Island Oyster, the cocktail and oyster bar run by the same team as Manhattan's Grand Banks, which stays open until the last ferry leaves Governors Island at 6 p.m. on weeknights and 11 p.m. on summer weekends.
After that, those paying to stay at Collective Governors Island will have the entire campsite to themselves for late-night s'mores around the campfire. However, for safety reasons, they will also be asked to stay inside the campground until 7 a.m., when they'll be allowed to explore the entire island as they choose before everyone else arrives on the first ferries at 10 a.m.


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What was the difference between the wife of On ben Peles as opposed to the wife of Korach? What is the secret to getting through the challenges the come along in relationships? How can one apply this to one's own life?
Find out in this week's parsha podcast.
Running Time: 15:37


text:
Healthy Yellow Trenbolone Enanthate Steroid Powder Enantate Intramuscular Injection
1, Manufacturer :Holy Biological
2, Alias:trenbolone enanthate; trembolone enanthate; trienbolone enantate
3, Purity:99%
4, Character: yellow or pale yellow crystalline powder
5, Pharmacologic classification: anabolic steroid , Therapeutic classification: erythropoietic, anabolic steroid
6. Molecular Formula: C25H34O3
For bulking up, there may be no better steroid than trenbolone and with enanthate ester, users will only need one injection per week. Its anabolic effect is five times that it doesn't convert to estrogen, which makes it free from side effects like gynocomastia, water-retention, etc. Trenbolone Enanthate is only available from underground labs and was not designed for human consumption, although it is considered to be an ideal drug for bodybuilders who want to burn fat and gain muscle, although its long ester makes unwise for professional athletes who undergo testing to use. Trenbolone is a very potent androgen with strong anabolic activity. It is well suited for the rapid buildup of strength and muscle mass, usually providing the user exceptional results in a relatively short time period. The high androgen level resulting from this steroid, in the absence is excess estrogen, can also accelerate the burning of body fat. The result should be a much tighter physique, hopefully without the need for extreme dieting. Trenbolone can therefore help bring about an incredibly hard, ripped physique and is an ideal product for competitive bodybuilders.
Trenbolone is notably more potent , and has an effect that is as much as three times as strong on a milligram for milligram basis. Likewise we can expect to see some level of androgenic side effects with use of this compound. Oily skin, aggressive behavior, acne and hair loss are therefore not uncommon during a cycle with this steroid. The androgenic nature of this drug of course makes it a very risky item for women to use, the chance for virilization symptoms extremely high with such a potent androgen. Trenbolone is also much more potent at suppressing endogenous androgen production. This makes clear the fact that estrogen is not the only culprit with negative feedback inhibition, as here there is no buildup of this hormone to report here. There is however some activity as a progestin inherent in this compound, as trenbolone is a derivative (a trait characteristic of these compounds).
Product Name
Trenbolone Enanthate
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Yellow Crystalline Powder
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Taste your way through the best mac & cheese that Brooklyn has to offer! We've challenged the borough's best restaurants to offer creative takes on this cheesy classic in the ultimate showdown to crown Brooklyn's top mac. Follow the fun with #macsmack on Instagram and Twitter.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: April 23Tot Town Sing-Along
Later Event: April 26Pop Up Table Tennis Every Wednesday At 8m


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Thirty-five states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) added construction jobs between January 2017 and January 2018, while 32 states and D.C. added construction jobs between December and January, according to an analysis recently released by the Associated General Contractors of America of Labor Department. Association officials cautioned, however, that newly-imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum products are likely to undermine future job growth in the sector.
"The widespread growth of these good-paying jobs is encouraging," said chief economist Ken Simonson. "But many of the jobs are at risk if unwise tariffs push up materials costs, making projects unaffordable, and if the nation continues to underfund infrastructure investment."
California added the most construction jobs (75,500 jobs, 9.8%) during the past year. Other states adding a high number of new construction jobs for the past 12 months include Florida (28,600 jobs, 5.8%); Texas (28,100 jobs, 4.0%) and Washington (16,500 jobs, 8.5%). West Virginia added the highest percentage of new construction jobs during the past year, followed by California; Nevada (9.7%, 7,800 jobs) and New Mexico (9.7%, 4,300 jobs).
Fifteen states shed construction jobs between January 2017 and January 2018. North Dakota lost the highest percentage of construction jobs, by far (-15.8%, -4,600 jobs), followed by Iowa (-5.9%, -4,600 jobs) and Nebraska -3.1%, -1,600 jobs). North Dakota and Iowa lost the largest number of jobs for the year, followed by Louisiana (-3,400 jobs, -2.3%) and Missouri (-3,000 jobs, -2.5%).
"It is noteworthy that the three states with the largest job gains were all recovering from natural disasters, in addition to having generally robust economies," Simonson commented. "The job losses in North Dakota and other Plains states may have more to do with severe weather conditions this January than a long-term downtrend."
Thirty-one states and D.C. added construction jobs between December and January. California added the most (11,100 jobs, 1.3%), followed by Florida (5,100 jobs, 1.0%) and Washington (3,100 jobs, 1.5%). New Mexico added the highest percentage of construction jobs for the month (3.0%, 1,400 jobs), followed by Alaska (2.5%, 400 jobs) and Nevada (2.2%, 1,900 jobs).
Seventeen states lost construction jobs between December and January, while construction employment was unchanged in Kansas and New York. Pennsylvania lost the most construction jobs for the month (-4,300 jobs, -1.7%), followed by Missouri (-2,400 jobs, -2.0%) and Louisiana (-2,100 jobs, -1.5%). Nebraska lost the highest percentage of construction jobs (-2.3%, -1,200 jobs), followed by Missouri; Pennsylvania; North Dakota (-1.6%, -400 jobs) and Louisiana.
For more information,visit www.agc.org.


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Shortstuff: Crazy Legs 003 Mix
Awsome mix from Shortsuff...
Cortney Tidwell - Watusii (Daphni remix)
Mosca - Square One
D-Malice - Untitled
Roska -Without It
Fuzzy Logik - In the Morning
Smith & Mighty - U Dub
2 Bad Mice - Hold It Down
Zomby - Mescaline Cola
Agent-X - Turbulence
Shortstuff - A Rustling
Brackles - Air Pie
Pearson Sound - Wad
Untold - Gonna Work Out Fine
Roska - Boxed
Underground Solution - Get Happy
Hot City - Head Work
Shortstuff & Hyetal - Don't Sleep
Martin Kemp - After the Night
Greena - Tenzado
Shortstuff - See Ya
Stuff & Brax - Pipey D
We had a chat with him a while back and he did us a mix as well you can read that here:
On another related note we did a Nottingham Speical for the 4th Quietus column that features so many brilliant artists such as Shortsuff, Brackles, Geiom, Lone, Martin Kemp, The Hizatron, Spamchop, Wigflex and Blunted Robots...
We love Shortstuff. He sent us a nice message about our stuff, too.
thats cool
what kind of stuff do you do?
We call it silverpop because it's a bit different.
Really enjoying all the mixes etc you put up, by the way. The hard work is appreciated.
cheers :D
This is sounding really nice I'll have a good listen thanks.
I'm listening to this right now and its brilliant. Brand new Zomby and loads of exclusive Shortstuff related bits that sound so good.
oh yeah
Shortstuff is playing Fabric on friday and my boi MLR who edits Sonic Router is playing too.
Brackles is an idiot..
..he hires people to make his music and spends the day watching Seinfield. No not really just taking the piss out of a school friend. Its crazy to see Shortstuff and Brackles getting talked about...good on them. They are/have started a label - last I heard first release was going to be Martin Kemp (not the guy with the metal plate in his head - Brackles' not-so-little brother).
Blunted Robots is their new label and Martin Kemp is indeed their first release and its out now!
Yeah it's called Blunted Robots
It was Martin Kemp - No Charisma & Mickey Pearce - Innami, was released last week or so. It's a wicked release. There's some info about the label in this interview with FACT magazine actually:
Cheers for this, it's awesome as per usual.
Anyone coming to FWD vs Rinse on Friday? I'd resigned myself to not going due to lack of funds but won a pair of tickets courtesy of Sonic Router (cheers Jimi!). It's looking to be pretty amazing...
well done on winning, I dont even deal with the comps oli does that he's more on it with that kind of thing.


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The first time someone takes on a decent sized DIY project, it is always going to be tricky and confusing. While the best way to learn is of course through firsthand experience, the ten following tips and tricks will help to make things a bit smoother.
Do Not Ignore Safety Precautions
Whether you are a newbie or a pro, you should never ignore safety precautions while being involved in any DIY project because that mistake can cost you dearly. At the very minimum, you should be wearing a pair of safety goggles and gloves for protection.
Noting Down Your Measurements
While taking measurements, it is important to keep things organized or it can soon become very confusing to discern what was for which, especially if the project is a big one. A neat little trick is to use a masking tape for noting down measurements and sticking it on or near the object you took the measurements for.
Removing Screws
Rusted old screws can be really hard to remove while redecorating or rebuilding something, but you can loosen things up by applying a little heat on them. A soldering iron works wonders here.
Avoid Plaster Lumps
The golden rule of working with plaster is to add plaster to the water and not the other way round. If you do add water to the plaster, get ready to deal with a whole lot of lumps.
Make an Inventory
Make an inventory of everything you will need first and then make sure that you have all those things ready and available before you start. It is inconvenient and inefficient to have to stop in the middle of your work for going out and trying to find something that should have been there before you even started.
Use a Comb to Hold Nails
While hammering a nail in, it isn't uncommon to smash your own finger with the hammer head and that's never a nice feeling to say the least! Save your fingers and use a medium-large toothed comb to hold the nails in place while you hammer them in.
Use a Chemical Paint Remover
Removing Paint manually can be a long and tiresome job and it's one that's no longer necessary. Use a chemical paint stripper instead to make things easier, faster and cleaner.
Clean Before You Caulk
In order to caulk properly, you need to clean the working surface well first. Isopropyl alcohol is an excellent choice of cleaning chemical for caulking as it breaks down and removes oil quite effectively.
Remove Old Paint from Your Brushes
Unless you are planning to buy new brushes for every new painting project, you will need to clean your brushes. To remove old, hard paint from them, boil the bristles in white vinegar.
Magnetize Your Screwdriver
All you will need to do is take a screwdriver and rub it on a magnet in the same way that you would sharpen a knife on a sharpening stone; that is rub in only one direction. This will eliminate the problem of dropping screws.
We have now come to the end of our ten tips and tricks for DIY projects but you can find many more awesome top ten lists on 10awesome about various things. As mentioned earlier, nothing can replace real experience, but hopefully, these ten tips will make your life as an amateur handyman easier.


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What do these three things have in common? Mayhem at toy stores violent crimes thousands of dollars in purchases.
Give up? They're all connected to the growing obsession with Beanie Babies, those cute little animals stuffed with beans. And we're talking about actions by adults, not crazed kids or fanatic adolescents.
When the fuzzy animals first came out in 1994, they retailed for $5.99 and had obvious appeal for children. Each one has a heart-shaped tag with the animal's name, birthday and a poem.
They were big hits, and with names like Weenie, Spunky, Dotty and Gigi, who could resist?
But times have changed. Now there's a lucrative Beanie Baby market with more than 100 models, some selling for thousands of dollars. If you can get them, that is.


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Skysports.com is reporting Crystal Palace are considering a move for free agent defender Patrick Kisnorbo. The Australian centre back is out of contract this summer after his Leeds United deal expired.
Kisnorbo missed virtually the whole of last season as he recovered from the Achilles injury sustained in March 2010.
Leeds were keen to see Kisnorbo in pre-season training before deciding whether to extend his Elland Road stay.
Crystal Palace now keen on luring the uncompromising defender away from their Championship rivals to Selhurst Park.
The game is about opinions. Make yours heard! Join the tribalfootball.com nation on Facebook today: Facebook.com/tribalfootball


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The Importance of Having an Online Customer Management System
Even though the Ecommerce sphere is still expanding and is rather healthy the next milestone is yet to be reached. While the entire idea of e-commerce is based on being able to buy things online without having to go to a real shop consumers still want personalized offers that are tailored to their needs. The only way online shops can do this is to grow their database of information about their leads and adapt based on that data which is what a customer management system is designed for. Continue reading


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Electric Motorcycles
I recently needed to sell my pride and joy, a Ducati 848 motorcycle.
That bike was absolutely amazing. When I saw it at the dealership I was instantly sold. It was 1.5 years old in mint conditions with carbon pipes. It's a Ducati do I even need to tell you how it sounded when I started it up? There is no better sound! It was loud but not obnoxious, well maybe a little LOL. No matter what motorcycle you have the sound of starting it up and the smell of the toxic fumes are part of the experience. Riding in the mountains and coming out of a corner with a 1000 foot cliff on one side and opening the throttle is the ultimate feeling. It's the combination of the low growl, vibration, and acceleration. Can you imagine turning that corner twisting the throttle and hearing silence? I realize that gas is expensive and we need to be green but I can not imagine riding an electric motorcycle. No fumes and no noise just complete silence. What are your thoughts? Has anyone tried one? I know my next bike is still going to run on high-octane CO2 producing gas!


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Industry Insight: A News Industry in Transition Fails the Transparency Test
On which side would your news organization fall if the industry were divided into two camps–those who are genuinely layingRead more
On which side would your news organization fall if the industry were divided into two camps–those who are genuinely layingRead more
Whenever we hear the words technology and journalism mentioned in the same sentence, it's almost always a doom-and-gloom statement aboutRead more
The man who decimated the business model of the newspaper industry worked for 17 years as a programmer for IBMRead more
Like, Forbes starts blocking ad-block users (bit.ly/1TdqKqX). And some visitors with ad blockers are asked to either whitelist the NewRead more
Tribune Publishing recently restructured their leadership, merging the roles of their top editors into publishers. Should the role of editorRead more
Last November, we predicted Chicago's Tribune Publishing was on its way to building a media empire in Southern California (bit.ly/1Se7uNU).Read more
Journalists, be afraid. Be very afraid. You are targets for cyber criminals who want to steal your personal identities. InRead more
The acceleration of newsroom layoffs and buyouts over the past few years undeniably means that newspapers are producing less localRead more
Since the first search engines began scouring the early Internet, webmasters have tried to figure out how to game theRead more
Imagine that the children you raised in your home—fed, sheltered, educated—have grown up and are now talking a different languageRead more


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man, how time does fly. and how quickly a newborn baby can turn into a wobbly, babbly pseudo-toddler.
today is layne's first birthday. we had a party for her while we were in Sebastian so that most of my family and ryan's family could be there. my nephew's birthday is next week and ryan's mom's birthday was the day after we celebrated, so we had three names on the cake. [the only time i've ever been disappointed with publix: they wouldn't give us the free little baby cake because the large sheet cake didn't have the word "first" on it. i was annoyed but said i'd just buy the baby cake…i asked how much that would be…$16!!! needless to say we just cut off a big corner piece for layne and stuck a #1 candle in it.]
i just sat down after going in to wake the girls up…sang layne happy birthday while i changed her diaper. a year ago at this moment i was stuck in a hospital bed, my water broken, trying to will my cervix past 2 cm's. it's honestly really difficult to think back to that morning becuase i was in alot of pain, frustrated that i was stuck in bed to deal with the pain (if you're trying for a VBAC, they won't let you walk around because of liability), confused as to why it hurt so much if i was barely dilated, and mad at God for not giving me what i wanted (or teaching my body to do what it was told). when told i'd need another a c-section, i was simultaneously extremely angry/disappointed and secretly relieved that i wouldn't have to deal with useless contractions anymore. the rest of the day was a blur of sobbing in front of strangers, surgery, a rough recovery (vomiting, super low heart rate, and dizziness so bad i couldn't sit up), family arriving at the hospital, and it taking forever until i honestly wanted to hold the pretty new baby.
on the other hand, when i think back to the next day, i think of nothing but sweetness. she had no name, but i knew we'd come up with something cool. harper came to meet her and behaved exactly how i'd hoped she would. the baby slept the best when she was somehow nestled into my lap on the bed, which i loved. she latched on like a champ. i was no longer mad at God because during the c-section, the doctor had found a large tumor on my left ovary. it was harmless at the time, but he said that if he didn't remove it then, i'd for sure eventually have to have it taken out (which would mean another surgery). i was still devastated that i'd had a baby the most unnatural way possible, but it was at least justified.
layne didn't have a name until she was 3 days old. we were bouncing around the idea of "july lynn", but it never sat right with me. i'm glad.
today she:
- says "mama", "dada", "buhbah" (harper), "hi", "bye", "baba" (baby)
- waves goodbye
- signs for milk, more, and eat (working on bath)
- stands on her own (no steps yet, but she seems pretty close)
- loves books and balls
- has a pair of two of the prettiest blue eyes i've ever seen
- is obsessed with food. will eat anything edible.
- sleeps great with a binky and her precious doggy
- starting to get some little curls at the bottom of her head
- wants to do nothing but follow harper around all day
- is very mellow and happy 95% of the time
can't wait to see who she'll grow up to be! thank you Lord for such a beautiful, healthy, joy-bringing gift.


text: Merry Christmas Posted by: ASLS Staff Member | 21/12/2016 Merry Christmas and Office Closure Dates All of us at Australian Safety and Learning Systems would like to wish you, and your families, a safe and Happy Festive Season. ASLS's office will be closed over the festive season and will reopen on Monday, 9 January 2017. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment Name * Email * ← Previous Next →


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Job Description
A great new opportunity has opened up for a Finance Manager with a fantastic Restaurant Chain based in Central London that specialises in a well loved European cuisine. The business currently has a number of sites and is looking to expand rapidly. Prior restaurant or hospitality experience is advantageous.
Key Responsibilities:
- Managing the accounts for 6-8 of their hotels
- Overseeing a team of 8
- Liaising with the hotel General Managers to help to improve the bottom line
- Producing multiple profit and loss statements and consolidating them at month end
- Month end closing
- Overseeing the transactional side of the finance function
- Business partner key stakeholders and advise on cluster strategy
- Lead budgeting and forecasting process
- Working closely with the CFO to improve systems and procedures
Key Requirements:
- Must be Qualified (ACCA/ACA/CIMA)
- 2 years experience as a Management Accountant.
- Sound knowledge of Excel.
- Excellent communication skills - verbal and written.


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This world has a plethora of problems.
This country has its own share of sorrow.
Thankfully, I've learned there is nothing so big or so bad that it cannot be overcome by the revelation of God's unconditional Love and Grace.
Notice I said, "revelation." Revelation happens when something previously hidden has been revealed or made manifest. This is important because God's unconditional Love and Grace is more ubiquitous than air and more abundant than water. Yet, people die of asphyxiation and dehydration daily.
Because air is only useful if you appropriate it. And you can only appropriate that which is manifested. You cannot appropriate something that is hidden to you!
Part of the experience of life is breathing. Although breathing is what's called an "autonomic" function, you can choose not to breathe.
And then you'd die.
(John 1:16-17 ESV) 16 For from his fullness we have all received, grace upon grace. 17 For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.
I absolutely love — and by love, I mean this is absolute sarcasm — when people say you have to "balance Grace with truth." As if you have to balance a good meal with poison. I love — and by love, I mean absolutely love — how John renders this here:
Notice he did not say law and truth. He clearly associated Grace with truth. Why? Because the law is a fact, which is subordinate to the truth.
Catch the rest of this message by watching the video above. If this message has been a blessing to you please consider sharing it with others and leaving a comment. God love you and so do I!
© 2016 – Derrick Day (www.derrickday.com)


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17 December 1999
US-Africa Energy Minister's Summit
Dear GENI Friend,
We have just returned from the US-African Energy Minister's Summit in Tucson. It was a huge opportunity to forward our work as 48 African Ministers travelled around the world to find common ground in their desire to improve the quality of life on the continent.
Attached is their
Out of your support, I am thrilled to report the influence we had on the summit. You'll see under Targeted Areas for Cooperation, the first item is: Regional Energy Integration; programs and activities, among government and public and private sectors, to promote:
If placement is at all important, we made the top of the list!
More than ever before, your backing enabled us to produce more international cooperation during the past year. Both Latin American and African Ministers have now committed to this strategy for their common welfare. And if the stars all line up, San Diego (with GENI's full participation) will be hosting the Asian Energy Ministers in May 2000. Our work is definitely accelerating globally, and you deserve much of the credit.
Happy holidays to you and your family,
Peter Meisen
p.s. Our desire is to be the favorite check you write every month. We don't wish to be just another bill instead, a promise that carries the hopes expressed so well by the African Ministers. Please consider a renewed pledge to The GENI Initiative for the new millennium.
Keywords : US-Africa Energy Minister's Summit , electricity ,grid interconnection and power pooling, transmission development, global energy network institute, peac, Sustainable Development, Cooperation, Support of the Environment, international cooperation, uhv, hvdc, hvac
GENI is a U.S. Tax Exempt 501(c)(3) Corporation committed to improving the quality of life for everyone without damage to the planet.
GENI Affiliates in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore and United States.
Email this page to a friend
If you speak another language fluently and you liked this page, make
a contribution by translating
it! For additional translations check out FreeTranslation.com
(Voor vertaling van Engels tot Nederlands)
(For oversettelse fra Engelsk til Norsk)
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text:
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine and uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient. Beyond running web applications, it is also commonly used for front-end tooling. You can easily add it to your Lando app by adding an entry to the
services key in your app's
Supported versions
Using patch versions
While Lando does not "officially" support specifying a patch version of this service you can try specifying one using overrides if you need to. This is not guaranteed to work so use at your own risk and take some care to make sure you are using a
debian flavored patch version that also matches up with the
major and
minor versions of the service that we indicate above in "Supported versions".
Here are all the tags that are available for this service.
# Express server example
name: express
# Give me http://express.lndo.site and https://express.lndo.site
- express.lndo.site
# Spin up services to run a basic node server
# Create a node instance
# Node version 6.10
type: node:6.10
# Optionally create certs in /certs that can be used by your application
# to listen over https. Creates the following certs your app can use
# - /certs/cert.key
# - /certs/cert.crt
# - /certs/cert.pem
ssl: true
# Optionally install the following npm dependencies globally
# These follow the normal package.json form
# Note that most deps should be installed by the normal npm install, this is
# for things like gulp/grunt cli that are global dependencies
gulp-cli: "latest"
# Optionally specify a command to run when you start your node service up.
# If you are using node as a server you are going to want to define this.
# This can be either a string or array.
# If you are just spinning up a node container to run front end dependencies
# you can leave this blank and the container will boot up and stay on
# You will likely want to run `lando npm install` first so needed dependencies are
# installed before your server starts up.
command: npm start
# Install some extra server packages
# run_as_root:
# - "apt-get update -y"
# - "apt-get install vim -y"
# Print a message just to demonstrate this
# run:
# - "cd $LANDO_MOUNT & echo 'Holla!'"
# Add some nice command routing
service: appserver
service: appserver
service: appserver
# This should be available ONLY AFTER you start up the app since it gets installed
# globally in the `globals` key in the appserver definition above
service: appserver
# Extra commands for fun
service: appserver
You will need to rebuild your app with
lando rebuild to apply the changes to this file. You can check out the full code for this example over here.


text:
Too many adult dating sites claim to be free when it is the furthest thing from the truth.
And once youve stated that youre being reactive, stop, no matter how tempted you might be to continue your reactivity.Ive presumably become a non-sexual being, a special kind of entity whose life must revolve around her children and most definitely not her sex drive.Expert Lynn Brown Rosenberg, author of My Sexual Awakening at 70 and sexual health advisor to the.You realize the great bits, may as well be truthful free fuck buddy sites no credit card needed the relaxation....!: impatient, are afflicted by terrible road rage (on the bicycle:s), never finish anything so am always doing seven things simultaneously, always late, communicate a lot and terrible duvet - hogger...!I'd say I am a mixture of an elegant lady having a lower-to-earth, relaxed that sprung from my small town roots. Im unbiased and check out my best to tell the truth and to the stage.


text:
NEW CAR Vauxhall Crossland X 1.2 83ps SE 5dr
- Hatchback
- 1 mile
- Manual
- Petrol
- 5 doors
- 5 seats
Economy & performance
Driver Convenience
Exterior Features
Interior Features
"Welcome to Advance Motors Limited a Vauxhall Main Dealer. We are a family run business based in Slough and High Wycombe. We have many years of experience in selling used vehicles to satisfied customers all over the UK. Please feel free to browse our selection of handpicked pre owned vehicles and contact a member of our sales staff to discuss your choice of vehicle. Our sales team are dedicated to our customers throughout the sales process from first enquiry through to hand over of your new car, and are always at the end of the telephone if needed during and after sales. Extended Warranties, Competitive Finance packages are all available." View moreMore about this seller
Please note
The data displayed above details the usual specification of the most recent model of this vehicle. It is not the exact data for the actual vehicle being offered for sale and data for older models may vary slightly. We recommend that you always check the details with the seller prior to purchase.
Insurance categories
When a seller advertises a vehicle, we use the details sourced from Motor Insurance Anti-Fraud and Theft Register (MIAFTR), operated by Insurance Database Services Ltd, to check whether the vehicle is recorded as having being written off. The write off data is checked at the time of placing the advert. The write off category indicators are provided for your assistance, but the presence or absence of an indicator in an advert, should not be relied upon by you to indicate the status of a vehicle. You are strongly advised to obtain a full vehicle history check before making an offer on a vehicle.
Auto Trader Limited, or its data supplier, will not accept liability for any information provided.


text:
|Just for Kicks
|Teen sitcom
|Created by:
|Alana Sanko
| Francesca Catalano
Mallory Low
Katija Pevec
Jessica Williams
Jerad Anderson
|Country of origin:
|United States
|# of episodes:
|Running time:
|23 minutes
|Original release:
|April 9 - August 13, 2006
|TV.com summary
This series is first called Head to Toe, then The Power Strikers, but is changed in 2005 to Just for Kicks. Just for Kicks premiered in January 2006 on Nickelodeon UK and April 2006 on Nickelodeon in the US. The series was produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment.
Main cast
- Francesca Catalano as Alexa D'Amico
- Mallory Low as Winifred "Freddie" Costello
- Katija Pevec as Lauren Zelmer
- Jessica Williams as Vida Atwood
- Jerad Anderson as Chris D'Amico
Recurring cast
- Craig Robert Young as Coach Leslie Moore
- Jessica Sara as Marni Nelson
- Rinabeth Apostol as Dana Battle
- Shelley Buckner as Courtney
- Shani Pride as Elise Atwood
- Kadeem Hardison as Charles Atwood
- Amy Hill as Lucy Costello
Main characters
Alexa D'Amico (Francesca Catalano)
She is a typical popular high school girl. She was a former cheerleader and she is fond of boys. She has an older brother, Chris. Towards the end of the series, her father gets laid off of his job, which causes some stress for her. Since Alexa started being a soccer player and she had to stop cheerleading her old, popular friends don't understand why she would rather run around on a muddy field than go shopping. She lives in Brooklyn.
Winifred "Freddie" Costello (Mallory Low)
She is a tough girl in high school who is not good friends with Alexa because her and her friends are snobs to Freddie at their private school. Her father is always with the military, and she lives with her Grandmother. She is also known for having severe cases of "bacne", or acne on her back. Freddie lives in Manhattan on the Upper East Side.
Vida Atwood (Jessica Williams)
Vida is a sporty athletic serious girl, who has a lot in common with her soccer mate Lauren Zelmer. She has been playing soccer the longest, and is sort of the unofficial best at the game. She lives at home with her younger brother, older sister, and parents. Vida is self-conscious of her towering height, and it is known that she once beat up a boy back in first or second grade. She lives in Queens.
Lauren Zelmer (Katija Pevec)
Lauren is a shy, timid serious girl who is a good athlete. She is a typical schoolgirl who plays the violin and is on the soccer team, among other activities. Lauren is very intelligent, and is very busy with extra curricular activities, which causes her much stress. She has a big crush on Alexa's older brother Chris, and at the end of the season they start to date, much to Alexa's disbelief. Her overprotective mother works at a local private school, in which Lauren attends. Lauren lives in Harlem, Manhattan.


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This page is about Grant Greens's guitar setup: the guitars he played and amps he used.
Grant Green played on a Gibson ES-330 until the mid 1960s. This thinline, double cutaway guitar had P-90s (single coil elements) instead of the Humbuckers of the more popular ES-335 model.
Later, Grant Green played a Gibson L7 with a Gibson McCarty pickup/pickguard.
From 1972 on, Grant started playing on a custom built D'Aquisto New Yorker with a tobacco sunburst finish. On the fingerboard is an inlay of Grant's name in mother of pearl.
According to his son, he loved the guitar so much that he spent days without putting it down. Grant said the D'Aquisto plays easier and sounds better than any guitar he has ever had. The neck shape and size is just right for him, allowing smooth playing. He also describes the tone as funky and pretty at the same time.
After Grant Green's death, the guitar was acquired by George Benson, and it belonged to his collection for many years, until he sold it to guitar builder Rudy Pensa, who sold it in his shop.
According to George Benson, Grant Green used to put the bass and treble dials of his amps all the way down, while maximizing the mids
Pinpointing the amps that Grant Green used to play isn't easy because jazz guitarists of his time used the amps that were available on the gig or in the studio. Grant Green has been known to play the following amps:
Grant Green recorded on a Fender Tweed Deluxe because it was available in Rudy Van Gelder's Blue Note Studio, where many classic jazz albums have been recorded.
Grant has been known to record on an Ampeg Gemini model, which was also available at Van Gelder's studio.


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Saturday, December 29, 2007
Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools
NewScientist.com news service
Rowan Hooper
In a revelation that destroys yet another cherished notion of human uniqueness, wild chimpanzees have been seen living in caves and hunting bushbabies with spears. It is the first time an animal has been seen using a tool to hunt a vertebrate.
Many chimpanzees trim twigs to use for ant-dipping and termite-fishing. But a population of savannah chimps (Pan troglodytes verus) living in the Fongoli area of south-east Senegal have been seen making spears from strong sticks that they sharpen with their teeth. The average spear length is 63 centimetres (25 inches), says Jill Pruetz at Iowa State University in Ames, US, who observed the behaviour with Paco Bertolani, of the University of Cambridge, UK.
And the method of procuring food with these tools is not simply extractive, as it is when harvesting insects. It is far more aggressive. They use the spears to hunt one of the cutest primates in Africa: bushbabies (Galago senegalensis).
Bushbabies are nocturnal and curl up in hollows in trees during the day. If disturbed during their slumbers – if their nest cavity is broken open, for example – they rapidly scamper away. It appears that the chimps have learnt a grisly method of slowing them down.
Cave life
Chimps were observed thrusting their spears into hollow trunks and branches with enough force to injure anything inside the holes, Pruetz's research team says. The chimps used a "power grip" and made multiple downward stabs – much the same way as a human might wield a dagger.
Ten different chimps in the population were observed to perform this behaviour in 22 bouts. In one case the researchers saw a chimp remove a dead bush baby and eat it. Here is the chimp enjoying his grisly meal, and cleaning his small spear (5MB, Requires Quicktime).
And, in what is thought to be another first for chimps, the Fongoli population have taken up aspects of cave living. They use the the shady interiors for socialising, taking siestas and picnicking, the researchers say. Pruetz jokes that she would not be surprised if the chimps began making cave drawings.
The Fongoli chimps inhabit a mosaic savannah – patches of grass and woodland – where there are no red colobus monkeys. The absence of these monkeys, which are the favoured prey of several other chimp populations, may explain the Fongoli chimps' unique spear-hunting behaviour.
"Given the lack of opportunity, Fongoli chimps have come up with a way to get around the problem of how to get protein in their particular environment...using tools to hunt," says Pruetz.
Secret snacks
Intriguingly, the behaviour is mostly confined to females and immature chimps. Adults hunt and eat green monkeys, but males have priority over access to the meat. Pruetz suggests that Fongoli juveniles and females get around this by exploiting a niche that is relatively ignored by adult males – and spearing little bushbaby snacks for themselves.
"Immatures and females are innovative in solving the problem of feeding competition," she says.
Chimps regularly seem to be discovered doing things once thought unique to humans (see Stone Age chimps were handy with a hammer). "Back to the drawing board again in terms of trying to define how humans are special," says Pruetz.
Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools
Current Biology, Volume 17, Issue 5, 6 March 2007, Pages 412-417
Jill D. Pruetz and Paco Bertolani
The full paper is available: HERE
Movie S1. Tool Inspection Adolescent female Tumbo extracts and inspects her tool. It is the third and final insertion. She then climbs the tree and begins jumping on the large limb, which eventually breaks off, allowing her to reach in and retrieve the bushbaby (Galago senegalensis).
Movie S2. Meat Eating Adolescent female Tumbo eats bushbaby prey (G. senegalensis). Other chimpanzees are present, but they do not beg for meat.
Movie S3. Eating of Remains Adult male Foudoukou eats the remains of the bushbaby (G. senegalensis) left on the ground by the adolescent female who captured it. He also chews some wood together with meat remains.
1 comment:
- www.guadalajara-3d.com said...
Well, I don't really think it will work.
- November 5, 2011 at 11:48 AM
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I was born and raised in Iceland and have been drawing ever since I can remember. I did my BA in Architecture at the Academy of Art in Iceland in 2012. I quickly realized however, that I was more interested in storytelling and illustrating stories, which brought me to this course. Being here has been a great opportunity to develop my work and has given me the confidence to develop my own stories and illustrations.
I particularly like using gouache and colour pencils, as well as ink, in my artwork. This course has also been a great opportunity to try different mediums, such as the risograph, which I tried recently for my master´s project.


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Graham & Brown Contour GB 16964 Spa Beige
- Ideal For Kitchens and Bathrooms
- Offers a Viable Alternative to Tiled Walls
- Luxury Sculptured Vinyl
- Width: 52cm
- Roll Length: 10m
- Pattern Repeat 64cm
- Design Match: Offset
- From the Classic Collection
Single Roll - DD
All prices include VAT
Graham & Brown are discontinuing this product, we will continue supplying while stock are available.
Contour Classic Wallpaper: - is a well established and trusted brand, synonymous with durable and hard working wallpapers for the kitchen and bathroom.
As a product it offers a viable alternative to tiled walls in these rooms providing a much easier way of covering up any cracks or uneven surfaces on problem walls whilst giving splash resistance.
Orders over £69.99 are free delivery to mainland UK. If the order is below this value, the charge is £6.95
If an order is placed before 2.30pm on a working day, we will despatch the order the same day if it is a stock item. The majority of orders will then be delivered the next working day with our trusted couriers.
There are a very small amount of specialist items that require a specific courier service, and delivery times for these are 1 - 3 working days. Delivery to some Scottish Highlands and remote parts of the UK may incur an extra delivery charge.
We offer a trusted and tracked courier service to ensure your order arrives swiftly and in perfect condition.
Please return your unwanted product to us within 30 days for a refund on the item.
However we are unable to accept returns of any paint where we have mixed the colour for you on our mixing machines. This is bespoke for the customer and we are unable to re-sell it.
Any products marked DD (Direct Delivery) come direct from the manufacturer and therefore may incur a re-stocking fee.


text: 15 Photos That Are So Freakin' Accurate it's Scary Joel Stice @joelstice January 11, 2016 NAIL. ON. HEAD. 1. Source: 2. Source: cincybearcat 3. Source: imgur 4. Source: jeffreyeyd 5. Source: conan Page 1 of 3Next You may also like 14 Examples of Oversharing That Will Make You Cringe Forever Here's 10 Play On Words So Clever, You'll Punch Your Computer Screen 16 Liars Who Had Their Bullsh*t Gloriously Called Out On The Internet social media Comments


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- kreddinAsked on June 29, 2016 at 06:02 PM
I am getting the following message from a Widget I installed in a form.
"The server is temporarily unable to service your request due to the site owner reaching his/her bandwidth limit. Please try again later."
- JotForm SupportjonathanAnswered on June 29, 2016 at 06:35 PM
Our apologies, this should now be fixed and widgets functional once again. If you further trouble with this error, let us know and we will be happy to have another look.


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Welcome to the News section of the iNSiGHT Ornithology website (www.simoncherriman.com). This blog contains updates about various things I've been up to, interesting environmental issues and observations I make regularly while going about my day. It is designed to be fun AND educational, and inspire you about our wonderful natural world. Happy reading!
Saturday, 6 September 2014
Film Premiere
Today I'm pleased to announce that a date has been set for the documentary film about my Wedge-tailed Eagle Tracking Project, called 'Where Do Eagles Dare?', to premiere in Perth. You can watch the trailer for the film by visiting the link above, and clicking the 'Documentary' tab. The above flyer contains the info you need to attend the two screenings. You can also visit this link to find out more and see a direct link to the ticketing page. I hope to see you in December!
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Professor Sue Mawson MCSP Bsc (Hon) PhD
Associate of Lab4Living
Director, NIHR CLAHRC for South Yorkshire
Professor of Health Services Research at the University of Sheffield
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 01142713494
My research focuses on improving the quality of life of people with long term conditions, particularly through exploration of the effectiveness of rehabilitative interventions. My research work, funded predominantly through the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, has capitalised on new innovations in sensor and digital technologies and involves interdisciplinary work, integrating clinical rehabilitation researchers with engineering, design, mecatronics, informatics and digital media specialists. This work has lead to a number of publications in the field of tele rehabilitation and the use of user-centred design in the development of innovative health technologies.
In 2008 I led the successful South Yorkshire application to become a National Institute of Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in applied Research and Care (CLARHC). This multi disciplinary innovation community is driven by the needs of people with long term conditions, undertaking applied research, capacity development and evidence implementation, identifying news ways of enabling the adoption and diffusion of evidence based practices and services through user-centred design methods and self management principles.
I am very excited about the potential that Lab4living has to help contribute to the engagement of people with chronic long term diseases in order to co design and co create innovative solutions to their health and social care needs.


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"...a bold plan not only for licensed trip sitters and shamans, but goes so far as to imagine tax collection from the sale of mushrooms and MDMA, sold in plain packaging."
Anyone who's ever been walked back from an acid-induced existential cliff can appreciate the benefit of someone who knows what to do when you're having a bad trip....the four options really are: a for-profit running it, a not-for-profit running it or the government running it, and so we looked at all of those and thought no: it needs to have some kind of government level of authority but it needs to be hands-off, at arm's length from government so that it can have a stable mandate and vision. The idea that we proposed was to have a commission responsible for all currently illegal drugs. There would be essentially public health folks at the top—people who really understood that that was the vision that needed to be implemented—but then there's different streams. There would a cocaine stream, a smokeable/injectable stimulant stream, a heroin stream, a cannabis stream, and then a psychedelic stream. So within the psychedelic stream you would have some content subject matter experts. Some people who have experience with psychedelic psychotherapy. You would have some Aboriginal groups to acknowledge that psychedelics have been used by Aboriginal groups for centuries. So maybe the peyote folks would be in there. You'd have an ayahuasca person. So you'd have the cross-cultural wisdom sitting at the table.... These people have been doing it for a long, long time and they need to be at the table, and the language that we used is that we would grandfather them into the process. Yes, they would be sitting at the table with us in this process, it wouldn't just be all old guys with suits who are old psychologists. No, it would be mixture of people who represent the diversity of people who are involved today and bring their wisdom to this process.
From the Article: We spoke to a BC researcher who want to license psychedelic trip sitters
Published by: Vice
Original Link:http://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/chatting-with-the-bc-researcher-who-wants-to-license-psychedelic-trip-sitters
Artwork Fair Use: By By Dwight Sipler from Stow, MA, USA [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
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In addition to our extensive lending library located in Eugene/Springfield, we aim to direct our community to the recent news related to ethnobotanicals and other plant-based/inspired derivatives. Please support the work of these journals, publishers, and writers in their attempts to translate the ethnobotanical phenomenon for a worldwide audience.
January 2019
Eugene Center for Ethnobotanical Studies (ECfES)
Developing & promoting ethnobotanical education opportunities.
Public Outreach Office / Lending Library : 138 Main Street, Springfield, OR 97477
E-mail: email@example.com Phone: 541-654-7033
Downtown Office / Laboratory Studies : 44 West 7th Ave. Eugene, OR 97401
Developing & promoting ethnobotanical education opportunities.
Public Outreach Office / Lending Library : 138 Main Street, Springfield, OR 97477
E-mail: email@example.com Phone: 541-654-7033
Downtown Office / Laboratory Studies : 44 West 7th Ave. Eugene, OR 97401
Disclaimer: ECfES.org does not encourage illegal activity. We encourage harm-reduction, education, & integration.
(c) 2015-2018
(c) 2015-2018


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- 2nd Half
- BerntsenVuk90'
- Opseth90'
- JonassenHerrem90'
- Gamst Pedersen83'
- Saltnes83'
- BakengaMour Samb80'
- LayouniOlsen73'
- Bakenga69'
- DrageEvjen66'
- 1st Half
- Espejord43'
- Taylor37'
FK Bodø/Glimt - Tromsø IL
Eliteserien - 16 May 2018
Eliteserien – Follow the Football match between FK Bodø/Glimt and Tromsø IL live with Eurosport. The match starts at 17:00 on 16 May 2018. Our live coverage lets you follow all the key moments as they happen.
Who will come out on top in the battle of the managers Kjetil Knutsen or Simo Valakari? Find out by following our live matchcast.
Have your say by voting on who will win between FK Bodø/Glimt and Tromsø IL? Enjoy some pre-match reading with related articles about these two Enjoy some pre-match reading with related articles about these two Football teams.
Head-to-head: see historical stats and visit our detailed profiles for FK Bodø/Glimt vs Tromsø IL. Get all the latest on Football: fixtures, results and tables.
No comments for this event.


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Folk Bands and Artists
Rachel Newton
Founder member of The Furrow Collective, The Emily Portman Trio and The Shee, singer and harpist Rachel Newton also writes and performs her own solo material, releasing albums The Shadow Side in 2012 and Changeling in 2014.
Both solo and with her trio featuring Lauren MacColl on fiddle and Mattie Foulds on percussion, Rachel performs songs in English and Scottish Gaelic alongside original instrumental compositions. As well as voice and harp, Rachel also plays fiddle and viola and has worked across a range of performance platforms including theatre and storytelling. A skilled collaborator, Rachel also recently started working with Scottish/Norwegian band Boreas and was one of the eight musicians to work on The Elizabethan Session project.
Live in London
- Venues unwrapped - Rachel Newton – Solo Recital - (London)
Sunday 17th March · 4:00PM · Kings Place · King´s Cross · £6.50


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- acpaAsked on August 14, 2015 at 02:39 PM
I have a form that uses a dropdown to select a position to nominate someone for.
Upon submission of that form, the nominee receives a notification that they have been nominated. In that notification email, I have embedded a link to the application form that used the prepopulation URL:
Each form has the same list for positionFor, but what happens is spaces are removed when the URL is generate, making the prepopulated choice not match what is in the application form. Here is an example of what is generated:
You'll notice the spaces missing, as it should read "Assembly Coordinator for International Divisions" or "Assembly%20Coordinator%20for%20International%20Divisions". The fullName= and title= prepopulations also dropped spaces, and I am assuming the college= would have as well if I had entered multiple words.
Is there a way to preserve the spacing to avoid the bad prepopulation data?
- BorisAnswered on August 14, 2015 at 05:11 PM
Can you please try using the URLENCODE: attribute to save the spaces from being converted, which you would use like this:
You can take a look at this guide for more details on the URLENCODE attribute: How to Pass Values to the Text Area of a Form via URL encoding
Please let us know how it goes. Thank you.


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Here's another one:
(And a tiny bit of ribbon there, colored with... Distress Stain Peeled Paint. Well, what do you know??)
Anette :o)
Fantastisk flot kort, Anette. Det ser rigtig godt ud med blomstermidten i den gule farve.
Lovely background Anette! Looks like you had fun playing with your distress stains.
This looks really wonderful, really has a magical effect to it!
This one is beautiful too, Anette! I love seeing all the fun you're having with the stains! Keep playin'!
Supersmukt kort.
God weekend til dig.
I just bought a Distress Stain today, Anette - can't wait to try it! Love what you did with your stains - just beautiful!
I can tell you're having fun, Anette! Love the wonderful bg and the flowers look beautiful embossed on it! The glossy accents are such a great touch!


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Not only is it a new year, but it is also a new semester! As many of you know, our program is run by amazing interns who have a passion for families, health and education. These wonderful ladies are the cream of the crop and full of life! It takes just a few weeks to get into the routine of things, but then we'll all be off and running. We have many new ideas, so keep your eye out for changes. And as usual, if you ever have any questions, please let us know!
Here is a little bit about each one of our interns, hopefully you can get to know these ladies!
Here is a little bit about each one of our interns, hopefully you can get to know these ladies!
Tessa Nelson
I am a senior at UVU studying Behavioral Science with an emphasis in Family Studies. I am originally from Montana and I love going back there to visit my extended family! My family moved to Lehi about 14 years ago. I graduated from Lehi High School in 2006. I have been married for over two years and my husband and I are expecting our first child in April. I will be graduating and having a baby about a week apart from each other! I am excited to begin my internship with Welcome Baby! I am looking forward to working with the volunteers and with the families and helping families receive the resources they need to strengthen their family.
Ally Gordon
Hey I'm Ally! This coming April I am graduating in Public Health with a Health Promotion emphasis from Brigham Young University. I feel strongly about prevention, which is one of the main reasons I decided to go into Public Health. I have many areas of interest within public health, one of them being maternal/child health. I believe that the first few years of a child's life, including the prenatal time period, greatly impact the rest of that child's life. I was born in Payson, UT and raised in Spanish Fork, UT. I love doing things outdoors, especially when the weather is warm. I recently took up snowboarding, which has made winters a lot more enjoyable! I also enjoy camping, reading, dancing, singing, shopping, and spending time with family and friends.
Susannah Naillon
I will be receiving my undergraduate degree in Public Health in April '12 from BYU. I decided to pursue this field because I really enjoy helping others, and have always felt that "health" is one of the biggest aspect in our lives that influences who we are. I am thrilled to be working with United Way's Welcome Baby program because it allows me to help others, connect with the community, and strengthen the health of the community. I am a proud mother to a sweet baby boy, who was born in March of 2011. Although he has only been in my life for such a short amount of time, he has made me realize how life is so precious. As a mother, I understand how rewarding it is to be a parent, and hope that I can learn from parents in the community. I also speak Japanese fluently and Mandarin Chinese semi-fluently. It is my hope that I can reach out to a variety of people using my language skills.
Andrea Lamb
I grew up in Pleasant Grove, Utah, and although it's been awhile since I graduation, I still have plenty of PGHS Viking pride. I'm currently a senior at BYU, and I will be receiving my BS in Public Health--Health Promotion track this April. When I started college and began looking at a major, I just couldn't think of anything more important in life than being healthy, and I wanted to be able help others find correct health information, change harmful behaviors, and achieve optimal health. I believe health is essential to enjoying the other delights of life! I got engaged to my high school sweetheart in December, and we will be married later this semester. I have lived in China, and I'm headed to Thailand this summer to do humanitarian work. I love running and anything that involves being outside, and the hope of summer pulls me through every Utah winter. I have nine nieces and nephews and I love spending time with them. I'm excited to be working as an intern with United Way helping families improve their health!
Stacey Mitchell
Some of you might remember me, but I have a new name! I recently got married and love it! I've been an intern with Welcome Baby since April and have loved it so much I decided to stay. I will now be a Welcome Baby Vista for the next year. A Vista is like the PeaceCorp, but stateside service. I will be focusing on volunteer recruitment, community playgroups, and family education. My favorite part of this job is helping families connect to resources that in turn help them be better parents. I love seeing new mothers hold their infant baby and realize what a sweet opportunity they have to be parents, teachers, and motivators! I look forward to a great new year with Welcome Baby.
Stephanie Anderson
Stephanie Anderson
My name is Stephanie Anderson and I am the Welcome Baby Coordinator. I have been at United Way for a year and the time has flown by. We have such dedicated volunteers and interns that do so much to make the program successful. My passion and love is working with parents and caregivers. I believe that we learn from each other and shared experience can help each of us. I previously worked for BYU Broadcasting as the Ready To Learn Coordinator and teach for Child Care Resource and Referral and UVU as an adjunct professor in the Early Education Department. My husband and I have eight children and are lucky to have four wonderful grandchildren.


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NHSmail 2 project
NHSmail has a total of half a million active users within the NHS, with over 150 organisations using it as their sole email platform. It currently comprises email, calendar and diary administration, directory, email hygiene (SPAM, malware protection), SMS, and a mail relay service to connect non NHSmail users. It is the only email platform through which sender and receiver can be assured that information is secured in the creation, delivery and receipt of the message.
The platform continues to grow, with a background rate of 15,000 new joiners per month. The current contract will expire, meaning that an alternative needs to be planned.
The NHSmail 2 project has been established to look at options for when the current NHSmail contract comes to an end. Despite the name of the project, no assumptions have yet been made about the solution. Further information will be published on this site as it becomes available.
For further information please click an option below.
You may also be interested in
For further information about the NHSmail 2 project please contact the team.


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At last Thursday's Council meeting, the Liberal Democrat policy of providing a free week's respite care, funded by the government, was endorsed by the Conservative leader of Wokingham Borough Council, Cllr David Lee.
Cllr Malcolm Armstrong (Liberal Democrat councillor for Winnersh) said: 'Wokingham Borough Council gets great financial benefit because of the sterling efforts of the carers in the borough. I am appalled that the council is being both mean-
'However, I am pleased that Cllr David Lee sees the merit of the Liberal Democrat policy to provide a week's free respite care, funded by the government. I just wish he could see the value of the council continuing to support carers and not increase the full cost of respite care by £450 a week.'


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Last Saturday was expected to reach 91 degrees where we live. We decided there could be no better way to spend that 91 degrees than at the beach. We had a blast and were very tired by the time we returned home.
The girls stayed in the tide pools for a good part of the time.
Camden was in heaven. The moment she saw the water she started the laughing and squeals. I don't think it ever stopped until she fell asleep in the car.
Brooklyn loved the beach just as much. She took her sand building very seriously. She even made herself a reclining chair in the sand.
Brandon and the sun don't get along very well. This tent was a very nice place for him to chill. He was also the food distributor for those of us with sandy hands.
We are up for more trips to the beach this summer if anyone is interested. However I think we do better with a beach trip we have prepared for.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Impromptu Beach Trip!
Posted by Tassi Smith at 3:15 PM
5 comments:
I want to run away there and be a beach bum, but then I would need my whole family to run away with me. That might get a little crowded if it was permanent. Oh well, I guess we really need to plan a vacation there. All of us!!!! P.S. The girls look adorable in their cute swimsuits.ReplyDelete
I'm ready, let's go! Let's all plan a date and do it.ReplyDelete
Im jealous. I want to be there with the girls but im still scared to get in the water:( Can we go to a different beach?ReplyDelete
If you come Tatum, we will go to a different beach.ReplyDelete
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By Clinton Muller & Dennis Garrity
The global agenda is turning its attention to landscape restoration initiatives. Visions have been set, such as the objective of Land Degradation Neutrality championed through the UNCCD at Rio+20.
Targets have been defined, including the Bonn Challenge to restore 150 million hectares of the world's deforested and degraded lands by 2020. The new challenge now is how will these landscape restoration initiatives be realized?
National governments have demonstrated tremendous leadership in enacting sound policy to support landscape restoration initiatives. Ethiopia for instance, has committed to restore 150 million hectares of degraded land, more than one-sixth of the country's total land area. Likewise, Guatemala is working towards restoring 1.2 million hectares of it's 10.7 million hectare land mass. Many NGO's and other agencies have also embarked on programs and activities to support these objectives.
While invariably the intent of achieving these goals are well grounded, the processes in which to fully realize them now, and into the future, are still being defined.
Landcare can bring a lot to the table to contribute to the discussion.
Founded independently, yet simultaneously in Australia and Germany in the mid 1980's, Landcare is an approach based on the notion of communities caring for their landscape. The model, based on the values of community empowerment and collective action to develop and apply innovative solutions to natural resource management challenges, has often been identified as 'bottom-up' rather than the conventional 'top-down' program design.
It is the focus on the bottom up mechanism that places community at the forefront of landscape management and decision making activities. This is not to suggest community can achieve these outcomes in isolation. Lessons from the Landcare approach in Australia, which has scaled to a national program with more than 4,000 community Landcare groups, demonstrates the importance of effective partnerships. Strong partnerships exist between voluntary community Landcare groups in Australia with various government agencies, NGOs and the private sector, as well as research institutes.
Together, the Landcare community of Australia has changed their rural and urban landscape in supporting the reversal of land degradation. Through the collective efforts of community Landcare groups, the Australian landscape has been transformed, as witnessed by:
- the planting of millions of trees, shrubs and grasses
- riparian protection works
- restored water quality through streambank stabilization and stock exclusion from waterways
- improved ground cover, grazing methods and soil management
- protection and regeneration of remnant native vegetation for habitat; and
- stronger, adaptable and resilient rural communities
The success of Landcare is not just isolated to Australia. Strong evidence exists in the more than 30 countries globally who have embraced Landcare. Communities have reclaimed erosive hillsides in Claveria, Philippines for agricultural production. Farmers in Kapchorwa, Uganda, have protected the forested area of Mt Elgon and rehabilitated erosive hillslopes through re-vegetation and the development of community by-laws to address free grazing. Degraded and erosive grasslands in Iceland have been rehabilitated by farmers through the seeding of lyme grass. These actions have all been undertaken through the Landcare approach.
Realization of initiatives to restore global landscapes will require a coordinated response. Establishing global, regional and national targets whilst facilitating conducive policy environments is essential. Equally so is the engagement of the community at the grassroots. Landcare provides a mechanism to realize this.
Ultimately the realization of the vision for Landscape restoration will rest with the community, not just in the present through the adoption of remediation works, but also the adoption of a Landcare ethic to sustain landscape management into the future.
Source: This blog is based on Chapter 11: Landcare - a landscape approach at scale of the New book: Climate-smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice
Citation: Catacutan, D., Muller, C., Johnson, M., & Garrity, D. (2015). Landcare – a landscape approach at scale. In Minang, P. A., van Noordwijk, M., Freeman, O. E., Mbow, C., de Leeuw, J., & Catacutan, D. (Eds.) Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice, 151-161. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)