text:
- Original article
- Open Access
Genetic and Evolutionary Analysis of Purple Leaf Sheath in Rice
© Chin et al. 2016
- Received: 13 November 2015
- Accepted: 19 February 2016
- Published: 27 February 2016
Anthocyanin accumulates in many plant tissues or organs, in rice for example leading to red, purple red and purple phenotypes for protection from damage by biotic and abiotic stresses and for reproduction. Purple leaf, leaf sheath, stigma, pericarp, and apiculus are common in wild rice and landraces and occasionally found in modern cultivars. No gene directly conferring anthocyanin deposited in a purple leaf sheath has yet been isolated by using natural variants. An F2 population derived from ssp. japonica cv. Tainung 72 (TNG72) with purple leaf sheath (PSH) crossed with ssp. indica cv. Taichung Sen 17 (TCS17) with green leaf sheath (GSH) was utilized to isolate a gene conferring leaf sheath color.
By positional cloning, 10-and 3-bp deletions in the R2R3 Myb domain of OsC1 were uncovered in GSH varieties TCS17 and Nipponbare, respectively. Allelic diversity, rather than gene expression levels of OsC1, might be responsible for anthocyanin accumulation. Parsimony-based analysis of genetic diversity in 50 accessions, including cultivars, landraces, and A-genome wild rice, suggests that independent mutation occurred in Asian, African, South American, and Australian species, while O. meridionalis had a divergent sequence. OsC1 was thought of as a domestication related gene, with up to 90 % reduction of genetic diversity in GSH; however, no values from three tests showed significant differences from neutral expectations, implying that OsC1 had not been subjected to recent selection. Haplotype network analysis revealed that species from different continents formed unique haplotypes with no gene flow. Two major groups of haplotypes corresponding to 10-bp deletion and other sequences were formed in Asian rice, including O. rufipogon, O. nivara and O. sativa. Introgressions of OsC1 between subspecies through natural and artificial hybridization were not rare. Because artificial and natural selection imposed admixture on rice germplasm in Taiwan, the genealogy of OsC1 might not be congruent with the current distribution of alleles through lineage diversification.
OsC1 is responsible for purple leaf sheath, and much new information about OsC1 is provided e.g., new alleles, non-domestication syndrome, and incongruence of genealogy with geographic distribution.
- Genealogy
- Genetic Diversity
- OsC1
- Purple Leaf Sheath
Plants accumulate diverse pigments in various tissues and organs related to photosynthesis, defense, and reproduction. Anthocyanins, belonging to the flavonoid class of pigment molecules, are important secondary metabolites in rice (Reddy et al. 1995). Anthocyanin accumulation in different tissues is sometimes involved in many physiological functions, such as modulation of hormone responses, protection from damage by ultra-violet radiation, and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses (Reddy et al. 1994; Chalker-Scott 1999; Ithal and Reddy 2004). Purple stigma and apiculus attract insects for pollination and animals for seed dispersal, respectively. Different degrees of purple color are commonly found in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stigma, and apiculus of wild rice species and landraces and occasionally seen in cultivars. Allelic diversity of genes conferring purple pigmentation is maintained in natural germplasm.
Anthocyanin metabolism is regulated by genes and influenced by environmental factors such as pH, ultra-violet radiation and temperature, which have been well studied in maize, Petunia, Arabidopsis and other model plants (Dooner et al. 1991; Brenda 2001; Koes et al. 2005). In addition to the genes encoding enzymes participating in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, several regulatory genes including members of the C1, Pl, B and R gene families in maize have been identified and their functions elucidated. C1 and Pl proteins containing Myb DNA binding domains regulate downstream genes of the flavonoid synthesis pathway; while B and R proteins containing a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain are transcriptional activators (Chandler et al. 1989). Based on sequence similarity, OsC1, OsB1 and OsB2, which are homologous to maize C1 and B, were isolated from rice (Reddy et al. 1998; Sakamoto et al. 2001). The N-terminal and bHLH domains of OsB1 and OsB2 take advantage of protein-protein interaction with OsC1 that have an R2R3 Myb domain, and these proteins regulate directly the downstream genes of the flavonoid synthesis pathway (Sakamoto et al. 2001; Koes et al. 2005).
Asian rice, Oryza sativa, was domesticated from wild species, O. rufipogon, an estimated 10,000 years ago. The domestication syndromes are considered to include aspects of grain color, grain size, yield, and other desirable agronomic traits. Domestication-related genes have been classified in terms of crop domestication, improvement and diversification (Kovach et al. 2007; Larson et al. 2014). Shattering genes, sh4 and qSH1, were deliberately modified to influence harvest efficiency as recently as the past 100 years, contributing directly to rice domestication (Zhang et al. 2009). Another key domestication-related gene, sd-1, resulting in semi-dwarf stature, was a key element of the 'Green Revolution' in the 1960s in Asia by virtue of dramatically increasing grain yield (Asano et al. 2007). The purple apiculus trait which is common in wild rice but rare in cultivars is controlled by a regulatory gene, OsC1. Allelic diversity of OsC1 revealed signatures of selection in cultivated Asian rice but not in indigenous improved rice varieties in North India (Saitoh et al. 2004; Choudhury et al. 2014). Nevertheless, some crop improvement traits are regional preferences, such as grain texture and flavor regulated by waxy and BADH2 which harbor allelic diversity in different landraces and cultivars (Olsen and Purugganan 2002; Kovach et al. 2009).
In rice, purple leaf sheath (PSH) as well as purple apiculus and stigma is common in wild species and landraces; however, green leaf sheath (GSH) is prevalent in modern cultivars. One or two major QTLs were suggested to confer leaf sheath color, and two QTLs mapped on chromosomes 1 and 6 could explain more than 50 % of phenotypic variation (Hadagal et al. 1980; Yue et al. 2006). A purple leaf sheath gene, PSH1 (t), was narrowed down to an interval of 23.5 kb on chromosome 1 encompassing 6 candidate genes after high resolution of linkage mapping. No gene directly conferring PSH has yet been isolated by using natural variants.
In this study, an F2 segregating population of ssp. japonica cv. Tainung 72 (TNG72) with purple leaf sheath × ssp. indica cv. Taichung Sen 17 (TCS17) with green leaf sheath was utilized to isolate a gene conferring leaf sheath color by positional cloning. Four accessions with various levels of anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf sheath were used to investigate the relationship between gene expression and anthocyanin content. Analyses of haplotype and nucleotide diversity based on 50 rice accessions which included improved cultivars, landraces, and wild species were conducted to reveal if the gene has been responsive to artificial selection and the associated geographic distribution of its alleles.
Accumulation of Anthocyanins in Tissues of TNG72 and TCS17 at Various Growth Stages
Both TNG72 and TCS17 possess green leaf blades for their entire life. The anthocyanin contents of TNG72 and TCS17 leaf blades did not differ significantly although TNG72 was somewhat higher at both seedling and tillering stages (Fig. 1f) and may have already had anthocyanins at a level too low to be discerned visually. On the other hand, TNG72 had significantly higher (p < 0.05) anthocyanin content in leaf sheaths than TCS17. Leaf sheath anthocyanin contents were estimated as 0.06 μmol/g and 0.01 μmol/g at the 4-leaf seedling stage; and 1.16 μmol/g and 0.05 μmol/g at active tillering for TNG72 and TCS17, respectively (Fig. 1f).
Isolation of the Gene Conferring the Leaf Sheath Color
TNG72 with PSH possessed a full-length OsC1 DNA sequence encoding 272 amino acids. TCS17 with GSH had a 10-bp deletion in the R3 Myb domain, which was considered a core domain in exon 3 of OsC1. The 10-bp deletion resulted in a frame shift, translating only 207 amino acids and leading to a premature stop codon. In the reference genome sequence of Nipponbare on RGAP, a 3-bp deletion of part of the R3 Myb domain in exon 2 was noted, for which Nipponbare has GSH. The results revealed that an aberrant R3 Myb domain of anthocyanin regulatory C1 protein caused a deficit in anthocyanin synthesis in TCS17 and Nipponbare.
Natural Variation in Leaf Sheath Colors
A total of 50 accessions for nucleotide diversity analysis
Color of leaf sheath
O. sativa ssp. indica
Tainung Sen 20
Jianungyu 892229
Jianungyu 892234
Taichung Sen 17
Taichung Native 1
The Philippines
The Philippines
Hua Keng Sen 7
Hu Han 15
Cheng Ching Yu
Cheng Wu Chan
Chu Tzu
Dee Geo Woo Gen
Hua Lou
Shui Pai Tiao
Fu P'I Sen
Hsia Men Chung
Liu Shih Jih Tsao
Yin Yu Tzu
O. sativa ssp. japonica
Tainung 72
Taichung 65
Tainung 67
Nohrin 1
Kun Shan Wu Siang Keng
Warisanmochi 2
Chien Tzu Chu
Ch'ih K'o
Shang Chi Tsao Tao
Yen No
O. barthii
O. glaberrima
O. glumaepatula
O. meridionalis
O. nivara
O. nivara
O. rufipogon
Taiwan type 1
One japonica GSH accession, TNG67, and 3 japonica PSH accessions, TNG72, Shang Chi Tsao Tao (SCTT) and KSWSK, exhibiting different degrees of purple color in the leaf sheath were used to evaluate gene expression of OsC1. At the active tillering stage, the estimated anthocyanin contents of these four accessions were significantly different (Fig. 3a). The relative gene expression of 3 accessions with purple leaf sheath was 18-fold higher than TNG67, a highly significant difference (Fig. 3b). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences among the 3 PSH accessions by using LSD analysis.
Nucleotide Diversity and Haplotype Network of OsC1
Nucleotide divergence of OsC1
O. sativa
spp. indica
purple leaf sheath
green leaf sheath
spp. japonica
purple leaf sheath
green leaf sheath
Total numbers of purple leaf sheath
Total numbers of green leaf sheath
A-genome wild rice
A-genome wild rice without O. meridonalis
Neutrality tests of OsC1
Tajima's D
Fu and Li's D
Fu and Li's F
O. sativa
spp. indica
purple leaf sheath
green leaf sheath
spp. japonica
purple leaf sheath
green leaf sheath
Total number of purple leaf sheath
Total number of green leaf sheath
A-genome wild rice
A-genome wild rice without O. meridonalis
Asian rice could be divided two major subgroups, with Group A including two haplotypes (H1, H2) and Group B including 11 haplotypes (H3-H13) (Fig. 5). All accessions of Group A exhibited GSH, and haplotype H1 containing 15 indica accessions and 3 japonica landraces all had the same 10-bp deletion. One indica landrace, Cheng Ching Yu, has an additional single nucleotide substitution, resulting in another haplotype, H2 (Figs. 4 and 5). Group B contained 27 accessions, 11 GSH and 16 PSH with various degrees of purple. According to the haplotype network, 3 major clusters, B1-B3, could be resolved within Group B. The 12 accessions of Cluster B1 shared the same sequence with PSH TNG72 but 7 were phenotypically GSH. All 6 accessions of Cluster B2 (4 indica and 2 japonica landraces), expressed pansy purple and red leaf sheath, similar to SCTT. Cluster B3 had 2 GSH and 3 PSH accessions sharing high sequence similarity with KSWSK. Interestingly, O. rufipogon (Taiwan Type 1) and KSWSK were embodied in one haplotype, H7. The indica cultivar TNS20 and the japonica cultivar Nipponbare had their own additional mutations and were separated into two distinct haplotypes, H4 and H11, respectively. The two accessions of O. nivara formed different haplotypes, H12 and H13, and were split from Cluster B1 because of diverse nucleotide sequences in both upstream and genic regions (Figs. 4 and 5).
Allelic Diversity of OsC1 Responsible for Variation in Leaf Sheath Colors
Plants accumulate anthocyanin in various tissues as an aid to survival and reproduction. In rice, anthocyanin is deposited in the root, leaf sheath, internode, leaf blade, lemma, palea, apiculus, stigma, and pericarp. Tissue-specific anthocyanin accumulation is common in numerous genotypes. Purple pigmented traits in different tissues do not always co-segregate (Sakamoto et al. 2001). However, purple leaf sheath, apiculus, and stigma cosegregated in the F2 population of PSH TNG72 × GSH TCS17 (Fig. 1) and other populations (Fan et al. 2008; Gao et al. 2011). Anthocyanin accumulation in the apiculus had previously been related to OsC1 (Takahashi 1957; Saitoh et al. 2004) but in the leaf sheath was thought to be inherited by polygenes or a single gene (Fig. 2; Fan et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2009; Gao et al. 2011).
OsC1, conferring leaf sheath color, was isolated from the F2 population of TNG72 × TCS17 by positional cloning (Fig. 2), differing from PSH1 (t) but the same as a locus identified from the somaclonal line Z418 (Wang et al. 2009; Gao et al. 2011). The PSH allele was dominant to GSH in crosses between natural germplasm or mutant lines. PSH TNG72 had a full length OsC1 allele encoding 272 amino acids while GSH TCS17 had a 10-bp deletion in the R3 Myb domain in exon 3, resulting in truncated translations of 207 amino acids. GSH cultivar Nipponbare had another mutated allele, a 3-bp deletion in the R3 Myb domain in exon 2 (Fig. 2). Among the 50 accessions analyzed herein, the 10-bp deletion was found in 17 indica landraces and improved cultivars from Taiwan, China, and the Philippines, and 2 japonica landraces from Taiwan (Fig. 4). The 10-bp deletion was conserved in 17 indigenous varieties in Northeast India and only observed in indica varieties from Taiwan, China, India, and Indonesia (Saitoh et al. 2004; Choudhury et al. 2014).
Ten GSH accessions without the 10-bp deletion of OsC1 had other mutated alleles or genes, leading to absence of anthocyanin pigmentation. Deletions of 3-bp in exon 2 and 2-bp in exon 3, both in the R3 Myb domain, were found in japonica rice from Japan and China, respectively (Figs. 2 and 4; Saitoh et al. 2004). Two GSH accessions, Midon and T65, had an amino acid substitution at position 918. However, three other accessions with the same substitution, Asamurasaki, KSWSK, and O. rufipogon, had blackish purple leaf sheath. Thus, mutations in genes other than OsC1 were suggested to also eliminate anthocyanin pigmentation, a hypothesis that was supported by seven japonica accessions having the same OsC1 coding sequence as PSH TNG72 (Fig. 4). OsC1, containing an R2R3 Myb domain, is thought to function as a transcription factor, regulating other genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis and enhancing another transcription factor, bHLH, regulating anthocyanin structural gene DFR (Dooner et al. 1991; Ithal and Reddy 2004). Failure of anthocyanin synthesis could result from malfunction of OsC1 or any downstream proteins: for example, PSH1 (t) conferring purple leaf sheath was mapped on chromosome 1 (Wang et al. 2009). One of two activator genes, OsB1 and OsB2 encoding basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, incorporated with maize C1 could induce anthocyanin synthesis in the aleurone layer; however, the lack of function of these two genes in T65 resulted in green leaf blade and leaf sheath (Sakamoto et al. 2001). One japonica GSH accession, TNG67 which is a descendant of T65, had significantly reduced expression of OsC1 despite having a full length amino acid encoding sequence (Fig. 3), suggesting feedback regulation of gene expression.
Fourteen PSH accessions exhibited variation in intensity of purple coloring of the leaf sheath, classified as tyran rose, pansy purple, red purple, and blackish purple. The anthocyanin contents of these 14 PSH accessions differed significantly (Fig. 3). However, OsC1 gene expression among three accessions with diverse anthocyanin contents, TNG72, SCTT, and KSWSK, showed only slight and non-significant differences. These three accessions represented three different haplotypes, H3, H7, and H10, respectively (Fig. 5). Allelic variation of OsC1 accounted for anthocyanin accumulation and pigmentation in the leaf sheath, for which nonsynonymous mutations at the C-terminal domain were found herein. The C terminus of R2R3 Myb transcription factors is an activation and repression domain (Dubos et al. 2010). Allelic variation of OsC1 and Purple leaf (Pl) coding regions also caused diverse intensities of purple apiculus pigmentation (Sakamoto et al. 2001; Saitoh et al. 2004). Allelic variation resulting in diversified phenotypes is very common, as exemplified by the great impact of different alleles of Wx and starch synthesis related genes on rice grain appearance, cooking and eating quality (Tian et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2015). However, other genes participating in anthocyanin synthesis and environmental effects cannot be neglected (Sakamoto et al. 2001). Anthocyanin accumulation is frequently responsive to abiotic stresses, such as UVB radiation, temperature, and soil acidity (Reddy et al. 2004). A cis-element related to light regulation (−10PEHVPSBD, Thum et al. 2001) was found in the promoter region of OsC1 in TNG72 by using the PLACE database (https://sogo.dna.affrc.go.jp/, Higo et al 1999). We noted that the leaf sheath accumulated more anthocyanin when rice plants were grown in soil under natural light than in hypotonic solution in the growth chamber.
The Selection and Genealogy of OsC1
Traits considered part of domestication syndromes are favored by artificial selection during domestication, and consequently distinguish cultivated plants from their wild progenitors. During domestication, genetic diversity of whole genomes can be dramatically reduced because of the 'genetic bottleneck' effect of selecting a few individuals as a founder population. The genetic diversities of genes contributing to domestication syndromes and improvement traits are often accompanied by artificial selection for production and culture, and the geographic distribution of alleles might be altered by human migration (Kovach et al., 2007; Kovach and McCouch 2008; Olsen and Wendel 2013). In rice, OsC1 conferring purple leaf sheath, apiculus, and stigma has been suggested as a domestication gene (Choudhury et al. 2014). Wild types are generally purple while cultivars tend to be green, although exceptions exist as noted above. The nucleotide diversity of OsC1 was higher in O. rufipogon than in O. sativa, and OsC1 of the haplotype of Asian cultivated accessions showed evidence of selection (Saitoh et al. 2004). In addition to perennial O. rufipogon and annual O. rufipogon (also called O. nivara), OsC1 sequences of 4 other wild species, O. glaberrima, O. barthii, O. glumaepatula, and O. meridionalis which had not been previously reported were subjected to allelic variation analysis. Sequence variation existed both in noncoding and coding regions. While these species had PSH, a few nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions were detected (Fig. 4). O. meridionalis (from Australia) had extremely divergent OsC1 DNA sequence, forming a distinct haplotype by itself, and all parameters regarding nucleotide divergence of OsC1 decreased when it was not included in analysis (Table 2). African cultivated species, O. glaberrima, its progenitor O. barthii, and South American species, O. glumaepatula, also had their own specific sequences and formed 2 different haplotypes (Figs. 4 and 5). On the other hand, OsC1 in Asian rice shared sequence similarity and formed 13 interconnected haplotypes. Allelic variation of OsC1 in Asian, African, South American, and Australian rice reflected independent mutation without gene flow because of their geographic distribution. Two accessions of O. nivara and one accession of O. rufipogon together with 24 accessions of O. sativa were in Group B. The genealogy of OsC1 in the collected Asian rice accessions herein and other studies showed no distinct correlation with geographic distribution. The 10-bp deletion conferring GSH was prevalent in indica landraces and improved cultivars and rare in japonica accessions from many countries (Saitoh et al. 2004; Choudhury et al. 2014). The accessions in haplotypes H3 and H10 were collected from several countries (Fig. 5). Gene flow due to human activities might be an important factor in the geographic distribution of OsC1 alleles.
Purple leaf sheath, stigma, and apiculus are widespread in wild forms and often found in landraces, while green leaf sheath as well as colorless stigma and apiculus are common in modern cultivars. OsC1 nucleotide divergence was up to 90 % lower in GSH than PSH although twice as many GSH accessions were studied (Table 2). However, no values from three neutral tests, Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D & F, were significantly differently from neutral expectations, indicating that OsC1 had not been subjected to selection–a conclusion that is supported by findings regarding OsC1 in indigenous rice varieties in Northeast India (Choudhury et al. 2014). Genetic diversity was higher in indica than japonica accessions both in 14 PSH and 20 GSH accessions, revealed by parameters reflecting nucleotide segregation at total polymorphic sites and silent sites, πT, θT, πsil, and θsil (Table 2, Fig. 4). This phenomenon is congruent with evidence that genetic diversity is larger in subspecies indica than japonica (Garris et al. 2005).
Selection might not be a driving force for reducing genetic diversity in GSH. There is no significant evidence that OsC1 deviated from neutral expectations in indica PSH or japonica PSH and GSH accessions. Nevertheless, indica GSH accessions might be experiencing relaxed purifying selection, indicated by neutrality tests at significance levels of 0.10 < P < 0.05 (Table 3). Unlike other domestication syndromes directly related to productivity and other desirable traits that were selected for particular purposes over several thousand years, GSH might have been selected unintentionally.
The Asian cultivated species, O. sativa, evolved from Asian wild rice progenitors O. nivara (annual) and O. rufipogon (perennial). O. sativa was domesticated from divergent wild populations about 10,000 years ago and diversified into two major subspecies, indica and japonica, subsequently being subjected to a long period of natural and artificial diversifying selection (Gross and Zhao 2014). Indica and japonica subspecies are distinguishable in morphology and physiology, already recognized as Hsien (long grain) and Keng (short grain) in the Han dynasty, China, over 2,000 years ago (Oka 1988; Callaway 2014). Numerous genes related to differentiation between these two subspecies experienced mutation and diversifying selection, e.g., Phr1 responsible for phenol reaction; and GS3, qSW5 and GS5 responsible for grain shape (Yu et al. 2008; Lu et al. 2013). The 10-bp deletion conferring GSH was prevalent in indica landraces and improved cultivars and rare in japonica, but not in its progenitor species. The OsC1 allele with 10-bp deletion was suggested to have originated and been an early target of domestication in subspecies indica (Figs. 4 and 5; Saitoh et al. 2004; Choudhury et al. 2014). In addition, 3-bp and 2-bp deletions in exon 2 and exon 3 of the R3 Myb domain were found in japonica rice from Japan and China, respectively. These two alleles were independent from the gene lineage of indica, which suggested mutation after subspecies divergence (Figs. 2 and 4; Saitoh et al. 2004).
Although reproductive barriers such as hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown impede gene flow between cultivated rice and its wild progenitors, numerous interspecific crosses and successful introgressive hybridizations have been performed to unravel useful alleles and genes of wild species. Gene flow confounded with selection has been revealed at the genome level (Zhao et al. 2010; He et al. 2011; Yang et al. 2011) and in domestication-related genes including Wx, GS3, SD1, and qSH1 (Yamanaka et al. 2004; Konishi et al. 2006; Takano-Kai et al. 2009; Asano et al. 2011).
The genealogy of OsC1 suggests some gene flow events. O. rufipogon (Taiwan type 1) had an OsC1 sequence identical to that of Taiwan landrace KSWSK. One SNP aligned to japonica Asamursaki and Taichung 65 and indica Midon, accessions that were clustered in Group III and haplotype B3 (Fig. 4 and 5). Two O. nivara accessions also shared similar sequences to most japonica accessions and were classified as haplotype B1. Thus, OsC1 in three Asian wild accessions closely resembled that of japonica but not indica, a finding which might support the hypothesis that japonica and indica were domesticated independently from O. rufipogon (Yang et al. 2011; Wei et al. 2014). Gene flow between subspecies was not rare, as revealed by genealogy of OsC1 in 23 indica and 20 japonica accessions. In haplotype H1, three japonica landraces from Taiwan also possessed the 10-bp deletion specific to indica; in haplotype H10, one japonica landrace (Shang Chi Tsao Tao) and three indica accessions (Taiwan landrace Jinya-149, India landrace G124 and improved line IR1535) had the same allele (Figs. 4 and 5).
The genealogy of OsC1 might not be in agreement with rice phylogeography because of human behavior. In Taiwan, O. rufipogon and O. nivara were once found in several swamp sites (Chang 1976) but, unfortunately, all habitats were destroyed several decades ago. Archaeological evidence shows that tropical japonica or indica had been cultivated over 5,000 years by ancient indigenous peoples in Taiwan (Hsieh et al. 2011). In the early 17th century, numerous Chinese migrated and carried many landraces (mostly indica) from coastal regions of Fujian and Guangdong Provinces of China to Taiwan. By the early 20th century, 1,197 indica accessions were identified officially in Taiwan, and 1,256 japonica accessions were introduced from Japan (Iso 1964). More than 1,000 of these accessions were deposited in The T.T. Chang Genetic Resources Center at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. Taiwanese rice germplasm was thus an admixture of indigenous wild species, landraces, and introduced germplasm from China and Japan; and was subsequently spread over Southeast Asia via the germplasm deposited in IRRI. As a result, introgression of OsC1 may have occurred by hybridization between subspecies and both artificial and natural selection, clouding the true genealogy of OsC1.
We used positional cloning to isolate a PSH gene, revealing independent 10-and 3-bp deletions in the R2R3 Myb domain of OsC1 that occurred in different lineages. Allelic diversity resulted in different OsC1 protein function rather than gene expression levels, accounting for various degrees of anthocyanin accumulation and associated intensities of purple color. Allelic variation of OsC1 among wild species, landraces, and cultivars revealed greatly reduced genetic variation in GSH phenotypes, but there was little evidence that OsC1 had experienced recent selection, suggesting that it may have been enriched in cultivated forms by chance. Introgressions of OsC1 between subspecies indica and japonica were frequent through natural and artificial hybridization. Because of admixture of rice germplasm by artificial and natural selection in Taiwan, the genealogy of OsC1 might not be accurately reflected by the current distribution of alleles through lineage diversification.
Materials and methods
Plant Materials
Tainung 72 (TNG72), registered by Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute in 1987, is known as an aromatic elite cultivar. Taichung Sen 17 (TCS17), registered by Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station in 1984, is one of two leading indica varieties in Taiwan. An F2 population of 624 individuals from a cross between these genotypes was planted in a paddy field at the Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), Taiwan, on January 21, 2008. The ratio of purple to green leaf sheath in the F2 population was 2.92: 1 (465:159), indicating single gene inheritance with green sheath being recessive. The 159 F2 individuals possessing GSH, which were predicted to be recessive homozygotes, were subjected to linkage analysis.
A panel of 50 accessions obtained from the National Plant Genetic Resources Center (NPGRC), Taiwan and The Oryza Map Alignment Project (OMAP) were used to reveal DNA sequence diversity of the gene conferring leaf sheath color. As detailed in Table 1, the panel included: (a) 43 accessions of Asian cultivated rice, comprised of 21 ssp. japonica accessions (8 cultivars, 13 landraces) and 22 ssp. indica accessions (9 cultivars, 13 landraces), and (b) 7 accessions of A-genome wild rice, including O. rufipogon (Taiwan type 1), O. glaberrima (96717), O. barthii (10412), O. glumaepatula (105668), O. meridionalis (105300), and O. nivara (2 accessions: 103813, 104680). Geographically, 26 accessions were from Taiwan (12 indica, 13 japonica, 1 O. rufipogon), 11 from China (7 indica, 3 japonica, 1 O. nivara), 5 from Japan (5 japonica), 2 from the Philippines (2 indica), 2 from India (1 indica, 1 O. nivara), and 1 each from Australia (O. meridionalis); Cameroon (O. barthii); Brazil (O. glumaepatula) and Senegal (O. glaberrima). Regarding leaf sheath color, 20 and 30 accessions exhibited purple and green, respectively.
Measurement of Anthocyanin Contents
Total anthocyanin contents of leaf sheath and leaf blade harvested at four-leaf seedling and active tillering stages were quantified as described by Padmavati et al. (1997). Briefly, 0.5 g of fresh tissue was homogenized with extraction buffer and 1 % HCl/Methanol (V/V), for 24 h at 4 °C with occasional shaking. The supernatant was saved after centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C and absorbance at 530 nm measured using a spectrophotometer (Metertech SP8001, Taiwan). The relative contents of anthocyanin were estimated from A530 using an mM extinction coefficient of 31.6 (Padmavati et al. 1997).
Genetic and Physical Mapping of the Gene Conferring Purple Sheath
For linkage analysis, 159 GSH F2 progeny, predicted to be recessive homozygotes, were genotyped with 121 polymorphic markers, including 67 SSR and 54 indel markers distributed over the 12 rice chromosomes. SSR primer sequences were retrieved from Gramene (http://www.gramene.org). The 54 indel markers were newly designed based on sequence divergence between Nipponbare (japonica) and 93–11 (indica) (Additional file 1: Table S1). DNA extraction and genotype assays of PCR-based markers was as described (Hsu et al. 2014). The linkage map was constructed with a LOD threshold of 3.5 by using MapMaker Exp 3.0 (Lander et al. 1987). The physical map of the target interval containing candidate genes was retrieved from the Rice Genome Annotation Project (RGAP, http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu).
Gene Expression of OsC1
Four accessions displaying various degrees of PSH were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to investigate the relationship of OsC1 gene expression with anthocyanin contents. These four accessions were japonica rice, Tainung 67 (TNG67, green), Tainung 72 (TNG72, light purple), Shang Chi Tsao Tao (SCTT, purple), and Kun Shan Wu Siang Keng (KSWSK, dark purple). Total RNA was extracted by using TRIZOL (Invitrogen, USA), and contaminating DNA was removed by using a TURBO DNA-free kit (Ambion, USA), according to manufacturer's protocols. Primers of OsC1 cDNA for qPCR were designed based on the gene sequence of GenBank accession number Y15219, and were forward primer: 5′-CAACgAgCTggTTTgAggCggT-3′ and reverse primer: 5′-TgAgAgACCACCTgTTgCCgAg-3′. Quantitation of gene expression and calculation of relative gene expression were as described (Hsu et al. 2014).
Genetic Diversity Assessment
A panel of 50 accessions (above) possessing a range of leaf sheath colors were used to assess genetic diversity of OsC1. The OsC1 DNA sequences of 1,311 bp were amplified by use of KOD plus Taq polymerase (TOYOBO, Japan) and Kapa Hifi DNA polymerase with three sets of primers, set 1 (F: 5′-ACATCgTACggggCTACAAg-3′, R: 5′-AgCgTTAgCCAgCTTCAAAT-3′), set 2 (F: 5′-ACTATCTCCggCCTAACATCAA-3′, R: 5′-TAgTAgTCgCAgTCgACgTC-3′), and set 3 (F: 5′-ATgTTgTCAggTggTCTCTC-3′, R: 5′-CACgTT CATgCAACCTTTTg-3′). The amplicons were sequenced using an ABI3730 DNA Analyzer following manufacturer's protocol. The sequences were assembled and then subjected to multiple alignments using DNAMAN ver. 6.0 (Lynnon Biosoft) and consequently MAGA ver. 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013).
Genetic divergence of the OsC1 gene region was estimated with π (average nucleotide diversity per site, Nei and Li 1979) and θw (number of segregating sites, Watterson 1975) according to DnaSP version 5.10.1 (Librado and Rozas 2009). Two neutrality tests, 1) Tajima's D and 2) Fu and Li's D* & F*, were conducted to investigate whether there was any deviation from neutrality by using DnaSP version 5.10.1. Tajima's D estimates the difference between the mean pairwise differences (π) and Watterson's estimator (θw) (Tajima 1989). Fu and Li's D* & F* test reveals the discrepancy between the number of polymorphic sites in external and internal groups (Fu and Li 1993). A haplotype network, based on the probability of parsimony and calculated for pairwise differences until it exceeds 0.95, was constructed using TCS1.21 (Templeton et al. 1992).
This work was supported by the National Science Council (NSC 100-2313-B-002-055, NSC 101-2313-B-002-005) of Taiwan. The authors are thankful to Drs. Yue-ie C. Hsing and Yuan-chin Tsai for providing leaf tissue of wild rice species and Su-chen Kuo for field management. We also appreciate the services of Professor Hawkeye, LLC for critical review and English editing.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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WIX Archives
C-17 Crew recounts enemy attack
Posted by bdk on Thu Mar 11, 2004 03:46:28 PM
In reply top null posted by null on null
Crew recounts enemy attack
by Capt. Sam Highley
62nd Airlift Wing Public Affairs
1/7/2004 - McCHORD AIR FORCE BASE, Wash. (AFPN) -- Teamwork, training and the durability of the C-17 Globemaster III are what got a McChord aircraft safely on the ground after it was attacked by hostile forces over Baghdad International Airport, Iraq, according to the aircrew.
The five crewmembers recently recounted what happened during the 10-minutes from when their No. 2 engine exploded shortly after take-off, to when they safely landed the C-17 back at Baghdad IAP.
An Air Mobility Command investigation team determined hostile action caused the catastrophic explosion and continues to investigate to determine what exactly struck the aircraft. The mission's aircraft commander said he knew right away they were hit by something.
"The impact just shuddered the plane," said Capt. Paul Sonstein, a pilot in the 62nd Airlift Wing here. "I thought we were hit by something. I didn't know what, but I knew something got us."
The crew immediately started going through their checklist, shutting down the engine and planning their return to the airport. With Captain Sonstein flying the plane, co-pilot 1st Lt. Andrew Oiland, also from the 62nd AW, ran the checklist and worked the radio. Behind him sat another 62nd AW pilot, Capt. Anne Lueck, who watched over the cockpit to ensure nothing was missed.
Tech. Sgt. Jim Alexander, a Reserve loadmaster with the 446th AW here, sat in the jumpseat behind the aircraft commander and had the best view of the engine.
"We had a very large flame coming out of the top of the engine," Sergeant Alexander said. "It looked like a flamethrower sticking out of the top."
With Sergeant Alexander scanning the engine and monitoring the fire, the C-17s other on-board loadmaster and fellow 446th Reservist, Staff Sgt. Eric Olson, was downstairs taking care of the passengers and coordinated everyone's escape once they landed.
Everyone doing their assigned job and working together as a team helped get the aircraft safely on the ground, Captain Lueck said.
"The crew resource management training that we (all received) proved to be invaluable," she said. "I think that's what saved all of our lives and the lives of our passengers -- how well we coordinated (and) how well we communicated with each other."
Many of the C-17's systems are backed-up through redundancy. This and the aircrew's simulator training, in which pilots regularly practice landing with an engine out, proved invaluable, Captain Sonstein said.
"It felt and handled no different than a four-engine approach," he said, referring to how the aircraft flew as he circled back to the airport. "It was nothing different because I was so used to the simulator."
Captain Sonstein had to land the C-17 with only his standby instruments. Despite being the first time to ever land the aircraft without the benefit of the heads-up display, he did so safely.
All five crewmembers' performance that day earned them Air Medals, which were presented by Vice President Dick Cheney during a recent visit to McChord.
"It was an honor to be there and to shake his hand, and get (the Air Medal) pinned on by the vice president," Captain Sonstein said.
Despite the accolades, the crew knows there are still many servicemembers overseas fighting the war on terrorism in similarly dangerous situations, Lieutenant Oiland said.
"We have people from all four services putting up with some pretty tough conditions over there, doing some pretty amazing things every day," he said.
Still, Sergeant Alexander said he was incredibly impressed with the response of his fellow aircrew members, who saved their passenger's lives, their cargo, a multi-million dollar airplane and, not the least of which, their own lives.
"I've been flying for 14 years, and I don't think anybody could have handled the situation any better than these guys did," Sergeant Alexander said. "They did a great job." (Courtesy of AMC News Service)
Shortcut to C-17 video:

subset: commoncrawl


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Bike all set?
I picked up the bike from the shop this afternoon. They put on the fenders and the racks. I'm not too happy with the front rack: it's supposed to be a low-rider (an Axiom Journey), but it sits awfully high. They screwed it on to the brazon, but apparently there's a lower fastening necessary for the racks to not swing around: that, it turns out, was not big enough to go around my fork. They had to jury-rig something (which is why I had to leave the bike overnight) and it doesn't look too pretty. The rack also interferes with sharp turns; luckily, those only happen when I carry my bike, not when I'm riding. I wonder if my frame cross section really is inordinately big, though that would be surprising for such a classic touring bike as the 520. What's interesting is that the bell I had on my old bike won't go onto my new handlebars: they're too large! Some good is definitely coming out of the front racks, though. On top of the horizontal metal bar they used to stabilize the two racks together, I set up a little platform for my front light using parts I bought at the hardware store. Now the light does not take up valuable handlebar space, it is centered along the axis of the bike, and, most importantly, it is not blocked by my handlebar bag. Surely I win points for practicality, if not aesthetics... Overall, I'm pleased with my experience at International Bicycle Centers, but this front rack issue makes me very uneasy. I think maybe they ordered the wrong rack for my bike. They should have known better. We'll see how it pans out.


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My D.C. area bagels of choice happen to be the ones at Brooklyn Bagel Bakery in Courthouse. I almost always order the egg and cheese on an everything bagel. These bagels have crispy outsides and non-bready insides, making them real bagels as opposed to the junk they serve up at the area chains.
The lines can be long, but they move very quickly, and be sure to bring some bills because they only accept cash.
Around the Web
Yelp – 4 of 5 Stars (109 Reviews)
Restaurant Info
Brooklyn Bagel Bakery
2055 Wilson Blvd
Arlington, VA 22201


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Vector illustration, layout, bitmap creation, image-editing, painting and animation software all in one package
Transform ideas into professional and impressive results using CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X3!
With this comprehensive graphics suite, you can confidently tackle a wide variety of projects - from logo creation and Web graphics, to multi-page marketing brochures, or eye-catching signs.
From new bitmap-to-vector tracing in Corel PowerTRACE, new photo-editing features in PHOTO-PAINT, new suite-wide learning tools, and enhancements in illustration and page layout, this suite combines design capabilities, ease-of-use, and affordability that cannot be matched by any other graphics software.
· 512 MB of RAM, 430 MB of hard disk space
· Pentium III, 800MHz processor or AMD Athlon XP
· 1,024 × 768 or better monitor resolution
· DVD drive
· Mouse or tablet


text:
Clinical Basal Thermometer – BBT- 133 Ai by Nuvertex – ACCURATE 1/100th Degree, Highly SENSITIVE, Perfect Companion for Family Planning
Basal Body Thermometer by Nuvertex Predict ovulation easily by charting your basal body temperature with Basal Body Thermometer. Medically calibrated, tested and approved device for fertility tracking. WHY BASAL BODY THERMOMETER? Having a pattern of your cycle can help you to get pregnant or control your fertility. To make a predictable pattern, you will need… Read More »


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Short Course on Products – Covering The Basics
Why Should You Buy Your Own Massage Chair? If you are someone who is juggling too many things all at once, there is a high possibility that you will feel stress. In the same way, that busyness of yours can also make you become exhausted. If you are too stressed because of the too many things you have on your plate, it is best if you take some time to relax for yourself. There are different ways that you can relax these days. If you want to relax, what kind of relaxation are you looking for? Many people want to do relaxation exercise because they want to get the benefits from it. Since people are too busy and stressed out recently, there is no way that they will not consider this. It is better to have a massage therapy because of its proven effect to help people relax. It is one of the most effect ways to relieve your body from stress and tension. This is suitable for everyone who is living in a busy world. If you don't have enough money to have massage therapy all the time, there is good news for you. If money is your problem why not consider having a massage chair for that matter? If you are always busy, this is one of the methods that can give you a lot of benefits and convenience. Because of its benefits, you can say that many people need it now. The good news is that you can use this at the comforts of your home. You don't have to drive your way to the massage parlor to have it. So if you are always busy, using this will save you a lot of time for sure. This is actually one of the ways to feel relieve especially from the pain that you are feeling. By doing this, you can feel relax and relieve without barging in your own privacy. It also does not cost a lot of money on your part. It is also portable and you can bring it to any places you like. You can also this knowing that it will not waste a lot of your time. One of the massage chair benefits is relief of pain in the back and in the neck. Do you know that this can even reduce your anxiety levels? What you are going to like about this is the fact that it heals holistically, including your mind and emotions. It does not matter what your age is or gender, you can be relaxed using the massage chair. One of its benefits is to increase blood circulation to important areas of your body. A massage chair is indeed beneficial for everyone.Doing Reviews The Right Way


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Another game of tag!
What were you doing 10 years ago?
I would have been writing my Grade 12 departmental exams with one semester of high school left and looking forward to being done school!
What were you doing 1 year ago?
I was living in Calgary with friends and Jonathan was in Ontario finishing up his Masters. Was that really only a year ago?!?!
Five snacks you enjoy (in no particular order, as all snacks are created equal):
1. crunchy baby dill pickles with garlic
2. an apple with lite cream cheese and pecans
3. cottage cheese with avocado and tomato (or cucumbers and tomatoes)
4. fresh raspberries with cream
5. cheese, especially old cheddar
Five songs to which you KNOW all the lyrics:
1. Peel Me a Grape by Diana Krall
2. Taylor by Jack Johnson
3. The Race is On by Sawyer Brown (that would be from my high school days! HA!)
4. Cry Out to Jesus by Third Day (this song makes me bawl!)
5. Beautiful by Bethany Dillan
Five things you would do if you were a millionaire:
1. Buy a house!
2. Pay off our student loans.
3. Go on a BIG vacation for an extended period of time!
4. Donate a whole bunch of it.
5. Buy a whole schwack of stuff for my camera - lenses, flash, filters, etc.
Five bad habits:
1. I worry too much.
2. I waste time.
3. I hate talking on the phone so I rarely phone people.
4. I spend too much time on the internet.
5. I am too impatient.
Five things you like doing:
1. scrapbooking, of course
2. running
3. hiking
4. going out for coffee
5. taking photos
Five things you would never wear, buy, or get again:
1. anything but Heinz Ketchup
2. toe socks - okay at the time they looked cool but they hurt my toes and were not warm!
3. clothes from Le Chateau - cheap price but cheaply made! And really not my style.
4. transparencies for a laser printer, unless we get a laser printer - that was a waste of money!
5. ponytail holders with the metal clip - they tear out so much hair!
Five favorite toys:
1. my iPod
2. Photoshop
3. my camera - Digital Rebel XT
4. my eMac
5. my Garmin Forerunner
Well, that was fun!!! And I'm tagging anyone who is reading and wants to play!


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Regarding phrasal verbs, I like to suggest mnemonics.
If you have every preposition or phrasal verb ending in English paired with a mnemonic image (IN = Tunnel, UP = elevator, DOWN = Cannonball, WITH = Chains
To put down – Use an example sentence and then involve a cannonball in your imagery for that sentence (ONLY DO THIS WHEN YOU GET A FLASHCARD FOR THIS SENTENCE WRONG!)
To put up with – Use an example sentence and then involve an elevator and/or chains in the story, but only add those images if you have trouble with one or both parts of the phrasal verb. (i.e., If you forget the 'with', then put chains in the story.)


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Guess Inc. on Asia, storytelling and fabric innovation
Jan 10, 2019 | By Sandy Chu
Aug 16, 2007
By WGSN Insider
The Mainsqueeze and I moved into a new place this past weekend, and while it seems like all we've done is unpack, it still looks like a bomb went off in our cozy one-bedroom. I'm not unhappy about it, just ready to see all of our knickknacks and artwork up and about and looking beautiful. Of course, all this nesting has only fueled my already intense passion for homewears; they're pretty much all I think about these days. Can you tell?
Know what's next. Become a WGSN member today to benefit from our daily trend intelligence, retail analytics, consumer insights and bespoke consultancy services.


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Hogan's Heroes (1965)
1 factual error in The Ultimate Weapon
Starring: Bob Crane, John Banner, Robert Clary, Werner Klemperer
Factual error: Towards the end of the episode, Burkhalter gets a call from a General Seidenbaum. Anybody with such a "Jewish" name would have been weeded out of the officer corps by the Nazis. In fact, anyone of that name would have had great trouble even getting his Ariernachweis (proof or aryan ancestry), and without carrying a copy with him he could not have opened a charge account at the local bakery. Most people with such names (those who managed to pass the Nazi board of racial review) had them changed to more "German" ones like Müller or Schmidt to escape the constant bullying. A little bit of background on "jewish" names: At some time during the medieval period, Jews in the German Reich who traditionally didn't use last names were forced to have them. Many selected names like Gruenbaum, Cornfield, etc. Which over time were perceived as "typical Jewish" names, even though many bearers weren't even of Jewish faith any more.Doc
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Mark's Four Dimensional Bar Mitzvah Plan
This is a Bar Mitzvah promoting empowerment. It represents my ability to take more responsibility for my own life. I have set the pace, plan, and style for this event in many ways:
l. To have my aliyot at the synagogue I grew up in, a tiny place in rural New Jersey, even though I now live in an affluent community with many larger synagogues, I miss and want to be at the place and with the people I know.
2. To have it inclusive of primarily family members and my close friends and others who I feel to be in genuinely meaningful relationship with me.
3. To integrate my worlds of interest and meaning: Internet, Judaism, Family and Tradition
4. Making and designing my bar mitzvah web site.
6. Deciding how much of my Torah portion to study at each sitting, to discover it's meaning and enjoy chanting it with trope. I initiate my own learning appointments with the rabbi(s).
7. This has been planned as a Four Worlds Bar Mitzvah......which is a Kabbalistic idea, that means I intend it to affect the spirit of everyone.
In the world of Assiyah, the realm of doing:
This bar mitzvah will be in the later part of the day, with a minhah/maariv service led and developed by myself and my mother, followed by a Havdallah ceremony.
It will have a simple dessert reception, with computers set up that allow guests to experience ways to explore Judaism on-line and through CD-rom.
In the world of Yetsirah, the realm of feeling:
People to feel warmly connected, to enjoy the service by having lots of song and participation, and to feel comfortable.
In the world of Beriyah, the realm of knowing:
For people to know there is a form of Judaism that is fun and not boring.For people to think about the difference between Noah and Abraham and reflect on their own lives and mitzvah choices.
In the world of Atzilut, the realm of Being:
I want this ritual to help me feel like a man who has religious freedom and access to the information I need to make good choices about my religious life.
AND I want my guests to be happy.


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In my last post, I talked about the pleasure of printing and giving (or selling) photo books. After doing a little more investigation, I discovered a really great site for publishing books and magazines online called issuu.
The premise is simple. If you can create a PDF file, you can upload it to Issuu. The site turns the PDF into a flash application simulating a real book or magazine, complete with animation of page turns etc. The best part of this is the capability of exporting the flash file to other websites.
I decided to give this a whirl. But first I had to figure out how to create a PDF file. There are many tools for this, like Adobe Indesign and Microsoft Publisher, but I wanted something cheap or, even better, free. Imagine my delight when I found Scribus! This is a really nice, fully-featured desktop publishing package that allows you to create photo albums (or any other document for that matter) with high quality fonts and full resolution graphics. The interface is very nice (quite intuitive if you're used to Windows or MacOS) and runs on all Microsoft operating systems, including Vista. Scribus also exports to PDF.
So, I created a small photo album using my photos of the Charleboix region of Quebec, uploaded the PDF file to issuu and copied the html fragment into this blog so you can see the little flash application.
You can either leaf through the album in miniature by pressing the back and forward buttons or you can click on the album and launch the complete player in its own window.
Photography and Art
Friday, May 9, 2008
Publishing e-books using ISSUU
Posted by Huw Morgan at 8:03 p.m.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text: 9 macarons… WIP (yeah, I know, more of those?!) Redstreake on March 19, 2012 I can't seem to stay away from these colorful cookies. I started this one a while back. It is on a cradled piece of Aquabord and I wanted to get back into finishing it. I worked on it some yesterday, 9 macarons, all a different color. This is a 6 x 8″ painting and so far, so good… I love the cradled aquabord, I only have a few of them. They are impressive looking when finished. You can kinda see the wood siding on the first picture. I was working on this painting while visiting my sister in Asheville, NC. It seems I paint wherever I go :-). In my defense, I WAS teaching my 7 year old, very talented artsy niece, how to use Aquabord. So…. Like this:Like Loading... Category: Ampersand Aquabord, Daniel Smith Watercolor, Uncategorized, Watercolor painting Tag: ampersand aquabord, cookie painting, daniel smith watercolors, french macarons, Jennifer Redstreake, macarons, original art, original watercolor, redstreake, redstreake art, watercolor Post navigation Previous: Previous post: Inspiration for next painting?Next: Next post: "Having a Ball with Cotton" a watercolor WIP Share this:ShareClick to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Published by Redstreake View all posts by Redstreake Leave a comment Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here... Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public) Name (required) Website You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change ) Cancel Connecting to %s Notify me of new comments via email.


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Manitou Springs Public Library, 701 Manitou Ave. Thursday, Aug. 10 6 p.m. all ages, free.
The library is supposed to be a place for quiet introspection, right? Not while a rock band is hammering it out on the front lawn.
The High Strung is in the midst of a summer-long library tour first proposed by a Michigan librarian that covers 23,000 miles and 57 shows. It may sound like a long trip, but for this Detroit band, which has spent 4 of their six years together on the road, it's nothing.
"It's something we don't normally get to do, an all-ages show, because the bars are 21 and older," lead singer Josh Malerman says. "The awkwardness of [a library venue] dissipates quickly; you're just going to see a rock band, but in a different way."
Inspired by bands from as far back as the 1950s, The High Strung actually sound a lot like The Beatles. Precise electric-guitar stringing, drum rolls and three-part harmonies produce undulating rhythmic sounds.
Hailed by Rolling Stone magazine as one of the best new, young rock 'n roll bands in America, The High Strung also earned Washington Post runner-up honors for "Best Song of the Year" in 2003 with the title track from These are the Good Times.
Joined by Chad Stocker on lead bass guitar and Derek Berk on drums, Malerman describes the sound produced by the trio as "bombastic indie pop."


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The recent Afghan elections were held under the shadow terror assaults from one of the world's most dreaded outfits, Taliban. They were hell bent to stop their nation's tentative attempt to uphold democracy. The outfit's grip has extended far beyond its land of birth. Though major western powers have deployed their best minds and resources, they have not been able to contain let alone overpower the top echelons of Taliban.
Who are these people who have the only super power in the world a bloody nose and have pushed their own nation in the vortex of violence? Why do they take refuge in religion to kill innocent men and women?
Who are Taliban?
'Taliban' is plural of Talib, a Pashto word meaning "student". It is a group of students that believes in a fundamentalist narrative of their religious teaching. They wrested control of Afghanistan's government in 1996 and were driven out of power in 2001 by the US led coalition army. Despite its ouster, it continues to wield considerable clout in Afghanistan's rural regions especially the Pakhtun dominated south and east provinces including Kandahar.
Known for ultra-orthodox views and rigid interpretations of Islamic law, the Taliban bars women from going to schools or from doing jobs. Public executions of homosexuals and petty offenders too are not very uncommon.
The Taliban was initially a group of mujahideens who fought against the Soviet invasion in the 1980s. The battleground proved a steppingstone for those who later rose in the ranks of Taliban. One such leader was Mullah Omar, the Commander-in Chief, of the anti-Soviet army.
After successfully defeating the Soviet army, Omar formed the Taliban, comprising of a group of Islamic students, to bring order to the lawless, post-war Afghan society. Initially, they gained wide support of the Afghans who had grown weary of the constant fighting between the warlords.
With the help of government defections, the Taliban emerged as a force in Afghan politics in 1994 in the midst of a civil war between forces in northern and southern Afghanistan. They captured the southern city of Kandahar without force and over the next two years, steadily expanded their influence over the rest of the country. In 1996, they captured Kabul, the Afghan capital, and took control of the national government.
Currently, the Taliban strength is estimated at around 45,000. In addition to this, the Taliban has been reportedly recruiting a lot of children and elderly men in order to fight its opponents, particularly the Northern Alliance.


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text:
And every morning she,
dishes out helpings of smiles
to the hopeless.
She, dresses up
sores of regrets,
she opens up blinds
and lets the sun in.
She takes hearts
on lofty ethereal journeys.
Art lives here
and everyday she,
gives beauty
a new meaning—
a voice to
tell the world
about pain and strife and suffering and anxiety.
A brush,
To paint desolation,
To scream. Stop.
But to hear continue.
Art doesn't stop. No.
She grasps life by the neck,
she rides trains without thoughts
Into oblivion.
She fetches innocence from the mouth of babes.
She slashes shame and
tucks it into boxes of
unacceptable social constructs.
She. Defiant,
Takes a whip to the butt of sweet ol' patriarchy.
She doesn't care for the toasting of her knees,
Neither has the ground ever kissed them.
She saunters,
She staggers,
She drags groans from the throat of niggas.
Unbendable, she stands with her feet spread apart
A stance of art.
Art lives here
And everyday
She stays redefining


text: August 24 at 1604 hours Eastern Berks Fire was dispatched for the report of a truck trailer on fire in the unit block of Front Street in Bally Borough. Chief 97 arrived and reported smoke showing. Crews pulled two inch and three-quarter hand lines from Engine 97-1 and attacked the fire from front and rear, once the roll-up door was forced and opened. Engine 97 was ordered to lay a five inch line from Old Rt 100 and Front and supply Engine 97-1. Crews used Thermal Imaging Cameras to pinpoint the source of the fire. Much of the trailer had to be emptied to ensure the fire was completely extinguished in the front corner of the trailer. On scene were: Engines 97-1 and 97; Tankers 97-1 and 97, as well as Rescue 97. 505 supplied water and rehab.


text:
This question comes up occasionally, and I usually end up being a tad evasive about it. So, it comes time to post the real answer here:
"Lets say you have a student table and teacher table. How do you write a SQL query to show all teachers that don't have a student?"
I always say, "Well the first thing that comes to mind is
SELECT t.teacher_id FROM teachers t WHERE t.teacher_id NOT IN (SELECT s.teacher_id FROM students s)
but I know there is a more performant method." Then I don't follow up with the answer.
Yeah, I know…
The above query basically works, but it is slow because it has to pull up a list of all student records, extract the teacher_id, and then take the list and apply it to the teacher table. It is a very slow approach despite being VERY clear to the maintenance programmer.
So, lets write up the more performant answer now!
SELECT t.teacher_id FROM teachers t LEFT JOIN students s ON s.teacher_id = t.teacher_id WHERE s.teacher_id IS NULL
Now the query says "OK, lets do a join and just throw out the places where there is no corresponding teacher_id" It is MUCH, MUCH quicker because it runs as a "single query", instead of basically breaking down into 2 queries.
However, I would argue that if you were writing SQL for testing purposes, and not production purposes, you would want to use the first of the two examples.
Yeah, I know….
There is a real reason for it. The average QA person, even one who specializes in automation, has very different goals than the average developer. A developer wants to write the fastest SQL query possible because the end user wants their answer and the query may be run hundreds of times a second. On the other hand, a QA Engineer wants the answer, and has a bit more luxury in their time. Furthermore, if the QA is writing code for automation, then their primary goal is correct functionality and maintainability. The QA may need to use the faster solution, but the greater concern is clarity.
Got a better answer than me? Leave a comment to flame me below! I welcome the knowledge!


text:
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Aswayze wrote:I am in Kansas City, nothing Canadian about the heat around here right now I assure you.
Glad you thought that though since it pointed out that I needed to put my location into my user profile.
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text:
About a week ago, October 3rd, people around the world celebrated Der Tag der Deutschen Einheit. Der Tag der Deutschen Einheit is a day celebrating the reunification of Germany. It is a national holiday on the third of October commemorating the German reunification in 1990. One of the reasons it is not celebrated when the Berlin Wall came down, August 9, 1989, is because August ninth in 1938 was Kristallnacht, Night of Broken Glass, in which the Nazis led the first pogrom against the Jews. Therefore, this day would be extremely inappropriate to celebrate. The Day of German Unity also celebrates the anniversary of the re-founding of five German states, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringen. It is celebrate annually with festivals for citizens and ceremonial acts. Celebrations are usually centrally located at a specific state capital, but there are always celebrations in Berlin around the Brandenburg gate. Furthermore, the celebrations begins early since Oktoberfest begins the first Sunday of October and extends to the 3rd. I visited Germany and central Europe a few summers ago and was amazed by the culture and history. Forget Paris and Spain! Visit Germany and enjoy some amazing museums, food and art!
|Brandenburg Gate
|Berlin Wall


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Sweet Daddy Popcorn
ORDERS DUE 10/26 - Expected Delivery week of 10/30
Fun Facts about this Fundraiser:
Sweet Daddy Corn is kettle-popped and made with fresh, natural ingredients.
A LOCAL company, based out of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma.
Sweet Daddy Corn was born out of experimentation and blind luck. What started out as kettle corn, evolved into an original recipe that really is the perfect blend of salty and sweet. Really. It's that good!
The original recipe, Sweet Daddy Corn, is gluten free and nut allergy free and the corn is non GMO!
Regular-sized bags contain approximately 12 cups of freshly-popped corn.
Single Bag - $10.00
3 Pack Bag - $25.00
Please remember to print your student name and a phone number on your order form.


text:
- Creative
- Animation
- Film Production
- Fine Art
- Graphic Design
- Illustration
- Music Production
- Photography
- UI/UX Design
- Writing
I started my recipes last night; I wanted to know what all of the different mixtures out taste like. I started with a few carrots and a yellow squash, and trimmed and cut them up. I tried three different recipes.
The first was an amalgamation of white sugar, salt and vinegar.
The second, is with honey, salt and vinegar.
The third is just salt and vinegar. I'm looking forward to seeing what all of these taste like!
And the one with honey is the winner! It was so good, with just a little sweetness.
I grabbed a 16 oz mason jar. After cutting up the carrots and the yellow squash, I put them in the jar, then poured about 1/2 cup of vinegar into the jar. I add 1 tablespoon of honey and filled the rest up with filtered water. Then I put in about 3 tablespoons of salt and shook the whole thing up.
They are so good, even my boyfriend likes them, and he hates carrots!
Thanks, I can't wait to pickle more things.


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Force 10 from Navarone
Mallory and Miller are back. The survivors of Navarone are sent on a mission along with a unit called Force 10, which is led by Colonel Barnsby. But Force 10 has a mission of their own which the boys know nothing about.
Genre: Action, Adventure, Thriller, WarActor: Alan Badel, Barbara Bach, Carl Weathers, Edward Fox, Franco Nero, Harrison Ford, Michael Byrne, Philip Latham, Richard Kiel, Robert Shaw
Director: Guy Hamilton


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Tour de Lagom Part 1: Lagom and microservices
Published on 5 June 2017
Lagom is a framework for building reactive microservices in Scala or Java with an emphasis on developer productivity. I've had a chance to work with it for some time and would like to share my impressions about it. This is going to take a bit longer than just one post, so you're reading part one – Read More


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Thursday, April 19, 2007
Big Brother
I'm not sure what she thought my brother could offer...besides comic relief. He's an ordained pastor who is now working with a company that educates seniors (not 12th graders...elderly seniors) on Internet use. He also rebuilds computers.
I guess he probably does know a thing or two about organized religion and he truly did make me smile and laugh a bit. He offered me the 'older brother advice', which amounted to what I know...be honest about my expectations, realizing they will NOT be met, but being up front about what I can and cannot accept.
He suffers some of the same bad memories of our childhood church and has been denominationally challenged most of his life as well. Ironic he chose that field...that denomination...as a career for many years. He's a wonderful evangelist and I imagine he's a strong pastor; he just has too much passion for truth to 'settle', and that resulted in stepping on some mighty big toes.
The thing he reminded me is to try things that I haven't tried in the past. Try new denominations. Try new environments. Try new 'types' of churches. Give it a chance...you don't have to give it your all...but give it a chance.
I can do that...I think.
I'm probably going to use this space to truly 'work through' what I find in this search. I've already got a list going of places I want to visit and it's always interesting being the 'newbies' for a while.
I still don't know the outcome of this part of my journey, except to say I'm willing to try...I'm just not fully convinced...I guess this is the part where I leave it up to God. He hasn't let me down yet (literally or figuratively), and I already feel this pull towards Him as I stand on the edge of this new horizon.
I also want to thank each of you who commented and encouraged and spoke from the heart. It's always reaffirming to hear others' stories.
I pray your Friday is fully blessed!
7 comments:
- Tam said...
Oh how I yearn for us to be closer and to be in a Home church together worshipping God, learning from Jesus and relying on Holy Spirit for each and every gift He has for us at each moment!
Plus I would hug you and pray for you earnestly my friend!
- Grafted Branch said...
Long time no comment, Kim. Hi! I'm sorry to read that you're in this place of limbo. It's never fun. We've been there more than we like to remember, too.
My first thought though, is: Where does your husband stand in all this? Newer believer or not, it can certainly be a relief when we (the wives -- the help-meets) release the search, the decisions, the headship of the house to its rightful place.
- aggiejenn said...
I pray that your search teaches you a lot, and I look forward to your thinking out loud about your experiences. I think that is a great idea from your brother, to try different denominations and churches than you might have in the past. I grew up in a VERY conservative, legalistic, stifling church where grace and a personal relationship with God were not part of our vocabulary, but, by the grace of God, He brought me to a place where I could look beyond what I had always known and find something really amazing. I pray that for you, too.
Fly in the ointment here--Have you ever thought about Church of Religious Science? It incorporates all faiths and pairs them with science. In our sanctuary we have several stained glass windows--one incorporating Christianity, one incorporating the Jewish faith as well as one incorporating Buddha.
The first time I stepped into this church I felt like I was home. It is worth a look at.
- Dawn said...
Thanks for stopping by yesterday. Check out the post I wrote later in the evening. You'll really be able to relate.
The comment above really freaked me out! Sorry!
- Dawn said...
Kevin and I have finished Part VII, just in time for me to go pack for the trip to Georgia. See you later!!
- Becky Wolfe said...
Interesting to stumble upon your blog today on the CWO ring. I find myself to be a VERY picky judge of churches to the point where I just stopped going for a couple years also. I feel denomination is such a big separater of what is supposed to be The Church, not a building, not a denomination but the people who call themselves Christians.
So, hubby & I found a 'church program' online that we enjoyed watching & we slotted it for Sunday mornings so it felt like "chuch time". But I was finally feeling the desire to actually 'fellowship' with other Christians & God plopped another Christian woman in my life in this small town that repeatedly invited us to their tiny church & we finally went.
It isn't quite "everything I've looked for in a church" so I can relate to that feeling. But it is passionate & feels genuine and so I'm going to try & give it a chance. Its already passed two of my very-harsh church judging trials (the music & the preaching) so hopefully we can find a way to fit into its groove without too much more judgement or discomfort. (cuz in this tiny town, we're running out of choices)
So, I encourage you by saying this, you're not the only one that goes thru these struggles and that I hope & pray you find what you're looking for that meets your most important criterias but maybe not all without too much frustration or discouragement. Like you, I try to see the bigger picture of The Church as we are supposed to be, not the denomination or the building, but the people of God. And us people will let eachother down time & time again, so beyond that, look at the heart of the people to see if God is there & then there can be room for grace.


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- CrispinAlexander, chickenbones, and LdnMetropolitanElite this'd this
I had one a few months ago
And haven't been to McDonalds since. I used to love McDonalds too.
Sorry it didn't work out for you, kid.
I hated McDonalds, and it gave me a whole new perspective.
my friend tried to order this at the one on oxford road in manchester recently
they claimed to know nothing about it and that it had nothing to do with mcdonalds.
oh wait are you just meant to make it yourself?
i guess he was under the impression that it was an off menu item
Don't even think it's on the 'secret menu' in the states tbh
If such a thing actually exists... Yeah, you need to make it yourself.
Fair play to him for ordering the McGangBang though, I've always wanted to try, but assumed (correctly) that I'd end up looking like a tit.
there's no such thing as a secret menu.
at McDonalds or anywhere else.
Internet myth.
I went to this restaurant in Porto that all the review websites said *You have to order the amazing lime pie - it's not on the menu, as it's a secret!*
So all day I bragging about how I'm gonna have this super secret amazing lime pie.
Only to discover not only is it on the menu, but they only actually did 2 deserts anyway so it can't have been that much of a secret.
It's was pretty good like, but my bubble had burst
Not true
Subway will make a chicken pizziola and it's not on the menu.
go to america. your mind will be blown.
they probably didn't, and it isn't.
It's just an extremely dubiously-named internet meme
double cheeseburgers.
end of thread.alcxxk, bit_eraly, LOLpop, DaveMK, and jontosh2001 this'd this
McGangBang >>> DC's on their own
DC's are for weedy children.
Just in case anyone don't know:
Calm down, Mr Months Ago.
They're decent, yeah, but they cost more, and the McDs chicken doesn't stand up to its normal burgers. Two cheeseburgers usurps one cheeseburger and one chicken burger. Truthbomb.cocodaLOL this'd this
Yeah, thanks. I knew it had been posted
Probably posted 2 years ago too, but not everyone reads every thread, brah.
The milkshakes
Or McFlurrys. They're not the greatest ice cream ever, but they have their niche.
99p cheeseburger.
For when you are peckish.Mehodor this'd this
Other than that they provide the most comprehensive network of
public toilets in the country...
those rare occasions when you find one where the carbonated drinks machine has got the syrup mix bang-on, the fries are salted just right and crunchy without being too crisp and the quarter pounder has been constructed by somebody with above-average hand-to-eye coordination who has refrained from drowning the patty in ketchup.
was with you right up to patty
good post though, nonethelessblimeycharlie and andyvine this'd this
for once you're right.
absolutey no-one's ever called that a patty before.
wtf is a patty, even? some sort of Jamaican dumplin', innit?
Jamaican pasty really.
Pastry's a different colour though, it's a kind of golden colour.
And they're right lush as well, love a good Jamaican patty.
I eat there about once every five years.
The breakfasts are pretty good when you're hungover.
Good for you, Keith.
You're a remarkable human being.
the ones that are open 24/7
groggily waking up at 4am on a trip back from dublin, to find out you've stopped at a maccy deez = HEAVEN
egg mcmuffins
also the only good thingurbanfox this'd this
- Epimer, fappable, blimeycharlie, and eltham this'd this
can I use this thread to talk about subway breakfasts?
I've recently become a massive fan, especially since there's one right next to my work. I like how they have that generic subway taste but are breakfast. Also there's a new girl atty the one I go to and she gives me tonnes of everything and undercharges me.
There's just too many questions for my liking...
6 or 12?
Type of bread?
Toasted or not?
What salad would you like?
What sauces?
Meal deal and if so what?
Eat in or takeaway?
At McD's you'd be halfway through your burger by the time they've run through that bollocks.
Meatball Marinara, just like on the picture, meat and cheese and none of your fucking about.
And then whatever you plump for
It always tastes like a used nappy.
if we're talking historically and not just current...
the obvious answer is the much-missed Hattrick Burger of the long, hot summer of '96.
two things apart from the mcgangbang
mcnuggets. the crispy batter on those things is amazing. don't link me to that inaccurate blog entry about mechanically separated pink paste i don't care.
angus swiss w/ mushrooms. you could probably serve this in a restaurant that charges £6.99 for a burger and nobody would know the difference. it's the mayo that makes it, mcdonald's are really the masters of mayo, i dunno what they do but each type of mayo seems custom made for the burger it's in and the angus mayo is so creamy.
of course there's some inedible shit at mcdonalds too
a 6.99 burger restaurant ?
how the other half live
mccormicks (a totally seperate company despite the prefix)
custom develop and make all the sauces. they are fucking good at it. they have a lab where they do taste tests through little holes in a wall for members of the public. it's like a glory hole for fast food
filet o fish
if i stop being a veg i'm gonna have to eat filet o fish every day
I used to like the filet o fish
but then one day I realised that bun is just a fucking strange object, not like food at all.
same bun as a cheeseburger
but steamed instead of toasted. glad i can answer all these questions
when they do the limited edition mars milkshake
- DJRoomba this'd this
Or those Arizona burgers they did
Nacho burgers 4 lyfe
Gotta be the McGriddle!
Or that burger that doesn't have a bun, just two chicken breasts with bacon and filling in the middle.
Did you see that vegetarian McDonalds opened in India?
First one of its kind.
I wonder if it'll sell their fries, coz their contain animal product.
Animal product in McD's fries?
Go on...cat_race this'd this
Its in the coating/flavouring.
McDonalds won't actually admit fully what the ingredients are (the mind boggles) but have admited it contains animal product.
Chicken Selects
x 6
+ Sweet Chilli dip + Sour Cream dip = fast food heaven
I've never had Selects, don't they usually come x3?
I love McNuggets, but the franchises in my area only offer 6 or 20 when what I want is 9, like in the old days.
selects some as 3 or 5 but if you bought 3 you only get one dip so i assume this greedy sod is buying two lots of 3 to get two dips as well
They do a 6 box
I think you should give them a go, given what you said. Probably the equivalent of about 10 nuggets.
Is it 5? Probably right
still good though
Chicken Selects are the BEST.
the pink mayo stuff in big macs
and feeling working class when you take your kids there
Saw a great interview a while ago:
Q: What class do you think you belong to?
A: I'm middle class
Q: Really? I would have thought you were working class?
A: I can't be working class, I've never worked in my life.funkycow this'd this
Mac Sauce™
Secret recipe and everything.
Double Sausage (no egg) McMuffin
Now that's good eatin'
Breakfast, particularly the double sausage & egg mcmuffin
They always feel special too, cos I have them when I'm going somewhere, like ATP or an away game
I used to always be a big mac man, but recently I've defected to the quarter pounder. Though I try not to eat there too much these days; not through any right on-ness, I'm just not supposed to eat red meat too much any more and their chicken burgers are shite
pre cooked weight of meat
in a quarter pounder + 0.25 lbs
in a big mac 2 x 0.1 lbs
qtr pounder has more
The fact that even if you're in the ponciest part of the most expensive city
and everyone you've seen for hours has been Monaco-bound fashionistas and glitterati, as soon as you step into McDonalds, it's the same clientele as every McDs in the country.
When double cheeseburgers were 99p
I used to get one frequently in Uni, I went from getting a double cheeseburger, fries and a drink for my £3 to just getting three double cheeseburgers and making my own drink and perhaps having a bag of wotsits with them. Happy days, wouldn't bother for £1.49 now. Even though I am probably earning 7-8 times the amount I was then.
I have a bit of a problem with McDonalds
bit addicted. I've only had it once in two weeks which is quite an achievement for me.
Chips - best chips in the world
Chicken selects
Bic Mac
yes! the chips are incredible
20 chick nugs/5 chick sels large meal, beautiful
best chips in the world?
are you actually serious?
best fast food chain fries
not best chips in the world
cant think of a single thing
but then again I dont go there
and I know this is wrong of me, and I can understand that you will dislike me for this
BUT if I hear that someones gone there my opinion of them deteriorates ever so slightly....sorry dont mean for that to happen, it just does.
getting snobby about mcdonalds
how original
look I am aware that that in itself is flawed, which I pointed out and Im sorry
but, it does just happen, its not through choice, its just a natural outcome, I cant control it
Here he is!
Sitting on your shoulder like the Salacious Crumb of motivational speaking.
My wife's the same
except she's probably less sorry about it.
Last McDonalds I was in was the one by the National gallery and I was stood
At the side for 15 minutes while they constructed my difficult order of 2 double cheeseburgers. 15 minutes.....made to stand at the side......that was a dark time, darker and more hate filled than the Caravaggio paintings I was to stroll past afterwards
if you'd complained after 7 minutes
they would have given it you free
i just had a McGangbang because of this thread
it was shit. waste of a good double cheeseburger and the £2.50 the disgusting mcchicken cost me
whoa there, hold up
the mcchicken costs £2.50 in england? that's madness
they're a dollar a piece here
theyre different
we have the McChicken sandwich, which is in the same price range as the quarter pounder etc
we also have a "chicken mayo" which is a quid/the price of a cheeseburger. bit smaller/shitter
i've actually made a chicken mayo+double cheeseburger before, before i heard of the mcgangbang
oh its supposed to be the hot and spicey
i had one of those on time square at about 4am a few months ago. it was fucking disgusting
Does my head in the way people revere McDonald's breakfasts
don't see what's so special about themshrewbie this'd this


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Filed under: Environment, Mother Jones | Tags: 350, Day of Action, Environment, San Francisco
I'm all for saving the world. In fact, I think we need to do more of it. But the San Francisco 350 Day of Action, a worldwide event meant to influence the global debate on climate change, focused more on novelty than substantive change. I checked it out with some MoJoers and we put together this video to sum it up:
Filed under: Barack Obama, Civil Rights, Congress, Environment, Republicans | Tags: Barack Obama, Environment, George Bush, GOP, Torture
As President Obama announces his directive to close the Guantanamo Bay detention facility within a year, a clear sign that torture will not be allowed under his administration, Senate Republicans continue to show support for torture.
Senator John Cornyn (R TX) has delayed the confirmation hearing of Obama's Attorney General pick, Eric Holder, because of Holder's declaration that "waterboarding is torture" and that officials who authorized such torture under the Bush administration could be tried.
Senate Republicans are also opposing Obama's environmental choices. Says David Kurtz (emphasis mine):
Think about it for a minute. This is the Republican Party circa 2009: pro-torture and pro-global warming. This is what they're staking their claims on. And willing to obstruct a wildly popular new President in the midst of not just a national economic crisis, but a convergence of international crises of which economic collapse is just one.
Democrats should take this and run with it and run hard. If the GOP wants to be a remnant party of dead-enders usually found in the backwoods of Idaho, go for it. But Democrats need to remind the American people of this over and over and over again, no matter how self-evident it may seem now.
This is a chance to shape a generation's perception of the opposition, and I say that fully cognizant of how that power can be used and misused. Dems are riding high now, and its easy at this moment to dismiss the GOP. But they do so at their own peril. The GOP is reeling, on its heels, flailing desperately for how to retain its relevance and political viability. Now is when you seize the advantage and hammer these points home again and again and again.
Even if this is only an effort to provide resistence against something that Obama is trying to accomplish, it seems incredibly short sighted and will only villanize Republicans further.
Somehow, even after everything they have done in the past 8 years, it is shocking to me that the Republican Party would choose to brand itself as the party that condones torture and shuns science.


text: "or transform Iraq into a large hotbed that attracts criminals, thieves, murderers and terrorists turning it into a centre of international terrorism with the attendant threat to peace and security of the peoples of the region and the world."Apparently these people seem to think that it's the French, but at least they do point to the problem, maybe I could recommend that they watch some Bush campaign speeches. Anyone that cares about Iraq should.


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Departmental Stores in Hong Kong
The One
From luxury brands to hip youth brands, and from skincare and cosmetics to lifestyle products; find it all in Hong Kong's tallest retail complex. You can find some of the most popular Japanese brands here including, Beams Journal Standard and Beauty & Youth United Arrows. And when you get tired ...Mall Departmental Store
Sogo Mall Causeway Bay
Don't be deceived by the compact size of this shopping area, for you would require a full day to explore the endless shopping malls, department stores, boutiques and market stalls in what used to once be a shoal. From up-market fashion to bargains galore, youth fashion boutiques and everything else ...Malls Departmental Stores Street Markets


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These beautiful colorful posters contain some of Gary's most popular quotes and are great for people of all ages. Designed to inspire this set of five classroom quality Gary Hogg quote posters come printed on 80 lb cover stock and measure 12.5 inches by 18.5 inches.
Posters included in the set :
The World Needs Your Author's Voice
Be Brave Not Shy
If You Can Think It You Can Write It
Write The Words You Think Not The Words You Can Spell
Be Impressive Not Lazy


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everyone can buy high quality bag, at a reasonable price.
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