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Sometimes depression is situational. This means its cause is not internal and physical (e.g., brain chemistry). Instead, the cause is that there is something in the person's life that is not right.
The person can even know this, and know how to make the requisite changes in their life, but find it difficult, perhaps even impossible, because the depression then makes it hard for them to make big changes. This predicament -- life circumstances making a person so depressed they cannot change their life circumstances -- is what I think of as the Catch-22 of Depression.
The person may feel trapped under a boulder so heavy that they cannot get out from under it.
Here is my question: can this really happen? Or is there always a way out?
Can a person always find the strength himself or herself (e.g., if he or she prays enough)? Or is the help (or even intervention) of others sometimes required -- and if it doesn't come through, the person is doomed? Or, sometimes, is even good help from others not enough?
(My question is really a theological one -- it's a question about the exact nature of divine goodness.)
P.S. Apparently I am not the only one to conceptualize depression this way. Jon G. Allen wrote a book on the Catch-22 of Depression, called Coping with Depression, in 2006. Here is a summary. Very helpful!
Another Perspective
7 years ago

subset: commoncrawl


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BMW 1-Series Coupe makes US debut; pricing announced
The BMW 1 Series Coupe made its North American debut at the Los Angeles Auto Show. By combining sporty rear-wheel-drive dynamics, agile handling, powerful engines and seating for four, the 1 Series Coupe will reinvent the niche created by the legendary BMW 2002. On sale in the spring of 2008, the 1 Series Coupe will be available in two versions; the 128i and the 135i. Pricing will start from $35,675 for the 135i and $29,375 for the 128i.
Powered by a 3.0-liter, 230 horsepower inline 6-cyinder engine that generates 200 lb-ft of torque, the 128i Coupe will feature Valvetronic valvetrain management and aluminum/magnesium contruction-core elements of BMW's EfficientDynamics.
The powerful 135i Coupe features BMW's twin-turbocharged 3.0-liter inline six-cylinder engine that produces 300 horsepower and an incredible 300 lb-ft of torque from as low as 1,400 rpm. With its direct piezo gasoline injectors, twin low-mass turbochargers and air-to-air intercooling, optimum performance and economy is achieved with no loss in engine response. For the 135i Coupe, acceleration from 0-62 mph is accomplished in 5.3 seconds and top speed is electronically limited to 155 mph. Both engines feature on-demand engine coolant pumps that improve fuel economy and reduce parasitic losses for increased output.


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Radiopurity of Micromegas readout planes
Radiopurity of Micromegas readout planes - Descarga este documento en PDF. Documentación en PDF para descargar gratis. Disponible también para leer online.
* Corresponding author 1 Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza 2 CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research
Abstract : Micromesh Gas Amplification Structures Micromegas are being used in an increasing number of Particle Physics applications since their conception fourteen years ago. More recently, they are being used or considered as readout of Time Projection Chambers TPCs in the field of Rare Event searches dealing with dark matter, axions or double beta decay. In these experiments, the radiopurity of the detector components and surrounding materials is measured and finely controlled in order to keep the experimental background as low as possible. In the present paper, the first measurement of the radiopurity of Micromegas planes obtained by high purity germanium spectrometry in the low background facilities of the Canfranc Underground Laboratory LSC is presented. The obtained results prove that Micromegas readouts of the type are currently manufactured with radiopurity levels below 30 Bq-cm for Th and U chains and ∼60 Bq-cm for K, already comparable to the cleanest detector components of the most stringent low background experiments at present. Taking into account that the studied readouts were manufactured without any specific control of the radiopurity, it should be possible to improve these levels after dedicated development.
Keywords : Time Projection Chamber Micromegas Radiopurity Rare Event searches
Autor: S. Cebrián - T. Dafni - E. Ferrer-Ribas J. Galán - I. Giomataris H. Gómez - F.J. Iguaz - I.G. Irastorza - G. Luzón - R. De Ol
Fuente: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/


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Production is well underway on director Shane Black's PREDATOR sequel THE PREDATOR; it's already been two and a half weeks since he shared a picture of some of the cast members on the first day of filming. Black has now taken to his Twitter account to share another shot of cast members, an image that his co-writer Fred Dekker also shared on his Facebook account.
Three of the six cast members featured in this new picture were in the first cast pic - Boyd Holbrook, Trevante Rhodes, and Keegan-Michael Key. In this shot, they are joined by Alfie Allen, Augusto Aguilera, and the great, the badass, Thomas Jane.
The characters played by Holbrook, Rhodes, Key, and Allen have all been described as "ex-Marines". No details have been revealed about Jane and Aguilera's characters, but I'm going to go ahead and assume they have the same sort of pedigree as the guys they're hanging out with here.
Black described the bunch as "stone killers with serious acting chops", while Dekker simply called them "the prey".
Cast members not in this shot include Jacob Tremblay, Olivia Munn, Yvonne Strahovski, Sterling K. Brown, and Kyle Strauts, who is playing at least one of the Predators.
Black and Dekker previously wrote THE MONSTER SQUAD together. THE PREDATOR is scheduled to be released on February 9, 2018.
Stone killers with serious acting chops -- but which of them will be chopped... by THE PREDATOR? (See what I did there?) pic.twitter.com/H5lOw2K5vy— Shane Black (@BonafideBlack) March 9, 2017


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The Project, Prime Base, The Game
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Join Date: Oct 2013
Posts: 149
If the MP had a small force of super elite commandos, would they just freeze them in case everything went wrong?
Would they even be the most useful people to have restarting Prime Base?
I suspect Phoenix Team would be more like the kind of people you'd want to get the planning, admin side of the Project working again.
So more like engineers and administrators.
And once they got Prime base warmed up it'll be years before it's even close to be operating again, never mind the project. They'll probably need to gather frozen project staff from across the nation.
The other problem being once the Projects started, it becomes not so much the start of the renaissance of the world. But rather a big hard to defend hole in the ground packed full of treasure.
However far away the KFS are they'll soon be setting up an expeditionary force to lay siege and plunder if they hear about PB.
As such fairly quickly the team will have to leave PB and never ever mention it, never mind expect much support from it.
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Trooper IDs victims of fatal Wahpeton rollover
WAHPETON – The North Dakota Highway Patrol has identified the man and woman who died at the scene of a rollover crash south of Wahpeton Saturday, Dec. 16.
Sgt. Tom Herzig reports the victims of the fatal rollover were Jessica Denetz, 35, of Mantador, N.D., and Jeremy Denetz, 37, of Doran, Minn. Herzig said the couple was ejected from the vehicle and it's unknown who was driving.
The crash occurred around 9 p.m., four miles south of Wahpeton on 182nd Ave. SE, a gravel county road. A 2008 Chevrolet pickup drifted across the northbound lane and the driver lost control of the truck, which then entered the east ditch and rolled before coming to rest on its right side, Herzig said.


text: A new face of the GARBC? In addition to enjoying messages by the national representative candidate, along with Thomas White, Steve Pettit, Michael Wilburn, Duke Crawford, David Gunn, and John Greening, the 2018 GARBC conferees will be voting regarding the confirmation of the national representative. If you haven't made plans to attend the 2018 GARBC Conference, reserve the dates of June 26–29 on your calendar, and start planning your conference/vacation itinerary. Don't miss this opportunity to combine spiritual renewal, family programming, and good fellowship. Register now to be able to vote during the business meeting and to receive an early bird discount for the conference!


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Construction fatality rate declining faster in Texas
10th Annual Statewide Safety Stand Down
By Associated General Contractors of America
The construction fatality rate is declining faster in Texas than most other states according to a new analysis of federal safety data conducted by the Associated General Contractors of America. Association officials noted that the state's construction fatality and injury rates have declined, as many contractors have spent much of the past decade focusing on improving workplace safety.
"While none of our members will be happy until there are zero injuries and zero fatalities on construction sites, the steps our firms are taking in Texas to improve construction safety are working," said Brian Turmail, the national association's spokesperson. "When you work next to heavy machinery in tight quarters - erecting structures and building roads and bridges - making sure workers are safe is essential."
Turmail said that Texas went from having a construction fatality rate in 2008 (the earliest year such data is available) of 13.1 deaths per 100,000 workers to having a fatality rate of 9.7 in 2011 (the most recent year such data is available). The state's 26 percent decline in fatality rate was the eighth largest drop compared to the 41 states and the District of Columbia where the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics tracks fatality rates. Texas went from having the 32nd highest fatality rate in 2008 to the 20th, Turmail added.
Meanwhile, Texas contractors have successfully reduced the construction injury rate by 36 percent between 2003 and 2011 (the earliest and most recent years such data is available), from 4.4 injuries per 100 workers to 2.8. The state now has the seventh lowest construction injury rate among the 41 states and the District of Columbia where similar data is still available, Turmail added.
Turmail announced the new safety data during a visit to a Houston construction site participating in a statewide halt in construction activity, known as a Safety Stand Down, so contractors can provide additional safety training for their workers. The association spokesman said that one of the reasons for the decline in construction and fatality rates is that many construction firms in Texas have worked hard to improve workplace safety, noting that today was the 10th anniversary of the statewide Safety Stand Downs.
He added that many firms and local association chapters in Texas have created new safety programs focused on reducing the risk of falling on the job site, getting struck by moving equipment, and succumbing to dehydration and heat exhaustion during the state's long, hot summers. Also, he added, many firms and chapters have brought on new staff whose main focus is ensuring construction sites are safe and crews are using safety gear properly.
Despite the improving safety trends, Turmail said his association and its member firms will continue to hold Safety Stand Downs, offer safety training and partner with agencies like the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) to find new ways to improve safety. "This is Texas and we can do even better when it comes to the fatality rate and the injury rate for construction," Turmail said.
About the Author
With over 33,000 member firms, AGC of America is the leading association for the construction industry. AGC provides a full range of services satisfying the needs and concerns of its members, thereby improving the quality of construction and protecting the public interest. Learn More at www.agc.org.


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Why have so many feminists given up the fight? I'm sure at some point many decades ago, feminism was about the idea that everyone has…1 Comment
Tag: neoliberal
I read this article in Scary Mommy.com yesterday that just made me sad. I wasn't particularly surprised about the sentiment, it's exactly why I created…Comments closed


text:
Jules Memoir
A personal journal on precious little moments with family and friends...
A Mother's Prayer
Oh give me patience when tiny hands
Tug at me with their small demands.
And give me gentle and smiling eyes;
Keep my lips from sharp replies.
And let not fatigue, confusion or noise
Keep me from sharing my child's new found joys.
And most of all, help me to look above
When at times I think I have no love.
For You have promised to bear my load
As these precious lives unfold.
Grandpa's Sunglasses
Big brother & his little sister
Pretty Handmade Bows & Clips
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Natalie - 8 Months
Natalie - 7 Months
Natalie - 6 Months
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Mommy with Nathanael & Natalie
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My 2 Blessed Children
Blog Archive
Blog Archive
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Dec 2008 (1)
Oct 2008 (1)
Aug 2008 (4)
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May 2008 (7)
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Mar 2008 (8)
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Nov 2007 (2)
Natalie's Weight Chart
6 Months
Weight 8.59 kg
Length 67.5 cm
3 Months
Weight 6.97 kg
Length 62 cm
4 Weeks
Weight 4.78 kg
Length 53.5 cm
On Discharge
Weight 2.98 kg
At Birth
Weight 3.14 kg
Length 52 cm
About Me
Jules Memoir
Married (1998), mother of 2 - Nathanael (2000) and Natalie (2007)
View my complete profile
Friends From Motherhood Forum
Cactusnah & Baby Eagen
Gloomybear & Baby Arielle
Jaclyn & Baby Joash
K@ye & Baby Claire
Kittybride & Baby Chloe
Lazykat & Baby Zee Yann
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Poochi & Baby Hazel
S@L & Baby Mischa
Skye (Grace) & Baby Eliza
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Ueno & Baby Leroy
Weishy & Baby Hayley
Yany & Baby Kyra
Yvonne & Baby Chloe
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Favorite Idioms & Sayings
* That which is beautiful is not always good; but that which is good is always beautiful. ~ Author Unknown
* It's not what you gather, but what you scatter that tells what kind of life you have lived. ~ Author Unknown
* A man's work is from sun to sun; but a mother's work is never done. ~ Author Unknown
* A man loves his sweetheart the most, his wife the best, but his mother the longest. ~ Irish Proverb
* It takes a lifetime to build a reputation but only seconds to destroy it. ~ Author Unknown
Tuesday, January 13, 2009
Kiddy Rides
"Hi Garfield, let me drive you home."
"Can't wait to drive the real thing!"
Natalie with Barney & friends
"Hey Bob, how's my driving?"
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Monday, January 12, 2009
Father And Mother, I Love You (FAMILY)
Found this very meaningful poem from one of my old emails:
I ran into a stranger as he passed by,
"Oh excuse me please" was my reply.
He said, "Please excuse me too;
I wasn't watching for you."
We were very polite, this stranger and I.
We went on our way and we said goodbye.
But at home a different story is told,
How we treat our loved ones, young and old.
Later that day, cooking the evening meal,
My son stood beside me very still.
When I turned, I nearly knocked him down.
"Move out of the way," I said with a frown.
He walked away, his little heart broken.
I didn't realize how harshly I'd spoken.
While I lay awake in bed,
God's still small voice came to me and said,
"While dealing with a stranger,
common courtesy you use,
but the family you love, you seem to abuse.
Go and look on the kitchen floor,
You'll find some flowers there by the door.
Those are the flowers he brought for you.
He picked them himself: pink, yellow and blue.
He stood very quietly not to spoil the surprise,
you never saw the tears that filled his little eyes."
By this time, I felt very small,
And now my tears began to fall.
I quietly went and knelt by his bed;
"Wake up, little one, wake up," I said.
"Are these the flowers you picked for me?"
He smiled, "I found 'em, out by the tree.
I picked 'em because they're pretty like you.
I knew you'd like 'em, especially the blue."
I said, "Son, I'm very sorry for the way I acted today;
I shouldn't have yelled at you that way."
He said, "Oh, Mom, that's okay.
I love you anyway."
I said, "Son, I love you too,
and I do like the flowers, especially the blue."
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Wednesday, December 3, 2008
Baby in My Heart Always
One of the greatest fulfillment of being a stay-at-home mom is to be able to watch my baby grow from an infant to a little toddler. She'll always be my baby. I remember the day I was still carrying Natalie in my arms, breast-feeding her at the hospital. Today, she's able to hold a bottle by herself during her milk feeds.
I'm happy to see Natalie through her little milestones. 2 weeks after she turned 12 months, she was able to walk unassisted on her own. A few days ago, she could get stand up on her own without holding on to anything. I'm happy with her progress and I remind myself that I should let her to learn things at her own pace. An child therapist on TV said early and more teaching of a toddler doesn't necessarily mean good as it can cause undue emotional stress.
I never regret having you. It doesn't matter if others don't love you as much, just remember that Mommy holds you dearest in her heart.
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Thursday, October 2, 2008
A New Baby, Busy Like a Bee
Two 2 things have kept me very busy for the past few weeks, so much that I haven't even posted an entry for a long time. Natalie is one of them. For a while, she's been learning to walk and crawl all over the house and I feel it's my utmost duty to keep the place clean and neat. Everything and anything within her reach will go into her mouth almost immediately. How tiring! But at the same time, it's fulfilling to see her take baby steps.
At the same time, I'm also preparing for her first birthday party. With a very limited budget, I'm doing all I can to make it a memorable one for her. I've decided to go on a "flower & butterfly" theme but then again, I personally like Hello Kitty very much. Is this my party or hers? Sigh... I miss my childhood.
I've also chosen a #1 cake from eCreative and I'm likely to use their catering service since it's convenient and reasonable. I'm also planning to make some party favors for friends. Another one of my proud achievement of being able to source for a practical yet economical gift. I'll post up a photo once it's done.
The other thing that's kept me busy is my business. Yes, my new business. Seeing all the hair clips that my sister bought Natalie, I never thought that it'll be one of my other passionate hobby. Thanks also to my girlfriend who gave me instructions. Shopping for ribbons has made me gone crazy several times! So here's my new
. I hope this will sustain me for a while.
If you're reading this entry, please help me spread the word around to mommies who have baby girls - julesbowtique.blogspot.com. Thank you!
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Monday, August 25, 2008
Give Thanks in All Circumstances
Today, God has again reminded me to be humble in spirit and grateful at all times, giving thanks in all circumstances. Just a while ago, my sister texted me on my mobile and asked me to read a heart-wrenching blog by mother who shared about her
This blog has reminded me to love and give selflessly. And it doesn't matter if we're not rich enough, our house or car are not big enough, our position at work is not high enough, we're not smart enough or the things we use are not branded enough. They are immaterial in God's eyes. Are my words, thoughts and deeds pleasing to Him enough?
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Thursday, August 21, 2008
My New Hobby - Making Clips
It all started out as a shopping craze on the motherhood forum when my sister bought Natalie some little clips from a work-at-home mom. Seeing how pretty those clips were, my hobby-buddy girlfriend found and sent me the instructions for making them. And so it fired up my passion to want to make these clips.
Unfortunately (or fortunately, so I can't spend any money), I couldn't find the alligator clips at those craft shops I frequent in Singapore. And so my hobby-buddy girlfriend got her mommy to buy them in Indonesia and sent them to her. This is the result of it! And definitely more to come...
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Wednesday, August 20, 2008
Living Daily by God's Grace
When I look back and reflected at how much I struggled and seeing myself today, I must give all praise and glory to God for He has been faithful and steadfast. He has seen me through my many ups and downs and He's been with me when I was weak and tired. He reminds me encouragingly and gently picks me up each time I fall. When I stray, He draws me back closer to Him. He teaches me to be humble in spirit. Without Him, I am nothing.
Many people look at the nicer side of being a stay-at-home mom. But managing alone has not all been a bed of roses and many a times, a lot of sacrifices have to be made. Having said that, I lack nothing.
I agree that having the
to spend every moment with my little girl, watching her grow each day, and seeing her achieving different m
ilestones every time is more than what a mother can ever ask for. I'm truly blessed to have her. This second-time motherhood has moulded my character. It has torn and also patched my strengths and weaknesses.
Matthew 11:28 Come to Me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.
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Our Photo Shoot, July 2008
Nathanael's Growth Chart


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I met a man at the Cache County Fair who belongs to the fastest growing religion in the world. You might have met some one like him. He believes that there might be a God out there, or an alien (his words). He believes that organized religion is nice if you need that sort of structure to get you through life (he admitted later he felt organized religion is also the reason for all the suffering throughout human history). The gospel he lives is be a good person. He figures he's covered with that. He was very nice to me so I suppose he's living his religion.
Some may find it difficult to try and share the restored gospel with a friendly Agnostic. It's difficult to take any of the traditional missionary routes of talking about scripture, divine authority, or even the nature of God Himself with them. It seems we have almost nothing in common theologically. But Elder Dallin H. Oaks taught something recently that has changed my approach to sharing the gospel.
"When I say that Latter-day Saints "think differently," I do not suggest that we have a different way of reasoning in the sense of how we think. I am referring to the fact that on many important subjects our assumptions—our starting points or major premises—are different from many of our friends and associates…
"I suggest that it may be preferable for our young people to refrain from arguing with their associates about such assertions or proposals. They will often be better off to respond by identifying the worldly premises or assumptions in the assertions they face and then by identifying the different assumptions or premises that guide the thinking of Latter-day Saints. This won't elicit agreement from persons who don't share our faith, but it can move the discussion away from arguing over conclusions to identifying the real source of disagreement." ("As He Thinketh in His Heart", Evening with a General Authority talk to religious educators, Feb 2013.)
Although Elder Oaks is referring to conflicts over moral issues, from this statement we see that figuring out the beginning assumptions a person is coming to the discussion with is very important. Once these assumptions are clear, you can explain the correlating premises of the restored gospel that speak to these assumptions. You may not change their mind, but you'll be understood. And a person cannot have the spirit testify to them about something they don't understand.
So in taking this advise, I listened carefully to what my friend was explaining to me about his beliefs so that I could articulate accurately his beginning assumptions. I needed to understand these before I could be ready with an answer for why I believe in the restored gospel. For simplicity, I will list his main assumptions.
1. If there is a God, He's not too concerned with our life as long as we are good people, which he defined as following the Ten Commandments, specifically the don't lie, steal or kill part (he was obviously not acquainted with the first four commandments which deal with the worship of the One true God).
2. Organized religion is a man made institution. At best it provides some people with a peace of mind. At worst it's a platform for corruption and abuse.
3. No one can really know what happened in the past if you weren't there yourself. (This assumption came as we talked about Joseph Smith later in the discussion.)
4. If God wanted to be known, He would show Himself to everyone. (This also was expressed later in the discussion.)
I tried to understand his main assumptions before I responded. I proposed an alternate possibility. "Suppose there really is a God," I said, "and suppose what He wants for us is to become like Him because He has a fullness of joy and happiness. This God would have to be known, so He could be followed."
I then talked about how God is known through prophets who are witnesses of Him. They receive God's will and authority and lead His kingdom on earth. It was around this point where he asked "am I just supposed to take Joseph Smith's word for it?" I thought that was a great question, and I told him so.
I explained that at the end of the Book of Mormon we are given a promise that if we will read the book, and give it a chance, we can ask God specially if it's true. The promise is we can know the truth by the power of the Holy Ghost. And this promise applies to all truth, "by the power of the Holy Ghost you may know the truth of all things." (Moroni 10:3-5)
At this point he asked why God doesn't just show himself to everyone. I was glad to explain that this life is a test to see if we'll chose God or something else. It can only be called a test if it were challenging. God will reveal Himself to those who are prepared and qualified. To those who say they need a sign before they will believe, Jesus condemned as evil and adulterous. We will always be given enough evidence to believe in God. At the same time we are also allowed enough reasons to doubt. We are to choose.
At the conclusion of our conversation I asked my friend if he'd accept a Book of Mormon to investigate. I told him we could talk about it next year when the fair rolls around again. He agreed, and an hour later I grabbed a book from the missionaries who happened by.
In the end, I don't think I changed his mind. But I did break down at least a part of the caricature he had for members of organized religion in general, and Mormonism specifically. And who knows, I know the Book of Mormon is true, maybe he will actually give it a chance. That could make for an interesting conversation next year.


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- jryanAsked on November 08, 2011 at 11:15 PM
The properties for text boxes provides these confusing descriptions. I've figured out what each does, but it would be much easier if there were clearer descriptions. IMO, they both appear to say the same thing.
Size: Set number of characters users can enter
Max Size: Maximum allowed characters for this field
The most incorrect is the "Size" description, which incorrectly states users cannot exceed a given number limit. In the example below, a user could enter more than 5 characters, but they'd only see 5.
Suggestion: update descriptions for Size and Max Size to these
Field Length: Controls visible form field length, measured in characters
Capacity: Limits maximum number of characters a user may input
- allanftdAnswered on November 09, 2011 at 02:22 AM
Hi jryan,
Thank you for sharing your suggestions for improvement. We realize that the description in smaller texts jst below the labels will be overlooked by most. I shall pass this over to our developers for consideration. You'll see it once the changes have been made.
Please do not hesitate to send out your ideas to us. Have fun using JotForm!
- CIfrmAnswered on July 31, 2015 at 04:46 PM
I agree with the suggestion to change the descriptions as I was confused and had to Google "Jot Form size vs max size field property" just to find this answer, which described what each does.
In addition to clarifying the field descriptions (and perhaps including an example), could someone create a "Quick Overview of Form Field Properties" guide as well?
Thank you!


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Garmin now offers a new version of Garmin Pilot for Apple devices tailored to helicopter operators. It includes helicopter route charts for eight United States metropolitan areas and the Gulf of Mexico. It also allows pilots to identify and document the highest obstacle along their flight plan route.
These three-color charts depict helicopter airways and routes, heliports with associated frequency and lighting capabilities, navigation aid information, and obstructions. Pictorial symbols, roads, and geographical features are notated for easier identification in urban areas with high concentrations of helicopter activity.
Garmin Pilot includes VFR and IFR Helicopter Route Charts for eight metropolitan areas: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Dallas-Fort Worth, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York. Coverage for the Gulf of Mexico is also available including offshore oil drilling.
For helicopter air ambulance operators, rules recently established by the FAA requiring pilots to identify and document the highest obstacle along a planned route can now be fulfilled within Garmin Pilot. When entering a departure and destination airport pair, Garmin Pilot identifies the highest obstacle along the route of flight in mean sea level and above ground level altitudes on the flight plan page and on the moving map page.
The latest version of Garmin Pilot for iOS is available in the Apple App Store as a free download for the first 30 days. An annual subscription is $74.99.


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Messages of sympathy have continues to come in for Hartlepool teenager Curtis Atherton after his tragic death.
More than 100 Mail readers have left tributes and written messages of condolence on the Mail's Facebook page.
So tragic, Sleep tight young man..Sending love & strength to family & friendsOnline tribute
Curtis, 16, died after getting into difficulty while swimming at High Force waterfall in Teesdale on Tuesday night.
The alarm was raised when he disappeared from sight and a large search and rescue operation was mounted.
Curtis was located and quickly airlifted to hospital, but sadly died later.
The news has left many people in the town shocked and saddened at the sudden loss of someone so young.
Among the many messages of condolence posted on the Mail's Facebook site was reader Elaine Hill who wrote: "So tragic, Sleep tight young man..Sending love & strength to family & friends!! xx".
Those sentiments were echoed by Sandra Cotson who said: "So sad r.i.p young man my thoughts are with your family and friends xx".
Sarah Jay Mahoney posted: "So sad Rip thoughts with all the family and friends so tragic xx".
Elsie Dodsworth said: "Feel so sad for his family rip".
Angela Pounder wrote: "Sad news. R.I.P. Curtis x" and Joe Dilks said: "Rip youngen god bless".
Gems Louise added: "Soo sad thinking of his family and friends at this sad time x".
Carol Gash said: "RIP so sad, thoughts are with the family x".
Colin Bartholomew wrote: "R.I.P. and condolences to the family."
Eve Duckworth said: "R.i.p young man" while Terry McKenna said: "Tragic R.I.P" and Liz Brown wrote: "R.I.P God bless you."
Marsha Howe added: "rip young man thinking of you all xxx" while Brenda Moore said: "RIP. So sad thinking of his family and friends".
Hartlepool businessman Krimo Bouabda, and many others, simply said: "RIP".
Alison Flint posted: "So sad so young R.I.P xx".
Curtis's brother Daniel earlier paid tribute to him saying: "He will always be in our hearts.
"I love him all the world, we all do. He was an amazing people who will be missed by lots."


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Danbury wins eighth straight FCIAC wrestling championship
NEW CANAAN — Squarely in the reload camp after winning one FCIAC championship after another, the Danbury wrestling team faced a sizable amount of adversity through graduation losses and injuries to key contributors this season.
None of that mattered when the chips were on the table for the FCIAC finals Saturday afternoon at New Canaan High. The Hatters still delivered.
Already staked to a 25-point lead heading into the finals, the Hatters won five singles titles to claim its 31st FCIAC championship in the last 32 seasons. The Hatters scored 242 points to secure the crown, while Warde finished second with 202.
"There was a lot of building that had to be done with a young team like this," said Hatters senior Gino Barratta, who claimed the 170-pound championship. "They pulled through and they know what it's like to wrestle at this level."
The host Rams took third with 168 points while Trumbull was fourth (130.5) and Wilton (116) rounded out the top five.
It was far from one-school dominance, though, as nine teams claimed a gold medal with Danbury winning its eighth straight title.
"We had some wins we didn't expect and some losses we didn't expect," Hatters coach Ricky Shook said. "We had freshmen and sophomores winning matches and losing matches. We wrestled pretty well. Out of our leaders we got what we needed to get."
Ryan Jack (120), A.J. Kovacs (152) and Ben LeBlanc (113) — two sophomores and a junior — also won titles for Danbury, which was down Jakob Camacho (flu) after the quarterfinal round.
Baratta had one of the more difficult wins of the event as he survived a 3-2 decision over Wilton's Zach Zeyher. The Warriors' man won the title last year.
"I wrestled him earlier in the season. I knew I had to pull through and he'd be ready for me," Baratta said. "At the end it just came down to heart and I just pushed through."
The tournament began Friday and concluded with semifinal matches Saturday morning before the finals. The Hatters produced the most finalists (nine) while the Eagles, Mustangs, and Rams sent four.
The Mustangs went 1-3 in finals matches as Alex Steele, who won most outstanding wrestler for lower weights, began the afternoon with a decision win over Danbury's Kyle Fields. Warde, which has finished runners-up in six of the past seven seasons, had 13 wrestlers place in the tournament.
"Overall as a team I think we did well," Mustangs coach Jason Shaughnessy said. "We would have liked to perform better in the finals. I think two of the three matches we could have and should have won, but we didn't. I think it's going to give us the opportunity to prepare us for next week."
Kris Gjinaj, Joe Gjinaj and Izaake Zuckerman all made the finals for Warde.
"You're always chasing Danbury, and we made it a respectable result," Shaughnessy said. "They're a real good team and I think we had a good team effort to stay competitive."
New Canaan, who posted one of the top league records during the dual-meet season, gave a strong showing for the tournament. Tyler Sung claimed the 138-pound championship while Nick Kortman was a winner at 220.
"This is our best performance in years," New Canaan coach Paul Gallo said. "To get four finalists, three winners and nine guys place is a great accomplishment. We had a great season, wrestled hard and had a great tournament."
New Canaan freshman Justin Mastroianni finished off the meet with a win over Wilton's Nick Rende, scoring two points late to claim a 3-2 decision.
"He has so much experience (at the middle school level)," Gallo said. "If you combine everyone on the team besides Sung, he's had more matches in his life than everyone combined. It's not like he's going to be phased by anything."
One of the highlights of the afternoon came at 160 pounds, where Ridgefield's Simon Preston upset Zuckerman. Preston trailed 4-0 as the second period was coming to a close, but secured a pinfall as time expired.
Stamford's Garey Mendez (145), Trumbull's Bret Nutter, Wilton's Travis Longo (106), Staples' George Harrington (285) and Greenwich's Andrew Nanai (182) all won championships. Harrington upped his record to 32-0 this winter.
After extending the streak of FCIAC championships, the Hatters will look to win their third straight Class LL title next weekend.
"We have big things ahead of us and even with the setbacks, I see us winning anything we have in front of us," Baratta said.
firstname.lastname@example.com, twitter.com/ryanlacey11
Team scores: 1. Danbury 242; 2. Warde 202; 3. New Canaan 168; 4. Trumbull 130.5; 5. Wilton 116; 6. Ridgefield 91; 7. Westhill 90; 8. Staples 76; 9. McMahon 61.5; 10. Greenwich 60; 10 Ludlowe 60; 12 Norwalk 54; 13. Stamford 49; 14. Darien 10.
99 pounds (exhibition): Liam Knight (Danbury) pin Matt Lucas (Danbury); 106: Travis Longo (Wilton) dec. Tyler Johnson (Danbury) 113: Ben LeBlanc (Danbury) pin Bradon Neri-Jacobs (Trumbull); 120: Ryan Jack (Danbury) dec. Chase Parrott (Westhill); 126: Justin Mastroianni (New Canaan) dec. Nick Rende (Wilton); 132: Alex Steele (Warde) dec. Kyle Fields (Danbury); 138: Tyler Sung (New Canaan) dec. Matt Ryan (Trumbull); 145: Garey Mendez (Stamford) dec. Peter Murray (Ridgefield); 152: AJ Kovacs (Danbury) dec. Kris Gjinaj (Warde); 160: Simon Preston (Ridgefield) pin Izaake Zuckerman (Warde); 170: Gino Baratta (Danbury) dec. Zach Zeyher (Wilton); 182: Andrew Nanai (Greenwich) dec. Joe Palmieri (Trumbull); 195: Brett Nutter (Trumbull) dec. Joe Gjinaj (Warde); 220: Nick Kortman (New Canaan) dec. Montez Osbey (Danbury); 285: George Harrington (Staples) dec. Jack Stewart (New Canaan).


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So, I tried a little nail gradient with two very similar polishes, both glittery with a solid base colour. The blue is by Essence and is called Galactic Glam, the pink is by Collection 2000 and is no. 283. I cut of a piece of a regular sponge, dropped a bit of both polishes on a piece of plastic (pringles can lid xD), dabbed the sponge into it and went crazy on my nails! This was the result after a few coats:
What a mess! Luckily (with my second hand..) I rubbed a (cheap) lip balm along my cuticles and rest of the nail, so the messy polish would be easy to remove; I don't like the feeling of acetone on my skin, and haven't bought a acetone-free remover yet. Also, I always end up ruining my hard work if I try to remove some mess with remover.. After a generous layer of top coat to even out all bumps and get a smoother gradient, this was my end result:
It looks like a piece of space! The 'Galactic Glam' really lived up to its name 😉
My camera wouldn't coöperate today by the way, so that's why the pics look a bit weird. Also, I've got a huge hangnail on my left ring finger 😦
Let me know what you think and what your experiences with gradient nails are!


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Last week was glorious. We had several days that hit the wonderful temperature of 75+ degrees. I'm not usually a shorts kind of gal, but since our air conditioning kicked the bucket last September and we had yet to replace it I had to bite the bullet and put a pair on. (By the way, it is amazing to be married to a man who knows really skilled people. As soon as we started getting hot weather my hunk of a man called one of his contacts and close friends to come over and fix the AC. THANK YOU Randy Peacock for replacing our AC Unit for us. You are wonderful. I'm sure you never read this blog but in case you do, I LOVE YOU AND YOUR AIR CONDITIONING CRAFTINESS!)
Anyhoo. Back to the whole short story. Pun intended my friends.
So I put on the shorts after I got home from work. I was about to start cooking dinner but I went into the living room first for a little play time with Jackson. I sat down on the floor and watched him play with his trains for a minute. I was sitting criss cross applesauce and Jackson decided that he wanted me to read a book to him. He came and sat down on my crossed legs and immediately started giggling. Uncontrollably. He then turned to me and said, "Mama's legs are tickly." I was like what? What is he talking about.
He was definitely talking about my leg hair. Yup, my leg hair was so long that it tickled my child. Wowza.
And you know what I did? I shaved. A whole 2 days later.
My poor husband.
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
I think his father put him up to it.
Posted by Sarah at Tuesday, April 15, 2008
2 comments:
- Machelle said...
i can soo relate!!
- April 15, 2008 at 4:44 PM
- Kim Heinecke said...
I cracked up on your comment to "Things Christians LIke" and then this post made me laugh too! Kudos to any chick who isn't OCD about leg shavin' :)
(I've got a little Jackson too)
- April 19, 2008 at 10:29 PM
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Colon Flow Bowel Movement At A Glance
Despite the reality that taking motion is essential, you'll unquestionably want to have some kind of assurance that you're on the correct monitor. After all, with the abundance of info about excess weight loss that is out there (and in numerous cases, actually conflicts with one another), issues can get somewhat confusing. In phrases of your mindset nevertheless, it is crucially important that you are confident that you're on the correct path.
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You already know that the best way to battle off a cold is to get a lot of rest and fluids. Vitamin C is an additional fundamental requirement of remaining healthy. Knowing these things is 1 thing but putting it into practice is fairly an additional, especially when all you truly want is relief from your cold symptoms. This is 1 of the factors that so many individuals choose medication over natural remedies. Over the counter meds can offer quick reduction from most of the signs and symptoms you might be sensation. But what they can also do is simply extend out your symptoms-too much medicine can really lengthen your illness! This is the reason all-natural well being is a better idea-the natural techniques you use to simplicity your signs and symptoms actually assault the trigger of the cold, which helps you get better!
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Most individuals overeat simply because they do not know the difference in between becoming hungry and becoming thirsty. To steer clear of the confusion, attempt to consume water prior to meals. You can also shed off those extra lbs by consuming much more fruits and veggies. Click right here to learn more about body fat reduction aspect. In addition to providing your physique the nutrition that it requirements, it will also provide you with a satisfying sensation. To leading it all off, make it a stage to weigh yourself frequently and keep your mindset good.
It appears individuals are so desperate for some type of help that the web is full of fitness suggestions for inspiration and encouragement. Of course, weight reduction is itself a gigantic on-line subject. Some fitness suggestions can offer you with the information or motivation you need at a If you enjoyed this post and you would certainly like to obtain additional information regarding colon flow review patient's Choice kindly go to our web-site. offered time. What truly counts, though, is whether or not you really benefit from these suggestions.
Strength coaching is important – A lot of individuals who want to lose excess weight only do cardio and not strength coaching. What's the point of getting muscle tissue, they believe. They don't want to turn out to be muscular, just burn off fat. The truth is that muscle mass is the very best way to burn more energy and body fat off fast. Muscle mass tissue burns a great deal of energy even in your sleep. Having much more muscle will assist you burn off fat at a a lot quicker tempo than you would have at any time carried out otherwise.
Why am I telling you this? Because the medical business makes billions of bucks each yr from 'misinformed' victims who shell out difficult-attained money to have kidney stone surgical procedure. When the surgery is UNNEEDED! In reality, kidney stone surgery is sky-rocketing at we entered the 21st century and hospitals and physicians could not be happier. In some instances, kidney stone surgery is required (kidney stones bigger than 1.2 cm might need surgical procedure). Nevertheless, ninety%25 of kidney stones are less than five mm or smaller! In other phrases, a Kidney Stones All-natural Therapy Colon Flow Ingredients will function 90%25 of the time.


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Jump to Recipe
The best pizza dough is a bold claim. I know. And it's obviously highly subjective. At any given time there is a heated argument on the Internet on the relative merits of New York style pizza versus Chicago style pizza, with some arguing the latter isn't pizza at all. So, I'm here to say I get it. I will never please everyone. Nevertheless, my opinion here is absolutely correct.
This is, as of now, the best pizza you can make at home without installing a special high temperature oven or disabling the self-cleaning cycle lock on your oven. This dough results in a pizza with a thin crust and a puffy, chewy cornicione (which is the fancy Italian term for the edge of crust around the rim).
It's simple to make. It's just flour, water, salt, and yeast. But there are a few tricks to getting it right. One is a long fermentation. The dough should rest overnight, and I think it gets even better after two or three days of resting in the refrigerator. Another is using bread flour for the extra gluten formation, which is so helpful for developing that pleasing chew. The other is using more salt than you think. Salt inhibits yeast, and it helps prevent the dough from over-rising during its long rest in the refrigerator. It also makes everything taste better. And while you can use active dry yeast, your life will be easier and results more reliable if you use instant yeast, which you don't have to proof in water and can just mix in with the flour.
The other tricks are not ingredient-based, they're in the handling and cooking. Step away from the rolling pin and gently stretch your dough into place. When people ask me what temperature to cook pizza at, my answer is always as high as your oven will go. For most of us, that's 500-550°F. And preheat the oven with the pizza steel inside for a half-hour before you put your pizza in the oven.
Oh, and invest in a baking steel. You can also use a baking stone/pizza stone if you have one, or a baking sheet if you don't think you'll make pizza very often.
You can use a peel if you want. Or just build your pizza on a piece of parchment paper and slide it into the oven from the back of a baking sheet.
Also, don't overtop your pizza. Apply a very thin layer of simple sauce. Go easy on a layer of grated dry aged mozzarella and parmigiano reggiano. And apply your other toppings sparingly or you're apt to wind up with a soggy mess.
But keep this one bookmarked. Or print it out and laminate it. You'll be making it again and again.
Best Pizza Dough (for thin crust pizza with a chewy, puffy rim)
This dough needs to be made a day ahead of time (though it can hang out in the refrigerator for another four days and in the freezer for a few months). The slow overnight rise in the refrigerator allows the dough to develop a complex flavor and improve its browning and crumb structure. Bread flour helps to give pizza that pleasing chewy texture, and instant yeast lets you skip the step you find in many recipes for proofing the yeast in water ahead of time. I strongly recommend applying your toppings with a light hand. I like baking pizzas on a baking steel, which is totally worth the investment, but you can also bake it on a baking sheet. This makes enough dough for two pizzas, which means you can have pizza again later in the week or you can tuck the extra dough in the freezer and let it thaw in the refrigerator overnight the next time you want pizza.
- 500 grams bread flour (3 3/4 cups)
- 10 grams Diamond Crystal kosher salt (2 teaspoons)
- 3 grams instant yeast (1/2 teaspoon)
- 400 grams cool water (1 2/3 cups)
- olive oil for coating the balls of dough
Add the flour, salt, and yeast to a large mixing bowl and stir. Add the water and stir until you don't see any dry flour. Then stir with a metal or wooden spoon for about 50 strokes (your arm should be getting tired and the dough should be shaggy but starting to pull away from the sides of the bowl as you stir). Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and let rise for about an hour.
After about a 30 minutes of rising, gently stretch and fold the dough over itself a few times. The dough should start to feel stretchier and sturdier. Cover again and let rise for another 30 minutes. Stretch and fold the dough over itself two or three more times. The dough should no longer look shaggy, but have a smooth appearance when pulled into a taut ball. Divide the dough in half and stretch each half into a ball. Coat lightly in olive oil and place each dough ball into a quart-sized zip top bag and refrigerate overnight or for up to 4 days. (If there is any dough you don't plan to use in 4 days, put it in the freezer now. When ready to use, let thaw in the refrigerator overnight and continue as directed.)
On the day you plan to make the pizza, pull the dough out of the refrigerator about an hour before you want to eat. If you have a baking steel or baking stone, make sure it's in the oven on the top rack. Preheat the oven as high as your oven will go (500°F or 550°F) about a half hour before you want to eat. After the dough has been at room temperature for about an hour, gently stretch the dough into a circle about 14-inches in diameter and place on a sheet of parchment paper set on the back of a baking sheet (if you feel comfortable using a peel you can, of course skip the parchment paper and build your pizza on a floured peel). Top the pizza lightly with whatever toppings you want. Slide the parchment paper and pizza onto your baking steel or stone (or if you don't have either of those, slide the whole inverted baking sheet into the oven on the top rack). Bake for 7-8 minutes or until the dough is deeply browned in spots. Slide the pizza onto a wire cooling rack and let cool for a few minutes before transferring to a cutting board and slicing.


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10 Jul
Used Stainless Steel Tank of 6,000 Litres
In: News
With a capacity of 6,000 litres, this used stainless steel tank that Comquima incorporates in its catalogue has a motor reducer of 0.75 KW and 154 rpm.
Supported on four legs and with a diameter of 1,800mm and a body height of 2,100mm, its total height is 3,200mm. It also has a man's mouth with a size of 400 x 500mm.
For further information or budget request about the used stainless steel tank of 6,000L, do not hesitate to contact Comquima's sales department.
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What if a place exists in which cat lovers can go and cuddle with lots of "Cat's"…. yup a place like that really lies around Tashirojima …. A "Cat Island" surrounded by Pacific Ocean in Ishiinomaki, Miyagi, Japan, Known as "Tashirojima". It's a small island where you can find a massive amount of cats; furthermore locals build a small "Cat shrine", known as Neko-jinja in the middle of the island.
It's weird I know but its true….. This place has lots of cats with different-different breeds. No matter wherever you go in the island you will found cat's wondering around your feet. When I first heard about it I was soooo… excited and really….really had a desired to go there and play with them (I'm also excited right now while writing about them). It's hard to swallow but in the island cat's population is more then human population. Those are black, white, brown and even more. You can't imagine how much I wanna go there and grab them in my arm….
Now right back to the matter… If we look at the history of "Tashirojima", in 2011, the island was hit by the Tohoku Tsunami. And there was great damage to some areas of the island because of that disaster, but the feline population prodigiously survived relatively intact. And when i peeked in further back…I found In Japan's late Edo Period much of the island people raised silk-worms for their textiles. The residents kept cats to chase the mice away from their precious silk-worms. Overtime, this cat population left un-neutered began to grow immensely while the human population dwindled down to fewer than 100 residents. As of today, the feral cat population outnumbers humans 6 to 1 on this small Japanese Island.
Well… I am a huge fan of cats, so whenever I see a cat or kitten pics. I always thought…..
"How wonderful it will be if I am surrounded by all of them……",
"Wooooww……..How cuteeee………" Or
"I wanna them….. Next time I will have them for sure".
I am also a cat love. And here it is a whole island of cats.
Oohhh….yaa! We are talking about "Cat Island". The residents and thousands of tourists who flock to Tashirojima every year do not mind being outnumbered by their feline friends (I don't mind either). In Japanese culture, the cat is considered a good luck charm, said to bring money and good fortune to all who cross their path. Some even claim that it was the cats who kept the majority of the island from being destroyed during the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011.
You can say it's a paradise for cat lover, I know you want to go and visit that "Paradise", right? Then let's go visit it together.


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Thursday, November 14, 2013
Great quote: How true
"Propose to an Englishman any principle, or any instrument, however admirable, and you will observe that the whole effort of the English mind is directed to find a difficulty, a defect, or an impossibility in it. If you speak to him of a machine for peeling a potato, he will pronounce it impossible: if you peel a potato with it before his eyes, he will declare it useless because it will not slice a pineapple." Charles Babbage (1791–1871)
Posted by RLT at 11/14/2013
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Ask About This Home
Complete with a lovely Vermont-like meadow and hills, southern prospect, and nestled on nearly eight acres of very private, usable land with sprawling lawns, stone walls, tranquil seasonal brook and four season, bucolic views from most rooms, this charming Dutch Colonial former gardener's cottage for the George F. Baker Estate can be used as a great full time family home or weekend retreat. Preserving its historic integrity, the six bedroom, five and one half bath residence has been thoughtfully renovated, adding modern amenities, such as, central air conditioning, and updated kitchen and bathrooms. The home also features a spacious upstairs room that can easily be used as a home office, or children's playroom, two beautiful porches and a private drive with detached three car garage. Option to purchase with additional two acre parcel for $1,044,500.


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Learn Spanish – Common business words and phrases.
July 15, 2008 by Admin · 25 Comments
This is one of the bonus free learning Spanish language videos that you will receive just by visiting www.LearningSpanishLikeCrazy.com
and subscribing to the Learning Spanish Like Crazy newsletter. This video covers basic and common business words and phrases.
Unlike other learning Spanish courses available online (such as Rosetta Stone, Pimsleur, Rocket Spanish, Learn in Your Car
Spanish, or Michel Thomas Spanish), Learning Spanish Like Crazy (LSLC) focuses entirely on teaching "Real" Latin American
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Gearld John Webb
Born April 1, 1929 - Charleston, Wasatch, Utah
Died July 21, 1990
Son of Ernest Edwin Webb & Clara Forman Webb
Contributed on 6/15/05 by wasatchcemetery
Email This Contributor
Record #: 3724
On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Utah, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 6/15/05 • Approved: 9/22/08 • Last Updated: 11/2/12 • R3724-G0


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Draft regulators / barometric dampers on oil fired heating equipment:
Here we explain the inspection and adjustment of draft regulators or barometric dampers on oil fired heating equipment:
A Guide to Barometric Dampers on Oil Fired Boilers, Furnaces, Water Heaters: inspection, adjustment, cleaning, troubleshooting.
We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic, or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need.
Draft Regulators for oil fired heaters: Details about draft control on oil fired heating systems (such as the oil fired heater shown in the photo above), including furnaces or boilers, are discussed in this article just below.
Draft Regulators for gas fired heaters: Details about draft control for gas fired heating systems, including furnaces or boilers, are discussed separately at at DRAFT HOOD, GAS HEATER for gas fired equipment.
Draft Regulators for oil fired heaters: Details about draft control on oil fired heating systems (such as the oil fired heater shown in the photo above), including furnaces or boilers, are discussed in this article just below.
Draft Regulators for gas fired heaters: Details about draft control for gas fired heating systems, including furnaces or boilers, are discussed separately at at DRAFT HOOD, GAS HEATER for gas fired equipment.
Barometric dampers are devices used to regulate the draft on oil-fired heating equipment such as furnaces, boilers, or water heaters. The barometric damper or draft regulating device we are discussing here is normally used only on oil-fired heating equipment, not on gas-fired equipment.
On oil fired equipment the barometric damper, or draft regulator is typically a round Tee inserted in the flue vent connector between the heating appliance and the chimney. The face of the tee contains a round "door" with an adjustable weight.
The service technician adjusts the weight to control the swing or opening of this door which in turn controls the amount of excess air that can enter the flue and chimney when the oil burner is operating.
The draft regulator in our photo shown just above is not working - and has been deliberately jammed - indicating that something else is wrong, probably a chimney problem or an oil burner operating problem: the technician was unable to get enough draft, so s/he defeated the regulator - this is not a good idea, as we'll explain below.
During oil burner operation, and also on some gas fired equipment, combustion air moves into the burner are and combustion chamber (as combustion air).
As combustion continues (the fuel is mixed with air and burned), a mix of air and combustion gases continues onwards, moving out of the combustion chamber, up through the boiler or furnace heat exchanger, through the flue vent connector ("stack pipe or flue pipe" and on into the chimney where these gases are finally vented outside, usually above the building roof.
The force with which this air or combustion gas moves is the "draft" inside of the heating appliance.
Too much draft increases heating appliance operating cost by venting heat out through the chimney instead of transferring the heat into the building where it was wanted. Too much draft can also increase chimney temperatures to an unsafe level.
Too little draft can result in incomplete combustion, soot-clogging of heating equipment (dangerous), and more dangerous heating appliance malfunctions such as oil burner puffbacks and in some cases dangerous production of carbon monoxide gas that leaks into the building (a potentially fatal problem).
So virtually all fossil-fuel-fired heating appliances provide some sort of draft control or draft regulator to keep the draft at required levels both in the combustion chamber and out through the chimney.
Chimney draft is not constant. While above we described how we measure draft inside of heating equipment and on the way to the chimney where (we hope) combustion gases are to be vented safely outside, the "draft" that the oil burner and furnace or boiler experience are not constant.
For example wind blowing over a chimney top can increase draft, as can a second appliance using the same chimney as the heater. Since the force of draft is not normally constant, and since we want the draft to be constant for optimum oil burner operation, the barometric damper is installed.
If the oil burner sees flue draft that is too low the combustion gases will not vent safely out of the building and the heating equipment may suffer from backpressure in the combustion chamber, causing overheating or other malfunctions.
Also see OIL BURNERS and OIL BURNER NOISE SMOKE ODORS
Our photo (above left) shows a chimney that extends less than two feet above a flat roof on a one story home, resulting in inadequate draft and sooty burner operation. The home suffered recurrent oil burner sooting, puffbacks, high and repeated heating service repair bills, and ineffective attempts by heating service techs to "fix" the problem by running the oil burner at high temperatures - a trick that mostly served to increase the heating bills for the home.
At DRAFT MEASUREMENT, CHIMNEYS & FLUES we illustrate how this particular short chimney and inadequate draft problem were finally fixed.
If you have this problem see CHIMNEY TOO SHORT and CHIMNEY HEIGHT EXTENSIONS
Also see DRAFT INDUCER FANS.
If the oil burner sees flue draft that is too high combustion gases will vent out of the building just fine, but we're sending too much heat up the chimney by moving combustion gases too fast through the heater, thus we're sending our oil dollars up the chimney as heat rather than into the building as heat.
The service technician adjusts the barometric damper to maintain a continuous draft in the range we described above. Then if local conditions change, the barometric damper can open or close to let in more or less additional air into the flue and chimney, keeping the draft constant.
Draft controls are found on gas-fired heating equipment too, but the specifications are quite different. Gas fired heaters such as domestic gas fired furnaces are usually designed to operate at very low over-fire drafts - which means almost zero draft will be measured at the flue vent connections. That's why you usually don't see a hinged-door barometric draft regulator on gas fired equipment.
Take a look at DRAFT HOOD, GAS HEATER for details.
Field Corporation [1], and Tjernlund [2] draft regulator producers, provides different model draft controls for gas fired equipment, such as the Field Type MG1 and MG + MG2 regulators which use double swinging gates that open inward under normal up-draft conditions and outward in case of blocked flues, thus relieving internal pressures. Since improper venting of gas fired appliances easily produces very dangerous, potentially fatal Carbon Monoxide (CO), it is critical that these appliances are vented properly.
Do not ever install an oil-fired appliance draft regulator such as the Field Type AF shown here onto gas-fired equipment.
Barometric damper location: a barometric damper will work properly to regulate draft and reduce backdrafts in a variety of locations in relation to the heating appliance and the chimney. [Images at left are courtesy Field Controls.]
Field corporation and other equipment manufacturers provide an instruction sheet with their product, showing the appropriate locations for a draft regulator. According to Field,
"The control should be located as close as possible to a furnace or boiler and positioned as shown in [the figure at left]. The draft regulator should be 18" from a stack switch and at least 18" from a combustible ceiling or wall. Do not locate the draft regulator in a room separated from the appliance." [1]
If the draft regulator is not located properly it won't work properly and the heating system may also be unsafe. Further, if you see a draft regulator installed at the far end of a very long flue vent connector, say 12 to 25 feet or more, there is a more basic problem with excessive flue length and operating problems related to that condition, independent of the draft regulator.
See FLUE VENT CONNECTORS for details.
"The barometric damper should be adjusted (by adjusting the weight position) to maintain as low a draft as will give good combustion and meet the requirements for heat. The bracket is marked "Lo", "Med" and "Hi" which correspond to draft settings [if draft is measured inside the flue immediately before the regulator] of 0.2", 0.4", and 0.6" w.c."
Details about when, where, how and why to measure draft at oil or gas fired heating equipment as well as measuring draft for fireplaces, coal stoves, wood stoves etc. are at DRAFT MEASUREMENT, CHIMNEYS & FLUES.
Excerpts on typical draft settings or targets for oil fired heating equipment are given just below.
Normally we measure draft at two locations: over the fire or in the combustion chamber. The draft we typically see on oil fired heating equipment like water heaters, boilers and heating furnaces is
The sketch at left showing a barometric damper on oil fired heating equipment (heating boilers or water heaters) was provided courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
In the breech we want to see about -0.05 inches WC pressure. If the breech draft is too low the combustion process and venting process may be inadequate, and if the draft measured in the breech is lower than the draft measured over the fire, the oil burner and combustion chamber are operating under pressure - which is often a problem on residential heating systems since few of them are designed to work this way. Thanks to L. - for correcting our WC pressure data.
It's easy to understand how a draft regulator work: as Carson Dunlop's sketch above shows.
The service technician measures draft over the fire and in the breech, and she moves a little weight on the hinged barometric damper door to cause the door to open wider or less wide to let more or less room air into the chimney as needed.
As long as the gas pressure inside of the flue and chimney is less than room air (that is, it's "negative" as we explained below), air from the room wants to enter the chimney through the barometric damper opening. Like the porridge in Goldilocks and the Three Bears, there are three possibilities:
The draft as sensed at the barometric damper is too strong (maybe a wind is blowing over the chimney top, increasing the draft): in this case the draft inside the flue, at the breech at the draft regulator is more negative - maybe -1.2 " w.c..
Since the air in the room is at normal pressure it will be stronger than the pressure inside the flue, so air in the room will push the draft regulator door "in" and make it open, letting room air flow into the chimney until, balanced by the setting of the weight on the moving draft regulator's door, the incoming room air enters the flue in enough volume to drop the draft pressure back to its desired setting, maybe to -0.04" w.c.
The draft as sensed at the barometric damper is too weak (maybe a wind is blowing down the chimney flue because we left off our chimney cap): in this case the draft inside the flue, at the breech and thus at the draft regulator is less negative, maybe -0.01" w.c. than we wanted - we're having trouble sending those flue gases up the chimney.
The little weight on the draft regulator door causes the door to close, reducing the inflow of room air into the flue, and thus increasing the draft in the flue back to the desired number, maybe to -0.04" w.c. once again.
The draft as sensed at the barometric damper is just right: it's hovering where we set it at -0.04" w.c. In this case the barometric draft regulator is probably showing its little door a little bit open, with a little room air flowing into the flue. (Otherwise we wouldn't have any room to close the door to increase the draft when we need to do so.) And the draft in the flue is staying at the desired number, maybe -0.04" w.c.
By moving a weight along a scale. You can see a weight and scale in our photo of the Field Type AF Draft Control.
In general the draft regulator is set to the lowest draft that gives good combustion and proper oil burner operation. Higher wastes energy.
While the heating equipment is operating at normal temperature, the draft is set to a number specified by the oil burner manufacturer, so we can only give approximate settings in this discussion. To find the proper weight setting to control the draft regulator, the heating service technician will make three measurements:
It is the position of the weight along a moveable scale, usually by screwing the weight in or out, or by sliding the weight along a scale (see our photo), that adjusts how far the draft regulator door will open in response to these three conditions described above. It's basically a principle of leverage -the weight is moved closer to or farther out from the axis of rotation of the moving draft regulator door.
When the barometric draft regulator door is more open, it is admitting more building air into the flue and reducing the draft seen by the heating appliance. When the draft regulator door is more closed, it is admitting less building air into the flue and is thus increasing the draft seen by the heating appliance.
So do not change the barometric draft control's weight setting unless you're a trained service technician who knows when, where, how, and why to measure draft at an oil fired heating appliance.
Weight location & adjustment on barometric draft controls: the weight that is adjusted to regulate the operation of the draft control needs to be properly located as well as adjusted. T
he weight location switches on most regulators depending on whether the regulator is installed on a vertical flue or a horizontal flue. Field ships their draft regulators with the weight installed in position for a vertical flue.
The adjustment weight is in the right-hand slot when you are facing the control. If the damper is to be installed on a horizontal flue, the weight must be removed from the right-hand slot and attached to the left hand slot as shown in the illustration and sketches above.
Thanks to boiler expert Dirk Faegre for suggesting these additional details.
Field controls also points out that
It is essential that CO2 readings be taken to determine proper [draft regulator] adjustments. (This test and others should be conducted by a qualified fuel oil dealer or appliance installer for your safety). [1]
While we and the draft regulator manufacturers give typical draft measurement numbers for draft over the fire and at the damper itself, some oil burner manufacturers may require specific draft settings other than those standard ones.
In addition, variations in chimney and building details from one installation to another may affect how the oil burner, heating appliance itself, flue vent connector, chimney, chimney cap, and site wind conditions all interact. Ultimately we need to know these effects on combustion. We want not only proper draft and [usually] no backpressure in the combustion chamber, we also want efficient combustion - that's where the CO2 measurement comes in.
For a detailed guide to inspecting draft regulators and barometric dampers and for example of additional draft regulator defects, failures, mis-adjustment, please
see DRAFT REGULATOR SOOT INSPECTION.
Notice that as illustrated in the two images of draft controls from Field Controls in our first photo above, the weight may be positioned "up" or "down" depending on the draft control model.
The RC draft control (designed for oil or coal heaters) has the weight and hinge "up".
The Model M draft regulator is shown with the adjustable weight "down". For draft controls whose hinge is in the lower third of the opening (the lower control in our image), it's might appear that this control will work properly only as shown - with the weight at the bottom of the control door. That's not so. The Field MG1 and MG2 Draft Controls have the hinge in the upper third of the opening and the weight above the hinge.
But our second illustration above shows two different Field Draft Controllers both of which have the hinge in the upper third of the opening and the adjustable weight is above the hinge.
Some draft controllers work with the weight above or below the hinge, but be sure to check the installation manual for your specific draft regulator as well as to measure the draft to adjust it properly for the fuel and burner type and chimney properties at your installation. With no other information such as an "up" arrow embossed on the draft regulator, I would install it with the label and writing properly oriented "up".
All of the draft regulator manufacturers provide installation instructions - look in the box in which your product came. If your draft regulator is a Field Controls device, the company provides installation guides for each draft regulator at the company's website but they can be tricky to find. Use this link http://www.fieldcontrols.com/reference-guides and enter the draft regulator model number such as MG1.
Is the draft regulator a field-installed retrofit unit (below left) or does it connect to a factory-built Tee (below right)?
Retrofit draft regulator opening size: Why do we care if the damper is mounted on a field built tee or a factory tee? The draft regulator at above left is a field add-on that is installed using a two-piece eared collar provided by the manufacturer.
The components are installed by assembling the two halves of the collar and by cutting a a hole in the existing length of flue vent connector pipe. The eared collar is mounted over the hole in the flue vent connector and the draft regulator is mounted to the collar opening.
The size of the hole to be cut is determined by making a trace-mark inside of the mounting collar when the collar is held against the face of the flue vent connector in its destined location. On occasion we find that the hole cut in the pipe was too small (improper draft regulation) or too large (leaky connections).
A field-installed damper mounting "tee" like the one at above left is secured to the flue vent connector by two sheet metal screws, one on either side (red circle). If these screws are loose, stripped, or if the vent connector itself is corroded and rusty, the whole regulator assembly can fall off of the system - an unsafe event for obvious reasons.
The factory tee shown in our photo at above right (orange arrow) is secured to the boiler top and the flue vent connector (green arrow above the tee) using three sheet metal screws.The draft regulator assembly(blue arrow) is also secured to the opening of the tee (at right) by one or in some cases more than one sheet metal screws. Inspect to make sure that the SMS are all in place and that the parts are not loose nor rattling..
Interesting is that someone must have had trouble with this damper falling out or rattling, as they used adhesive-backed foil tape (blue arrow) to secure the regulator assembly to the field-installed tee.
The adhesive tape shown by our arrow is a clue to heating system operating history, or it might mean that the installer didn't know how or where to install the sheet metal screw (at the top and bottom of the regulator mounting ring) to secure it to the tee. Or maybe s/he was out of sheet metal screws.
Any clue suggesting unusual installation like this is an orange alert flag: look further for odd or improper workmanship.
This photo shows how, simply by pushing open the draft regulator swinging door to inspect inside the unit you can reliably identify a field-installed cut-in draft regulator instructions - notice the bent-over tabs (green arrows) that were cut and adjusted by the technician.
As we elaborate
at DRAFT REGULATOR SOOT INSPECTION, this heater is also dirty (red arrow) and has not been properly maintained.
The flue vent tee photo (below left) shows two of three sheet metal screws required to secure the tee assembly to the boiler top; three more screws are used to secure the tee to the flue vent connector ("stack pipe", not shown here) as well as three more (some instructions permit two) screws to secure the draft regulator assembly to the tee opening.
Our photos above and below show one of the screws required to secure the draft regulator assembly to the flue vent tee .
Usually we find that it's a tight fit jamming the draft regulator assembly into the tee opening, but we still install the factory recommended screws.
Vibration during heating equipment operation or the banging caused by rough heating boiler starts (mini "puff-backs") or other wear and tear can otherwise loosen the whole assembly.
Above we show where the draft regulator is missing one of its securing screws. There are several reasons why a screw might be missing:
The mounting screw was forgotten at initial installation
The mounting screw was removed to adjust the damper to proper level position, then the tech dropped the screw, it rolled under the boiler, and s/he didn't have another screw handy;
The service tech removed screws during cleaning (more likely at a flue vent connector not at the damper) and was in a rush to leave the job.
A close look at this photo shows that the damper position has been adjusted (to correct an out-of-level condition. We can just see the originally-drilled screw hole in the damper assembly (red arrow) just above the original screw insertion hole (blue arrow) in the flue vent tee. Our orange arrow points to a 3/16" gap between the draft regulator fully-in raised stamping and the edge of the tee opening - not a serious concern as long as the device is properly secured.
Our photos below (and my red pencil) point to the hinge pin that allows the flapper door of the barometric damper (or draft regulator) to swing freely. For the unit to operate properly the door needs to move freely in response to changes in draft in the flue.
If the pins are bent, rusted, jammed, or field-modified (say a lost pin is replaced by a finishing nail) the draft regulator may not work properly and may even be unsafe.
Check that the weight assembly is present. You should see the bracket and adjustable weight on the outside of the draft regulator door (above my red pencil in the photo at below left). Now tip the hinged door open and check that the interior weight (red arrow in our photo at below right) is also in place.
If the inside weight has been lost it may have fallen into the boiler or furnace. If the outside draft control weight is missing look for it on the floor next to those missing sheet metal screws we mentioned earlier. Without the weights it is unlikely that a barometric damper can do its job properly.
Note: some draft regulator controls do not use weights on both sides of the control door.
Now use your finger or a tool to gently push the barometric flapper door open and let go - it should swing freely and should not jam open nor jam shut.
Even a perfectly-installed draft regulator cannot overcome other combustion air, draft, chimney, or boiler/furnace operating defects from other causes.
Check the service tag for the maintenance history of the equipment and for clues about a history of problems (repeated service calls for the same complaint).
Check the area around the heater for soot, oil spills, or an obvious lack of combustion air (tiny room, no air inlets).
In a forensic investigation of a heating system problem I'd be worried about why the bottom portion of the older (blue) service tag has been torn off (photo above left). The service company doesn't want to leave the equipment with no service tag - that itself is a red flag. But what information did someone want me to not-see?
Our boiler top dust photo (above right) and my finger show that 6 1/2 months of operation and dust (July 1 to January 15) of this oil fired boiler has produced almost no soot blow-out. In fact the system is almost too clean - I wondered if it was running with excess combustion air - staying clean but maybe giving up on efficiency, thus increasing the building's heating cost.
More draft regulator defects are described in detail at FAQs Questions & Answers about inspecting and adjusting the barometric damper below in this article .
Also see DRAFT REGULATOR SOOT INSPECTION where we provide details about what you may see when inspecting the draft regulator interior or the flue that it serves.
Barometric dampers or draft regulators (synonyms) are sold in a variety of sizes for residential and larger commercial heating systems. Draft regulator sizes are specified in inches, representing the diameter of the moving regulator door assembly.
Draft regulators are sized to match the flue vent connector to which they are mounted - in turn implying that the draft regulator will also be properly sized for the operating requirements (and draft requirements) of the heating appliance as well. That is, if the chimney and flue are too large or too small for the heating appliance the installation is improper and may be unsafe as well.
Sizes of draft regulators range from as small as 3-inch in diameter up to at least 32-inches in diameter. Prices for draft regulators range from under $50. U.S. to over $600. U.S. Larger sizes of barometric dampers, such as the Field 20-inch unit, retail (in 2013) for about $530. U.S.
This topic has moved to a separate article now found at DAMPERS & DRAFT REGULATOR TYPES covering all types of building and HVAC system air controls, dampers and dampeners such as automatic and barometric flue dampers used on heating equipment, coal stove, pellet stove, woodstove draft controls, draft inducer fans, HVAC duct air flow controls (manual register controls, duct dampers, zone dampers, automatic fire dampers, vibration dampeners), fireplace dampers, and fresh air supply dampers and controls.
Soot production or soot blow-back stains at the combustion chamber inspection port or burner mounting tube (or soot in general).
Regardless of whether the draft regulator is serving an oil fired heating boiler or an oil fired water heater, soot coming out of the barometric damper or out of the flue vent pipe, or the presence of soot and burn marks on the heater, or even noises: stumbling, rumbling, noisy oil burners, as well as odors, are examples of improper oil burner operation that need prompt service.
Our photo at above left shows an example of improper oil burner operation on an oil fired water heater: both systems show soot blow-out at the water heater's combustion chamber inspection port.
At above right, a different heating system appliance shows soot beginning to blow back out of the draft regulator itself. And notice the sloppy installation? The draft regulator was not installed level. The weight system does not work properly when the damper door is out of level.
Often these soot marks are a symptom of excessive pressure or "back pressure" inside the combustion chamber. Since this water heater is connected so closely to the chimney in a pretty new house, our first guess was that the water heater itself needed cleaning.
Oil fired appliance sooting problems can be caused by an oil fired water heater or heating boiler that is way past due for cleaning (soot blocks the exhaust flue), by a blocked chimney, by improper draft regulator adjustment, or other defects.
I am fascinated by and appreciative for your publication "Guide to Barometric Dampers..." Many thanks for the complete explanations.
I am getting the run-a-round from the 'service' people from the service company; I'm not sure they know much more than I.
I have one question which I hope you will answer: when the oil burner is not operating, should the damper door be closed? Logic would suggest to me that it should be closed but I am terribly uninformed. - R.D.B.
A competent onsite heating or chimney and flue inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that help accurately diagnose a problem with the heating appliance or the flue and chimney that vent its combustion products.
That warning made, yes, in general, a properly adjusted and balanced barometric "flapper" door is in the vertical or closed position when the heating flue to which it is connected is not in use. If the door is open you may be wasting warm air and heat from the area around the heating boiler or water heater that the damper is serving. Field Controls puts it this way:
Always set the [barometric damper draft] control to maintain as low a draft as will give good combustion and meet the requirements for heat. [1]
Why? Because if you set the draft higher than necessary, you are wasting money, sending heat up the chimney instead of into the building (or if it's a water heater, into the hot water tank). We need enough draft that the oil burner does not blow soot back into the building, and so that combustion is efficient, but we do not want excessive draft.
Below we list reasons that your draft regulator door is staying open.
If you check all of these out and find that the installation is correct, the equipment is all operating normally, but that chimney and wind conditions are keeping the draft regulator open (and heat is thus wasted from your home), a solution could be the installation of an automatic flue vent damper that opens before the oil burner turns on and closes automatically when the oil burner has turned off. [See our photo at left].
Watch out: Installing an automatic flue damper can reduce building heat loss through the flue but we do not want to see this "solution" installed before you have an accurate diagnosis of just why your flue damper door is hanging open. We discuss automatic vent dampers in detail at Automatic Vent Dampers where we explain how they work, how they save money, and what they look like.
The heater is cooling down: If you are looking at the damper right after the oil burner has shut down, the heater is still hot and a mix of hot air and combustion gases are still zooming up the flue and chimney. If the draft effect of those rising gases is creating an updraft that is more than proper for optimum heater adjustment, the damper door will open to admit room air, thus reducing the draft seen in the flue.
The draft regulator is not properly adjusted. One of the basic tune-up steps performed on oil fired heating equipment, usually right after the system is serviced and cleaned, is to check for proper draft over the fire and in the flue. The in-flue measurement is usually made through a hole drilled in the space between the top of the heater and the under-side of the draft regulator. See What is the Right Draft Measurement at Oil Fired Heaters?.
The draft regulator hinges or pivot pins are sticking. On occasion, especially if someone was trying to "adjust" a draft regulator or damper by bending or banging on it, we find that the regulator's door hinge sticks. The door may stick in the open or shut position, interfering with proper operation.
It's easy to check for this sticky hinge problem: just gently push the door open and shut with one finger - it should move freely.
When the oil burner is off and the system is cool, if you can push the regulator flapper door into a position in which the door sticks and does not return to the "closed" position on its own, the hinge is binding or the damper is not properly installed. Sometimes a little cleaning and a dab of oil on a hinge (I used pencil lead) is needed. If parts are badly rusted or smashed, just replace the unit.
The damper is installed on a shared flue or shared chimney: while it is not a recommended practice, if the damper is installed on a flue vent connector ("flue pipe" or "stack pipe" - the metal pipe connecting the heater to the chimney) that is shared with other heating appliances, then heat in the other appliance that is running or that has just shut down and is also "hot" can cause enough up-draft to cause the damper door to open.
In addition to the fire safety and code issues that severely limit any sharing of actual chimneys, the reason that manufacturers recommend that each heating appliance have its own flue damper is exactly this: you cannot adjust the barometric damper or draft regulator to optimize the performance of more than one heating appliance on a shared flue. Details are at SHARED CHIMNEY & FLUE HAZARDS.
The draft regulator is not properly installed - out of level or in the wrong location. A key reason that the manufacturers of draft regulators want the regulator face or "door" to be in the vertical position and the hinge axis of the door to be horizontal, is that the weight and calibration of the draft regulator adjustment and the response of the draft regulator to changing draft conditions depends on being in that position.
Even if the heating service technician adjusted the regulator for proper draft when the oil burner was up to temperature and running, if the damper is not properly installed it may not respond just right to changes in draft conditions such as wind over the chimney top.
In addition to out of level or wrong location, Field Controls also notes that the opening of the draft regulator should be pointing away from nearby walls or obstructions as these will interfere with its proper operation. Even if the installer placed the draft control properly plumb and level on the flue tee, if s/he forgot to set the locking screw (found at the bottom of the draft control assembly), the regulator may have rotated in its mount and may now be improperly positioned. [1]
Outdoor conditions are causing excessive chimney draft. For example at some building sites and depending on variables such as wind direction, nearby hills, chimney height, roof shape, height of chimney top above roof, chimney cap design, nearby trees or other obstructions (yep there are a lot of variables), wind blowing over the top of a chimney can actually increase the chimney draft to a too-high level, causing the barometric damper to open even if the oil burner is not running.
Dirk Faegre, Camden, Maine (207) 232-9494 is a certified BPI energy auditor and certified Envelope technician who kindly suggested draft regulator and flue vent connector inspection defect additions 6 Sept 09
This article series answers most questions about central heating system troubleshooting, inspection, diagnosis, and repairs. We describe how to inspect, troubleshoot and repair heating and air conditioning systems to inform home owners, buyers, and home inspectors of common heating system defects.
The articles at this website describe the basic components of a home heating system, how to find the rated heating capacity of an heating system by examining various data tags and components, how to recognize common heating system operating or safety defects, and how to save money on home heating costs. We include product safety recall and other heating system hazards.
Continue reading at DRAFT REGULATOR SOOT INSPECTION or select a topic from closely-related articles below, or see our complete INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES below.
Or continue reading at DRAFT REGULATOR, DAMPER FAQs
Or see CHIMNEY INSPECTION DIAGNOSIS REPAIR - home
Or see CARBON MONOXIDE - CO
Or see COMBUSTION AIR REQUIREMENTS
Or see DRAFT HOOD, GAS HEATER for draft regulation on gas fired heating equipment.
Or see DAMPERS & DRAFT REGULATOR TYPES for a complete list that includes draft regulation on wood, coal, oil, and combination wood-oil fueled boiler and furnaces.
Or see GAS DETECTION INSTRUMENTS
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