text:
Weather doesn't dampen Tarawera 100 Mile dream
The inclement weather didn't dampen the enthusiasm of Tarawera 100 Mile Endurance Run race director Tim Day - nor did it take the smiles off the faces of those crossing the finish line in the inaugural race.
Photo credit: Kurt Matthews Photography
The "marvellous dream" of Day and Event Director Paul Charteris, the 100 Mile event is a first for the NZ Trail Runs team - and for Rotorua.
One-hundred and forty (140) athletes lined up on the start line at 4am on Saturday 10 February, with Frenchman Adrien Prigent taking out the win more than 19 hours later, in a time of 19h38. American Sally McRae won the women's event in 21h11.
Grant Guise from Dunedin took second in 20h08, while Andy Palmer from Auckland completed the podium in a time of 20h48.
Hannah McRae from Australia came second in the women's race in a time of 21:42, with Porirua's Jean Beaumonth taking third in 23h54.
By the time the event closed at the 4pm cutoff yesterday <<sub: Sunday 11 February>>, many of the runners had been on their feet for more than 24 hours – and some as long as 36.
Day says he's "absolutely thrilled" with how the event went – despite the relentless rain that left athletes and spectators sodden.
"Obviously these have been very challenging conditions – especially for the 100 milers overnight, and particularly when they joined the course that the 62km, 87km and 102km participants had already been over.
"Even though conditions have been less than ideal, the feedback on the inaugural event has been amazing – the athletes have really loved it – and they haven't even seen it in all the scenic beauty that we know and love.
"It appears that the short boat cross on Lake Rotomahana was a real highlight for the 100 mile runners, but they have also been commenting on how stunning the landscape is, and the diversity of the course."
Day says the finish line of ultra running events is always an emotional place – but it has been even more so for the 100 mile event.
"This is an epic achievement for every participant – elite or otherwise. There have been many happy tears from finishers, spectators, staff and volunteers alike. There is hardly a dry eye in the house every time someone cross the line."
Day says the NZ Trail Runs team have been impressed with the preparation of those participating.
"The runners have been totally on board with the need to carry compulsory gear – and in lots of cases, they have used this gear. It's great to see people taking the safety of the event seriously – as we do."
Day says runners have also been complimentary of the staff and volunteers – most of whom have been out in the wet conditions even longer than many of the athletes.
"A common theme has been how runners' felt like they were going to be looked after – and they were looked after."
Day says NZ Trail Runs will have a full debrief with its team and key stakeholders about this year's Tarawera Ultramarathon and 100 Mile Endurance Run, and will confirm plans for the 2019 events in due course.
Tarawera 100 Mile Endurance Run Results:
Adrien Prigent (France) 19:38:32 1, Grant Guise (NZ) 20:08:32 2, Andy Palmer (NZ) 20:48:08
Sally McRae (USA) 21:11:10 1, Hannah McRae (Australia) 21:42:39 2, Jean Beaumonth (NZ) 23:54:55 3


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Here's one of my favorite, super-easy meals! I like to make this in my slow cooker on a regular basis, but if you wanted to make it last minute, you could easily whip it up and have it ready in about 30 minutes.
If you don't know which slow cooker is best for your family, be sure to check out my post here: Best Slow Cooker Choices and I'll walk you through the pros and cons of the different slow cookers out there.
We like to serve this recipe with cheese, sour cream and Fritos.
Taco Soup (Freezer to Crockpot)
- Prep Time: 25 minutes
- Cook Time: 4 hours
- Total Time: 4 hours 25 minutes
- Yield: 6
- Method: Slow Cooker
- 1 pound ground beef
- 1 onion (chopped)
- 2 cans chili beans
- 1 can corn
- 1 can tomato sauce
- 1 can rotel
- ½ can water
- 2 T taco seasoning
Mix all ingredients in freezer safe bag and freeze.
To cook, throw it in the crockpot for 4 hours on high or 8 hours on low.
For more recipes, see my one week crockpot recipes here.To see how we built our own dining room table where we eat our meals, see this post.If the Crockpot Freezer Meals have been helpful to you, I'd love it if you'd take a minute to like Sidetracked Sarah on Facebook.

subset: commoncrawl


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|the onion skin dye has toned down the color
|silk gauze dyed in onion skin and 2 thrift shop finds
|did some weaving on the left side
|practicing free motion writing on the sewing machine
|the onion skin dye has toned down the color
|silk gauze dyed in onion skin and 2 thrift shop finds
|did some weaving on the left side
|practicing free motion writing on the sewing machine
Id say you were definately now on a positive path forwards lol Great writing! Im naff at that, well most thign free motion on the machine really.
LOVE the goat!!!
so much positive achievement in one post, i love the onion skin pieces and that word writing is excellent. i still can't do it as i keep forgetting how - is it machine fast and fingers slow or the other way around?
i like the way you are working through it all. nice job on the words, i am not good with the machine like this....
I love the color scheme you are using. I also am not good with free motion stitching on the machine - walk and chew gum type of thing - my hands and head cannot get in sync. I love the quote.
Jude--i don't usually spend this much time 'working through it all'. this is the new me after watching you and my clothmates. i'm learning how to do that.
Jeannie--thanks for visiting Jeannie. i just visited your blog. so many appealing things to see.
Wow, did you used free motion to write all that? How clever of you to think it all out in your head! Love the weaving too, I still love that Technic - hugs Nat
I have a great tool that I use for "beating back" overly aggressive reds, pinks and oranges. It's a transparent Setacolor paint. Can't think of the name of the color at the moment but it looks like pea soup in the bottle, no mistaking it for something else. It works marvelous changes on fabrics that are too Hot..and the hand of the cloth is mostly unchanged.
Bringing together a great collection of thoughts and cloth finds. I am so appreciative of Jude helping us create a more thought filled process.
Deanna, this was so much fun to read and catch up with all your doings. The onion skin toner-downer is such a great idea and your beginning is so beautiful. Makes me want to go grab a piece of orange or gold! I love your machine stitching. I've wanted to do that, too -- you did great. I like how you stitched "now is the time"...!
I love the way you use dye...and the results you get.
Also love the weaving on the goat piece, and the free form sewing....and how you mentally prepare yourself through visualisation first...that's so cool.
oh boy...that plaid orange and yellow thrift find is fantastic! and the onion did a great job on the silk. you think it would still be too opaque on the magic cloth if you invisible basted a lot? though i do like the color the onions gave the orange, yes siree.
your goat piece is fantastic! i will have to read back to find more about this piece...
you did such a beautiful job with the machine stitching - i can't believe it's your first time with it! that will be a useful skill <3
Hi Deanna, lovely to see you practicing the machine writing!!! I used that in some quilts and although I practiced it a lot, the moment it's "for real" is always scarry! Thén it must not go wrong ...! And then ofcourse at some point you start trembling ...
you seem not to be able to hold your course ... Wait a bit then, and all goes well again.
Have fun!
As a former first grade teacher, i
bestow upon you an A+ in writing.
i have a ways to go to where mine
might be readable.
realm of inspiration-thanks for visiting. i, too, am a former 1st grade teacher. you have made me wonder if ones handwriting in general has something to do with success in handwriting using the free motion method. hmmmm....
I am so happy that you now have direction. I know how frustrating any kind if indecision can be. The second picture, the patchwork cloth...it's beautiful.
Oh my goodness I am so in love with your fabric techniques, the little goat piece is amazing! I can see I am going to be reading here for a while.
deanna...WOW! and YES!...how great
all that you are working through and with for your Diaries cloth. can feel your concentrated pleasure
with all these examples. the
re-done orange is really great. i will do that with one of the fabrics that makes me wince, but love for some reason anyway....
i smile at "now is the time"
whenever i need to try out a keyboard, that's what comes out...
but should change it to
for all good women, huh?
The oranges are lovely, so vibrant and the blocks are lovely - very Mediterranean. Onion skin dye really is brilliant for toning brights down.


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"God whispers to us in our pleasure, speaks to us in our conscience, but shouts in our pains; it is His megaphone to rouse a deaf world." ~CS Lewis
When I was in seminary before the turn of the century (doesn't that sound like it was a hundred years ago?), one of the classes I took was Apologetics. That's one of the theological terms that abound in seminaries. Others are hermenutics, systematic theology, doctrine and dogma. I have neither the time nor interest in defining all these words this afternoon...ok, the truth is, I never really did. They always sounded so incredibly dry to me compared to living as a disciple, leaning in to know and love Him more. But perhaps (duh!) this is all beside my point today. The Apologetics class I took turned out to be far meatier than I'd expected, and this is because it appealed to the creative side of my brain--where I dwell only when I'm breathing! We spent half the term talking about "Pulleys", those things, people, ideas, objects, experiences that pull us closer to God if we're believers, and closer to seeking Him if we aren't. The second half of the term, we talked about "Barriers", those things that keep us from God. The nutshell I just gave doesn't do justice to the rich, meaty readings and discussions we had in that class--it really expanded how I looked at experience, maybe how I catalogued life in the odd moments when I do catalogue it.
Each student had to write a term paper and give a presentation to the class about the paper. I wrote mine about "Pain as a pulley; Pain as a barrier." I did research at such places as the ICU waiting room at our city's hospital, and even in the aisles of local stores. I unashamedly listened in to every conversation I could. See, most people start conversations by saying, "How's it going?" And though most often that question is met with a non-committal, one or two word answer, "Fine," Pretty good," "so-so," I was lucky enough to hear folks tell the truth. One conversation overheard in that waiting room between two men in their sixties:
A. balding man with black-rimmed glasses:"...no, it's in her lungs now, and she gets pretty tired." he said. "And your wife's?"
B. lean farmer with a midwestern accent: "yeah, it's moved to her liver, they don't give her much time. We took her to Missouri to see her sister and family. It was hard. Everyone knew we were saying goodbye."
A."We're just trying to take it one day at a time."
B."I guess it's up to the good Lord now."
A. "You know I never really thought too much about God, but now..."
B. "yeah, it makes you want to believe, doesn't it?"
A. "And she really gets comfort from going to church so I take here. And you know, I think it makes sense. The whole thing makes you wonder what the point is."
B." It helps me be grateful for what we have, to know that there's more than this."
Yes, I copied that straight from my paper, which I had copied straight from the little notebook I'd taken with me to the waiting room that day--those lovely older men had no idea I was doing any more than writing in my journal. But what a treasure to have them prove my point so completely. And here's more from the paper...quite eloquently put (if I do say so myself):
In thinking of pain as a pulley, I recognize that it is clearly also a barrier. It seems to me that pain in the abstract is almost always a barrier, i.e.: "Why does God allow innocent people to suffer?" and "He let (or caused) thousands to die in a fire, earthquake, flood, volcano, etc...how could a loving God do this?" At a distance it is easier to get angry and hostile, but when pain comes nearer and wears a face, it elementally changes. Then the horror of it looks personal and the warer more often cries out to God--even the very God he or she blamed for disasters across the world. Sometimes those cries ring with reproach: "How dare you do this to me?" but they are cries encased in human flesh--You' to 'Me'--rather than simply abstract wonderings. Those are the pulley moments. I almost imagine God saying, as I would of my wayward child, "At least she's talking to me." It's a starting place. Nothing can happen until there is an honest beginning. Abstract pain may imply God's absence, personal pain begs for His presence.
"In the valley of suffering, despair and bitterness are brewed. But there also is character made. The valley of suffering is the vale of soul-making." Nicholas Wolterstorff


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Here in the Great White North, one of our big magazines is Maclean's. You'll find it in most doctors' offices. My (recently former) housemate Dan collects them. They in turn collect dust but that's besides the point.
...or maybe not so much. 'Cause, you see, there is some debate as to how worthy this magazine is of being read.
Probably the most popular issue every year for Maclean's is their "Canadian university rankings" issue. As one would expect, this brings out great pride and debate amongst the educated readers.
But, see, I've always questioned the findings, even though my alma mater, the University of Toronto, has always found itself at or near the very top - deservedly so.
It always seemed to me that Maclean's was just pulling opinions out of their asses and passing it off as fact. I mean, how could they possibly compare student life (let alone programs) between universities without having attended them all? A survey is unscientific since it depends on the disposition of the surveyed. It could be that people who attend a certain university are more intelligent and therefore more critical - making the university in question seem undesirable when in fact it is the elite.
So I've kinda taken the whole thing with a massive grain of salt. Especially when Montreal-based McGill outranks UofT.
If you've read any of these issues, you've probably noticed that not all universities participate. Many of the smaller universities opt out of the survey - probably because they wouldn't get a favourable ranking anyways. They'll tell you it's because the grading is unfair, but that's always sounded like sour grapes.
...But now the big dogs are starting to bark.
Seems this year the University of Toronto has opted out, along with some other notables like UBC, the University of Alberta, and McMaster University.
Eleven universities in total have opted out, citing the flawed data and arbitrary conclusions.
Regardless, Maclean's says they're going ahead with the annual issue.
Geez, McGill is a lock this year.
In times of change, learners inherit the Earth, while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists.
-Eric Hoffer
Tuesday, August 15, 2006
Maclean's University Rankings Gets Failing Grade
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text:
From Luis Melendez Master of the Spanish Still Life:
The melon is wrapped with a string ending in a looped handle and tied to the stem, indicating that it was hung up high and stored away from the heat and damp of summer for preservation over the winter months.I'm picking up new tricks all the time. This evening I learned to turn form with subtle mixes with white. There is little to no real white in most Old Master paintings. Some artists will mix a "string" of a color with different values, having the set ready to build convincing form.


text:
OST Bureau
Bhubaneswar, Aug 24 :
Talks between the Central Action Committee of the striking Western Odisha lawyers and the state government today over the issue of a permanent High Court bench in West Odisha ,has failed.
The leaders representing various bars of West Odisha said they were thoroughly disappointed with the chief minister who merely read out a prepared statement that refused to address their major demands like the disbanding of the Pal Commission which had failed to deliver in the last 6 years of its existence.
Chief minister Naveen Patnaik requested the lawyers to end their agitation and said the state government will request Justice Pal Commission to submit its report within two months.
Patnaik also told the lawyers' delegation that the state government will recommend the setting up of High Court benches in Western Odisha as well as in other parts of the state.
Terming today's talks as a meaningless exercise, leaders of the lawyers' delegation said their agitation will continue until their demands were met.


text:
net LONG ARTICLE
The insanity of endless growth
The authors consider the reality that endless economic growth on a finite planet is unsustainable, Haydn
especially if society has exceeded ecological limits. The paper examines various aspects of
society's endless growth predicament. It reviews the idea that there are 'limits to growth'; Washington
it then considers the 'endless growth mantra' within society. The paper then considers the and Helen
'decoupling' strategy and its merits, and argues that it is, at best, a partial solution to the
problem. The key social problem of denial of our predicament is considered, along with the
contribution of anthropocentric modernism as a worldview that aids and abets that denial. About the authors
Finally, the paper outlines some potential solutions to our growth predicament. Haydn is an environmental
scientist, writer and activist
he world is faced with a grave of the 'green economy', which it describes as based at the PANGEA
predicament, yet one rarely spoken "a new engine of growth" (our emphasis). The Research Centre, UNSW,
Sydney, NSW, Australia.
of. The United Nations (UN), almost UN Sustainable Development Goals (available
all governments, business, media and at http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/) Helen is an environmental
anthropologist at Leiden
both the political 'left' and 'right' are busy also fail to acknowledge that endless growth
University, Leiden, and The
extolling endless growth. Yet we live on a finite is impossible and its pursuit fundamentally
Hague University of Applied
planet, so clearly endless economic growth unsustainable (Kopnina, 2016b). Science, The Hague, the
is impossible, and its pursuit unsustainable Netherlands.
and unethical – indeed, such destructive Ecological limits
pursuit of the impossible is insane. There This obsession with endless economic Citation
are three main drivers of 'unsustainability' growth demonstrates that societies Washington H and Kopnina H
(2018) The insanity of endless
– overpopulation, overconsumption and still do not understand that humanity
growth. The Ecological Citizen
the growth economy (Washington, 2015). has exceeded ecological limits, and 2: 57–63.
We feel it is time to focus on these. These that this is the root cause of the current
points have been made in the past, but for environmental crisis. The book Limits Keywords
quite some time the reasons behind the to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972) showed Anthropocentrism;
unsustainability and insanity of endless that human population growth and the ecological economics;
growth have not been explored. We feel concomitant increase in the consumption societal change;
society (and academia) need to be regularly of resources would exceed planetary limits sustainability
reminded of them. around the middle of the 21st century,
The question "On a finite planet, is it possible causing societal collapse. Upon its release,
to keep growing economically forever?" this report was strongly criticized by
is one hardly ever asked in neoclassical traditional economists, who labelled the
economics (Daly, 1991; 2014) or in many other authors 'prophets of doom' (Solow, 1973).
academic disciplines (Washington, 2015). However, a recent 40-year review of Limits
Even the World Commission on Environment to Growth has shown that its models are
and Development (1987) report Our Common remarkably accurate (Turner, 2014). To
Future did not ask that question – suggesting summarize key environmental indicators
that 'sustainable development' required a of ecological overshoot: Cartoons
gross domestic product growth rate of 5% n The Global Ecological Footprint now The three cartoons
appearing in this article are
(a rate at which the global economy would stands at 1.6 Earths (Global Footprint
reproduced with permission
double its output every 14 years). Network, 2017). of Polyp, their creator (see
More recently, the UN Environment n The Living Planet Index has declined by http://polyp.org.uk/ for more
Programme (2011: 2) has promoted the idea 58% between 1970 and 2012 (WWF, 2016). cartoons).
The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018 57
The insanity of endless growth www.ecologicalcitizen.net
poverty, unemployment, debt repayment,
inflation, balance of payment deficits, the
population explosion, crime, divorce and
drug addiction." This has not changed
much in the 25 years since Daly wrote those
words, and economic growth is still widely
seen as the panacea for almost all societal
ills. Sometimes commitment to growth
may be promoted in the guise of 'free
trade', 'competitiveness', 'productivity'
– or even as 'sustainable development'
(Victor, 2008). Indeed, from its coining in
Our Common Future to now, 'sustainable
development' has had its meaning largely
coopted to mean 'sustainable growth' – a
phrase which, we suggest, is an oxymoron
(Washington, 2015). World leaders seek
growth above all else. Neoclassical
n The species extinction rate is at least 1000 economics claimed that the benefits of
times normal (Millennium Ecosystem growth would 'trickle down' and alleviate
Assessment, 2005). global poverty, but this has failed (Kopnina
n At least 60% of ecosystem services are and Blewitt, 2015). As Daly (1991) notes,
degrading or being used unsustainably the verb 'to grow' has become twisted;
(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, we have forgotten its original meaning: to
2005). spring up and 'develop to maturity'. That
n Four of nine planetary boundaries have is, in nature, growth gives way to maturity,
now been exceeded as a result of human a steady state. To grow beyond a certain
activity (Steffen et al., 2015). point can be disastrous.
A final aspect of growthism is that it is
In effect, we are bankrupting nature and commonly claimed that "economic growth
consuming the past, present and future of is necessary if we are to have jobs." Is this
"We are bankrupting our biosphere (Wijkman and Rockström,
2012). On a finite world with expanding
claim correct? There are good grounds to
question whether jobs have historically
nature and consuming
human population and consumption, been linked to growth. Victor (2008) notes
the past, present clearly something has got to give. that the idea only developed 60 years ago,
and future of our Humanity faces a fundamental problem, and for most of human history we managed
biosphere." for it is totally dependent on the biosphere to provide employment without economic
it is degrading (Washington, 2013). Hence growth. Does growth necessarily bring
society needs to understand and accept employment in any case? For example,
that we are way past sustainable ecological there were more Canadians with incomes
limits. less than the 'low Income cut-off' in 2005
than in 1980, despite real Canadian gross
The endless growth mantra domestic product having nearly doubled
Environmental science may tell us that the over that period (Victor, 2008). As Victor
consumer society is on a self-destructive (2008) notes, it is possible to develop
path, but many of us successfully deflect scenarios where full employment prevails,
the evidence by repeating in unison poverty is eliminated, people have
the mantra of perpetual growth (Rees, more leisure, and greenhouse gases are
2008). Yet endless repetition does not drastically reduced, in the context of low
make something true. Daly (1991: 183) – and ultimately no – economic growth. It
pointed out that economic growth is is thus mistaken to assume that economic
unrealistically held to be "the cure for growth is a necessity for full employment.
58 The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018
www.ecologicalcitizen.net The insanity of endless growth
Indeed, once we have exceeded ecological increased. Victor and Jackson (2015)
limits, growth will make us worse off. We note that while there has been some
have then reached uneconomic growth 'relative decoupling', any serious absolute
(Daly, 2014). However, unless there are decoupling is not evident. At best, as Victor
changes in social outlook, our experience (2008) notes, attempts at decoupling slow
of diminished well-being will be blamed down the rate at which things get worse,
on 'product scarcity'. The orthodox but do not turn them around. Hence, talk
economic and policy response will then be of '100% decoupling' is likely to be merely
to advocate increased growth to remedy wishful thinking that allows business-as-
this. In the real world of ecological limits, usual growth to continue. Indeed, focusing
this will make us even less well off, but
this will in turn lead to advocacy of 'even
our attention on the idea of decoupling
runs the risk of becoming part of the denial
"Attempts at
decoupling slow
more growth' (Daly, 1991). This becomes of the unsustainability of endless growth.
a death spiral. Healing our world requires down the rate at
accepting the reality that the economy Denial which things get
cannot grow forever. However, in recent How is it possible for civilizations to worse, but do not
years the concept of decoupling has been be blind towards the grave and rapidly
turn them around."
put forward to argue that it is possible to approaching threats to their survival,
have continued economic growth without even when the evidence for those threats
producing further environmental damage. is extensive (Brown, 2008)? Humanity
has a key failing – we tend to deny our
Decoupling problems. Humanity denies some things
'Decoupling' refers to the idea that an because they force us to 'confront change',
economy can continue to increase its output others because they are just too painful, or
of goods and services, without thereby make us afraid. This human incapacity to
increasing pressure on the environment hear bad news makes it hard to solve the
– for example, by shifting to renewable environmental crisis. Of course, another
energy sources, and using efficiencies to source of this denial is ideological, where
reduce the amount of resources and energy the reality of the environmental crisis
consumed. Reducing the use of energy is denied owing to neoliberal hatred of
and materials by society is certainly any regulations that could restrict the
needed, and some claim we can move to activities of business (Oreskes and Conway,
a 'Factor 5' strategy and only use 20% of 2010). The result of such denial is that, as
the energy and materials we currently use a society, we continue to act as if there is
(von Wiezsäcker et al., 2009), whilst still no environmental crisis, no matter what
retaining our current quality of life. The the science says (Washington, 2017a).
problem with this approach is that the very Perhaps the key form that denial takes in
concept of decoupling suggests we can the public realm is simply silence – thus
keep on growing forever. As noted above, the silence about the environmental crisis;
the UN advocates the 'green economy' yet
also sees this economy as "a new engine
of growth" (United Nations Environment
Programme, 2011: 2); this combination of
'green' and 'growth' is only made plausible
by invoking the idea that it is possible to
completely decouple economic growth
from environmental impacts.
How successful have we been in
decoupling? Some modest decoupling of
material flows occurred from the mid-
1970s to mid-1990s, but total material
throughput in the global economy still
The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018 59
The insanity of endless growth www.ecologicalcitizen.net
the silence about the fact that the world point that totally transforms systems
is overpopulated; the deafening silence […] In a single individual it can happen in
about the impossibility of endless growth a millisecond. All it takes is a click in the
(Washington, 2015). mind, a new way of seeing.
In the past, denial of ecological limits
was common in neoclassical economists. It has only been possible for our societies
However, such denial of reality is not just a to maintain a belief in the desirability of
thing of the past. An Ecomodernist Manifesto pursuing endless growth, because of the
(available at http://www.ecomodernism.org/) dominant anthropocentric worldview of
"It has only was written in 2015 by eighteen professionals, modernism (Curry, 2011), which sees the
been possible for ten of whom are academics. The manifesto world as no more than a resource for human
our societies to claims: use (Crist, 2012). To put this another way,
maintain a belief in the obsession with endless growth has
the desirability of Despite frequent assertions starting in the been the offspring of the anthropocentric
1970s of fundamental "limits to growth", 'human chauvinism' and 'speciesism' that
pursuing endless
there is still remarkably little evidence that has dominated Western society for at least
growth, because human population and economic expansion the last 200 years.
of the dominant will outstrip the capacity to grow food or In contrast, an ecocentric worldview finds
anthropocentric procure critical material resources in the intrinsic value in nature (Washington et al.,
foreseeable future […] To the degree to 2017). It holds, as Daly (1991: 248) notes, that
worldview of
which there are fixed physical boundaries "there is something fundamentally wrong
modernism." to human consumption, they are so in treating the Earth as if it were a business
theoretical as to be functionally irrelevant. in liquidation." Society thus needs to return
to ecocentrism and adopt an Earth ethic
Such a dismissal of ecological limits (and (Rolston, 2012) and undertake the 'Great
the rapidly worsening environmental crisis) Work' of repairing the Earth (Berry, 1999) to
indicates many in academia are still in enter the 'Ecozoic' (Swimme and Berry, 1992).
denial of the insanity and unsustainability Changing to a worldview of ecocentrism is
of endless economic growth. thus the key step on the path to a sustainable
future (Washington et al., 2017).
versus ecocentrism Solutions
Many things change (and solutions become A major problem with tackling the
easier) if we change our worldview and environmental crisis is the distraction
ethics. As Donella Meadows (1997: 84) notes: caused by partial solutions. For example,
we acknowledge the need for the
People who manage to intervene in systems maximum possible 'decoupling' as part
at the level of a paradigm hit a leverage of a circular or green economy, one that
massively reduces society's use of energy
and materials (Kopnina and Blewitt,
2015). However, such savings should not
be seen as 'a new engine of growth', nor
will such savings be long-term solutions
if we fail to address overpopulation and
overconsumption. The plain truth is that
partial solutions are only of value if they
are part of a comprehensive move to
abandon endless economic growth. We
suggest the following solution frameworks
(Washington, 2015):
n accept ecological reality and roll back
60 The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018
www.ecologicalcitizen.net The insanity of endless growth
n adopt an ecocentric worldview (inspired Western society (globalized around the
by a sense of wonder at life), where we world) is a 'consumer culture' that has
abandon the false anthropocentric been deliberately constructed since 1950;
dream of 'mastery of nature'. and what was deliberately constructed
can also be deconstructed (Assadourian,
These are the overarching changes in our 2013). Thirdly, the growth economy is "The steady-state
mindset that we must make. Within them still espoused by the UN and almost all economy deals
are the practical strategies, including: national governments. However, a rational with all three key
n controlling population growth through (and ethical) solution has been espoused
drivers of ecological
education, family planning and non- by ecological economist Herman Daly
unsustainability, plus
coercive, humane strategies (Engelman, since the 1970s: the steady-state economy
2016); (Daly, 1991; Daly, 2014). A steady-state a key driver of social
n rolling back the deliberately constructed economy features a sustainable population unsustainability:
consumer ethic (Assadourian, 2013) and size for the carrying capacity of its region, inequality of
concurrently adopting a 'cradle to cradle' low resource use and a distribution of
approach (Kopnina and Blewitt, 2015); wealth which is fair and equitable on an
n moving past growthism to a steady-state intergenerational basis (Daly, 2014).
economy (Daly, 2014); The transition path to a steady-state
n solving climate change urgently, focusing economy will be made up of many small
on mitigation; 'positive steps' that society can take
n adopting of 'appropriate' technology, (Washington, 2017b). The steady-state
especially 100% renewables within two economy deals with all three key drivers
to three decades, concurrently with of ecological unsustainability, plus a key
major drives for energy efficiency and driver of social unsustainability: inequality
conservation; of income. The scale of income inequality
n reducing poverty and inequality, while as a problem can be understood from the
simultaneously supporting the Nature fact that the wealthiest 10% of the world's
Needs Half vision (Kopnina, 2016a); population now owns approximately
n educating effectively for sustainability 85% of the world's wealth (Credit Suisse,
based on ecological reality and 2016). The 'cradle to cradle' approach (and
ecocentrism; the related circular economy) arguably
n creating the political will for change. offer the most hope to cut resource use
(Kopnina and Blewitt, 2015). However, we
Change is urgently needed, and is certainly feel that ways forward can only be found if
feasible. The key to this is breaking the silence the steady-state economy and the circular
of denial, by talking about the problems. economy (within the former) are adhered
This may sound wishy-washy, but in fact to in strict terms and practice. That means
meaningful dialogue on the impossibility of that they must not be subverted to become
endless growth is an essential step. Academia partial solutions used to encourage further
can (and should) lead the way on this. growth.
Solving the key cause of the problem – the As remarked above, to enable these
idea we can have endless economic growth changes, what is needed is a major
on a finite planet – means tackling the three paradigm shift from anthropocentric
key drivers of unsustainability (Washington, modernism to ecocentrism (Washington
2015): overpopulation, overconsumption and et al., 2017). We acknowledge that the
growth-focused economic policy. scale of our predicament is huge, but
However, this also means tackling some maintain that solutions are possible if we
of the biggest taboos in society. First, overcome the denial that currently blocks
many in society still consider discussion them. Now, accepting the reality of our
of limiting the human population a predicament can be depressing. Hence the
taboo, but we cannot afford to have this need to discuss statements such as: "It is
remain an 'undiscussable'. Secondly, too late." The danger of such statements
The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018 61
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is that they tend to become self-fulfilling Berry T (1999) The Great Work: Our way into the future.
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we take towards a 'Great Work' of repairing Soskolne C, ed. Sustaining Life on Earth: Environmental
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the Earth (Berry, 1999) is useful. So it is
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never too late. Some actions, indeed, may
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fail, but some may help to turn the tide – a
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reality that society must acknowledge
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"The insanity and
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endless economic remains locked into the unsustainable
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growth is a critical mantra of endless growth that has caused
Economy. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
the environmental crisis. Most government
reality that society Engelman R (2016) Nine population strategies to stop
and business response to this has been to
short of nine billion. In: Washington H and Twomey
must acknowledge undertake partial solutions, while at the P, eds. A Future Beyond Growth: Towards a steady state
and discuss. To same time denying the central cause – our economy. Routledge, London, UK: 32–42.
ignore this is addiction to endless growth. Our ability
Global Footprint Network (2017) World Footprint: Do we
to deny our predicament is aided by the fit the planet? Global Footprint Network, Oakland,
irrational and self-
dominant worldview of anthropocentric CA, USA. Available at https://is.gd/rUTqiT (accessed
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endless growth has well and truly failed, Addressing ethical questions in conservation.
and destructively so. Biological Conservation 203: 176–85.
Change is not easy but it is possible, but Kopnina H (2016b) The victims of unsustainability:
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World Ecology 23: 113–21.
of denial, then everything becomes easier.
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issues. Routledge, London, UK.
our worldview from anthropocentrism to
ecocentrism. We can then move to slow (then Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Living Beyond
stop) growth in population, and minimize our Means: Natural assets and human wellbeing. United
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equality and move to a truly sustainable
Meadows D (1997) Places to intervene in a system:
future. Then, this era could become, not the In increasing order of effectiveness. Whole Earth
egotistical 'Anthropocene', but the start of (Winter): 78–84.
the sustainable 'Ecozoic'. That is a worthy
Meadows D, Meadows D, Randers J and Behrens W (1972)
vision for the 21st century, a 'Great Work' The Limits to Growth. Universe Books, Washington,
we can all help bring to reality. n DC, USA.
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Assadourian E (2013) Re-engineering cultures to create Oreskes N and Conway M (2010) Merchants of Doubt:
a sustainable civilization. In: Starke L, ed. State of the How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues
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Washington, DC, USA: 113–25. Press, New York, NY, USA.
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that has caused
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ecocentrism is the key pathway to sustainability. crisis."
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Washington, DC, USA, 37–50. 2018).
The Ecological Citizen Vol 2 No 1 2018 63


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We are getting closer to show you the sneak peaks for the new release over at Sugar Nellie's
Monday, August 22, 2011
Are you counting down the days???
Thanks for stopping by today!!! Donalda
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Thank you so much for taking the time to leave me a comment on my blog. It really does mean the world to me.
Sending Big Hugs ((((((((((()))))))))))))))))
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In the annals of Washington D.C. power couples, Lyndon Baines Johnson and his wife Lady Bird rarely make the top of the list. He's often seen as the bombastic, abrasive cowboy, showing off his appendectomy scar to reporters and riding roughshod over his presidency by sheer force of will, while Lady Bird is usually considered to be the nice woman who made sure our highways had wildflowers growing beside them.
That assessment, however, is a gross misrepresentation, according to author Betty Boyd Caroli. In her absorbing new book Lady Bird and Lyndon: The Hidden Story of a Marriage that Made a President (Simon & Schuster; October 27, 2015), Caroli delves deep into the complex and compelling relationship between Lady Bird and LBJ, and the indispensable role the First Lady played in his public and private life, up to and including his tenure in the White House.
Caroli's book comes just as the 2016 presidential race is getting started and political onlookers are evaluating possible presidential spouses (What role might Bill Clinton play in a possible Hillary Clinton presidency? Would Columba Bush play as prominent a part as First Lady as her mother-in-law or sister-in-law?). And back in the 1960s,while Jacqueline Kennedy might have gotten the lion's share of headlines as First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson played as influential a role in getting both JFK and LBJ into the Oval Office—and in keeping her husband's presidency running.
Caroli paints a fascinating portrait of boisterous, abrasive, temperamental husband who, underneath it all, was needy and insecure—and a wife who, on the surface, was demure and unfailingly gentle, but behind the scenes, was part ambassador, part power broker and part psychological therapist. A shrewd businesswoman, it was Lady Bird who bought a failing radio station in 1943, working hard to make it profitable so that her husband could pursue a career in politics without worrying about supporting the family. Later, thanks to her husband's influence in the House and the Senate, Lady Bird was able to open the doors to licenses and other favorable treatment that was essential to the formation of a broadcasting empire.
Caroli also reveals Lady Bird's vital role as a campaigner. In 1960, her work organizing events for women voters was crucial to the election of the Kennedy/Johnson ticket—nowhere more so than in her prized electoral home state ("Lady Bird won Texas for us," Robert Kennedy said after the election). In 1964, after LBJ was demonized in the South as a "traitor" for his stance on civil rights, it was Lady Bird who embarked on a campaign tour of her own through the region, speaking on her husband's behalf.
But the book also contains groundbreaking new revelations on the importance of Lady Bird's role as advisor to her husband, both politically and personally. Caroli mines Lady Bird's own unpublished diary to tell stories of the numerous occasions that LBJ woke the First Lady in the wee hours of the morning to discuss Vietnam or the upcoming election—or even about how he could get out of the presidency, a position which often drove him into deep depressions. In fact, in 1964, upset about the job he had done so far, LBJ closed the blinds and crawled into bed, refusing to attend the upcoming Democratic Convention. Only Lady Bird could convince him to change his mind, imploring him not to let down his friends and hand victory to his foes. LBJ not only attended the convention and accepted his party's nomination, but with his wife campaigning for him, he won the general election by what was then the biggest landslide in history.
In Lady Bird and Lyndon, Caroli shatters the worn-out narrative of a brash, philandering husband who married his modest, reserved wife for her money. Through unprecedented research, including her investigation into previously unpublished letters that LBJ and Lady Bird exchanged during their brief courtship, Caroli fashions a detailed and captivating portrayal of the ultimate Washington power couple: the larger-than-life president, and the woman who played the indispensable role in making him who he was.
In the annals of presidential spouses, the story of the Johnsons is one that is often misrepresented by biographers and misunderstood by the public. Caroli's intriguing Lady Bird and Lyndon not only sets the record straight, but casts new light on the role of the power behind the throne in American politics—and how the person wielding that power can have a lasting effect on history.


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BRUNSWICK — The Brunswick Downtown Association, a non-profit group geared toward supporting local businesses, announced the hiring of a new executive director this week.
Greg Farr, who moved to Brunswick in January, but who has previous ties to Maine, was selected from a field of 40 applicants and two finalists. He will become the BDA's first full-time executive director.
The hiring also signifies the BDA's increasing prominence and influence as the town marches toward the 2011 closure of Brunswick Naval Air Station.
The local non-profit has in the past employed a part-time executive director. But this year, after the Town Council authorized increasing the town's contribution to the BDA to $50,000, the organization vowed to make the position full-time while simultaneously pursuing a marketing campaign to promote Brunswick as a destination.
Farr, whose most recent work experience was as a senior vice president for Spring Window Fashions in Madison, Wis., reiterated those goals this week. Farr said his priorities are to create a brand and identity for Brunswick, to fill vacant storefronts downtown and to begin a marketing program.
"We have a number of new leaders in town," Farr said. "… My goal is to get those people together and to create a unified vision."
Farr acknowledged that Brunswick businesses are facing pressures associated with BNAS closure. The town is also grappling with a way to make its transportation circulation friendlier as part of a downtown master plan.
While those obstacles are ongoing, Farr said he was more focused on "creating a more compelling reason to come downtown and come there more often."
"Give people more of a reason to come downtown and they'll bear the traffic," Farr said.
Farr said he has some ideas on how to lure more visitors downtown, but he doesn't have monopoly on them.
"I want to hold some open work sessions," he said. "I want to hear some ideas, objectives and strategies, and I really want to hear from different groups."
"It's the stakeholders in Brunswick that need to be heard," he added.
Rob Jarratt, chairman of the BDA's eight-member board of directors, said Farr was an "aggressive guy" who is going to "get things done."
Jarratt said his hiring was just another step in the BDA's goal to meet the challenges of base closure and spur community growth. He pointed to the success of the inaugural BDA-sponsored Taste of Brunswick, an outdoor restaurant festival that attempted to showcase the town's collective culinary prowess.
Jarratt said the BDA is going to cast a wider net to draw visitors and increase its current 125 members.
"We have to think more regionally," Jarratt said. "That said, we're not putting the local market aside."
"We want to make ourselves more viable," he added.


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Students of the 2nd 3rd and 8th grades at the Schuhmeierplatz High School in Vienna will be following along closely when "Teufel Amor", the newest composition of Munich composer Jörg Widmann, is premiered by the Vienna Philharmonic in November 2009.
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The French President Nicolas Sarkozy has nominated Georges Prêtre for the highest decoration in the French Legion of Honor.
The traditional benefit concert for the CS Hospiz Rennweg took place on October 8, 2009, in the Mozartsaal of the Vienna Konzerthaus.
In 1869, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one of the first powers in Europe to establish diplomatic relations with Japan.
On October 8, 2009, at a special business meeting, Dr. Mario Karwan was elected to the position of treasurer.
"Zu Gast bei den Wiener Philharmonikern" - Dr. Walter Dobner and Philipp Horak's portrayal of 23 members of our orchestra with a forward by Riccardo Muti, was presented on August 28, 2009 in Salzburg.
At the Philharmonic general business meeting on August 5, 2009, in Salzburg, five musicians who had begun their service with the Vienna State Opera Orchestra on September 1, 2006 were granted membership in the Association of the Vienna Philharmonic.
In the Philharmonic general business meeting on June 15, 2009, committee menbers without portfolio and internal auditors were elected.
An Arenberg Gala Concert took place on August 24, 2009, in the Schüttkasten in Salzburg to benefit the American Austrian Foundation located in Schloss Arenberg.
As is customary, numerous youth activities took place this past summer under the patronage and organization of the Vienna Philharmonic.
Keiko Manabe, the artistic advisor of Suntory Hall, who served at an earlier time as translator and assistant for Karl Böhm and Herbert von Karajan in Japan, was awarded the Honorary Gold Medal of Service to the Republic of Austria.
The concert in Grafenegg served as a prelude for an all-encompassing European/Asian Tour taking place between September 6th and September 30th, consisting of some 16 concerts in eight cities located in five different countries.
Daniel Ottensamer, since September 1, 2009 first clarinettist with the Vienna State Opera Orchestra, won the third prize in the renowned "International Carl Nielsen Clarinet Competition" in Odense.
On September 3, 2009, the Vienna Philharmonic made a guest appearance for the first time at the Music Festival Grafenegg.
The Vienna Philharmonic, in its 85th year of participation in the Salzburg Festival, played 25 opera performances and gave 11 concerts in the summer of 2009.
Under the baton of Daniel Harding, who was filling in on short notice due to the illness of the Vienna State Opera's Music Director, Seiji Ozawa, the Vienna Philharmonic performed several concerts in June 2009.
December (4),
November (7),
October (19),
September (5),
August (1),
July (1),
June (2),
May (16),
April (7),
March (3),
February (10),


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Sunday, April 10, 2011
Mafuji Hike 真富士山
Another hike from a couple weeks ago, late March. This mountain is called Mafuji (not The Mt. Fuji) and starts up in the hills behind Shizuoka city. After a steep 30 min drive up a one lane road from the Abekawa river, we parked the car and basically hiked straight up the rest of the mountain through the trees and a creek bed. Once at the top of the ridge there are 2 separate peaks with great views of Mount Fuji and the Suruga Bay.
More green tea fields along the Abekawa river valley on the drive up to the trailhead.
View from the trail through the trees.
There was still some snow on the ground as we were up at about 4,500 feet, making for a slippery climb. I received a few funny looks from other fellow hikers because I was only wearing shorts, luckily I have hairy legs.
Trail marker.
Once at the top there were great views of Mt Fuji and the surrounding area.
Maybe when the snow melts we will tackle the real Mt. Fuji.
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The Long Road Back: Week Two, Day Two
So far, I've been having the best week ever since returning to the gym. I did my first lift day last Sunday along with some ab work, and Monday through Wednesday, I did light cardio and mobility work. Today was my second day of lifting in Week 2. The working weights are still ridiculously light, […]Read more "The Long Road Back: Week Two, Day Two"


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The Otis Gallery portion of the food-inspired exhibition "In the Polka Dot Kitchen" closes Saturday, at Otis College of Art and Design, 9045 Lincoln Blvd., Westchester. Open today through Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. (310) 665-6905. The other half continues through Dec. 31 at the Pasadena ArmoryCenter for the Arts, 145 N. Raymond Ave., Pasadena. Wednesdays through Sundays, noon to 5 p.m.; Thursdays, 6:30 to 9 p.m. Ends Dec. 31. (626) 792-5101. Free.
Martin McDonagh's drama "The Cripple of Inishmaan," directed by Joe Dowling, closes Sunday at the Geffen Playhouse, 10886 Le Conte Ave., Westwood. Today, 7 p.m.; Friday, 8 p.m.; Saturday, 4 and 8:30 p.m.; Sunday, 2 and 7 p.m. $30-$40. (310) 208-5454.
The late Polish director Krzysztof Kieslowski's brilliant 10-part film series "Decalogue," which has rarely been seen in the U.S., closes Sunday after screening three consecutive weekends at LACMA's Bing Theater. 5905 Wilshire Blvd. Friday, Episodes 8-10, 7:30 p.m. Repeats Saturday, 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, 7 p.m. $5-$7. (323) 857-6010.
Blues- and gospel-fired pianist Gene Harris and his quintet close out a six-day run at Catalina Bar & Grill, 1640 Cahuenga Blvd., Hollywood. Today-Saturday, 8:30 and 10:30 p.m. Sunday, 7 and 9 p.m. $15-$20. (323) 466-2210.


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Flossenburg concentration camp
This is where Bonhoeffer is executed by hanging in 1945.
Berlin, Germany
This is the birthplace of Bonhoeffer and his seven brothers and sisters, as well as where he gives a radio broadcast in 1933 that is critical of Hitler.
Union Theological Seminary
This place is a seminary in New York that Bonhoeffer attends in 1930, at which he learns about Niebuhr and American Negro spirituals.
Finkenwalde, Germany
A town where the illegal, secret seminary of which Bonhoeffer becomes the leader in 1935, is located.
The Body of Christ
This term refers to the belief that Christians belong to their savior for all eternity and are united in Him invisibly and spiritually.
The Church
This term refers to the belief in a spiritual reality of the assembly of believers in Christ, not to be misunderstood to only apply to a building.
Word of God
This the term of faith...
(read more Object Descriptions)
This section contains 298 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


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Plasma Displays
Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp. It has long been known that certain gas mixtures will, if subjected to a sufficiently strong electric field, break down into a "plasma" which both conducts an electric current and converts a part of the electrical energy into visible light. This effect produces the familiar orange glow of the neon lamp or neon sign, and can readily be used as the basis of a matrix display simply by placing this same gas between the familiar array of row and column electrodes carried by a glass substrate (Figure 4-12a). A dot of light can be produced at any desired location in the array simply by placing a sufficiently high voltage across the appropriate row-column electrode pair. The plasma display panel, or PDP, is clearly an emissive display type, in that it generates its own light. However, unlike the CRT, there is no easy means of controlling the intensity of the light produced at each cell or pixel. In order to produce a range of intensities, or a gray scale, plasma displays generally rely on temporal modulation techniques, varying the duration of the "on" time of each pixel (generally across multiple successive frames) in order to provide the appearance of different intensities.
Plasma displays may use either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) drive; each has certain advantages and disadvantages. The DC type has the advantage of simplicity, both in the basic structure and its drive, but can have certain unique reliability problems owing to the direct exposure of the electrodes to the plasma. In the AC type, the electrodes may be covered by an insulating protective layer, and coupled to the plasma itself capacitively. This results in an interesting side-effect; residual charge in the "capacitor" structure thus formed in a given cell of the AC display in the "on" state pre-biases that cell toward that state. Even after the power is removed, then, the panel retains a "memory" in those cells which were on, and the image can then be restored at the next application of power to the panel.
Color is achieved in plasma panels in the same way as in CRTs; through the use of phosphors which emit different colors of light when excited. In color plasma panels, the gas mixture is modified to optimize it for ultraviolet (UV) emission rather than visible light; it is the UV light that excites the phosphors in this type of display, rather than an electron beam. A typical AC color-plasma structure is shown in Figure 4-12b; note that in this type of display, barriers are built on or into the substrate glass, in order to prevent adjacent sub-pixels from exciting each others' phosphors. Again, due to the difficulty of directly modulating the light output of each cell, temporal modulation techniques are used to provide a "gray scale" capability in these displays.
Figure 4-12 Plasma displays. In the typical monochrome plasma display panel (PDP), light is produced as in a neon bulb – a glowing plasma appears between the electrodes when a gas mixture is subjected to a sufficiently high voltage across them. In a color plasma panel, shown here as an AC type, the gas mixture is optimized for ultraviolet emission, which then excites color phosphors similar to those used in CRTs.
The fundamental mechanism behind the plasma display panel generally requires much higher voltages and currents than most other "flat-panel" technologies; the drive circuitry required is therefore relatively large and robust, and the structures of the display itself are larger than in other technologies. Owing to these factors, plasma displays have in practice been restricted to larger sizes – from perhaps 50-125 cm (20-60 inches) diagonal – and relatively low pixel counts. For this reason, plasma technology has not enjoyed the high unit volumes of other types, such as the LCD, but has seen significant success in many larger-screen applications such as television and "presentation" displays. The plasma display, especially in its color form, competes well against the CRT in those applications where, for reasons of space restrictions or environmental concerns, the much higher cost can be justified.
Electroluminescent (EL) Displays
Probably the simplest display, at least conceptually, is the electroluminescent or "EL" panel. Phosphor materials, in some cases identical to those used in the more common CRT, will glow not only when struck with an electron beam but also when subjected to a sufficiently strong electric field. Therefore, placing these materials between electrodes in the now-common row and column arrangement can produce an emissive display with an attractively wide viewing angle. In order to increase the light output, the rear substrate can be made reflective, although this can reduce the display contrast as it also reflects incoming ambient light. Another common design is to place a black (light-absorbing) layer at the rear of the structure, and/or place a circular polarizing layer on the front surface, both done in order to increase the display contrast . The circular polarizer will pass light produced by the display, but ambient light entering the panel and reflecting off the rear surface will not exit the panel due to the reversal of polarization occurring upon reflection.
Like the plasma displays, EL panels have been produced in both DC- and AC-drive versions, and are further classified by the nature of the electroluminescent layer (thin-film or powder); they can also employ either a passive-matrix or active-matrix drive scheme. Thin-film AC EL panels are currently the most popular commercial type. The technology does provide luminance control, although in this case it is by either varying the refresh frequency, or through the use of pulse-width modulation or other temporal techniques.
To date, EL technology has not seen the commercial success of the LCD or plasma types, and the use of this type of display has been for the most part restricted to certain industrial or military applications where the inherent ruggedness of the panels make them attractive. EL displays suffer from the need for high drive voltages and until recently relatively low luminance and contrast. The most common monochrome EL material (zinc sulfide, with manganese as an activator) produces a yellowish-orange light. Full-color EL panels have been very slow in coming. There are two options for producing color displays in this technology: first, a panel can be constructed using a white-emitting phosphor, and color filters applied over it as in the LCD case. The other option is to pattern individual sub-pixels of red-, green-, and blue-emitting phosphors, to form full-color triads as in the case of the CRT or color plasma types. Both of these have had their problems; the color-filter approach suffers from not having a sufficiently bright white-emitting phosphor available to tolerate the luminance reduction which comes from the filter layer. Using three separate phosphors, one for each primary, has resulted in workable full-color EL panels, but to date the blue phosphors used have not provided sufficient light output.
At the present time, EL technology appears to be in danger of being relegated to certain niche markets and applications, and potentially bypassed altogether due to advancements in other technologies. However, the history of EL development has been one of periods of rapid progress separated by times of relative stagnation, and it would be premature to count EL out just yet.
Organic Light-Emitting Devices (OLEDs)
A relatively recent development, just now coming to the market in commercial products, is the organic light-emitting device, or OLED. As a matrix display, the OLED panel functionally most resembles the EL types – a layer of light-emitting material placed between the electrodes which define the pixel array. However, unlike EL, the OLED materials operate at a much lower voltage, approximately in the same range as is used in the liquid-crystal types. Further, high-brightness OLED materials have already been demonstrated in all colors, including white, and so full-color operation is relatively easy to achieve. OLED displays promise a combination of the best of both the EL and LCD technologies: an emissive display with a wide viewing angle, good brightness and contrast, and yet with relatively modest power requirements and low operating voltages. Electrically, the OLED's drive requirements are so similar to those of the LCD that it is expected that many LCD production lines could be converted to OLED production in a reasonably straightforward and economical manner.
While the OLED display structure superficially resembles EL, in that an emissive layer is located between the row and column electrodes, the actual OLED structure is somewhat more complex. The basis for the OLED is a layered structure of organic polymer semiconductors, arranged so as to produce light through a mechanism similar to that of the ubiquitous light-emitting diode. A typical OLED structure is shown in Figure 4-13.
Active-matrix OLED panels have already been shown to be practical alternatives to the TFT-LCD, with the potential to compare favorably with that technology in terms of both cost and performance. OLEDs are expected to compete with the LCD in practically all current LCD applications, from small calculator, PDA, cell phone, and similar displays, through notebook computer displays and panels intended for desktop monitors. The materials also appear to be a reasonable choice for use with polymer substrates, raising the possibility of low-cost, flexible color displays. Further, the OLED technology may scale to larger panel sizes than has been possible with the LCD, making it a potential alternative to plasma in at least the lower end of the size range covered by that technology. OLEDs are still in their infancy in terms of commercial development, but definitely seem poised to take a significant share of the worldwide display market in the near future.
Figure 4-13 The structure of an OLED. Not shown are the glass substrates between which these layers would be built. Note that the OLED, unlike the LED, is a current-driven, rather than voltage-driven, device.
Field-Emission Displays (FEDs)
For almost as long as there have been CRT displays, there have been those who have tried to construct a version of this technology – a display which uses electron beams to stimulate phosphors – in flat-panel form. Probably the closest commercial technology until recently, in terms of being analogous in operation to the CRT, has been the color plasma panels, which, as noted above, use UV light to excite the phosphors. The main problem with translating the CRT to a true "flat panel" display has always been the source of the electron beam; the conventional CRT uses a heated cathode along with extremely high accelerating voltages. Besides using a considerable amount of power, this approach does not readily lend itself to incorporation in a thin display. It should be noted that several manufacturers have attempted to make flat, thin (or at least thinner than normal) CRTs using more-or-less conventional heated-cathode electron sources, with varying degrees of success, but a true flat-panel equivalent to the CRT display required the development of a "cold" source of electrons which would operate at lower voltages.
This essentially defines the distinguishing feature of a class known as field-emission displays, or FEDs. These are display devices which produce light via phosphors, again excited by streams of electrons, but unlike the CRT the electrons originate from emitters which do not require heating above ambient levels. The term "cold-cathode CRT" has also been used to refer to this class of display.
There have been several different approaches to the problem of designing a practical electron emitter for these devices. The quantitative measure of the ease with which electrons may be driven off (or, from a different perspective, extracted from) a given surface, material, or structure is the work function, which may be expressed as either the potential required to cause electron emission (the work function potential) or the equivalent energy requirement in joules or electron-volts. In these terms, then, what is needed is a practical emitter design with a sufficiently low work function so as to permit adequate electron emission at ambient temperatures.
In a conventional, heated CRT cathode, achieving the required work function level is generally done through the use of certain materials to form the actual emitting surface; a common example is barium oxide, a layer of which is applied to the "top" surface of the metal CRT cathode. This is in general not practical in a flat-panel device; not only so such materials fail to provide a low enough work function on their own, but there are increased requirements for emission uniformity over a relatively small area and the requirement that the emitter be capable of fabrication using available FPD processes. Therefore, other approaches are used for FEDs. Most rely on the fact that sharp edges, points, or similar structures are relatively easy places from which to extract or inject charge (owing to the concentration of charge in such regions, and the resulting concentration of electric fields there; this is similar to the principle behind the common lightning rod). Such structures are fairly easy to produce using conventional silicon-IC processing techniques, which themselves are readily adaptable to flat-panel display production.
Several emitter designs have been used in the development of FEDs. Each of these involve structures which are sufficiently small so as to permit multiple emission sites per pixel (or sub-pixel, in the case of a color display), in order to address the need for overall uniformity. The Spindt cathode (named for its inventor, Charles "Capp" Spindt, then of the Stanford Research Institute) use a conical emitter, formed through standard IC fabrication processes, as the source of the electrons, which pass through a hole in a surrounding conductive layer which acts as a control grid. A similar approach uses a long sharp edge as the emitting structure, again with structure acting as a control grid placed above and to either side of the emission site. Recently, carbon nanotubes have shown great promise as the electron emitters for field-emission displays. These are microscopic hollow filaments of carbon, which can be deposited on the display substrate so that many are oriented orthogonal (or nearly so) to the surface. The nanotubes are small enough, and packed densely enough on the substrate, so as to provide many emission sites per pixel or sub-pixel, and thus fulfill the requirement for uniform electron emission across the area to be illuminated.
Outside of the unique requirements for the emitters, the FED is very similar in basic structure to the other flat-panel types, most closely resembling the plasma display (especially in the color form). A cross-section of a typical color FED is shown in Figure 4-14. This display uses the familiar row-and-column addressing scheme, with drivers located on the periphery of the panel. Conventional CRT phosphors are placed on the inner surface of the front glass, and barriers are constructed between pixels and sub-pixels to isolate them from each other, and also often form the spacers between the front glass and rear substrate. FEDs have been designed in both low-voltage (up to several hundreds of volts potential difference between cathode and anode) and high-voltage (thousands of volts) forms; each is promoted as having certain advantages. The tradeoff to be made is basically one of acceptable luminance at lower cathode currents, versus the complexities and costs involved with generating and controlling higher voltages.
Figure 4-14 The structure of the field-emission display, or FED. This drawing is not to scale, especially with respect to the electron emitters. These are typically microscopic, and of sufficient quantity that thousands of individual emission sites may comprise a single color sub-pixel.
As in the case of the OLED display, FEDs are just now entering the market commercially. These displays also promise high brightness and contrast at power levels and costs competitive with the TFT-LCD, and again offer the viewing angle and potential size advantages of an emissive display, requiring no backlight. FEDs do, of course, have some unique challenges, including the requirement for higher drive voltages and processes which to date have not been commonly used in smaller-size FPDs. Time will soon tell how successful these new FPD technologies are in the various display markets.
Perhaps the ultimate marriage of flat-panel display and silicon IC technologies, microdisplays have recently opened numerous new opportunities for electronic displays. Essentially a display constructed on (or even as) an integrated circuit, this class covers multiple technologies sharing two main distinguishing features: they may be considered "flat-panel" displays, but they are of such a small size (generally under 5 cm (2 inch) diagonal, and often less than 2.5 cm (1 inch)) that they are not used in a conventional direct-view manner. Instead, microdisplays are either used to generate the appearance (a "virtual image") of a much larger display via magnifying optics, or the image of the display is projected onto a screen for viewing. Products using the former mode are often classed as "near-eye" applications, since the display device itself is physically located near the viewer's eye; example are camera or camcorder viewfinders, or so-called "eyeglass" or "head-mounted" display systems. As the basis for projection displays, microdisplays become the hearts of products competing with direct-view monitors, televisions, and much larger presentation display systems.
Microdisplays may be categorized into two broad groups: those which are essentially miniaturized versions of any of several of the conventional FP technologies, such as LCD or OLED displays, and those which employ micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) structures to control light. The former category is currently dominated by the liquid-crystal types, often referred to as liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) microdisplays. These are exactly what the name implies: a liquid-crystal display constructed on top of a silicon IC. The IC is basically a slightly modified memory array, in which the individual memory cells form the storage and drive elements for the LC pixels. The most obvious modification involves a slight change to the LC process – each element in the array must be topped by a large pad of reflective metal, formed as the last metallization step in the IC processing, which acts as both the driven electrical contact for the LC cell and the light-reflecting "back" of the display. A typical LCoS microdisplay is shown in Figure 4-15. Outside of the silicon IC substrate, this display is virtually identical to its larger, direct-view cousin. An alignment layer is deposited on top of the IC's metal pads, a glass panel carrying the transparent upper electrode (ITO) is placed on top of the IC, and the cavity between glass and silicon filled with liquid-crystal material. (Note that only a single common electrode need be supplied by the glass, since the addressing of individual pixels is handled completely by the IC.) This example, as is the case with almost all LC microdisplays, is obviously a reflective display; polarized light enters through the glass, and is reflected from the metal pad at the "bottom" of each cell. The polarization of the light may either be altered by the LC or not, depending on its state, which provides the basis for the device serving as a display. (In most applications for displays of this type, the polarization of the light source and the polarizer through which the image are observed are generally physically separate from the microdisplay component itself, and in practice both functions are commonly provided by a single component.)
Figure 4-15 A typical liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) microdisplay. These devices are essentially LC displays built on top of a silicon IC, which provides both the lower electrodes (doubling as reflective surfaces) and the drive and interface electronics. Reflective microdisplays of this type may be used in both direct view (through magnifying optics, and then generally referred to as "near-eye" types) and projection applications.
It should be noted at this point that at least one company has successfully produced a liquid-crystal microdisplay which does not operate in the reflective mode. Kopin Corporation bases their displays on specially designed silicon circuits, as in the above types, but through a proprietary process transfers the circuitry to a glass substrate, and the microdisplay then constructed on that substrate is basically a miniaturized transmissive active-matrix LCD.
The other major class of microdisplay are the electromechanical types, which are characterized by their use of physically deforming or altering the position of structures within the device in order to control light. The most successful example of this class to date has been the "digital micromirror device", or DMD, introduced by Texas Instruments in 1987, and which forms the heart of a technology which T.I. refers to as "digital light processing", or DLP. In these devices, each pixel is actually a movable metal mirror, which tilts back and forth under the control of electrostatic forces driven by the integrated circuit below (as shown in Figure 4-16a). The mirrors' tilt determines whether incoming light will be directed either through an optical system to the viewer (the "white" state for the pixel) or off to a "light trap" and so not seen by the viewer (the "black" state). The DMD has seen considerable commercial success in the conference-room and larger-screen projection markets, and is now one of the most serious challengers to conventional film projection in cinematic entertainment applications. Other examples of electromechanical microdisplays include Silicon Light Machines "grating light valve" device, in which strips are deformed electrostatically to control light via diffraction.
In any of these, however, full-color operation presents a unique challenge for the microdisplay, at least in the case of near-eye applications. These devices are in most cases too small to achieve color through individual color filters for each pixel, as is normally done with direct-view LCDs. (And in some cases, such as the electromechanical types, the color-filter method is simply not possible.) Instead, a field-sequential color drive scheme is more commonly employed. In this method, the color image is separated into three fields, one for each primary, and displayed in rapid succession. The light source is similarly switched between the three primary colors, in synchronization with the displayed fields. This results in the appearance of full-color image, and each pixel appears as the proper color over its full area; there are no separate color sub-pixels. In near-eye applications, the light source is most often implemented as a set of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), one in each of the three primaries. Figure 4-17 shows a typical near-eye display employing a reflective LCoS microdisplay with LED illumination.
Figure 4-16 The Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device, or DMD. In (a), two mirrors are shown in schematic form, illustrating how they may be tilted to direct light in different directions (this occurs due to electrostatic forces from electrodes on the underlying IC. (b) shows a series of photographs of actual mirrors and their underlying support structures. (c) shows the complete device, in its packaging.
Microdisplays may also be used as the basis for display systems providing normal "desk-top"-sized images, and even beyond to large, group-presentation displays, by projecting the image of the display on a screen of the desired size. Projection displays in general are described in more detail in the next section. The basic mode of operation of the microdisplay, however, is unchanged; it is simply a case of providing a considerably higher level of illumination, and then employing projection optics to image the display at the desired location.
Figure 4-17 An LCoS microdisplay product with an integral light source, for near-eye use. The LCoS device itself is mounted on the flexible substrate, underneath the black plastic structure that carries LEDs (on the upper left of the housing, as seen here) and a curved film which acts as a polarizing beamsplitter.
Simple in theory, at least; as we will see, projection displays have their own unique set of challenges.


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Natural Solutions Kit
The Natural Solutions Kit comes with a little bit of everything and get this…..HUGE savings! I would highly recommend this kit to start with because you get a lot of products at a great price!
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Land of the Desert Sun: Texas' Big Bend Country (Louise Lindsey Merrick Natural Environment Series)By: D. Gentry Steele (author)Hardback
Up to 2 WeeksUsually despatched within 2 weeks
DescriptionIn Land of the Desert Sun, D. Gentry Steele explores this fascinating region with his camera, leading the reader to enjoy the Big Bend through the eyes of a naturalist and historian. Taken in black and white to emphasize light, shadow, and texture, Steele's photographs present the Big Bend in a way that appeals to the sense of awe at the grandeur of the region's geological scale and at the detail of life that hangs on determinedly in that harsh place. In addition to his fifty photographs, taken over a course of four years, Steele shares firsthand experiences and provides a brief natural and cultural history of the Chihuahuan Desert and the Big Bend National Park, placing the photographs in context.
About AuthorD. GENTRY STEELE is an emeritus professor at Texas A&M University. A physical anthropologist with expertise in skeletal biology who has contributed two important books and many articles to his field, Steele is also an experienced photographer whose book on the Big Bend, Land of the Desert Sun, was also published by Texas A&M University Press. M. JIMMIE KILLINGSWORTH is professor of English at Texas A&M University and chair of the department. Widely published on topics ranging from nature poetry to technical style, Killingsworth is author or coauthor of seven books. A native of South Carolina, he has lived in College Station since 1990.
Product Details
- publication date: 31/10/1998
- Format: Hardback
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- Saver Delivery: Yes
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What a great week. Here's to a great weekend with these links!
• I wanted to read this but I didn't: a story about some drag character persona of a game developer.
• I don't know what this is but I love everything about it.
• I contest this list: I use dingus all the time!
• Do you want to be more of a morning person? I do. Maybe this can help us?
• Kind of cool but also like why are all of you naked and so fit? Fucking gay men.
• Dang, Janey Mock is just the best.
• Interesting question: could Snapchat help define 2016 election coverage?
• An electronic toilet sounds quite nice and maybe I will buy one.
• An absolutely fascinating account of the art world now, through the lens of music.
• Related and equally—if not more—relevant: the first and second part of this review of the new Whitney is very essential reading. It's like the State Of The Union for the art world.
• This forthcoming queer app seems super interesting.
• Interesting question: could marriage equality eliminate recognition of bisexuals?
• This Christopher Walken video game opening is spectacular.
• Here is the fascinating story of why manicurists are mostly Vietnamese.
• Listen to this and get scared!
• Wonderful.
• Thank you.
• Pigeons are fascinating!


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Your Interview in 3 Simple Steps
Congratulations! You are one of the people we love most!
The School of Bravery community is on a mission to reveal exactly how creativity & courage make for the only/best option in life/career/business. The podcast plays a role in this mission by exposing the threads of heroism behind the stories and people we love most.
We are so excited to have you on board for this!
Please Note: We ask each of our guests to help promote the show at least 3 times: before their interview, the day the interview goes live, and at least 1 week after the interview is live. We make it really easy. You'll have plenty of notice and help for this along the way. If you cannot commit to this, out of respect to our audience, our team, and other podcast guests, we ask that you kindly decline this invitation. We won't be offended! However...
Here's what you'll get:
Access to a whole new audience of (~5,000+) brave listeners and followers who will ADORE what you're up to.
An opportunity to enrich your current audience with a new dimension of your brand's story of bravery
A breath of fresh air from all the press, promo, and social media noise. We're told Emily Ann's interview skills are the best out there!
Emily Ann will also tailor your podcast episode to your individual story.
Step 1: Schedule Your Interview
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Step 2: Prepare for Your Interview
Equipment you'll need: We want your sound to be pitch perfect, so thank you ahead of time for ensuring this quality for (y)our listeners!
A computer, tablet or iPad (if you are using a tablet or an iPad you might need to download the Zoom app
Internet connect with a minimum 1 mbps
The free Zoom.us app
A quality microphone or a headset. If you are using a microphone then you will need a headset/earbuds to prevent an echo. You can also use your phone earbuds' microphone if you're really in a pinch. But if you're in the market for a simple little USB microphone, here are a few on Amazon with great reviews. ($10-$129)
A quiet place - free from excessive background noise (dogs barking, street traffic, coffeeshop noise, etc.)
What to expect:
Set aside one hour to be safe, sometimes technology has a mind of its own and disrupts our session.
I will log onto Zoom at the scheduled time. We will chat for a bit to make sure our technology is working.
Note: I will record the podcast both for video and audio using Zoom. I might post a highlight video on the website.
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Spreading the news will help the algorithm attached to your episode get bumped to the top of iTunes! You can do this by sharing the episode via Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Periscope, your own blog/newsletter. When the episode airs, you'll get an email with a list of links, social media images, and a whole lot more.
Email is best! The guests who get the most out of their Bare Naked Bravery interviews are those who email their newsletter lists twice. Once before the episode airs and once after. (A bcc email to friends/family count!) This can be as simple as adding a "PS" to the bottom of a previously scheduled email!
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~Emily Ann & The School of Bravery Team
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