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Pastor Randy's Top 66 – Zechariah
"Now Joshua was dressed in filthy clothes as he stood before the angel. The angel said to those who were standing before him, 'Take off his filthy clothes.' Then he said to Joshua, 'See, I have taken away your sin, and I will put fine garments on you.' Then I said, 'Put a clean turban on his head.'" Zechariah 3:3-5a
This is like a courtroom scene similar to that in Job with the Adversary standing before the Lord accusing Joshua, who is the priest that represents all of God's chosen ones. In the previous verse Zechariah mentions that Joshua is "a burning stick snatched from the fire", and this burning stick is also mentioned in Amos 4:11. The fire is a metaphor for the exile from which the people of God had been snatched out of by the grace, mercy and love of God. The filthy clothes represent the basis for the devil's accusations – the people of God have been in sin.
So, the question is raised: if Joshua the high priest was unclean, who could make atonement for sin? If he could not make atonement, how could the people be forgiven? The Lord gives the answer in verse four. By His grace the Lord made Joshua fit for service, or clean from his sin, by giving him a new garment. Granted, the Lord made provision within the law for the priests, who were sinners like everyone else to be made clean or fit for service, but what has happened here to Joshua also pointed to the need for a complete and permanent purification within the priesthood which would only occur in Christ.
There are a number of amazing references to Christ within the Book of Zechariah; and with Joshua, whose name means savior, being the high priest, we see a comparison to Jesus, whose name is also Savior and He is our perfect High Priest. I should remind you that this Joshua isn't the Joshua, the leader of the Israelites after Moses, but Joshua the high priest mentioned in Haggai.
Instead of going into depth about the prophecies of Zechariah and the historical context, I'll just say at this point that Zechariah is – as was Haggai – a post-exilic (after the exile) prophet, and while Haggai spoke primarily about finishing the building of the temple, Zechariah pertains to encouraging God's people about the welfare of Jerusalem and its long-term future.
But what I want to briefly discuss here is the beautiful image we see in this story of our salvation by grace alone. In general, humans – but especially Americans because of our original hardworking Puritan work ethic – like to feel responsible or at least that they contribute in whatever they have benefitted from. In this case, if we are told and somehow are convince that we really are sinners in need of forgiveness and salvation, we will do whatever we can 'make things right'. We may give lip service to the biblical verses that speak of our forgiveness and salvation as being a 'gift from God', but we eventually still do 'what we can' to be better people, stop certain 'bad behaviors', work hard at doing good things, and basically assist the Lord in forgiving and saving us.
But of course, the moment we try to add anything to grace (God's free, undeserved, unmerited, unearned favor), we cancel out grace. Anything added to grace will completely obliterate grace – it will no longer be grace. So, what the Lord is showing us here in this story about the high priest Joshua and the Adversary, is that the Adversary is correct in his charge against Joshua – the Jews – and all people – of treason – of sin – sin that separates us from the Lord and disqualifies us from being the high priest (in Joshua's case) or from being a redeemed child of God who will forever eat at His table as one of His children.
But the Lord doesn't leave us helpless and defensive and guilty before the accusations of the Adversary and the Holy Judge of all the earth – God Almighty. God Himself takes off – removes – eradicates – Joshua's filthiness – his sin. When we come to faith in Jesus Christ by God's grace and His grace alone, He takes away our old sinful nature and nails it to the cross with Christ (Romans 6:6; Colossians 2:11-12; Galatians 2:20; 2 Corinthians 5:17-18a). He literally 'takes off our filthy garment of sin', and He takes it off Himself, with no help from us.
And the Lord doesn't leave us 'naked' without a covering! Not only does He take away our sinful nature, He also covers us with the righteousness of Christ. We are now clothed in Christ. We are hidden with Christ in God (Colossians 3:3); our 'robes have been washed white in the blood of Christ (Revelation 7:14); we have put on the armor of light (Romans 13:12); we have 'put on Christ' (Galatians 3:27), and on and on it goes.
Again, this isn't a righteousness that has come to us because we have worked hard for it; deserve it because we are so good; or merited it because of our family background; or that we helped the Lord by "accepting" the gift. Two of the most powerful – and neglected – verses in the Bible that speak of how we come to faith are:
John 1:12-13 (Christians love verse twelve, but they stop and don't read the entire sentence, which is verse thirteen):
"Yet to all who did receive Him, to those who believed in His name, He gave the right to become children of God –
13 children born not of natural descent, nor of human
decision or a husband's will, but born of God."
Oh yes indeed, we have to 'receive' Him, and we have to 'believe in His name", but we neglect to notice that verse thirteen tells us how it DIDN'T happen: "….children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision, or a husband's will…". So then, how were we enabled (and that's a great word – just read John 6:44, 65) to 'receive' and 'believe'? The end of verse thirteen clearly tells us: '…but of God.' We come to faith by God's doing.
Then we have Romans 9:16 –
It does not, therefore, depend on man's desire or effort,
but on God's mercy.
Once again, it (our election to salvation – just read all of chapter nine!) does NOT depend on man's desire (for we DON'T desire to be saved on our own) or effort (as much as you may try to earn your salvation), but we are saved, called, elected to salvation by God's mercy. The verse before this one – verse 15 – says that the Lord will have mercy on whom He will have mercy, and He will have compassion on whom He will have compassion. And then a few verses later – verse eighteen – Paul adds a bit more flavor to God's electing grace when he says, 'Therefore, God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.' Wow! That's pretty clear. It is the Lord who decides to show mercy, so we don't work for it at all.
So, when the angel of the Lord tells another angel to take off Joshua's obviously soiled and dirty garment (his spiritually dead and rebellious spirit) and put a clean turban on him, this clearly shows the Adversary that he has no more say in how Joshua is treated. God has made him clean before Him according to His good pleasure and ability. And the Father has done the same to you and I if we have come to faith in Christ. He has taken out our heart of stone and given us a living heart (Ezekiel 336:26-27) – Christ's heart – Christ's righteousness – Christ's Spirit – so the Adversary has no hold on us any longer. We've been born again – born anew – and if any man or woman be in Christ they are a new creation; the old is gone, behold all has become new! Thank the Lord for His truly amazing grace.


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Williams X-Jet
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Williams X-Jet, created by Williams International, was a small, one-man, light-weight, Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft powered by a modified Williams F107 turbofan aircraft engine designated WR-19-7 after some minor modifications. The vehicle was nicknamed "The Flying Pulpit" for its shape. It was designed to carry one operator and to be controlled by leaning in the direction of desired travel and by modulating engine output power. It could move in any direction, accelerate rapidly, hover and rotate on its axis, stay aloft for up to 45 minutes and travel at speeds up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h). It was evaluated by the United States Army in the 1980s, but was deemed inferior to the capabilities of helicopters and small, unmanned aircraft, and so the development of the X-Jet was discontinued.
Other VTOL systems developed by Williams International included a jet-powered flying belt, developed in 1969, which was powered by a Williams WR19 turbofan, and X-Jet's predecessor, the WASP I (Williams Aerial Systems Platform), which was developed in the 1970s and was powered by the more powerful WR19-9 BRP5, rated at 670 lbf (2.98 kN) thrust and a specific fuel consumption of 0.47 lb/lbf·h (13.31 g/kN·s).
Specifications (X-Jet)[edit]
General characteristics
- Crew: One pilot
- Length: approx. 3 ft (1 m)
- Wingspan: 0 ft (0 m)
- Height: 4 ft 0 in (1.22 m)
- Empty weight: 401 lb (182 kg)
- Loaded weight: 550 lb (250 kg)
- Powerplant: 1 × modified Williams F107 turbofan, 570 lbf (2.6 kN)
- Maximum speed: 60 mph (96 km/h)
- Endurance: 30–45 minutes
- Service ceiling: 10,000 ft (3,049 m)
- Thrust/weight: 1.11
U.S. Patent 4,447,024 was issued for the Williams X-Jet. Technical information and drawings are available at the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The WASP II uses a slightly modified and derated version of the WR-19-A7D, yielding 600 lbf thrust from its micro turbofan engine and is designated WR19-7, rated at 570 lbf thrust, after minor modifications and said derating. Modifications to the WR-19-A7D included accessories — replacement of pyro starter with electric/air start — and exhaust system modifications. No internal modifications to the counter-rotating micro turbofans were performed. The first manned, untethered flight was conducted in April 1980. Ray Le Grande is one of the WASP II operators trained by Williams International to fly the X-Jet.
See also[edit]
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Display information at Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.
- Guardian article
- nationalmuseum.af.mil
- The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines, by Richard A. Leyes II and William A. Fleming (ISBN 1-56347-332-1 Copyright 1999)

subset: commoncrawl


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During the Kentucky Association of Mapping Professionals' (KAMP) annual conference in Louisville in September, PDS Senior GIS Specialist Tom East, GISP, was awarded KAMP's first ever President's Award.
According to the KAMP website, "This award is not presented yearly but at the discretion of the current President. This award recognizes extraordinary service to the KAMP Executive Board and members."
East has served as the treasurer for KAMP since 2012 and has initiated several efforts improving the record management, membership management, and financial management of the organization. KAMP is an organization of almost 400 professionals involved in the mapping sciences, with the stated purpose of fostering understanding and improved management and use of geospatial information throughout the Commonwealth. It also seeks to provide a mechanism for dialogue and education regarding geospatial information issues by professionals.
Along with East, other PDS staff members also participated in the conference. Senior GIS Programmer/Specialist Christy Powell, GISP, led a workshop on mobile data collection for GIS and, along with Principal GIS Programmer/Specialist Joe Busemeyer, GISP, and Principal Planner James Fausz, AICP, made a presentation about the creation of the new, all-digital, Direction 2030 comprehensive plan website.
Trisha Brush, GISP, Director of GIS Administration presented a session on the marketing of GIS services through social media. East also presented an informational session on Next Generation 9-1-1 and the essential role GIS will play in its operation.
Category: GIS Department
PDS has once again demonstrated to Kentucky's Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) that it maintains the certification and knowledge to handle larger projects within Kenton County. The agency was granted its renewal recently for the expanded jurisdiction program for all of Kenton County absent Erlanger that has its own program.
To gain expanded jurisdiction, local building departments must demonstrate that they have the manpower, certification, and knowledge to handle larger construction projects. These projects are those with an occupant load of at least 100 or more persons. Office buildings of 10,000 square feet, industrial buildings larger than 20,000 square feet, and residential buildings larger than 20,000 square feet or three stories are some examples of buildings that fall under this criterion.
"I'm proud to acknowledge once again that our building inspection team has earned Frankfort's trust," said Dennis Gordon, FAICP, PDS' executive director. "Our office personnel and field inspectors work hard to justify this trust. They also work closely with building contractors to help them achieve their goals within the parameters set by the state building code."
PDS first acquired expanded jurisdiction from the state in 1998 and has renewed it every three years since through an audit process. The resulting contract gives DHBC control over how the program is run and the ability to terminate the program if the local department fails to live up to state standards.
DHBC personnel visit the local jurisdictions after the application process and verify in the field that all parameters of KRS 198B.060(5) are met. Once the Department is satisfied that the local jurisdiction is maintaining proper procedures and meeting state standards, it makes sure all local ordinances and agreements are in place lawfully and then signs the contract for the next three years.
With PDS performing these larger projects locally, dollars spent on permits are kept locally and not returned back to Frankfort for dispersion throughout the commonwealth. It also allows for projects to occur quicker. Typically, inspections are provided with 24 hours' notice and plans are reviewed in seven to eight business days if not sooner where it can be up to a month or more for a plan review at DHBC.
Category: Building Codes
The PDS GIS department worked closely recently with the Homebuilders Association of Northern Kentucky (HBA) on a project to determine the number of "finished" subdivided lots in Kenton County.
Finished lots are vacant lots ready to be sold but without an existing structure.
Additional lot definitions utilized in this project fell under several categories: lots with water and sewer access, lots with just water access, lots with only sewer access, and lots without access to either utility. The analysis also took into consideration the zoning of the property; residential, commercial or industrial.
"This analysis is exactly the type that GIS is built to report," commented Trisha Brush, GISP, Director of GIS at PDS. "We were happy to share these data with the HBA, and look forward to serving the association in the future as needs arise."
Due to the scale of the project, the PDS team delivered the analyzed data in three maps. The maps were broken down as Urban (the Ohio River to I-275), suburban (I-275 to KY536), and rural (KY536 to the southern Kenton County boundary).
Staff's goal in moving forward is to have these data and more available on the fly or on an as needed basis. There have been some discussions of building a website just for HBA's needs with a secure login, but for now that is purely conceptual.
Independence City Council and Planning and Development Services of Kenton County entered into an interlocal agreement recently that delegates the city's zoning ordinance and property maintenance code administration to PDS; the agreement becomes effective on Monday, November 3rd. Independence is the 17th Kenton County jurisdiction (out of 20) to be part of PDS' collaborative One Stop Shop program.
The program is built on PDS' "critical mass" of professionals, providing economies of scale that are impossible for local jurisdictions to match and levels of service the local jurisdictions can't afford.
The city is also opting to disband its own board of adjustment and code enforcement board in favor of participation in the Kenton County joint board of adjustment and Kenton County joint code enforcement board. These moves are expected to save the city even more public funds.
"We're pleased to welcome Independence to the program," said Dennis Gordon, FAICP, executive director. "Mayor Donna Yeager and City Administrator Chris Moriconi have talked with us over the past several weeks about the city's priorities; we understand them clearly and intend to hit the ground running."
Filing code enforcement complaints, seeking information about subsequent inspections, and searching for a property's zoning classification is now one phone call away for Independence residents. PDS can be reached at 331.8980 between 8 and 5 Monday through Friday. A PDS code enforcement official will also be available part-time on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday in the city building for anyone from Independence and southern Kenton County who needs assistance.
Information in this regard is also available on the PDS website and the new One Stop Shop website.
"The One Stop Shop program has helped a number of cities increase service levels for their citizens and reduce costs since 2004. We're looking forward to providing those benefits to Independence and its citizens," concluded Gordon.
After 40 years of amendments to its 1972 edition, Kenton County has a brand new comprehensive plan. The Kenton County Planning Commission unanimously approved the new plan titled Direction 2030: Your Voice, Your Choice on September 4. The new plan was created after seven public meetings and over 110 small group meetings over a period of two years.
Direction 2030 is based on a new statement of goals and objectives and is the first web-based plan in the metro region. Adoption of the plan not only paves the way for newer considerations to be taken into account during the development process, it also encourages greater community conversation within each of the plan's four designated subareas - urban, first-ring, suburban, and rural.
"Direction 2030 includes recommendations that take into consideration the demographic shifts that are happening, the comments we heard from residents, and the processes we need to look at with a fresh perspective," said Martin Scribner, AICP, Director of Planning and Zoning at PDS. "Now that the plan is adopted, we're gearing up to focus our efforts on implementation."
Two primary projects under consideration include implementation by subarea and evaluating zoning changes needed to bring regulations into compliance with the new comprehensive plan.
The subarea process was built into Direction 2030 based on the recognition that each area of the county has unique needs. The focus in the urban area will be to strengthen the vitality of the urban core through historic preservation, infill development on vacant and underutilized properties, and to build upon the strong sense of neighborhood and community.
The goal in the rural area will be to preserve and enhance the viability of the rural heritage, to encourage the preservation of the rural character, and to remove barriers to support local agricultural operations.
"Our subarea processes will be action-oriented within each of the four areas. This effort will allow us to work with residents, cities, and other partners to prioritize the recommendations made in Direction 2030 and focus on implementation." said Sharmili Reddy, AICP, Planning Manager at PDS.
Direction 2030 also revamped several land use related policies based on community needs. Implementation of these policies will require a re-evaluation of Kenton County's many zoning ordinances. Land use categories such as mixed use were introduced for the first time in the comprehensive plan to promote the mixture of uses and recognize the flexibility needed to react to market conditions. Each of the 20 cities within Kenton County has their own zoning code which will need to be evaluated for compliance with Direction 2030.
Both projects – subarea implementation and zoning code evaluation, are slated to begin next month.
Category: Kenton County Planning Commission, Direction 2030
"Those who serve as volunteers on the Code Council Board of Directors are leaders in the profession who devote their time, energy, and expertise to ensure public safety in the built environment," said ICC Chief Executive Officer Dominic Sims. "We thank them for their leadership, and we thank their local jurisdictions for supporting their service."
As Senior Building Official, Bechtold pursues both plans examinations and field inspections in all phases of construction except for plumbing and electrical in Kenton County. He is one of five building officials employed by Planning and Development Services of Kenton County (PDS), the public agency that provides building, zoning, and property maintenance services for 17 of Kenton County's 20 local governments.
Bechtold was appointed to a two-year term by the governor to the Single-Family Dwelling Advisory Committee for Kentucky's Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction. He was a volunteer firefighter serving the cities of Erlanger and Elsmere. Active in code development, he also has served on the ICC's Means of Egress Code Change Committee.
"We're very proud of Jeff's election to this position," said Dennis Gordon, PDS executive director. "We work hard to find and keep the best professional staff possible to serve the people of Kenton County. Jeff's election is indicative of the professionalism and service mindedness that our staff possesses."
The International Code Council is a member-focused association. It is dedicated to developing model codes and standards used in the design, build and compliance process to construct safe, sustainable, affordable and resilient structures. Most U.S. communities and many global markets choose the International Codes.
The Kenton County Planning Commission last week did what none of its predecessors had done since 1972. It adopted a totally new comprehensive plan complete with a new statement of goals and objectives. Called Direction 2030: Your Voice Your Choice, the plan can be accessed here.
In addition to being totally new in content, Direction 2030 is being presented in a totally new format.
"It is not a printed document," said Dennis Gordon, FAICP, executive director of Planning and Development Services of Kenton County (PDS). PDS is staff to the Kenton County Planning Commission.
"It's an interactive, web-based site. Everything you want to know about the process, the goals and objectives established early on in the process and then the structure built on top of those goals, it's all there. It's a pretty robust site."
The website also includes interactive land use maps which let the user find answers to questions on a site-specific level.
Gordon said printed copies of a comprehensive plan could cost as high as $200 each. Instead, the technology-based version will be accessible to citizens and potential developers looking to familiarize themselves with the county's planning goals and objectives.


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Dungeness Crab Beignets with Avocado Hollandaise
Dungeness Crab Beignets with Avocado Hollandaise
Serves Makes 24 Beignets
For Beignets:
2 teaspoons olive oil
3 Serrano chilies, chopped fine
about a cup minced shallot
4 green onions, chopped fine
2 tablespoons cilantro, chopped fine
4 ounces Marscapone cheese
4 ounces Fromage Blanc
½ pound Dungeness crab meat
Kosher salt to taste
For Batter:
1 cup Wondra Flour, or all purpose flour
1 cup plus 1 tablespoon cornstarch
1 tablespoon baking powder
½ teaspoon cayenne pepper
1 cup sparkling wine or beer
For Hollandaise:
2 shallots, peeled and sliced
2 cups J Viognier
½ cup champagne vinegar
8 white pepper corns
½ teaspoon brown mustard seeds
3 sprigs thyme
5 parsley stems
3 avocados
1 teaspoon kosher salt
½ cup Merchant and Millers Meyer lemon olive oil (available at J)
1 teaspoon Tabasco
About a cup water
For Beignets:
Preheat fryer to 365º.In a small sauce pan over medium heat add oil, chilies and shallots; cook until just soft. Remove from heat. Add green onions and cilantro; set aside to cool. In a large bowl combine cheeses, crab meat and cooled vegetables; mix thoroughly. Shape into small bite-size balls about the size of a quarter. Place in refrigerator to chill.
For Batter:
Mix 1cup dry mixture with 1 cup sparkling wine or beer. Batter should resemble a slightly thin pancake batter. Dredge the chilled crab balls through the batter, taking care to coat them completely. Using a slotted spoon, place crab balls one at a time into the oil so they are not touching. Fry until golden brown , about 2-3 minutes. Remove and drain on paper towels.
For Hollandaise:
Put the first seven ingredients in a saucepan on medium high heat and reduce to a half cup. ( If you reduce by more than a half cup add enough water to make it a half cup.) Strain and set aside liquid to cool. Discard strained bits. Place the remaining ingredients in a blender along with the cooled wine reduction and blend until smooth. Place mixture in an aerosol whip cream canister and charge with two cartridges of CO2. Allow to rest for 30 minutes, then turn canister over and carefully press the button allowing the hollandaise to emerge. If you have never double charged a canister before, I recommend you discharge a little hollandaise into a plastic bag to get the feel for the pressure needed. The mixture is thick so store canister upside down. If you do not own an aerosol just spoon mixture onto plate (it will not be as light and airy).


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Vaygr Expansion is a mod which aims to stay true to the original Homeworld 2 game by merely expanding on what is already there and not adding any new major gameplay mechanics or 'tweaking' any of the existing units. The goal of this mod is to tell the story of Makaan, and his Vaygr, from his rise to Warlord, all the way to Battle for Sajuuk, and even after. Please check below for a fully detailed list of features.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
In order of the earliest images posted through to the latest:
- Kane's Flagship (For Multiplayer Only.)
- Torpedo / Heavy Missile Frigate
- Infiltrator Frigate
- Kane's Perimeter Station Final Model
- Kane's Missile Platform Final Model
- Vanig's Perimeter Station Final Model
- Vanig Station
What do you guys think?
Click '(view original)' to see the true quality.


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"It's not how much WE give,
but how much LOVE we put into GIVING."
Tracy believes strongly in the value of libraries. She has served in the Foundation Board since 2014. A significant part of her childhood was spent in the air-conditioned Massapequa Public Library on Long Island which opened her eyes to the other worldliness of books.
Edward Mendlowitz, CPA, Partner, WithumSmith+Brown, PC in New Brunswick. EB Library user and supporter for almost 30 years.
The Library has always been a special place for me. As a young mother my children and I spent countless hours participating in all the wonderful events offered. Now, as a Foundation Board member, I'm so excited to be part of the expanding changes. The Library's worth in East Brunswick is invaluable.
Qandeel joined the Foundation in 2017. Her childhood memories consist of spending summer vacations at her local library participating in reading contests and taking home stacks of books weekly. She believes that libraries serve as the center of the community.
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Phone: 732.390.6784


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Moldova and Romania became the latest in a long line of countries to announce they will regulate online gambling in their country as the economies of almost all the countries in the EU look to rebuilt what was lost during the fiscal crisis that swept through much of the continent. If only the UK had gambling regulation to bail it out too. Some countries, such as France, have put in place extremely stringent regulations but at least they're there in the first place, but it's the country that was quite possibly the worst affected which provides the most interesting of developments.
First port of call is Iceland. Now you'd be forgiven for being a hater when it comes to the island in the North Sea. Here's the scenario: you get to the airport, ready to take off for your dream holiday in the Caribbean for two weeks when you, and no other plane can fly, all down to a bloody volcano in Iceland. Didn't they go completely bankrupt recently too? Damn straight.
It may surprise people when they hear that the recently announced Icelandic Modern Media Initiative (IMMI), which was unanimously passed by parliament, could become the latest safe-haven for online gaming. The recently announced Icelandic Modern Media Initiative (IMMI) was unanimously passed by the country's parliament. The initiative, which is helping Iceland to be dubbed as the home of free speech, may inadvertently help online gaming companies, in addition to pornographic websites. Hurrah!
Can you really trust any money that you keep in Iceland? Well the country is pretty much as low as it can be, and in order to rebuild it people and companies will need to instil the international community's confidence back in the country. If anyone can do it, online gambling firms can, and it will be interesting to see what effect it has when it's finally passed.
Elsewhere in Europe, the fact that countries on the Eastern side of the continent are adopting new regulations is avery encouraging step in the right direction. The countries in this part of the world are, in many cases, still developing meaning that even though this is often reported as a bad thing, developing doesn't mean in a negative way. When sports clubs develop new talent it's not completely lambasted by the press at the first opportunity, so the fact that they're developing shouldn't be a put off to online gambling. It won't have passed them by that the reason it's being regulated is because it already exists, and they just want to cream off tax money. If only America could do the same…
That's where it's starting to get interesting over there too though.
Pressure's been present for months, but there's not been bona-fide lobbying by an online gaming company until now. Full-Tilt poker has urged all its players to 'Stand Up for Poker' and put increased force on their local officials to back the controversial poker bill which would see online poker permitted in the USA.
In the coming weeks and months it will be interesting to see whether Americans will get full access to legalised poker sites, but they could do worse than follow the lead of the Europeans.


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A UK-based consultant builds a better reading habit by starting a book club that grows to 350 members.
Side Hustle School features a new story EVERY DAY of someone who started a hustle without quitting their job. You'll learn how they got the idea, how they overcame challenges along the way, and what the results are. Share: #SideHustleSchoolShow notes: SideHustleSchool.comTwitter: @chrisguillebeau
The escalating trade fight between the U.S. and China ripples through global markets. Police scrutinize YouTube shooter's social media for a motive. Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg set to testify before House Committee. Tanya Bustos reports.
1 Min
Apr 4, 2018
The Legal Battle Brewing Between a TV Star and a Coffee Entrepreneur
36 Min
Feb 24, 2017
Molly Brown- the Unsinkable Molly Brown. A woman whose real life story was so much more impressive than the one that was assigned to her after her death.
68 Min
Apr 7, 2012


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A couple of weeks ago we shared data from a TeleVox survey on how healthcare organizations work to collect outstanding balances from patients. We found that many organizations will repeatedly mail statements to patients in an effort to drive payments. 14% of those we surveyed say they will send at least five statements to a patient!
Of course, simply committing the resources to numerous mailed statements does not guarantee that those targeted accounts will make payment. Practices continue to be challenged by what happens with those accounts that need further attention. 78% of practices say that they send non-paying accounts to a third-party collector.
For the practices who do partner with a third-party collector, the return is often less than optimal. 67% of those practices report recovering less than half of the balances that are sent to collections. This statistic points to the importance of early account resolution, as it's in the practice's best interest to recover as much as possible before turning accounts over to collectors with high fees and often disappointing recovery rates.
Click HERE to learn how healthcare organizations are improving A/R results by using automated outreach to connect with accounts before ever sending them to collections.


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- LakeArborAsked on June 04, 2015 at 08:51 PM
I would like to send the same message to everyone who has summited a form. How can I keep track in the future of new entries that I need to respond to after the initial emailing?
- JotForm Supportashwin_dAnswered on June 05, 2015 at 01:31 AM
Hello LakeArbor,
You may like to take a look at our "Email Newsletters" app which should help you send emails to all the users who have submitted your form.
Do try it out and get back to us if you have any questions.
Thank you!


text:
Purchase this article with an account.
SD Schwartz, D Tran, Y-SJ Hsu, RJ Durham, LL Wei, HS Rasmussen; Gene Transfer of Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor (PEDF) Blocks Laser-induced Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) in Male Cynomolgus Monkeys . Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2002;43(13):3915.
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© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
Abstract: :
Purpose: PEDF is a potent antiangiogenic and neurotrophic factor; gene transfer of PEDF to cells in the eye through an intravitreal injection of the adenoviral vector AdGVPEDF.11D has been shown to inhibit choroidal and retinal neovascularization in murine disease models. The current study characterizes the effects of a single intravitreal injection of AdGVPEDF.11D on laser-induced CNV in cynomolgus monkeys. Methods: A total of six primates were used; in three primates, both eyes received laser treatment to induce CNV. One eye was injected intravitreally with AdGVPEDF.11D and the contralateral eye was injected intravitreally with saline as a control. This allowed for assessment of vector safety and CNV prevention in laser treated eyes. In three other primates, only one eye received laser treatment, but both eyes were injected intravitreally with AdGVPEDF.11D. This allowed for a safety comparison between normal eyes and laser-treated eyes. The dose level for all injections was 1x109 particle units and injections were performed immediately following laser treatment. Fluorescein angiography was performed on each eye pre-study and on Days 8, 22, and 53 for the right eyes and Days 7, 21, and 41 for the left eyes. Results: Based on fluorescein angiography, CNV was present in 3 of 3 eyes receiving laser treatment and saline. Of the 6 eyes receiving laser treatment and AdGVPEDF.11D, 4 showed inhibition of CNV and 1 showed unattenuated neovasculature as compared to the control group. All eyes receiving vector experienced significant inflammatory responses and in one eye, images were obscured. Conclusion: AdGVPEDF.11D delivered by intravitreal injection showed inhibition of CNV as compared to saline-treated eyes, but vector related inflammatory responses were significant. Gene transfer of PEDF may be a promising approach to treating neovascular eye disease and further study is under consideration.
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Michael Conlan is expected to fight Hungary's David Berna in New York on Saint Patrick's Day.
Berna, who has won 15 of his last 17 fights, is being lined up for a six-round bout at Madison Square Garden.
It'll be Conlan's third time to box at the venue as he looks to make it seven wins from seven as a professional.
File image: Michael Conlan


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A Behind-the-Scenes Food Tour of Le District [VIDEO]/
Street food festivals. Farmers markets. Food emporiums. Modern-day cafeterias. There are a lot of variations and models for making fresh, local foodstuffs more accessible to consumers. But to differentiate yourself in an ever-growing saturated market, one must go beyond its wares and focus on the full experience.
New York City's Manhattan French Food Emporium, known as Le District, is taking a bite of the Big Apple in an impressive way. Broken up into sections, the indoor marketplace is made up of anything you can imagine: a florist, a butcher shop, a restaurant, a bar, and so on. In this "On Foodable Side Dish" episode, Foodable video correspondent Colleen Hagerty takes us on a food tour guided by Le District's Executive Culinary Director, Jordi Valles.


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hi all.
i would like to string my Suzuki M150 mandolin,
and my new Cavaquinho, with
GDAE nylon strings.
(i like finger picking and i like the tone. i do not mind low volume).
The only options i found are:
-Aquila 30U Ukulele SOPRANO in Violin/Mandolin Fifths Tuning - GDAE (w/ wound G-string)
-Aquila New Nylgut AQ-30 Soprano Ukulele Strings in Fifths - GDAE
-Aquila 1M RED SERIES Neapolitan Mandolin Set, Medium Tension.
my questions are:
1) what is the difference between these 3 options? (especially between the 30U and the AQ-30)
2)Which one is best for the mandolin, and which one for the Cavaquinho?
3)Is there any other option beside those 3, for nylon\non steel GDAE strings (for soprano size)?
(as i understood, in some sets, the E string snaps easily)


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Yes I am writing about a 2nd puppy. After berating Denise for getting a puppy, last week at the feria, without any input from me and being railroaded into taking the puppy over mild objections. I thought it best to accompany her, there, myself, to keep these things from happening. Anyway- could you really turn this down? This guy came through the feria with 2 puppys, one male and one female. They were sooooooo cute. Anyway, I melted. So much for toeing the line.
We took the one with the pink ribbon (either she supports breast cancer or she is a female- either one OK) and are planning on calling her Shila (pronounced Sheila). Let's see, now- 2 weeks ago Denise got Barney, today we got Shila. At this rate we will end up with 26 dogs by next year. So we also got 2 more roses for Denise's rose garden and several pet rugs with varying designs. We will have tile floors probably carpeted with these wooly throws.
We've got to stop going to the ferias.
On the car front, we had almost everything we could think of done to the Bug. The list includes rebuilding the carburetor all new ignition parts, front brakes and some rubber sleeves on the axles and many other things. Along with the 2 new tires, the bill came to $600 (US). We did discover one other minor problem that needs to be fixed (a bearing that requires the motor to be pulled), so another couple of hundred and we will be on the road.
Nathan and Barney are getting along well. A little too well. Nate has begun to look at Barney as his little "boy toy", and we are going to have to get the cat fixed tomorrow, to keep him from completely brutalizing Barney (Barney- don't bend over to pick up the soap!). The new puppy, however, should provide quite an interesting bit of entertainment. Who needs TV?
Thursday, September 24, 2009
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Your search for Computers retrieved 1 results.
Results (1) 1-1
International Computer Law (1988) by Ernst J. Louers, Corien E.J. Prins - GLIC ID: 72
- Control Number: 88070942 (Call Number: K564.C6 K48 1988 RR).
- Subject: Computers, Computer Law
- Jurisdiction: Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, Former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia
- Publication: New York
- Location: LL-RR


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Hello Chicago !
Every Tuesday from 6.15 pm to 7.30 pm at the lycée Colbert Club theater in English the students rehearse their play. Last Tuesday They voted for the title of the play and chose to name it in French Une Journée à Paris (thanks Maïmouna for the inspiration!).
English is not that easy to memorize though ...
Here are (from left to right) Hagar, Mathis and Maëva reciting a poem by Langston Hughes from The Big Sea.
Love is like the dew
On lilacs at dawn;
Comes the swift sun
And the dew is gone.
Love is like star-light
In the sky at morn:
Star-light that dies
When day is born.
Love is like perfume
In the heart of a rose:
The flower withers,
The perfume goes-
Love is no more
Than the breath of a rose,
No more
Than the breath of a rose.
Langston Hughes
Dear Alexandra Tomko ( from the Drama Ties Company ) and Alexis Rojas are the directors and co-directors.


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Saint Paul Students for Life
A Pro-Life Student Group at Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Ontario
Article I
Name and Governance
The name of this organization is Saint Paul Students for Life and is governed solely by the constitution which appears here.
Article II
Mission Statement
§1, Saint Paul Students for Life was founded in order to organize and activate pro-life students on campus. Members of Saint Paul Students for Life work to promote the culture of life as taught by the Catholic Church, especially to protect life from conception to natural death, particularly those lives threatened by abortion, infanticide, embryonic stem cell research and euthanasia. In furtherance of these goals, members seek to promote respect for life at St. Paul University and on a local level, to educate on life issues, to help those in need so that life is a promising choice and to work with others who share common goals.
§2, All actions of the group must be in accordance with the natural moral law and the official teaching of the Catholic Church as indicated in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
§3, The primary apostolate of the group is to pray in front of the abortion mill on Bank Street every Friday between 1:00-3:00 pm. All other actions of the group are subordinate to this.
Article III
Official Membership
§1, Saint Paul Students for Life is open to all St. Paul University students, faculty, and staff. No St. Paul University student, faculty member, or staff member may be denied membership on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, national origin, color, age, disability, or veteran status.
§2, To become an official member, one must sign indicating that they have read and agree to the terms of this constitution and provide an email address for contact.
§3, All members of the group will be invited to assist with activities and events of the group.
Article IV
Bi-Annual General Meetings
§1, There will be two general meetings of the group, to which all members will be invited. Only the President may call a general meeting and preside over it. All members present will be given an opportunity to speak on each matter. These meetings will be held in September and January.
§2, The purpose of the September meeting will be: to welcome new and returning members, to present a calendar of events, to introduce new executive council members (if applicable), to delegate tasks for the fall semester, and to address any relevant business.
§3, The purpose of the January meeting will be: to present a calendar of events, to delegate tasks for the winter semester, and to address any relevant business.
Article V
The Executive Council
§1, The executive council is composed of five members: the President, the Vice-President, the Treasurer, the Communications Director, and the Events Coordinator. All decisions pertaining to the identity of Saint Paul Students for Life or events hosted by the group require a 4/5 vote by the executive council. Before any vote is taken, all members of the executive council will have the opportunity to be heard.
§2, The duties of the President are: to schedule and organize meetings and activities, to conduct the meetings, to provide general upkeep of the club, and to take any vote of the executive council.
§3, The duties of the Vice-President are: to perform any of the tasks of §1 as delegated by the president and to ensure that this constitution is being followed.
§4, The duties of the Treasurer are: to handle all money, to collect donations, and to submit receipts to SPUSA.
§5, The duties of the Communications Director are: to send emails to members of the Saint Paul Students for Life, to maintain the website, to maintain the Facebook group, to relay information about our events to external groups, and to post flyers for events around the university.
§6, The duties of the Events Coordinator are: to oversee all aspects of events hosted by the group and to enlist assistance as required.
§7, The Executive Council will meet in September, October, November, January, February, and March to discuss relevant business and share the ongoing progress of the group. The meetings in November and March will be to begin planning events for the following semester. Other meetings can be called ad hoc by the President as necessary.
§8, The President and the Vice-President must be baptized Catholics in full communion with the Catholic Church and take the professio fidei and oath of fidelity before the other members of the executive council at the beginning of their term of office.
Article VI
Executive Council Term of Office and Replacement
§1, The term of office of the members of the executive council is one year, running from October 15th through October 14th of the following year.
§2, By October 1st, each member of the executive council must request renewal or present a replacement candidate. For approval, a 3/4 vote is required from the other members of the executive council. If the proposed candidate is not accepted by the executive council, the member may again present a candidate to the council, or request that the executive council itself select a replacement, who must achieve a 3/4 vote of approval of the other members of the executive council.
§3, If a member of the executive council wishes to step down, he/she must present a replacement candidate to the executive council no less than 15 days before he/she wishes to cease functioning as a member of the council. This candidate is to be accepted by a 3/4 vote of the other members of the executive council. If the proposed candidate is not accepted by the executive council, the member may again present a candidate to the council, or request that the executive council itself select a replacement, who must achieve a 3/4 vote of approval of the other members of the executive council.
Article VII
Recourse Against Actions of the Executive Council
§1, Any member of St Paul University faculty, students or staff has the right to take recourse against the official actions and decisions of the executive council. Recourse is to be made in writing within 10 days to the executive council. If the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the response of the executive council, or if the executive council does not respond within 30 days, recourse may then be made within 15 days to the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Ottawa.
§2, Recourse does not have suspensive effect, unless the Archbishop indicates otherwise.
Article VIII
Saint Paul Students for Life is not associated with any national, statewide, or local group.
Article IX
Amendments to the Constitution
In order to amend the constitution, an amendment must be submitted in writing to the President. At the next meeting of the executive council, the President will announce the proposal and a vote will be taken after each member of the executive council is heard. A 4/5 vote of the executive council is necessary for approval.


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Tri-level 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom house in Henrico. Features an island in the kitchen with both a living and family room with wood-burning stove fireplace. Great sunroom and deck for entertaining and a shed in the back yard for extra storage. This is a Fannie Mae HomePath property. Inspections are for informational purposes only.


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Yesterday I got back from the most wonderous vacation in Bhutan. (Yes, everyone make a guess of where it is before you get out your maps.) Bhutan blogging will come once I start getting photos uploaded- I have a little over 1000 to choose from so some level of editing is required.
One of the fabulous parts about vacationing in Bhutan is the direct flight is a little under an hour so virtually no time is lost due to travel and I never even left the time zone. (Compared with my original flight from the US to Bangladesh which was 27 or so hours, starting from LA and has about 13 or 14 hours time difference, depending on daylight savings time- yes, my definition of travel time has be dramatically altered.)
We arrived back around 10:30am still leaving plenty of time for a full Dhaka day. I came home, unloading the dirty clothes from my pack, gave Morshida money for groceries and had her start making cranberry and orange zest macaroons that I had been dreaming about all week. (Really, what is Passover without macaroons?) Then I popped downstairs where my driver had the car waiting (hey, I only have two more months of the princess lifestyle and I plan on living it up to the last second!). I made a quick run to the US commissary (Seriously, I think I have a love affair with that place. Every time a friend asks me where I found a certain food item, I say, "US Comm.") I dropped off the dry cleaning, a picture frame that needs to be fixed and then told my driver to head to the salon! (Yes, totally princess points here.)
I've gotten into the habit of reading in the back of the car. First off, this is one of the joys of not having to drive oneself, and secondly, it deters many of the beggars and street merchants. Currently I'm reading Tales of a Female Nomad and I'm thoroughly enjoying it. It also helps distract me from the horrors that are traffic in Dhaka. (I am so happy to have a safe driver!)
I usually pop around Dhaka in my personal car with A/C and good book bubbled bliss with only the occasional determined rapping of fingers and rasping of "madam" at my window. I look up occasionally to see where we are and then dive back into my book. We got to a right turn (for those of you who don't drive on the left side of the road, read obnoxious left turn on a busy street with no light and cars inching by bumper to bumper to prevent anyone from trying to turn and blocking up the two adjoining streets) and sat there and waited. Page after page I sat and read, looking up at finding myself in the only barely inches forward. This is so silly! I thought so I went to jump out my door- oh wait! A small green motorized rickshaw (CNG) had pulled up an inch from my door- so I jumped out the other side, jumped over the hood of a car and right into the middle of the bumper-to-bumper traffic. (Hence the need for jumping cars to get anywhere in the gridlock.) And then I started directing traffic, standing with my legs touching the front bumpers of various cars with aggressive drivers. Once my car was through, I waved my driver forward and kept waving one arm towards the turning cars, CNGs and rickshaws while holding an authoritative "stop" hand to the obstinate drivers who started this mess. I stayed until all the waiting vehicles had turned right and vehicles on the other side of the road could once again advance. As I jumped back into my car, which was waiting a few meters ahead, a rickshaw wallah called out enthusiastically to me in English, "Thank you Madam!" I gave him a smile and was quickly off to the salon.
I got a nice head/ shoulder massage with a hot oil hair treatment and a manicure/ pedicure where my nails got buffed to a shine that would make even a new Mercedes Benz blush. Then I walked back home. I took advantage of having electricity at the moment (it goes off about 5-10 times a day) and snuggled into my massage chair.
It is a crazy life I lead: In one day I'm eating breakfast on a beautiful terrace in a magical Himalayan Kingdom and directing traffic in a crowded and dirty developing city! Oh yeah, and don't forget- it all has to be done with nicely cleaned, shaped and buffed finger and toenails. J
Friday, April 17, 2009
Back in Dhaka
Posted by The Gypsy Queen's Daughter at 23:25
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Perspective ARTICLE
Emerging functional similarities and divergences between Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 and mammalian PGC-1 protein
- 1Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- 2Biology Undergraduate Program, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Co-activator-1 (PGC-1) is a well-conserved protein among all chordates. Entire Drosophila species subgroup carries a PGC-1 homolog in their genome called spargel/dPGC-1 showing very little divergence. Recent studies have reported that significant functional similarities are shared between vertebrate and invertebrate PGC-1's based on their role in mitochondrial functions and biogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and most likely in transcription and RNA processing. With the help of genetic epistasis analysis, we established that Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 affects cell growth process as a terminal effector in the Insulin-TOR signaling pathway. The association between Spargel/dPGC-1 and Insulin signaling could also explain its role in the aging process. Here we provided a further comparison between Spargel/dPGC-1 and PGC-1 focusing on nuclear localization, oxidative stress resistance, and a possible role of Spargel/dPGC-1 in oogenesis reminiscing the role of Spargel in reproductive aging like many Insulin signaling partners. This led us to hypothesize that the discovery of newer biological functions in Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 will pave the way to uncover novel functional equivalents in mammals.
Homeothermic mammals utilize the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Co-activator 1 (PGC-1) as a thermogenic regulator (maintains body temperature) to protect against excessive cold or excess calorie intake (Puigserver et al., 1998). Thus PGC-1 is expressed in tissues with high metabolic requirement and it is linked to multiple metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis, and mitogenesis (Handschin and Spiegelman, 2006). Apart from metabolism, PGC-1 might play a central role in maintaining oxidative homeostasis (Austin and St-Pierre, 2012). Homologs of PGC-1 were found in all chordates including the fish genomes (Lin et al., 2005) where body temperature regulation isn't necessary (with the exception of a few marine species). Among invertebrate models, only Drosophila carries a single PGC-1 homolog in its genome (Gershman et al., 2007) whereas other invertebrate models such as yeast and C. elegans do not carry any PGC-1 homologous sequence (Lin et al., 2005). Drosophila PGC-1, designated as spargel/dPGC-1 (Tiefenbock et al., 2010), is well conserved in distantly related Drosophila species subgroups with its C-terminal RS and RRM domains (Figure 1A). Two notable differences between PGC-1 and Spargel/dPGC-1 are: the C-terminal FDSLL domain of PGC-1 is replaced with FEALL in all Drosophila species (Gershman et al., 2007; Tiefenbock et al., 2010; Bugger et al., 2011), and the larger size of Spargel/dPGC-1 protein as it carries ~300 more amino acids than PGC-1 (Figure 1A). Although nuclear receptors are generally known to interact with the leucine rich motifs (LXXLL) (Matsuda et al., 2004), the FEALLL variant of this motif in Drosophila is able to interact with the nuclear receptors as well (Wang et al., 2007). In light of the fact that significant functional overlap exists between the three PGC-1 homologs in mice PGC-1α, PGC-1β and PRC, which makes it difficult to tease apart their relative roles in vivo, we propose that the presence of a single Drosophila PGC-1 homolog will provide an enormous advantage to study the function of this essential transcriptional coactivator in an alternate model. Within the last few years, significant functional homologies have surfaced between mammalian PGC-1 and Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1, which called for a discussion of this topic in greater detail.
Figure 1. (A) Comparison of the Spargel/dPGC-1 protein structure in 3 widely divergent subgroups of Drosophila melanogaster, D. ananassae, and D. grimshawi (van der Linde and Houle, 2008). Vertebrate PGC-1 is about 300 amino acids shorter in length than the Spargel/dPGC-1. Filled boxes represent regions of non-homology. (B) An authentic Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) has been found in mammalian PGC-1 with the help of NLS Predict Software. (C) Nuclear localization of Spargel is documented in the gut tissue with a Spargel-GFP protein (green). Following 48 h of starvation, the gut turns thinner and Insulin signaling is reduced, but it imposes no effect on nuclear localization of the Spargel-GFP protein (D). (E,F) DAPI staining of the same gut tissue.
Energy Metabolism
As a transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 activates many nuclear receptor, which in turn regulate the transcription activity of variety of nuclear genes (Puigserver and Spiegelman, 2003). Similarly, Spargel/dPGC-1 regulates the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes through NRF1 (Nuclear Respiratory Factor) homolog delg (Tiefenbock et al., 2010). Spargel/dPGC-1 gain of function (overexpression) correlates with an increased rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption (Rera et al., 2011) and ATP production (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013), enhanced mitochondrial DNA content, increased enzyme activity and protein production in the mitochondrial matrix (Rera et al., 2011). These observations are reminiscent of the effect of PGC-1α on mitochondrial biogenesis, functional capacity and energy metabolism (Liu and Lin, 2011). Thus, regulation of mitochondrial function is truly an ancestral function for PGC-1 group of proteins.
Intracellular Localization
Serine-Arginine (SR) repeats and RNA Recognition Motifs (RRM) are classical hallmarks of "RNA processing domains." Furthermore, localization of PGC-1 in the nuclear compartment where it is concentrated in nuclear speckles along with splicing factor α-U1 and SR splicing factor SC-35 are irrefutable evidence that PGC-1 is involved in the splicing complex (Monsalve et al., 2000). We recently demonstrated that a Spargel-GFP fusion protein also localizes itself in the nucleus forming distinct punctate structures (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013). An authentic Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) was uncovered in Spargel/dPGC-1 with the help of a NLS predict software (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013) that most likely assists in Spargel/dPGC-1 localization into the nucleus. With the help of the same software we now located a NLS between the amino acids 311–334 in mammalian PGC-1 (score 0.93) (Figure 1B), which should also justify the presence of PGC-1 protein in the nucleus (Monsalve et al., 2000).
An earlier study claimed that activation of Insulin signaling is important for transport of Spargel/dPGC-1 protein from cytoplasm to the nucleus (Tiefenbock et al., 2010) and Spargel/dPGC-1 is now established as a member of the Insulin-TOR signaling pathway (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013). Nutrient availability controls the Insulin/TOR signaling pathway from TOR downstream (Takano et al., 2001) therefore, under starvation condition, Insulin mediated signal transduction is reduced. We rationalized that if Insulin signaling is essential for nuclear localization of Spargel/dPGC-1 then reduction of this signal should sequester the protein to the cytosol. To test this prediction, gut malphigian tubule preparations were obtained from flies following two days of starvation (only water given to prevent dehydration) and analyzed for Spargel expression. Since the localization of Spargel/dPGC-1 is still restricted to the nucleus following starvation (Figures 1C–F) this supports that cellular localization of Spargel/dPGC-1 occurs independent of Insulin signaling.
Spargel/dPGC-1 doesn't Influence Antioxidant Enzymes
The apparent involvement of PGC-1 in oxidative metabolism has been established from the following: PGC-1 activates Nuclear Respiratory Factor1 (NRF1); muscle specific overexpression of PGC-1α induces specific antioxidants like Sod2 and GpX transcription activity (St-Pierre et al., 2006) whereas ablation of PGC-1α in cultured cell cause down regulation of a whole panel of antioxidants including SOD1, SOD2, GpX, UCP1, and UCP2, resulting in hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress (St-Pierre et al., 2006). Another interesting observation is that cells from patients with Friedrich's Ataxia show coordinated suppression of PGC-1 and antioxidant enzymes (Coppola et al., 2009). It was inferred from these observations that PGC-1 controls mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) by regulating the antioxidant defense system (Austin and St-Pierre, 2012).
We attempted to validate this prediction in a whole animals model by utilizing the Drosophila spargel mutant hypomorph, srl1 (Tiefenbock et al., 2010) and a spargel transgenic line that is capable of overexpressing Spargel/dPGC-1 (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013). For systemic oxidative stress generation, we used methyl violgen (commercially known as "paraquat") that is stable at room temperature. Male and female flies overexpressing Spargel were exposed to 20 mM paraquat and both survived better than the control (Figures 2A,B). After 48 h of paraquat treatment, Spargel/dPGC-1 overexpression helped 50% males to remain viable, where as in control flies 50% survival was attained within 24 h. Female flies appear slightly more sensitive to paraquat treatment although a significant difference still persists with respect to the control (Figures 2A,B). This increased resistance to oxidative stress in Spargel/dPGC-1 overexpressing flies makes it tempting to conclude that Spargel/dPGC-1 is also involved in oxidative stress resistance and imposes the same effect on antioxidant defense enzymes like PGC-1. However, this expectation may not be true since the expression of two front line antioxidant defense enzymes SOD2 and SOD1 remain unchanged when Spargel/dPGC-1 is overexpressed (gain of function) or reduced in srl1 hypomorphs (Figure 2C). Since these experiments were performed on whole animals as opposed to cultured cells, it might be necessary to check the status of these antioxidant enzymes in PGC-1KO mice. Secondly, since it is involved in the Insulin-TOR signaling (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013), Spargel/dPGC-1 might utilize other stress resistance pathways (which remain to be tested) such as FoxO or Jnk as opposed to antioxidant enzymes. Incidentally, a recent study in Drosophila showed that Wolbachea induced metabolic stress promotes mitogenesis through activation of Spargel/dPGC-1 (Chen et al., 2012). Clearly, more needs to be done to understand the relationship between Spargel/dPGC-1 and stress resistance.
Figure 2. Spargel gain of function was achieved by activating an EP-srl+ transgene ubiquitously with the help of Actin-GAL4 driver (see Kapahi et al., 2004, for detail). Percent survival was measured following exposure to 20 mM paraquat made in 1% sucrose solution. (A,B) Male and female flies overexpressing Spargel/dPGC-1 survive longer in paraquat than the control indicating that Spargel/dPGC-1 overexpression cause increased resistance to oxidative stress, (C) Spargel/dPGC-1 overexpression or its ablation in srl1 does not alter the expression of SOD2 and SOD1 antioxidant enzymes, (D) Reduced Spargel/dPGC-1 in srl1 cause significant reduction in life span.
Growth, Longevity, and Aging
Insulin-TOR signaling pathway is involved in systemic regulation of growth, longevity and aging in all taxa (Hietakangas and Cohen, 2009; Partridge et al., 2011). In the absence of Insulin, PGC-1 expression is elevated in liver and gluconeogenesis is initiated (Puigserver et al., 2003). Therefore liver-specific knock down of PGC-1 shows higher insulin sensitivity in mice (Koo et al., 2004). On the contrary, absence of PGC-1 in skeletal muscles imposes no effect on insulin sensitivity (Zechner et al., 2010). Thus one can assume that the metabolic role of PGC-1 and its relationship with Insulin/TOR signaling became more tissue specific during the course of evolution.
The requirement of Spargel/dPGC-1 in the Insulin-TOR signaling pathway (Tiefenbock et al., 2010; Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013) automatically connects it to the cell growth process. Spargel/dPGC-1 is a terminal effector of this pathway hence reduced spargel expression results in growth retardation with smaller body size and developmental delays, though Spargel/dPGC-1 overexpression has no immediate effect on growth (Rera et al., 2011; Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013).
With respect to longevity, members of the Insulin-TOR signaling pathway extend life span in C. elegans (Vellai et al., 2003; Kenyon, 2010; Partridge et al., 2011), Drosophila (Clancy et al., 2001; Tatar et al., 2001; Kapahi et al., 2004) and mice (Fontana et al., 2010; Kenyon, 2010) by delaying the aging process. Mutant forms of Insulin receptor (InR), the Insulin receptor substrate chico and TOR all extend longevity, whereas for FoxO lifespan extension happens through its overexpression. Spargel/dPGC-1's action on longevity is apparent as reduced Spargel/dPGC-1 expression cause significant shortening of life span (Figure 2D). Reduced ROS production and stem cell over proliferation were cited as two major reasons for Spargel/dPGC-1 mediated extension of lifespan (Rera et al., 2011), though the gain of function effects are specific to the intestinal stem cells as opposed to the Insulin and TOR mediated lifespan extensions, which are largely ubiquitous. So, research on Drosophila is pioneering for understanding the aging aspects of the PGC-1 group of proteins, and we are anxiously awaiting studies on how the mammalian PGC-1 protein influences aging.
To summarize, the effects of Spargel/dPGC-1 on growth and survival are positive, like all the other members of the Insulin/TOR signaling pathway (Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013). So, spargel/dPGC-1 loss of function is lethal (Duttaroy et al., in preparation), spargel/dPGC-1 hypomorphs have a much shorter life span (Figure 2D) where as ubiquitous gain of Spargel/dPGC-1 function does not extend lifespan (Rera et al., 2011). Thus, Spargel/dPGC-1 completes the function of Insulin-TOR pathway leading to survival.
Is Spargel/dPGC-1 Essential for Female Fertility?
Reduced Spargel/dPGC-1 expression causes only a few viable adults to appear from srl1 homozygous mothers, indicating that fecundity is seriously compromised in srl1 hypomorphic females though the fertility of srl1 males remain unchanged (Table 1). The growth retardation effect of srl1 could be the reason for the appearance of dysgenic ovaries, which carry about half the number of ovarioles compared to the wild type (Figures 3A,B). A simple time course analysis of oogenesis revealed that srl1 ovaries develop slowly. In 24 h post eclosion (PE) wild type ovarioles reach up to stage 10/11 whereas ovarioles in srl1 are lagging behind in stage 6/7. By 48 h mature oocytes appear in the wild type ovarioles, whereas most srl1 ovarioles are observed around stage 10 during this time (Figure 3C). Efforts are underway to pin down the requirement of Spargel/dPGC-1 during oogenesis through its selective ablation in the ovaries. Interestingly, decreased female fecundity results from oogenesis defects in InR and chico mutants (Tatar et al., 2001; Partridge et al., 2011). These observations suggested a correlation between Insulin signaling and reproductive aging. Incidentally, the effect of srl1 mutant on female fecundity and oogenesis appears to suggest that Spargel could be important for reproductive aging.
Figure 3. Possible requirement of Spargel/dPGC-1 during oogenesis. (A) Mature ovaries from spargel hypomorph srl1 females are much smaller in size with respect to the control ovaries of same age, (B) Quantification of number of ovarioles suggest srl1 ovaries carry about 40% less number of ovarioles with respect to the wild type ovaries. (C) Time course analysis of oogenesis shows srl1 ovaries matures more slowly in comparison to the wild type ovaries (PE, post eclosion). ***P < 0.001.
In summary, the PGC-1 group of proteins retained many important biological functions between vertebrates and invertebrates, though many are still unknown. The overarching hypothesis of this article is that Spargel/dPGC-1 can pave the way to uncover newer biological functions, which can be tested in mammalian PGC-1 (Figure 4). Given the amount of functional overlaps already existing between PGC-1 and Spargel/dPGC-1, some of these similarities may be of immediate interest, including the role of the PGC-1 group of proteins on transcription and RNA processing and finding PGC-1 interacting proteins involved in growth and metabolism. Available genetic tools and genomic reagents in Drosophila should come in handy for exploring the functionality of this omnipotent transcription co-activator.
Figure 4. Spargel/dPGC-1 plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis. Spargel/dPGC-1 is acting downstream of Insulin/TOR signaling pathway. At this position, Spargel/dPGC-1 is regulating the mitochondrial energy flow into the system leading to cell growth. In addition, Spargel/dPGC-1 provides oxidative stress resistance. Though unlike mammals, this stress resistance does not confer SOD1 and SOD2 protein expression. Spargel/dPGC-1 also affects Drosophila fecundity possibly through oogenesis. Moreover, Spargel/dPGC-1 regulates tissue homeostasis by controlling over proliferation of intestinal stem cells in older flies.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank the Drosophila Stock Center in Bloomington, Indiana for the fly stocks. Thanks are due to Dr. Nathan Smith for careful reading of the manuscript.
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Keywords: Drosophila, PGC-1, mitochondria, oogenesis, RNA processing
Citation: Mukherjee S, Basar MA, Davis C and Duttaroy A (2014) Emerging functional similarities and divergences between Drosophila Spargel/dPGC-1 and mammalian PGC-1 protein. Front. Genet. 5:216. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00216
Received: 03 May 2014; Accepted: 22 June 2014;
Published online: 10 July 2014.
Edited by:Shin Murakami, Touro University-California, USA
Reviewed by:Johannes Bauer, Southern Methodist University, USA
Margarida Matos, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Copyright © 2014 Mukherjee, Basar, Davis and Duttaroy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Atanu Duttaroy, Department of Biology, Howard University, 415, College Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA e-mail: email@example.com
†Present address: Subhas Mukherjee, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA


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Renaming my NIE number (Barcelona)
I am recently married and would like to change my surname and residency for my NIE as I have just changed my passport. I originally applied for NIE in Ibiza 3 years ago and now life in Barca. I realise I need a sworn translation of my marriage certificate, however, is there any documentation I should take to police station? I have read so much that I'm not sure what is true anymore.
Also, can someone explain the residency card please? I understand it is not a form of ID but can I still apply for it as a British citizen?


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The timezone in Little Traverse Hospital is America/Iqaluit
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Rough GPS position Latitude. 45.3731°, Longitude. -84.9703° , Elevation. 204m
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Rough GPS position Latitude. 45.3731°, Longitude. -84.9703° , Elevation. 204m
Weather near Little Traverse Hospital Last report from Harbor Springs, Harbor Springs Airport, MI 8.8km awayTemperature: -8°C / 18°F
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Americinn Petoskey 909 SPRING STREET, PETOSKEY
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Otherwise … aargh! Crazy busy, with a hell commute to the 9-5 I have taken on for the last couple of months – optimistic as ever, I'd thought it might be a three, three and a half hour drive a day max, but nooo! I've hit gold and it's edging towards four.
Why drive, you say? Ask any Melburnian about our public transport system ;-) (Don't get indignant and start yelling fellow Melbs, you know what I mean.)
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In the meantime, watching the fabulous Penny Dreadful and loving it. For those who watch it, here's a quiz: who would you rather be, Vanessa or Dorian?
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Ghosts of the past: El espinazo del Diablo/The Devil's Backbone
Ghosts of the past: El espinazo del Diablo/The Devil's Backbone
Shifting to horror, this chapter deals with how the civil war is represented by the Mexican-born filmmaker, Guillermo del Toro, concentrating particularly on El espinazo del Diablo/The Devil's Backbone, presenting a ghost story set in the civil war's closing months, and the relationship between the figure of the ghost and the past. Although by 1995 the civil war had been the subject of numerous Spanish films, even the free-wheeling post-Franco Spanish cinema has been extremely reluctant to tackle some of the thornier issues of the Civil War period. The chapter considers debates about the figure of the ghost in popular culture and its relationship to debates over the historical process, before examining the use of ghosts in this specific film.
Keywords: Guillermo del Toro, Devil's Backbone, ghost story, post-Franco cinema
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