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This Sunday the local writers' group will be teaching people how to plot out a novel in 60 minutes. I used the official graphic from the National Novel Writing Month (NaNoWriMo) website to help make this digital poster. It's eye-searing, but hopefully we'll get more people in the door with it!
Month / October 2013
New WordPress Theme
Rather like this free WordPress theme, Bold Headline. What do you think?
Transforming Word Help to Genealogy Resources
I've been thinking a lot recently about my interactions with patrons. I've written about it before, but I'm now wondering how common is my method of assistance for patrons. Here is yesterday's interaction:
I received a long email from a very stressed out patron asking for help in creating a template in Word. Then I'm told that this patron is in the computer lab asking for help. So I go out and she tells me the background of her project. Together we work out how to accomplish what she wants. I also show her an alternative method. She wants to stay within Word. We work through the problem to a solution that she is happy with. Then, I, acting upon what I had gleamed during our chit chat, ask her about how she'll be presenting and sharing the data she is collecting. This then leads to us talking genealogy software and I introduce her to the concept of GEDCOM (genealogy files) software. She's been filling out her family tree in Ancestry but had not realized she could export it out into the genealogy software she already has. I then inform her and show her how to access the Library's Ancestry.com account.
Most of my private interactions with patrons go along these lines. I suppose this is how a reference interview goes, but I'm not entirely sure? My favorite part at the end of these conversations is the patrons' eyes lighting up as they realize all the other resources the library gives them access to.
Bump on the Head & Dust on My Knees
Today I helped set up the last twelve thin clients in the Lower Level computer lab. The work isn't bad — especially since I was not the one drilling bracket holes or setting up the digital space. Instead I was popping in the thin clients, mounting the bottom "cage", and then arranging the cords. I'm not quite at Lifehacker photo worthy levels of cord management, but I think they'll stay out of the way! The desks are very low, so I have to sit under them with my head completely tilted sideways. My boss and coworker are too tall, so they have to lay on their backs to work. I think the worst part is how the rough velcro ties rip at your fingers. However, when we were done, the room looks clean and wide open with all the new desk space after the almost-five year old Dell towers were removed.
Patrons then kept me hopping while I was on desk. One lady wanted to use the typewriter. I think she's officially our third patron to use it while I've been here! Her friend had told her we have one. The one I set up is a new Brother typewriter. It's very different from the typewriter I used 18 years ago. Together, the lady and I struggled through understanding how to use it since it had lots of ALT/Code key combinations to set up the paper before typing.
I was then allowed to bow out using some of my comp time. I escaped home to finish up Holly Black's The Coldest Girl in Coldtown which I highly recommend!
Teaching & Presentation Review
Yesterday I gave my Online Security talk to my coworkers. It went well over the two sessions. The most valuable interaction happened afterwards. My colleague praised my teaching style saying that I allowed people to chat, but also smoothly pulled the class back on course. She also said something about liking how I made it easy for people to understand the topic. I'm thankful for this feedback because I usually live in my head and have my own perspective about how I come across. That is, I see myself as being a bit awkward and self-deprecating. My goal is make people laugh while making sure no one is left behind.
Today I assisted a colleague in listening to her big presentation, giving feedback, and then edited her slidedeck on Hospitality in Libraries. This proved to be a valuable lesson for both of us as we got solidified her thoughts and I got to teach her about designing slides. She then took over and finished the work. Great job, Sally!


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Our Channellock Rescue tools are some of our most popular sellers. The most popular being the Channellock 87 Rescue tool. Specially designed after requests from firefighters for a tool to fit in their bunker pants pocket. Combining the benefits of a spanner wrench and a wire cutter into a compact powerful tool the 87 rescue tool is a must have for any firefighter.
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- 8.875 in by 3.54 in
We also offer bulk discounts for order of 20 or more.

subset: commoncrawl


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Today we're going to show you how to make the doctor funk tiki drink recipe. Like most tiki drinks, this has a heavy rum influence, but is actually a light refreshing starter tiki drink. But, you've got to like Good & Plenty flavor, because this brings some black jelly bean.
The Doctor Funk Recipe:
Intoxica By Jeff Berry:
The doctor funk is a Donn Beach recipe based on an actual doctor / mixologist from the Polynesian islands. This is no doubt a completely different drink design from the one the now famous doctor was 'prescribing'.
The recipe is inspired by a German doctor in Samoa by the name Bernard Funk. He practices medicine and mixology but was best known for Mixology. His original concoction was said to be "lemonade and absinthe" in flavor profile, the above is what Donn Beach came up with off Bernards original design.
The lemonade and absinthe does work its way into the Dr Funk by Donn Beach. Jeff Berry modified it to include club soda over crushed ice and a potential blend, making this a far easier tiki drink to build.
The aroma gives you a strong absinthe influence, but the doctor funk itself is indeed light and refreshing.
The Doctor Funk
– 1 1/2 oz Light Puerto Rican Rum
– 1 tsp Pernod
– 3/4 oz Fresh Lime Juice
– 1/2 oz. Grenadine
– 1 oz. Club Soda
Tiki month is on! Are you ready? #tiki #rum #funk
Support CMC: http://patreon.com/cmc
Checkout our recipe E-Books: http://homecocktailmenu.com
ABOUT Common Man Cocktails (CMC)
Common Man Cocktails, inspired by Derrick Schommer's intimidation when opening a cocktail book, is designed to show viewers how to create some of the most common cocktails to advanced crazy cocktails and to look back at the classics of yesterday. Derrick has learned as he goes and has been actively creating five recipes a week on the channel for over six years, lots of content to keep you entertained for hours!
CMC will teach you how to make some great cocktail designs, give you ideas for new cocktails and introduce you to the latest spirits, liqueurs, syrups, barware and bitters. If you're looking to become a cocktail enthusiast or need new ideas for your bartending trade, CMC is a great place to start.
Subscribe to CMC Now: http://bit.ly/NKFUkE
Newsletter: http://everydaydrinkers.com/newsletter
For hundreds of recipes: http://everydaydrinkers.com
For barware, syrups and cocktail accessories: http://awesomedrinks.com
Produced by TrollSpank Studios, LLC.: http://trollspank.com
Drink Responsibly.


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About this book
With the ever-increasing demand on wireless spectrum by wide bandwidth applications, such as third-generation mobile phones at RF frequencies, Multipoint Video Distribution System (MVDS) and Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) in the millimeter-wave frequency range, there is a growing need to exploit higher and higher frequencies. The mm-wave field has therefore become a rapidly emerging area of research.
Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits explores the design and implementation of mm-wave integrated circuits using MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) technology. The main focal points are, firstly, fundamental circuit analyzes of building blocks necessary for the employment of MMIC technology for mm-wavelength applications, and, secondly, circuit design methodologies associated with these building blocks. The analytical/theoretical treatment is supplemented by specific mm-wave MMIC designs of varied complexity. The circuit designs presented have been fabricated on a commercial 0.25 m m GaAs pHEMT foundry process, thereby demonstrating that high volume, high quality mm-wave MMICs can indeed become a commercial reality.
Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits has a broad scope, and includes detailed discussions on high frequency materials and technologies, high frequency devices and the design of high frequency circuits, giving the reader a good theoretical and practical understanding of mm-wave circuit design. Key components of mm-waves transceiver circuits are studied and evaluated. Practical MMIC realizations, targeted for transceiver applications operating near 40 GHz and 57 GHz, have been fabricated and tested. They include low noise amplifiers (LNAs), balanced diode mixer for both up and down-conversion, balanced HEMT mixer as down-converter, HEMT frequency doubler, HEMT frequency tripler and a 57 GHz transceiver using integrated building blocks. Furthermore the viability of state of the art mm-wave processes for the generation of high power levels at 100 GHz is analyzed and a design topology suitable for a practical realization is presented.
Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits is written to support and supplement university mm-wave and high-frequency IC design courses, as well as serving as a reference for researchers and professional high frequency design engineers working in this exciting field of mm-wave integrated circuits.
Bibliographic information
- DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/b102136
- Copyright Information Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005
- Publisher Name Springer, Boston, MA
- eBook Packages Engineering
- Print ISBN 978-0-387-23665-0
- Online ISBN 978-0-387-23666-7
- Buy this book on publisher's site


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Curl Box
Just recieved this amaaazing package from Curl Box! The box includes DevaCurl products I've never tried DevaCurl products before but have heard a lot of great things about them. I was also excited to see Rene from @ownbyfemme picture in the box! I've met her before and she is as nice as she is beautiful! I'll try these goodies and write a review for you guys. xx


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Overcome your jitters about finding love online with the best online dating advice for women over 40!
Download your copy today – Read on your PC, Mac, smart phone, tablet or Kindle device.
You're about to discover how to take the first steps to finding a great relationship with online dating. Despite popular belief, online dating is not just for Twenty-somethings! More and more mature adults are figuring out that searching for love using the internet is an easier, more efficient way of creating the kind of love life that you are looking for – at any age!


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Death for cult leader Michael Ryan came not from lethal injection, but natural causes.
Ryan died on death row at the Tecumseh prison Sunday evening, according to officials with the Department of Correctional Services.
Ryan, first imprisoned in Lincoln, moved to Tecumseh when it opened in 2001 and the state re-located death row there.
Ryan died at a quarter till 8 o'clock Sunday evening. He was 66.
An autopsy will be performed, though no signs of trauma were evident. A grand jury will be impaneled to investigate the death in accordance with state law.
Ryan was sentenced to death in one of the most brutal murders in state history. Ryan led a cult encamped on a farm in southeastern Nebraska which preached about the end of the world.
Ryan tortured and killed 26-year-old James Thimm and 5-year-old Luke Stice in 1985 near Rulo.
Thimm had been beaten, sexually abused, and partially skinned alive over a three-day period.
Investigators say Ryan led about 20 cult members who lived collectively on the farm near Rulo. The group stored weapons in preparation for a final battle pitting good versus evil.
The Nebraska State Supreme Court halted Ryan's scheduled execution in 2012. A federal judge ruled shortly thereafter the state had not legally obtained the drugs for lethal injection.
The final appeals made by Ryan's legal team earlier this year had been rejected by both the Nebraska Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court.


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But what shall I talk about with no story to launch the discussion off!?
As I was publishing (blogging?) most of the first chapter of Missing Pieces I already had the rest written. So my week would go something like: post/edit/commentary/blog/edit/post and so on. Since for the past few weeks I've been writing the next chapter this quite chilled pace has been disrupted. It's been post/write/edit/write/write/write/write/write and so on. So my SF blog and other endeavours fall by the wayside a little.
I don't mind. I love writing. That's kind of the point. I don't mind if I never do this for money (although, you know...), I mostly want to tell stories. That does of course mean I want people to read my work, and like it... I want to tell the stories to someone. The larger the audience, the better... one day, maybe.
In the meantime. I'll just keep myself and my friends entertained. =)
So I'm just about to start publishing the next chapter of Missing Pieces. It's about half written, a little more than, which makes it different to the first chapter which was pretty much finished when I started. I'm also picking the order in which they're published, instead of the first chapter which was in the order they were written (except for a couple of festive concessions). There's a really good mix (I think), of genres and lengths and styles. There's some more fanciful, playful pieces, some serious fantasy, some heavy SF... it's gonna be fun. ;D
One of the things that (hopefully) you'll see coming through in the later half of this chapter is a major influence on my life... Roald Dahl. I read all of the kids' books when I was younger, but I'm just now reading some of his adult stories, some of his Unexpected Tales. I can't believe I managed to do a creative writing degree and was never made to read these. They are, for the most part, so well handled; the characterisation, pacing and plot development are superb. And taking the obvious twist, nodding at it and passing it by... is brilliant. If you like short fiction, you should read them.


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Silent pump ever! I did not disturb my husband and baby through their night while i am pumping. Great product to express my breast milk faster and big size does not mean it is heavy! (Posted on 11/9/2016)
Hi there! We're Lavi and Shan - two mums who got tired of constantly running out to get diapers and milk for our babies.


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Author: E. Lockhart
Published: May 13, 2014 (Delacorte Press)
Rating: Stay Up 'til 2 AM
Format: Digital galley provided by publisher in exchange for an honest review. Thanks!
Summary: A beautiful and distinguished family.In a nutshell, We Were Liars is a fantastic book to read and discuss but a terrible book to review. Basically, I can't say much of anything without spoiling it, but I don't want to spoil it for you! I'm one of the few people who figured out the ~big twist~ ahead of time because it's similar to a movie I love and had watched only a few days before reading this book. So yeah, you might guess it, and yes, the book is probably better if you don't.
A private island.
A brilliant, damaged girl; a passionate, political boy.
A group of four friends—the Liars—whose friendship turns destructive.
A revolution. An accident. A secret.
Lies upon lies.
True love.
The truth.
Read it.
And if anyone asks you how it ends, just LIE.
But! Don't think that ruins the experience. Despite the marketing, there is much more to We Were Liars than the ending. Don't just read it because you want something that's going to shock your pants off (though that very well may happen - hopefully only figuratively speaking, especially if you're in public). Here are some other reasons to read it:
For the characters: The characters are real and flawed and interesting and all so unique from one another. With the exception of one, they're the rich and privileged kids you frequently see villainized but never explained, and I love seeing the other side.
Because it's different. Trust me, there are not a lot of stories like this.
For the writing. Apparently, sort of like Tahereh Mafi and a few others I could name, E. Lockhart's writing style is a love-it-or-hate-it kind of thing. And I fall solidly and quite happily in the LOVE IT camp. It is honestly a large portion of why I loved the book.
For the emotions. This book turned me into an emotional wreck. Of course, messed up in the head kind of gal that I am, this made me love it more. So if you're on the crazy emotional bandwagon with me, this one's for you!
For the discussions. I definitely recommend reading this along with a friend so you can discuss it afterward! Much like Dangerous Girls, I think half the experience is in the post-reading discussions. And if you don't have any friends up for a readalong,
All in all, We Were Liars is shocking, unique, and thought-provoking. If you are looking for your next book club selection, I would definitely recommend this one!
First:Welcome to the Beautiful Sinclair family.


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Transformation AGO/Frank Gehry , design unveiled January 28. Rating: NNN Rating: NNN
and speaking of the ago, as every- one is, I was disappointed by Frank Gehry 's design at first. But after some reflection I think he's just the wrong person for the job. Unlike architects Daniel Libeskind of the ROM and William Alsop of OCAD, Gehry has already built his masterpiece - the Guggenheim Bilbao. On the downside of a great career, he's a geezer architect hired to build a space to house the collection of another geezer. Not exactly a vibrant youth movement at the AGO.
That said, Gehry's design is still better than 99.9 per cent of the buildings in this city. He warned us not to expect a Bilbao, and we didn't get one (nor do we deserve a beautiful form resembling a great ship in full sail, given how we've littered our harbourfront with condos like so many trash cans).
If Gehry is guilty of anything, it's showing unrealistic presentation views from high angles and distant perspectives that make no sense in a cluttered city (see the pictures at www. ago. net).
But when it's finished and you're standing on Dundas looking up at the sloping glass and titanium wall, you'll be impressed. Trust me.


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5 hospitalized in Allerton apartment fire
Several people were hospitalized after an early morning fire in an Allerton apartment complex.
The fire broke out on the fourth floor of the building near Barker Avenue around 5 a.m.
Firefighters say the blaze was under control within minutes, but some roofs are collapsing due to the water used to extinguish it.
Five people, including two firefighters, were taken to Jacobi Medical Center to be treated for smoke inhalation.
News 12 is told all five people are in stable condition.
The cause of the fire is unknown at this time.


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Washington Redskins 2009 NFL Schedule Analysis…
Washington Redskins 2009 Regular Season NFL Schedule
Sunday, Sept. 13 @ New York Giants
Sunday, Sept. 20 St. Louis Rams
Sunday, Sept. 27 @ Detroit Lions
Sunday, Oct. 4 Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Sunday, Oct. 11 @ Carolina Panthers
Sunday, Oct. 18 Kansas City Chiefs
Monday, Oct. 26 Philadelphia Eagles
Sunday, Nov. 1 BYE — —
Sunday, Nov. 8 @ Atlanta Falcons
Sunday, Nov. 15 Denver Broncos
Sunday, Nov. 22 @ Dallas Cowboys
Sunday, Nov. 29 @ Philadelphia Eagles
Sunday, Dec. 6 New Orleans Saints
Sunday, Dec. 13 @ Oakland Raiders
Monday, Dec. 21 New York Giants
Sunday, Dec. 27 Dallas Cowboys
Sunday, Jan. 3 @ San Diego Chargers
With a quick look, the Skins have gotten a cake first half of the season (relatively speaking compared to the 2nd half) against the Bucs, Lions, Rams, and Chiefs. Unfortunately for Dan Snyder, his team won't be happy for long, having to play Atlanta, Dallas, Philly, and San Diego all on the road during the last two months of the 2009 season. The road looks rocky for Washington to sneak into the playoffs this year, especially in the brutal NFC East. This may finally be the year where Jason Campbell proves that he in fact CANNOT lead this team and the Skins finally pull the trigger and let everyone's favorite sideline stud Colt Brennan take a shot in some games. Why not? The kid only threw for a million yards at Hawaii and was been impressive in each of his preseason appearances in 2008. Clearly, Brennan's got skill….and the ladies love him…
Toughest Home Game for Washington to Win Outside of the NFC East: New Orleans Saints in Week 13 (Dec. 6th)
Toughest Away Game for Washington to Win Outside of the NFC East: At the Carolina Panthers in Week 5 (Oct. 11th)
The Game Likely to Destroy Washington's Playoff Push: A letdown against the Oakland Raiders in California Week 14 (Dec. 13th)
The Game Washington will surprise people and win: Sunday, Nov. 8th in Atlanta against Matt Ryan's Falcons…this has upset special written all over it
Win/Loss Prediction: In 2009, Washington will finish 6-10 and miss the playoffs…sorry Skins fans…but look on the bright side, at least Colt may see some PT


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MODERN ENGLISH thus dates from Caxton. The language had at length reached the all but flectionless state which it now presents. A single older verbal form, the southern -eth of the third person singular, continued to be the literary prose form throughout the 16th century, but the northern form in -s was intermixed with it in poetry (where it saved a syllable), and must ere long, as we see from Shakespeare, have taken its place in familiar speech. The fuller an, none, mine, thine, in -the early part of the 16th century at least, were used in positions where their shortened forms a, no, my, thy are now found (none other, mine own = no other, my own). But with such minute exceptions, the accidence of the 16th century was the accidence of the 19th. While, however, the older inflections had disappeared, there was as yet no general agreement as to the mode of their replacement. Hence the 16th century shows a syntactic licence and freedom which distinguishes it strikingly from that of later times. The language seems to be in a plastic, unformed state, and its writers, as it were, experiment with it, bending it to constructions which now seem indefensible. Old distinctions of case and mood have disappeared from noun and verb, without custom having yet decided what prepositions or auxiliary verbs shall most fittingly convey their meaning. The laxity of word-order which was permitted in older states of the language by the formal expression of relations was often continued though the inflections which expressed the relations had disappeared. Partial analogy was followed in allowing forms to be identified in one case, because, in another, such identification was accidentally produced, as for instance the past participles of write and take were often made wrote and took, because the contracted participles of bind and break were bound and broke. Finally, because,.in dropping inflections, the former distinctions even between parts of speech had disappeared, so that iro;,, e.g., was at once noun, adjective and verb, clean, adjective, verb and adverb, it appeared as if any word whatever might be used in any grammatical relation, where it conveyed the idea of the speaker. Thus, as has been pointed out by Dr Abbott, " you can happy your friend, malice or foot your enemy, or fall an axe on his neck. You can speak and act easy, free, excellent, you can talk of fair instead of beauty (fairness), and a pale instead of a paleness. A he is used for a man, and a lady is described by a gentleman as `the fairest she he has yet beheld.' An adverb can be used as a verb, as `they askance their eyes'; as a noun, `the backward and abyss of time'; or as an adjective, a `seldom pleasure.' " For, as he also says, " clearness was preferred to grammatical correctness, and brevity both to correctness and clearness. Hence it was common to place words in the order in which they came upper-most in the mind without much regard to syntax, and the result was a forcible and perfectly unambiguous but ungrammatical sentence, such as The prince that feeds great natures they will slay him. Ben Jonson. or, as instances of brevity, Be guilty of my death since of my crime. Shakespeare. It cost more to get than to lose in a day. Ben Janson." These characteristics, together with the presence of words now obsolete or archaic, and the use of existing words in senses ! A Shakspearian Grammar, by Dr E. A. Abbott. To this book we are largely indebted for its admirable summary of the characters of Tudor English. different from our own, as general for specific, literal for metaphorical, and vice versa, which are so apparent to every readet of the 16th-century literature, make -it. useful to separate Early Modern or Tudor English from the subsequent and still existing stage, since the consensus of usage has declared in favour of individual senses and constructions which are alone admissible in ordinary language. The beginning of the Tudor period was contemporaneous with the Renaissance in art and literature, and the dawn of modern discoveries in geography and science. The revival of the study of the classical writers of Greece and Rome, and the translation of their works into the vernacular, led to the introduction of an immense number of new words derived from these languages, either to express new ideas and objects or to indicate new distinctions in or grouping of old ideas. Often also it seemed as if scholars were so pervaded with the form as well as the spirit of the old, that it came more natural to them to express them-selves in words borrowed from the old than in their native tongue, and thus words of Latin origin were introduced even when English already possessed perfectly good equivalents. As has already been stated, the French words of Norman and Angevin introduction, being principally Latin words in an altered form, when used as English supplied models whereby other Latin words could be converted into English ones, and it is after these models that the Latin words introduced during and since the 16th century have been fashioned. There is nothing in the form of the words procession and progression to show that the one was used in England in the 11th, the other not till the 16th century. Moreover, as the formation of new words from Latin had gone on in French as well as in English since the Renaissance, we often cannot tell whether such words, e.g. as persuade and persuasion, were borrowed from their French equivalents or formed from Latin in England independently. With some words indeed it is impossible to say whether they were formed in England directly from Latin, borrowed from contemporary late French, or had been in England since the Norman period, even photograph, geology and telephone have the form that they would have had if they had been living words in the mouths of Greeks, Latins, French and English from the beginning, instead of formations of the 19th century.' While every writer was thus introducing new words according to his notion of their being needed, it naturally happened that a large number were not accepted by contemporaries or posterity; a long list might be formed of these mintages of the 16th and 17th centuries, which either never became current coin, or circulated only as it were for a moment. The revived study of Latin and Greek also led to modifications in the spelling of some words which had entered Middle English in the French form. So Middle English doute, dette, were changed to doubt, debt, to show a more immediate connexion with Latin debitum, debitum; the actual derivation from the French being ignored. Similarly, words containing a Latin and French t, which might be traced back to an original Greek 0, were remodelled upon the Greek, e.g. theme, throne, for Middle English teme, Crone, and, by false association with Greek, anthem, Old English antefne, Latin antiphon; Anthony, Latin Antonius; Thames, Latin Tamesis, apparently after Thomas. The voyages of English navigators in the latter part of the 16th century introduced a considerable number of Spanish words, and American words in Spanish forms, of which negro, potato, tobacco, cargo, armadillo, alligator, galleon may serve as examples. The date of 1611, which nearly coincides with the end of Shakespeare's literary work, and marks the appearance of the Authorized Version of the Bible (a compilation from the various 16th-century versions), may be taken as marking the close of Tudor English. The language was thenceforth Modern in structure, style and expression, although the spelling did not settle down to present usage till about the revolution of 1688. The latter date also marks the disappearance from literature of ' Evangelist, astronomy, dialogue, are words that have so lived, of which their form is the result: Photograph, geology, &c., take this form as if they had the same history.a large numbet of words, chiefly of such as were derived from Latin during the 16th and 17th centuries. Of these nearly all that survived 1688 are still in use; but a long list might be made out of those that appear for the last time before that date. This sifting of the literary vocabulary and gradual fixing of the literary spelling, which Went on between 161i, when the language became modern in structure, and 1689, when it became modern also in form, suggests for this period the name of Seventeenth-Century Transition. The distinctive features of Modern English have already been anticipated by way of contrast with preceding stages of the language. It is only necessary to refer to the fact that the vocabulary is now much more composite than at any previous period. The immense development of the physical sciences has called for a corresponding extension of terminology which has been supplied from Latin and especially Greek; and although these terms are in the first instance technical, yet, with the spread of education and general diffusion of the rudiments and appliances of science, the boundary line between technical and general, indefinite at the best, tends more and more to melt away—this in addition to the fact that words still technical become general in figurative or metonymic senses. Ache, diamond, stomach, comet, organ, tone, ball, carte, are none the less familiar because once technical words. Commercial, social, artistic or literary contact has also led to the adoption of numerous words from modern European languages, especially French, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch (these two at a less recent period) : thus from French soiree, seance, depot, debris, pro-gramme, prestige; from Italian bust, canto, folio, cartoon, concert, regatta, ruffian; from Portuguese caste, palaver; from Dutch yacht, skipper, schooner, sloop. Commercial intercourse and colonization have extended far beyond Europe, and given us words more or fewer from Hindostani, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Malay, Chinese, and from American, Australian, Polynesian and African languages .2 More important even than these, perhaps, are the dialect words that from time to time obtain literary recognition, restoring to us obsolete Old English forms, and not seldom words of Celtic or Danish origin, which have been pre-served in local dialects, and thus at length find their way into the standard language. As to the actual proportion of the various elements of the language, it is probable that original English words do not now form more than a fourth or perhaps a fifth of the total entries in a full English dictionary; and it may seem strange, therefore, that we still identify the language with that of the 9th century, and class it as a member of the Low German division. But this explains itself, when we consider that of the total words in a dictionary only a small portion are used by any one individual in speaking or even in writing; that this portion includes the great majority of the Anglo-Saxon words, and but a minority of the others. The latter are in fact almost all names—the vast majority names of things (nouns), a smaller number names of attributes and actions (adjectives and verbs), and, from their very nature, names of the things, attributes and actions which come less usually or, it may be, very rarely under our notice. Thus in an ordinary book, a novel or story, the foreign elements will amount to from so to 15% of the whole; as the subject becomes more recondite or technical their number will increase; till in a work on chemistry or abstruse mathematics the proportion may be 4o%. But after all, it is not the question whence words may have been taken, but how they are used in a language that settles its character. If new words when adopted conform them-selves to the manner and usage of the adopting language, it makes absolutely no difference whether they are taken over from some other language, or invented off at the ground. In either case they are new words to begin with; in either case also, if they are needed, they will become as thoroughly native, i.e. familiar from childhood to those who use them, as those that possess the longest native pedigree. In this respect English is still the same language it was in the days of AIfred; and, comparing its history with that of other Low German tongues, there is no reason to believe that 2 See ext ended lists of the foreign words in English in Dr Morris's Historical Outlines of English Accidence, p. 33. stone, mine, doom, day, nail, child, bridge, shoot, Anglo-Saxon stein, min, dons, dreg, nags?, citd, brycg, sceot. The history of English sounds (see PHONETICS) has been treated at length by Dr A. J. Ellis and Dr Henry Sweet; and it is only necessary here to indicate the broad facts, which are the following. (1) In an accented closed syllable, original short vowels have remained nearly unchanged; thus the words at, men, bill, God, dust are pronounced now nearly as in Old English, though the last two were more like the Scotch o and North English u respectively, and in most words the short a had a broader sound like the provincial a in man. (2) Long accented vowels and diphthongs have undergone a regular sound shift towards loser and more advanced positions, so that the words ban, /Jeer, soece or site, stol (bahn or bawn, her, sok or saik, stole) are now bone, hair, seek, stool; while the two high vowels u (= oo) and i (se) have become diphthongs, as hits, stir, now house, shire, though the old sound of u remains in the north (hoose), and the original i in the pronunciation sheer, approved by Walker, " as in machine, and shire, and magazine." (3) Short vowels in an open syllable have usually been lengthened, as in nO-ma, co fa, now name, cove; but to this there are exceptions, especially in the case of i and u. (4) Vowels in terminal unaccented syllables have all sunk into short obscure e, and then, if final, disappeared; so oxa, see, wudu became ox-e, se-e, wud-e, and then ox, see, wood; oxen, lufod, now oxen, loved, lov'd; settan, setton, later settee, setter sett, now set. (5) The back consonants, c, g, sc, in connexion with front vowels, have often become palatalized to ch, j, sh, as circe, rycg, fist, now church, ridge, fish. A medial or final g has passed through a guttural or palatal continuant to w or y, forming a diphthong or new vowel, as in boga, laga, dreg, heg, drig, now bow, law, day, hay, dry. W and h have disappeared before r and 1, as in write, (w)lisp, (h)ring; h final (=gh) has become f, k, w or nothing, but has developed the glides u or i before itself, these combining with the pre-ceding vowel to form a diphthong, or merging with it into a simple vowel-sound, as ruh, hoh, bolt, dealt, heah, hleah, now rough, hough, bough, dough, high, laugh=ruf, hok, bow, do, hi, ldf. R after a vowel has practically disappeared in standard English, or at most become vocalized, or combined with the vowel, as in hear, bar, more, her. These and other changes have taken place gradually, and in accordance with well-known phonetic laws; the details as to time and mode may be studied in special works. It may be mentioned that the total loss of grammatical gender in English, and the almost complete disappearance of cases, are purely phonetic phenomena. Gender (whatever its remote origin) was practically the use of adjectives and pronouns with certain distinctive terminations, in accordance with the genus, genre, gender or kind of nouns to which they were attached; when these distinctive terminations were uniformly levelled to final 1, or other weak sounds, and thus ceased to distinguish nouns into kinds, the distinctions into genders or kinds having no other existence disappeared. Thus when Net gode hors, one godan hund, Pa godan boc, became; by phonetic weakening, pe gode hors, Pe gode hownd, Pe gode boke, and later still the good horse, the good hound, the good book, the words horse, hound, book were no longer grammatically different kinds of nouns; grammatical gender had ceased to exist. The concord of adjectives has entirely disappeared; the concord of the pronouns is now regulated by rationality and sex, instead of grammatical gender, which has no existence in English. The man who lost his life; the bird which built its nest_ Our remarks from the end of the 14th century have been confined to, the standard or literary form of English, for of the other dialects from that date (with the exception of the northern its grammar or structure would have been very different, however different its vocabulary might have been, if the Norman Conquest had never taken place. A general broad view of the sources of the English vocabulary and of the dates at which the various foreign elements flowed into the language, as well as of the great change produced in it by the Norman Conquest, and consequent influx of French and Latin elements, is given in the accompanying chart. The transverse lines represent centuries, and it will be seen how limited a period after all is occupied by modern English, how long the language had been in the country before the Norman Conquest, and how much of this is prehistoric and without any literary remains. Judging by what has happened during the historic period, great changes may and indeed must have taken place between the first arrival of the Saxons and the days of 9 -,7010 ,- boy ~, ENGL INN p4~~' a L A T I N CONQUES 0 BI- IN 000 ENO! ;SR - ONVERSIO / ® ~• creeltnon II/ a.L s... uaid. ir u a e0o DANISH CLD ENGLISH ° Ill K. Alfred .00 RAMalral W.rd../Cwaa.n,LU. \Irv, 1 1000--- OLD aue Dula ` ENGLISH 1 ~r •r i ~ NORMAN CONQUEST f' -__-.._. II.• ENGLISH TRANSITION _-. --' o er -:rlrin ~. OHO EMIDDLE EARLY 0 1 ••~ 190 ---~ ENGLISH ~' LIME ----F:.ria-aa:'a.it Otau 4' RD'1 RE b'! : *~ MIDDLE I LAT I '~ Wydif & C aucegGower' _ a~ate/ / i~ATE MIDDLE ENGUrSH 1 #Aog 160• T E RENASCENCE EARL MODERN ORrMm ~~':/ T 9• F I '/" w•• -------- Ia' 17*" CE URY TRANSIT? a MRtan kr v' 170 — HIaD~.. ODEN—ENGLI +•• .nM Primary Watch T..hale.I. f LO. •R M.e. • G.e.nl Tana. Belroofl.. Cammx.I. _ King Alfred, when literature practically begins. The chart also illustrates the continuity of the main stock of the vocabulary, the body of primary " words of common life," which, notwithstanding numerous losses and more numerous additions, has preserved its corporate identity through all the periods. But the " poetic and rhetorical," as well as the " scientific " terms of Old English have died out, and a new vocabulary of " abstract and general terms " has arisen from French, Latin and Greek, while a still newer " technical, commercial and scientific " vocabulary is composed of words not only from these, but from every civilized and many uncivilized languages. The preceding sketch has had reference mainly to the grammatical changes which the language has undergone; distinct from, though intimately connected with these (as where the confusion or loss of inflections was a consequence of the weakening of final sounds) are the great phonetic changes which have taken place between the 8th and igth centuries, and which result in making modern English words very different from their Anglo-Saxon originals, even where no element has been lost, as in words like English in Scotland, where it became in a social and literary sense a distinct language), we have little history. We know, however, that they continued to exist as local and popular forms of speech, as well from occasional specimens and from the fact that they exist still as from the statements of writers during the interval. Thus Puttenham in his Arte of English Poesie (1589) says: " Our maker [i.e. poet] therfore at these dayes shall not follow Piers Plowman, nor Gower, nor Lydgate, not yet Chaucer, for their language is now not of use with us: neither shall he take the termes of Northern-men, such as they use in dayly talke, whether they be noble men or gentle men or of their best clarkes, all is a [=one] matter; nor in effect any speach used beyond the river of Trent, though no man can deny but that theirs is the purer English Saxon at this day, yet it is not so Courtly nor so currant as our Southern English is, no more is the far Westerne mans speach: ye shall therefore take the usual speach of the Court, and that of London and the shires lying about London within Ix myles, and not much above. I say not this but that in every shyre of England there be gentlemen and others that speake but specially write as good Southerne as we of Middlesex or Surrey do, but not the common people of every shire, to whom the gentlemen, and also their learned clarkes do for the most part condescend, but herein we are already ruled by th' English Dictionaries and other bookes written by learned men."—Arber's Reprint, p. 157. In comparatively modern times there has been a revival of interest in these forms of English, several of which following in the wake of the revival of Lowland Scots in the 18th and 19th centuries, have produced a considerable literature in the form of local poems, tales and " folk-lore." In these respects Cumber-land, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Devon, Somerset and Dorset, the " far north " and " far west " of Puttenham, where the dialect was felt to be so independent of literary English as not to be branded as a mere vulgar corruption of it, stand prominent. More recently the dialects have been investigated philologically, a department in which, as in other departments of English philology, the elder Richard Garnett must be named as a pioneer. The work was carried out zealously by Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte and Dr A. J. Ellis, and more recently by the English Dialect Society, founded by the Rev. Professor Skeat, for the investigation of this branch of philology. The efforts of this society resulted in the compilation and publication of glossaries or word-books, more or less complete and trustworthy, of most of the local dialects, and in the production of grammars dealing with the phonology and grammatical features of a few of these, among which that of the Windhill dialect in Yorkshire, by Professor Joseph Wright, and that of West Somerset, by the late F. T. Elworthy, deserve special mention. From the whole of the glossaries of the Dialect Society, and from all the earlier dialect works of the 18th and 19th centuries, amplified and illustrated by the contributions of local collaborators in nearly every part of the British Isles, Professor Joseph Wright has constructed his English Dialect Dictionary, recording the local words and senses, with indication of their geographical range, their pronunciation, and in most cases with illustrative quotations or phrases. To this he has added an English Dialect Grammar, dealing very fully with the phonology of the dialects, showing the various sounds which now represent each Old English sound, and endeavouring to define the area over which each modern form extends; the accidence is treated more summarily, without going minutely into that of each dialect-group, for which special dialect grammars must be consulted. The work has also a very full and valuable index of every word and form treated. The researches of Prince L. L. Bonaparte and'Dr Ellis were directed specially to the classification and mapping of the existing dialects,' and the relation of these to the dialects of Old and Middle English. They recognized a Northern dialect lying north of a line drawn from Morecambe Bay to the Humber, which, with the kindred Scottish dialects (already investigated and classed),2 is the direct descendant of early northern English, 1 See description and map in Trans. of Philol. Soc., 1873-1876, p. 570. 2 The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland, its Pronunciation, Grammar and Historical Relations, with an Appendix on the present limits of the Gaelic and Lowland Scotch, and the Dialectal Divisions of the Lowland Tongue; and a Linguistical Map of Scotland, by James A. H. Murray (London, 1873).and a South-western dialect occupying Somerset, Wilts, Dorset, Gloucester and western Hampshire, which, with the Devonian dialect beyond it, are the descendants of early southern English and the still older West-Saxon of Alfred. This dialect must in the r4th Century have been spoken everywhere south of Thames; but the influence of London caused its extinction in Surrey, Sussex and Kent, so that already in Puttenham it had become " far western." An East Midland dialect, extending from south Lincolnshire to London, occupies the cradle-land of the standard English speech, and still shows least variation from it. Between and around these typical dialects are ten others, representing the old Midland proper, or dialects between it and the others already mentioned. Thus " north of Trent " the North-western dialect of south Lancashire, Cheshire, Derby and Stafford, with that of Shropshire, represents the early West Midland English, of which several specimens remain; while the North-eastern of Nottingham and north Lincolnshire represents the dialect of the Lay of Havelak. With the North Midland dialect of south-west York-shire, these represent forms of speech which to the modern Londoner, as to Puttenham, are still decidedly northern, though actually intermediate between northern prow,and midland, and preserving interesting traces of the midland pronouns and verbal inflections. There is an Eastern dialect in the East Anglian counties; a Midland in Leicester and Warwick shires; a Western in Hereford, Worcester and north Gloucestershire, intermediate between south-western and north-western, and representing the dialect of Piers Plowman. Finally, between the east midland and south-western, in the counties of Buckingham, Oxford, Berks, Hants, Surrey and Sussex, there is a dialect which must have once been south-western, but of which the most salient characters have been rubbed off by proximity to London and the East Midland speech. In east Sussex and Kent this South-eastern dialect attains to a more distinctive character. The Kentish form of early Southern English evidently maintained its existence more toughly than that of the counties immediately south of London. It was very distinct in the days of Sir Thomas More; and even, as we see from the dialect attributed to Edgar in Lear, was still strongly marked in the days of Shakespeare. In the south-eastern corner of Ireland, in the baronies of Forth and Bargy, in county Wexford, a very archaic form of English, of which specimens have been preserved, 8 was still spoken in the 18th century. In all probability it dated from the first English invasion. In many parts of Ulster forms of Lowland Scotch dating to the settlement under James I. are still spoken; but the English of Ireland generally seems to represent 16th and 17th century English, as in the pronunciation of tea, wheat (lay, whait), largely affected, of course, by the native Celtic. The subsequent work of the English Dialect Society, and the facts set forth in the English Dialect Dictionary, confirm in a general way the classification of Bonaparte and Ellis; but they bring out strongly the fact that only in a few cases can the boundary between dialects now be determined by precise lines. For every dialect there is a central region, larger or smaller, in which its characteristics are at a maximum; but towards the edges of the area these become mixed and blended with the features of the contiguous dialects, so that it is often impossible to define the point, at which the one dialect ends and the other begins. The fact is that the various features of a dialect, whether its distinctive words, characteristic pronunciations or special grammatical features, though they may have the same centre, have not all the same circumference. Some of them extend to a certain distance round the centre; others to a much greater distance. The only approximately accurate way to map the area of any dialect, whether in England, France, Germany or elsewhere, is to take a well-chosen set of its characteristic features—words, senses, sounds or grammatical peculiarities, and draw a line round the area over which each of these extends; between the innermost and outermost of these there will often be a large border district. If the same process be followed with the contiguous dialects, 3 A Glossary (with some pieces of Verse) of the Old Dialect of the English Colony of Forth and Bargy, collected by Jacob Poole, edited by W. Barnes, B.D. (London, 1867).End of Article: MODERN ENGLISH
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Lower back pain is a pervasive condition that most adults suffer from sometime in their lives and chiropractic treatment is the most preferable treatment that they can opt for. It is a non-surgical and effective procedure of treating disorders and injuries of the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system. Chiropractic is a painless technique of returning motion to the spine, treat injuries to the back and improve posture and alignment of the back. Because of its treatment and cost effectiveness, chiropractic treatment has gained momentum over the years and has provided significant results.
Chiropractors use hands for spinal manipulation to align the vertebrae and can use alternative treatments as well. They apply pressure to the spine to align the vertebrae in proper position thus improving the structural integrity of the spine and reducing any pressure on the sensitive tissues that send pain signals across the tissues. There is no medication involved and physical therapy helps heal the spine more effectively.
Symptoms of lower back pain-Lower back pain usually goes away in a week or two if minor, but if the symptoms like pain in hip, burning or tingling sensation in back, weakness in legs or feet persist for long then you must consult a professional.
Treatment-Chiropractors take into account your entire medical history, lifestyle factors, current medications and perform physical examination like x-rays and diagnostic examinations to determine the type of treatment required.Using core therapy, lower back pain can be treated in the following ways -
Chiropractic treatment helps to reduce the pain and exercises are also recommended to patients. By addressing the root problems connected to pain, chiropractics has emerged as the preferred treatment of back pain and associated disorders.
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text: AEOS: The Belle Narrative November 2, 2015CLIENT PRESS COVERAGE...!Comments Off on AEOS: The Belle Narrative Blogger The Bell Narrative reviews AOES Blue Optimal Kit. For more see online. Share this:Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) Related


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Notice: The Automobile Care Council's upkeep guidelines features a nine month initerval at 9,000 miles. The various benefits it provides include conversion-coating technologies for ensuring longevity of autos with anti-corrosion properties to course of upkeep merchandise e.g. prevention of paint assault, water therapy, reducing oils, and many others. J.D. Energy is the premier provider of automotive intelligence to an extensive consumer base of vehicle manufacturers, element manufacturers and suppliers, and know-how companies world wide. The plant is a monstrous 5.5 million square ft and fully-geared up with automotive assembly strains.
They've every reason to imagine that anything could be finished by expertise and they are doubtless proper! ASE certified automotive service professionals and technicians likewise show their qualifications by carrying the ASE insignia on their work uniforms. Mobile or not, you will want good folks skills to be successful in the automotive restore market. 12 months on yr, automotive engineers introduce new technologies, parts and complexity to the design and manufacturing process, but automobiles proceed to carry out better and more effectively than before.
There are many available auto restore outlets in Indianapolis, IN. They supply companies comparable to auto components cleaning, engine tuning, and preventive upkeep. With over 23 years of expertise within the automotive trade, Randy Marion is a reputation you'll be able to trust for automobile customization. Automotive Jobs – Automotive retailing jobs seem to be the most happening thing on the block. The aggressive framework of the Automotive Alternator market in terms of the worldwide Automotive Alternator industry has been evaluated within the report.
Sharda College (SGI), the NCR's largest educational group, also provides (car engineering) program. The report talks about the distinct traits of the Automotive Slack market and gives in-depth study of the varied segments of the market. A detailed segmentation analysis of the Automotive Airbag Cloth market has been supplied within the report. A small competitor which appears so small and immature that it would not warrant much consideration is how the automotive trade can be disrupted, like many industries before them.
Core members include the PSA peugueot citroien, Toyata Motor Corporation, Volkswagen , BMW Group, Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company, Opel , and automotive suppliers Bosch, Continental AG and Siemens VDO (now Continental AG). Combining the information integration and analysis capabilities with the relevant findings, the report has predicted strong future progress of the Automotive Fan Blade market in all its geographical and product segments. The mobile market is good where I am, however I do not know sufficient concerning the automotive trade in Nigeria to make an sincere estimate of the market there.


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Chris Phillips
Head of Waterfront Development - City of Hamilton
A senior advisor with the City of Hamilton, Chris has led a series of significant "City Building" projects. The new Pan-Am Stadium, Downtown McMaster University Campus, expansion of interregional transit, and Waterfront Re-Development, are key strategic initiatives where Chris has succeeded in brokering solutions for community benefit. Active in the broader Hamilton community for over 27 years, Chris' professional career and personal interests have spanned from the private sector, non-profit sector, and within government itself.
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|Near the Somali border
We left Djibouti town early this morning, passing a huge US base behind the airport, vast rubbish dumps everywhere, an enormous vehicle graveyard with the shells of hundreds of wrecked cars and trucks, a myriad tyres, and arrived at the border with Somalia for a look-see. Then we turned west past low green bushes, copses of thorn trees with low flat tops, large flocks of goats, a herd of camels, a desert golf course of sand and pebbles with not a blade of grass, make-shift shelters of nets and tarpaulins hanging from scant branches, bunkers left over from World War II to ward off an Italian invasion from its Somali colony – and everywhere arid stoney plain and bushes littered with plastic bags and other refuse.
|Road near the border
We come to a huge pile of rocks and climb up to see 10,000-year old red rock paintings of giraffes, elephants, oryxes, unfortunately degraded by ultra-modern white graffiti. We drive back across the sun-baked ground, Daniel in desperation. In the distance a large sheet of water stretches out close to the roadway. At last a mirage that I can see! And non-existent reflections of trucks in the non-existent water, too! More mirages.
|Local resident appears from nowhere
Grand Bara plain
There's a large qat market in Ali Sabieh, and our driver, Adam, now has an enormous bunch of the stuff on his lap, breaking off the leaves and chomping contentedly, the bulge in his left cheek growing exponentially by the minute. This should prove an interesting afternoon's drive. Daniel swears qat's not a soporific, merely a euphoric. Let's see if Adam gets too euphoric and starts dancing and kangaroo-hopping all over the place.
|View of part of Alie Sabieh with refugee camp in foreground
Now my camera's shutter cover won't close properly; it looks like a drooping eyelid. It must be because I electrocuted it at the bonobos near Kinshasa. We arrive at Dikhil palm oasis. It's 42 Celsius, 108 Fahrenheit, but dry. We stop off for a drink. When we return Adam has a left cheek burgeoning into Mount Everest, teeth and lips green, and an idiot grin on his mug. He still manages to function, though, and we pass the house of an orphanage that a Dubai organisation is building – and of course the usual refuse everywhere, plastic bags clinging to stones or flapping from bushes.
|Refugee camp
|Ali Sabieh
Planet Of The Apes - Groves of greyish brown thorn trees, the same colour as the stoney ground, stretch out towards grey brownish crags and mountains – the moon with trees. It's an ocean of rocks and stones. A small patch of solitary green – the same colour as the driver's mouth – on the cusp of a low cliff shows there must be some water somewhere.
|Ali Sabieh street
Up close the chimneys are even more fantastic, something to illustrate a Grimms fairy tale. There must be hundreds of them soaring up from multiple bases, reaching up to 150 feet, the largest standing in solitary majesty. Boiling water bubbles up from the ground and the chemicals-laden lake stretches out into the mountains of Ethiopia. At twilight the chimneys take on even more fantastic forms; one looks like a seated lion, another like a wolf baying at the moon, a third like a huge French poodle begging. One more African dusk: the curfew tolls the knell of parting day/The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea... Only this time the herd are eey-oring donkeys belonging to nearby Afar villagers.
|Ali Sabieh railway station
|Smugglers' camel train
|Wilderness 'forest'
|Planet of the Apes - Lake Abbe volcanic chimneys
|Chimneys with bird head in centre
Volcanic steam pool
|Volcanic steam pool with garbage
|The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea
|Chimney alley
|At left and right, poodles baying at the setting sun
|Reaching for the sky


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Is your organization interested in joining the East River Greenway Initiative? Please send an e-mail to email@example.com with a short statement of support. Please include your organization's relevant contact information.
- Attend one of our events. In-person advocacy is a very effective method of showing your commitment on an issue. Community Board meetings and public hearings are a great forum to express your desire for a completed Greenway.
- Stay tuned for more ways to get involved with the East River Greenway Initiative!
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Chapter 34
Faith in Justification respects not in a special manner
Christ as a King, but as a Priest
Mr. Baxter did long ago in his Aphorisms tell us that the accepting of Christ for Lord, is as essential a part of justifying faith, as the accepting of him for Savior. That is, as he explained himself, that faith, as it accepts Christ, for Lord and King, doth justify. And this was asserted by him, to the end, he might clear and confirm how sincere obedience comes in with affiance to make up the condition of justification; for his Thesis LXXII did run thus. As the accepting of Christ for Lord (which is the heart's subjection) is as essential a part of justifying faith, as the accepting of him for our Savior; so consequently, sincere obedience (which is the effect of the former) hath as much to do in justifying us before God, as affiance (which is the fruit of the latter.) Hence the question arose, and was by some proposed thus; Whether faith in Christ qua Lord, be the justifying act: or, whether the acceptation of Christ, as Lord, and not only, as a Priest, doth justify. And Mr. Baxter in his confession p. 35, § 13, says that
394 (404)
it is not only without any ground in God's word, but fully against it, to say, that faith justifies only, as it apprehends Christ, as a Redeemer, or Satisfier of justice, or Meriter of our justification; or his righteousness as ours; and not as it receives him, as King, or as a Savior from the stain and tyranny of sin.
I have shown before, that the moving of this question is of little use, in reference to that end for which it seems it was first intended, to wit, to prove that sincere obedience hath as much to do in justification, as faith, or affiance hath; where I did show the inconsequence of that consequence. That because justifying faith receives Christ, as King; therefore obedience is a part of the condition of justification, yea, or therefore a purpose, or a promise of obedience is a part of the condition of justification. So that, in order to the disproving of that assertion, that makes obedience, or a purpose, or a promise of obedience, an essential part of the condition of justification we need not trouble ourselves with this question. Yet, in regard that the speaking to this may contribute to the clearing of the way of justification by faith, (which is our great design) we shall speak our judgment there anent. And in order thereunto, several things must be permitted.
As 1. The question is not, whether Christ, as a King, belongs to the complete and adequate object of that faith, which is the true and justifying faith. For this is granted, as was shown above, this faith, being the same faith, whether it be called true faith, or saving faith, or uniting and covenanting faith, or justifying faith, it must have one and the same adequate object.
2. Nor is the question, whether faith in order to justification, doth so act on Christ, as a Priest, as to exclude either virtually, or expressly, the consideration of any other of his offices, or of Christ under any other of his offices: for under whatever office Christ be considered, when faith acts upon him, whole Christ is received, and nothing in Christ is or can be excluded. So that there is no virtual exclusion, nor can there be any express exclusion of any of his offices, when he, under any other of his offices is looked to a right and received; for such an exclusion would be an open rejection of Christ, and no receiving of him.
3. When we speak here of receiving of Christ, as a Priest, or in respect of his Sacerdotal office, it is all one, as if we named his sacerdotal work, or what he did in the discharge of that office, offering up himself a Satisfactory Sacrifice, and giving his blood, and life for that end, and suffering inwardly and outwardly, what was laid upon him by the Father, in order to the making of full satisfaction to justice, and paying our debt, by his righteousness active and passive.
4. Nor do we, when we speak of faith acting on Christ, as a Priest, so limit and restrict the same unto his sacerdotal work, as to exclude anything, that is presupposed thereunto, concomitant thereof, consequential thereunto and depending thereupon, or is necessarily requisite unto the effectual application of the same unto our justification and advantage. When therefore it is said, that in justification, faith eyes in a special manner the
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sacerdotal office and work of Christ, there is no exclusion of the consideration of that fountain love, grace, and favor of God, whereby Christ was given unto the chosen, and appointed to be their Priest, and to make satisfaction for them: Nor of his foregoing incarnation, obedience, resurrection, ascension, &c. nor of other thing that are necessarily requisite hereunto, for all these are necessarily herein included.
5. When we speak of the soul acting faith, in order to justification, we do not suppose, that at that time, the troubled soul can have no other end or design before his eyes; nor be troubled with no other evil, or with the thoughts thereof, that he would be delivered from; and so in order to getting help therein, and a remedy thereof, cannot eye something else in Christ, answering and suiting the same. For a sinner in that case, may be troubled with the sense of the great unbelief and hardness and impenitency of his heart, the unholiness of all his ways, his blindness and ignorance; as well as with the sense of his guilt, and of his being under the curse; and so may and must be supposed, in coming to Christ for relief, to eye in a special manner, that in Christ, which is answerable to these necessities: and in this respect, a sinner may be said to go to Christ, as a Prophet, and as a King, as well as to him as a Priest. But in reference to these evils, they are not said or supposed to go to Christ, for justification; for that respects merely their state of sin and guilt.
6. But the real question should be, what is the special and practical meaning of these words, we are justified, or live by faith: and to this end, the true question is, what special way doth faith act on Christ (for it is here presupposed, that Christ must be the object of justifying faith) in order to the sinner's justification? or what is that in Christ that faith especially eyes, and carries the soul out unto, when justification before God is only designed. Or when the wakened sinner is earnestly desirous of delivery from the guilt of sin and from the curse of God, and of enjoying the favor and reconciled face of God, whether he is to apply himself by faith unto Christ, as King, or unto Christ, as a Priest and to what he did as a Priest, for the relief of sinners?
In answer to the question thus proposed, I say, that the wakened sinner, in that case, while seeking relief from sin and guilt, and from the curse, by absolution and justification, in the sight of God, in compliance with the Gospel method and design, making justification to be by faith, and in obedience to the Gospel command, saying, Believe and be Justified, is to act faith in a special manner on Christ's mediation and satisfaction; and to betake himself to Christ as a Priest, and rest on him and what he did as a Priest, that is, on his death, blood and satisfaction. This is it, which others call the justifying act of faith: or that special act of faith, required in order to justification.
Though what was said in the foregoing chapter to prove that Christ's righteousness is the object of justifying faith, may serve for confirmation of this; yet we shall, in short, lay down these grounds of proof.
First, several Scripture expressions, where justification is spoken of and
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cleared in its causes, show and point forth what is, which faith should specially eye, and be employed about, in order to the interessing of the soul in this benefit: such as
1. Romans 3: 24, 25 Being justified freely by his grace, through the redemption that is in Jesus Christ; whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation, through faith in his blood. Here, as justification is said to be brought about and effectuated through the redemption of Christ, who was a propitiation, and this respects only his priesthood; so the special object of faith, in this affair, is expressly said to be his blood, through faith in his blood, to tell us, that all such, as would have interest in this privilege of justification, must by faith eye the propitiation, the bloody sacrifice of Christ; and by blood we find it oft said, that remission of sins is had, Colossians 1: 14, Ephesians 1: 7, Matthew 26: 28, and not without it, Hebrews 9: 22.
2. Romans 4: 24, 25 –to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on him, that raised up Jesus, our Lord from the dead, who was delivered up for our offences, and was raised again for our justification. As justification, here is held as procured and brought about by Christ, as a Priest, for as such, was he delivered for our offences, and as such was he raised, or brought out of prison, so faith here, even when acting upon God, yet it is with a special relation to Christ's priesthood, or to his satisfaction; for it is a believing on him, that raised up Christ Jesus, our Lord, from the dead, that is, in God as declaring he hath now received full satisfaction from the Cautioner Christ by bringing him out of prison; and consequently in that satisfaction given by Christ, wherewith the Father is now well pleased. See also Romans 10: 9.
3. Romans 5: 9, 10 Much more then being now justified by his blood: for if when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, &c. As the way is here pointed out, how justification and reconciliation was effectual by Christ; to wit, by his blood and death, or by what he did and suffered as Priest and Cautioner; so accordingly is our faith directed to look, in order to a partaking of this justification and reconciliation, especially when this is so clearly and expressly explained to us.
4. Romans 8: 33, 34 –It is God that justifies –It is Christ that died, yea rather that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who also maketh intercession for us. All which grounds of justification belong to his priestly office. And, if these be here laid down for grounds of comfort and assurance unto believers, to fortify them against all assaults of the accuser of the brethren, and against all accusations, or condemnations of men or devils; surely, the way is also pointed out, how faith should act, in order to their being brought into a state of justification.
5. II Corinthians 5: 19, 21. To wit God was in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them, for he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. The way how reconciliation was brought about, is here set down, to the end the ministry of reconciliation, mentioned in verse 18, and whereby persons are beseeched to be reconciled, verse 20, may be understood, and such as are called upon may know what in special what to do, in order to be reconciled, to
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wit close with him, and be in him, and be united to him, who was made sin for sinners, that they might be clothed with a sufficient righteousness in him: so that this points out Faith eyeing Christ, as such a Cautioner, having the debt of sinners imputed to him, and becoming a sacrifice for sin.
6. Galatians 2: 16, 20. –We have believed in Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ. And what he did, when he thus believed in Christ, that he might be justified, he plainly tells us in verse 20, saying, I am crucified with Christ: thus he won to the life of justification; by eyeing Christ on the cross, making satisfaction unto justice, and assenting unto that way, and acquiescing in it, and resting and relying upon it. And in the same verse he tells us, that his faith by which he lived, was on the Son of God, who gave himself for him, that is, unto death.
7. Galatians 3: 11, 13. The just shall live by faith. This is the text we are upon, and we have cleared how this life here mentioned is the life of justification; But what is the special object of this faith, in order to justification? That is clearly enough pointed to in verse 13, Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us. It is Christ, and Christ as redeeming from the curse of the law, and that by being made a curse for us; which only looks to his Priestly office.
8. Philippians 3: 9, 10, 11. Paul was desirous to be found in Christ, and to be partaker of his righteousness alone, which was by faith: But what was it in Christ that the eye of his faith was mainly fixed upon? He shows us in verses 10 and 11. That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable to his death, &c. Christ's sufferings, death, and resurrection were most in his eye.
9. John 3: 14, 15. And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life. The special object of faith here is Christ, as lifted up, that is, as crucified, John 12: 32, 33.
It will not be sufficient for weakening of these reasons, to say that none of these conclude that faith in order to justification, eyes Christ as a Priest only: for 1. They sufficiently prove, that faith in this matter of justification goes to Christ, as a Priest, and eyes his sacrifice, blood and redemption through his death; and we are called to prove no more, because it lies upon those who are of another judgment, to show us from Scripture that faith, in order to the obtaining of justification, acts on Christ's Kingly office, and receives him as Lord. (2.) We know what evasions Papists make against the like arguments of Protestants for justification by faith, because it is not said, we are justified by faith alone. (3.) Though the Scriptures do not as plainly say, that faith in justification doth not in a special manner eye Christ as King and Prophet; as it says that we are not justified by works; Yet we are bound to follow the light of the word, and to regulate our conceptions by what we find there expressed, and if we find not any mention made of faith in Christ's command or government, or the like relating to his kingly office, as we hear of faith in his blood and the
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like relating to his Priestly office, we may safely judge, that the one, being so clearly mentioned and so frequently, is a denying of the other, that is never mentioned.
Secondly, the very case and condition, wherein such are, who are desirous of justification, may Clear this: for they are now awakened, and made to see their natural state of death, wherein they are under the sentence of the Law, under the curse and malediction of God: And therefore the thing, which their soul now seeks after, is a suitable relief, something that may answer this case and may prove a fit relief to them thus imprisoned, and in chains, because of their debt and transgressions: And therefore, as all reason requires, so experience proves, that these wakened sinners seek after the satisfaction through the death and merits of Christ, that they may have an interest therein, and the benefit thereof, to the quieting of their souls; They lay hold on the sufferings of Christ, that they may be hid in his wounds (as it were) that so they may be healed by his stripes; and have a righteousness, under which they may with confidence stand, and appear before God; They become crucified with Christ, sweetly acquiescing in, resting satisfied with, contentedly accepting of, and confidently resting and relying upon, his merits, his death, his payment and satisfaction to justice. Seeing then, that this (as experience proves) is the way, that pursued souls take, to refuge themselves under a crucified Christ, to flee to his death and merits, this, or Christ as a Priest dying and paying the debt, must be the special object of the faith of a hunted soul, panting after justification, or freedom from condemnation.
Thirdly, Christ's other offices, as his kingly, or prophetical office, do not hold him forth, as immediately suitable unto souls under this pressure; nor is there anything properly belonging to these offices, that promises immediate relief unto a soul, in this case, seeking after reconciliation with God, and pardon of sinners, which is only had by Christ's death and blood, Romans 5: 9, 10 and 3: 25, Ephesians 1: 7, Colossians 1: 14. Christ by his Kingly or Prophetical office, doth not act towards God, in the behalf of sinners, but by his Priestly office he does, Hebrews 5: 1, 5, 6, 7. And it is after this, that poor sinners, pursued with the sense of wrath, do seek, and this can only give present and suitable relief.
Fourthly, the faith of believers under the sense of sin and guilt, under the Law, was thus led to act on the promised Messiah, when he was typified unto them by their sacrifices, and they were to put their hands on the head of the sacrifice, thereby rolling their sin and guilt upon the sacrifice, or on him rather, who was the true sacrifice, represented by these outward sacrifices, and thereby professing their faith in him, as the only satisfying sacrifice that could make atonement, and pacify an angry God, and deliver them from wrath.
Fifthly, Christ is held forth, as having taken on these different offices, and as to show his being a full and complete Mediator, able to answer all our necessities, and as authorized to give forth suitable relief; so to instruct us how to go unto him, and to act faith upon him suitably, with hope and confidence.
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Therefore as he is a King to subdue enemies, the faith of his people is to act upon him, as such, when they would have their spiritual enemies subdued; and as he is a Prophet to teach, the faith of his people must act upon him, as such, when they would have light, counsel, and direction; so, as He is a Priest to die, satisfy, make atonement, reconciliation and peace, their faith is to act upon him, as such, when they would have guilt removed, and peace made up betwixt God and their souls.
Sixthly, the end and design of asserting Christ, as King to be specially the object of faith, in justification, as is Christ, as Priest, may sufficiently tender it suspicious; for it is, as we touched above, to bring in our obedience, as distinct from faith, or as included in it, to be the condition of justification, the same manner of way, that faith is: though, as was cleared above, the consequence will not be found good. The real question here (as is well observed by others) is not, whether anything of Christ is to be excluded from being the object of justifying faith, but what, in and of ourselves, under the name of receiving Christ as King, is to be admitted to share with faith, in its place and interest, in our justification?
Seventhly, to say that faith acts, in order to justification, in as special a manner on Christ as a King, as on Christ as a Priest, is to alter the nature, use and ends of faith in this work, and to give it the place and power of a proper potestative condition, as it is a virtue and work of ours; and not to look upon it as bringing all suitable supplies, in a distinct manner, from Christ, as was shown above: And this is but suitable to that alteration of the nature of the New Covenant, that is made by those who assert this, whereby it is of the same specific nature with the Old Covenant of Works; as if it were no more, but a new edition thereof, with some alterations, as to the condition.
Let us now see, what Mr. Baxter says to the contrary, in his Catholic Theol. p. 2. of moral works, sect 7. p. 55. &c.
He tells us (n. 105) that to be justified by faith in Paul's sense, is all one as to be justified by becoming Christians. Answer: We grant, with him, that to be a believer, a disciple, and a Christian, are all one, in the Gospel sense, and that by the same faith, by which one is justified, he is a Christian also: but this proves not, that faith, in order to justification, acts not, in a special manner, on Christ, as a Priest; and we have found, how Paul both in his doctrine, and in his own practice, explains the acting of faith in justification. This may serve for an answer also to what he says (n. 106) to wit, that the faith, by which we are justified is essentially a believing fiducial consent to our Covenant relation to God the Father, Son and Holy Ghost: for we grant, that it is but one and the same faith, which doth all this, but yet this faith may be conceived, as acting in a peculiar manner in order to justification. We grant also, that it is the same faith, by which we have right to the benefits of the Covenant, and by which we are justified. Yet we say, that in order to justification, that same faith, which receives whole Christ, and thereby a right to the benefits of the Covenant, acts in a peculiar
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manner on Christ, as Priest, in order to justification.
He tells us next (n. 108) that the faith by which we are justified, hath God the Father for its object, as essentially, as Christ the Savior. Answer: And we do not deny God the Father to be the object of that faith, by which we are justified. And will he say, that faith in God without Christ will justify a sinner, or that there is any believing in God the Father now, without believing also in Christ? The places he cited John 17: 3 and 13: 1 show the contrary. Adam's faith indeed was such before the fall; but our faith now must be of another kind. It is as to little purpose for him to say (n. 109) that it is as essential to this faith to believe in Christ, as the purchaser of holiness and heaven, as to believe in him, as the purchaser of pardon: For he purchased all as a Priest, and not as a Prophet or a King, and when faith acts on him as a purchaser, it acts on him as a priest. But he adds, And to believe in him, as the Teacher and Ruler of the Church, as to believe in him, as the justifier of believers. True because believing in him, as a ruler, and believing in him as the justifier of believers, are both to believe in him, as a King: And this is not the thing that is denied, believing in Christ, as the justifier of believers, is not the same with believing in him, as a Priest, in order to justification, which is the thing, he should have said here, if he would have spoken to the purpose.
What he says (n. 110) concerning faith being the act of the whole soul, and having for its object God, the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, and in Christ, all that is essential to him, as a Saviour, was granted, and asserted also by us formerly: but it makes nothing to our present question. He tells us (n.111) that to say, that some one only of these parts of Christ's office, as they are conceptus inadaequati of a Savior, is the only object of justifying faith, or that by believing in Christ, as our teacher and ruler, as well as Priest, and as a justifying judge, as well as a justifying sacrifice, and as a fulfiller of the law, is to expect justification by works, as Paul denies it. This is a vain distinguishing, a falsifying of the doctrine of Faith and Justification, a departure from the Scripture simplicity by corrupting seeming subtlety, and one of those human inventions, which have wronged the Church. Answer: These, are but angry words, and carry with them no force of reason: And who is most guilty of vain distinguishing and falsifying the doctrine of Faith and Justification, &c. he, or such as he opposes in this matter, indifferent persons are at freedom to judge: And whether his new doctrine, or the old, which he so violently, in all his writing, oppugns, hath more of seeming subtlety in it, to the wronging of the Church, in its peace and quiet, everyone may judge by the effects. But as to the matter in hand, he may know (1.) that there is a difference betwixt saying that some one only part of Christ's office is the only object of justifying faith (as he here speaks) and saying, that faith (whose adequate object is considered to be as large, as he himself doth make it) in order to a soul's justification, acts in special manner on Christ as a Priest, not excluding Christ as King, or as a Prophet, but rather including whole Christ, according to the manner above mentioned, (which is the thing we say.) (2.) Where reads he of faith in Christ (in order to justification)
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as our Teacher, or Ruler or justifying Sacrifice? He should remember what he said (n. 107,) when speaking against the phrase justifying faith, and faith justifying us, as being human, and not Scriptural at all. (3.) Indeed believing in Christ as Teacher, Ruler, &c. in our sense, cannot infer justification by works: but he knows, that it was for this end, to bring works in with faith, as equal conditions, or parts of one condition of justification, that this new question was stated by him, in his Aphorisms: and whether such doctrine be consonant to Paul's or not, we have seen in part above.
He adds (n. 112) that it is but the same deluding subtlety, and vain curiosity, playing with deceitful words, to say, that we are justified by faith, quatenus recipit Christ justitiam, as it believes in Christ's sacrifice and perfect obedience only; and not as it believes in him, as Teacher and Ruler, Sanctifier, Judge, when the Scriptures say no such thing at all, but simply make faith in Christ, (supposing faith in God the Father) to be that, by which we must be justified. Answer: We mind not to be startled at his bold and angry expressions, for we meet with them so oft. Whether the Scriptures warrant us to say, what we have said, or not, the reader is at liberty to judge, from what is said. And we have nothing here yet said by him, to prove, that we are justified by faith in Christ, as Teacher, or Ruler, which is what we are looking for here.
More of this stuff we have (n. 113). This distinction (says he) is founded on another falsehood supposed, which is that the effects of all Christ's saving works, are as distinctly to be ascribed to receiving acts of faith, as they are to the several procuring acts of Christ, the object of faith, which is another corrupting addition to God's word. Answer: Who it is that says this, as to all the several effects, I know not; Nor do I see any necessity to say so; as to some, and in special, as to justification, we but follow the Scripture, going before us, as is shown. And we make no addition; but he is the man, that is singularly guilty of adding to God's word, in this point; for he says that faith, in order to justification, acts not only in a special manner on Christ, as Priest, (which is the truth, we say, and own with the Scriptures) but also on Christ, as a King, and as a Prophet, and as a Judge; and yet gives us not one passage of Scripture to confirm this, but thinks we must be satisfied with his assertions, subtle distinctions, vain and curious expressions, answering his own philosophical notions, with which he seems to be much taken, and we very little. What follows there, I have nothing to do with.
He hath a large discourse of various receivings (n. 114, 115) to what purpose, as to the business we are now upon, I do not well see: yet let us see, how he ends it. God's covenant (says he) doth give us Christ and life, that is, justification, sanctification, and glorification, in title or right, in one gift, to be accepted by one entire faith, as the condition; not making at all, the order of the gifts and faiths respect to them in that order, to be any of the Ratio Proprietatis. Answer: (1.) Will he not distinguish betwixt having of these benefits in Title or Right, and having them in possession? He must, surely, or he
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must say, that believers are already perfectly sanctified, and glorified. (2.) Will he say, that there is no more required to the actual possession of glory and full sanctification, than here he says is required unto the title? But it is like, he will comprehend under this faith, all after Gospel obedience; But then, all this must precede to justification, &c. as well as to actual glorification, and so none shall be justified, till they be glorified, or he must admit of differences here. (3.) As not withstanding of what he says here, he will, I suppose, grant that faith hath a further and special acting or manner of acting on Christ, in order to obtaining of light, life, strength, and other things necessary in and for growth in sanctification: so he must suffer us to say, that notwithstanding of this, faith in a special manner eyes and acts upon Christ, as a Priest, in order to justification; for there is no more inconsistency in the one, than in the other.
The human instances, whereby he thinks to make this plainer (n. 116) do not help here. A wife's relation (says he) is founded in her marriage consent. Now if he be a noble man, a rich man, a wise man, a good man, and they knew all this, and by knowing it were induced to consent, and are to have their proportionable benefits by his nobility, riches, &c. yet their title to these benefits arise not from the act of their consent, as it respects these benefits distinctly, but merely by consent unto their relation. Answer: Notwithstanding hereof, when the woman is charged by her Creditors to pay her debt, her running to her husband's wisdom, nobility, and goodness will not avail her; but she must in a special manner run to his riches, and must from thence bring a satisfactory payment unto her creditors: And if he, whom she hath taken for her husband, hath already satisfied the debt, she is to instruct that before the judges, before whom her alleging, that her now husband is a great noble man, and a most wise man, &c. will not avail. We grant also, that by faith the believer is united and married unto Christ, and hath thereby a right unto Him, and to all his benefits, according to their necessity: Yet will the Lord have, that, in order to their actual justification, they shall apply his merits, lay hold thereon, and as it were, produce the same in face of court, as the only ground of their discharge: as in order to their actual glorification, he will have then doing many other things.
In end (n. 117) he tells us, that to say, 'faith justifies me, as it is the receiving of Christ's righteousness, and not as it is the receiving of Christ, as a teacher, ruler, &c.' is a confounding or seducing saying. But as yet we have seen no string reasons evincing this to be such a seducing or confounding saying: but the contrary is apparent from what is said. Let us see why he judges thus. For (says he) if it intimate, that faith justifies us as an efficient cause, [principal or instrumental] it is false. But we have seen before, that faith may be considered here as an instrument, and to say this, is neither to confound nor seduce: otherwise, all the Reformed, yea and his friend John Goodwine have been confounders and deceivers, and none but Mr. Baxter, with Papists and Socinians and some Arminians, are free of this charge. 2. (Says he) If it mean, that faith is the condition of justification, as it receives Christ's righteousness only, it hath either one or two falsehoods.
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We only say, that in order to the obtaining of justification, faith acts in a peculiar manner on Christ's righteousness and merits, and conceives that in this, there is neither one, nor two falsehoods. 1. (Says he) if it mean that faith's receiving act is the formalis ratio conditionis, or that it justifies not quà conditio donationis, but qua reception justiæ Christ, it is false. Answer: We are not here speaking precisely of the formalis ratio conditionis, in such a philosophical notion: for we say, that faith in order to justification, receives Christ's righteousness; and that the Lord hath so appointed. Let Philosophers break their heads on these rationes formales, and qua's and quæ's; we speak of this matter, so as every soul concerned may understand it. And then (says he) 2. that [only the accepting of righteousness justifies us, that is, is the condition of justification] is a falsehood. This he should have proved to have been a falsehood: but in all his discourse of this, we have had nothing like a proof, only confident assertions, and that in great number.
But in his Confession page 35, where he has the same discourse for substance, he cites several passages of Scripture, on the margin, as if they were confirmations of what he says: And yet not one of them comes home to the point in hand, as a short view may discover. For Colossians 2: 6 proves what we do not deny, to wit, that believers receive Christ Jesus the Lord: We have shown above, that whole Christ belongs to the object of faith that is justifying: but we are here speaking of the special acting of that faith, in order to justification. Psalm 2: 12 only proves, that such shall perish, as do not kiss and submit to the Son, and that kissing and submitting unto him, is required in order to being saved. Matthew 11: 28, 29 says that such as would have rest and ease, that is freedom from sin and misery here and hereafter, must come to Christ, and take his yoke upon them, and learn of him: And in order to that particular rest and ease, had in justification, we say also, that they must come to Christ, and take on his righteousness, which is easy, though it seem a yoke to unrenewed nature. Luke 19: 27 proves indeed, that such as will not have Christ to reign over them, shall perish; but does not prove, that in order to justification, Christ must be received as a King. Romans 10: 9, 10 proves that faith eyes Christ, as raised from the dead by God, (which respects his death and sacrifice) and that for a righteousness, in order to the life of justification; which is what we say Matthew 17: 5 and Mark 9: 7 prove, what is not denied, to wit, that it is the will of God, that Christ his only beloved Son should be heard and obeyed, in all things. And John 10: 3, 4, 9, 27 only prove, that Christ's sheep know and hear his voice: And who denies this? John 12: 46, 47, 48 show what benefits believers shall receive, and what shall befall unbelievers: but touch not the point now in hand. Acts 2: 30, 33, 34, 36, 38 prove that Christ is indeed a King, and that all such, as would be saved, must receive him, as the exalted King. Acts 3: 22, 23, 26 prove that he is that Prophet, that was spoken of by Moses, and that he died, rose again, and sent forth the Gospel, to the end, that poor sinners might be turned from their iniquities: But there is nothing here to prove, that faith, in its special acting, in order to justification, receives
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and lays hold on Christ, as well as a Prophet, as on Christ, as a Priest. Acts 5: 31 says that Christ is exalted to be a Prince and a Savior, for to give repentance to Israel and remission of sins: but what is this to the question now in hand? John 13: 35 and 15: 8 and 8: 31 show the genius, disposition, and kindly work of his disciples, to wit, to love one another, to bear fruit, and to continue in his word; all which we willingly grant. Luke 14: 26, 27, 33 evinces that right coming to Christ is inconsistent with a predominant love to any terrene thing, how near and dear soever: but touches not the question now in hand. These are all the passages, he adduces there, and none of them come near the question.