text:
Artist's description:
Portrait painting of hip hop musician, Sirius Blvck.
Acrylic Portrait Painting, Original artwork created by Jonathan McAfee.
You will receive the artwork "Ready to Hang" on stretched canvas and wired on the back.
This is a one of a kind artwork, created and painted by me. I always sign my work on either the front of the back of each painting. Also you will receive a certificate of authenticity on the back of your painting.
World Wide shipping takes around 10 days to arrive, depending on it's destination.
Jonathan's artworks are collected throughout the United States and Europe.
All rights reserved – J. McAfee Art – This is an original work of art created by the artist himself and may not be reproduced without written consent of the artist. The artist retains copyright for self-promotion.
Materials used:
Acrylic paint and spray paint on canvas
Materials used:
acrylic and spray paint
Featured by our Editors:
Sirius (2015)
Mixed-media painting by Jonathan McAfee
- Mixed-media painting on Canvas
- One of a kind artwork
- Size: 36 x 36 x 2 in (unframed) / 36 x 36 in (actual image size)
- Signed on the front
- Style: Expressive and gestural
- Subject: People and portraits
This artwork is sold by Jonathan McAfee from United States


text:
Joyce Carol Oates is in full fire here. The motifs and themes of this rich, intricately textured realistic novel belong to the American experience of the 1950s and 1960s. But the vision of the life that animates them is so clear and unflinching that the past comes to us with the force of revelation. Once again, to read a new Oates novel is to enter a new world.
In a small city in upstate New York, in the decade before the upsurge of the civil rights movement, when racial prejudice seemed inflexible and habitual, we are introduced to two families struggling to advance themselves—the Courtneys, who are white, and the Fairchilds, who are black. The invisible color line separates them; each family is secure (or so it seems) in its own world, but there is a strange, virtually subterranean link. When Iris Courtney is a young girl, she is the only witness to a murderous street fight between Jinx Fairchild and a white man who has threatened her. A bond of passion and guilt is formed between the two—at first unstated, then slowly, year by year, gathering force until it must inevitably declare itself, and the consequences are fateful. Parallel to this story of extraordinary passion are the lives and struggles of the two families: like mirror images of each other, and of the country in which they live, each moves from a time of high promise to an age of embittered violence. Tragic and enthralling, Because It Is Bitter, and Because It Is My Heart is one of Joyce Carol Oates's most significant achievements.
"Little Red" Garlock, sixteen years old, skull smashed soft as a rotted pumpkin and body dumped into the Cassadaga River near the foot of Pitt Street, must not have sunk as he'd been intended to sink, or floated as far. As the morning mist begins to lift from the river a solitary fisherman sights him, or the body he has become, trapped and bobbing frantically in pilings about thirty feet offshore. It's the buglelike cries of gulls that alert the fisherman—gulls with wide gunmetal-gray wings, dazzling snowy white heads and tail feathers, dangling pink legs like something incompletely hatched. The kind you think might be a beautiful bird until you get up close.
- National Book Award: finalist
- New York Times Notable Book of the Year
Book Covers
From INTERVIEW
in The Writing Life : National Book Award Winners. NY: Random House, 1995.
Where do you place your novel Because It Is Bitter, and Because It Is My Heart within the body of your work?
The novel is very central to my body of work, as to my experience, and was extremely difficult to write. So much of my heart seems to have gone into it, I believed afterward that I would never attempt another long novel. The first chapter alone must have been revised, sentence by sentence, as many as seventeen times. The voice was elusive—for many months, hovering just out of reach.
How did you develop the structure of this novel?
Form is very important to me; I have to divide the work into a structure that has coherence in its various parts. It's often divided in terms of years, certain spaces of time, and each space of time encompasses a development or movement in the narrative.
With Because It Is Bitter, and Because It Is My Heart, I wanted to write the novel in present tense, omniscient narrative, so that while we sometimes go into different people's heads, we're actually not in anybody's head; we're experiencing everything from the outside. I wanted to write it this way because I'd never written in that form. Why I chose to do it the hard way I don't know.
What do you see as the novel's theme?
It is very hard for writers to extract from the complexity of their material anything so clear as a theme; for instance, one would not want to reduce Thomas Mann's Buddenbrooks to the theme of decadence. I think we write to give life to experience. I suppose my novel has much to do with the separation of races in America.
Where did your characters come from?
That's like asking a composer, "How do you write music?" It's virtually unanswerable. I think you can say they're composite characters, sometimes taken from life, but more often invented.
I knew a young black boy who is in some ways reminiscent of two of the black boys in the novel, Jinx Fairchild and his brother. The novel is actually dedicated to him. I think he's no longer living—I've been out of contact with him for more than forty years—but the novel is fiction. This boy did not commit a murder, even in self-defense.
We were students at a junior high school in Lockport, New York. Being a white girl, I was in some cases very interested in the African-American students, who were at that time called Negro students. I was brought in by school bus to the city—I was from the outside—and I think I felt that they were outsiders too, and there was a kind of alliance. I don't want to make too much of this because I didn't know this boy very well. He just had a strong personality. He was the kind of boy who could have been a leader if he hadn't been perhaps a little too rebellious.
Iris is very much based upon aspects of myself, but I did not have an alcoholic mother and father; that part is fiction. I did know someone, a very close friend, who died of alcoholism, and who is the model for Persia.
Stuart Spencer, Bomb, Spring 1990
SS I've been told that you hold an image in your mind as you write, that it helps you to focus—can you describe that process for me?
JCO In Because It Is Bitter, I always knew the ending, where Iris is trying on a wedding dress that she's more or less inherited—a beautiful antique wedding dress. And she says, "Do you think I'll look the part?" I always knew that would be the ending of the novel. Uniforms appear in the novel in certain ways. At one point, Iris has a Girl Scout's uniform, and Persia wears 'uniforms' as a cocktail waitress, and there's Jinx in his U. S. Army uniform . . .
SS And also his basketball uniform.
JCO Throughout, I had a clear sense of where both young people were going to end up. A privilege we're granted, others of us, only in retrospect.
SS The images couldn't give you any intellectual answer for, say, what to do in the next scene. They must get you in touch with the spiritual aspect of what it is that you're writing. I mean, they don't tell you, "Oh, in this next scene I have to do such-and-such," or . . .
JCO But strategies of writing a novel do become, as you say, intellectual. There's a point where you're just thinking very rationally and calculatingly: I know that the scene I'm working on at home should not be more than ten pages long. So while I might have any number of rapturous feelings and a certain intuitive sense of where I'm going, at the same time I'm calculating, plotting. I have on my wall what I call a flow chart. I need to know precisely where I am at nearly every moment of my writing in terms of the structure of the whole. Something that will take place at the one third point, something at the two-third point, and then the ending.
Working Title
"Song of Innocence"
In the desert
I saw a creature, naked, bestial,
Who, squatting upon the ground,
Held his heart in his hands,
And ate of it.
I said, "Is it good, friend?"
"It is bitter—bitter," he answered;
"But I like it
"Because it is bitter,
"And because it is my heart."
—Stephen Crane
from The Black Riders and Other Lines
- Booklist, February 1, 1990, p1050
- Publisher's Weekly, February 23, 1990, p203
- New York Times, March 30, 1990, C29
- Library Journal, April 1, 1990, p138
- Atlanta Journal Constitution, April 8, 1990, N8
- Washington Post Book World, April 8, 1990, p1
- Chicago Tribune Books, April 15, 1990, p1
- Denver Post, April 15, 1990, E8
- Detroit News & Free Press, April 15, 1990, P5
- San Francisco Chronicle Book Review, April 15, 1990, p1
- Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1990, E4
- Washington Times, April 16, 1990, E8
- New York Times Book Review, April 22, 1990, p7
- Entertainment Weekly, April 27, 1990
- Houston Post, April 29, 1990, C6
- USA Today, May 7, 1990, D5
- Detroit News, May 9, 1990, C3
- Newsweek, May 14, 1990, p70
- New Yorker, May 28, 1990, p109
- Nation, July 2, 1990, p27
- New York Review of Books, August 16, 1990, p22
- Georgia Review, Fall 1990, p539
- America, November 17, 1990, p378
- Guardian, January 31, 1991, p23
- Observer, February 3, 1991, p55
- Times Literary Supplement, February 15, 1991, p17
- New Statesman & Society, February 22, 1991, p34
- Commentary, March 1991, p52
- Belles Lettres, Summer 1991, p12
- World Literature Today, Autumn 1991, p708
- Seventeen, September 1997, v56 n9 p202-203
Image: "Iris eclipse – Explored" by Carlos Andrés Reyes

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Download Ebook Template Freeware
EBook Maestro FREE v.1.50
EBook Maestro frames all gems of thought into a single executable file. The eBook maker helps create eBooks that are both accessible and secure from plagiarism. Rich interface, search, read-out-loud options and much more.
100 Free eBook Icons v.1.0
Over 100 free ebook icons perfect for customizing the icons for your ebooks, tutorials and other downloads. They are also great to use on your own desktop for other uses too. Can be used for either non-profit or commercial ebooks.
100 Free eBook Cover Graphics v.2.0
100 Free Ebook Covers to help you create unique and stylish ebooks. Can be used with any graphics software and are ready for you to add your title. Freeware.
Ebook Creation For Illiterate v.1.0
Ebook Creation For Illiterate – Ghostwriters Goldmine! People are hungry for information, and people are looking to the Internet to feed their hunger.
WonderWebWare CSS Template Shaker v.2.4
Using this tool is pretty simple: just click and customize the look and feel of the template on the fly, in complete WYSIWYG environment.
Excel Invoice Template v.1.60
Excel Invoice Template, a billing software & invoice software based on Excel, provides a Fill In The Blank invoice form and is capable of calculating invoices. The invoice template provides an intuitionist interface for creating invoices.
KooBits eBook Reader v.4.0
KooBits 4.0 is a free ebook reader software, which allows you to open, view and manage all your ebooks in PDF, ePub, KBJ and more formats. Rather than just an ebook viewer and ebook manager, KooBits 4.0 has a lot of interactive features for ebooks.
Download eBook internet Success v.1.0
Download eBook about Your Internet Success for
Download ebook barbecue recipies v.1.0
Download ebook barbecue recipies with lot of bbq recipies for
Download eBook Fish and Aquarium Care v.1.0
Download eBook about fish and aquarium care for
Download eBook Golf Guide v.1.0
Download that ebook Ultimative Golf Guide and play Golf like a
Download ebook growing bonsai v.1.0
Download ebook growing bonsai with advices about bonsai trees for
Download ebook make monay as musician v.1.0
Download ebook and learn how to make monay as musician for
Download eBook Nebenjob v.1.0
Download that ebook Nebenjob and make monay for
Download ebook Releif Stress v.1.0
Download ebook Get Organized make your life easyer and Releif Stress for
Download eBook TuneUp iPod v.1.0
Download ebook and learn how to tune up Your
Download eBook v.1.01
Download eBook toolbar fuer Internet Explorer. Finden Sie eBooks
EBook Guerilla Marketing v.1.0
Herunterladen kostenlos ebook Guerilla Marketing und mehr Geld verdienen im
EBook Improve Your Home Security v.1.0
Download that ebook Your Home Security and improve your security at
EBook Monay with iPhone apps v.1.0
Download ebook How to make monay with iPhone applications for free.You can make money online when you use technology, which is all free online for the taking, to build web


text:
The Medical School is firmly committed to working to ensure that all employees, students and individuals who are authorized to conduct business with and/or perform other services on behalf of the Medical School are not subject to sexual harassment. To that end, it is the policy of the Medical School to comply with all federal and state laws and regulations: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Chapter 151B, and M.G.L. 151B Sec. 3A.
Retaliation against an individual for filing a complaint of sexual harassment or against any individual for cooperating in an investigation of a complaint is against the Medical School policy and it is against the law. If retaliation is found to have occurred, appropriate action(s) will be taken.
CARE website: Campus Advocacy, Resources, and Education (for sex discrimination and violence)


text:
Impact of the Euro Med Free-Exchange Agreement on the Agro-Food Firms in Tunisia
Impact of the Euro Med Free-Exchange Agreement on the Agro-Food Firms in Tunisia - Descarga este documento en PDF. Documentación en PDF para descargar gratis. Disponible también para leer online.
The Tunisian agro-food sector is characterized by the prevalence of small and middle-sized firms, whichrequires a restructuration to contribute to the development of the agriculture and deal with the processes ofliberalisation of agro-food industry.After studying the association agreement between Tunisia and the European Union, we must say that theprocess of exchanges liberalisation of the agro-food products is conveyed by the operational strategies of thefirms to research competitiveness by the control of the costs or the differentiation of the product. This obliges tointerest us in exports like a crenel of development of the tunisian agro-food sector.
Subject(s): International Relations/Trade
Issue Date: 2007
Publication Type: Conference Paper/ Presentation
PURL Identifier: http://purl.umn.edu/9443
Total Pages: 19
Series Statement: 103rd EAAE Seminar 'Adding Value to the Agro-Food Supply Chain in the Future Euromediterranean Space'
Record appears in: European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE) > 103rd Seminar, April 23-25, 2007, Barcelona, Spain
Autor: Ben Youssef, Meriem
Fuente: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/9443?ln=en


text:
Everything about Blue Diamond Wedding Reception
Wedding Venues Overton
I'd personally recommend which you keep the Electronic Copyrights of your wedding in a safe, safe area to make sure that your children and grandchildren will be able to get pleasure from your wedding decades from now.***Included reward, I will put your entire photos in shade, black & white, and sepia tone. Additionally, you will acquire thumbnails of your respective photographs, which are for World wide web use!
Appear take a look at us in person! We'd like to find out about your eyesight for your Unique day and personalize a proposal in your event. We believe that Even though you don't e book with Wedgewood, spending an hour or so with one among our wedding industry experts might help cause you to a greater wedding shopper. We can be found for appointments 7 times each week. Program your complimentary consultation right now!
Underneath can be a listing in the packages readily available. For extra data and availability you need to Make contact with the hotel immediate.
When you've got been to Las Vegas many times and are seeking a different place to stay in Nevada,...
We really encourage you to contact our Stratosphere wedding consultants along with your thoughts or Particular requests. They are going to be happy to work along with you to create exactly the form of wedding celebration you desire and to generate your Distinctive day actually unforgettable. Be sure to request about our reception and personal eating having a look at location.
Costs are topic to tax and gratuity. *Topic to availability, some holidays are excluded. $200 fee will apply if visitor depend is around twenty five persons, and ceremony might be prolonged to 1 hour.
We really encourage you to definitely Speak to our Stratosphere wedding consultants using your inquiries or Particular requests. They will be satisfied to work with you to create precisely the style of wedding celebration you motivation and for making your Unique day truly unforgettable. Be sure to talk to about our reception and personal eating by using a check out venue.
A Nevada relationship license will not be necessary to get a Vow Renewal, as these ceremonies are usually not lawfully binding; nevertheless, Vow Renewals will only be executed for at the moment married couples.
Website link disabled although previewing The website link clicked is disabled when previewing how your profile seems to some.
Convey to us about your wedding Simply notify us about your wedding and let's do each of the work. We are going to notify the most effective sellers in your town, then they'll generate custom quotations for you personally in fewer than per day.
We really encourage you to definitely Make contact with our Stratosphere wedding consultants using your queries or Unique requests. They will be joyful to operate along with you to produce exactly the kind of celebration you drive and to generate your Particular day really unforgettable.
Leap into your subsequent journey! Go ahead and take plunge from 829 feet off the Stratosphere Tower and help it become an extra Particular working day by proposing towards your partner!
A wedding album of twelve 4x6 photographs taken by knowledgeable photographer, in gorgeous poses in our chapel and on our Observation Decks
We really encourage you to definitely Speak to our Stratosphere wedding consultants using your queries or Particular requests. They will be happy to work along with you to build precisely the form of wedding celebration you drive and to help make your Exclusive working day genuinely unforgettable. Make sure you inquire about our reception and private eating that has a watch location.


text:
CoffeeHouseWall | see the possibilities
Sign up Sign in Upload
Welcome to the 3D poster wall!
Find Seattle theater, music and event show posters.
Click a poster to zoom in, then click the blue link to visit the venue and buy tickets.
Want bigger posters? Click these icons on the bottom right of the wall for stunning
full-screen mode or search.
Do you have a poster? Click here to post your event and join the many groups that
post with us, including:


text:
To lock-in an Early Bird or discounted price, full payment must be paid in full within 7 days from registration.
For fully priced booths a 50% deposit is required as a security, payable within 7 days from registration. Remainder to be paid by 23rd March 2018. Please use your studio as a reference for payment.
Early Bird prices are available until 30th November 2017.
Provided the total fee has been paid, substitutions of participants are allowed seven (7) working days before the event. Otherwise all bookings carry a 100% cancellation liability immediately after NZTE Ltd has received a completed registration form. By completing the registration form, the delegate agrees that in case of dispute or cancellation of this contract NZTE Ltd will not be able to mitigate its losses for any less than 100%. Tattoo artists are working at a professional tattoo studio. NZTE Ltd reserve the right of refusal to any registration. All exhibitors are responsible for their own insurance during the period of the convention.


text:
OAK BROOK, Ill. (CBS.MW) - The European beef crises eating away at McDonald's Corp. profits aren't over yet, the fast-food giant said Friday as it warned investors that earnings for the second quarter will again fall short of expectations.
The world's largest restaurant chain, also hit hard by currency fluctuations, expects earnings for the quarter to come in at 34 or 35 cents a share, as much as 4 cents below the First Call/Thomson Financial consensus of analysts' expectations.
A year ago, McDonald's MCD, +0.74% reported quarterly earnings of 39 cents a share, or $3.56 billion.
If currency exchange rates don't change, McDonald's Chief Executive Jack Greenberg expects the translation to slash 6 cents off the full-year profit. At First Call, the expectation is for McDonald's to make $1.49 a share for the year.
This is the third time in as many quarters that McDonald's has cautioned investors that sales were slipping. When asked on a conference call if he were confident in this latest guidance, Chief Executive Jack Greenberg pointed to the uncertainty of the business.
"I believe it's a realistic expectation," he said. "This is not fun to have to come to you and tell you our expectations were too optimistic.
"But we don't have a bunch of contracts in the pipeline," he added. "We just wake up every morning and hope that customer shows up."
Investors bid down McDonald's shares more than 5 percent in active trading Friday. The shares ended the regular session at $28.67, down $1.29.
The maker of Big Macs, Happy Meals and Quarter Pounders said it is still feeling the reverberations of beef-skittish consumers in Europe, thanks to fears associated with mad-cow and foot-and-mouth diseases.
"The effect of consumer concerns regarding the European beef supply is persisting longer than we anticipated," Greenberg said in a press release. As a result, the chain is stepping up efforts to sell menu items besides beef, such as chicken and toasted ham-and-cheese sandwiches.
"The good news is that sales are recovering and we believe we have seen the worst," said COO James Skinner, president of the Europe/Asia/Pacific region.
Maybe, but that was exactly what McDonald's officials said seven weeks ago during its first-quarter earnings call.
Greenberg admitted Friday that he was too optimistic about near-term expectations then.
He added, however, that he was not worried about any lasting issues associated with the beef woes. "We've lived through food-safety concerns before, though nothing quite as complicated" as mad cow, he said. "Our experience is that people come back to their habits of eating once there is confidence that the food supply is safe.
"I see no long-term danger here," he added.
Greenberg also slashed capital expenditures in some emerging markets in Latin American and Asia "where significant economic downturns are not rebounding as quickly as expected."
Greenberg expects "significant improvement" in the business in the second half, but even that won't boost earnings. He projected flat profits on a constant currency basis.
In the U.S., Alan Feldman, president and COO of the Americas, said that the second-quarter results of 2 percent growth were short of expectations, but were not totally surprising.
"We expected a tough comparison, primarily because of the tremendous success we had with Teeny Beanie Babies," in the same period last year, he said. Though McDonald's is shifting from focusing on toy-giveaway promotions to food and discounts, Feldman said he anticipated a better showing out of the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire promotion in early spring.
"Clearly we recognize the opportunity and challenges," he said. "Promotions can result in significant (sales) spikes...but annually batting 1,000 percent with promotions is tough."
Separately on the call, CFO Michael Conley said McDonald's is again considering spinning off its massive real-estate holdings into a real estate investment trust, prompted by the recent Internal Revenue Service's accounting change to make it a tax-free event.
Conley's doubtful, however, a REIT would be worth the effort.
McDonald's decided about three years ago against separating its real estate into a REIT because of "very complex business issues" related to leases and franchisee agreements.
"We were not entirely clear at the end of the day that there could have been that much increasing value mathematically in terms of the sum of the parts being greater than the whole," he said.
Though the company does not report its holdings, it is widely believed to own about $8 billion in property.


text:
Color(s): Tan
Leather and suede upper with man made sole. Wrap around ankle strap with buckle closure. Contrast leather heel. Heel measures approx 3.5"" H. RAYE-WZ193. CR Y2380. Inspired by the word ""Reina"", the Spanish word for queen, Raye is the queen bee shoe brand that will surely capture your heart. With an extensive assortment of silhouettes from heels to boots and sandals to flats, Raye has that perfect something for everyone.


text:
Chemical Bonds. a. Duet Rule: 2 electrons needed to satisfy valence shell. i. What follows this rule? Hydrogen and Helium
- William Norman
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Chemical Bonds 1. Important points about Lewis Dot: a. Duet Rule: 2 electrons needed to satisfy valence shell. i. What follows this rule? Hydrogen and Helium b. Octet Rule: 8 electrons needed to satisfy valence shell. i. What follows this rule? C, N, O and F are the only elements that pretty much always follow the rule. ii. What can exceed the octet? Any element whose valence shell is in n=3 or higher have the ability to carry more than 8 electrons in their valence. This is because at n = 3, there are additional d orbitals available for bonding. iii. What can have less than the octet? Boron is happy with 6 electrons in its valence. 2. What are the two types of electron pairs? a. Bonding Pair 2 electrons shared between two atoms in a molecule. These electrons are confined to the area between the two atoms sharing them. b. Lone Pair 2 unshared electrons that are found on one atom. These electrons take up more room than a bonding pair and tend to push bonding pairs closer together.
2 3. Steps for drawing a Lewis Dot structure a. Add up all valence electrons available using the periodic table. b. Draw a skeleton structure. c. Give all atoms in the compound the need duet or octet. d. Add up all electrons in use. Compare the number of electrons used to the number available. Remember you cannot exceed or go below the valence available. You must use the exact value. e. If you have used too many electrons you will need to make a double bond between two atoms. When you add the double bond pull a lone pair off each of the atoms participating in the double bond. Continue this process until you have used the correct number of electrons. f. If you have too few electrons, you will typically add them to the central atom. 4. Draw the Lewis Dot for a. CH 2 O Step 1 Count up valence electrons Based on the periodic table we can see that: C 4 valence, H 1 valence, O 6 valence Adding them all up we get:
3 Step 2 Build a skeleton If carbon is in a structure it is typically the central atom. Step 3 Give all atoms octet/duet Step 4 Add up electrons in Lewis Each bond counts for 2 electrons and each lone pair counts for 2 electrons. In this structure there are 3 bonds and 4 lone pairs: 3(2e - ) + 4(2e - ) = 14e - in use This value exceeds the 12e - available so we are going to have to make additional bonds. Step 5 replace lone pairs with bonds The only place we can add additional bonds is between carbon and oxygen (hydrogen does not make more than one bond). When we make this bond we will have to remove one lone pair from oxygen and one lone pair carbon. We needed to remove a lone pair from each because they share the bond and thus the bond counts as 2 electrons for both.
4 We now recount the number of electrons in use to see if it matches the number of electrons available. There are a total of 4 bonds and 2 lone pairs: 4(2e - ) + 2(2e - ) = 12e - in use As this value matches the original valence count this is a valid Lewis structure. 5. What do you do if there is more than one viable Lewis Structure? You need to look at the formal charges on the atoms in the compound and see which Lewis structure gives the best formal charges. a. How do you determine the formal charge? (# of valence electrons) (# of actual electrons in compound) = formal charge # of valence is the value you get from the periodic table. When counting the actual electrons remember that: lone pair = 2 e - bonding pair = 1e - b. What are favorable formal charges? 1. Values close to zero. 2. Negative formal charges on the most electronegative atom. 3. Positive formal charges on the least electronegative atom. 6. Draw the Lewis Dot with the best formal charges for a. OCN - Step 1 Count up valence electrons
5 Based on the periodic table we can see that: C 4 valence, N 5 valence, O 6 valence Adding them all up we get: Step 2 Build a skeleton If carbon is in a structure it is typically the central atom. Step 3 Give all atoms octet/duet Step 4 Add up electrons in Lewis Each bond counts for 2 electrons and each lone pair counts for 2 electrons. In this structure there are 2 bonds and 8 lone pairs: 2(2e - ) + 8(2e - ) = 20e - in use This value exceeds the 16e - available so we are going to have to make additional bonds. Step 5 replace lone pairs with bonds We needed to remove a lone pair from each because they share the bond and thus the bond counts as 2 electrons for both.
6 We now recount the number of electrons in use to see if it matches the number of electrons available. There are a total of 3 bonds and 6 lone pairs: 3(2e - ) + 6(2e - ) = 18e - in use We are still over our valence electron limit this means that we are going to have to make another bond. ` Once again, I need to add up the electrons in use there are four bonds and 4 lone pairs. 4(2e - ) + 4(2e - ) = 16e - We are using the correct number of valence electrons so this is a valid Lewis structure but is it the best? Couldn t we, just as easily, have drawn the structure as: or At this point we have 3 valid Lewis structures (valid meaning that octet/duets are satisfied and proper number of electrons have been used). Step 6 Compare formal charges
7 Looking at the formal charges, structure b is definitely not the correct structure, a formal charge of -2 on nitrogen would be too high energy. Comparing structure a and c the difference between their formal charges is the atom on which the negative charge is located. Remember that oxygen is more electronegative than N. This means that it would be preferential for the negative charge to be located on oxygen. This leads us to the conclusion that structure c is the best Lewis structure. Thus our final answer would be: When your compound has an overall charge it is important to remember to bracket the structure and place the charge outside. b. NO Step 1 Count up valence electrons Based on the periodic table we can see that: N 5 valence, O 6 valence Adding them all up we get: Step 2 Build a skeleton If carbon is in a structure it is typically the central atom. Step 3 Give all atoms octet/duet
8 Step 4 Add up electrons in Lewis Each bond counts for 2 electrons and each lone pair counts for 2 electrons. In this structure there is 1 bond and 6 lone pairs: 1(2e - ) + 6(2e - ) = 14e - in use This value exceeds the 11e - available so we are going to have to make additional bonds. Step 5 replace lone pairs with bonds We now recount the number of electrons in use to see if it matches the number of electrons available. There are a total of 2 bonds and 4 lone pairs: 2(2e - ) + 4(2e - ) = 12e - in use We are still over our valence electron limit but only by one electron this means that we cannot make a bond. We need to remove one electorn from either O or N and form a radical ( a radical is a compound that contains an unpaired electron). This means we can form or At this point we have 2 valid Lewis structures. Step 6 Compare formal charges
9 Looking at the formal charges, structure b is the best Lewis dot. Al formal charges are equal to zero. 7. What is resonance? Resonance is a situation in which there are more than one valid structure for a molecule such that the actual compound is some combination of all resonance structures. a. How do you know if you should pick the best structure or draw all resonance structures? In a case where all formal charges are equal you will have to draw each resonance structure out. When there is a case where there are variations in formal charges (as in the example above) you will pick the best structure. 8. Draw the Lewis Structure for a. NO 3 - Step 1 Count up valence electrons Based on the periodic table we can see that: N 5 valence, O 6 valence Adding them all up we get: Step 2 Build a skeleton If carbon is in a structure it is typically the central atom.
10 Step 3 Give all atoms octet/duet Step 4 Add up electrons in Lewis In this structure there is 3 bond and 10 lone pairs: 3(2e - ) + 10(2e - ) = 26e - in use This value exceeds the 24e - available so we are going to have to make additional bonds. Step 5 replace lone pairs with bonds We now recount the number of electrons in use to see if it matches the number of electrons available. There are a total of 4 bonds and 8 lone pairs: 4(2e - ) + 8(2e - ) = 24 e - in use We are using the correct number of electrons. But now we have to consider that there is no reason why the N has to be double bonded to one oxygen over another. This is a resonance case. That double bond is equally valid between the N and any of the oxygens. There is no diffenece in formal charges so all structures must be drawn:
11 9. How do you determine if a molecule is polar? Determining the electronegativity difference between the two atoms within the bond. Remember that electronegativity is the ability of an atom to pull electrons towards oneself. Generally: EN >1.8 indicates Ionic Bond 0.4< EN<1.8 indicates Polar Covalent EN< 0.4 indicates Non Polar Covalent 10. What is a handy way to remember electronegativity ordering? F >O>N>Cl>Br>I>S>C>H (pronounced FONClBrISCH ) Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Sulfur, Carbon, Hydrogen (Fluorine being the most electronegative) The further apart 2 atoms are the greater the difference in their electronegativities and more polar bond they would form. Notice that metals are not part of this list as metals tend to lose electrons, meaning they would have very weak electronegativity. 11. What is the premise of VSEPR theory? Electron pairs orientate themselves in a manner which minimizes repulsion (i.e. maximizes distance between electron pairs).
12 12. VSEPR Chart
13 13. How do electronic and molecular structure differ? Electronic structure is the shape that a molecule would take based solely on the number of areas of electron density (also known as steric number) in this case we do not need to differentiate between bonding pairs and lone pairs. Meaning we are looking at how ALL of the electrons lone/bonding will be arranged Molecular structure is the arrangement that focuses on how the bonding electrons will be orientated in space. 14. What are the bond angles of the non-lone pair bearing shapes? a. Linear (2 areas of e - density, no lone pairs) 180 o b. Trigonal Planar (3 areas of e - density, no lone pairs) 120 o c. Tetrahedral (4 areas of e - density, no lone pairs) o d. Trigonal bipyramidal (5 areas of e - density, no lone pairs) 120 o and 90 o e. Octrahedral (6 areas of e -, no lone pairs) 90 o 15. Do lone pairs affect bond angles? Because lone pairs take up more room they essentially push the bonding pairs closer together, thus altering typical bond angles. For example in NH 3 (which has one lone pair) the bond angle is o and in H 2 O (which has 2 lone pairs) the bond angle is o. In both cases however, there are 4 areas of electron density around the central atom. 16. How can shape affect polarity? Symmetry can cancel out a polar bond. If identical atoms are attached to an atom and the molecule is symmetric, it will be non-polar overall.
14 Let s say that B is more electronegative than A, such that they form a polar bond. The following is a list of some examples of how symmetry can cancel out polarity (keep in mind, this list is not exhaustive). Basically what you are looking for is a symmetry in which the electrons are being pulled with equal strength but in opposing directions. If you picture the pull on electrons as a tug of war imagine that the opposing teams are identical in strength and are pulling at angles that perfectly counter each other. If this were the case the electrons would not be pulled in any one direction more strongly than the other thus they would stay where they were. 17. Determine the electronic and molecular structures around each of the central atoms and whether the molecule is polar. In order to do this we will first have to draw the Lewis Dot structure. a. CHF 3 Following the rules described in preceding problems we would get the structure: In this case, the central atom, carbon, has 4 areas of electron density. That means that electronic configuration around carbon would be tetrahedral configuration. Additionally, because there are no lone pairs on the carbon, the molecular structure would also be tetrahedral.
15 The molecular structure would look like: In a tetrahedral the bond angles are o. This would be a polar molecule as F is more electronegative than C. b. I 3 - In this case, the central I has 5 areas of electron density. This means that the electronic configuration would be trigonal bipyramidal. Because three of the areas of electron density are lone pairs, the molecular configuration would be a linear configuration. With all atoms in the bond being identical, and it being symmetric, this would be a nonpolar molecule. c. BrF 5 In this case, the central atom, bromine, has 6 areas of electron density. This means that the electronic configuration would be octahedral. As one of these areas corresponds to a lone pair the molecular configuration would be square pyramidal. Thus the molecule around bromine would look like:
16 This would be a polar molecule. Due to the lone pairs, there would not be a canceling of polar bonds due to symmetry. 18. Explain why CF 4 and XeF 4 are non-polar yet SF 4 is polar. In order to explain this, we will have to look at the shape as predicted by VSEPR. We ll start with our Lewis Dots. 19. Indicate the symmetry around all non-hydrogen atom The carbon has three areas of electron density, no lone pairs. This would mean that around the carbon the arrangement would be trigonal planar. The oxygen oxygen in the C-O-H bond has four areas of electron density (with 2 lone pairs) so the atoms would be arrange in a bent (or v-shaped) fashin around that oxygen. Putting all of this together the VSEPR structure would look like:
17 20. Consider CH 4 a. What orbitals are available for bonding for each atom involved in the molecule? Each hydrogen has a 1s orbital available for bonding. Carbon has one 2s and 3 2p orbitals available for bonding. This was determined by looking at the valence of each atom. Rememebr that only valence electrons participate in bonding. b. Based on this would you expect all the C-H bonds in methane (CH 4 ) to be identical? To answer this let s look at the valence electron configuration for carbon. In it s current format, it doesn t look like carbon can make more than 2 bonds, as it has only 2 unpaired electrons. What winds up happening is that one of the 2s electrons gets promoted into the 2p shell so that we get: When this happens, we are now able to bond carbon 4 times, as there are four unpaired electrons. Next let s consider this in conjunction with the 4 hydrogen atoms. From this we can see that each one of the hydrogens can pair up with one of the unpaired electrons from the carbon atom.
18 Looking at these results we can now say that based on this initial information we would expect 3 of the four bond to be identical. This is the case because 3 of the bonds are made from a 1s/2p combination and one bond is made from a 1s/2s combination. Different orbitals used = different bonds. c. What have experiments shown? Experiments have shown that all bonds are actually equivalent (i.e. identical to one another).. d. What does this indicate? This means that carbon cannot be using its atomic orbitals (2s and 2p). If all bonds are identical is must be using 4 equivalent orbitals to bond with the hydrogens. 21. This means that when an atom patricpiates in a bond, its atomic orbitals (regular valence shell orbitals) are combined to form a hybrid. This new hybrid orbital is what particpates in the bond. 22. How does the energy of the hybrids compare to the atomic orbitals? The hybrid orbital has an energy level somewhere between the energy level of the composite atomic orbitals. 23. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals used.
19 24. What should you do first, when trying to determine the type of hybrid orbitals needed? Draw out your Lewis Dot structure. a. Why? It will help you to determine the number of areas of electron density (or steric number) of each of atom in the molecule. The type of hybrid used depends on the steric number. b. How many areas of electron density do the following account for? i. Lone Pairs - one ii. Single bond - one iii. Double Bond - one iv. Triple Bond one 25. Fill In the Following
20 26. Draw the following a. CH 4 Step 1 Lewis Dot Step 2 Determine the Steric Number for Atoms in Molecule Carbon Steric Number = 4 This means we will need to create a hybrid that has 4 orbitals. This means we need to combine 4 atomic orbitals. One s and three p orbitals which come together to form 4sp 3 hybrids. Hydrogen doesn t create hybrid orbitals because it only has a 1s electron available Thus, the molecule would look like: b. CH 2 O Step 1 Lewis Dot Step 2 Determine the Steric Number for Atoms in Molecule Carbon Steric Number = 3 This means that we need to create 3 hybrid orbitals. This means we need to combine 3 atomic orbitals. One s and two p orbitals which come together to form 3 sp 2 hybrids and one unhybridized p is left over.
21 Oxygen Steric Number = 3 This means that we need to create 3 hybrid orbitals. This means we need to combine 3 atomic orbitals. One s and two p orbitals which come together to form 3 sp 2 hybrids and one unhybridized p is left over. Hydrogen Does not form hybrids Thus the molecule would look like: 27. What are sigma and pi bonds? Sigma bonds are bonds that occur when orbitals have a head on overlap. These are all examples of sigma bonds. Pi bonds overlapping parallel p orbitals. These are two ways to represent the pi bond. 28. What are each type of bond composed of? Single = 1 sigma bond Double = 1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond Triple = 1 sigma bond + 2 pi bonds
22 29. Predict the shape, hybridization of central atom and polarity for the following a. OF 2 Shape Bent (4 areas of e - density and 2 lone pairs) sp 3 hybridization (Steric Number = 4, combination of 4 atomic orbitals) Polar b. TeF 4 Shape See Saw ( 5 areas of e - density and 1 lone pair) sp 3 d hybridization (Steric Number = 5, combination of 5 atomic orbitals) Polar c. BF 3 Shape Trigonal Planar (3 areas of e - density) sp 2 hybridization (Steric Number = 3, combination of 3 atomic orbitals) Non-polar (symmetry cancels out polar bonds)
23 30. Label the hybridization of C, O, and N in the following molecules. Also count total number of sigma bonds and total number of pi bonds. 31. Are all the atoms in the same plane? a. C 2 H 2 This would be a linear molecule (2 areas of e - density around each carbon, no lone pairs) b. CH 2 CCH 2 All of the atoms are not in the same plane. In order for the central carbon to double bond to each of the outer carbons they must form a pi bond. Pi bonds are made up of parallel p orbitals. This means that one of the carbons will have to bond with the p y and the other will bond with the p x. The sigma bonds occur on the z plan. 32. How can CO 3 2- help us understand the short falls of LE model? If you look at the Lewis Dot for CO 3 2- : This is a resonance structure. As you can see based on where we position the double bond, the hybridization of the oxygen atoms change. We cannot label it sp 2 or sp 3. Our
24 model is falling short here because we cannot describe resonance structures. This means that we need to revise out understanding a bit. 33. Orbitals are wave functions. One property of waves is that they can constructively or destructively interfere with each other. 34. What is constructive interference? When two waves constructively interfere the resultant wave has an increased amplitude. 35. What is destructive interference? When two waves destructively interfere they basically cancel each other out. 36. How does this relate to our understanding of orbital interactions? Just as waves have a positive phase and negative phase - so do orbitals. s orbital phases: p orbitals phase * a node is a location where there can be no electrons. When orbitals of the same phase interact with each other a bond forms. The electrons are located, primarily, between the two nuclei of each atom. When orbitals of different phases interact with each an anti-bond occurs. There is a node between the two nuclei of the atoms.
25 37. What is Molecular Orbital Theory? In this theory the atomic orbitals of different atoms are combined to make new bonding orbitals called molecular orbitals. 38. Facts about molecular orbitals? a. Molecular orbitals can hold up to 2e - with opposite spin. b. (Molecular Orbital) 2 = 90% probablility of finding e - within orbital. c. Only Molecular Orbitals exist after combining, no atomic orbitals. d. Molecular orbitals can be used to electron configuration for molecules. e. # of atomic orbitals used = # of molecular orbitals formed. f. When atomic orbitals interact they can do so constructively and destructively. g. Constructive interference produces bonding molecular orbitals that are lower in energy than the atomic orbitals contributors. h. Destructive interference produces anti-bonding molecular that are higher in energy than the atomic orbital contributors. i. Generally sigma bonds are lower in energy than pi bonds. 39. Why do bonds occur? The energy of the atoms combined is lower than the sum of all their energies independent from one another. 40. Fill in the following chart
26 Remember that degeneracy is when orbitals are at the same energy level. 41. What is a Molecular Orbital Diagram? A diagram that shows which atomic orbitals are being contributed to by the atoms and what molecular orbitals they will form. Additionally it indicates the relative energy level of all orbitals.
27 42. Draw the Molecular Orbital Diagram a. H 2 b. H 2 + When filling in the diagram always fill in lowest available molecular orbital first. In this case the molecule being formed is H 2 +. The positive charge indicates that one electron has been lost thus only one electron will be contributed. It does not matter which hydrogen you leave as the electron contributor. c. H 2 -
28 In this case the molecule being formed is H 2 -. The negative charge indicates that an extra electron has been gained thus three electrons are being contributed. It doesn t matter which hydrogen you add the electron to. 43. What is bond order? Bond order indicates the relative strength/stability of a bond. The formula for determining the bond order of a compound is: 44. Some facts about bond order: a. A bond order of zero indicates that the compound does not exist. b. The bond order typically corresponds to the type of bond present. i.e. Bond order = 1 indicates a single bond Bond order = 2 indicates a double bond Bond order = 3 indicates a triple bond 45. What do the bond orders for #41 tell us about relative stabilities of H 2, H 2 +,H 2 -?
29 H 2 = (2 0) / 2 = 1 H 2 + = (1-0)/2 = ½ H 2 - = (2-1)/(2) = ½ Based on these bond orders we can see that H 2 is the most stable compound. 46. Paramagnetic substances have unpaired electrons and are therefore attracted toward a magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances have paired electrons and are therefore repelled by a magnetic field. 47. What is the order of molecular orbitals for B 2, C 2 and N 2? σ 2s σ * 2s π 2p σ 2p π * 2p Remember that there are 2 degenerate orbitals in both the π and π *. Thus there are a total of 4 electrons that are contained within the π orbitals. 48. What is the order of molecular orbitals for O 2 and F 2? σ 2s σ * 2s σ 2p π 2p π * 2p 49. Draw the Molecular orbital diagrams for N 2 and O Why do B 2, C 2 and N 2 have a different MO order compared to O 2 and F 2? π 2p is lower in energy for B 2, C 2 and N 2 because of e - repulsion σ 2p has with σ 2s.
30 Additionally there is some s/p orbital mixing that changes energies. σ 2p is lower in energy because as protons are added the 2s orbital diminishes in size such that the e - repulsion is minimalized. 51. Write out the MO electron configuration for each. N 2 2- : N 2 2-, O 2 2-, F 2 2- O 2 2- : F 2 2- : a. Which of the following is predicted to be the most stable diatomic species? In order to determine this we will have to look at the bond orders of each molecule. You can look at all the electrons or just the valence electrons to determine the bond order you will get the same answer using either method. N 2 2- : using all electrons (10-6)/2 = 2, gives the same answer as looking only at the valence electrons (8-4)/2 = 2.
31 O 2 2- : (8-6)/2 = 1 F 2 2- : (8-8)/2 = 0 Based on these bond order values we can determine that N 2 2- is the most stable of all the species. We can also determine that F 2 2- doesn t exist as it has a bond order equal to zero. b. Indicate whether each is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. In order to determine this, you will need to determine if the electrons in the last molecular orbital are paired up or not. If they are paired up, it is diamagnetic; if not, paramagnetic. N paramagnetic O 2 2- : diamagnetic F 2 2- : paramagnetic 52. Use the MO model to predict the bond order and magnetism for Ne 2 and P 2. Ne 2: Because Ne comes after O and F on the periodic table, we will use their molecular orbital configuration. Bond Order = (8-8)/2 = 0 This compound does not exist. P 2 : Because P is in the same family as N, we will use the B 2, C 2, N 2 configuration. Bond Order = (8-2)/2 = 3 Diamagnetic 53. Complete the MO diagram for NO.
32 When creating the MO diagram for a molecule that has elements has B, C or N and O or F default to the B, C, and N MO order. Notice that when using molecular orbital theory, there is absolutely no issue with an odd number of electrons, unlike Lewis. 54. How do we reconcile these two theories (i.e. LE and MO models)? For simplicities sake we will view σ bonds as being localized (hybrid orbitals) and we will view π bonds through molecular orbital theory, in which the electrons are delocalized. To better understand this, we will consider benzene, C 6 H 6, a resonance structure. In the combined view of localized σ bonds and delocalized π, the new depiction looks like:
Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2
Chem 1A Dr. White Updated /5/1 1 Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2 Section 2-1: Covalent Bonding 1. On a potential energy diagram, the most stable state has the highest/lowest potential energy.More information
CHAPTER NOTES CHAPTER 16. Covalent Bonding
CHAPTER NOTES CHAPTER 16 Covalent Bonding Goals : To gain an understanding of : NOTES: 1. Valence electron and electron dot notation. 2. Stable electron configurations. 3. Covalent bonding. 4. PolarityMore information
1 SAPES MLEULES (VSEPR MDEL) Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion model - Electron pairs surrounding atom spread out as to minimize repulsion. - Electron pairs can be bonding pairs (including multipleMore information
Chapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model A. Hybridization 1. The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce newMore information
EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory
EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory Materials: Molecular Model Kit INTRODUCTION Although it has recently become possible to image molecules and even atoms using a high-resolution microscope,More information
Molecular Geometry and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland Community College for the use of this experiment.
Molecular and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland ommunity ollege for the use of this experiment. Objectives To construct molecular models for covalently bonded atoms in molecules and polyatomic ionsMore information
The Lewis electron dot structures below indicate the valence electrons for elements in Groups 1-2 and Groups 13-18
AP EMISTRY APTER REVIEW APTER 7: VALENT BNDING You should understand the nature of the covalent bond. You should be able to draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for any atom, molecule, or polyatomic ion.More information
COVALENT BONDING. [MH5; Chapter 7]
COVALENT BONDING [MH5; Chapter 7] Covalent bonds occur when electrons are equally shared between two atoms. The electrons are not always equally shared by both atoms; these bonds are said to be polar covalent.More information
Chapter 9. Chemical reactivity of molecules depends on the nature of the bonds between the atoms as well on its 3D structure
Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry & Bonding Theories I) Molecular Geometry (Shapes) Chemical reactivity of molecules depends on the nature of the bonds between the atoms as well on its 3D structure MolecularMore information
Valence Bond Theory - Description
Bonding and Molecular Structure - PART 2 - Valence Bond Theory and Hybridization 1. Understand and be able to describe the Valence Bond Theory description of covalent bond formation. 2. Understand andMore information
5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules
5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules What you will accomplish in this experiment This experiment will give you an opportunity to draw Lewis structures of covalent compounds, then use thoseMore information
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds A. Ionic Bonding 1. Electrons are transferred 2. Metals react with nonmetals 3. Ions paired have lower energyMore information
2. Atoms with very similar electronegativity values are expected to form
AP hemistry Practice Test #6 hapter 8 and 9 1. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Ionic bonding results from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. b. Dipole moments resultMore information
Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures
Introduction Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures Molecular compounds are formed by sharing electrons between non-metal atoms. A useful theory for understanding the formation of molecularMore information
Lewis Dot Structure Answer Key
Lewis Dot Structure Answer Key 1) Nitrogen is the central atom in each of the following species: N2 N2 - N2 + Nitrogen can also form electron deficient compounds with a single unpaired electron on theMore information
EXPERIMENT 14: CMPARISNS F TE SAPES F MLECULES AND INS USING MDELS PURPSE Models of various molecules and ions will be constructed and their shapes and geometries will be compared. BACKGRUND LEWIS STRUCTURESMore information
Chapter 7. Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds. Ionic Bonds. Types of Bonds. Quick Review of Bond Types. Covalent Bonds
Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds Chapter 7 Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Intermolecular forces (much weaker than bonds) must be broken Ionic bonds must be broken 1 Ionic Bonds Covalent BondsMore information
C has 4 valence electrons, O has six electrons. The total number of electrons is 4 + 2(6) = 16.
129 Lewis Structures G. N. Lewis hypothesized that electron pair bonds between unlike elements in the second (and sometimes the third) row occurred in a way that electrons were shared such that each elementMore information
Chapter 11. Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms
Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 1 11.1 Periodic Trends in atomic properties 11.1 Periodic Trends in atomic properties design of periodic table is based on observing propertiesMore information
A pure covalent bond is an equal sharing of shared electron pair(s) in a bond. A polar covalent bond is an unequal sharing.
CHAPTER EIGHT BNDING: GENERAL CNCEPT or Review 1. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Electronegativity is a bonding term. Electron affinity is theMore information
Vocabulary: VSEPR. 3 domains on central atom. 2 domains on central atom. 3 domains on central atom NOTE: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
Vocabulary: VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory domain = any electron pair, or any double or triple bond is considered one domain. lone pair = non-bonding pair = unshared pair = any electronMore information
Lab Manual Supplement
Objectives 1. Learn about the structures of covalent compounds and polyatomic ions. 2. Draw Lewis structures based on valence electrons and the octet rule. 3. Construct 3-dimensional models of moleculesMore information
Name: Class: Date: 3) The bond angles marked a, b, and c in the molecule below are about,, and, respectively.
Name: Class: Date: Unit 9 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The basis of the VSEPR model of molecular bonding is. A) regions ofMore information
Covalent Bonding And Molecular Geometry
ovalent Bonding And Molecular Geometry Questions: 1.ow can the valence electrons of an atom be represented? 2.ow do atoms achieve an octet? 3.ow are electrons shared in a molecule? 4.ow can the geometriesMore information
Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8)
Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8) End of Chapter questions: 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 43, 46, 67, 77 Chemical reaction valence electrons of atoms rearranged (lost,More information
Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory Concept Check 10.1 An atom in a molecule is surrounded by four pairs of electrons, one lone pair and three bonding pairs. Describe how the fourMore information
EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules
EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules INTRODUCTION Lewis dot structures are our first tier in drawing molecules and representing bonds between the atoms. The method was first publishedMore information
CHAPTER 9 COVALENT BONDING: ORBITALS. Questions
APTER 9 VALET BDIG: RBITALS Questions 9. In hybrid orbital theory, some or all of the valence atomic orbitals of the central atom in a molecule are mixed together to form hybrid orbitals; these hybridMore information
Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance
Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance Lewis Dot notation is a way of describing the outer shell (also called the valence shell) of anMore information
5. Which of the following subatomic particles are most important in determining the chemical reactivity and physical properties of an atom?
1. For the following compounds draw the Lewis Structure and determine: (a) The # of Bonding Pairs (b) The # of Lone pairs (c) The electron domain shape (d) The molecular shape (e) Hybridization (f) WhetherMore information
Chapter10 Tro. 4. Based on the Lewis structure, the number of electron domains in the valence shell of the CO molecule is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Chapter10 Tro 1. All of the geometries listed below are examples of the five basic geometries for molecules with more than 3 atoms except A) planar triangular B) octahedral C) tetrahedral D) trihedralMore information
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Chem 1: Chapter 10 Page 1 Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory I) VSEPR Model Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Model A) Model predicts Predicts electron arrangement and molecularMore information
Bonding Models. Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Resonance Structures. Section 2 (Chapter 3, M&T) Chemical Bonding
Bonding Models Section (Chapter, M&T) Chemical Bonding We will look at three models of bonding: Lewis model Valence Bond model M theory Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Lewis model of bondingMore information
Answer the following questions. CHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW 1. What are the three kinds of bonds which can form between atoms? The three types of Bonds are Covalent, Ionic and Metallic. Name Date Block 2.More information
UNIT TEST Atomic & Molecular Structure. Name: Date:
SCH4U UNIT TEST Atomic & Molecular Structure Name: _ Date: Part A - Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Who postulated that electronsMore information
10. Geometry Hybridization Unhybridized p atomic orbitals
APTER 14 VALET BDIG: RBITALS The Localized Electron Model and ybrid rbitals 9. The valence orbitals of the nonmetals are the s and p orbitals. The lobes of the p orbitals are 90E and 180E apart from eachMore information
5. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for SOCl 2
Unit C Practice Problems Chapter 8 1. Draw the lewis structures for the following molecules: a. BeF 2 b. SO 3 c. CNS 1- d. NO 2. The correct Lewis symbol for ground state carbon is a) b) c) d) e) 3. WhichMore information
Chemistry 105, Chapter 7 Exercises
hemistry 15, hapter 7 Exercises Types of Bonds 1. Using the periodic table classify the bonds in the following compounds as ionic or covalent. If covalent, classify the bond as polar or not. Mg2 4 i2 a(3)2More information
3.4 Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures
3.4 Covalent Bonds and Lewis Structures The Lewis Model of Chemical Bonding In 1916 G. N. Lewis proposed that atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. Maximum stability resultsMore information
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Ionic and Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Transfer of Electrons When metals bond with nonmetals, electrons are from the metal to the nonmetal The becomes a cation and the becomes an anion. The between the cationMore information
Chapter 9-10 practice test
Class: Date: Chapter 9-10 practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which one of the following is most likely to be an ionic compound?More information
ch9 and 10 practice test
1. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (highest percent ionic character)? A. Al I B. Si I C. Al Cl D. Si Cl E. Si P 2. What is the hybridization of the central atom in ClO 3? A. spMore information
ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE 10.1 To be the central atom in a compound, the atom must be able to simultaneously bond to at least two other atoms. e,, and cannot serve as central atoms in a Lewis structure. eliumMore information
Question 4.2: Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br.
Question 4.1: Explain the formation of a chemical bond. A chemical bond is defined as an attractive force that holds the constituents (atoms, ions etc.) together in a chemical species. Various theoriesMore information
Structures and Properties of Substances. Introducing Valence-Shell Electron- Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Structures and Properties of Substances Introducing Valence-Shell Electron- Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory The VSEPR theory In 1957, the chemist Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm, developed a model forMore information
The Lewis structure is a model that gives a description of where the atoms, charges, bonds, and lone pairs of electrons, may be found.
CEM110 Week 12 Notes (Chemical Bonding) Page 1 of 8 To help understand molecules (or radicals or ions), VSEPR shapes, and properties (such as polarity and bond length), we will draw the Lewis (or electronMore information
CH101/105, GENERAL CHEMITRY LABORATORY LABORATORY LECTURE 5 EXPERIMENT 5: LEWI TRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR HAPE Lecture topics I. LEWI TRUCTURE a) calculation of the valence electron numbers; b) choosing theMore information
Chapter 12 Review 1: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
Chapter 12 Review 1: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure 1) How are ionic bonds and covalent bonds different, and what types of elements combine to form each? Ionic bonds result from the transfer ofMore information
Unit 28 Molecular Geometry
Unit 28 Molecular Geometry There are two concepts in the study of molecular geometry. One is called the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model. The other is electron orbital hybridization.More information
Health Science Chemistry I CHEM-1180 Experiment No. 15 Molecular Models (Revised 05/22/2015)
(Revised 05/22/2015) Introduction In the early 1900s, the chemist G. N. Lewis proposed that bonds between atoms consist of two electrons apiece and that most atoms are able to accommodate eight electronsMore information
VSEPR Model. The Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model. Predicting Molecular Geometry
VSEPR Model The structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing electron pair repulsions. The Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model The valence-shell electron pair repulsionMore information
Chem 121 Problem Set V Lewis Structures, VSEPR and Polarity
hemistry 121 Problem set V olutions - 1 hem 121 Problem et V Lewis tructures, VEPR and Polarity AWER 1. pecies Elecronegativity difference in bond Bond Polarity Mp 3 E = 3.0-3.0 = 0 for - very weakly polarMore information
Ch. 9 Review Packet Answers - 1. Chapter 9 Review Packet
Ch. 9 Review Packet Answers - 1 Chapter 9 Review Packet 1. The hybridization of the central nitrogen of N O is: a) not hybridized. b) sp c) sp d) sp 3 e) dsp 3. The hybridization of the central atom, sulfur,More information
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Day 3. Covalent bonding: Lewis dot structures and Molecular Shape.
Inorganic Chemistry with Doc M. Day 3. Covalent bonding: Lewis dot structures and Molecular Shape. Topics: 1. Covalent bonding, Lewis dot structures in review, formal charges 2. VSEPR 6. Resonance 3. ExpandedMore information
Covalent Bonding and Molecular Geometry
Name Section # Date of Experiment Covalent Bonding and Molecular Geometry When atoms combine to form molecules (this also includes complex ions) by forming covalent bonds, the relative positions of theMore information
Chemical Bonds: A Preview Chapter 9 Section 1.1 Forces called chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules and keep ions in place in solid ionic
Chemical Bonds: A Preview Chapter 9 Section 1.1 Forces called chemical bonds hold atoms together in molecules and keep ions in place in solid ionic compounds. Chemical bonds are electrostatic forces; theyMore information
Ch a p t e r s 8 a n d 9
Ch a p t e r s 8 a n d 9 Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structures Objectives You will be able to: 1. Write a description of the formation of the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms to form a hydrogenMore information
LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams
LCAO-MO Correlation Diagrams (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals to yield Molecular Orbitals) For (Second Row) Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules (X 2 ) - the following LCAO-MO s are generated: LCAO MOMore information
Unit 8: Drawing Molecules
Unit 8: Drawing Molecules bjectives Topic 1: Lewis Dot Diagrams & Ionic Bonding 1. Draw a Lewis dot diagram of any representative element. 2. Draw a Lewis dot diagram of any ionic compound. A Lewis structureMore information
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the ionic compounds NaF, CsI, and CaO in order of increasing lattice energy. Analyze From the formulas for threeMore information
Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson
Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson r2 n:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\00bondingtrans.doc The Nature of Bonding Types 1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Metallic 4. Coordinate covalent DrivingMore information
A REVIEW OF GENERAL CEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Draw Lewis (electron dot and line) structural formulas for simple compounds and ions from molecularMore information
ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE EMIAL ETI BED READIG RBLEM B10.1 lan: Examine the Lewis structure, noting the number of regions of electron density around the carbon and nitrogen atoms in the two resonance structures.More information
Exercises Topic 2: Molecules
hemistry for Biomedical Engineering. Exercises Topic 2 Authors: ors: Juan Baselga & María González Exercises Topic 2: Molecules 1. Using hybridization concepts and VSEPR model describe the molecular geometryMore information
Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization
Exercise 13 Page 1 Illinois Central College CEMISTRY 130 Laboratory Section: Valence Bond Theory: ybridization Name: Objectives To illustrate the distribution of electrons and rearrangement of orbitalsMore information
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Why do TiCl 4 and TiCl 3 have different colors?... different chemical properties?... different physical states? Chemical Bonding and Properties Difference inMore information
Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
Hybrid Atomic Orbitals These materials were adapted from Prof. George Bodner, Purdue University (http:// chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/hybrid.html#geom; excerpted 08/25/2011). ThisMore information
Sharing of Electrons. Covalent Bonding Chapter 8. Ch. 8 Vocabulary OBJECTIVES. Exothermic Reaction Structural Formula (Ch. 8.3) Polar Covalent Bond
Ch. 8 Vocabulary 2 Covalent Bonding Chapter 8 Covalent bond Molecule Lewis Structure Sigma bond Pi bond Bond Dissociation Energy Endothermic Reaction Exothermic Reaction Structural Formula (Ch. 8.3) PolarMore information
A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together is called a(n)
Chemistry I ATOMIC BONDING PRACTICE QUIZ Mr. Scott Select the best answer. 1) A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together isMore information
Lewis Structures. Sections Learning goals:
1 Lewis Structures. Sections 3.3-3.7 Learning goals: (1) Writing valid Lewis structures for the constitutional structure of molecular substances for a given composition. (2) Predicting molecular geometryMore information
LEWIS DIAGRAMS. by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY
by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY The contents of this module were developed under grant award # P116B-001338 from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), United States DepartmentMore information
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW. Chemical Bonding. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
Name Date lass APTER 6 REVIEW hemical Bonding SETIN 1 SRT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. a A chemical bond between atoms results from the attraction between the valenceMore information
Geometries and Valence Bond Theory Worksheet
Geometries and Valence Bond Theory Worksheet Also do Chapter 10 textbook problems: 33, 35, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 67, 83, 87. 1. Fill in the tables below for each of the species shown. a) CCl 2 2More information
Chemical Bonding: Covalent Systems Written by Rebecca Sunderman, Ph.D Week 1, Winter 2012, Matter & Motion
Chemical Bonding: Covalent Systems Written by Rebecca Sunderman, Ph.D Week 1, Winter 2012, Matter & Motion A covalent bond is a bond formed due to a sharing of electrons. Lewis structures provide a descriptionMore information
VSEPR Theory, Valence Bond Theory, Characteristic of Covalent Compounds. VSEPR theory was proposed by Gillespie and Nyholm to explain the shapes of molecules and ions.. The orbital which contains the bondedMore information
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the following ionic compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: NaF, CsI, and CaO. Analyze: From the formulasMore information
Self Assessment_Ochem I
UTID: 2013 Objective Test Section Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. There is only one correct answer; please carefully bubble your choice on the scantron sheet.More information
Molecular Models: Lewis Structure and VSEPR Theory
Minneapolis Community & Technical College Chemistry Department Chem 1020 Laboratory Molecular Models: Lewis Structure and VSEPR Theory bjectives To determine the Lewis structure for a molecule To determineMore information
Chapter 5 Chemical Compounds. An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop
Chapter 5 Chemical Compounds An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop Chapter Map Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Element: A substance that cannot be chemically converted into simpler substances;More information
Assignment 7 and Practice Third Exam Solutions
Assignment 7 and Practice Third Exam Solutions 1. Draw the structures of the following molecules, and don t forget their lone pairs! (a) thiocyanide anion, SC Isoelectronic analogies: S is like, and isMore information
Principal energy levels are divided into sublevels following a distinctive pattern, shown in Table 5.1 below.
56 Chapter 5: Electron Configuration, Lewis Dot Structure, and Molecular Shape Electron configuration. The outermost electrons surrounding an atom (the valence electrons) are responsible for the numberMore information
Copyright Page 1
1 Introduction to Bonding: Two-Dimensional Lewis tructures Key Terms: abbreviated electron configuration combines the inert, noble core electrons (abbreviated via a noble element) with the outermost orMore information
Molecular Geometry. How can molecular shapes be predicted using the VSEPR theory? H 2. CO 3 electron domains (3 bonding, 0 nonbonding)
Why? Molecular Geometry How can molecular shapes be predicted using the VSEPR theory? When you draw a Lewis structure for a molecule on paper, you are making a two-dimensional representation of the atoms.More information
Hybrid Molecular Orbitals
Hybrid Molecular Orbitals Last time you learned how to construct molecule orbital diagrams for simple molecules based on the symmetry of the atomic orbitals. Molecular orbitals extend over the entire moleculeMore information
Hybrid Orbitals Introduction Hybridization Examples of sp Hybridization... 6
Hybrid Orbitals These materials were adapted from (http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/organic_chemistry/ Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals?highlight=hybrid+orbitals); excerpted 09/13/2011). This work is licensed underMore information
Chapter 3 Molecular Shape and Structure
Key oncepts hapter 3 Molecular Shape and Structure The VSEPR Model (Sections 3.1 3.3) molecular formula, structural formula, space-filling model, ball-and-stick model, bond angle, valence-shell electron-pairMore information
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms Lewis dot formulas or Lewis dot representations are a convenient bookkeeping method for tracking valence electrons. Valence electrons are those electrons that are transferredMore information
1 Lecture 5 Resonance 1. Lone pair next to empty 2p orbital
1 Lecture 5 esonance 1. Lone pair next to empty 2p orbital sp 2 + is more common sp + is less common + needs electrons, has to overlap with a. an adjacent 2p lone pair with electrons b. an adjacent piMore information
: : Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems
Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems 1 1. For the following examples, the valence electron count is placed in parentheses after the empirical formula and only the resonance structures that satisfyMore information
1.15 Bonding in Methane and Orbital Hybridization
1.15 Bonding in Methane and Orbital Hybridization Structure of Methane tetrahedral bond angles = 109.5 bond distances = 110 pm but structure seems inconsistent with electron configuration of carbon ElectronMore information
What Are the Shapes of Molecules?
Lab 7 Name What Are the Shapes of Molecules? Pre-Lab Assignment Read the entire lab handout. There is no written pre-lab assignment for this lab. Learning Goals Derive the Lewis structure of a covalentMore information
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding 1. There are paired and unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. (a). 4, 2 (b). 2, 4 (c). 4, 3 (d). 2, 3 Explanation: Read the questionMore information
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of livingMore information
Chemical Bonds, Molecular Models and Shapes
Chem 100 Section Experiment 6 Chemical Bonds, Molecular Models and Shapes Introduction The properties of chemical compounds are directly related to the ways in which atoms are bonded together into molecules.More information
Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. Chemistry Chemical bonding, molecular structure and Gases Blizzard Bag 2014-2015
Copyright 2014 Edmentum - All rights reserved. Chemistry Chemical bonding, molecular structure and Gases Blizzard Bag 2014-2015 1. Which of the following is a unit of pressure? A. newton-meters per secondMore information
Lesson 3. Chemical Bonding. Molecular Orbital Theory
Lesson 3 Chemical Bonding Molecular Orbital Theory 1 Why Do Bonds Form? An energy diagram shows that a bond forms between two atoms if the overall energy of the system is lowered when the two atoms approachMore information
Chapter 5 Molecular Orbitals 5 CHAPTER 5: MOLECULAR ORBITALS 5. There are three possible bonding interactions: p z d z p y d yz p x d xz 5. a. Li has a bond order of. (two electrons in a bonding orbital;More information
Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory To date, we have looked at three different theories of molecular boning. They are the VSEPR Theory (with Lewis Dot Structures), the Valence Bond Theory (with hybridization) andMore information
7.14 Linear triatomic: A-----B-----C. Bond angles = 180 degrees. Trigonal planar: Bond angles = 120 degrees. B < B A B = 120
APTER SEVEN Molecular Geometry 7.13 Molecular geometry may be defined as the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The study of molecular geometry is important in that a molecule s geometryMore information
Lewis Dot Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride.
Lewis Dot Structure of Hydrogen Fluoride. Drawing Lewis Structures Sum the valence electrons from all atoms in the species. Write the atomic symbols for the atoms involved so as to show which atoms areMore information


text:
Ask a QuestionHere are the questions asked by community members. Read on to see the answers provided by the ThriftyFun community or ask a new question.
My dog large had 17 pups, 4 died. Can she nurse 13 pups? One day later, she is not drinking or eating. What should I do?
After my female dog gave birth to her puppies she refused to eat or drink. She wouldn't leave the puppies alone for the first 24 to 48 hours. This is the most critical time for the new puppies. I had to take her food and water to her. She finally started eating a little bit later on.
Normally new puppies will suck on their mom for the first 24 hours non-stop. This is what I saw with my dog. The dog needs the antibiotics that are supplied in the mother's milk. This is normal. Try moving her water bowl and food bowl closer to her. This helped and my female did eat and drink after I did this. The first 3 days I had to keep filling her water dish all the time and leave it next to her.
The mother is also keeping the puppies warm. New puppies can't see or hear until they are around 18 to 21 days old. They can smell and they need the warmth of each other and the mother. They have no way of keeping warm on their own.
My 4 year old Yorkie just had a litter of 6. All are well. She, on the other hand, will not eat much of anything, but drinks okay. She is nursing well and I am afraid that it is draining her without replenishing. She also is still doing the nesting ritual. She is alert and active. Any suggestions?
By johnny c from FL
I recommend you give her vet a call, just to be sure. They can refer back to her medical records and give the best advice. I hope mama is feeling better soon!
Thanks. I took her to vet today again and they said that she was fine, took blood all was good. They also gave her some fluids. Suggested we force feed he with a syringe with some prescription food for a few days. She is looking better already.
:-) I'm really glad you took her in, and that she's already improving! Did they say why this might be happening? I've never had a pet who had babies (all of our pets have been fixed), so I don't know if this is normal/to be expected. Again, I'm so glad she's starting to do better!
How long will the bitch refuse to eat after giving birth to four puppies?
She devotes her attention to the pups for 24-48 hours. Call the vet if she doesnt eat after that.
ThriftyFun is one of the longest running frugal living communities on the Internet. These are archives of older discussions.
My toy Yorkie just had pups on Oct 16th, but they both died. Does anyone know how I can help her? She is looking for her pups and is not eating. She will eat some liver sausage, but no chicken, cottage cheese, or dog food. I always made her food using chicken breast, carrots, potatoes and brown rice, with cream of chicken soup to moisten it. She will not touch it.
Any suggestions so that I can help her? I am giving her tons of attention. Could she be depressed? If so what can I do?
By connie from MI
Alert your vet of the problem. He will probably say not to worry too much. She's going thru postpartum and has no appetite, plus fretting over where her babies are. She's entitled to a few days of not wanting to eat.
Your vet will tell you when it's time to bring her in if need be. Until then, keep offering her things and watch her. But don't worry too much. If she was healthy before giving birth, she should be OK and won't starve herself to death. She just needs time to get over the birth and her loss.
Think how you'd feel if you gave birth to stillborn twins. Then add in that she doesn't understand why she can't find them, and you can't explain it to her.
By Cricket
It also might help if you give her a couple of tiny stuffed toys that she can "mother". I've done that many times when puppies died at birth and it's almost always helped the mother to recover.
But yes, she is very definitely depressed. So you also need to give her lots of extra love too, which I'm sure you already are.
By Cricket
Have you checked to make sure she has not gotten an inflamed mammary system? After having the babies, and losing them, she may have just gotten engorged with milk, and sometimes that can cause some problems. See if she is running a fever, and if you can't check, take her to a vet to be sure that she doesn't have underlying problems. Our babies are too dear to take chances.
By Loretta


text:
Get more clients from your website!
Join our workshop - How to Write Winning Words for Your Website.
Check out our
Workshops page.
By completing this form, you agree to receive newsletters - tips about writing for business. Occasionally, they'll be about workshops and webinars.
Get more clients from your website!
Join our workshop - How to Write Winning Words for Your Website.
Check out our
Workshops page.
Yes – we do have Terms & Conditions … and we're not shy about them.
They show that, although we may sometimes project a light-hearted image, we take our clients seriously and we take ourselves seriously.
These Terms and Conditions shall apply to the provision of Services by Copywriter Pro, hereinafter called "the Company", of 18 Langham Place, Northampton, NN2 6AA, to the Client, as identified in the Quotation or Retained Contract.
1.Definitions and Interpretation:
"Contract" means the contract formed upon Acceptance as outlined above;
"Copy" means any material provided by us throughout the provision of the Services;
"Expense" means any cost incurred by us in direct relation to the provision of the services;
"Quotation" means the quotation for the performance of the Services, which remains open for acceptance for a period of 30 days and shall constitute our entire scope of works; and
"Services" means any services provided by us to the Client, either on a one-off or retained basis, including but not limited to, copywriting, search engine optimisation, advertising and social media management.
2. The Services
3. Fees
4. Payment
5. Client's Responsibilities
6. Notice and/or Lead In Period
Unless otherwise agreed in writing between the parties at the time of acceptance, we require a minimum of 30 days' formal notice to commence the Services.
7. Delay & Abortive visits
Our price is based on being able to complete our services in the agreed number of hours or visits over the period as detailed in the Contract. If we are prevented from continuous working through to completion, we reserve the right to recover any costs incurred by way of delay or abortive visits.
In the event of a delay, we shall then require, from the Client, a further written notice or lead in period in accordance with clause 6 above.
8. Errors or Discrepancies
The Client shall be responsible for the accuracy of any information submitted to us and for ensuring that the Quotation or Contract reflects the requirements of the Client. Our Quotation is based on the information provided to us at the time of preparing such Quotation. Should any errors or discrepancies become evident which affect the order value, we reserve the right to make any adjustments to it.
9. Variation and Amendments
10. Cancellation
11. Termination
12. Confidentiality
13. Documentation
We include for any documentation to be submitted in our normal standard format only. If additional copies or specific requirements are needed, we reserve the right to apply additional charges. We shall retain title to the documentation and no documentation shall be handed over until all payments as detailed above have been paid in full.
14. Literature and Representations
Any marketing literature is presented in good faith as a guide to represent the services offered and does not form a part of the Contract.
None of our employees or agents are authorised to make any representation concerning the services unless confirmed by us in writing. In entering into the Contract, the Client acknowledges that it does not rely on and waives any claim for breach of any such representations, which are not so confirmed.
15. Copyright and Licensing
16. No employment
Nothing in this Contract shall render or be deemed to render us an employee or agent of the Client or the Client an employee or agent of ours.
17. Insurance
We include for Public Liability Insurance and Professional Indemnity Insurance.
18. Assignment and Sub-Contracting
19. Liability and Indemnity
20. Restrictive Covenants
21. Force Majeure
Neither we nor the Client shall be liable for any failure or delay in performing our obligations under the Contract where such failure or delay results from any cause that is beyond the reasonable control of that Party. Such causes include, but are not limited to: power failure, Internet Company failure, industrial action, civil unrest, fire, flood, storms, earthquakes, acts of terrorism, acts of war, governmental action or any other event that is beyond the control of the Party in question.
22. Waiver
23. Severance
The Parties agree that, in the event that one or more of the provisions of these Terms and Conditions are found to be unlawful, invalid or otherwise unenforceable, that / those provisions shall be deemed severed from the remainder of these Terms and Conditions (and the Contract, as appropriate). The remainder of these Terms and Conditions shall be valid and enforceable.
24. Data Protection
Both parties agree to comply with all applicable data protection legislation, including but not limited to the Data Protection Act 1998 and any subsequent amendments thereto.
25. Third Party Rights
No part of the Contract is intended to confer rights on any third parties and accordingly the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 shall not apply to the Contract.
26. Notices
27. Law and Jurisdiction
We write Words -
Words for Websites, Newsletters, Social Media.
If your words are online, we'll write them.
Business Cards, Business Letters, Sales Letters, Direct Mail, Flyers, Leaflets, Catalogues, Brochures, Presentation Folders
Copy for Lawyers, Accountants, Estate Agents, Recruiters, Builders, Retailers, Manufacturers … and Copy for You!
I'll write your web content. Then 2 years later, you'll receive a completely free re-write. Are there conditions? You bet there are!


text:
Carnevale & San Valentino11:01
I discuss Carnevale in bried in Italian 1 when we discuss holidays. When we do Pinocchio in Italian 3 I go more in depth as we discuss some of the famous masks, like Arlecchino. Here are some free resources for Carnevale:
La pappadolce
Maestra Mary
Ciao Bambini
As for San Valentino, I often show the following video:
Depending on the level I'm teaching and the personality of the students, I might go over some vocabulary via Powerpoint and have the students make valentines or write a love poem in Italian.
TPT store.


text:
|(c) Wyrd Miniatures
This is a pity. reading the rules manual is a worthwhile exercise, it is however, in some ways, the least interesting book for Malifaux with no fluff and no model details to read through planning your next build or purchases.
So I'd love it if Wyrd would publish all it's books in both formats. A wow, that looks awesome, check out the artwork, large format, and a cute, handy, I can read that in the bath format.
Would anyone else like to see Wyrd publish the other books in the small format as well? I would almost certainly buy both, the large format for the pleasure of the artwork in a larger size, the smaller for convenience. Perhaps, there should be a delay between publishing the different formats to encourage large book uptake, or maybe the small format should be editions of two books together or even fluff only, I'd buy that.
Still, it was nice to read something Malifaux related in the bath even if it was just reading through the description of each strategy.
I do sometimes read the wyrd forums on my phone, but I get nervous, I might drop it and then where would I be? Especially as my macbook pro has just coughed it's last and bitten the dust :-( No phone as well? argh!!
I guess I could read through the cards of figures I've bought, spend some time making sure I know them, or download and print off the pdf's that wyrd have published for the v2 cards, but you will be limited to only some of the models though and it's increasingly the case, I find, that when planning a crew I need to look through all the books.
Anyone else got any bath friendly Malifaux reading tips they could share? I like a nice bath and reading as I relax is a wonderful thing, but reading rules is less relaxing. I need something else..


text:
Discussion in 'Getting Started/New Member Help' started by neomatrixnet, Oct 1, 2003.
if i put my email and asked for some files,will it be send to my email?
It will most likely be attached to the post of the individual, by the individual, but if you specifically ask for it to be sent by e-mail, it might be done. There is a risk of copyright violation, however, involved in such an act. The choice is yours; ask for which you want.
Separate names with a comma.


text:
The colors, the elephant {and the giraffe!}, the wrap around label and the clever fonts make this invitation suite picture perfect.
Ok, ok, I couldn't help it. I just had to show you the cake toppers from this wedding which were crafted by Hilary of Bunny with a Toolbelt. Check out her Etsy shop here,
p.s. you must check out the rest of the details from this wedding here!
All images are as seen on this post {as seen originally on the blog of 100 layer cake} with expressed consent of Lisa Welge.


text:
Winter beauty takes on an ethereal yet understated look in this Fashion Gone Rogue exclusive titled 'Wrapped Up.' Although it might be a little premature to be thinking about this coldest of seasons since summer hasn't even ended yet, the winter beauty looks could easily be adopted now rather than later. All a girl has to do is lose the fur jackets that are featured throughout as well.
Shot by photographer Scott Hugh Mitchell, the winter beauty editorial stars model Ash Walker. She is clad in a range of luxe coats and wraps from Japanese brands, which were pulled by stylist Trinia Ramos. The simple yet glam winter beauty looks were perfected by makeup artist Dominique Samuel and hair stylist JD Roberts
Winter Beauty Editorials
More Stats +/-
Retro Beauty Editorials
Fairy Tale Editorials
Glam Lingerie Editorials
Monochromatic Swimwear Editorials
Devastatingly Elegant Editorials
Free 2019 Report & eBook
Get the top 100 trends happening right NOW -- plus a FREE copy of our award-winning book.
Our Research Methodology
This article is one of 350,000 experiments. We use crowd filtering, big data and AI to identify insights.
Fashion Gone Rogue's Wrapped Up Photoshoot Stars Ash Walker
- By: Meghan YoungAug 14, 2014
References: scotthughmitchell & fashiongonerogue
References: scotthughmitchell & fashiongonerogue


text:
Yoga is an age old science which has become very relevant in this modern time due to various aspects of yoga.
As the human consciousness has evolved to higher levels, man is able to perceive the subtle truth of yoga and adopt its principle in his life.
Yoga is a science, but it takes you beyond science as you follow yoga in your life sincerely with an experimental attitude and a keen striving to achieve the highest goal of life.
Yoga appeals to the rational mind as it is a science but it effects a quantum leap in your consciousness along with your yoga journey.
The man in the modern world is bewildered with numerous concepts and percepts of life and its goal.
The science of yoga sheds the true light on all aspects of life and helps you mould your vision of life with strong foundation.
Yoga verily is the total understanding of life.
The system of yoga originated in India 10000 years back (or before) as a spiritual science to help humanity evolve to higher consciousness.
But it didn't become as popular as it is now due to the various reasons.
Yoga was confined to a small sect of people and it was taken as an esoteric science and forbidden to the masses.
The general public was not considered to be eligible (adhikari) to follow this experimental science.
Also the texts were not printed and followed the oral tradition.
But in modern time, with its progress in education and development of print media, many people got access to this knowledge and yoga is getting popular day by day.
Though yoga is very ancient science, it got much popularity in the recent past, say from 20th century onwards.
Apart from the yogic vision of life which gives solutions to all philosophical jargons of the modern day, yoga is being increasingly recognized to be the best alternative medical system across the globe.
Based on the sound philosophical back-up and time tested remedies, it has emerged as the safe and effective option to western bio-medicine.
At Soham, we have developed a unique style of yoga called Soham Holistic yoga which gives more emphasis to the true vision of yoga than taking it just as a physical exercise.
In the recent past, yoga was exported to the west and they made some structural changes, and being imported to India as new variations of yoga.
This trend is very dangerous and it may spoil the true spirit of yoga.
Yoga is more of spiritual exercise than physical though it is helpful to attain all physical benefits.
Yoga has two parts – Hatha (Physical) and Raja (Inner).
Hatha yoga explores the body field and Raja yoga explores the mind field - hence yoga is the holistic comprehension of life.
At Soham, we highlight yoga as a learning process of life with body and mind as the field of activities.
Asanas are mediation oriented physical exercise and it helps you attain health and well being at all levels of existence.
So, we are very much pledged to follow yoga in the authentic way and spread the message of yoga keeping in mind the highest purpose of yoga which is to attain enlightenment.
In Soham Holistic Yoga, we have given importance to the therapeutic benefits of yoga to heal the common ailments.
We have identified some of the common ailments of the modern time are back and spinal problems, stomach upsets, diabetes, hormonal imbalance, obesity, hyper tension, asthma etc which are mainly caused by life style and excess stress.
Accordingly, we have selected some of the suitable yogic exercises, postures, pranayama etc. which are practiced in a sequence with more emphasis to deep relaxation and awareness.
In the basic yoga course, we teach around 25 yogic exercises, 36 yoga postures, 5 types of pranayama, various meditation techniques etc. which would make the practitioner a strong person with sound health and mental poise in order to cope up with the challenging situations of modern time.
In the advanced yoga course and TTC, we have included more asanas and other practices as they are more evolved to go for it.
But for the common men, we suggest to follow only the basic course (which itself is a complete program for a life time practice) in consideration to their health.


text:
You can visit Menshikov Palace, which is a part of the Hermitage Museum, for free. This is something pleasant that November 2016 offers you.
The largest bank of Russia – Sberbank – is celebrating its 175th birthday and free admission to the Hermitage is their gift for the dwellers and guests of St Petersburg. Even though they do not open the main complex for free access, Menshikov Palace is also an incredible place to visit. Honestly, how many of you have been there? Apart from the luxurious palace interiors, you have a unique chance to see the restores copy of the most famous painting by Jheronimus Bosch "Garden of Earthly Delights" (central part).
You can visit the Palace every day (except Mondays) from 12 to 30 November in the working hours of the Hermitage. Great time to see and learn something new!
Filed under: Uncategorized
Like this post? Subscribe to my RSS feed and get loads more!