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The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was a major armed struggle that started in 1910 with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. After prolonged struggles, its representatives produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of warfare well into the 1920s. The Cristero War was the most significant relapse of bloodshed. The Revolution triggered the creation of the National Revolutionary Party in 1929 (renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, in 1946). Under a variety of leaders, the PRI held power until the general election of 2000.
After Benito Juárez's death in 1872, Porfirio Díaz wanted to take over as Mexico's leader. As allies the two men had fought against the French in the Battle of Puebla, but once Juárez rose to power Díaz tried to unseat him. Díaz began his reign as president in 1876, and ruled until 1910 when Francisco I. Madero succeeded him, taking office in 1911. Díaz's regime is remembered for the advances he brought in industry and modernization, at the expense of human rights and liberal reforms. He worked to reduce the power of the Roman Catholic Church and expropriated some of their large property holdings.
Porfirio Díaz's government from 1876–1910 has become known as the Porfiriato. Díaz had a strict "No Re-election" policy in which presidents could not serve consecutive terms in office. He followed this rule when he stepped down (1880) after his first term and was succeeded by Manuel González, one of his underlings. The new president's period in office was marked by political corruption and official incompetence. When Díaz ran in the next election (1884), he was a welcome replacement. In future elections Díaz would conveniently put aside his "No Re-election" slogan and run for president in every election.
Díaz became the dictator he had warned the people against. Through the army, the Rurales, and gangs of thugs, Diaz frightened people into voting for him. When bullying citizens into voting for him failed, he simply rigged the votes in his favor.[1] Díaz knew he was violating the constitution by using force to stay in office. He justified his acts by claiming that Mexico was not yet ready to govern itself;[citation needed] only he knew what was best for his country and he enforced his belief with a strong hand. "Order followed by Progress" were the watchwords of his rule.[citation needed]
While Díaz's presidency was characterized by promotion of industry and the pacification of the country, it came at the expense of the working class, farmers, and peasants, who suffered extreme exploitation. The economy took a great leap during the Porfiriato, especially through the encouragement of construction such as factories, roads, dams, industries and better farms. This resulted in the rise of an urban proletariat and the influx of foreign capital (principally from the United States.
Part of his success in maintaining power came from mitigating U.S. influence through European investments - primarily from Great Britain and Imperial Germany). Progress came at a price, since civil liberties such as freedom of the press were suspended under the Porfiriato.[2] The growing influence of the U.S. was a constant problem for Díaz, since a major portion of Mexico's land (territory now known as the Mexican Cession) had earlier been ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican-American War and the subsequent purchase of another large region by the United States in the Gadsden Purchase.
Wealth, political power and access to education were concentrated among a handful of families, overwhelmingly of European descent, who controlled much property in large estates. Most of the people in Mexico were landless. Foreign companies, mostly from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, France and the U.S., also exercised power in Mexico.
Díaz changed land reform efforts that were begun under previous leaders. Díaz's new land laws virtually undid all the hard work by leaders such as Juárez. No peasant or farmer could claim the land he occupied without formal legal title. Small farmers were helpless and angry; change of regime would be necessary if Mexico was to continue being successful. For this cause, many leaders including Francisco I. Madero, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata would launch a rebellion against Díaz, escalating into the eventual Mexican Revolution.
Most historians mark the end of the Porfiriato in 1911 as the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. In a 1908 interview with the U.S. journalist James Creelman, Díaz stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and elections and that he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency.[3][4][5] Growing "old and careless", Díaz figured he would retire to Europe and allow a younger man to take over his presidency. Because of the dissidence this caused, Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time, with an eye toward arranging a succession in the middle of his term.
Madero decided to run against Díaz in 1910. Diaz thought he could control the election as he had the previous seven.[6] Although similar overall to Díaz in his ideology,[citation needed] Madero hoped for other elites to rule alongside the president. Díaz did not approve of Madero and had him jailed on election day in 1910. Díaz was announced the winner of the election by a landslide, providing the initial impetus for the outbreak of the Revolution.
Francisco I. Madero, a young man from a wealthy family in the northern state of Coahuila, stated in 1910 that he would be running in the next election against Díaz for the presidency. In order to ensure that Madero did not win, Díaz had Madero thrown in jail and then declared himself the winner. Madero soon escaped and fled for a short period of time to San Antonio, Texas, United States. On October 5, 1910, Madero issued a "letter from jail" called the Plan de San Luis Potosí, with its main slogan "free suffrage and no re-election." It declared the Díaz regime illegal and called for revolt against Díaz to overthrow the Porfiriato, starting on November 20. Though Madero's letter was not a plan for major socioeconomic revolution, it offered the hope of change for many disadvantaged Mexicans.[7]
Madero's vague promises of agrarian reforms attracted many of the peasants throughout Mexico. He was able to gain much needed support from them in order to remove Díaz from power. With the support of the mostly peasant Indians, Madero's army fought Díaz's army and had some success. Díaz's army gradually lost control of Mexico and his administration started to fall apart. The desire to remove Díaz was so great that many natives and different leaders supported Madero and fought on his side.
In late 1910, revolutionary movements broke out in response to Madero's letter. Pascual Orozco along with governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north and took Mexicali and Chihuahua City, although they were not especially committed to Madero. These victories encouraged other military and political alliances, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez, bordering El Paso, Texas, along the Rio Grande.
After Madero defeated the weak federal army, on May 21, 1911, he signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Diaz. It stated that Díaz would abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911. Some supporters criticized him for appearing weak by not assuming the presidency and failing to pass immediate reforms. But Madero established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco, Villa, and Zapata.
Madero was a weak leader and quickly lost much of his support while in power. He angered both the more radical revolutionists and the conservative counter-revolutionists, including the unpopular Congress elected during Díaz's rule. His refusal to enact land reforms caused a break with Zapata who announced the Plan de Ayala, which called for the return of lands "usurped by the hacendados" (hacienda owners) and demanded an armed conflict against the government.
Soon after, Orozco also broke away from Madero's government and rebelled against him. He created his own army of Orozquistas, who were also called the Colorados ("Red Flaggers") after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay, and conditions. The rural working class, who had supported Madero, now took up arms supporting Zapata and Orozco. The people's support for Madero quickly deteriorated.
Madero's time as leader was short lived and came to an end after General Victoriano Huerta set in motion a coup d'état.[citation needed] Madero had appointed Huerta as commander-in-chief when he first claimed power, but Huerta had turned against him. Following Huerta's coup d'état, Madero was forced to resign in 1913. Madero and vice president José María Pino Suárez were both assassinated less than a week later. The murder of Madero ruptured the country, but he became honored as a martyr of the revolution.
In early 1913, Victoriano Huerta, who commanded the armed forces, conspired with U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, Félix Díaz and Bernardo Reyes, to remove Madero from power. La decena trágica was an event in which ten days of sporadic fighting in a faked battle occurred between federal troops led by Huerta and Díaz's conservative rebel forces. This fighting would stop when Huerta, Félix Díaz, and Henry Lane Wilson met and signed the "Embassy Pact" in which they agreed to conspire against Madero to install Huerta as president.
When Huerta gained power and became president, most powers around the world acknowledged him as the rightful leader. However, incoming president of the United States Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's government. Henry Lane Wilson was withdrawn as U.S. Ambassador by Woodrow Wilson and his secretary of state William Jennings Bryan, to be replaced by John Lind, a Swedish-American. Bryan, President Wilson, and many Mexicans saw Huerta as an illegal usurper of presidential power in violation of the Constitution of Mexico.
Venustiano Carranza, a politician and rancher from Coahuila, was forefront in the opposition against Huerta, calling his forces the Constitutionalists, with the secret support of the United States. On March 26, 1913, Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which was a refusal to recognize Huerta as president and called for a declaration of war between the two factions. Leaders such as Villa, Zapata, Carranza, and Álvaro Obregón led the fighting against Huerta. In April 1914, U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak when American forces seized and occupied the port of Veracruz, cutting off arms and money supplies from Germany. In late July, this situation worsened for Huerta. He vacated his office and fled to Puerto México.
After Huerta vacated the presidency, he moved to Spain in an attempt to establish a new home. Later he returned to Mexico to try to establish another counter-revolution within the post-revolutionary Mexican state.
Germany, which favored Huerta while in power, considered him an important factor related to the war breaking out in Europe (World War I). If Huerta could establish himself again as leader of Mexico, which was the German government's goal, the United States would be distracted on its homefront, giving the Germans an advantage in Europe. Huerta moved to the United States where he began to work toward another revolution in Mexico. The German government gave him funding and advice.
The U.S government and Carranza, the newly elected President of Mexico, were worried when Huerta arrived. They set up surveillance to watch Huerta and try to ensure he did not gain entry into Mexico. The United States government and Carranza wanted to prevent another counter-revolution.
Huerta did not survive long enough to re-enter into Mexico. He was stopped at the border in El Paso, Texas, by the United States government and kept there under house arrest. He died in early 1916.
José Doroteo Arango Arámbula, better known as Francisco "Pancho" Villa, came from the northern state of Durango. He was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. Villa with his army of Villistas joined the ranks of the Madero movement. He led the Villistas in many battles, such as the attack of Ciudad Juárez in 1911 (which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and gave Madero power).
In 1911, Victoriano Huerta appointed Villa his chief military commander.[citation needed] During this period Huerta and Villa became rivals. In 1912 when Villa's men seized a horse and Villa decided to keep it for himself, Huerta ordered Villa's execution for insubordination. Raúl Madero, brother of President Madero, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa escaped to the United States. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Villa returned with a group of companions to fight Huerta. By 1913 the group had become Villa's División del Norte (Northern Division). This army led by Villa had numerous American members. Villa and his army, along with Carranza and Obregón, joined in resistance to the Huerta dictatorship.
Villa and Carranza had different goals. Because Villa wanted to continue the revolution, he became an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914, Villa and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa's treatment of Gutiérrez and the citizenry outraged more moderate elements of the population, who forced Villa from the city in early 1915.
In 1915, Villa took part in two of the most important battles during the revolution, the two engagements in the Battle of Celaya, on April 6–7 and from April 13–15. Obregon defeated Villa in the Battle of Celaya, one of the bloodiest of the revolution. Carranza emerged as the winner of the war and seized power. A short time after, the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. On March 9, 1916, Villa crossed the United States–Mexico border and raided Columbus, New Mexico, in a vengeance attempt against the arms dealer who sold the ammunition used on the Battle of Celaya which was useless for Villa's forces. During this attack, 18 Americans were killed as well as 90 of Villa's men.
Pressured by public opinion (mainly driven by Hearst Newspapers) to confront Mexican attacks, US President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and 10,000 U.S. troops on an unsuccessful pursuit to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, Pershing was called off and given command of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua.It was the first time the American Army used airplanes on military operations.
Regardless of the intervention, the loss of the Battle of Celaya meant the rise to power of Carranza and the Sonora generals.
In 1920, Obregón (one of the sonorenses) finally reached an agreement with Villa, who retired from the armed fighting. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by gunfire while traveling in his car in Parral. It is pressumed such assassination was ordered by the sonorenses who feared a supposed bid for the presidency by Villa, breaching the 1920 agreement.
Venustiano Carranza became president in 1914, after the overthrow of the Huerta government. He was driven out of Mexico City by Villa and Zapata in 1915, but later gained the support of the masses by the development of a program of social and agrarian reform. He was elected president in 1917. To try to restrain the revolutionary slaughter, Carranza formed the Constitutional Army to try to bring peace by adoption of the majority of rebel social demands into the new constitution. He reluctantly incorporated most of these demands into the new Constitution of 1917. The socialist constitution addressed foreign ownership of resources, an organized labor code, the role of the Roman Catholic Church in education, and land reform.
During his presidency he relied on his personal secretary and close aide, Hermila Galindo de Topete to rally and campaign support for him. Through her propaganda he was able to gain the support of women, workers and peasants. Carranza also supported his secretary by lobbying for women's equality. He helped change and reform the legal status of women in Mexico.[8]
Although his intentions were good, Carranza was not able to stay in power long enough to enforce many of the reforms in the Constitution of 1917. There was greater decentralization of power because of his weakness. He had appointed General Obregón as Minister of War and of the Navy. In 1920, Obregón with other leading generals Plutarco Elías Calles and Adolfo de la Huerta led a revolt against Carranza under the Plan of Agua Prieta. Their forces assassinated Carranza on May 21, 1920.
Emiliano Zapata Salazar was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution. He is considered one of the outstanding national heroes of Mexico: towns, streets, and housing developments called "Emiliano Zapata" are common across the country. His image has been used on Mexican banknotes. People have long taken different sides on their evaluation of Emiliano Zapata and his followers. Some considered them bandits, but to others they were true revolutionaries who worked for the peasants. Presidents Porfirio Díaz and Venustiano Carranza called Zapata a womanizer, barbarian, terrorist, and a bandit. Conservative media nicknamed Zapata "The Attila of the South."
Peasant and indigenous Mexicans admired Zapata as a practical revolutionary whose populist battle cry "Tierra y Libertad" (Land and Liberty) was elaborated in the Plan de Ayala for land reform. He fought for political and economic emancipation of the peasants in Southern Mexico. Zapata was killed in 1919 by General Pablo González and his aide Colonel Jesús Guajardo in an elaborate ambush. Guajardo set up the meeting under the pretext of wanting to defect to Zapata's side. At the meeting, Gonzalez's men assassinated Zapata.
"Zapatista" originally referred to a member of the revolutionary guerrilla movement founded about 1910 by Zapata. His Liberation Army of the South (Ejército Libertador del Sur) fought during the Mexican Revolution for the redistribution of agricultural land. Zapata and his army and allies, including Pancho Villa, fought for agrarian reform in Mexico. Specifically they wanted to establish communal land rights for Mexico's indigenous population, which had mostly lost its land to the wealthy elite of European descent.
The majority of Zapata's supporters were indigenous peasants from Morelos and surrounding areas. But intellectuals from urban areas also joined the Zapatistas and played a significant part in their movement, specifically the structure and communication of the Zapatista ambitions. Zapata had received only a few years of limited education in Morelos. Educated supporters helped express his political aims. The urban intellectuals were known as "city boys" and were predominantly young males. They joined the Zapatistas for many reasons, including curiosity, sympathy, and ambition.
Zapata agreed that intellectuals could work on political strategy, but he had the chief role in proclaiming Zapatista ideology. The city boys also provided medical care, helped promote and instruct supporters in Zapatista ideology, created a plan for agrarian reform, aided in rebuilding villages destroyed by government forces, wrote manifestos, and sent messages from Zapata to other revolutionary leaders. Zapata's compadre Otilio Montaño was one of the most prominent city boys. Before the Revolution, Montaño was a professor. During the Revolution he taught Zapatismo, recruited citizens, and wrote the Plan de Ayala for land reform. Other well-known city boys were Abraham Martínez, Manuel Palafox, Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama, Pablo Torres Burgos, Gildardo Magaña, Dolores Jiménez y Muro, Enrique Villa, and Genaro Amezcua.
Many women were involved with and supported the Zapatistas. Since Zapata's political ambitions and campaign were usually local, the women were able to aid the Zapatista soldiers from their homes. There were also female Zapatista soldiers who served from the beginning of the revolution. When Zapata met with President Madero on July 12, 1911, he was accompanied by his troops. Amongst these troops were female soldiers, including officers. Some women also led bandit gangs before and during the Revolution. Women joined the Zapatistas as soldiers for various reasons, including revenge for dead family members or to perform raids. Perhaps the most popular Zapatista female soldier was Margarita Neri, who was a commander. Women fought bravely as Zapatista soldiers and some were killed in battle. Many survivors continued to wear men's clothing and carry pistols long after the Revolution ended. Colonel María de la Luz Espinosa Barrera was one of the few whose service was formally recognized with a pension as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution.
Under the Porfiriato, the rural peasants suffered the most. The regime confiscated large sections of land which resulted in a major loss of land by the agrarian work force. In 1883 a land law was passed which gave ownership of more than 27.5 million hect of land to foreign companies. By 1894, one out of every five acres of Mexican land was owned by a foreign interest. Many wealthy families also owned large estates, resulting in landless rural peasants working on the property as virtual slaves. In 1910 at the beginning of the revolution, about one half the rural population lived and worked on such plantations.
For decades myths portrayed Mexican women as passive beings who contributed minimally to the Mexican Revolution. Mexican women were in fact active participants in the Mexican Revolution and their involvement had an immense impact on shaping Mexican society. They were involved in politics, created revolutionary newspapers, worked as teachers, nurses, they sold/smuggled arms, and they even fought on the battlefields.
Some of the most famous female participants in the revolution were the Soldaderas, and female fighters who accompanied men from battle to battle. Soldaderas and female fighters are not the same, however. First, Soldaderas, or camp followers, were large groups of females that travelled with revolutionary militias. These women performed various tasks such as cooking, nursing the wounded, cleaning clothes, foraging for food/supplies, spying on the enemy, and smuggling arms. Without women to perform these tasks, army life would have been extremely difficult for the men.
The motives of women who became soldaderas varied. Some joined because there was a need for them, and women felt it was their revolutionary duty. Most women, however, were following their husbands on to the battlefield because they did not want to be left alone for long periods of time. Women were constantly in fear of rape, so it was safer to travel with their men and endure the hardships of a soldadera.
Nearly all armies had large numbers of soldaderas that traveled with them, except for Emiliano Zapata. Although, his army contained female soldiers, women did not travel with Zapata's army as camp followers. For the most part the women who helped Zapata's army remained in their homes and supplied the troops with goods as they travelled nearby. The reason Zapata, and indeed others disliked travelling with soldaderas was the fact that their accompaniment was burdensome; these women carried vast amounts of supplies and could not keep up with swift moving units.
Soldaderas did not bear arms except in unusual circumstances, and they rarely engaged in battle. Yet, there were women who performed these duties- female fighters. In 1913 there was an estimated 200 female soldiers scattered amongst various factions. They performed duties such as spying, but were mostly known for their bravery on the battlefield. In fact, due to their accomplishments a handful of women actually ended up getting promoted to the rank of Colonel i.e. Petra Herrera, and Maria Cadena.
Soldaderas and female fighters were admired by Mexicans throughout the revolution and their image was romanticised through corridos such as La Adelita. While these corridos were somewhat meant to portray these women's bravery and revolutionary spirit, they also still portrayed women's primary roles as being girlfriend, wife, or lover.
By 1915 the number of women accompanying men onto the battlefield began to dwindle as the major hostilities of the revolution were coming to a close. In turn, the armed forces were reorganized and reduced in number. The first to go were soldaderas who were forced to return home, or to the cities penniless. A small amount of female soldiers were given pensions from the government, but most ended up dying in poverty. Many women were also forced to work in prostitution.
Other important roles women played throughout the revolution included the mass mobilization of women in organizations. From Anti re-election clubs to revolutionary newspapers, women always provided a voice for the revolution. . However, women were not always in agreement with the revolutions ideals of anti-clericalism. When anti-clerical aspects of the Constitution of 1917 were enforced under Plutarco Elias Calles (1924–8) in an attempt to create a cultural revolution, women reacted strongly. The Church had always been an integral part of women's lives, so in reaction to anti-clerical state action women joined organizations such as the Union Popular, and the Union de Damas Catolicas de Mexico (Damas).
The Damas, for example, performed a variety of tasks to include visiting orphanages, prisons, they organized small groups for religious training, and they wrote petitions and letters to the state and national congresses in opposition to its actions. Their protests, however, always went unanswered officially. At times large groups of these women would physically resist troops at the entrance of churches. The first of these large confrontations was at the Church of the Sacred Family. A group of women had refused to leave at soldiers commands and were attacked with water hoses. The women fought back with rocks and then dispersed, only to regroup. One hour later 5000 women marched to the governors' palace to protest and were once again violently attacked. In confrontations like these women often faced arrest and imprisonment for opening their homes to priests who would use their homes to perform sermons.
Las Religiosas i.e. persecuted nuns, had to go underground during this time of anti-clerical chaos. Many fled to the United States; others hid in the homes of families and friends, or travelled with soldiers. Wherever they did go, they provided religious services. Women's organization within the Church gave women, who might not otherwise have got a chance, a means to gain administrative experience, and the skills to politically advance further.
Women began moving education from inside their own homes to communities. Here they sought to introduce ideas of modernity and improvement, mostly to women who wanted to emulate urban models of order, nutrition, and hygiene. The contents of what teachers taught was not solely up to the women who taught. The parameters of education were infusions of what the teachers knew from their own lives, as well as content of the school program created by the SEP, and encounters between the community and school officials.
There were two basic changes in which school helped to improve peasent family life: inoculation and the raising of the hearth from the ground to waist level. As people were informed of the benefits of inoculation, more people survived epidemics. The raise in hearth level was more hygienic and labour saving. Besides these basic improvements in rural Mexico, teachers played an enormous role in cementing revolutionary Mexican citizenship.
The U.S.-Mexican relations have long been turbulent. During the Mexican independence movement, the U.S. assisted the Mexican insurgents in achieving independence, using the Monroe Doctrine as the justification. With the reign of dictators such as Iturbide and Santa Anna, the U.S.-Mexico relationship deteriorated. When the liberal president Benito Juárez came to power with his agenda for a democratic Mexican society, President Lincoln personally commended him and sent supplies to help Juárez overthrow emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. This support during the US Civil War ended with the upheaval following Lincoln's assassination. After the death of Juarez, Mexico reverted to a dictatorial government under the rule of Porfirio Díaz.
At the turn of the 20th Century, United States owners, including major companies, held about 27 percent of Mexican land. By 1910 American industrial investment was 45 percent, pushing Presidents Taft and Wilson to intervene in Mexican affairs. For both economic and political reasons, the U.S. government generally supported the man in power (President Wilson did condemn Huerta's murders of Madero and Pino Suarez). Twice during the Revolution, the U.S. sent troops into Mexico.
The first time was in 1914, during the Ypiranga incident. When US agents discovered that the German merchant ship Ypiranga was carrying illegal arms to Huerta, President Wilson ordered troops to the port of Veracruz to stop the ship from docking. He did not declare war on Mexico. The U.S. troops then skirmished with Huerta's forces in Veracruz. The Ypiranga managed to dock at another port, which infuriated Wilson. The ABC Powers arbitrated and U.S. troops left Mexican soil, but the incident added to already tense U.S.-Mexico relations.
In 1916, in retaliation for Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico, and the death of 16 American citizens, President Wilson sent Brigadier General John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa. Villa was deeply entrenched in the mountains of northern Mexico, and knew the terrain too well to be captured by the U.S. forces. General Pershing was forced to abandon the mission and return to the U.S. This event, however, further damaged the strained U.S.-Mexico relationship and caused Mexico's anti-American sentiment to grow stronger. Some historians believed the United States government invested too much in the Mexican issue and violated its own avowed neutrality.
During the period of 1876 to 1911, relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican government were stable. Porfirio Díaz had a keen interest in relations with the Church since he was worried about the American expansionist threat. Porfirio Díaz has been quoted as saying:
However, Porfirio Díaz was not completely supportive of the Catholic Church. Before his own presidency, Diaz had supported the Juarez regime, which implemented anti-clerical policies, such as expropriation of large tracts of Church-owned property and the forced laicization of Mexican clergy. Indeed, many Roman Catholic clergy, including the Blessed Miguel Pro, were executed during the anti-clerical Cristero War of Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles during the latter part of the Revolution.
As the Revolution progressed, the status of the University in relation to it changed several times; each time its students took different positions as well. Under different university directors, different revolutionary ideals were forced upon the student body. In many cases the curriculum would change as well. With each change, however, the importance of youth groups became more crucial. The university's students made up the bulk of the youth movement, chiefly composed of educated youth. During the Revolution, some viewed students as anti-revolutionary because of the image of the university as a safe haven for the rich and privileged. People engaged in the Revolution urged the university and students to become more involved and to accept the ideals and beliefs of the revolution.
The youth movements of the revolution were mainly confined to higher schools and especially the National University of Mexico. Young men used art, music, and poetry to speak out on the Revolution and encourage support. The leaders in government often made efforts to suppress such outlets. After the Revolution, new governments in turn gradually tried to suppress the freedoms of the University. By the 1920s, student protests were against the government.
Historians debate the exact end of the "revolutionary period". From a military standpoint, it ended with the death of the Constitutional Army's primer jefe (First Chief) Venustiano Carranza in 1920, and the ascension to power of General Álvaro Obregón. Coup attempts and sporadic uprisings continued, for instance in the Cristero Wars of 1926–1929. Effective implementation of the social provisions of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico and near cession of revolutionary activity did not occur until the administration of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–1940). According to Robert McCaa, the total "demographic cost" during the Mexican Revolution 1910–1920 was approximately 2.1 million people.[9]
Cárdenas also abolished capital punishment, better known in Mexico as fusilamiento, death by firing squad. Cárdenas and the PRM's ability to control the republic without summary executions showed the revolutionary period was at its end.
Another major step was in 1940, when Cardenas voluntarily relinquished all power to his successor Manuel Ávila Camacho, a legal transition that was unprecedented in Mexican history. In 1942, Ávila Camacho and all living ex-Presidents appeared on stage in the Mexico City Zócalo, in front of the Palacio Nacional, to encourage the Mexican people to support the Americans and British in World War II. This demonstration of political solidarity among diverse elements signaled the true end of the Revolution. Given its importance in national history, Mexican politicians and political parties refer frequently to the Revolution in their political rhetoric.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Why Albert Pujols Will Not Win Another MVP
The Most Valuable Player award is supposed to go to the player who had the best season. Now we know that doesn't always happen. For example, every Red Sox fan knows, even if they won't admit it because thats just the way they are, there is no way Dustin Pedroia should have won the MVP in 2008. He didn't even have the best numbers on his own team! But this isn't about the past. There will be plenty of time to hammer everyone's least favorite team. This is about this year. Who will be the new NL MVP?
Now the point of this exercise is not for me to pick who I want to be the MVP but who I predict will win. Naming a winner is not a clear cut case of who had the best season. It should be, but its not. Too much emphasis is put on how the team as a whole does. Instead of the best player winning the award it becomes the best player on the best team wins the award. So, what I am saying is that other factors need to be considered besides who has the best numbers.
Let's start with the obvious, last year's winner Joey Votto. He is far from a household name but for fans of the NL Central Votto is a player we watched grow up the last few years and his winning the award was not much of a surprise. We knew he had the talent. I don't think he has much of a shot of repeating this year because he is not going to sneak up on anyone. He is no longer going to be underestimated by the other pitchers and coaches in the league. That lineup is not strong enough that teams won't be able to pitch around him.
Side Note: Joey Votto is an asshole and I hope he gets anal fissures.
Atlanta has gotten a little better this offseason but the favorite to come out of the East is the Phillies. Because they will be the favorite we need to mention some of their top players. Ryan Howard has been one of the more consistent power hitters in league over the last five years and should put up good numbers again this year. Although he had very good numbers last season his home run and rbi totals were the lowest they have been since he was a rookie. He's 31 now and it might seem that he is on the downward side of his career. Chase Utley is usually in the discussion but with him out for who knows how long with his mystery knee injury he seems unlikely to be a factor in the race.
When he is healthy, Troy Tulowitzki will always be in the conversation because he is one of the few five tool, game changing shortstops left in baseball. He's got power, speed, a great glove, and he hits for a high average when healthy. He has been sitting right on the cusp of super-stardom and its about time he crossed over.
If Hanley Ramirez had any kind of work ethic I would mention him, too. But he doesn't, so I won't.
Albert Pujols is the perennial front runner of course but it doesn't matter. He is too much of sensitive bastard to not let all this contract talk get to him. He thinks much too highly of himself to let the negative talk run off his back. He's doesn't have that "I don't care what you think" air that Bonds had. Pujols has spent his entire career carefully crafting this holier than thou image and now that its finally coming to light what a selfish ass he is he is going to crack and his game is going to suffer. I have a feeling that Matt Holliday is going to have better numbers at the end of season because he is going to be the beneficiary of all the spineless pitchers who are going to throw around Pujols.
A possible dark horse candidate, in my opinion, is Andre Ethier of the Dodgers. He is a true five tool player and I have feeling the Dodgers are going to be quite a bit better than many people are anticipating. Billingsley has his contract so he is happy at the top of the rotation and the supporting cast of Kemp and Furcal are going to have bounce back years around him. If the Dodgers do well Ethier may be the benefit with an MVP statue.
These are some of the top candidates but who do I think is going to actually win the thing? While it hurts me deeply to say it, I think the honor is going to go to the Brewer's Ryan Braun. I think he should pass Pujols as the most feared hitter in the NL. He has gotten better every year and now the cast around him is the strongest its even been. This is a team that has a great chance to get to the World Series and Braun is its leader and I think that its his year to bask in the firelight.


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Recipe – Passion Fruit Pound Cake using Chobani Greek Yoghurt
HAPPY MONDAY PEOPLE! I have seen many use plain, non-fat Greek yogurt in so many of their baking recipes, so I decided to try it myself! Greek yogurt provides protein, moisture and a nice tangy flavor. The passion fruit pound cake is made with Chobani Yogurt and it is so moist even after few days. Thank you Julie for the recipe!
My pound cake was slightly underbaked because I was rushing to go out and pass the pound cake to my friends. Nevertheless, the friends enjoyed it. One of them shared it with her mother. The following day, her mother asked her if there was more! I even passed a portion of my cake to the aunties in my neighbourhood salon, and the lady boss loved it so much that she asked for my number because she wanted the recipe.
Anyway, I will be taking a break from baking and cooking for about 2 weeks because my house is undergoing renovation. I don't have water to use, so I can't cook, shower, brush teeth, drink water errr…. We have to shower at public toilets, dabao dinner and hopes no one needs the toilet urgently for these two weeks. *touch wood* Having said that, all other reviews will still continue. So do continue to visit this blog daily!
I have already thought of what am I going to do next using Chobani greek yogurt. This is my first try so I am still exploring. But after baking this pound cake and receiving good feedback, I already have a list of recipes on what I can do! I can't wait till my house finishes the renovation. Then I shall celebrate with food! hehe
Passion Fruit Pound Cake
- 9 eggs
- 375 g butter room temperature
- 480 g light brown sugar
- 560 g self raising flour sifted
- 1 & 1/4 cup Chobani Greek yoghurt about 250g
- 3/4 cup passion fruit juice/pulp from 4 passion fruit
- 1/2 tsp salt
- 1/2 tsp vanilla essence
Coconut Glaze
- 1 & 1/3 cups confectioners' sugar
- 1/4 cup canned unsweetened coconut milk
- Preheat oven at 175 degree celsius.
- Grease and flour the load pans.
- Cream butter till light in colour and add light brown sugar.
- Add eggs in one at a time. Add flour and incorporate well.
- Using a spatula, add the Greek yogurt mixture into the bowl with the dry ingredients. Gently fold the ingredients together until just combined.
- Add in vanilla essence and passion fruit. Do not over mix.
- Transfer the batter into your prepared loaf pan. Bake for about 45-50 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. You may need to cover the exposed cake with foil if it starts to brown too much.
- Turn off the oven, remove the pan from the oven and allow the pound cake to cool for at least 15 minutes before flipping it onto a cooling rack. Allow the pound cake to completely cool before serving.
Coconut glaze
- Whisk together sugar and coconut milk until smooth. Glaze should be the consistency of glue. If glaze is too thick, add more coconut milk, 1 teaspoon at a time.
Recipe Notes
Pound cake can be stored in an airtight container at room temperature for about 5 days. It can also be frozen and reheated.
Adapted from Julie Haw
4 Comments Hide Comments
hi maureen, may i know where do you get the chobani greek yoghurt from?
Most Cold Storage and Marketplace outlets and Fairprice Finest.
u can get it easily at supermarket. like cold storage.
9 egg? seriously?…. please describe to me know how's the texture… 🙂


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Airport Weather > Turks and Caicos Islands
Airport Weather for Turks and Caicos Islands
Your Airport Not Listed?
If the airport(s) of your choice are not listed then please do not hesitate to contact us and request inclusion.
Please provide the name and code(s) for each airport. Most airports can be added to the site within 24 hours of a request being received.


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Over the past three years, we have expanded our overall program by offering the new Hilton Head Jazz Clinic focused on beginning instrumentalists from ages 10-14 who have only been playing 1-2 years on their instrument. The clinic is a mini-version of the full jazz camp taking place June 25-29 from 1-4pm on the campus of Hilton Head Christian Academy with a final concert on the last day of the clinic. With a focus on basic jazz technique, instrument masterclasses, beginning jazz theory and ensemble playing, you will be amazed on what these kids can accomplish in 5 days.
This year as part of the jazz clinic tuition, we will be including a morning trip to Savannah on Wednesday, June 27th with a tour of two music factories (Benedetto Guitars and JodyJazz Inc.) in beautiful neighboring Savannah, Georgia. It's going to be an awesome five days for our beginner jazz students. If students are guitarists with 2+ years of experience, I would strongly recommend that they check out the new Jazz Guitar Institute taking place at the same time.
The jazz clinic is primarily taught by director James Berry, upcoming faculty and former alumni of the main Hilton Head Jazz Camp, who are now young professional musicians. The purpose of the clinic is to help beginners take their first step towards learning jazz in order to prepare for the larger main camp in the future.
Registration for 2018 Hilton Head Jazz Clinic is available NOW @ hhjazzclinic.eventbrite.com.
Stay up-to-date by visiting our Facebook Page! =)


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Sarah Bowman
I have an advanced knowledge of Spanish and am available to help with any tutoring needs regarding the language. I hold a Bachelors degree in Spanish and have teaching and tutoring experience. I have not only an academic knowledge of the language, but also a very colloquial and practical knowledge of it. I serve as a tutor because I enjoy making Spanish a language accessible and understandable for people of all backgrounds. In addition, I am available for ESL tutoring. I have a flexible schedule and am easy to contact by e-mail.


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Chennai rains: AIADMK men harass volunteers, people loot aid
Supporters of the ruling AIADMK party are allegedly harassing volunteers and asking them to share the relief materials hampering the efforts of many to help the people of rain-battered Chennai.india Updated: Dec 09, 2015 17:08 IST
Supporters of the ruling AIADMK party are allegedly harassing volunteers and asking them to share the relief materials hampering the efforts of many to help the people of rain-battered Chennai.
A series of reports on news websites and videos broadcast on Tamil television channels said that AIADMK men have been asking volunteers to give up relief material like food and water so that they could distribute them amongst the people.
One such video widely broadcast on local channels shows a clutch of relief volunteers from Bengaluru, who were preparing food for flood victims in Anna Nagar, being intimidated by an AIADMK party member and his aides.
According to a report in The Hindu, the party member identified as Ko Tamilselvam demanded 2,000 packets of food from the volunteers, which he wanted to distribute to the local people. When the volunteers refused to do so, Tamilselvam and his accomplices got angry and issued veiled threats.
The report said Tamilselvam and his aides returned later after learning that the volunteers were distributing the food packets in the locality without inviting them and mouthed expletives, moving menacingly towards the volunteers.
The video was broadcast by many channels including those with and without political affiliations.
Another video, which did the rounds on social media, shows a man claiming to be the husband of a councillor demanding food packets from an NGO worker so that he could distribute them himself. He refuses to budge even when the worker explains that the packets are already assigned to specific places.
Finally, he grudgingly let go after the volunteer demands a written request and captures the threat on camera.
This comes after reports of workers of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK), which is led by chief minister J Jayalalithaa, forcing volunteers to paste her pictures on relief materials meant for Chennai flood victims. The party had promised to take strict action against such workers.
Rains, rage, rumour: 9 things that irked Chennaiites during floods
AIADMK rubbishes claims
Following criticism on social media, the AIADMK top brass denied that the party's workers were harassing volunteers and vowed action against those hampering relief work.
"Media is being constantly misled. We have been guiding and helping the volunteers. How do we know that the claims made in the video are true? If it is proven true, the party high command will take severe action. The opposition parties are taking advantage of a crisis to take advantage politically," a party leader told the Hindu.
"Rescue workers can send their complaints via email to firstname.lastname@example.com, tweet to @aiadmkofficial or call 044-28130787, 044-28132266, 044-28133510. Action will be taken," The Hindu quoted another party official as saying.
People loot relief material
According to a report in The News Minute, volunteers carrying relief materials were stopped by certain groups or villagers who demanded that the relief materials be given to them, in spite of them getting such packets earlier.
A reporter with The Indian Express also reported such incidents.
"Relief trucks 2 flood hit areas in Cuddalore being ransacked by mob on highways, volunteers seek police protection," Express' Arun Janardhan tweeted on Monday.
A video showing villagers looting relief materials was also widely shared on Facebook. Click here to see the video.
In a series of tweets Vanathi Srinivasan, vice-president of Tamil Nadu BJP, also said she is getting reports about relief materials being looted by locals.
@nsitharaman @PMOIndia As per a complaint received - Today morning group of people entered a house in Nungambakkam, & group of Doctors (1)— Vanathi Srinivasan (@VanathiBJP) December 7, 2015
PIL filed
A PIL was filed by advocate A P Suryapraksam seeking protection for organisations and workers carrying flood relief material for distribution to the affected people, was on Wednesday referred to a division bench by the Madras High Court.
The petitioner said he had submitted representations to authorities requesting them to constitute micro-level disaster management and relief-providing committees to coordinate with individual volunteers and NGOs in all flood-affected areas and claimed he had first-hand experience of being accosted by such persons from distributing food to the needy.
In spite of availability of sufficient relief material, volunteers were not able to distribute these to victims as they were clueless about where and whom to give the material to, he contended.
(with PTI inputs)
First Published: Dec 09, 2015 16:45 IST


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Hi Crafters! I hope those of you in the UK re enjoying the beautiful weather!
I have recently put together a little video for you, to show you how to easily create a watercolour effect for a background, similar to the one below, simply with things you probably already have as a crafter…not a single paintbrush or paint tin in sight!!
In fact, even children would enjoy helping you to get some backgrounds made for you to cut up and use on your projects!
You can also find this video on YouTube HERE
I hope you enjoy trying this out, and I would love to see who you make 🙂


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59 Cremorne Road Cremorne Point, Nsw
House Buy – Undisclosed
Enjoy the charmed Cremorne Point lifestyle … a generous 700sqm of waterfront reserve, the perfect north-easterly aspect, intimate views of Mosman Bay to the main harbour, plus space, style and sunshine, it's a total Sydney Harbour experience that captures the very essence of today's family living.
An inspired renovation has redefined this Cremorne Point classic into a contemporary residence that maximises its 1907 heritage but focuses on relaxed day-to-day living and stylish entertaining, with views from virtually every room.
The perfect combination of easy living area … the formal living and separate formal dining rooms flow seamlessly to the deep, full-width verandah, and the generous casual living area moves out to a sheltered sandstone courtyard on the north side. The kitchen with Carrara marble benchtops and quality euro appliances interacts in the contemporary manner.
A large rumpus area with kitchenette and bathroom and separate wine cellar on the lower level merge with the covered sandstone patio, the level lawns and the stunning 10m heated pool.
Designed for family life with three generous double bedrooms all opening to verandahs and a home office on the upper level, the 4th bedroom/guest room is on the main level. Four bathrooms in total, well designed separate marble laundry, masses of storage and a double lock-up garage.
Additional features include magnificent period details throughout, including 3 working fireplaces, plantation shutters, polished Jarrah parquetry floors, R/C air-conditioning, gas central heating, low-maintenance landscaping and back-to-base security.
The position on the Waterfront Reserve, within a few minutes' walk to the ferry at Old Cremorne or Cremorne Point and the Sydney Amateur Sailing Club at your doorstep, is simply world class.
Inspect by appointment.
House For Sale 59 Cremorne Road Cremorne Point


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Arbutus E. Olson
Surrounded by her family, our angel on earth became an angel in heaven early evening on Nov. 20, 2017.
Our mom, Arbutus Elaine (Moesch) Olson was born to the late Elroy and Selma (Krause) Moesch on March 19, 1932. She was baptized and confirmed at St. James Lutheran Church in Shawano. On Nov. 3, 1951, Arbutus was united in marriage to LeRoy Q. Olson at Jerusalem Lutheran Church in Lunds. Mom was a waitress for many years at Stan & Bud's, The Patio, Flamingo's and Angie's Main Café. She retired to care for dad after his open heart surgery. She enjoyed dancing and her snowmobile rides with fellow members of The Lunds SnoBirds, of which she and dad where charter members. Later in life, mom became an avid reader and lover of chocolates.
Mom's greatest joy in life was her family. She was born a caregiver, always babysitting for grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Family celebrations and holidays were a time she could gather all her family together, have a big meal and catch up on all their news.
Her life will be forever cherished in the memories of her children, grandchildren, brother, sister, sisters-in-law, nieces, nephews and friends.
Surviving are her children, Sharrie (Phil) Schweitzer, Terri (Scott) Buettner, Ronda (Joe) Jones and Rodney (Patty Lawrenz) Olson; grandchildren, Nicki (Dan) Depies, Noah (Jackie) Schweitzer, Nate Schweitzer, Olga Kirilchuk, Andrea (Mike) Habeck, Cassie (Dean) Cummings, Callie Galland, KatieJo (Nic Dietzler) Jones, Dylan Jones and Ashley Olson; great-grandchildren, Jack, Sam and Max Depies, Quentin and Elliott Habeck, Sadie and Carson Cummings, Sierra Carpenter, Chloeana Schilcher, Triston Olson and Grace Torry. She is further survived by her brother, Jason (Nan) Moesch; sister, Delores Denny; and sisters-in-law, Virginia and Mitzi Moesch; as well as many nieces, nephews, other relatives and friends.
She was preceded in death by her husband, LeRoy; daughter, Shelby Kay in infancy; her parents, Elroy and Selma; brothers, Harley (Blanche) Krause, Wally Moesch and Duke Moesch; and sister-in-law, Betty Moesch.
A funeral service to celebrate our mom's life will be held at 11 a.m. on Saturday Nov. 25, 2017, at Zion Lutheran Church in Shawano with the Rev. Scott Ludford officiating. Visitation will be held on Friday, Nov. 24, 2017 at Swedberg Funeral Home in Shawano from 4-7 p.m. and again on Saturday at the church from 9:30 a.m. until the time of the service.
Mom's family would like to extend a sincere thank you to Dr. Tom Thomas, Dr. Beth Gillis, Dr. Maria Aristgueta, Dr. Todd Peebles and the staff of Shawano Health Services. We know that your care gave us many extra years with our mom. Thank you to Heartland Hospice for helping us to guide mom to heaven.
Love you more


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October 14th is Be Bald and Free Day
For books about hair loss, see 616.546.
October 14th is also Face Your Fears Day.
For books about fear in a psychological sense, see 152.46.
For books about bravery and cowardice in terms of ethical consequences, 179.6.
October 14th is also Ada Lovelace Day.
For biographies of mathematicians, see 510.92.
For algorithms in an accounting context, see 511.8.
For algorithms as applied to computer programs, see 005.1.


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I have very big and soft shit almost diarrhea! The slave couldn't swallow all of my shit immediately and I make him eat it from the floor! He has to chew and Swallow! If you want to replace him send me a message and maybe I will use you as my toilet too!
Length: 9:50s Resolution: 1920x1080Download Format: mp4File Size: 725 MB


text: Fishermen have been warned to take care after a huge Great White Shark washed up off the east coast of Luzon Island. The 17-feet-long monster was reported in the town of Dipaculao, in Aurora province, today (Wednesday, January 24). The species is a rare visitor to the warm seas of the Philippines, with only four… Full Story »


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Corey + Trish Wedding
Corey + Trish Wedding
I don't even know where to begin. For some reason I am emotional even writing this post. Every image I go to edit strikes a cord and I was just the photographer for the day. I had the pleasure of spending a fair bit of time with Corey and Trish, getting to know them at the engagement session, and throughout the wedding day. But, I can't imagine how the one's that are closest to Corey and Trish felt on this beautiful wedding day. There was love everywhere you looked. I overheard someone saying that Corey's father went everywhere in his bare feet. And there was Corey at the end of the aisle in his bare feet honouring his father. I was a mess after hearing that and I hope I didn't show it too much.
The work that Corey's mother put into this wedding day, along with various family members and friends was unreal. Having a wedding on your property is such a personal touch but it's also a lot of work. The place looked incredible and was the perfect setting for these two. Trish's father had everyone in tears with a speech and poem that he sang right into everyone's hearts. I was busy capturing these moments so I didn't hear every word, but you could feel the love in his voice and in the reactions from everyone in attendance. I hope these images bring Trish and Corey right back to those beautiful moments.
Corey and Trish's wedding was such a outpouring of love. I was honoured to capture it.
If family would like to order an album please reach out to Jeremy for pricing!


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by Nick Montesano
I'm back!!!
It goes like this. I am blessed to visit Italy nearly every spring. I am not sure if this will make sense, but it sometimes is a physical pain yearning to return. If you have stood near the top of Mount Etna in Sicily and smelled the sulfur, if you have eaten a plate of 12 grilled and salted fishes you couldn't identify over the water of the Marina Piccolo in Sorrento, if you have strolled between the multi-colored houses on the tiny island of Burano in Venice, if you have eaten cappuccino gelato sitting on the steps of the fountain facing the Pantheon in Rome, if you have looked over the spires of the cathedral in Milan from its rooftop, then you have some idea of that yearning.
Every return to Italy is a new discovery. Knowing this past spring would bring us to Florence again, I couldn't help but think … who doesn't want to eat all of that Tuscan goodness … no, wait, what I thought was … who doesn't want to cook all of that Tuscan goodness?
With Google as my guide, I had a remarkably easy time finding the Good Tastes of Tuscany Cooking School, located in the Villa Pandolfini in a small town called Signa, just outside of Florence. Let's see … pay the fee … they send a bus to a central meeting place in the city and whisk you away … to five hours of cooking, followed by lunch made by your class with your chef-instructor and a tour of the villa.
I'm in.
Arriving at the villa kitchen, we were greeted by Chef Simone Biancalani, ready with espresso and almond cookies to begin the day. On tap for us to learn to cook: homemade tagliatelle with pesto, tiramisu, chicken with olives, focaccia with walnuts, and roasted herbed potatoes. Hmmmm … I didn't immediately think that was an exciting menu. I mean, I cook. Often and well. So what was to learn?
To learn was …
how to cook the simplest of recipes in the simplest of ways.
The cooking started with the picking of the basil leaves to bathe them for the pesto.
The tiramisu was next on the task list. It needed time to set. Simone demonstrated all aspects of the creation of the mascarpone-and-egg filling, then sent us each off to layer the cookies dipped in espresso-with-Vin-Santo with the filling. His two secrets … use only a little bit of Vin Santo and don't use lady fingers; instead, find the dried cookies known as 'pavesini' or 'cats' tongues'. Find one and you will understand why they are called so.
Next up, we made the foccacia dough … that, for me, was somewhat a new experience. Yeast and flour and kneading are not normally in my cooking vocabulary, but it was great to try. Having the oiled dough in your hands, kneading it throughout the morning, setting it aside for the appropriate risings, and finally baking it was remarkably easy and very simply tasty.
Not done with the kneading yet, we set out to make the homemade pasta. Flour was mounded with a well filled with eggs to create the pasta dough, and Simone guided us through finding the correct dryness and color for the dough. It is truly an art to be able to feel when it is ready to set a bit before using the cutting machine. We even added some tomato paste to some of the dough to flavor it.
Next, we took a break from the pasta making to have the pesto demonstrated. Not much different here from your basic pesto, but I learned two important points: 1) when processing the ingredients for the pesto, the basil should be added last to insure less bruising of the herb; and 2) never toast the pignoli nuts because they will make the pesto bitter. Also, the addition of lemon keeps the herb green.
We then peeled and chopped potatoes, and onions and fresh herbs to be roasted with the potatoes — the best potatoes I have eaten this or that side of Ireland. (No potatoes compare to those I ate in Ireland … another culinary story.) The secrets here? The potatoes are roasted in a very hot oven with garlic still in its paper. Once the potatoes are done roasting, squeeze the garlic out of the paper and toss it with the potatoes for a sweetness you don't expect.
Pasta rolling and cutting … guess what, my dough was still too wet and got caught in the cutting blades and needed to be kneaded again with more flour before I could successfully cut it.
Chicken with olives (Etruscan Chicken) seemed simple enough with sautéed onions and wine, olives, and fresh herbs. But, the secret: Use chicken thighs with the skin taken off of half of them. This maintains the amount of chicken taste that comes with the caramelized skin while cutting down on the fat content a bit. I actually make this dish quite often.
We boiled the pasta (Simone says the pasta water needs to have enough salt to make it "like the sea") and added the cold pesto to the warm pasta. We sat together as a class to celebrate and break bread (well, focaccia) together, eating the pasta, the chicken with olives, and the roasted potatoes, and finally the tiramisu … all accompanied by wine made on the grounds of the villa.
Might I mention for a moment that before arriving at the class, I was a little skeptical about sharing the class with people I didn't know. What I discovered was a group of like-minded, experience-seeking people who made the day as interesting as the cooking. If I had trusted the universe, why would I expect other than to love people who would take cooking classes in Tuscany?
It looks like our spring trip next year will once again take us to Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast. So, help me … I have found a "learn to make fresh mozzarella" class and a class "to make traditional Neapolitan Pizza." Any suggestions?
I hope to return to this blog soon.
— — — — — — — — — —
Etruscan Chicken
(Pollo all'Etrusca)
Serves 4
1 tablespoon vinegar
8 chicken thighs
4 ounces black olives
1 red onion
fresh rosemary and sage
1 cup of white wine
¼ cup pignoli nuts
¼ cup raisins
salt and pepper
Place the chicken thighs in a bowl of water with the vinegar. Put 6 tablespoons of olive oil and finely chopped onion in a large, unheated frying pan. Place over medium heat and allow the onions to sauté for about 10 minutes.
Drain the chicken and add it to the pan. When the chicken is browned on both sides, add salt and pepper to taste and the white wine. Cook slowly for about 20 minutes, covered.
Add the pignoli nuts and the raisins and stir.
Cover again and allow to simmer together for 10 minutes more.
Before removing from the heat, add the olives, sage, and rosemary, all finely chopped.
Let the dish sit for 20 minutes and serve!


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Results 1-3 of 3 for psychology tutor lismore
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Obsolete drivers can cause series of issues on your PC ranging from crashing and freezing of PC to security exploits. Thankfully, Avast antivirus adds an automatic driver updater into its latest version (version 17.7) into all antivirus products ranging from its basic version, Avast Free Antivirus, to the highest tier product – Avast Premier.
Avast Driver Updater is an add-on feature located in Performance tab. To navigate to Avast Driver Updater, open Avast UI, go to Performance tab, and click Driver Updater.
You will get to a new screen with single button where you can launch Avast Driver Updater. If you haven't use it before, clicking on Open Driver Updater will launch quick installation. After that, you can instantly open Driver Updater either from Avast Performance Tab or from a shortcut on your Desktop.
Features of Avast Driver Updater
- scan and fix all obsolete drivers
- real-time scan for the latest updates
- maintaining backup to restore if necessary
- fixing issues with PC
Unfortunately, Avast Driver Updater is not a free feature. It's available on subscription basis available as a 1-year or 2-year license starting from $24 a year.
Previews of Avast Driver Updater


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Everland (27 March 2014) by Rebecca Hunt
It's an Antarctic island that gives Everland its near-fantastical title, a frozen wasteland at the heart of two adventures taking place a hundred years apart. In 1913, three Navy men volunteer to explore the island and survey its unique wildlife. They are devious First Mate Napps, robust Millet-Bass and the meek (and evocatively named) Dinners. Reluctant to trust each other before the mission even begins, they are thrown into peril almost immediately. In 2013, their story has become the stuff of legend, immortalised in biographies and film. It's as a symbolic marking of the event's centenary that three new explorers are sent to study Everland: hardened researcher Decker, nervous scientist Brix, and their bitchy field assistant, Jess. Expecting their tasks to be manageable, they are shocked when Everland proves to be just as inhospitable as it was for their 1913 counterparts. As tempers fray and tensions rise, their situation starts to mirror that of their predecessors - sometimes in obvious ways, while other parallels are more surprising.
I got off to a bit of a slow start with Everland, which is hampered early on by its commitment to effectively portraying the unwelcoming nature of the Antarctic settings. The reality of these places, romantic-looking as they may be in photographs, is unbelievably bleak, harsh and lonely, and Hunt does a great job of conveying this to the reader - so great that it can be a bit dull to read about the repetitive nature of the teams' daily schedules. However, once I had warmed to the characters (which didn't happen immediately; rather, it developed slowly as they were given more to do) the pace of my reading quickened. By the time I was about two-thirds of the way through, I was so desperate to know the ending that I ended up staying awake until the early hours of the morning in order to finish reading the book.
Aside from the use of a dual-focused narrative, this book is very different from Hunt's first novel, Mr. Chartwell. Where many of the characters in Chartwell felt flimsy, here they are expertly fleshed out as the story unfolds, defying what you think you know about them - Jess in particular makes a perfect transition from what could be a one-dimensional antagonist to a much more rounded, human character. There is a supernatural undertone to Everland - the island has an eerie quality which seems to be more than just a figment of its residents' imaginations; certain strange events are never given a rational explanation. Don't expect this book to turn into a ghost story or a fantasy, though. I hoped for a while that it would exploit the naturally eerie location in the same way as Michelle Paver's excellent Dark Matter, but this is not the direction the narrative goes in.
In what is a much more accomplished piece of work than her debut, Hunt succeeds in making you care about these people and feel invested in their fate, as well as in crafting a wonderfully menacing setting. It's not perfect - it took a while for me to feel that the plot was compelling (although the final third is enormously so), I would have preferred more to have been made of the 'unexplained' aspects of both ventures (but that's a personal preference), and I also have a feeling the story may not end up being particularly memorable. However, it slowly coaxed me into fascination and ultimately kept me up all night, and that's got to deserve some kind of recognition.
I received an advance review copy of Everland from the publisher through NetGalley.
Rating: 7/10 | Twitter | Goodreads | Booklikes | Bloglovin' | Pre-order on Amazon: Kindle & Hardback


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Some investigating around Facebook by Dave has turned up some very ageist attitudes amongst those who use the social networking environment. Check out the conversation here on Freydblog.
It's awful to read but hurts me more than it shocks; teens, struggling with understanding and establishing their own identity, are prone to putting down others: a battle for peer acceptance repeated over and over again. There are other psychological drivers at work that are beyond my understanding. Suffice it to say, I take this as bolstering my claim that most users of social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace will not welcome the presence of libraries in their "friends list".


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Murphy Machinery Sales, Inc.
Waterford, Wisconsin 53185
United States
Local Time There
Waterford, Wisconsin 53185
United States
Local Time There
Murphy Machinery Sales, Inc. is USA National New & Pre-Owned CNC Machine Tool Distributor. We have 25 + Years in New & Pre-Owned CNC Twin-Spindle Horizontal & Vertical Turning Centers an all CNC Machine Tools with Complete Applications Support & Installation Support on request.
Murphy Machinery Sales, Inc. specializes in CNC Twin-Spindle Turning Centers. We are pleased to work together on trade-in sales with our machine tool marketing expertise for your best return and best offered pre-owned pricing in today's excellent buyer's market on machinery sales or purchases.
Murphy Machinery Sales works with your best interest in mind by working as a team on complete part evaluation, and application support. We offer complete Machine Preparation Prior to Shipment, and Machine Proper Rigging & Trucking Delivery and Machine After-Sale Support & Installation and Technical Support as needed with Builder Level Technicians.
Murphy Machinery is available for in-plant equipment appraisals.
We provide marketing on pre-owned equipment for our many existing users new clients as a free service for our many customers nationally.
* CNC Twin-Spindle Turning Centers With Automation
* CNC Twin Spindle & Single Spindle Vertical Turning Centers.
* CNC Vertical & Horizontal Machining Centers
* All Types and Manual and Metal Chip Cutting Equipment.
Please Call or email us today with your needs or Machine
Questions or on Machine Market Values.
We thank you for the opportunity to work as a team .
- Company Specialties
- Appraiser
- New Machinery Distributor / Importer / Agent
- Used Machinery Dealers / Brokers
- Brands We Carry
- Types
- 5-Axis or More CNC Lathes
- Bed Type Mills
- Bridge & Overhead Cranes
- CNC Lathes
- Car Bottom Furnaces
- Drilling & Tapping Centers
- Engine Lathes
- Gear Hobbers
- Gear Shavers
- Horizontal Drills
- Horizontal Machining Centers
- Oil Field & Hollow Spindle Lathes
- Riveters
- Rotary Tables
- Tappers
- Vertical Boring Mills (incld VTL)
- Vertical Machining Centers
- Vertical Mills
- Washers
- Tooling Product Lines
- Angle Plates
- Arbors & Adapters
- Chuck Cylinders (Actuating / Air or Hyd)
- Chucks
- Collet Chucks & Fixtures
- Facing Heads
- Grinding Attachments & Heads
- Grinding Fixtures
- Jaws
- Machinery Guards
- Magnetic Chucks
- Magnets
- Pallet Equipment
- Quick Change
- Spindles
- Threading Attachments
- Tombstones
- Tool Holders
- Tooling & Accessories (Other)
- Vises


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Anyone having problems with O2 wireless box?
We've been through 2 routers so far and they both don't work. The first one I could see a signal from about 50cm but my phone could not connect to it. They say they've done everything they can from their end (re-programmed router, changed channels etc).
Have had a wireless network using my old router for years with no problems. Laptop connected to it no problems either. They told me I would be able to use my old router but it appears that I can't seeing as their service does not require a username/password and my old router requires one to be entered.
Can't think what the problem can be, have tried moving the router around the house but it still won't work. It should be fine where it is as it's exactly where the old one was.


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Most of us grew up hearing adults tell us what a great investment owning a home is. Owning your own home is part of the American dream: Many people strive for it and feel a great accomplishment once they do buy their first home. Owning a home with a mortgage and especially owning a home outright is certainly a huge financial accomplishment.
But is it really always a good choice to buy a home? Are there any conditions when it is better to rent instead of purchasing a home? The answer is yes, owning your own home can be a solid investment, but it is also true that purchasing a home is not always the best plan. When deciding whether to buy or rent, potential buyers should consider multiple factors, because there are pros and cons to both buying and renting.
There are several financial benefits to renting temporarily or long-term. If you rent, you will never have to pay property taxes. While you may purchase renter's insurance, you won't have to buy homeowner's insurance, which is more expensive. Also, while owning a home can be financially beneficial, it isn't necessarily the best way to invest your money. You could choose to invest in stocks, and with careful investing decisions, you might end up with more money than you would by simply owning a home for a long time.
If you do buy a home, you will have to take care of it if you want to be comfortable and if you want to keep your investment. You might decide to hire someone to fix issues like the roof, plumbing, or a new air conditioner. If you consider yourself handy at fixing things, then you also could choose to make the necessary changes yourself. However, if you are a person who has an incredibly busy life already or simply prefers not to tinker with household issues, then you will have to pay someone.
This is something that potential homebuyers often don't consider: All of these issues cost money to fix if you own your own home. If you purchase a home, you will have to handle issues in some manner; if you prefer to have someone else handle most problems and also avoid additional costs, you may consider long-term renting. You also might choose a condo: Many condo associations charge association fees that cover items like snow removal, yard maintenance, and exterior maintenance on the home.
For more information on apartments in Beaufort, SC, contact Ashton Pointe.


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TSA horror story of the week
Lots of folks have e-mailed me Seattle talker Ken Schram's story, "Someone should be fired," about Fort Lewis soldiers serving in an honor guard getting hassled by TSA while escorting the remains of a colleague home to Virginia last month:
I don't think things can get more screwed up with airport security.
This isn't about how investigators were able to smuggle liquid explosives and detonators past TSA screeners earlier this year.
It's about the atrocious treatment endured by some Fort Lewis soldiers who were escorting the remains of a colleague home to Virginia earlier this month.
Brief background: On the tarmac, an honor guard had been formed by Port of Seattle Police, airport fire and rescue and military personnel as the soldier's body was placed on the plane.
A police officer then took the escort soldiers up to security.
The TSA screener checked everyone's ID, including the police officer, and then had the soldiers go through the metal detectors.
Their combat ribbons and medals set off the alarms.
So what does the TSA screener do?
He has the soldiers strip off their uniforms – in front of everyone – down to their tee shirts, pants and socks.
Will someone please tell me what the hell is wrong with these people?
You know I've reported plenty on TSA bungles, but before calling on anyone to get fired, I'd like to hear more about the incident. If any of you know more, drop a note with further details.
TSA's Union Power Grab: Thousands Slowing Down Airports
May 18, 2016 08:35 AM by Michelle Malkin
TSA: Total Security Abyss
February 10, 2016 07:17 AM by Michelle Malkin
Post-9/11: Protect the freedom to warn
September 12, 2014 06:49 AM by Michelle Malkin
Homeland insecurity alert: Dry ice and dry runs
October 16, 2013 02:58 AM by Michelle Malkin
Budget cuts? TSA ordered $50 million worth of new uniforms a week before sequester kicked in
March 5, 2013 11:39 AM by Doug Powers
Categories: Airline Security, Homeland Security, Politics


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She was aged 104 years.
Survived by her only surviving son, Prince Oluropo Ogunwusi, the father of the Ooni, and 12 other grandchildren, the late Queen Mariani who lost her second son, Prince Isaac Olufemi Ogunwusi, and her husband Prince Olaobaju Joseph Ogunwusi, in 1995 and 1998 respectively, died at exactly 4:30 am in her house in Ile-Ife.
The Director of Media and Public Affairs, Ooni's Palace, Comrade Moses Olafare, who confirmed the incident in a statement, said that the late Queen Ogunwusi fondly called Mama Alaso might have had the premonition of her death as she had, in the last one month, been placing Ooni Ogunwusi's picture on her chest either while sleeping or sitting always praying: "Olorun o ma seun o ti o je ki ala ogoji odun wa si imuse l'oju emi. Moti ti wa se tan latin pada s'odo re bayii o, ki n' le so fun oko mi pe asotele odun 1974 ti sele o," meaning: "God, I thank you for keeping me alive to witness a dream of over 40 years. I am now ready to return to you in heaven for eternity and will be able to tell my husband of this manifestation of our 1974 dream."
A devoted Christian, community leader and loving mother, Queen Mariano is also survived by 11 other successful grandchildren, including London-based Prince Adegboyega Ogunwusi, a Lekki-based real estate magnate, Prince Adetunji Ogunwusi, Princess Folasade Ogunwusi Fadairo, Princess Adesola Ogunwusi Olojede and Princess Foluso Ogunwusi Kolawole.
Others include Princess Adebimpe Ogunwusi Daodu, Princess Lola Ogunwusi Oyeyipo, Princess Adebambo Ogunwusi Osunkoya, Princess Bunmi Ogunwusi, Princess Adedoja Ogunwusi Olorunfemi and Princess Toyin Ogunwusi.
Her remains will be interred during the final funeral activities fixed for 22nd and 22rd April, 2016, by the family.


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Customer Reviews
All reviews are from people who have redeemed deals with this merchant.
What You'll Get
Tea drinks, much like baths and nightmares about drowning, are always better with a few bubbles in them. Experience the brightest side of froth with today's Groupon: for $12, you get a five-item punch card good for bubble tea, smoothies, snacks, and other treats at Tapioca Express in Berkeley (up to a $25 value).
Tapioca Express merges quality tea leaves, fresh juices, and authentic Taiwanese boba pearls to forge a slate of more than 100 drink varieties alongside sizzling Asian fusion snacks. A traditional Taiwanese treat, bubble tea is peppered with glassy balls of tapioca, which accompany each sip through an oversized straw to regale tongues with a sweet and chewy surprise more gratifying than an appointment with a gummy-bear dentist. Elixir alchemists mix authentic brews and add in creamy milk or gummy boba or leave the cups simple and unadorned to let flavors such as jasmine green tea, chocolate milk tea, or mango peek through. An icy melts over roaring tongue fires in flavors such as fresh watermelon or exotic red bean, and milk, yogurt, or soy milk join in to form a creamy Snow Bubble concoction. Meanwhile, the scents of french fries and crispy chicken twirl above authentic dishes of fried pot stickers and steamed buns, which serve as savory companions to sweets like Rainbow Brite's surly accountant sidekick.
The Fine Print
Promotional value expires May 1, 2012. Amount paid never expires. Limit 1 per person, may buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 punch per visit. Must redeem punchcard in full by 4/30/12. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
About Tea Leaf Bistro
Since debuting in Taiwan in the 1980s, sweet tapioca pearls have traveled the world, jockeying for the title of America's next taste sensation upon landing in California. Made of sweet potato, cassava root, and a hint of brown sugar, each pearl is soft on the outside and chewy on the inside, much like a nerf ball filled with creamy mashed potatoes. Tea Leaf Bistro captures the gems in more than 100 frosty, fruit-flavored bubble drinks and velvety milk teas—crafted from authentic ingredients imported from Taiwan and hand-selected tea leaves—in flavors such as mango, lavender, almond, and strawberry. The pearlescent bubble drinks pair with a menu of Taiwanese snacks, including garlic fried chicken, crispy calamari rings, and an assortment of potstickers.


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10 Steps to Winning at Disney World (or Any Theme Park)
September 11, 2015 by cloften
Filed under General Insanity, Silliness and Rants
You may be wondering what it means to win at Disney World or a theme park. If you are as competitive as the Loften family, you know instinctively what it means. For people who are nicer than us, I'll explain. There are two ways to win at a theme park. The first is based solely on how you feel at the end of the day. Some people walk away from a day at Disney and feel like all they did was wait in lines all day in huge crowds and accomplished nothing. They lost. You win when you feel like you rode what you wanted to and had a great time. You may still be tired, but it's a "wasn't that fun?" tired and not a "I hate this" kind of tired. When you do that, you win.
There is a second way that you can win, and this makes theme park touring a competition. (Isn't everything a competition?) You win by doing Disney better than everyone else. Example: we had just finished the day at Animal Kingdom, one of the parks at Disney World, and we were on the bus headed back to the hotel. A mom starts talking to my wife Heidi. She says that she got at the park at opening and was there all day and only rode 3 things. She talked about how exhausted she was and how she "hated this." We, on the other hand, had been there since the park opening and had ridden the two main attractions 3 times each as well as riding about 10 other rides and we saw a couple of shows. We win! This post is designed to help you WIN! Don't you want to win? Of course, you do. As you can probably guess, in addition to winning, we really love theme parks, especially Disney World. We are planning another trip soon. Also, a shout out to Silver Dollar City, which we visit about a dozen times a year–always winning. These principles will be broad enough to be applied anywhere, but I will focus on Disney, because, you know, DISNEY!
1) Get to the park well before rope drop. What is rope drop you may ask? It's the time when they turn you loose in the park. Most parks have a literal rope or chain or something that is holding you back from getting in. When they drop the rope, it is time to go win! Getting to the park before rope drop means that you have your ticket in hand ready to go before the park opens. Not buying a ticket, not in the parking lot, not "we're pulling in." You are standing at the gate ready to go before they are letting people in. Depending on how busy/popular the park is, that may mean 10 minutes before or 40 minutes before. I highly recommend 40 minutes for any park at Disney. That may sound crazy but it is far and away the most important piece of advice. You could stop reading now and win (not against us, but against most people). If you get there 40 minutes early, you can be among the first 50 people in the park. If you get there right when it opens, you could have 1000 people in front of you. Get there what most people call early, within the first hour of opening, and you will have 1000's of people ahead of you and you will wait in line behind them all day. We wait once and that is for the park to open. Fun Fact: we got to Animal Kingdom once at 7:15 when it opened at 8:00. Saw many of the Cast Members (employees) show up to work. We even beat them! Win!
2) Go to the most popular attractions first. This is not the same as going to the attractions that you most want to ride first. This means go to the rides that everyone else wants to ride first. Go to where the crowds will ultimately be headed before the crowds get there. You have some sense of what the most popular rides are, ride them first, then the next popular ones, etc. Then rather than waiting with or behind the crowds, the crowds are chasing you all day. You know what that feels like? Winning.
3) Go hard early. Rest later. Some of you are already thinking that this is sounding exhausting. It's not exhausting. Exhausted is what you feel after waiting in lines for 5 hours total all day. It's a good kind of tired to get up early and have fun. However, if you get up early, stay focused and hit all the rides you can early, then when the afternoon comes and the park is at its most crowded, you can rest. Sit on a bench and taunt some people. Go back to the hotel and take a nap. Go see some of the shows where you are sitting for a while. I promise if you get up early, work hard in the morning and then rest later, you will be significantly less tired than the people who are sleeping in and getting to the park at the worst time. "But I want to sleep in on vacation!" Great, go to the beach. If you sleep in at Disney, you will walk away tired. However, work hard in the morning and then take a well-deserved rest. You've earned it, because, you know, you're winning!
4) Bring a snack. Take water and a snack with you. Not only will you save money but you will also save time by not going to their snack counters. Both matter, especially at Disney World. Furthermore, as you are moving quickly around the park, you will be glad you had a snack to help you keep your energy up. Also, the best time to stop and eat is for a late lunch. This way you are waiting less to get your food, and you are still riding when others stop to eat. You are eating when the park is most crowded and its the hottest. You could also consider eating energy gel packets that marathon runners use, to make yourself feel more like a winner.
5) Know the park. Don't wait until you get there to get the map and figure out where the rides, bathrooms, restaurants, etc. are. You need to at least have a general sense of where everything is. You also need to know exactly where you are headed first and in what general direction you are going throughout the day. If you need to look at a map to confirm some things, do that while you are waiting (every so briefly) to get on rides. Don't do this: I was walking, read jogging, across Disney to get some Fastpasses, back when they used paper Fastpasses, and I saw a mom pushing a stroller. In front was dad with his face in a map. As a move past them, I hear her say, "You better figure this out, because this is ridiculous." That's what we call not winning.
6) Take advantage of any special touring opportunities. Most parks have some sort of way to get you to the front of the line on certain rides. At Disney World, it is called Fastpass+ and is available to everyone who has a ticket. Research this and use it. It can make a huge difference and lets you ride crowded rides during busy times with little wait. It's complicated, so don't do it the night before. Start looking into it as soon as you know you are going. Do the research, it will pay off big. At Silver Dollar City it is called Trailblazers Pass. It costs money. I don't recommend it. If you get there early and ride the big rides first, you will be fine. We paid for the passes at Cedar Point because it was literally a once in a lifetime trip. My Dad, Brother and I rode 20+ roller coasters in 6 hours. Hmmm, what do you call that? Hint: it starts with a w.
7) Have a plan, but make it flexible. I know that most people don't want to plan vacation. You want to rest. We've covered that a little already, but planning ahead will make your vacation more restful when you are there. What rides do we know we want to ride? How popular are they? Where are they? Where do we want to eat? You don't have to rigidly stick to the plan. You may encounter something unexpected that looks fun, like an early parade that you weren't aware of or a character roaming freely. Have a plan but don't be a slave to it. However, there may come a point where your kid wants to do something now that would be better done later. Make sure you don't just say no. Just tell them that we will be back there later. "We can't do that now. We will do it after lunch. Remember, we are winning."
8 ) Research any touring plans. Google is your friend. Type this "(name of park) touring plans." You will find some great information and websites from people who are even more psychotic about this than I am. You will find multiple plans based on how old your kids are, interests, etc. We found some before our trip to Cedar Point this summer. It helped us know what the most crowded rides were and gave us a sense of the park. It was a lot of help. Someone else has done all the work. They are offering it to you. Learn from winners to be a winner.
9) Get everyone on board. If you are travelling with other people, you need to get everyone on board. You don't want to spend much of your day waiting for your friends and family to show up. If some people are resistant, get them to try it with you the first day and if they don't like it, they can do something else. They will like it and you will be the hero. You don't want people complaining. That sounds like losing.
10) Have the heart of a servant not a dictator. This will be the best way to get people on board. You are not trying to dominate the vacation. You are not in a competition with your family and friends. You are in a competition with everyone else. Your role in researching and planning is making sure everyone has a great time. It is the greatest joy for me at Disney. My reward is the looks on my girls' faces when they get to see the character they want to meet, when they get to ride everything they want. I will work as hard as I have to for that reward. I want to love and serve them and for everyone to have a great time. That's winning!


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HUMUS is a construction and agricultural machinery brand by PMT. We produce and sell trailers for excavators and tractors. PMT is one of Estonia`s leading machine and metal engineering enterprises whose history dates back to 1911. Humus is an innovative and fresh name in construction and agriculture. Our mission is to differ from others with great sense of design. Keeping in mind the contractors and farmers, our top priority is to provide easy-to-use as well as reliable solutions.
Company details
- Business Type:
- Manufacturer
- Industry Type:
- Agriculture
- Market Focus:
- Internationally (various countries)
About Us
The Humus brand boasts an innovative team, which has been actively involved in product development since 2011 in order to provide the best transportation and product handling solution to the customers. In manufacturing of trailers, Humus focuses particularly on quality, durability and various elements of design. Keeping in mind the farmers, our top priority is to provide easy-to-use as well as reliable solutions. The main goal for Humus team is tome provide simple and enjoyable user experience.
The Environment
We manufacture the Humus trailers with a minimum number of parts in order to decrease the amount of welding, scraps and the impact on the environment. Only certified and quality steels are used to manufacture trailers in order to ensure the long lifetime of the trailers. The most optimal carbon footprint is taken as basis in manufacturing of all Humus products, including dump trailers and all other products. Humus brand has the 'Hardox In My Body' quality sign recognition from Swedish steel producer SSAB.


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We started Halloween at a local pumpkin patch…
This is just in case you thought I was too tired to decorate. I used some efficient creativity, aka the lazy man's carving method, aka pumpkin tattoos this year.
Austin broke out of the
play pen to do some trick-or-treating. The tat sleeves make me laugh every time!
Tinkerbell made her appearance once she had her first taste of candy.
Taking pics of an infant and toddler is hard.
Real hard…
Happy Halloween!!