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1 DELIVERABLE PROGRAMME REFERENCE: CSD DELIVERABLE: D-WP5-T*-1 TITLE: YEARLY LEGAL REPORT ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND DIGITAL CONTENT DISTRIBUTION AUTHORS: Apollònia Martínez Nadal (UIB) María José Iglesias Portela (UIB) Antonia Paniza Fullana (UIB) DATE: September 2008
2 EXTENDED ABSTRACT ABOUT THE ANNUAL LEGAL REPORT ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONTENTS September 2008 Apol lònia Martínez Nadal (Coordinator) María José Iglesias Portela Antonia Paniza Fullana
3 ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS Antonia Paniza Fullana, Professor of Civil Law Department of Private Law, University of the Balearic Islands The main problems on electronic contracts are analysed in the annual report. The European and Spanish law are studied (Laws about Electronic Commerce; Distance Contracts; Financial Services and Distance Contracts, Consumer Protection Act; Data Protection Act). 1. DUTY OF INFORMATION AND CONFIRMATION OF THE INFORMATION Duty of information and the confirmation of the information: arts. 40 and 47 LOCM, 27 and 28 Electronic Commerce Act; arts. 3, 4 and 5 of the Directive on Distance contracts; art. 98 Consumer Protection Act. (What; When and How the Service Provider has to fulfil the duty of information and the confirmation). It is important the subject of the durable medium for the confirmation of information. Recently, the article 3 m) of the Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC define durable medium as any instrument which enables the consumer to store information addressed personally to him in a way accessible for future reference for a period of time adequate for the purposes of the information and which allows the unchanged reproduction of the information stored. 2. THE RIGHT OF WITHDRAWAL Right of withdrawal (art. 44 LOCM; arts. 101 and 102; and 68 Consumer Protection Act, besides Directive and Spanish Act on financial services and distance contracts). The consumer shall have a period of at least seven working days in which to withdraw from the contract without penalty and without giving any reason. The only charge that may be made to the consumer because of the exercise of his right of withdrawal is the direct cost of returning the goods. 3. ON LINE CONTRACT TERMS AND CONDITIONS Article 27 Spanish Electronic Commerce Act and article 10 Electronic Commerce Directive: contracts terms and general conditions provided to the recipient must be available in a way that allows him to store and reproduce them. 4. THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT - Articles: 1262 Spanish civil Code and 54 Spanish Commercial Code. There are different possibilities: the principle of knowledge; the principle of reception and the principle of acceptation or emission. After Electronic Commerce Act 2002 in Spain the solution related to the conclusion of the contract is the same in Civil and
4 Commercial Codes. Before 2002 both solutions were different. Now the solution is near to the principle of reception. 5. SPECIAL CASES 5.1. Internet Auctions and consumer protection Internet auctions present good opportunities for consumers, but at the same time create new problems. First of all the different kind of auctions and the problem about what is the applicable law to Internet auctions. In Spanish law: arts. 56 to 61 LOCM or arts. 38 to 48 LOCM (about distance contracts). Besides, different rules are applied: rules about general terms, data protection and consumer protection. Another problem is the character of the advertisement of an auction sale: it seems not a real offer, only an invitation to treat. More often Internet auctions are the type as e- bay. Some problems in this case are arisen: the relationship between e-bay and consumer; e-bay and the seller; the seller and the consumer The rules about financial services and distance contracts Special characteristics of financial services need special rules when these kinds of services are sold by electronic commerce. So, the Directive 2002/65/CE, on distance contracts and financial services and Spanish Act (2007) July 11st establish special rules for this kinds of contracts: - Directive defines financial service as any service of a banking, credit, insurance, personal pension, investment or payment nature. - Specially, a very strong duty to information for the financial service provider (articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Directive; and articles 7 and 8 of the Spanish Act): provision of clear and comprehensive information before the purchase and the confirmation of the information in a durable medium. - It is very important too the right of withdrawal that the consumer has in these contracts: 14 days (or 30 days in one case) without penalty. That period of withdrawal shall begin (a) either from the day of the conclusion of the credit agreement, or (b) from the day on which the consumer receives the contractual terms and conditions and information in accordance with Article 10, if that day is later than the date referred to in point (a) of this subparagraph. - Other questions: protection from fraudulent use of payment by card; protection from unsolicited services; the burden of the proof and commercial communications Contracts established using mobile devices. New problems appear in the m-commerce: small screens, small processors, limited memory There is a need to consider if the rules for electronic commerce and consumer protection can be applied to mobile commerce. But there are different mobile devices and not all of them have the same characteristics (mobile phone, blackberry, handheld ). This paper presents a reflection on the technical and juridical problems of establishing contracts with small screens devices. Recently, Spanish Law 56/2007, December 28, about Information Society establishes that the duty to inform the user, in the case of small screen
5 devices, will be fulfilled in a web page. This solution raises many problems: the design of the contractual process, the moment of the conclusion of the contract, the acknowledgement, We present a set of open questions related with the legal framework of m-commerce. The following items are open questions to reflexionate about the regulations applied to m-commerce: 1.- The first major issue is to determine what specific mobile devices apply to the new paragraph of Article 27 of the LSSICE. That is what is meant by devices that have a small screen? As it has been exposed, capacity, screen size and the technical characteristics of the wireless devices may vary from one to another, such as mobile phone compared to a PDA. Where is the boundary between them? 2.- Advertising & Commercial Communications: Issues of spam and data location. On the subject of advertising, it should be addressed the potential for content design for these devices: the pages are smaller, the presentation of such advertising may be different, and so on. Whatever the design of the application must conform to the regulations on advertising and consumer protection, which in principle does not appear to pose problems. The problem will arise with the use of specific techniques used in electronic commerce through the computer, such as pop-ups. Given the technical characteristics of these devices, these techniques should be avoided. There are many marketing campaigns via SMS or via , and therefore can serve as another one to get publicity campaigns to users of these mobile devices. In this case, apply the general rules on the matter: both the phone number and address are considered personal data, but in the first case applies the General Telecommunications Act and in the case of article LSSICE 22. The issue highlights even more the case in the United States, where the Can Spam Act (2003) has different rules depending on whether the sending of unsolicited commercial communications by or via SMS, which can go as in the case studied, in a single device. But this is not the only issue to take into account; it poses another problem particularly interesting in the case of advertising through mobile devices: advertising campaigns from the point of location. Stresses, then, the problem of location data files. When can you use location data files? The regulation in this area is already in Article 9 Directive on Privacy and Commercial Communications and in the article 38.3 the Spanish Telecommunications Act. 3.- In third place, duty to inform: referral to an Internet address. The new paragraph of Article 27 of the LSSICE, to which reference has already been made, focuses specifically on the aspect relating to the duties of prior information, several problems arise. The biggest problem arises at the time of bringing this content to the new format. We must answer three basic questions: can be applied when a new paragraph to Article 27 of the LSSICE? What is the information to be provided? And how should this information be available? - When can you apply it? When the service provider designs specifically contracting content for its use in electronic devices that have reduced screen format. Here it should be considered also that it is possible to access a website in its usual format for a computer screen from a mobile device. In this case, it seems that this article does not apply, general rules of electronic commerce apply, with all the problems that they can generate. - How should the information be provided to users of mobile devices? "Before we begin the contracting process", referring to a webpage, being more accurate by providing
6 "on a permanent basis, easy, direct and exact address of the Internet where such information is made available to the recipient." - What information should be included? The new paragraph refers to the "obligation contained in this section", which is to be understood as an obligation of the service provider who engages in electronic contracting to make available to the recipient, before starting the contracting process, information "clear, understandable and unambiguous" on a number of elements: different procedures to be followed for entering into the contract if the provider is going to close the electronic record in the formalization of the contract and whether it will be accessible; technical means putting at their disposal to identify and correct errors in data entry, as well as the language in which may be entered into the contract. The reference to an Internet address that is the solution adopted for these cases is not an issue without problems: What happens if the buyer does not have a computer in their power to review information? Should we make sure that the buyer has consulted or simple referral is enough? Who bears the burden of proof that the buyer was able to really know that information? What is the point of reporting on the contractual process in another environment that is not to be used to refine the contract? What guarantees provides the user of mobile devices in the contractual process? In short, is it feasible this solution? 4.- The conclusion of the contract and the confirmation of the information. Here are two issues that are equally interesting. The first one is, how concerns the intermediate step for referral to an Internet address to the need to double-click or read a page summary? And the second is, how is achieved the condition of documentary evidence in the case of devices with small screen? Which brings us to an issue of wider scope of abstraction: to establish whether there was a need for specific regulation of these devices or whether it was sufficient. In addition, one can not forget that during the contracting process the buyer will have to fill out a form data. The technical characteristics of mobile devices shall be taken into account: displays, keyboards, and so on. It should be a simple form with concrete data that were essential to complete the contractual process. Regarding the records of the information, the definitions of Spanish laws on "durable medium" hardly fits in the contracting through mobile devices, but the law has not established any specialty in this regard. One way to overcome this problem would be to use memory cards (memory stick, secure digital, ), which may be used by some of these devices. Regarding the acknowledgement, what is the proper way to meet this requirement in the case of mobile devices? The law says that this duty can be fulfilled with an , or a confirmation equivalent to that, provided that it can be stored by the addressee. Here too, there isn t a different treatment in the case of mobile devices. It has to be analyzed whether a message sms can comply with the provisions in Article 28 of the LSSICE. It should be taken in mind that in an you can attach a file (. Doc or. Pdf), which may contain with more detail all the necessary data, but this is not possible in the case of an sms, being limited, in addition, to the space of 160 characters. 5.- Final question: As has been raised, the "new" solution generates more questions than it solves with the introduction of a new element in the contractual process. Without the inclusion of a new regulation for all the contractual process, there are a lot of unknowns in the contractual process using mobile devices: Could a list of best practices fill the gaps in the law in the m-commerce?
7 ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE AND ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS Apol lònia Martínez Nadal, Professor of Commercial Law Department of Private Law, University of the Balearic Islands A) ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES: SECURITY IN ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES From the technological point of view, digital and/or electronic signatures are offered as an alternative to the signed manuscript, together with certificates and certification authorities (also known as certifying entities, certifiers, or certification service providers). From a legal standpoint all these elements have been the object of various initiatives, differing in origin, nature and application. In Europe, the European Union has established the need for harmonised rules to apply throughout the EU in order to encourage the development of electronic commerce within its bounds and to remove any obstacles to this development which may occur from the current divergence of national legislations. A proposal for a European Directive on a common framework for electronic signatures and related services was presented by the Commission in 1998 and was approved in I. ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES, CERTIFICATES AND CERTIFICATION AUTHORITIES. 1. Electronic signatures in general and digital signatures in particular. Art. 2.1 of the directive states a broad concept of electronic signature : data in electronic form attached to, or logically associated with, other electronic data and which serves as a method of authentication. However, it also states a stricter concept of electronic signature: the advanced electronic signature (art. 2.2), which means an electronic signature meeting the following requirements: (a) it is uniquely linked to the signatory (b) it is capable of identifying the signatory, (c) it is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his sole control, and (d) it is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner that any subsequent change of the data is detectable. In any event, a particular type of electronic signature that could offer security, having completed all of the requisites of art. 2.2, is the digital signature. Technologically speaking, this type of signature is very specific, being created with the use of asymmetric or public key cryptography. In spite of the security offered by the digital signature, the directive addresses electronic signatures in general, not only digital ones, in an attempt to embrace methods of signing based on electronic techniques other than asymmetric cryptography (techniques available now or in development that achieve some or all of the functions of the hand-written signature). 2. Certificates The final version of the directive contains two concepts of certificate. First, the directive, in technologically neutral terms, defines the certificate in general as an electronic attestation which links signature-verification data to a person and confirms the identity of that person. (art. 2.9) With this definition, the directive points out the basic
8 function of certification, which is to link a signature verification device (a public key, in the case of asymmetric cryptography) to a certain person. Thus verification and confirmation of the identity of the holder of that public key is essential. The only way of verifying identity that offers security is physical identification, which was specifically referred to in the first draft of the proposal: physical presentation before an accredited certification service provider, or through other adequate means. This has been eliminated from the final version of the directive, perhaps in an attempt to keep this requisite flexible and adaptable to commercial practices, but allowing some self-styled certificates to be originated which do not contain reliable verification of identity and which therefore are not true certificates. Together with this general concept of certificate, the directive also defines a special kind of certificate: the qualified certificate. According to article 2.10 of the directive, a qualified certificate is one that meets the requirements laid down in annex I and is provided by a certification service provider who fulfils the requirements laid down in annex II. 3. Providers of certification services The directive gives the function of trusted third party in charge of the security of electronic signatures (establishing a link between the signature and a particular person) to an entity called a certification service provider (this term chosen by European Union legislators makes clear the wish to avoid any name that might generate the appearance of attribution of a public nature to these entities, such as certifying authority ). Article 2.11 of the directive defines the provider of certification services as an entity or legal or natural person who issues certificates, or provides other services related to electronic signatures. Such services may be inherent and essential to the certificate (revocation and suspension in case of compromise of the private key or another element of the signature), or they may be debatable (generation of the keys, which Annex II allows to the service provider, or their storage, allowed in prior versions but not permitted in the final one).. One of the most-debated questions about entities charged with the provision of certification services is their nature (public or private, legal or natural person) and their constitution (free or requiring some prior authorisation). The directive approaches this question in art. 3, which is dedicated to the principles of market access. With these article, Community legislators have thus opted for a system of free creation of certifying entities, without prejudice to a licensing system designed to improve the services offered, which must also be totally voluntary. Here we see the creation of a system that allows the coexistence of commercial certification entities who are voluntarily licensed and those who are unlicensed. Independently of whether a licensing system were established with or without its own set of exigencies, every provider of certification services who intended to issue qualified certificates, in order to be considered a trusted third party, would have to comply with a certain series of fundamental requisites in order to generate security and trust in its organisation and activities both before and after the issuance of a certificate. These requisites are established in Annex II of the directive. In this system of free creation of certification service providers, it would be necessary to oversee the fulfilling of the requirements established in Annex II. Art. 3.3 of the directive says that: Each Member State shall ensure the establishment of an appropriate system which allows for supervision of certification service providers which are established on its territory and issue qualified certificates to the public.
9 II. LEGAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 1. The rule of equivalent function Electronic signatures and specifically the digital signatures now provides authenticity, integrity of the message they are affixed to and non-repudiation of origin. Because of these effects, the directive of the EU, like some legislative initiatives on digital signatures, recognises that digital signatures can have the same effects as manuscript signatures (article 5.1). It is the rule of equivalent function. This legal recognition of the effects of the electronic signature (equal to the handwritten signature and admissible as evidence in legal proceedings) is established only for signatures that meet certain exigencies: they have to be based on a qualified certificate (that complies with a minimum number of requisites laid down in Annex I and is issued by a provider of certification services who fulfils the requirements laid down in Annex II) and they have to be created by a secure signature creation device (which has to fulfil the requirements laid down in Annex III). This fact could be used to deny legal effects of the electronic signatures without one of these requirements. In order to prevent this restrictive result, part 2 of article 5 states exclusively that: Member States shall ensure that an electronic signature is not denied legal effectiveness and admissibility as evidence in legal proceedings solely on the grounds that it is: - in electronic form, or - not based on a qualified certificate, or - not based on a qualified certificate issued by an accredited certification service provider, or - not created by a secure signature creation device.
10 B) ELECTRONIC PAYMENTS From amongst the payment methods offered by businesses to their clients in B2C e- commerce, traditional credit cards have become the normal transaction method for e-sales. However, fear and problems existed, putting a stop to wider use. From a legal point of view, and in the case where fraudulent use inevitably occurs, the issue of who assumes responsibility for fraudulent use is raised. What can be seen is that such use leads to different players: the cardholder, the merchant and banking institution(s). It is necessary to find a legal solution to this question taking into account the different interests of the various parties involved in a fair and equal manner: and bearing in mind the existing legislation on the matter, the doctrine pronounced on the latter and the jurisprudence that has been created recently surrounding this issue. 1. The Regulation of Fraudulent Card Use in E-Commerce: Article 8 of Directive 97/7/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts. In European Union, art. 8 ( Payment by card ) of Directive 97/7/EC of the Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts states: Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures exist to allow a consumer: -to request cancellation of a payment where fraudulent use has been made of his payment card in connection with distance contracts covered by this Directive, -in the event of fraudulent use, to be recredited with the sums paid or have them returned. In Spanish Law, article 46 in Law 7/1996 relating to Retail Commerce Planning (LOCM), in the first section (modified by Law 47/2002 dated 19 th December in reform of Law 7/1996 so as to pass into Spanish law Directive 97/7/EC concerning distance contracts), states: When a purchase amount has been paid for fraudulently or illegally using a payment card number, the cardholder may demand immediate cancellation of the charge. In this case, the corresponding debit and credit supplier and cardholder account entries will be carried out as quickly as possible. These articles are especially interesting with regards to card payment in e-commerce as, effectively, they applies to distance sales which could include electronic sales. These precepts are present in distance sales regulations as, due to their special characteristics, with this type of transaction the risk of fraudulent card use by unauthorised, non-cardholder third parties increases. In effect, in distance sales, in principle it is not possible to identify either the cardholder or the card itself, either via mechanical or electronic methods, meaning it is not possible to detect or check if the third party is genuine or not. Despite this, commercial practice allows its use in these settings (remote sales in general, e-sales specifically), meaning it is normal for the cardholder and purchaser to provide the seller with a series of data: usually, the card number and expiry date. Due to this, in these instances there is no cardholder-signed receipt of the transaction.
11 Thus, this is an anomalous or exceptional instance without cardholder identification regarding which the potential risks or actual prejudices involved need questioning, justifying the legal consequence established by the articles we are studying, LOCM (art. 46) and Directive 97/7/EC on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts (art. 8) (the ability to request immediate cancellation of the charge). In summary and by way of illustration, these articles would place us in a position where the cardholder discovers fraudulent or illegal use to carry out here, remotely purchase of a product or service provision. In this case, the legal consequence established in article 46, first section, first paragraph, final subsection, with regards to protecting the defrauded or prejudiced cardholder is as follows: the cardholder may demand immediate cancellation of the charge. In such circumstances, according to article 46, first section, second paragraph, the corresponding debit and credit entries in the supplier and cardholder accounts will be carried out as quickly as possible (according to art. 18, the consumer should be recredited with the sums paid or have them returned). The doctrinal generality seen in the analysis of these articles considers the ability to request immediate cancellation of the charge must be carried out by the cardholder with the merchant, lender or supplier. The new wording of article 46 (modified by Law 47/2002) does not clarify this point. From our point of view, we believe it is with the issuing company that they should (insofar as they can), in reality, carry out said request, Therefore, it can be said that these articles provides special legal protection to the cardholder affected by fraudulent use in distance sales, more, in fact, that they have in traditional commerce: they can demand cancellation from the banking institution which must carry out said cancellation immediately, without even conditioning or deferring it to a corroboration of events (something which is possible and, in fact, normal in the case of ordinary claims related to traditional witnessed transactions). It should be noted that, in such cases, if the cancellation request may or must be addressed to the issuing establishment, risk is directly or immediately transferred to the issuing company (normally a bank) but, even when it is indirectly and latterly, it will be transferred to the merchant company who will finally bears it. This occurs so as, logically, the issuing company will pass on the risk, carrying out the correct internal claim or simply cancelling payment, in accordance with the rules set out in the contract between the bank and the merchant which usually stipulate that it will be the latter who covers the transaction cost when the issuing company is obliged to return the amount to the customer. In summary, the party ultimately assuming risk and the corresponding responsibility is as a last resort the merchant. This is derived thus from LOCM article 46 and Directive art. 8 and its doctrinal interpretation. However, it should be noted that, recently, different jurisprudential sentences have been passed on fraudulent card use in e-commerce; sentences which in some cases surprisingly alter the schema for allotting responsibilities and assigning and assuming risk. In all, either the attribution of responsibility falling on the merchant who accepts payment with cards not used by the legitimate holder or on the banking institution which supplies the electronic payment system failing to stop these illegitimate operations to the merchant is duly debated and challenged. Furthermore, the solution adopted by the different resolutions is, sometimes, distinct and contradictory.
12 Given the existing legal and judicial problem today, it is probable that banking institutions would be the first to be interested in establishing and distributing secure e- payment systems, allowing them to avoid taking on responsibility which, ultimately, some rulings attribute to them. In this way, it should be mentioned that, from the technical point of view, payment protocols have been worked on over some years which, without arriving at SET s complexity (or security), offer greater security than the SSL protocol in attempting to gain cardholder authentication (i.e. identification) so as to avoid fraudulent card use by unauthorised third parties.
13 The legal protection of DRMs María J. Iglesias Head of the Intellectual Property Unit Centre de Recherche Informatique et Droit FUNDP 1. Introduction Main objective of DRM systems is to control the use and dissemination of digital content by means of different mechanisms i.e. cryptology, access or copy control techniques, identification and tracking systems attached to digital objects. DRMs are an important tool to facilitate and enforce the protection of copyrights on digital contents as well as a relevant tool to manage the rights and, therefore, to commercialise copyrighted work and subject matter. Thus, the implementation of DRMs facilitates the development of new business models, in particular as regards the on-line making available of copyrighted work. In order to create a safe environment for these new developments, the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) adopted in 1996 two international treaties the so-called Internet Treaties granting a legal protection for DRMs. A bit later, the European and Spanish legislator have adopted legislation to comply with the WIPO mandate. But the European and Spanish Law go beyond the protection required by the WIPO treaties. The Report La protección jurídica de los DRM por el Derecho de Propiedad Intelectual intends to clarify the legal protection of DRMs by the Copyright Law. It goes in depth through the International, European and Spanish Copyright Law. The Report pays special attention not only to the legal protection of DRM but also, and more importantly, to the difficult question of the intersection between DRM and copyright limitations. The following pages contained a very summary of the mentioned Report. 2. The legal framework for the protection of technological protection measures and rights management information systems The legal protection of DRMs intends to prevent copyright infringements as well as to enhance the development of new business models for the online distribution of digital material. In the international Law, the legal protection for technological protection measures was granted by the so-called Internet Treaties The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) 1 and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 2. Art 11 WCT and, in a similar wording, art. 18 WPPT states that "Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law." Starting from this point, the Contracting Parties have different options to implement the obligations required by the WIPO treaties. Their discretion power mainly refers to the scope of the prohibited actions related to the circumvention of technical measures and to the type of technological measures to be protected. In relation to the first point, Contracting Parties may prohibit just circumvention acts, just preparatory acts or a combination of 1 WIPO Copyright Treaty, adopted in Geneva on December 20, WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996.
14 both 3. As far as the technological measures are concerned, it may be distinguished between anti-copy or anti-access measures. The European Directive 2001/29 4 implements the WIPO obligation Treaties at the European level. At this point, the EU has opted for extending these possibilities to the maximum: it prohibits both circumvention and preparatory acts referred to anti-copy and anti-access mechanisms. The regulation of technological protection measures is covered by art. 6 Directive 2001/29/EC. This is, without a doubt, one of the most complex provisions in the Directive. In the first place, it imposes the Member States to provide adequate legal protection against the circumvention acts committed by individual persons having the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds to know, that are pursuing that objective (art. 6(1)), as well as against the so called preparatory acts (art. 6(2 5 )). Immediately afterwards, art. 6(3) defines the technological protection measures as "any technology, device or component that, in the normal course of its operation, is designed to prevent or restrict acts, in respect of works or other subject-matter, which are not authorised by the rightholder of any copyright or any right related to copyright as provided for by law or the sui generis right provided for in Chapter III of Directive 96/9/EC." The protection is only granted for effective measures. In contrast with the Internet Treaties, the Directive clarifies when a TPM should be considered effective: "Technological measures shall be deemed "effective" where the use of a protected work or other subject-matter is controlled by the right holders through application of an access control or protection process, such as encryption, scrambling or other transformation of the work or other subject-matter or a copy control mechanism, which achieves the protection objective." Thus, the concept of technological protection measures is linked to the right holders' will, and not to the prevention of a copyright infringement. Therefore the protection of technology is extended to uses traditionally beyond the exploitation rights 6. Article 160 of the Spanish Copyright Law follows almost literally the wording of the Directive as far as the legal protection of the technological protection measures is concerned. In addition to the technological protection measures, art. 12 WCT and in a similar way art.19 WPPT deals with the obligations concerning Rights Management Information information which identifies the work, the author of the work, the owner of any right in the work, or information about the terms and conditions of use of the work, and any numbers or codes that represent such information, when any of these items of information is attached to a copy of a work or appears in connection with the communication of a work to the public. According to the provision the Contracting Parties shall provide for adequate and effective legal remedies against any person knowingly performing any of the following acts knowing, or with respect to civil remedies having reasonable grounds to 3 IVIR, Study on the implementation and effect in Member States' laws of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, Part I: Impact of Directive 2001/29/EC on Online Business Models, (2007), p Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167, , p "Member States shall provide adequate legal protection against the manufacture, import, distribution, sale, rental, advertisement for sale or rental, or possession for commercial purposes of devices, products or components or the provision of services which: (a) are promoted, advertised or marketed for the purpose of circumvention of, or (b) have only a limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent, or (c) are primarily designed, produced, adapted or performed for the purpose of enabling or facilitating the circumvention of, any effective technological measures." 6 S. DUSOLLIER, Droit d'auteur et protection des oeuvres dans l'univers numérique, (2005), pp. 131 y 163: «La protection devient plus large: c est un critère subjectif (lié a la volonté de l auteur qui la gouverne), et non plus un critère objectif (lié à la définition des droits et de leurs limitations)».
15 know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of any right covered by this Treaty or the Berne Convention: to remove or alter any electronic rights management information without authority; to distribute, import for distribution, broadcast or communicate to the public, without authority, works or copies of works knowing that electronic rights management information has been removed or altered without authority. A similar wording is contained in art. 7 Directive 2001/29 and art. 172 Spanish Copyright Law. 3. The intersection between copyright limitations and technological protection measures The WIPO treaties do not deal with the intersection between technological protection measures and copyright limitations. Different from the WIPO treaties, Article 6 (4) Directive 2001/29 introduces a salvaguarde clause reducing the absolutism of the technology in relation to some limitations. It establishes the basis to introduce national mechanisms that make possible the exercise of some limitations if this is impeded by technological protection measures. These mechanisms shall be in place in relation to the so called privileged limitations 7. A specific regimen is stated for the private copy 8. As far as the other limitations are concerned, it seems that technology remains all its power. The general framework designed at the European level gives primacy to the will of the rightholders. According to art. 6(4) par. I, only if they do not adopt voluntary measures, the law must react. Therefore the European legislator is clearly for a subsidiary system. It should be read as an invitation to the market itself to facilitate the limitations. These voluntary measures may be unilateral or derived from agreements between rightholders and other parties concerned 9. In the absence of voluntary measures, the Directive 2001/29/EC imposes to Member States the adoption of appropriate measures to ensure the exercise of the privileged limitations. But the European legislator does not specify what these appropriate measures could be 10. The solutions provided in national regulations, without exhausting those advanced by the doctrine 11, are very diverse. Some states have recognised the beneficiaries a legal action before the courts, others have put in place an administrative procedure or looked at dispute resolution schemes (i.e. arbitrage, mediations or other alternative systems). In Portugal, rightholders are obliged to the legal deposit of the means to make possible the limitations in the IGAC (Inspecção-Geral das Actividades Culturais) 12. Indeed, some countries have created a kind of circumvention right in favour of users 13. The Directive neither a priori clarifies, from a factual perspective, what an appropriate means could be. The Recitals do not give any clue, since they simple refer to 7 Those referred in art. 5.2 a), c), d) and e); and in art. 5.3 a), b) and e) Directive 2001/29/EC. 8 Cfr. art. 6.4 II. 9 Directive 2001/29 mentions the parties concerned and not the users or their representatives. Then, these agreements, besides being concluded with the last ones, could be also negotiated with third parties not being users, i.e. content providers, software developers, etc Indeed, in those countries where the national regulations just referred to the beneficiaries or their representatives when mentioning collective agreements, the agreements reached with third parties should be assimilated to the unilateral measures. See S. DUSOLLIER, Droit d auteur et protection, (2005), p IVIR, Study on the implementation and effect, (2007), p The legal doctrine has advanced different proposals: an invitation to negotiate and reach contractual solution, the deposit of password or analogue copies, etc See S. DUSOLLIER, Droit d auteur et protection, (2005), p and quoted bibliography. 12 Art Código do Direito de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos. 13 This is the case in Denmark, where, if the rightholders do not comply in 4 weeks with the Copyright Tribunal order to make available to the beneficiary the means to enjoy the limitations, the user could circumvent the technological protection measures.
16 the modification of an implemented technological measure or to other means 14. In order to prevent potential abuses 15, art. 6(4) par. III grants legal protection for any techno logical protection measures applied in implementation of the voluntary actions taken by rightholders, including within the framework of agreements, or taken by a Member State. Finally, art. 6(4) par. IV excludes from this complicated system those works or other subject-matter made available to the public on agreed contractual terms in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them. It means that works made on line available in virtue of subscription licences will fall out of this safeguard clause. The Spanish legislator has opted for granting the beneficiaries of some copyright limitations a legal action before the courts when technological protection measures prevent them from enjoying the limitations. This especial regime is also applied to database limitations. Art explicitly refers to the private copy exception: it states that the right holder may establish a maximum number of copies to be made by the user. In this case, the user will not benefit from the salvaguarde clause contained in the precedent paragraphs. Copyright Law traditionally strikes a delicate balance between public and private interests. So, while it grants exploitation rights to the copyrightholders, it also includes some limitations the copyright limitations to these rights. Nevertheless, Directive 2001/20 as well as the Spanish Copyright Law fail to achieve this delicate equilibrium. The complicated system provided in art. 6.4 of the European Directive and developed in art. 161 of the Spanish Copyright law is very cumbersome and it will not guarantee in practice a fair exercise of copyright limitations. Until this legal regime is modified, the main challenge for is to trust on the will of the rightholders and content providers and to some extent on the will of DRMs designers as regards the implementation of voluntary measures that make copyright limitations effective. 14 Cfr. Recital Recital 51 in fine.
17 INFORME LEGAL ANUAL SOBRE COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DIGITAL DE CONTENIDOS (YEARLY LEGAL REPORT ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND DIGITAL CONTENT DISTRIBUTION) Septiembre/September 2008 Apol lònia Martínez Nadal (Coordinadora) María José Iglesias Portela Antonia Paniza fullana
18 PARTE PRIMERA: COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO A) CONTRATACION ELECTRÓNICA I.- DESCRIPCIÓN Y PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA NORMATIVA APLICABLE A LA CONTRATACIÓN ELECTRÓNICA LOS DEBERES DE INFORMACIÓN Y CONSTANCIA DOCUMENTAL EN LAS DISTINTAS NORMAS APLICABLES AL COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO Planteamiento Constancia escrita de la información facilitada en los contratos a distancia Excepción al deber de confirmación de la información Incumplimiento de la documentación del contrato y derecho de desistimiento: interrelación LA FASE DE EJECUCIÓN DEL CONTRATO El plazo para la ejecución del contrato Indisponibilidad del bien objeto del contrato LA FACULTAD DE DESISTIMIENTO EN LOS CONTRATOS A DISTANCIA Diferencias entre contratos sobre bienes y contratos relativos a la prestación de servicios Un supuesto problemático: el derecho de resolución del Real Decreto 1906/ Ámbito objetivo del derecho de desistimiento Plazo, causa y forma del derecho de desistimiento Consecuencias derivadas del ejercicio del derecho de desistimiento. 15 II.- EL MOMENTO DE PERFECCIÓN DEL CONTRATO ELECTRÓNICO: LOS ARTÍCULOS 1262 DEL CÓDIGO CIVIL Y ARTÍCULO 54 DEL CÓDIGO DE COMERCIO 17 III.- ALGUNOS SUPUESTOS ESPECÍFICOS LAS SUBASTAS ON LINE: NORMATIVA APLICABLE CONTRATACIÓN A DISTANCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN A DISTANCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS: DIRECTIVA 2002/65/CE, DEL PARLAMENTO EUROPEO Y DEL CONSEJO DE 23 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2002 RELATIVA A LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN A DISTANCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS DESTINADOS A LOS CONSUMIDORES LA LEY 22/2007, DE 11 DE JULIO, SOBRE COMERCIALIZACIÓN A DISTANCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS DESTINADOS A LOS CONSUMIDORES CONTRATACIÓN A TRAVÉS DE DISPOSITIVOS MÓVILES 25 B) FIRMA ELECTRÓNICA I.- INTRODUCCION. FIRMA ELECTRONICA, CERTIFICADOS Y ENTIDADES DE CERTIFICACION. INICIATIVAS LEGISLATIVAS. FINALIDAD DE LA LEY 59/2003 DE FIRMA ELECTRÓNICA. 27 II.- NOCIONES BÁSICAS Firma electrónica. Concepto y clases; referencia a la nueva firma electrónica reconocida. 29
19 2.- Certificados y prestadores de servicios de certificación. 32 III.- LA PRESTACION DE SERVICIOS DE CERTIFICACION. 33 A) Elemento objetivo: el certificado 33 B) Elemento subjetivo: los prestadores de servicios de certificación Noción y funciones Principios generales para la prestación de servicios de certificación Condiciones exigibles a los prestadores de servicios de certificación. 42 IV.- EFECTOS LEGALES DE LA FIRMA ELECTRÓNICA. 46 V.- MODIFICACIONES A LA LEY 59/2003 DE FIRMA ELECTRÓNICA INTRODUCIDAS POR LA LEY 56/2007 DE MEDIDAS DE IMPULSO DE LA SOCIEDAD DE LA INFORMACIÓN. 51 VI.- OTRAS PREVISIONES LEGALES EN MATERIA DE FIRMA ELECTRÓNICA: EL DNI ELECTRONICO. 57 C) MEDIOS DE PAGO I. INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS MEDIOS DE PAGO ELECTRÓNICOS 69 II. REGULACIÓN DEL USO FRAUDULENTO DE TARJETAS EN EL COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO: EL ART. 46 LOCM. 71 III. RECIENTES RESOLUCIONES JURISPRUDENCIALES SOBRE USOS FRAUDULENTOS DE TARJETA EN EL COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO. EN ESPECIAL, LA ASIGNACIÓN DEL RIESGO AL COMERCIANTE O A LA ENTIDAD BANCARIA Sentencias que atribuyen la responsabilidad a la entidad bancaria Sentencias que atribuyen la responsabilidad al empresario, proveedor, comerciante o establecimiento comercial 76 IV. EL DINERO ELECTRÓNICO Concepto legal de dinero electrónico Reglamento de las entidades emisoras de dinero electrónico: 84 PARTE SEGUNDA: DISTRIBUCIÓN DIGITAL DE CONTENIDOS I. INTRODUCCIÓN 87 II. LOS DRM EN EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL: LOS TRATADOS DE INTERNET La protección de las medidas tecnológicas de protección en los Tratados de Internet La información electrónica sobre la gestión de derechos 90 III. LA REGULACIÓN DE LOS DRM EN LA COMUNIDAD EUROPEA: LA DDASI Las medidas tecnológicas de protección La protección de la información sobre la gestión de derechos 102 IV. LOS DRM EN LA LEY DE PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL Medidas Tecnológicas de Protección La información para la gestión de derechos 112
20 PARTE PRIMERA: COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO A) CONTRATACION ELECTRÓNICA Antonia Paniza Fullana Profesora Titular de Derecho Civil Universidad de les Illes Balears I.- DESCRIPCIÓN Y PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA NORMATIVA APLICABLE A LA CONTRATACIÓN ELECTRÓNICA 1.- LOS DEBERES DE INFORMACIÓN Y CONSTANCIA DOCUMENTAL EN LAS DISTINTAS NORMAS APLICABLES AL COMERCIO ELECTRÓNICO 1.1. Planteamiento La protección del consumidor en los contratos a distancia y entre ellos, el comercio electrónico exige como refuerzo (o como garantía) de la información que debe haber recibido el consumidor en una fase previa o bien en la misma fase de ejecución que todo ello lo reciba en soporte papel o en otro soporte duradero ( adecuado a la técnica de comunicación empleada ). Sin embargo, hay que apuntar que esta obligación, que se puede denominar de constancia escrita de la información, no es nueva en el ámbito de lo que se ha venido denominando Derecho de Consumo. Así, ya la Ley 21/1995, de 6 de julio, de Viajes Combinados hoy en el TR LGDCU pero en el mismo sentido- establecía una inacabable combinación de deberes previos de información (artículo 3) y la confirmación por escrito de aquella información (artículo 6: los organizadores de viajes combinados deberán facilitar por escrito o en cualquier otra forma en que quede constancia y con el tiempo necesario antes del inicio del viaje ) más la exigencia de que el contrato se formalizara por escrito (artículo 4). Por su parte, el artículo 11.2 de la Ley 7/1996, de 15 de enero, de Ordenación de Comercio Minorista establece que en el caso de que la perfección del contrato no sea simultánea con la entrega del objeto o cuando el comprador tenga la facultad de desistir del contrato, el comerciante deberá expedir factura, recibo u otro documento análogo en el que deberán constar los derechos o garantías especiales del comprador y la parte del precio que, en su caso, haya sido satisfecha. A todo ello, hay que añadir la misma LRLOCM cuando se refiere al documento de desistimiento o revocación y al documento de garantía. Como se ve, son constantes las referencias a la documentación en los contratos celebrados con consumidores a lo que se unen las exigencias formalistas en la mayoría de sus normas. Su finalidad: Conseguir un adecuado nivel de protección del consumidor, garantizando un conocimiento real de los bienes, servicios o contrato que se va a realizar Constancia escrita de la información facilitada en los contratos a distancia Centrándonos, de nuevo, en la normativa relativa a la contratación a distancia destaca enseguida el tándem que todas aquellas normas establecen: información previa a la celebración del contrato (artículo 40 LRLOCM; artículo 4 Directiva 97/7/CE y artículo 3
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Sunday, 26 April 2009
White Rabbit Promotions Flyer
I've got a few things I need to update on this blog, such as when this Poole exhibition will be and the like, but I need to get a few details straight before I make any bold statements. I also need to upload some photos from the Gramaphone show, which I will do, I have just been crazy busy (is that a real phrase?) with my graphic novel and designing tee shirts for various outlets, which I will eventually post on this blog. Phew. It's like an endless cycle of posting...or not, as the case may be.
In a desperate attempt to distract you from my lack of solid, interesting information, here's a flyer I did for a promotions company called White Rabbit this month.
Posted by Jamie Littler at 04:51
Labels: gig flyer
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Alaska 2013
Since the day we got back in 2008 we were planning the next trip, saving, researching, picking up new gear. Most things we have done slowly over the last 5 years but the last 4 months have been a marathon race to get all the last pieces together. Lots of issues to tie up at work, lots of last minute things to get ready on the camper and jeep. The kids last day of school was May 31. I worked until May 31, Cheryl until May 24. That left a lot of things still not finished come June 1. We spent Saturday and Sunday on last minute issues. At some point you just have to drop it and hit the road, you'll never have everything squared away and the clock is ticking. Time to head out!
- Jon


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This item is a HORN SNUFF BOX. It's fashioned out of the end of a horn with an attached lid. The lid is lined with wood and has a very good brass hinge. The top closes firmly. The snuff measures 3 3/4"long. It is in excellent condition. It dates c1880 or older.
If you enter a purchase order or send an email and don't receive a timely response, please call us at 540-447-0944


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Tarte LipSurgence Natural Matte Lip Tint in Hope - I really wanted to try this product out, but I saw beeswax as an ingredient for the Tarte Lip Tint and hesitated... So I was glad that when I checked this specific colour and I found out that it did not contain beeswax :) Happy! The colour is very lovely and natural. It is a matte warm pink that is great for work and is beautiful under the LM lip glacé. It has a minty scent which I am not crazy about, but it goes away after some time. On its own the product is very drying, so I need to apply a balm before using it. This product lasts a very long time and does stain your lips.
Fresh Sugar Lip Treatment in Sugar Rosé - Love the colour, love the fresh citrus scent. Even though this had beeswax, it did not cause my lips to peel, then again, I do apply either a layer of Vaseline or LM lip silk under it. I wonder if it might have cause a barrier to prevent a reaction? In any case, I've used it a few times and I like the lovely flushed looking lips I saw. It's nice that Sephora gave this out as a birthday present last year and that I managed to grab a set.
Hourglass Extreme Sheen High Shine Lip Gloss in Child - This is a sheer gloss, with little to no pigmentation. I've applied this gloss over nude lipsticks and it didn't really make a difference. However, when applied over a matte lipstick or lip stain, this product gives the lip a very lovely slight gloss finish and I want to say makes the colour look a lot more 3D. This product is scented, reminding me of Garden cookies (from HK.) I like the non-sticky feeling of this gloss, as well as the application of the product. The applicator is also something that I quite enjoy, it is a flat brush with a flexible/bendable tip/sponge. I enjoy using this product more now that I use it on top of a more dry matte lipstick that is not nude.
Sephora Collection Glossy Gloss in Precious Pink - I won't be reviewing this product, since I am giving it away. This is described as a very sheer pink with an iridescent shimmer. I have used the Sephora gloss before and thought they were ok. This colour looks pretty enough in the packaging.
Bite Beauty Lip Shine in Vintage - I'm on the fence about trying this one. I haven't been too curious about this brand since its products contain beeswax, and I don't really want to fall in love with products that I know I shouldn't. It is described as a sheer mauve. Please let me know if you've tried this product and if it's worth me risking the lip issue. Thanks!
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Still overwhelmed by aisles of wine? Consider attending this weekend's Columbus Wine Festival, a tasting of 200 wines from around the world.
Still overwhelmed by aisles of wine?
This column has always sought to ease those feelings, but for an even quicker fix, consider attending a wine tasting.
It's a chance to sample wines of all sorts without having to commit to buying an entire bottle. Plus, you can talk to the people who make or distribute the wine. Just be sure to jot down your comments before you've had too many.
It'll be even easier at this weekend's Columbus Wine Festival, a tasting of 200 wines from around the world. The event's sponsored by Giant Eagle, and if you're interested in a bottle you can order it at the fest for pickup later at your local supermarket.
Ease yourself into a tasting and ready your 'buds by starting with a riesling or moscato and moving into a pinot noir, malbec or merlot, suggested Olivier Kielwasser,senior director of beer, wine and liquor for Giant Eagle.
"It's going to be a hot day, I would assume, so what people might want to do is try white wines, sweet wines," Kielwasser said. "Start there, and slowly move your way up to some of the reds, some easy-drinking reds."
Tasting booths, an entertainment stage, a cooking demonstration area and a Belgian beer tent will be spread out at the Franklin County Conservatory, near the amphitheater. Food samples from Rotolo's Pizza, Trattoria Roma and others will be available, and a $25 admission includes a souvenir wine glass and 10 one-ounce tasting tickets.
There are plenty of accessible wines, but Kielwasser added that even experienced drinkers will find something new. Wines suitable for all seasons and from regions like California, Washington, Australia and Argentina will be available; Raven's Glenn, a Coshocton-area winery, will represent Ohio.
"You can actually find wines that don't break the bank," said Chad Tennant of InPlay Events, the weekend's organizer. "It's not a highfalutin event. We're just about people relaxing, having fun and finding out new wines."
What do you think? Share your comments below.


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France - Languedoc-Roussillon (PDF Chapter)
Stretching from Provence to the Pyrenees, this sultry, sun-baked region feels like a country in its own right. It's awash with historical reminders, from Roman aqueducts to hilltop Cathar castles but these days it's best known for its vineyards.
- contemplating one of France's richest collections of European art at Musée Fabre in the exquisite city of Montpellier
- maps
- visiting Nîmes' monumental twin-tiered amphitheatre dating from c 100 BC
- transport
- marvelling at the Romans' architectural ambition at the towering aqueduct Pont du Gard
- restaurants & accommodation
Coverage includes: Bas-Languedoc, Nîmes, Pont du Gard, Uzès, Montpellier, Sète, Bouzigues, Agde, Narbonne, Carcassonne, Haut-Languedoc, Parc National des Cévennes, Florac, Gorges du Tarn, Parc Naturel Régional des Grands Causses, Millau, Mende, Roquefort, Roussillon, Perpignan, Céret, Cathar Castles, Têt Valley, Côte Vermeille.
You are viewing a Country GuideWhat is a Country Guide?
Packed with detailed pre-planning information, amazing experiences, inspirational images, city walks and the best local knowledge, these are our most comprehensive country guides, designed to immerse you in a culture, discover the best sights and get off the beaten track.
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- Detailed listings on everything from top sights and activities to eating, shopping, nightlife and accommodation
Are you a poor college student who wants to travel the world? Register with Student Beans and get a discount.
Don't need the whole book? Choose just the chapters you want. PDF format only.
Free standard delivery* via UPS Ground is automatically applied to all orders shipped within the USA over US$40 and over $50 to Canada. Find out more.


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Most smokers wish to quit but feel overwhelmed from the difficulty of it as well as their insufficient willpower. With all the information provided here, you can take the first steps to quitting. Soon you may be on course to being totally smoke-free!
Try hypnosis if decide to quit smoking. If you decide to try hypnosis, make an appointment with an authorized hypnotist. Entering an in-depth trance while hearing positive affirmations may be right for you. Smoking fails to seem so appealing and powerful once you awake from the trance. That is the effect. As a result quitting for good much easier.
If you are attempting to quit smoking, consider trying hypnosis. Professional hypnotists are already extremely successful for treating individuals that want to stop trying the habit of smoking. The hypnotist will provide you with positive reinforcement while you are inside a deep trance. This helps to reduce the appeal of cigarettes.
Consulting your doctor or possibly a specialist can help you get the help you need to become successful. Prescribed medication can make quitting smoking easier to handle. They are certainly not for everyone, so this discussion should also incorporate your detailed medical history. Also ask your personal doctor for a listing of support any, groups and therapists other resources which may be thesmokeadvisors.com/reviews/snoop-dogg-g-pen-review important to you.
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Make sure that you get an ample amount of rest when you find yourself trying to give up smoking. Some realize that they crave cigarettes more once they stay up late. Often times, there is nobody around during evening hours, rendering it simpler to sneak in a couple puffs. Optimize your health minimizing your cravings by sleeping for about eight hours per night.
Some people don't like the idea of quitting cold turkey, so give nicotine replacement therapy a shot. You could buy these kinds of products non-prescription. They let you buy your daily dose of work and nicotine toward eliminating this habit without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
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Most smokers wish to quit but feel overwhelmed from the difficulty of it as well as their insufficient willpower. With all the information provided here, you can take the first steps to quitting. Soon you may be on course to being totally smoke-free!


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Last night was one of those "Mad Hatter" nights at work. Some years ago my wife made her escape from the Restaurant World, going to work for some boutique wineries in Napa Valley. She often referred to herself as the "Mad Hatter", as she found herself spread between her marketing duties, running the tasting room, and the office; she even did some inoculations when the "consulting winemaker" at one place did a no-show during crush. She indeed wore many hats, sometimes several at once.
I found myself in a similar situation last night. I had to wear the hats of Restaurant Manager, Host, Maitre'D, Sommelier, expeditor, bartender; I even did some windows (this is no joke; the windows had been "cleaned" by the dishwashers and I swear they must have used the greasy side-towels that hang from their aprons to smear some Windex around and then call it a day. Not a pretty picture when the sunset comes blazing through around 7:30pm every night.). But, with things being the way they are in the World these days, running with a lean crew so we can all make some dough each night, I need to be a lot of different things to a lot of people, all at the same time.
So this night was nothing new; it's what I've been doing for the last 6 months or so. I actually enjoy being the grease that helps all the different wheels turn. I greeted the guests as they arrived and seated them; I made and delivered cocktails to many of them. I poured the wines and did my Sommelier schpiel at their tables if they opted to do the menu-suggested wine pairings (and almost everyone did them last night). No one got any less service than usual; but it must have seemed a little odd to the guests, though, that this same guy kept showing up at their table, "wearing a different hat" each time. They all had a great time, many tipped over and above the 18% service charge added to their bill, and I even got palmed $20 from a very nice couple from Vancouver on their way out at the end of the night. When even the Canadians give you a bump, you must be doing things right.
I was reminded, though, of a past experience with people wearing too many hats at once, and not doing as good of a job as us at disguising the fact their crew was running so lean.
I was in my twenties and had just quit a job in the kitchen at a place in St. Helena. I had recently been promoted to the Executive Chef position, re-vamped a dinosaur of a menu, and was getting positive feedback from both the locals and the tourists. The place was finally starting to make a little money for the first time in it's short history. I had gotten in a tiff with the owner over some menu changes he wanted to make. He had made all his money as a used car salesman, owned several dealerships in Sacramento and elsewhere, and knew less than nothing about the restaurant business. He dropped in once a month or so, waved his checkbook and his penis around, and demanded some senseless change or another. We would comply for a week or two, then go back to the way we had been operating until his next visit. As good restaurant professionals, we wanted the place to be a success no matter what stupid shit the owner asked for, and were on our way to getting there; but he wanted me to put his personal favorite chili (Hormel, no beans, straight out of a can) on the menu. I don't think I need to tell you what a hard kick in the balls this was to my sensibilities and ego, being a young and fairly creative guy who had worked for some excellent Chefs in his career. Forget fresh, local ingredients, prepared with respect, using classic techniques to mold them into popular, tasty dishes; this Yayhoo wanted canned chili, listed by name, on the printed menu. Feel free to sink your own boat, pal, but I am done rowing.
I drove down the road to a new "Roadhouse" that had recently opened and had made a big splash on the food scene in the Valley and the Bay Area. They had already hired all their kitchen crew, but were purchasing another place in Carmel, converting it to a clone of the Napa Valley spot. The new Chef in Carmel was overwhelmed and needed a good right hand man. I had just been an Executive Chef and didn't really want to take that backwards career step, but they were stroking me by offering to fly me down to Carmel and interview, work a day or two, see how I liked it. My ego was so sufficiently bloated by the offer of someone (anyone) flying me anywhere for free that I agreed.
The airport in Carmel (Monterey, actually) is about the size of a coffee table and not served by any major carriers. I arrived at Oakland airport and found the check-in counter for my "airline", with the fiendishly clever and creative name of West Coast Air. I think they may have purchased their two turbo-prop planes already painted, from a company called "West Coast Air-Freight", scratched off the "Freight", and stuck in some seats. They were the very definition of rinky-dink. The "ticket agent" looked over my reservation and issued my boarding pass. Several minutes later, she shed an ill-fitting blazer, put on a jaunty beret, and morphed into the "Gate Attendant", announcing the boarding of Flight Blah-blah-blah to Monterey. She took tickets from the dozen or so passengers and directed us through a door that led outside. The plane was too small for a jet-way link-up, so it had to be accessed by walking across the tarmac and up the stairs that were part of the flipped-down cabin door. By the time we arrived at the plane to board, she had lost the beret and was now wearing her "flight attendant" hat. It was one of those puffy, multi-colored "Twiggy" hats, very much in style back in the 70's, but now only worn by aging British starlets and teenage girls at the Cin-A-Bon stands at the mall. She ushered us in and waited for the "ground crew" to close the cabin door. From my seat next to the door, I could hear a conversation between the pilot, his arm out the cockpit's side window like a trucker waiting for gas at a Stuckey's on I-40, and the guy who was gassing the plane. "Are we all gassed up?" the pilot is inquiring. "Yeah, let's get these Crackers off the ground!" was the response from the guy outside the plane, who then proceeded to come inside and take the co-pilot's seat. He removed his ball cap, donning a pilot's cap that was in need of a serious dry-cleaning. The cockpit door was closed and Rinky Dink Air pushed back for the flight to Monterey with one seriously white-knuckled passenger buckled extremely tight into seat 1A. We managed to make the loud, bumpy trip to the Monterey Peninsula, the only fatality being my pumped-up self-worth.
Wearing a lot of different hats all at once can be a real high-wire act, but we pull it off; and our guests never feel that one of our hats should be a crash helmet.


text:
DRESS | Forever 21
PANTS | Dorothy Perkins
MULES | SheIn
SUNGLASSES | Ray-Ban
Dresses over pants is the hottest trend this season and for me, its not new at all. I have been pairing these two things together since forever. For me it serves two purpose- First, It gives an interesting twist to my usual one piece outfits and second it definitely works on my unflattering thighs days 😉 For me fashion has always been fun and I love to mix and match up different pieces to create a whole new outfit in an interesting way.
Instead of wearing this skater dress alone with heels or sneakers I decided to pair it with wide leg trousers instead. These trousers are comfortable enough to wear on a hot sunny day and gave the dress an interesting twist. Star of this outfit are definitely my embroidered denim mules that are a new addition to my shoe closet. Dressing up good has always been a mood-lifter to me and for a person who doesn't step out of the house for almost six days of the week, I always look forward to my weekends and make sure that I dress my best.
I hope you like it. Happy Tuesday ♥