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Tuesday, 10 January 2012
Mug Tree starts a new life
One of the ways that I like to save money is to try and be inventive. Recently my daughter wanted a jewellery tree to hang all the beads and necklaces that she has acquired. Before Christmas they were upwards of £15 so I told her to wait for the sales. So we had another look and to be honest they were not really reduced and seemed quite flimsy as well. Most of them have four tiny hooks so you can't really hang much on them. As we were shopping I spotted this mug tree in Wilkinson's priced at £2.50. I put it to her that this would be good for the jewellery, its a lot cheaper and more sturdy. In fact it would hold a lot more stuff that the actual jewellery tree itself. After a bit of deliberating she agreed so we bought the mug tree and it rapidly was stocked up with all her stuff.
I think it was a good buy and doesn't look much like a mug tree any longer, what do you think ?
10 comments:
It looks great! I like your daughter's taste!ReplyDelete
Jane x
I think this looks Very Good indeed- much more creative and better value.ReplyDelete
What a great idea!ReplyDelete
Thanks Ladies. And as my husband says, it can revert back to a mug tree when shes done with it !!ReplyDelete
Good idea! Looks really goodReplyDelete
A great idea - well done! I have a jewellery tree that I was given for Christmas a couple of years ago - it doesn't hold much jewellery at all. I like your idea much better!ReplyDelete
Best Wishes
Frugal Wife
you would never know that it is a mug tree.....ReplyDelete
Gill in Canada
That's a really good idea Miss Piggy Bank.ReplyDelete
Karen X
Great idea!ReplyDelete
Thinking outside the box is great.ReplyDelete
Another cute idea is a piece of wood or old chopping board painted in a colour you love. Bang large nails on top and hook back to the wall. Necklaces hang on the nails, keeps surfaces clear and is a great wall feature. A friend of mine had this in France and I LOVED it.


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DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Additive Manufacturing with Metal Powders 2018" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
This report on metal powder additive manufacturing - the fourth edition of the industry-leading market research report - identifies key change factors and resulting growth opportunities in metal additive manufacturing in metal powder materials and alloys, applications, and technology. For this new edition, SmarTech has completely re-engineered its forecasting and market tracking model to provide whole new layers of insight and depth of data, allowing for the most comprehensive analysis of the industry in the world. Over 200 pages of market analysis and data are presented, making this study the most comprehensive of its kind. New market insights and data unique to this edition of AM with Metal Powders include:
Metal powder additive manufacturing continued its disruptive journey in 2017, largely overcoming some major challenges and seeing faster than anticipated movement into true serial production applications which spurred another year of healthy growth despite temporary slowdowns experienced at the end of 2016. Now the metal powder additive manufacturing market appears to be entering its next major phase of growth, with the established area of metal powder bed fusion technologies undergoing major changes to address costs and volumes limitations, and an emerging market coalescing around new bound metal printing technologies.
The next two years are likely to go down in history as the time in which a global manufacturing revolution picked up speed, with even the historic leaders in polymer 3D printing now looking towards the metals segment as a strategic growth area. Stratasys and HP will enter the market in 2018 to compete with the newly formed GE Additive, the rapidly growing Renishaw, historic leader EOS, and a slew of other innovative newcomers with backgrounds ranging from laser manufacturing solutions (Trumpf) to pureplay additive startups (Desktop Metal) and more. It is clearly one of the most exciting times to be involved in the powder-based metal additive manufacturing market - an industry on the rise.
This report seeks to lay out a clear market trajectory based on the latest industry events and technological developments in metal AM for stakeholders in the industry ranging from machine manufacturers, to metal powder suppliers, to machine tool providers interested in additive manufacturing, to investors and major end users interested in potential acquisitions in the space.
Key Topics Covered:
Chapter One: Metal Additive Manufacturing in 2018 - An Industry on the Rise
1.1 Trailing Twelve-Month Review of Metal AM Market Activity
1.2 Key Trends in Metal AM Technology Shaping the Future of Manufacturing
1.3 Perspectives on Metal Additive Manufacturing Adoption by Industry
1.4 Regional Growth Perspectives in Metal AM
1.5 Summary of Market Forecasts and Growth Outlook in Metal Additive Manufacturing
Chapter Two: Metal Additive Manufacturing Technology Market Guide
2.1 Metal Powder Bed Fusion Technology
2.2 Powder-Based Directed Energy Deposition (Laser Cladding)
2.3 Bound Metal Printing (Binder Jetting, Bound Metal Deposition, etc.)
2.4 Metal Additive Manufacturing Hardware Market Competitive Analysis - Incumbents
2.5 Analysis of Hardware Market Major Players: Challengers
Chapter Three: Metal Additive Manufacturing Powder Supply-Chain Market Guide
3.1 Characterization of Metal Powders for Additive Manufacturing
3.2 Overview of Metal Powder Supply Chain in 2017
3.3 Metal Powder Production Methods for Additive Manufacturing Technologies
3.4 Analysis of Powder Supply Chain Players
Chapter Four: Metal Additive Manufacturing Application and Industry Adoption Market Guide
4.1 Steels in Additive Manufacturing
4.2 Cobalt Chrome
4.3 Titanium Alloys
4.4 Nickel Alloys
4.5 Aluminum Alloys
4.6 Refractory Metals - Tantalum, Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Niobium
4.7 Precious Metals and Other Metals
Chapter Five: Ten-Year Forecasts for Powder-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing - Hardware, Powders, and More
5.1 Forecast Methodology
5.2 Presentation of Key Market Metrics
5.3 Metal AM Hardware Forecast Data
5.4 Metal AM Powder Forecast Data
5.5 Metal Additive Manufacturing Software Opportunities
Companies Mentioned
- ATI Metals
- Alcoa/Arconic
- Carpenter
- GKN Hoeganaes
- H.C. Starck
- Heraeus
- Hgans
- Praxair Surface Technologies
- Sandvik
- US Metal Powders/AMPAL, Inc.
For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/mb3v6w/additive?w=4

subset: commoncrawl


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CHAMBERSBURG, Pa. — A former Blue Ridge Summit, Pa., man convicted of voluntary manslaughter in 2011 appeared in the Franklin County (Pa.) Court of Common Pleas again Thursday to ask for a new trial.
Michael Harrigan, 32, fatally shot his neighbor, Steven Wetzel, on May 27, 2010. Wetzel walked toward Harrigan's home about an hour after the two men had argued about noise.
Harrigan is serving a five-year sentence in state prison.
On Thursday, David J. Foster, Harrigan's appeals attorney, questioned him about issues that are the basis of a Post Conviction Relief Act petition.
Through Foster, Harrigan is asking President Judge Douglas Herman for a new trial based on three factors:
- The two trial attorneys allegedly told Harrigan that Wetzel's criminal history could not be mentioned during the trial, even though the judge ruled it could.
- The previous defense team did not utilize character witnesses during the trial, despite Harrigan's request to do so.
- The court did not instruct the jury that one of its possible verdicts could be involuntary manslaughter.
Harrigan's trial attorneys, Scott Rolle and James Reed, did not appear in court for the hearing. Neither Foster nor the Franklin County District Attorney's Office subpoenaed them.


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The latest report on Automotive Fuel Tank Cap market offers insightful information about the present scenario of the market across the globe. If paint cubicles usually are not correctly installed, then it is going to only lead to waste of effort, time and money. In the event you love your automobile, you will recognize Clyde's Vehicle Restore store for his or her quick response and the excellant work that they do. Designing automotive interiors has lengthy been in the shadow of exterior design, however this may be about to alter. Clearly most individuals attend automotive faculty in an effort to earn a certification that may help them discover work. Mechanics can become Automotive Service Excellence licensed, which implies they should go one of the forty exams provided and have roughly two years of labor expertise.
It is expected and inevitable that all automobiles do need to bear auto AC restore, brakes repair, transmission repair, engine restore and other car repair procedures even after the most stringent automotive diagnostics and upkeep procedures. If the technician lacks the appropriate tools, he might find yourself misdiagnosing your automobile and even inflicting extra harm. Wet the stain closely to organize it. Utilizing sandpaper sounds scary, however understand that you wish to calmly sand and not damage the paint end, so an 80-a hundred and twenty grit is advised.
Conducting a complete Automotive Marketing Analysis due to this fact proves to be helpful in the long term. We have now an unique shop devoted to … Read More . . .


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Pattern: Fat Bottom Bag by Julie Holetz from The Happy Hooker by Debbie Stoller.
Yarn: Bernat Handicrafter Cotton (no idea how this cotton differs in any way from Sugar and Cream or Peaches and Cream) in Hot Pink.
Other materials used: Leopard print stretch twill for lining, cotton Amy Butler print for fabric yo-yo flower, pink-and-brown argyle printed ribbon. Wooden handles "rescued" from thrift store bag.
From start to finish: Two days.
Pattern notes: Bag is worked side-to-side, and is very simple.
Modifications: I decreased a little more for the purse flap, because my handles were so much smaller than the ones reccomended in the pattern. I slip-stitched the handle flap closed around the handles instead of sewing them.
I love it when something is done so quickly that I don't even have time to post about it. Somehow, I always forget just how quickly crochet goes. I started the bag yesterday, and was done with it, embellishments and all, by this afternoon. Crazy.
One of my little sisters is turning 9 in a few days, and just so happens to be coming to visit, so she needed something extra special. When I was flipping through The Happy Hooker the other day, this bag stood out to me and I realized that I just had to work it up.
Let's take a quick look at the interesting construction of this bag.
First, it's crocheted sideways, with increases and decreases in the beginning and end to give it a little bit of a cupped shape.
I thought that I was doing something wrong until I was about half-way through, and then I "got" it. Aha. Right. It would have been helpful if the pattern notes mentioned the whole sideways thing.
Then you pick up stitches from each long edge, and bunch them up with single crochet decreases all along.
(That's obviously after I've only done one side.)
The directions say to break yarn after crocheting the handle flap, then go back to sew it down over the handle. I thought that was needless, since a good slip stitch can do the trick with a more "finished" looking result. And I had the crochet hook in my hand anyway, so...
The handles are much smaller than called for, but they were the only ones I could find at the thrift store -- attached to a rather ugly bag, and only a dollar!
Of course, I realize that crocheted and knitted objects have a tendency to stretch, and things can fall through and all, so I dove into my little fabric stash, and came up with this.
Can you see the little pocket? I added it to the lining before the lining was sewed into a pouch shape -- always much easier than trying to sew it in later!
I paid a lot of attention to the details when finishing this. All of my hemmed edges are folded under so there's no raw parts, no threads to come loose, and it all has a very clean effect.
On the outside (as you saw in the first picture), I created a fabric yo-yo flower and stitched it in place over some brown-and-pink argyle ribbon that I wove through the top of the bag.
I love every over-the-top girly feature of this bag. Rachel's birthday is always fun, because it's the only time that I really get to go all out "little girl" with my projects, and she appreciates them to the fullest. It only happens once a year, so I look forward to brainstorming each time. There is one or possibly two more things that will be created for her in the following days before she gets here next week.... and none of them involve knitting (gasp!)
Since this is a knitting blog, here's a pic of the Husband Socks, which, until yesterday, were taking a time-out for bad behavior.
They're back on the needles now, so I'll post progress soon.


text: Show 20 5 10 15 20 50 100 250 Sort by year (new to old) Actions News feed Embed this list Save this search Mark all Export Your filters: cql: keyword exact "hunter-gatherer" cql: author exact 802000792103 or (type exact bookEditor and editor exact 802000792103) Mark journalArticle A1 Hunter-gatherer responses to environmental change during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in the southern North Sea basin: final Palaeolithic-Final Mesolithic land use in northwest Belgium Philippe Crombé (UGent) , Joris Sergant (UGent) , Erick Robinson (UGent) and Jeroen De Reu (UGent) (2011) JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. 30(3). p.454-471


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Behind the big bang
"Standby to fire . . . Oakland A's . . . June 28th, 1997 . . . this is a two minute warning."
Headphones crackle with signals from inside the Coliseum where 21,000 people wait patiently. The game is over and Oakland lost, but nobody is leaving.
The lead pyrotechnician, clad head to toe in worn yellow firemen's protective clothing, bends over a table inside an empty rental truck in the parking lot behind center field. On the table, a thin box covered with electrical contacts sprouts thick cables that spill out the open cargo door onto the pavement and snake their way to 800 black tubes buried in sand and pointed at the sky.
"OK, we're in show-mode . . . cue one."
Three tubes erupt in orange fire and black smoke, sending three glowing points streaking 500 feet into the Northern California dusk. It is a clear night, with little wind. Suddenly, three huge spheres of tiny white beads explode above the stadium and the expectant crowd sighs with one voice.
"You're on your own," comes the command over the headphones from the operator in charge to the lead pyrotechnician, and, as the roar and glitz of the professional fireworks show erupts, all faces, young and old, are turned to the sky.
What is a patriotic tradition for Americans over the Fourth of July weekend is the biggest day of the year for the crew of the fireworks team. For 48 hours, these men and women have labored outside the Oakland Coliseum, carefully crafting a show that will last 20 minutes. And for them, it's a labor of love.
Behind romantic names like "Glittering Gem,"
"Titanium Salute" and the impressive "Eight-inch Diadem Chrysanthemum with Strobing Core and Rising Silver Tail" is an exacting science and a healthy respect for the power of fire.
The crew is divided into two groups: those with a license and those seeking to get one. It's not a simple task. To obtain the annually renewed "license for public display" as a pyrotechnic operator, the applicant must answer a dense 100-question test and have no fewer than five letters of recommendation from already licensed members. To transport materials for an event, a driver must have a special driver's license, also renewed annually, along with a medical statement.
James Howe, a Contra Costa County fireman, says that his pyrotechnic license and his firefighters badge are not necessarily a contradiction in terms.
It's clearly not about money. Howe works side by side with theatrical lighting designers, boilermakers, architectural engineers and carpenters, all for very little pay, to painstakingly build the set.
Long, low, wooden frames surround hundreds of tubes ( "mortars" ), held in place with sand dumped by a backhoe and packed smooth by willing hands. The fireworks themselves ( "the product" ) are brown paper-wrapped balls or canisters of varying widths.
These are each eased delicately into a tube of matching diameter that corresponds to a numbered position on a cue sheet. Every shell has a piece of thin electrical wire attached by hand to a long row of terminals mounted beside the frame and connected by cables to the firing station. For hours, the crew patiently and methodically wires the charges.
"Don't slide the boxes!" cries Jeff Thomas, operations manager for Pyro Spectaculars, Inc. of Rialto, San Bernardino County, a 100-year family business that has been contracted by Oakland A's management to put up the show.
"Sliding the heavy boxes creates friction and friction creates heat," he says. Crew members form bucket-brigades to carefully lift and move the seemingly endless pile of charges.
During a break, Dale Nelson, one of the licensed pyrotechnicians, wanders inside the stadium to watch the players practice and scoops up a home-run fly ball. Nelson knows fireworks. "Professional fireworks come from all over the world," he says. "Mexico, Spain, Italy, China, the United States . . . but Japan is the best, what Japan did for cars, they've done for fireworks."
Careful experimentation is the art form of the pyrotechnician. Mark Devon, a freelance chip designer in Santa Clara, describes the materials: "The "lift charge' is essentially Civil War-era rifle powder." To get the brilliant colors in the "burst charge," different chemicals are added for varying results.
"Strontium burns red," Devon explains, "barium is green, and copper will be blue."
Everyone on the crew is happy to share pyrotechnical lore. While the community is tightly knit, new members are welcomed and the extra help is always appreciated.
"We'll do 60 shows over the weekend of the Fourth of July," Jeff Thomas states, "There's never enough hands."
The glory of being in the driver's seat is not a source of conflict with the crew because with these folks, it's the show itself that matters.
Pausing a moment while wiring up a long row of sandbox-encased, high-density polyethylene mortars to a firing strip, Laury Smith, by day an engineer employed by Lockheed to oversee a multimillion dollar, Earth-imaging satellite project, names his favorite part of the show.
"When you can hear the audience "ooh' and "ahh' over the sound of the fireworks," he says quietly, gently attaching the lead wire of an 8-inch shell to a terminal. When the cue comes and a multicolored explosion erupts 1,000 feet overhead, that's just what happens, as it has for 222 years.<


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MTA Familiarisation Trip to Sungai Melaka courtesy of CEO Nazary
MTA/Perbadanan Pembangunan Sungai dan Pantai Melaka Familiarisation Programme
The MTA Fam programme is organised with the support from our members, friends and supporters. Initiated by Perbadanan Sungai Melaka CEO Nazary, it is part of MTA's promotional strategy to create greater awareness of Melaka tourism products and tourist destination magnet amongst our members.
Its main objective is to offer participating member a personal experience of the myriad attractions, tourist destinations, and products and services in Melaka within our membership roll; in order to help develop tour packages and generate publicity on the available members tourism products as a preferred destination for leisure and business.
As a result of the MTA Fam Programme, we received positive feed back and likes from the 40 pax of our participating members who took the time and effort to join us.
Many Thanks is also given to Perbadanan Pembangunan Sungai dan Pantai Melaka for the Dinner Treat in Restoran Melayu Melaka that followed our excursion.


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The history of the human race covers the entire period since man first appeared on earth. By about 4000 BC the accumulated knowledge and skills of the preceding thousands of years, combined with new discoveries of metals enabled man to live in urban societies. The emergence of this stage was a revolution in human history known as the metal age revolution. It led to the emergence of the first civilizations which are known as River Valley Civilizations. Such river valley civilizations were noted for the effective use of metal implements for Cultivation, weapons and domestic use.
The Bronze Age civilizations which flourished in different parts of the world between 5000 BC and 500 BC were
1. The Indus Valley civilization or the Harappan culture (3250 to 2750 BC)
2. The Tigris - Euphrates civilization of Mesopotamia, the modern Iraq (3500 BC to 1000 BC)
3. The Nile Valley Civilization in Egypt (4000-500BC)
4. The Hwang -Ho or the Yellow River civilization in China (3500-3000 BC)
The Nile Valley Civilization of Egypt:
Among the four civilizations of the Bronze Age, the civilization of Egypt which flourished in the valley of the Nile, is believed to be the oldest of which systematic records are available. The archaeologists were able to find huge pyramids, the mysterious sphinx, ruins of temples and tombs, furniture and clothing and even well preserved human bodies (Mummies). Egypt is known as the "daughter of Nile". Herodotus, the greek historian aptly called Egypt, "the gift of Nile". The Egyptian civilization was at its pinnacle of glory about 5000 years ago.
Political Condition
The people of ancient Egypt consisted of various tribes. The innumerable tribal chieftains (Nomes) were gradually merged into two kingdoms under strong kings. Later on entire Egypt was united under one Pharaoh. The Pharaohs were absolute monarchs. The kings were believed to have descended from Sun God. They lived in great luxury. The Pharaoh was the chief justice, chief priest and chief commander. After his death his body was preserved in the form of 'Mummy'. He had the power to declare wars and make treaties. The foremost among Egyptian kings of this period were Thutmosel andThutmose III. Emperor Thutmose III was known as the "Napolean of Egypt".
Socio - Economic Condition
The Egyptian society was composed of three classes namely the aristocracy, the middle class and the slaves. The slaves were forced to work for the construction of pyramids, temples, canals and dams. Generally speaking, the king and his lords were at the top in the social ladder. The priests and the nobles formed a privileged class. They lived a life of comfort. Merchants, artisans, small landowners formed the middle class of the society. The position of women was a unique one. They practiced monogamy and endogamy.
Agriculture was the main occupation. They introduced the process of irrigation by digging canals in basins. They knew the art of making several articles of metal particularly of bronze. Ship-building became an important trade, along with pottery and cloth weaving. Both internal and external trade were highly developed. Their main means of transport was navigation in the river Nile and the sea.
Religion dominated the political, economic, intellectual and social life of the Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians practiced polytheism. Their principal god was the Sun God, AmonorAtonor Ra; the other important gods and goddesses were Osiris, Isis and Horus. The images of these gods were carved out of big stones. They were shaped as partly human and partly animal. They believed that man would have a resurrected life and a trial by God. This religious belief inspired them to mummify their corpses and to construct pyramids (Tombs of the Pharaohs) to preserve dead bodies. The great pyramid of Gizeh built for the Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu) is 481 feet high. The preserved and embalmed dead body inside the tomb was called mummy. The mummy was placed in a wooden coffin and it was sealed in a stone box called Sarcophagus.
The Mummy case
In order to make the journey of the Pharaoh to the next world comfortable, food, clothing and furniture were placed inside the tomb. Pharoah Amenhotep IV, popularly known as Akhnaton enforced monotheism, with Aton as the only god to be worshiped by people. He also declared that he was against fighting and wars.
Art and Architecture
Egypt was the earliest home of art, architecture and sculpture. The pyramids and the sphinx are the most beautiful and wonderful specimens of their architecture and art. The sphinx is a mythological animal with the head of a man and body of a lion.
The Greek historian and the father of history Herodotus wrote that 30,000 men worked for 20 years to complete the structure of the pyramid of Pharoah Cheops (Khufu) at Gizeh. It is regarded as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The temple at Karnak is a fine monument.
The ancient writing of Egypt was known as Hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics is a Greek word, which means Holy picture. They first used a system of pictographs. There were more than 2000 pictograph symbols. Writing materials considered of papyrus, reed pen, ink and inkpot. Egyptian literature is predominantly religious in nature which included book of 'the dead' and 'coffin texts'. They also discovered the secrets of eclipses, movements of planets and prepared a solar calender. They calculated the days between floods in the Nile and fixed the solar year with 365 days. The cycle of Zodiac is a gift of Egyptians to the science of Astronomy and Astrology. They prepared star tables. Tremendous progress in the field of medicine and surgery were made. They were the first to introduce a decimal system and to develop geometry.
Trade and Commerce
Agriculture was the main occupation of the Egyptians. The Nile Valley became the centre of great economic activity. They carried on trade in ivory, gold, ebony, ostrich feathers and slaves with Nubia and Sudan. They imported spices, scents, colours, fine cloth and sandal from India. They learnt the art of making jewellery, glassware and furniture. The world is deeply indebted to them not only for their contribution to the civilization but also for their art and crafts. Thus Egypt made several unique and valuable contributions to the world.


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What a busy Month it has been and now we are already into the next one!
Here are a few pics of a commission giant Siamese pie Gent and some not so great photos ( bare with me I have evil cold) of my new toy, who had her debut on Saturday at the vintage Market, and with one sold already I think she was a success! So many more like her to come.


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What are some alternative words for dahl?
Synonyms for dahldɑl
This thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms, equivalent, same meaning and similar words for the term dahl.
Princeton's WordNet
pigeon pea, pigeon-pea plant, cajan pea, catjang pea, red gram, dhal, dahl, Cajanus cajan(noun)
tropical woody herb with showy yellow flowers and flat pods; much cultivated in the tropics
cajan pea, pigeon-pea plant, pigeon pea, red gram, dhal, catjang pea
cajan pea, pigeon pea, dahl(noun)
small highly nutritious seed of the tropical pigeon-pea plant
cajan pea, pigeon-pea plant, pigeon pea, red gram, dhal, catjang pea
Translations for dahl
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for dahl »
Find a translation for the dahl synonym in other languages:
Select another language:
Images & Illustrations of dahl
Discuss these dahl synonyms with the community:
Use the citation below to add these synonyms to your bibliography:
"dahl." Synonyms.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2019. Web. 19 Jan. 2019. <https://www.synonyms.com/synonym/dahl>.


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Tuesday, February 26, 2008
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2008 Feb
C. Lange1, M. P. Grobusch2, D. Wagner3
1 Klinische Infektiologie, Medizinische Klinik, Forschungszentrum Borstel2 Infectious Diseases Unit, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Südafrika3 Zentrum für Infektiologie und Reisemedizin, Medizinische Klinik, Universität Freiburg
Recently an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (MTB) strains have been described worldwide. The term XDR- (extensively drug-resistant) tuberculosis (TB) has been introduced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to characterize multi-drug-resistant MTB strains that are in vitro resistant against fluorochinolones and one of the injectible substances amikacin, capreomycin or kanamycin in addition to isoniazid and rifampin. Strains of XDR-MTB are currently increasingly seen in HIV-seropositive individuals with tuberculosis in southern Africa, where these strains are passed by person-to person contact. XDR-TB has become a serious problem for the health administrations in this region. In contrast, cases of XDR-TB are only rarely seen in Germany so far, mainly among the population of pre-treated migrants from eastern Europe. The development of rapid diagnostic tests for resistance testing and new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis has lacked support for several decades. The sudden emergence of XDR-MTB strains now warrants immediate action for the development of such tests and new classes of antibiotics to give all patients with TB a chance for a successful treatment.
Labels: amikacin, capreomycin, drug-resistant tuberculosis, fochinolones, kanamycin, pretreatment, XDR tuberculosis
Saturday, February 23, 2008
Detection and inhibition of bacterial cell-cell communication
Rice SA, McDougald D, Givskov M, Kjelleberg S.
Bacteria communicate with other members of their community through the secretion and perception of small chemical cues or signals. The recognition of a signal normally leads to the expression of a large suite of genes, which in some bacteria are involved in the regulation of virulence factors, and as a result, these signaling compounds are key regulatory factors in many disease processes. Thus, it is of interest when studying pathogens to understand the mechanisms used to control the expression of virulence genes so that strategies might be devised for the control of those pathogens. Clearly, the ability to interfere with this process of signaling represents a novel approach for the treatment of bacterial infections. There is a broad range of compounds that bacteria can use for signaling purposes, including fatty acids, peptides, N-acylated homoserine lactones, and the signals collectively called autoinducer 2 (AI-2). This chapter will focus on the latter two signaling systems as they are present in a range of medically relevant bacteria, and here we describe assays for determining whether an organism produces a particular signal and assays that can be used to identify inhibitors of the signaling cascade. Lastly, the signal detection and inhibition assays will be directly linked to the expression of virulence factors of specific pathogens.
PMID: 18287747 [PubMed - in process]
Labels: bacteria; bacterial cell; bacterial signaling; pathogens
Friday, February 22, 2008
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serious Infections: Mono or Combination Antimicrobial Therapy?
Curr Med Chem. 2008
Bassetti M, Righi E, Viscoli C.
Infectious Diseases Division, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy. email@example.com.
P. aeruginosa is a serious cause of infection with reported rates of mortality being up to 61%. Several studies evidenced a correlation between hospital mortality due to P. aeruginosa bloodstream infections and an inappropriate antimicrobial treatment. Increasing resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates complicates the selection of adequate empirical therapy in severe infections and P. aeruginosa is often indistinguishable from other gram-negative bacterial infections. For these reasons, present guidelines for the treatment of suspected P. aeruginosa bacteraemia recommend the rapid introduction of empirical antimicrobial therapy that includes at least one antipseudomonal agent until having microbiological results. Current consensus favours the use of empirical combination, balancing the potential for greater toxicity against the lower emergence of antimicrobial resistance and the greater killing that might be achieved by combination therapies acting synergistically. Advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy towards monotherapy for P. aeruginosa severe infections, current antibiotics used for P. aeruginosa severe infections and main studies published on this issue are reviewed.
PMID: 18289007 [PubMed - in process]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: combined treatment vs. monotherapy
Med Intensiva. 2007 Mar
Bodí M, Garnacho J.
Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Tarragona, España. firstname.lastname@example.com
Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, combination therapy, microbiological results.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen commonly encountered in clinical practice in critically ill patients. It is a serious cause of infection, associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy and delay in starting effective antimicrobial therapy is associated with worse prognostic. This microorganism is clinically indistinguishable from others forms of gram-negative bacterial infection. The rate of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa has increased in the last years. For these reasons, patients with Pseudomonas infection might receive empirical antibiotics that are inactive against Pseudomonas, especially before antibiotic susceptibility results become available. It remains controversial whether combination therapy, given empirically or as definitive treatment, for suspected Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is justifiable. In the present article, we aimed to review recent studies that have evaluated the impact of combination therapy on Pseudomonas infections outcome and we exhibit our point of view in this subject. It seems justifiable to start combination therapy with two antipseudomonal agents in patients with risk for Pseudomonas infection during the first 3-5 days, until having microbiological results. This combination therapy must be changed to monotherapy on the basis on the specific susceptibility pattern of the initial isolate. In cases without microbiological diagnosis and poor outcome, combination therapy will be maintained and other causes of infection will be studied. Multicentre prospective randomized trials in critically ill patients are needed to determine which antimicrobials combinations improve outcome in Pseudomonas infections.
Medicina Intensiva
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: how should we treat them?
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 N
van Delden C.
Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. email@example.com
Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains a major cause of bloodstream infections associated with high mortality. Adequacy of empirical therapy seems to influence outcome. Because of its high intrinsic resistance and its capacity to develop resistance during therapy, exposure to antimicrobial therapies frequently leads to subsequent P. aeruginosa bacteraemia with resistant isolates, increasing the risk of inadequate empirical therapy. Therefore empirical therapy should not include antimicrobial agents used in the last few months. Definitive combination therapy does not influence the prognosis of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia. Similarly, empirical combination therapy does not improve survival until receipt of the antibiogram. In contrast, empirical combination therapy does improve survival from the day of receipt of antibiogram to day 30. We therefore suggest that patients suspected of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia should receive empirical combination therapy until receipt of the antibiogram, followed by downgrading to an adequate monotherapy. This strategy might reduce mortality in P. aeruginosa bloodstream infections without exposing the patient to an excessive risk of adverse events. Antimicrobial therapies might select P. aeruginosa isolates with particular virulence phenotypes. The influence of specific virulence determinants on the prognosis of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia, as well as the potential benefit of virulence inhibition, deserves further investigation.
Labels: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Combination Antimicrobial; Mono Antimicrobial Therapy; Bacteraemia treatment; Combination therapy; microbiological results
Monday, February 18, 2008
Experts warn of potential dengue fever outbreak in the United States
David Morens, MD, and Anthony Fauci, MD, caution that dengue fever could pose a significant threat to the continental United States.
by Kirsten H. EllisIDN Staff Writer
February 2008
Dengue fever and its severe forms, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, are potential threats to residents of the continental United States, according to a recent commentary by leading health experts.
Public health officials need to be aware of the threat because no treatments or vaccines for dengue are currently available. Dengue fever is already present along the U.S.-Mexico border and in Puerto Rico.
"Clinicians should know how to identify and diagnose dengue fever. They need to be aware of dengue fever and where it can occur, which is theoretically anywhere in the United States for imported cases," David Morens, MD, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases senior advisor, told Infectious Disease News. "Dengue fever was a common occurrence in the past and could be again where mosquito vectors are present, particularly in urban areas."
Morens and Anthony Fauci, MD, director of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, wrote about the threat of dengue fever in the United States in a recent edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Reemergence of dengue fever
"In recent decades, dengue disease has followed vector expansion and dengue hemorrhagic fever, a deadly but poorly understood complication, has tended to follow," Morens and Fauci wrote in their commentary. "The combined effects of global urbanization and increasing air travel are expected to make dengue fever a growing international health problem for the foreseeable future."
Dengue fever is considered among the most important reemerging infectious diseases with an estimated 50 million to 100 million cases annually. WHO case estimates include 500,000 hospitalizations and 22,000 deaths each year, most of which occur in children.
In their commentary, Morens and Fauci outlined the background of dengue fever and the adaption and movement of its vector, Aedes aegypti, which already is established in much of the tropical and subtropical world. An alternative vector, Aedes albopictus, is spreading geographically into temperate climates, which could exacerbate the global dengue spread. Both mosquito species have been found in the United States.
"In 2001, the first dengue fever outbreak in Hawaii since World War II caused a lot of alarm, people got sick and there was great public concern," Morens said. "We talk about 'mild' dengue, but people with classic dengue fever would probably dispute the word 'mild.'"
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases allocated $33.2 million in 2007 for nearly 60 dengue research projects, including vaccine, diagnostic and therapeutic development and clinical vaccine trials.
Dengue questions abound
Dengue fever is complex and multiple factors confound scientific answers, including risks and the lack of understanding about pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.
Classic dengue fever symptoms are similar to those of influenza, but can confound diagnosis because symptoms are not predictive markers for disease severity, progression or hypotension. These variables make this virus complex and difficult to understand.
Risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome most often are associated with second dengue infections. However, dengue hemorrhagic fever in infants aged 5 to 8 months does not follow this pattern because the first, rather than the second infection, is more likely to progress beyond classic dengue. Risks for these more severe forms typically decrease with each subsequent infection, but this decrease also may depend on the virus serotype.
Other questions arise regarding vaccination development strategies because antibodies could decrease efficacy over time and vectors may develop resistance.
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' dengue research program includes the development of animal models to gain understanding of the basic mechanisms of infection. Researchers also are working to understand how dengue viruses elicit antibodies, which is key to unlocking the mode through which viruses infect host cells. Research is underway on biological markers to gain insight into predictors of whether dengue fever will develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
Researchers also are trying to determine what causes capillaries to leak plasma in people infected with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome and investigating a possible genetic susceptibility to infection. Promising dengue vaccines have already reached phase 2 safety and efficacy testing including inactivated, live attenuated, chimeric, subunit and DNA vaccines, Morens and Fauci wrote.
For more information:
Morens DM, Fauci AS. Dengue and hemorrhagic fever: a potential threat to public health in the United States. JAMA. 2008;299:214-216.
Infectious Disease News
Labels: Dengue fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; dengue shock syndrome; Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus
Saturday, February 16, 2008
An antidote for Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia?
Frank R. DeLeo and Michael Otto
F.R. DeLeo and M. Otto are at the Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
CORRESPONDENCE F.R.D.: firstname.lastname@example.com
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the leading cause of bacterial infections in the United States. Severe invasive MRSA infections, which include pneumonia, are difficult to treat because the bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. A new report now shows that immunization against -hemolysin (Hla), a cytolytic toxin secreted by most S. aureus strains, protects mice against lethal pneumonia. This finding represents the first successful vaccine strategy for the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia.
S. aureus is a leading cause of bloodstream, skin, soft tissue, and lower respiratory tract infections worldwide (1). In developed countries such as the United States, resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in MRSA is a major problem in hospitals and other healthcare settings. In these settings, S. aureus infections are primarily caused by MRSA and typically occur in individuals with risk factors for disease, such as those who are immunocompromised or have had surgery. Notably, the incidence rate of all invasive MRSA infections, including those outside of hospitals, is high compared with other bacterial pathogens (31.3 per 100,000 individuals), and 20% of these infections result in death (2). Although bacteremia is the most prevalent condition during invasive disease caused by MRSA, pneumonia ranks second and occurs in 13.3% of all invasive infections (2).
In contrast to S. aureus infections acquired in healthcare settings, community-associated S. aureus infections, which in the United States are also caused primarily by MRSA, occur in otherwise healthy individuals. The majority of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections are treatable infections of skin and soft tissue (3), but some infections lead to severe invasive disease (4). CA-MRSA was first reported in the late 1990s, when pneumonia was the third most prevalent syndrome, occurring in 13.5% of infected children (5). The most prevalent CA-MRSA isolate, known as USA300, accounts for up to 97% of all CA-MRSA infections (6).
Past efforts to generate an effective vaccine against S. aureus have thus far been unsuccessful. A new report by Wardenburg and Schneewind on page in this issue (7) shows that immunization with the S. aureus virulence factor Hla protects mice from an otherwise lethal S. aureus infection.
Virulence factors and immune evasionS. aureus encodes a remarkable repertoire of virulence factors. These molecules promote host colonization, facilitate evasion of the human innate immune system, and alter immune responses (for review see reference 8). For the purposes of this commentary, we will limit our discussion to a few S. aureus surface molecules, some of which have been used previously as vaccine targets.
Human neutrophils are a primary cellular defense against bacterial infections. Previous studies have shown that host opsonins, such as serum complement and antibody, play a major role in the phagocytosis of S. aureus by neutrophils (9–11). S. aureus makes several molecules, including protein A, serotype 5 or 8 capsular polysaccharide (CP5 or CP8), and clumping factor A (ClfA), which inhibit phagocytosis (12–14). But despite the bacteria's efforts to evade neutrophils, normal human serum contains a sufficient number of opsonins to promote their rapid uptake by these cells (15). The majority of clinical isolates, including USA300, encode ClfA and CP5 or CP8 (14). Because antibodies specific for CP5 or CP8 enhance phagocytosis, CP5 and CP8 have been evaluated extensively as vaccine antigens (16–18). In the end, however, S. aureus vaccines designed to enhance bacterial uptake have had limited success.
One possible reason for this outcome is the lack of correlation between uptake of the bacteria by neutrophils and their subsequent destruction. For instance, the most prominent CA-MRSA isolates survive relatively well inside neutrophils, probably in part because of their ability to resist the effects of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial peptides (19, 20). The neutrophils, on the other hand, undergo rapid lysis after uptake of these strains (Fig. 1) (15, 21). The ability of S. aureus to survive after phagocytosis has lead some to suggest that neutrophils could be a vector for disseminating bacteria (22, 23). S. aureus can also persist inside macrophages for several days, ultimately causing the death of the cells in a process that depends on Hla (24).
Because uptake does not necessarily correlate with the killing of S. aureus, high titers of anticapsule antibodies, which facilitate uptake, may not protect against disease. This notion is not new, as it has long been known that virtually all humans have circulating antistaphylococcal antibody, and yet some still become infected (25). The idea that antibodies against the bacterial capsule may not provide protection was borne out in two unsuccessful phase III clinical trials designed to test the efficacy of active immunization against the S. aureus antigens CP5, CP8, and ClfA (26).
Hla, a pore-forming cytolytic toxin that assembles as a heptameric β-barrel structure in the plasma membrane of susceptible cells, is arguably the most widely studied S. aureus toxin (for review see reference 27). The toxin is known to cause destruction of a wide-range of host cells, including erythrocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes. Hla gained notoriety in 1928 when it was implicated in the deaths of 12 Australian children who had received a diphtheria toxoid vaccine that was later found to be contaminated with an Hla-producing S. aureus strain (27). Although anti-Hla antibody therapy was studied intensively, interest in this approach waned during the antibiotic era. S. aureus encodes numerous other extracellular cytolytic toxins, including -hemolysin, -hemolysin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), leukocidin D/E, a leukocidin homologue (LukM/F'-PV), and the newly described phenol-soluble modulin-like peptides (28). The relative contribution of Hla to human disease as compared with these other virulence factors is not known, in part because susceptibility to Hla varies among different animal species.
A vaccine approach for treatment of S. aureus pneumonia. Until now, vaccination against Hla has not been tested in an S. aureus pneumonia model. In this issue, Wardenburg and Schneewind show that immunization against Hla prevents S. aureus pneumonia (7). The authors first show that the severity of lung disease in mice correlates with the levels of Hla produced by a particular S. aureus isolate (7). These findings are consistent with a recent study from the same group demonstrating that Hla is important for the pathogenesis of CA-MRSA pneumonia (29).
In the new study, mice were immunized with a nonpore-forming Hla variant, HlaH135L, and challenged intranasally 3 wk later, a protocol that typically induces lethal pneumonia (29). Immunization with HlaH135L protected 90–100% mice against all S. aureus strains tested (7). Vaccine-induced protection correlated directly with reduced inflammation and less severe destruction of lung tissue. Passive immunization with Hla antibody 24 h before intranasal challenge with S. aureus also protected animals against an otherwise lethal intranasal challenge with CA-MRSA or an antibiotic-sensitive S. aureus strain (7).
Antibodies against Hla also protected human lung epithelial cells from S. aureus–induced lysis (7). Although these results indicate that Hla contributes to lung tissue destruction, it is not yet clear whether the animals' death resulted from direct destruction of lung cells by the toxin, from an excessive inflammatory response, or from both. Passive transfer of Hla antibodies significantly reduced circulating levels of interleukin 1β, a cytokine known to accompany acute lung injury. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the inflammatory response may contribute to Hla-mediated lung damage (Fig. 2).
A role for other toxins?
There has been considerable debate about whether another S. aureus toxin, PVL, is essential for CA-MRSA virulence. In their report, Wardenburg and Schneewind found that, unlike antibodies specific for Hla, antibodies specific for PVL did not protect mice against S. aureus pneumonia (7). This finding was consistent with an earlier study by this group, which also suggested that PVL is not required for CA-MRSA–induced pneumonia in mice (29).
This result appears to conflict with earlier data suggesting an essential role for PVL (30). But that study relied on laboratory strains of S. aureus that overexpressed PVL, thus clouding the physiological significance of these findings. Indeed, studies conducted using animal models of CA-MRSA disease have unanimously suggested that PVL is dispensable for bacterial virulence (21, 29). Recent work has, however, highlighted the potential importance of other virulence factors in CA-MRSA disease (28, 29).
Bacterial toxins as vaccine targetsThere are numerous examples of successful vaccination against bacterial toxins, including botulinum, diphtheria, and tetanus toxins. However, these toxins are known to be the primary causative agents of disease induced by their respective organisms. In contrast, S. aureus produces many toxins, and it has been generally accepted that no single S. aureus extracellular molecule can trigger disease on its own. This idea is called into question by the finding that Hla alone is required for S. aureus pneumonia (7, 29). The high level of infections caused by the S. aureus isolate USA300 and the abundance of Hla produced by this strain in vitro suggest that targeting Hla during invasive CA-MRSA infections may be a promising therapeutic approach.
AcknowledgmentsThis article was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
Journal of Experimental Medicine
Labels: Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); hemolysin (Hla); cytolytic toxin; immunization
Vaccine protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia
Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg1,2 and Olaf Schneewind1
1 Department of Microbiology and 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
CORRESPONDENCE Olaf Schneewind: firstname.lastname@example.com
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia causes significant mortality in hospitalized or healthy individuals, and recent increases in morbidity are attributed to the rapid spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, which are often not susceptible to antibiotic therapy. -Hemolysin (Hla), a secreted pore-forming toxin, is an essential virulence factor of MRSA in a mouse model of S. aureus pneumonia. We show that the level of Hla expression by independent S. aureus strains directly correlates with their virulence. Active immunization with a mutant form of Hla (HlaH35L), which cannot form pores, generates antigen-specific immunoglobulin G responses and affords protection against staphylococcal pneumonia. Moreover, transfer of Hla-specific antibodies protects naive animals against S. aureus challenge and prevents the injury of human lung epithelial cells during infection. Thus, Hla vaccination or immunotherapy may prevent S. aureus pneumonia in humans.
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Labels: vaccine; Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia; alpha-Hemolysin; Hla (Hla(H35L)); mmunotherapy; immunoglobulin G
Sunday, February 03, 2008
A New Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of In Vitro-cultured Bacteria By Means of Resonance Light Scattering Technique.
Jan 2008
Shi YJ, Chen J, Xu M.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, P.R. China.
A new method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of in vitro-cultured bacteria on an ordinary fluorescence spectrometer was developed. The viable bacteria reduced 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to produce insoluble particles that displayed intense resonance scattering light (RSL). The assay showed a linear relationship between the number of viable bacteria and the intensity of resonance scattering light. Dead bacteria were unable to reduce MTT. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to flavonoids from Marchantia convoluta showed a flavonoids concentration-dependent inhibition of the ability to reduce MTT. In the assay, less than 12 h were required to attain susceptibility results and fewer bacteria were utilized than in traditional methods.
The RLS technique could, in combination with the MTT assay, be a rapid and sensitive measuring method to determine the in vitro activity of new antimicrobials.
PMID: 18239427 [PubMed - in process]
Labels: Antimicrobial Susceptibility; In Vitro-cultured Bacteria; Resonance Light Scattering Technique; antimicrobials


text:
His Paper
Kaitlin McGoldrick
Western Civilization I
October 7th, 2012
During the 1300s, a plague epidemic swept through Europe ruining everything in its path. Not a soul knew this horrible disease was about to turn their world upside down, but when it did there was no turning back. There was no getting back to their normal lives when this disaster hit. To me this is one, if not the most, terrible plague epidemics to hit the European countries. This horrible epidemic was called the Black Death. Researchers have spent decades studying and searching for answers. One answer they came to find was that this exact plague alone was responsible for killing over a third of the population. Europeans all over reacted and responded in so many different ways. Most did not know how to take the fact that their lives will never be the same after this pandemic swept through, and then some considered this a new beginning, a way to start over fresh and change their lives around.
To understand the Black Death a little more, one might need background information. The name "Black Death" is a recent name that was recently given to this horrible epidemic. The original names for the Black Death were "The Great Mortality" or "The Pestilence." The name "The Black Death" came from a mistranslation of the Latin word 'atra' meaning both 'terrible' and 'black'[1]. Around October 1347 the Black Death reached Europe in Caffa and Constantinople parts of the Black Sea. Citizens that were waiting on 12 Genoese trading ships, which were to be docked at the port, first discovered the disease. To the citizens surprise most of the men on the ships were dead, and those that were still alive were deathly ill. The men were told to be suffering with a high fever, unable to eat and what they could keep down they threw it back up. They were delirious from all the pain and suffering, and scariest of all they were all covered in mysterious black boils that had blood and pus oozing out of them on their necks, in their armpits, and in their groin area. They soon worsened and began coughing up blood, and the ones that were alive died within the next few days.[2] Thinking that if they sent the ships back out to harbor the rest of the citizens would be safe from this horrific plague, but little did they know it was too late.[3] Over the next two to three years the plague spread rapidly all over Europe. Before the Black Death hit the population during the early 1300s was approximately 70-100 million, but the after affect is extremely shocking. We are led to think that the plague caused around 25-60 million European deaths alone. This is not including all that was killed in the east where the disease first started. In my own personal opinion if I was a historian I would have to research why the sick people were sent back to sea after having citizens in contact with them. You would think that they would at least try to help, and maybe try to find cures. But I could also see it from the people's perspectives, I would not want to be getting in contact with these sick men if I knew there was a possible chance I could lose my life. I do not think that people during this time period had the capability to think about the outcome. The outcome being you have already been in contact with these ill men, and not only are you at risk of getting deathly sick, but you're at risk of putting tons of other people in the same position.
Before they knew it the disease was spreading like wildfire, and the people had no idea what to think. The healthiest people could go to bed at night thinking that they were going to wake up and be just fine, but most of them never even had the chance to wake up. They soon realized that sending those ships back out to sea did not help them at all. People were dying off left and right and no one seemed to know why. No one, not even the doctors during this time could figure out why this was happening....
Bibliography: Benedictow, Ole J. "The Black Death" History Today 55.3 (2005): 42-49
Rosenhek, Jackie. "Doctors of the Black Death." Doctor 's Review. N.p., Oct. 2011. Web. .
[6] Benedictow, Ole J. "The Black Death" History Today 55.3 (2005):42-49
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Game of TarcEveryone was posting about their results, how satisfied/ dissatisfied about it. Haha, but im gonna blog about the process of checking the result. Errrr, i have no idea how other college students find out their results, but for Tarc, we are checking our results from our intranet. Oh gosh! This was the most agitated method ever! You wont experience kind of thing during our schooling time, i mean primary/secondary. We were just need to take a deep breath and check out the marks of the examination paper that distributed by our teacher those times. Even pmr and spm, the nervous thing will only occur for only few seconds which is the time for you to take the result paper and take a view for your whole result. But then this online checking thingy is totally different! First, when the day of releasing result was announced, everyone was waiting about it. And when the day arrived, gosh! like today, i purposely wake up early in the morning (which i believe most of them do), the first thing i do were to on my laptop before even brush my teeth& wash my face, my eyes were still half closing somemore. Then, too bad the result wasn't updated and everyone was complaint about it. From 9 something till 10 something, this was the harsh time ever! Im not nervous at first but waiting like this makes me feel like dying. My heart was seriously beating darn fast! And then while im giving up and were to off my laptop, i received couple of msg saying that results were updated. Okay, so this is the most gan jeong moment, everyone will like fighting for the line as the intranet will be super duper vegetable lag when over thousand of students are accessing it. So you will need to refresh Refresh and REFRESH again, i felt my heart stop beating seriously for few seconds, lols, its-not-fun, and words like this will came out from my mouth, "Idiot line" "Ooi, faster larr" "Deng!!" zzzzz, the whole gan jeong process was to only get to know our own result. Syok pun, but this game is not recommended for those who having sakit jantung.
p/s: reading this post might also cause you sakit jantung XDDD i mean sakit hati as you will feel like boxing me.


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|Children's television programs
Video recordings for the hearing impaired
Children's films
Juvenile works
Fiction Juvenile drama
Fiction Juvenile films
Juvenile films
Teatro juvenil
|Named Person:
|Scooby-Doo, (Fictitious character)
|Material Type:
|Primary school, Videorecording
|Document Type:
|Visual material
|All Authors / Contributors:
Casey Kasem; Frank Welker; Mindy Cohn; Grey DeLisle; Warner Home Video (Firm)
|1595360107 9781595360106
|OCLC Number:
|Language Note:
|English dialogue, English, French or Spanish subtitles; closed-captioned.
|Theme music, Simple Plan.
|Voices: Casey Kasem, Frank Welker, Mindy Cohn, Grey DeLisle.
|Target Audience:
|MPAA rating: Not rated.
|1 videodisc (approximately 87 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in.
|DVD, region 1, full screen (1.33:1) presentation; Dolby Digital stereo.
|Pompeii & circumstance --
Large dragon at large --
It's all Greek to Scooby-Doo --
Ready to scare.
|Other Titles:
|Ghosts on the go
What's new Scooby-Doo? (Television program)
|Warner Bros. Animation ; Warner Bros. Television ; Cartoon Network ; Hanna-Barbera Productions ; Warner Bros.
In Ghosts on the go the gang crosses the Atlantic Ocean and takes on Europe! They attend a Renaissance Fair, where a dragon interrupts their fun. In Greece, an ancient myth apparently comes to life because of a medallion Shaggy is wearing. The gang's Italian vacation is interrupted by misdeeds in the ancient city of Pompeii, leading to an ominous visit into the mouth of the not so dormant Vesuvius. The gang goes to Paris to see Daphne's cousin become a model, but only to discover she's been abducted by a giant gargoyle.
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- Scooby-Doo -- (Fictitious character)
- Scooby-Doo (Fictitious character) -- Fiction -- Juvenile drama.
- Scooby-Doo (Fictitious character) -- Fiction -- Juvenile films.
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- Scooby-Doo (Fictitious character) -- Fiction.
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text: At Workout Warriors, I have a few sayings I believe in and say to my athletes. The one most honored is "Seven times down, Eight times Up ! " or in Japanese this can be pronounced two ways. One is "shichi ten hakki". The other is "nana korobi ya oki".


text:
Here at Storm Group, we love sharing our knowledge with others. We're homeowners much like you, and we pride ourselves on the beauty of our homes. We also know that protecting our home investment at a reasonable cost is important, and one way to achieve that is to prevent water damage by installing high-quality gutters and gutter guards. Every year that we've been in business, we help more and more homeowners to understand that benefits of gutter protection, and we enjoy helping protect our communities.
In our numerous consultations with homeowners, we have found commonly asked questions about gutters and gutter covers, so below are answers to those questions. We hope it helps you in your learning process, and we look forward to speaking with you in person to discuss your unique home gutter needs.
Gutter Installation
What are the benefits of seamless gutters over standard gutters?
The short answer is "no leaks." Having one long run of gutters means one long and smooth path for the water to flow – versus standard gutters that are installed in shorter sections. Those shorter sections are bound together by seams, and water has the potential to leak into those seams, and then onto the ground around your home foundation, which can cause water damage unknown to you. Plus our seamless design means that the gutter is stronger as one solid piece than it would as smaller, pieced-together sections. With that integrity, our gutter systems are far more resistant to the expansion and contraction that happens with our Minnesota freezing and warming cycles, and strong winds have very little impact with the superior design of seamless gutters in Minneapolis and Twin Cities climates.
Will the gutters match my house?
Yes – in fact, the appearance is amazing. Storm Group Gutters will measure the exact length you need for precisely tailored custom lengths, AND will match the exact color scheme of your home's fascia and soffit. A lot of lesser quality gutters are simply slapped up in a "close enough" fashion, without matching color, but Storm Group Gutters prides ourselves on precision designs and with hundreds of styles and colors that complement your home's appearance to greatly enhance its' curb appeal and home value.
What are Storm Group's seamless rain gutters made from?
We use durable aluminum gutter materials. Aluminum is the most popular type of gutter on the market today, since it combines strength with affordability. We have found that it can withstand the Minnesota elements better than vinyl, and won't rust over time like traditional steel gutters in Minneapolis and the Twin Cities often-wet environment.
Can I buy gutters at a local hardware store?
While hardware stores may sell residential gutters, most are cheaper vinyl lengths that you'd need to cut to exact lengths yourself with specialty tools, set aside a block of time to climb a ladder and adhere your hand-cut gutters to your roof, hope that the seams don't leak, and that they can withstand the often harsh Minnesota conditions or years to come. And in most cases, only a few colors are available. We've had customers that tried attempting gutter installation on their own, and confessed that they wish they'd have invested just a little more for higher quality, and to have it professionally installed, color-matched, and custom fit.
What colors are available for your seamless rain gutters?
Since we offer hundreds of styles and colors, there's a very high probability that we have the color that perfectly blends with the rest of your home. And, since we also happen to be experts in siding and roofing, we can also install a custom-matched soffit and fascia to coordinate perfectly with the gutters. This visual "facelift" can really make your home the envy of the whole block.
How much does gutter installation cost?
Gutter cost depends on the custom lengths needed for your home. We do provide a no-obligation estimate site visit, so call us to arrange an easy appointment to give you an exact figure.
Is there a warranty for your gutters?
Yes – we believe that your gutter system should provide years of stress-free protection, and we offer a 20-year warranty on all Storm Group Gutters.
If you'd like to learn more about all the available gutter options for your home, please contact us today at (612) 251-6938. We enjoy informing our customers about the variety of products we represent, install, and support, and will be happy to answer any questions you may have about our seamless rain gutters.
Gutter Guards
Why do I need a gutter guard?
Gutter guards are designed to place a barrier over your gutter trough to prevent leaves and other debris from the roof from entering the gutter trough where the water ought to flow unimpeded. Over time, leaves that collect and clog the gutters prevent water from flowing in the gutters to the downspout and away from your home. Unfortunately, clogged gutters can cause a host of problems; water needs to go somewhere, and it usually shoots over the clogged gutter onto the ground below – right next to your home's foundation. A concentrated area of forcefully dripping water right by your home can create water damage in the form of leaky basements, carpet and drywall damage needing replacement, wood rot, mold, insect infestation, and more. At Storm Group Gutters, we feel that the type of high-performance gutter protection that we offer is well worth the investment in preventing these potential hazards.
Are there different types of gutter protection?
Yes, there are different names for it, like gutter helmet, leafguard, gutter king, and other types of leaf guards for gutters – some of which have trademarked names, some not – but overall the concept is the same: attempt to shield your gutters from leaves and debris so that water flows freely into the downspout and away from the house.
As you may have read on our Gutter Guards pages, we proudly install Xtreme Gutter Guard and Berger LeaFree gutter covers for what we have tested as the best gutter protection on the market today. We've chosen these brands because of our own uncompromisingly high standards for build quality, and actual effectiveness. The amazing Xtreme Gutter Guard, for instance, provides maximum rejection of leaves, grit, pine needles, etc. – all the while able to withstand an incredible 60 gallons of water per minute flowing freely into a clean gutter system. Please know that not all gutter covers are created equal – we'd be happy to meet with you to show you the difference and discuss your options.
How much does gutter guard installation cost?
Gutter guard installation cost depends on the length of gutters that you have, the style you'd need, and a few other factors depending on tree coverage, etc. We're happy to report that our service has been praised in many reviews as "affordable," "extremely reasonable," and "way better than other quotes." See for yourself – contact us today to get a no-obligation quote.
Will gutter covers affect the appearance of my gutters or home?
No – since the covers are installed carefully and cleanly on top of the gutter, our gutter guards' attractive appearance actually enhances your home's look while preventing costly water damage.
Other than potential water damage, why else would I need gutter covers?
Without some type of gutter protection, leaves and other gunk can clog up your gutters every Fall and Spring. Some people don't mind climbing the ladder and spending a few hours on a precious Saturday grabbing smelly gunk out of the gutters, but if you don't, you'll be happy to know that at Storm Group Gutters, we offer gutter cleaning service at your convenience. That said, many customers have found that having high performance gutter guards installed is a better long-term investment that offers better protection against water damage.
If you're curious about how Storm Group Gutters can help you with a new gutter installation, gutter repair, gutter cleaning, or high-performance gutter guards, give us a call today for a no-obligation consultation and estimate from one of our friendly staff at (612) 251-6938.


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amazon.com shopping online - An Overview
Product specs are obtained from 3rd functions, and whilst we make every exertion to assure the precision of solution data, we don't assume any legal responsibility for inaccuracies.
And why not kick it off with the most important amongst all: Amazon.com. To be genuine, often we really forget about Amazon.
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And Portion of it needed to do with creating the online expertise much more like an in-retail outlet shopping trip. A lot of web pages geared on their own towards individuals who choose to attempt just before they get. Though Web shoppers technically need to purchase the product initially, web sites for example Zappos, which makes a speciality of footwear, and Piperlime, which sells outfits and components, offer free shipping on returns. If you buy it, try out it and do not like it, being forced to return the merchandise is much less of a priority. Other suppliers try to make it less complicated for purchasers to obtain the appear and feel of a product with out basically managing the goods. Sears.com and Gap.com permit consumers to zoom way in on merchandise to examine their texture and shade up shut. Some others which include Bed, Bath & Over and above and purchase.com attribute item films that allow shoppers to see, by way of example, a grill cleaner in action.
Amazon.in, with it exhaustive collection of garments for women online, is likely to make the best shopping spot For each and every fashionista. Featuring organised classes and the most recent trend tendencies, the online retail outlet is certain to make your online shopping experience a memorable 1.
A great deal of goods is currently only offered When you are a chief member. I don't use it ample to justify purchasing a membership. A billion greenback organization gouging the wallet of each day men and women. Guess I'll expend my funds in other places. Entire Evaluation John Shin December thirteen, 2017
Its the worst shopping working experience with amazon.they do not supply product after which textual content as deliverd it absolutely was flash solution the courier dude failed to give the merchandise.twenty five phone calls i had created after that and continue to i obtained absolutely nothing. Fellas Will not store with this particular e shopper.You can keep on repenting
This permits clients to never ever depart their Twitter feed along with the merchandise is expecting them here whenever they Visit the Amazon Internet site.[123]
How come I really need to click things pretty much five-6 times to have them to actually simply click? Why did you put off the slider program? This application is awful.
This innovative deal with instantly puts your Kindle Voyage to rest when it is closed and wakes it upon opening, making it simple to leap back into your books. Crafted from quality pure leather and colour-matched microfiber inside, your go over shields your get more info Kindle Voyage and retains your screen thoroughly clean. Fingers-absolutely free Reading Whether you are reading through in your own home or when on the move, our Origami cover stands your Kindle Voyage in portrait orientation... Much less
be sure to get click here it done improved....plzzzzzzzzz upgrade the app becoz i can't upload the images for amazon.com shopping online opinions and also browsing issue... SO Plzzzzzzzzz fixx it initially as soon as possible.. Complete Evaluation Muneer Shaik December 24, 2017
Amazon puts all of its day more info by day offers right into a Gold Box. Check the These days's Bargains webpage to accessibility these everyday discounts and obtain constrained-time personal savings of as many as eighty% off decide on goods, Discount codes to instantly clip and entry to Lightning Offers.
I really have to pressure the app to halt to have it to open all over again. Other situation is sometimes I really have to push the 'include to cart' button various moments until finally it is additional to my cart. If minimal things such as that we're fastened, It might be fantastic!
The application by itself is unresponsive and crashes frequently. Usually I get so mad making an attempt to get the app to operate I just hand over and buy whatsoever it truly is from some other place.


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FDA and acai berry trial will track the companies' responses to the warning letters and take further action as needed. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an extremely easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in.
We believe injecting HCG is the best method to give you the most precise dose. We want one to be conscious that HCG cannot be obtained with out a physician's prescription. Despite a doctor's prescription a few of the HCG products sold on the net are made in China along with other foreign nations in unregulated laboratories.
This helped me comprehend that the daily plan of what I'll eat (not simply whatever is in my eyesight) is crucial (then and now). HCG can be utilized as a drug for female infertility &low sperm count. Iwill close this creature of a place with a few FAQ's about HCG for those who are wondering what it's all about.
Submit your information, get your calorie goal and try it. Weigh and measure your food and monitor everything. Because you've signed up on holistic health use the tools it provides. Haven't done it but a friend of a friend did and got all plus more back.
If you try to browse through the company's web site, you'll find a way to get the program in a discount. The program is quite expensive though at a cost of $99. Also, additionally, it stabilizes your metabolism hence which makes it easier for you not to gain that unwanted weight back. 99 per 21-day strategy.
calories is exactly what you need days 3 — 23 as a VLC or a very low calorie diet. The hormone HCG causes chemical changes within your brain that enables the body to speed up your metabolism and reset to a brand new amount which will burn fat quicker/better.
This restriction can be extremely difficult for most people to adhere to. If, however, you can maintain the 500-calorie condition for the required amount of time it is quite potential to attain significant weight reduction consequences.
The end result is your body using thousands of calories of fat from the body every day, the reason HCG dieters lose 1 to 2 lbs. It is common that HCG dieters feel like they are stuffing themselves in order to accomplish that 500 calorie limit! As I look at my hcg weight loss before and after pictures I cannot consider it is the same individual.
Generally speaking, diets often possess variability that doesn't address a change in metabolism. With this one I got a personal doctor following me the whole way. I have a gastric band and it has caused me problems.
It's the natural means by which our proficient expert staff prepares with you and executes an hCG diet tailored to your own particular body chemistry. An HCG drops conversion table is also available in producer 's site.
While the gains of the hormone could be reaped by either sex, males really often lose up to 50% more weight per day using the same hcg weight loss results before and After diet. Since being utilized for weight reduction over 50 years ago, the hormone has been noticed in its ability to greatly help develop better body composition and spill fat at precisely the same time.
They have a practice in my area and answered e-mail communication but that was a month or two ago. It has additionally been outlawed by the fda and company's selling it upon the net have been put on notice. Very pleased so started eating unmanageable and my appetite was though the roof.
At your first visit, you may proceed through a medical interview and simple physical examination that may determine whether the HCG diet is appropriate for your own health. For more information about the exceptionally successful HCG diet call Only HCG at 714 312 6837 or visit our site at www. Through the four years I've been administering the hCG Protocol to my patients, I haven't recorded one long-term side effect.
HCG has worked for tens of thousands of patients and it may meet your needs too. Reviews, testimonials, results- whatever you would like to call it- hear the stories of regular folks losing weight with hCG and keeping it away. The program includes a full medical assessment and recommendations for caloric intake, HCG injections and regular patient observation throughout the plan.
The prescription HCG is more powerful and thus more effective at not only causing weight loss but at reprogramming the hypothalamus for long lasting effects. Our lifestyle and wellness counselling services support long-term weight loss success together with the HCG diet. Prescription HCG is more potent and so more efficient at not only causing weight loss but at reprogramming the hypothalamus for long lasting effects.
The corpus luteum, a part of the ovary, is essential in keeping creation of progesterone, an essential element of pregnancy. The software we create for you is developed and executed to deal with your particular needs.
The high quantities of hCG which are produced during pregnancy don't have any negative impacts on the mom's own body. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a pregnancy hormone that's made by the embryo soon after conception. If so, we've got good news for you -your weight loss challenge may not be your fault.


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Weighing in at an impressive 479 grams, these aluminium platform pedals are strong yet light, making them an excellent all-round caged clipless pedal. This version comes in Steve Peat's custom colours. One of the greatest pedals of all time for one of the greatest riders of all time.
Concave platform for secure foothold
Traction pad technology customisable interface
Ribbed body for better traction when unclipped
Chamfered edges to reduce rock-strikes
Four-sided entry and superior mud shedding
Customisable float & release angle
Hex alloy end cap
Premium bearings & double seal system
We will happily refund any item purchased on Wiggle if returned to us within 365 days; excluding Wiggle gift vouchers, nutrition and customised products, except when faulty.
Please note: Bikes and other bulky items cannot be returned using our local returns service (where applicable). Please contact us and we can arrange to collect these from you using our discounted courier rates. There is a fee for all collections, except for faulty products.Returned goods must be unused and supplied with their original packaging, unless the goods are faulty. Wiggle will pay the return postage costs for any faulty items.


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I think everyone has had this problem at least one time. The issue of re-downloading the game when you hit the play button… It happens mostly for no reason and usually with your favorite games… This guide will show you how to fix this issue with the Steam Re-downloading Glitch 2017.
I think most of you find it very annoying to wait a while to play a game which is already on your system. It usually is a substantial amount GB's to download and it bothers me a lot. When googling this issue there is information to be found, however most of it is outdated and just mentions "verify game data", this mostly means that you still would have to re-download the game. To me this is not a solution and here I will share my solution to you.
Three main issues.
- If you have moved your steam data to a new hard drive or pc, also you would have to change the directory in your Steam settings. This is because steam otherwise cannot find your games anymore.
- If you use an external hard drive to store your games and it disconnects for no reason. Again Steam then thinks there is a problem with your files.
- Finally, it could also be a internet disconnection issue or even the hard drive got disconnected when you were updating your game. This will be followed by corrupted files in your update process.
With the first two issues it can be an easy fix, LUCKY YOU! Overall with the third issue there is no other way then verifying the game data and if needed you would have to re-download the full game. Untill so far I couldn't find a workaround with corrupted files since they would have to be replaced with the proper ones. With the first two issues I can be of help with a less time costly fix.
- The first thing you should do is close steam, since it cannot be opened during the process.
- Secondly, go to the steamapps folder, the default one being:
c:\Program Files (x86)\steam\steamapps
- Now you should look for the App manifest logs, this is used to log everything which happens in Steam. Which games you have, which ones are fully updated etc. It usually looks like this:
- Don't be scared of all the numbers you see there, these are used to define which game it is. If you only have problems with one game then look for the according number if you have more problems, then you would have to check all of them. In order to check with number is linked with which game, you can use the Steam ID finder site. Here you could enter the name of the game and it'll find the number which is linked to it.
- Now the "hard" part starts, coding… Don't be scared I'll lead you through the various steps. Firstly, open the App manifest using wordpad, the top should then look like this:
"appid" "534500"
"Universe" "1"
"name" "Tiger Knight: Empire War"
"StateFlags" "36"
"installdir" "TigerKnight_EW"
The StateFlags part is where it gets interesting, it should say "StateFlags: 4". This means in plain English don't re-download the full game. This should be repeated in all files which have problems.
The manifest adds numbers when issues occur.
32=Files are missing
4=Game I correctly installed
128= Corrupted files
32+4=36 The game was fully installed however steam thinks it is missing data.
- Additionally, when you have moved your Steamapps folder to a different computer or hard drive. The manifest logs should not be forgotten, make sure you copy all of them! Also you would need to change the install directory location, this has to be done in Steam itself. You can find it at: Settings, Downloads, Steam Library location.
The default setting for saving games it sends them to the Steamapp/Common folder. It mostly has a simple path. For example, "TigerKnight_EW", if you didn't move any data then just leave this and move forward.
- Optionally you could do a clean Steam install for the application itself. It is said that this is not necessary, however my steam installation was corrupted and I had to re-download key files. This meant a clean Steam install would be the easiest fix. To do this, go to your Steam folder again, delete everything but not: the STEAMAPP- , the USERDATA folder and STEAM.exe application. These contain your game data. The game files itself but also all your progress, it would be a shame to have to go through the same grind again.
- Next, you navigate to the Steam.EXE file. This file will activate Steam on your computer. Usually, Steam updates are automatically applied by the software itself. When the Steam updates are complete you can start a game. It should be working correctly now!
- When all of this is concluded, you can click the Steam.exe and open the application. When you've done all correctly it should start downloading all the Steam Updates. This usually doesn't take too long. If this is finished, open the game you wish to play and it should start without any issue. Well if there is any game update that has to be concluded first, however the game should work properly again.
Now that you've finished the Steam Re-downloading Glitch with our Fix for 2017. You might be interested and more Steam blogs. In the others, we discuss the best Steam Valve games available and specific methods you can apply to get Free Steam Codes. If you think this fix was clear, please leave your opinion behind! We love to help others, but we also appreciate some comments!


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ChynaBlack New Year's Eve party
If you want to feel like an extra in a Wong Kar-Wai film, head to ChynaBlack this New Year's Eve. The sleek new Shanghai-themed bar will set up blackjack tables, and game chips will be distributed with bottle purchases. Music will be provided by Blastique, Mark Tanner, Lish and Calvin Clark.
|Event phone:
|017 998 5577
|Event website:


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Ariel Disc 2017 Womens Hybrid Bike (Ex-Demo / Ex-Display). This Specialized is ex-display and has not been ridden, but does have some very light cosmetic damage from transit and storage, please see images. Pedals, baskets, mudguards and other additional accessories are only included where pictured and all bikes are individually photographed, so please rely on the images in the event of any discrepancy between the spec shown in the product details and the photos. Please contact us or one of our stores if you have any questions.
The Ariel Sport Disc will see you tackling workouts on paved or dirt surfaces with equal confidence, and you'll look good while doing it. Its hard-working component package is paired with the ever-reliable A1 Aluminium frame, featuring the added peace-of-mind disc brakes provide. With a Women's Fitness Geometry designed to keep you comfortable while you're burning up the miles, and features that are as versatile as they are efficient, you'll find yourself consistently needing to set new goals to achieve in your fitness quest.
To view our Leisure Bike buying guide click here
|Specialized A1 Premium Aluminium, Women's Fitness Geometry, women's double-butted tube sets, forged dropouts, disc mount, fender/rack mounts
|SR Suntour NEX, coil spring, hydraulic lock-out w/Multi-Circuit Damping, 60mm of travel
|Front Derailleur
|Shimano Tourney, top swing
|Rear Derailleur
|Shimano Altus, 8-speed
|Number of Gears
|Shimano Altus, 8-speed
|Chain set
|Specialized Stout, forged alloy, 48/36/26T, w/ chainguard
|Bottom Bracket
|BSA, square taper, cartridge bearings
|Sunrace, 8-speed, 11-34t
|KMC X8, 8-speed w/reusable MissingLink
|Tektro Flow Set Control, hydraulic disc, metal pads, post mount, 160mm rotor
|Specialized, double-butted alloy, 9-degree backsweep, 31.8mm
|3D forged aluminum, 7-degree rise, 31.8mm clamp
|Body Geometry Flow Set Control Grips, lock-on
|700c disc, 6061 aluminum double-wall
|Specialized disc, double-sealed, loose ball bearings, 9mm QR
|Specialized Trigger Sport Reflect, 700x38mm, 60TPI, wire bead
|Aldia Sport, steel rails, 155mm
|Alloy, 2-bolt, 12.5mm offset, 27.2mm
|Seat Binder
|Alloy, 31.8mm
|No Weight Information Available
Using our Click & Collect service your order will be delivered to a choice of over 60 Evans Cycles stores nationwide for collection. This service is FREE of charge for all orders. Click here for more details
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Bulky Items: £6.99 per item - Click here to see the list of bulky items. Order by 3pm any day including weekends.
Clothing, parts & accessories: £6.99 per order
Bulky Items: £6.99 per item - Click here to see the list of bulky items. Order by 3pm Friday for Saturday delivery.
Clothing, parts & accessories: £6.99 per order
Bulky Items: £6.99 per item - Click here to see the list of bulky items. Order by 3pm Saturday for Sunday delivery.
To calculate the charges for your order simply add products to your basket and proceed through the checkout process, where you will need to enter your delivery details. Our website will present you with the relevant delivery options and the charges for your basket of goods. Orders delivered outside the EU are exempt from VAT. Click here for more details.
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