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Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2017, Article ID 1351085, 9 pages
Synthesis and Characterization of Low Loss Dielectric Ceramics Prepared from Composite of Titanate Nanosheets with Barium Ions
1Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
2Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
Correspondence should be addressed to Aleksandra Wypych-Puszkarz; firstname.lastname@example.com
Received 28 February 2017; Revised 23 April 2017; Accepted 14 May 2017; Published 14 June 2017
Academic Editor: Claude Estournès
Copyright © 2017 Aleksandra Wypych-Puszkarz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We report a strategy for preparing barium titanate precursor, being the composite of titanate nanosheets (TN) with barium ions (Ba-TN), which subjected to step sintering allows obtaining TiO2 rich barium titanate ceramics of stoichiometry BaTi4O9 or Ba2Ti9O20. These compounds are important in modern electronics due to their required dielectric properties and grains' size that can be preserved in nanometric range. The morphology studies, structural characterization, and dielectric investigations were performed simultaneously in each step of Ba-TN calcinations in order to properly characterize type of obtained ceramic, its grains' morphology, and dielectric properties. The Ba-TN precursor can be sintered at given temperatures, so that its dielectric permittivity can be tuned between 25 and 42 with controlled temperature coefficients that change from negative 32 ppm/°C for Ba-TN sintered at 900°C up to positive 37 ppm/°C after calcination at 1300°C. XRD analysis and Raman investigations performed for the Ba-TN in the temperature range of °C showed that below 1100°C we obtained as a main phase BaTi4O9, whereas the higher calcinations temperature transformed Ba-TN into Ba2Ti9O20. Taking into account trend of device miniaturization and nanoscopic size requirements, temperatures of 900°C and 1100°C seem to be an optimal condition for Ba-TN precursor calcinations that guarantee the satisfactory value of dielectric permittivity ( and 32) and ceramic grains with a mean size of ~180 nm and ~550 nm, respectively.
1. Introduction
Barium titanate ceramic materials have long history in electrotechnical applications. These dielectric oxide ceramics serve as microwave resonators and they are main components of many devices like cellular phones, global positioning system, and environmental monitoring systems on satellites [1]. The main aim of research in this area is to develop new materials or improve properties of already known systems (i.e., reducing dielectric loss and increasing dielectric permittivity). Recent revolutionary changes in wireless communication were achieved by reducing size and cost of components made from improved microwave ceramics. Wide variety of polytitanates has been synthesized and characterized up to now. Among them, particularly a BaO-TiO2 system with Ti rich region is interesting because it exhibits eligible electrical properties like good electrical permittivity and low dielectric loss at radio frequencies. BaTi4O9, BaTi5O11, and Ba2Ti9O20 are prominent low loss dielectric compounds in this group. BaTi4O9 as dielectric ceramic was for the first time reported by Masse et al. [2] at early 1970 and had a huge contribution to a breakthrough in dielectric resonators ceramic technology. Conventional method for the preparation of BaTi4O9 is the solid state ceramic route by ball milling of stoichiometric amounts of BaCO3 and TiO2 for about 24 hours [3, 4] and sintering at about 1100°C. It is then again ball milled, pelletized, and sintered at about 1350°C to achieve densification of the ceramic body. Wet chemical methods, such as oxalate [5] and citrate route [6] as well as modified Pechini method [7], were also applied for BaTi4O9 powders preparation. Cernea et al. [5] obtained BaTi4O9 from oxalates and documented its stable dielectric properties: dielectric permittivity ε = 38, quality factor at GHz, and temperature coefficient τf = 11 ppm/°C. Pure BaTi4O9 suffers from relatively high values of temperature coefficient, so it is not very suitable as dielectric resonator. Hence the dielectric properties of BaTi4O9 phase are often modified by using different additives [8]. BaTi5O11 synthesis was for the first time described by Tillmanns, but it was not pure phase but mixed with rutile [9]. Single-phase BaTi5O11 was prepared by wet chemical methods like citrate route [10] or sol-gel [11]. This phase is stable under heating up to 1200°C, then, it decomposes into TiO2, Ba2Ti9O20, and/or BaTi4O9. BaTi5O11 phase has higher dielectric constant and quality factor compared to BaTi4O9; however the values of are also higher. Fukui et al. prepared BaTi5O11 by sol-gel method after heating at 1120°C for 48 hours. Obtained samples exhibited dielectric permittivity equal to 42, GHz, and ppm/°C [12]. Ba2Ti9O20 can be conventionally synthesized by mixing BaCO3 and TiO2 in appropriate stoichiometry and calcined at about 1200°C, again milled, pelletized, and sintered at about 1400°C for 3 hours [13]. Ba2Ti9O20 obtained by solid state synthesis usually coexists with BaTi4O9 phase as it is thermodynamically stable in the vicinity of the desired composition. However, pure phase synthesis was achieved by wet chemistry methods. Lu et al. [11] described synthesis based on mixing methanol solution of barium hydroxide with titania sol obtained from hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide. Obtained xerogel was stepwise heated up to 1100°C giving BaTi5O11 phase, while prolonged heating at 1200°C gave pure Ba2Ti9O20. Fang et al. [14] prepared Ba2Ti9O20 in reaction of BaTi4O9 with TiO2 and sintering at 1390°C. Obtained sample showed grain size of about 2-3 micrometers and high sintered density of 99%. The dielectric permittivity was equal to 39, quality factor was 42000 GHz, and the temperature coefficient reached 5 ppm/°C. BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 have similar values of dielectric permittivity and quality factors. BaTi4O9 has temperature coefficient close to zero and is always positive, while reported values of for Ba2Ti9O20 are close to zero as well as being negative in some reports [10].
The method of mixing of two low loss ceramic materials with positive and negative temperature coefficient has become well known [15]. This kind of approach is very convenient for preparation of new materials with desired properties by simple selection of proper components. However, very often it is difficult to obtain material with expected intermediate properties because it is impossible to retain individual character of components during sintering process. Thus, development of new precursors of barium titanates and study of their temperature transformation and dielectric properties are still very attractive.
The aim of this work was to develop a method for TiO2 rich barium titanates synthesis by employing titanate nanosheets (TN). They have an orthorhombic layered structure that is composed of corrugated host layers of edge-shared octahedra and interlayer (tetramethyl)ammonium ions (TMA+) compensating for the negative charge which arises from substitution of lower valence metal ions or vacancies of Ti [16]. These TMA+ ions are exchangeable with a variety of inorganic and organic ions and in this way the TN is an ideal candidate for host-guest chemistry as well as ion exchange [17]. The ion exchangeability also provided the opportunity to prepare precursor of ceramics. For example, potassium hexatitanate (K2Ti6O13) was prepared by ion exchange, followed by heat treatment at 600°C [18]. Taking this into consideration, in this work we applied TN in ion exchange process to immobilize barium ions from solution. The obtained by this way composite, under a thermal treatment in moderate temperature in air, transformed to BaTi4O9, BaTi5O11, and Ba2Ti9O20 phases with desired dielectric properties.
2. Experimental Section
All reagents were used as received without further purification.
Synthesis. 250 ml aqueous solution of barium acetate monohydrate (5.45 g; 20 mol, purchased from Polish Chemical Reagents, POCH, Gliwice, Poland) was mixed with 250 ml aqueous colloidal solution of titanate nanosheets, TN (2.5 g; R = 0,6). The details of preparation and characterization of TN have been reported elsewhere [19]. After mixing solutions, ion exchange reaction between (tetramethyl)ammonium ions from TN and barium cations from barium acetate in aqueous environment led to precipitation of the powder. The mixture was heated for 10 h at room temperature under stirring and next without stirring for 10 h at 90°C. After the reaction, the precipitate was separated by centrifugation, washed with water until pH 7, and dried under vacuum. The total yield of dried organic-inorganic powder was 2.3 g and it is labeled as Ba-TN or precursor of barium titanate. The Ba-TN powder after reaction was subjected to calcination at 500°C for 1 hour and pressed to get a pellet under pressure of 436 MPa for 10 min. Based on thermogravimetric measurement (data not shown) temperature of 500°C was chosen as an optimal one that allows a decomposition of the organic part of the precursor and the evaporation of volatile products from the sample. The higher temperatures allow for thermal diffusion of the reagents throughout the volume to facilitate the reaction that produces barium titanate ceramic. The pellet was sintered at 900°C for 4 hours and then subsequently at 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, and 1300°C for 2 h in each temperature. The time of sintering was chosen according to research of Pfaff who found that at temperature higher than 900°C a densification parameter of BaTi4O9 is constant after two hours of heat treatment [20]. During the applied step sintering procedure the mean particle diameter was investigated and pellets' green density calculated simultaneously with its phase transformation and dielectric properties studies.
3. Characterization
Raman investigations were performed using a Fourier Transform Raman spectrometer (Bruker). All spectra were recorded in the macrochamber light scattering mode; the Raman spectra were obtained at 20°C using the Nd:YAG laser wavelength nm.
Room temperature powder X-ray diffraction patterns were collected using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro MPD diffractometer in the Bragg–Brentano reflection geometry. Copper CuKα radiation was used from a sealed tube. Data were collected in the range 5–90° with a step of 0.0167° and an exposure per step of 20 s. The samples were spun during data collection to minimize preferred orientation effects. For phase analysis, the PANalytical High Score Plus software package was used combined with the International Centre for Diffraction Data's (JCPDS) powder diffraction file (PDF-2 ver. 2009) database of standard reference materials.
Particle sizes of Ba-TN obtained in different step of calcination were estimated from SEM images that were collected using a Hitachi S3400N scanning electron microscope with accelerating voltage of 25000 V.
The dielectric properties of synthesized sample were investigated using a Novocontrol GmbH Concept 40 broadband dielectric spectrometer equipped with Quatro Cryosystem in the frequency range of Hz and in the temperature range of (in steps of 10°C). The obtained complex dielectric function () was measured bywhere and are the real and imaginary parts, respectively.
Before electric measurement each pellet was additionally dried at 90°C under reduced pressure in order to exclude the influence of the humidity. To provide good contact between the sample and external electrodes during electrical investigations, 150 nm thick gold electrodes were deposited on both sites of the pellet. The densities of the samples sintered at different temperatures were evaluated based on the external dimensions and mass of the pellets. The relative density of pellets was estimated through comparison with theoretical crystallographic density of the major crystallographic phase defined from Raman and XRD investigations.
4. Results and Discussion
Raman spectra of the samples before and after the ion exchange are shown in Figure 1. For TN in Figure 1(a), the spectrum is essentially the same as the data reported for titanate nanosheets intercalated by TMA+ ions [21]. According to the literature [21, 22] Raman bands observed at 275 cm−1, 384 cm−1, 448 cm−1, 662 cm−1, 883 cm−1, and 899 cm−1 can be attributed to the Ti-O lattice vibrations in the TiO6 octahedral host layers and the strong peaks at 756 cm−1 and 954 cm−1 were related to (tetramethyl)ammonium ions (TMA+). These two peaks just disappear after the exchange reaction-replacement (Figure 1(b)) of TMA+ ions in TN by barium ions. The Raman vibration assigned to Ti-O still exists which is a convenient proof that 2D structure of TN was preserved. However, peaks at 600–1000 cm−1 spectral region shift to lower frequencies which could be affected by a presence of Ba2+ ions in the interlayer of TN [23]. Obtained powder of Ba-TN could be considered as a precursor of BaTi4O9 since, after the thermal treatment at 900°C for 4 h, it gave the characteristic Raman spectrum for this compound (Figure 2(a)). One can observe bands located at 117 cm−1, 134 cm−1, 188 cm−1, 230 cm−1, 262 cm−1, 267 cm−1, 286 cm−1, 359 cm−1, 429 cm−1, 447 cm−1, 478 cm−1, 591 cm−1, 626 cm−1, 650 cm−1, and 860 cm−1 that are characteristic for BaTi4O9 [24] according to work of Rössel et al. Further sintering at temperature range between 950°C and 1100°C, during 2 h at each temperature, gave the Raman spectra of the same intensity and identical Raman bands as observed for Ba-TN sintered at 900°C (see Figure 2(b–e)). These results allow for conclusion that there was not any phase transformation during the applied thermal treatment in the temperature range between 900°C and 1100°C. Moreover sharpness of Raman peaks denotes well crystallized structure that was independently revealed by X-ray diffraction studies. Detailed analysis of the recorded Raman spectra allowed observing bands of lower intensity which are located at 144 cm−1, 415 cm−1, 537 cm−1, 558 cm−1, and 750 cm−1. They are marked by stars (in Figure 2) and their occurrence indicates the presence of barium titanate of stoichiometry BaTi5O11.
Figure 3 shows Raman spectra for Ba-TN precursor sintered for 2 h at (a) 1150°C, (b) 1200°C, and (c) 1250°C, on which one can observe a significant change of the spectra as compared to Raman spectrum of precursor sintered up to 1100°C. In Figure 3(a–c) there are Raman bands characteristic for BaTi4O9 phase that almost totally disappeared with exception of the bands located at 130 cm−1, 184 cm−1, 287 cm−1, and 650 cm−1. For the precursor sintered at the temperatures of 1150°C and higher, there are detected Raman bands located at 122 cm−1, 150 cm−1, 168 cm−1, 210 cm−1, 224 cm−1, 259 cm−1, 308 cm−1, 340 cm−1, 359 cm−1, 394 cm−1, 426 cm−1, 465 cm−1, 508 cm−1, 536 cm−1, 567 cm−1, 615 cm−1, 694 cm−1, 770 cm−1, 805 cm−1, and 845 cm−1 that can be assigned to barium titanate of stoichiometry Ba2Ti9O20. Raman spectra shown in Figure 3(a–c) have a very good agreement with work of Javadpour and Eror [25], who detected by Raman spectroscopy Ba2Ti9O20 phase after long treatment at 1200°C, as well as with work of Xu et al. [26].
The XRD diffraction patterns of the Ba-TN samples after sintering at 900°C–1250°C are shown in Figure 4. The XRD analysis revealed that below 1100°C we observed as a main phase orthorhombic BaTi4O9 (JCPDS number 34-0070) and the presence of BaTi5O11 (JCPDS number 35-0805) as secondary phase. The increase of the calcination temperature above 1100°C caused the phase transition and crystallization of Ba2Ti9O20 (JCPDS number 40-0405), but the peaks attributed to BaTi4O9 were still visible. These results are in good agreement with Raman spectra, where phase transformation of BaTi4O9 into Ba2Ti9O20 was also observed for Ba-TN sintered at temperature higher than 1100°C. The quantitative phases composition of the studied samples was estimated on the basis of XRD spectra using the reference intensity ratio (RIR) method [27] and the obtained data are gathered in Table 1. The RIR method involves comparing the intensity of one or more peaks of a phase with the intensity of a peak of a standard (usually the corundum 113 reflection) in a 50 : 50 mixture by weight. For the processing of diffraction data the PANalytical High Score Plus software package was used.
It was found that in the effect of sintering at 900°C the BaTi4O9 phase constituted 66% w/w and BaTi5O11 34% w/w of the sample. An increase of the temperature to 1100°C induced certain changes in phase composition. A proportion of BaTi4O9 to BaTi5O11 phases slightly changed into ratio 42/45% w/w and a new phase showed up – Ba2Ti9O20 with the content of 11% w/w. The rise of the temperature of only 50°C resulted in very significant changes in phase composition. BaTi5O11 phase disappeared completely and new phase, that is, Ba2Ti9O20 with a content of 92% w/w and BaTi4O9 with a content of 8% w/w, was observed. Further increase of sintering temperature up to 1200°C and 1250°C did not influence significantly the phase composition. The Ba2Ti9O20/BaTi4O9 weight ratio was estimated at 94/6% w/w for higher sintering temperatures. The observed changes are in good agreement with observation made by Raman spectroscopy. However, the scattering intensities of BaTi5O11 and Ba2Ti9O20 phases are markedly lower than BaTi4O9. Thus Ba2Ti9O20 phase was not observed by Raman spectroscopy after the sample sintering at the temperature of 1100°C, but only after treatment at the temperature of 1150°C where the domination of this phase was reached.
Figure 5 illustrates SEM images of Ba-TN powder subjected to calcination at 500°C for 1 hour and sintering for 2 h at the temperature range from 950°C to 1200°C. Mean size of grains and standard deviation, evaluated on the basis of SEM images analysis, are presented in Figure 6, in relation to sintering temperature. The grain size of Ba-TN precursor annealed at 500°C and 950°C kept constant value below 200 nm.
After the sintering at the temperature of 1050°C the particles were still characterized by narrow size distribution and sphere-like grains morphology; however mean size increased to c.a. 400 nm and size distribution significantly widened. A shift of sintering temperature to 1100°C induced evident changes in morphology; partial coarsening of grains occurred. At the temperature of 1150°C and higher, the sphere-like morphology of grains disappeared and irregular agglomerates and large grains were mainly observed. The mean size of grains increases up to about 1.0 µm and 1.6 µm for the temperatures 1150°C and 1200°C, respectively. In the case of Ba-TN sintered at 1200°C irregular agglomerates of rounded shape transformed into sharp angular grains. A marked change in grains' size and morphology observed at the temperature above 1100°C coincides with the structural transformation observed by Raman spectroscopy and XRD analysis.
The dielectric parameters of the sintered precursor are strictly dependent on densification behavior, that is, shrinkage of formed discs upon heating. From this reason the relative density and percentage of pellets' filling were investigated as a function of applied step sintering. It is well known that higher temperature of sintering rises these parameters; however in Figures 7(a) and 7(b) one can find some regimes that are distinguished by different behavior below and above temperature of 1050°C. Below this temperature the increase of relative density and percentage of pellets' filling is slow, whereas above 1050°C these parameters rise substantially. This caused a rapid pellet's contraction that can be connected with an acceleration of diffusion in solid state and initiation of neck formation between crystallites above this temperature, that is, in agreement with grains' morphology changes at 1100°C revealed by SEM investigations. Above this temperature there is a phase transformation of main (BaTi4O9) and secondary (BaTi5O11) phases into Ba2Ti9O20 and concomitant further increase of pellets' relative density. The percentage of pellets' filling was calculated taking into account the theoretic density values of BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 that are equal 4,52 g/cm3 (Pearson's Crystal Data, ICDD 04-007-2688) and 4,58 g/cm3 (crystallographic data, reference code 00-035-0051), respectively. Finally after sintering at 1250°C calculated relative pellet's density was 4,01 g/cm3 that corresponds to more than 85% of Ba2Ti9O20 crystallographic density.
To characterize the dielectric properties of sintered at different temperatures Ba-TN pellets we applied broadband dielectric spectroscopy which allowed us to determine the following physical properties that are important for ceramic applications: dielectric permittivity (), quality factor () defined as , and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (). Figure 8 shows three-dimensional graphs comprising the temperature-frequency representations of dielectric permittivity for Ba-TN sintered at 900°C (Figure 8(a)) and 1200°C (Figure 8(b)), respectively. The graphs clearly show that in very broad temperature and frequency ranges there is a lack of any relaxation process in the material. The increase in these variables at low frequencies and at high temperatures is connected with interfacial polarization or electrode polarization contribution that might be present under these conditions. These graphs are exemplary also for Ba-TN precursor sintered in other temperatures.
In Figure 9 the temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity of Ba-TN subjected to sintering at different temperatures is shown. All samples, in MHz frequencies, are characterized by very stable, flat response over broad range of temperatures (more than 230°C). One can observe an increase of ε with sintering temperature that is connected to well known relationship between density of the sample and its dielectric properties, according to which higher density results in a higher dielectric permittivity and lower porosity, which improves also quality factor value . The relative density of ceramic pellets studied by us was varying from 64 to 96% (Table 2). It means that measured ceramics were partially porous and can be considered as capacitor composed of ceramic and air. Phase composition of measured sample (calculated from XRD, data gathered in Table 1) is another factor influencing dielectric permittivity. In the case of BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20, the maximum literature values of ε were equal to 39 [5] and 52 [28], respectively. The Ba-TN subjected to step sintering in a range of temperatures from 900°C to 1300°C can be considered as a mixture of tetra- and nonatitanates; thus they are expected to possess intermediate dielectric properties. It can be concluded that Ba-TN precursor can be sintered at given temperatures, so that its dielectric permittivity can be tuned between 25 and 42. Detected values of , measured at 20°C for frequency 1 MHz, were also very interesting and vary from (for Ba-TN sintered at 900°C) to (for Ba-TN sintered at 1300°C). The lower value of loss tangent detected for samples sintered at higher temperatures can be connected to higher density of measured pellets. It can be noticed that values arise with higher sintering temperature reaching a maximum value of 66,600 for sample sintered at 1300°C which exhibits the highest density equal to 4,42 g/cm3, that is, 98% of Ba2Ti9O20 theoretical density. This can be associated with a change of porosity, that is, higher density of pellets after treatment at higher temperature and it is in agreement with a statement according to which the porosity decreases the quality factor due to the presence of moisture in the pores.
From the representations given in Figure 5, the temperature coefficient () was calculated as a function of temperature from −130°C to 100°C according to (2)It was observed that temperature coefficients changed from negative, for Ba-TN sintered up to 1100°C with BaTi4O9 as a main phase, to positive for Ba-TN sintered in a range of temperatures °C with a main phase of Ba2Ti9O20. This can be connected with phase transformation of BaTi4O9 into Ba2Ti9O20 and low value of temperature coefficient for barium nonatitanate that was found equal to about 6 ppm/°C [28]. It should be emphasized that the dielectric properties of the investigated ceramics depend considerably on sintering temperature and their microstructures. According to this the temperature coefficient for Ba2Ti9O20 may vary between −6 and 38 ppm/°C [10, 29]. Presented herein are dielectric results which are in agreement with results of Kumar et al. who obtained BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics by the wet chemical gel-carbonate method and found comparable dielectric permittivity, but there was no exact data concerning temperature coefficient values [28].
Obtained within this work are materials which are regarded as three important low loss dielectric ceramics. BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 are regarded as stable forms, whereas BaTi5O11 is a metastable one. The observed by us transformation is in agreement with phase diagram of BaTiO3-TiO2 system [30], where BaTi4O9 is located in the immediate vicinity of Ba2Ti9O20 and both phases appear to be in equilibrium below 1420°C for compositions between 80 and 81,8 mol% TiO2 in BaTiO3-TiO2.
5. Conclusion
Ba-TN precursor obtained from reaction of titanate nanosheets with barium ions was found as an interesting method to obtain barium titanates that exhibit elevated values of dielectric permittivity and low loss tangent in MHz frequencies. The dielectric properties of this composite can be tailored by suitably adjusting the sintering temperatures. According to this barium titanates of stoichiometry, BaTi4O9 being the predominant phase and BaTi5O11 as minor phase below 1150°C are present, whereas Ba2Ti9O20 is formed at higher temperatures of sintering. The dielectric properties of these ceramics depend considerably on sintering temperature and their microstructures. From this reason structural studies as well as grain morphology and dielectric investigations were carried out simultaneously in each step of Ba-TN sintering. It was found that up to temperature of 1050°C barium titanate exhibits fine ceramics grain size. At higher temperature grain morphology radically changes simultaneously with crystallographic phase composition change revealed by XRD and Raman studies.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This work was financially supported by National Science Center (Poland) grant awarded by Decision no. DEC-2011/03/D/ST5/06074. Izabela Bobowska, Agnieszka Opasinska, and Jacek Ulanski acknowledge financial support by Foundation for Polish Science, Grant Master 9./2013.
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- J. Javadpour and N. G. Eror, "Raman Spectroscopy of Higher Titanate Phases in the BaTiO3‐TiO2 System," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 71, no. 4, pp. 206–213, 1988. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Xu, X. Yuan, G. Huang, and H. Long, "Polymeric precursor synthesis of Ba2Ti9O20," Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 90, no. 2-3, pp. 333–338, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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- S. Kumar, V. S. Raju, and T. R. N. Kutty, "Preparation of BaTi4O9 and Ba2Ti9O20 ceramics by the wet chemical gel-carbonate method and their dielectric properties," Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, vol. 142, no. 2-3, pp. 78–85, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- C.-L. Huang, M.-H. Weng, C.-T. Lion, and C.-C. Wu, "Low temperature sintering and microwave dielectric properties of Ba 2Ti 9O 20 ceramics using glass additions," Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 14-15, pp. 2445–2456, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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text:
Fully geeked week continues
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack In which they open up saying that Godzilla hasn't been seen since 1954, although a giant monster attacked New York a few years ago-but we don't think that was Godzilla. Neither did I.
All this and a Venture Brothers Marathon on TIVO. I hadn't seen Victor,
Echo, November yet. Wow.
"Move like an animal...to feel the kill."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How many times have you seen it? You open your inbox just to see another long, seemingly endless list of emails. You cautiously open each one, giving "some" of them 10-20 seconds of a quick scan. If something captures your interest, you read on. If not, it's a quick click (delete key) and you move on. If this is your pattern, you are not alone. This scenario is repeated by thousands, if not millions of internet users each and every day.
Knowing this pattern makes the job of internet marketers even more difficult. Our ability to cultivate and retain any significant numbers in a downline is directly determined by our ability to maximize these precious few seconds of reading time. Have you got what it takes to write an email and get the replies flying in? Most of us send out emails almost every day. We do it all too often with out carefully thinking about it. As a result these emails are often written and sent out less than perfect and fail to produce the desired result.
How DO You Price Your eBook?
If you price it too high when compared with your competition, you will find yourself steadily lowering the price, which will cause you all kinds of new problems in the future. For example, if you sell your ebook at first for $49.99, and later reduce it to $29.95, don't you think the people who bought it for $49.99 are going to be a little bit un-happy?
Boosting the Sales of Your Internet Marketing eBook or Any eBook
When you put your all into learning something that you need to know, you can bet that other people can benefit from what you have learned. Internet marketing is one of those topics that lots of people need help with. So once you've gained knowledge and experience writing and selling an internet marketing ebook might be a good opportunity for you.
In order to make money in ebook publishing, you have to have a product that people want. How-to books that fill a need are undoubtedly best-selling ebooks. An internet marketing ebook falls into that category.
In order to make money in ebook publishing, you have to have a product that people want. How-to books that fill a need are undoubtedly best-selling ebooks. An internet marketing ebook falls into that category.
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Previous Chapter —Table of Contents— Next Chapter
Wizard! Chapter 331
Lorelei's eyes suddenly widened, "Wait when did you look at my cultivation? Was it while I was sleeping?"
William raised an eyebrow, "Would I do anything to you in your sleep?"
William coughed, "Right, well… it was just now."
"But I didn't feel anyth-" Then Lorelei shivered. "You were hiding all of that energy? I didn't even notice until you mentioned it."
"That's the point."
"Right. Umm… perhaps I really should work on that breakthrough."
William nodded, "It's a very helpful step." William looked around the rolling hills, "I don't think anything will show up. Now's a good enough time. If anything does show up, I'll protect you."
"Can't we wait till we get to a city?"
William raised an eyebrow, "You sound almost like Lila."
"Ugh. Never say that again."
"Sorry, sorry." William waved his hand, "But seriously, I think it would be good to do it sooner."
"Alright." Lorelei nodded, "Since you're the expert…"
Lorelei's breakthrough went smoothly, though William kept a close watch on both the surroundings and her. If something went wrong with her breakthrough… William wasn't sure if he could have done anything, but it might have been possible. It was better if he didn't, though, and she succeeded herself. William didn't know the technique, but he could feel it was probably designed by Marek for her. It had such familiar traces.
After she completed the breakthrough, she continued training through the evening, the whole night, and even into the morning. After she passed her most vulnerable state, William joined her, leaving Chris on watch… though nothing happened.
"You were right," Lorelei nodded.
"Well, thanks. It was a good time for you, I didn't want you to miss it."
"Well, there was that but… training was easier. I made somewhat significant advances. Magic and body training have been going slowly, but I already have significant attainments in those…" Lorelei's face went blank, remembering the past. "It's strange. When could this have started?"
William shook his head, but Chris actually wrote something, "After the Demon King's death."
"Ah…" Lorelei inhaled through her teeth, "That's not likely to be a coincidence. Was it immediately afterwards or…"
Chris spun around in his version of a shrug. "It might have been a few days… or weeks or years. I don't remember. I was just sitting there sad for a while. Then I decided I had nothing better to do but train, and it was faster. I broke through to the fourth level before you showed up." Before anyone could say anything, Chris continued, "I know that's not strictly fast… but I improved so slowly between William as… William and as Yu Hui'Lam. It wasn't just that I didn't know what I was doing either. It definitely sped up after that point."
"Hmm, we'll need to talk to Lila about this. Though… Chris experiencing it too is interesting."
"Why is that?" William asked.
"If it was a phenomenon related to gevai, well, he's human isn't he?"
"He was human. I was human too, you know?"
Lorelei frowned, "And Lila too."
"Maybe you were as well, and just don't remember it. That wasn't my point though. My point is now Lila and I are gevai… and Chris got fused with a lot of them, including a tiny bit of the Demon King."
Chris scribbled excitedly on the ground, "Oh yeah there were a ton of them in the room and then there weren't."
"Right. Well, it's certainly strange." Lorelei frowned, "We'll have to look into it. Though, getting back to my notes might help. As far as priorities go… that's not at the top of the list right now. Thus the coming to get you and ruining the whole thing where we were looking for the Demon King in Lioayang and Ostana."
William nodded, "Right."
Upon leaving the mountains, William and Lorelei found themselves in rolling hills and plains. The area within a hundred or so miles of the mountains and thus the border with human lands was largely unpopulated. The only thing that inhabited those lands were animals and magical beasts. However, such magical beasts were not a threat unless they felt threatened, and Lorelei knew the signs to avoid the territory of the more aggressive ones. The pair proceeded north until they ran into known roads, from which they directly travelled to the nearest city, and then to Ducson.
They immediately went to find Lila. Once they had settled in her office, Lorelei opened up the conversation. "So, what's so important that we had to come back early?"
Lila frowned slightly, "As I mentioned in my message, the lords seem to have realized that the Demon King has not yet appeared as he should have. Some of them are willing to wait longer, but some of the regional lords are planning to convene for a council to discuss the matter."
Lorelei nodded, "That is indeed important. When is it?'
"Well, it's still probably a year or two away, you know how slow they are at organizing such things… but I couldn't tell how long it would take you to get back. Especially since William lost his contact disks." She turned to glare at William.
He shrugged, "I wasn't expecting to be hit directly where I was carrying them, but if I didn't have them with me I could miss a message…"
"Tch. You sure cause a lot of trouble for someone who's supposed to be calm and rational. Anyway, about the council… we weren't invited. In fact, we weren't even officially informed. Abiel Thorsten, the new lord of this region, informed me. Perhaps because he doesn't have a strong backing and wants to get in my good graces… but I'll take what I can get."
Lorelei frowned, "Not even the Archmage received an invitation? They can't really reject me if I show up, but unfortunately there isn't much I can do to anyone, given my status. Of course, I'll have to find a way to keep them off the trail long enough… for whatever we plan to do, besides destroying the rest of the Demon King."
Previous Chapter —Table of Contents— Next Chapter


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Edinburgh is to open its first new cemetery for half a century.
The council had been searching for a suitable site since 1992, with the city's main Mortonhall cemetery due to run out of grave space within months.
The new 15-acre site within Craigmillar Castle Park, which has about 5,000 burial spaces, will open in mid-January.It is hoped that the new cemetery, which has not yet been named, will serve the city for the next 50 years.
Full story from BBC News
News > myEdinburgh News >


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Where to find technical help for software, viruses and/or other threats I might not even know exist? Where can I get more information about avoiding and protecting me from software/security threats?
Posted on May 14, 2011
Protection from Viruses and Other Malware
A virus is a computer program that reproduces itself and infects more computers. It contains some form of executable code that carries a program that does something you don't want. Other threats are called malware, which is used as a general term for malicious or unwanted software, including adware.
New viruses and malware threats are being developed all the time. Viruses and malware can get into your computer in several different ways … and the easiest way for them is for you to invite them in. How do you protect your computer and your personal information from known and unknown threats?
To protect yourself, even from viruses that have not been written or released yet, there are several things you can do.
Be proactive. Don't wait for viruses or other malware to attack your computer and leave your personal information vulnerable to misuse. You can take steps to protect your computer, your personal information, and your identity without knowing the details of what a hacker or a virus, a phisher, or an email scam will try and do to your computer.
Security and Antivirus Software
Known Problems
Many reputable companies provide computer security and antivirus software. Find a dependable and well rated antivirus application, and use it. Reputable antivirus and computer security software deal with the problem of viruses and malware using several approaches. Antivirus applications have dictionaries of "signatures" of known viruses, malware and adware, Trojan horses, and worms, and they scan everything that comes into your computer to make sure there are no matches. If a match is found, the code is quarantined, so it cannot execute itself on your computer. They have automatic updates to this so that whenever a new virus or other form of malware is identified, your computer is provided with the information to block it. Good security or antivirus software updates at least daily, and some update multiple times a day.
New and Unknown Threats
They also look for previously unknown threats. Many known viruses change regularly in an attempt to slip past the screening process, but antiviral software looks for certain types of patterns or signatures which match up with known threats. If a known virus has a partial change in its code, or signature, antivirus software can pick out the new variant by its resemblance to the original. It looks for things that have a similar code pattern or partly match known threats. As well, security software providers use heuristic methods to find unknown malicious software. They look at the behavior of code to see if it is acting in a way that has proven dangerous before. When a piece of code looks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, the software concludes it is a duck! And blocks it from executing any code. As well, it sends back the information on the suspect duck to the parent company, who study it to see if it is in fact malicious. If it is, they find ways to remove it and block the code from executing, and add the new threat to the latest database they send to their customers. While this sometimes causes false positives, it blocks new and unknown viruses or malware that might otherwise infect your computer.
Use a firewall between the Internet and your computer. There are different types of firewalls available, and the most common operating system, Windows, comes with a firewall. Devices such as routers can also act as firewalls.
Disable Auto Play
Make sure your computer does not activate "Auto Play" when it comes across input or new content for your computer. Rather than letting any program start whenever you attach a flash drive to your computer, turn off Auto Play in your control panel. Put all the settings for different media and software to "Take no action" or "Ask me every time," which will put control in your hands.
Update Your Applications
Keep all of your applications up to date. Hackers exploit known vulnerabilities in operating systems, browsers and many other applications such as email and PDF files. Many applications come with a built-in utility which can be set to either inform you when an update is available, or install it, depending on your preferences. If you are not in the habit of regularly installing updates for applications, you will stay better protected if you have automatic updates. Another option is to be prompted when an update is available, and you can then decide whether to install it at the time, or have it remind you later.
Think Before You Click
Be careful what you click on. Even a link that says "unsubscribe me from this email list" can be a way for a malicious website to connect to your computer and download malware. If you download programs from the Internet, look for verified signatures and well-known names. Don't ever do any financial transaction over the Internet unless you can see that the web address is secure (https://) and you see a closed lock icon on the status bar. When a link in an email is supposed to take you to a bank, hover over the link to see what address is shown. If it is not the correct address, do not click the link.
Vulnerable Browsers
Many people complain that Microsoft Windows and Microsoft's browser, IE, are particularly vulnerable to infection. Actually, this is not true. What happens is hackers creating malicious software want it to affect the most people possible and Windows and IE have the largest share of the market. Nowhere near as many viruses are designed for browsers like Opera or Google Chrome, because many fewer people use those browsers. Because Windows OS, and then Mac OS, are the operating systems with the largest market share, they are the natural targets for the people who create malicious software such as viruses.
If you follow these suggestions, you are making the best effort to ensure your computer will be protected, even from threats that have not been created yet.
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Authorities investigating fetus found at wastewater plant
RIO RICO, Ariz. (AP) — Arizona authorities are investigating after a fetus was found in a pipe at a wastewater treatment plant.
Santa Cruz County Sheriff Tony Estrada says employees at Nogales International Wastewater treatment Plant in Rio Rico reported finding the fetus on Friday afternoon.
The plant is about 9 miles north of the Arizona-Mexico border. Estrada says the fetus came through a pipe from Mexico, although it's unclear whether it entered the system in Mexico or in Arizona.
Estrada says the Office of the Medical Examiner in Tucson says the fetus was female and had developed for about 17 weeks. He says the umbilical cord was still attached and there didn't appear to be any signs of trauma.
He says the medical examiner's office is trying to determine where it came from.
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text:
Rumored Buzz on Knee Walkers in Petersburg AK 99833
This knee walker will come typical with Resource free of charge top adjustable dual hand brakes guaranteeing best protection and security when in use. The additional thick leg pad may be height modified and it is channeled to offer greater stability letting for any pain totally free snug knowledge. Considered one of the best characteristics of your DV8 knee walker is how easily the device folds devoid of instruments making vacation, storage or merely finding close to straightforward. Options
Lincare has horrible reception and inadequate customer service. The people Functioning on the Workplace have 0 respect or treatment for his or her buyers And do not valu…
The brakes on this device may also be self-altered in case you feel that the handle force is simply too limited or too loose. You can do this by getting the top on the brake cable that is previously mentioned the wheels. There you will find a wash that can be tightened and loosened for need impact.
To regulate the seat of your knee walker, Track down the seat top adjustment lever down below the seat. You have got to keep on to the front of the seat in order to increase or lower the seat top.
Individuals who have foot, ankle or decreased leg injuries are the ones who most commonly use a knee caddy. It is because this device is made for body weight-bearing relief which might support you in the Restoration or at the least make the procedure a whole lot less complicated.
Identify the knob at the best of your handlebar tube, take away the knob and factors and locate the appropriate height for you, then spot the knob back set up and tighten it.
Crutches have gotten obsolete with a number of people simply because they are not practical in almost any way, They're bothersome to utilize and could potentially cause further injury.
The steerable knee scooter we offer comes normal that has a handlebar to regulate the steering on the system. You could change freely left and right and You may also tilt the deal with tube to put at an angle for comfort and ease.
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There are various providers on the internet which provide rental solutions of knee walkers. When you rent a roll about walker, You should utilize it for nevertheless extended you are injured, then you can ship it again them.
To be able to propel on your own when in the knee walker you should only make use of your superior leg/foot to avoid injuries to the other extremity.
You might hear about these items remaining generally known as "crutch options". Traditionally, recovering from foot and/or ankle surgical procedure essential the affected person to use crutches. Crutches are cumbersome and unpleasant, they normally develop soreness and pain as part of your armpit. Not so which has a knee walker!
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Some patients require a turning knee caddy or crutches in advance of operation when the Procedure has got to do with amputation with the leg or foot.
Knee Walker Scooter … Rolling Knee Walker


text:
verb (used without object), thrummed, thrum·ming.
to play on a stringed instrument, as a guitar, by plucking the strings, especially in an idle, monotonous, or unskillful manner; strum.
to sound when thrummed on, as a guitar or similar stringed instrument.
to drum or tap idly with the fingers.
verb (used with object), thrummed, thrum·ming.
to play (a stringed instrument, or a melody on it) by plucking the strings, especially in an idle, monotonous, or unskillful manner; strum.
to drum or tap idly on.
to recite or tell in a monotonous way.
an act or sound of thrumming; dull, monotonous sound.
Origin of thrum1
First recorded in 1545–55; imitative
one of the ends of the warp threads in a loom, left unwoven and remaining attached to the loom when the web is cut off.
thrums, the row or fringe of such threads.
any short piece of waste thread or yarn; tuft, tassel, or fringe of threads, as at the edge of a piece of cloth.
Often thrums. Nautical. short bits of rope yarn used for making mats.
verb (used with object), thrummed, thrum·ming.
Nautical. to insert short pieces of rope yarn through (canvas) and thus give it a rough surface, as for wrapping about a part to prevent chafing.
to furnish or cover with thrums, ends of thread, or tufts.
Origin of thrum2
before 1000; Middle English throm end-piece, Old English -thrum, in tungethrum ligament of the tongue, cognate with Old High German drum end-piece; akin to Old Norse thrǫmr brim, edge, Latin terminus, Greek térma end
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019
Related Words for thrummingthrob, quiver, vibrate, purr, whirr, strum, moan, whisper, warble, croon, murmur, sing, mumble, trill, palpitate, drum, roar, hammer, thud, pulse
Examples from the Web for thrumming
Contemporary Examples of thrumming
In no time, the Latin American blogosphere was thrumming with jokes and parodies.Venezuela Unveils Orwellian Ministry of Supreme Social Happiness
Mac Margolis
October 31, 2013
Historical Examples of thrumming
There was a thrumming all about him, and he heard a low keening of wind.Security
Poul William Anderson
Mr. Coxon had wandered to the window again, and was thrumming on the panes.Half a Hero
Anthony Hope
"Here goes, then," said Mr. Mizzen, thrumming on the guitar.The Old Tobacco Shop
William Bowen
There was a sudden, deeper note in the thrumming roar of the great ship.The Ultimate Weapon
John Wood Campbell
Well, if it helped her, let her keep it thrumming on all night!The Forsyte Saga, Volume III.
John Galsworthy
verb thrums, thrumming or thrummed
to strum rhythmically but without expression on (a musical instrument)
(intr) to drum incessantlyrain thrummed on the roof
to repeat (something) monotonously
a repetitive strumming or recitation
Word Origin for thrum
C16: of imitative origin
- any of the unwoven ends of warp thread remaining on the loom when the web has been removed
- such ends of thread collectively
a fringe or tassel of short unwoven threads
verb thrums, thrumming or thrummed
(tr) to trim with thrums
Word Origin for thrum
C14: from Old English; related to Old High German drum remnant, Dutch dreum
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
"play a stringed instrument," 1590s, from the noun (1550s), of imitative origin. Related: Thrummed; thrumming.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper


text: So, went out for my run tonight after work, really enjoyed it. Found myself in some sort of weird meditative trance, just concentrating on my breathing and was in some sort of daze. Anyway I've being doing 5:2 diet as well. I've lost 9lbs in 8 weeks but I'm thinking in that time I must have built muscle so have probably lost a bit more fat. My stomach is much smaller than it was anyway. I love this running lark and I find myself itching to get out there. For anyone who is hesitating JUST DO IT. You won't regret it X


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Autophagy is a highly regulated mechanism allowing survival during times of cellular stress or nutrient deprivation. On initiation of autophagy, an elongating membrane, termed the isolation membrane or phagophore in mammalian cells, enwraps a portion of cytoplasm. Fusion of the edges of the membrane forms a double‐membrane vesicle called an autophagosome. The autophagosome then fuses with endosomes and lysosomes forming an autolysosome in which the sequestered content is degraded (for review, see Reggiori and Klionsky, 2005).
Yeast genetics have revealed a number of autophagy‐related (ATG) genes that are essential for the autophagic pathway (for review, see Klionsky, 2004). Many of these ATG genes have homologues in higher eukaryotes and recent studies have identified autophagy as a contributing factor to human health and disease (Cecconi and Levine, 2008). Among these ATG genes is a conserved subset of genes required specifically for autophagosome formation. This core machinery includes the transmembrane protein Atg9 and its cycling machinery, the phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3‐kinase complex, and the ubiquitin‐like conjugation systems that include two ubiquitin‐like proteins Atg8 and Atg12.
Yeast Atg8 and its mammalian homologues LC3, GABARAP, and GATE‐16, are covalently linked to phosphatidylethanolamine in a ubiquitin‐like conjugation pathway on induction of autophagy. This conversion of Atg8 from its unlipidated species (form‐I) to the lipidated species (form‐II), leads to its recruitment to the pre‐autophagosomal structure (PAS) (Kirisako et al, 2000), the site of autophagosome formation in yeast, where it has shown to be involved in the expansion of the autophagosomal membrane (Xie et al, 2008). Most Atg proteins localize to the PAS, and the correct targeting of Atg proteins to this structure is necessary for autophagosome formation (Suzuki et al, 2007; Cao et al, 2008). However, Atg9, the only identified multi‐spanning membrane protein required for autophagy, localizes to multiple punctate sites, one of which corresponds to the PAS (for review, see Webber et al, 2007). Furthermore, Atg9 cycles between the PAS and these punctate structures and is retrieved from completed autophagosomes dependent upon the Atg1–Atg13 kinase complex, Atg2, Atg18, and the PtdIns 3‐kinase complex (Reggiori et al, 2004).
In mammalian cells under normal growth conditions mAtg9 is found to localize to the trans‐Golgi network and peripheral endosomes (Young et al, 2006). After starvation, mAtg9 redistributes to a peripheral pool that co‐localizes with GFP–LC3, a marker for autophagosomes (Young et al, 2006, Yamada et al, 2005). Depletion of mAtg9 from rat hepatocytes or 293/GFP–LC3 cells results in an inhibition of the autophagic pathway (Young et al, 2006). Although starvation‐induced trafficking of mAtg9 is dependent on ULK1, a homologue of Atg1, (Young et al, 2006; Chan et al, 2007) and Atg13 (Chan et al, 2009), there are no known binding partners of mAtg9.
To gain a further understanding of the function of mAtg9 in mammalian autophagy, we used a yeast two‐hybrid assay to screen a human cDNA library for potential interacting proteins. We identified p38‐interacting protein (p38IP) as a binding partner for the C‐terminal domain of mAtg9. p38IP was first identified in a screen for gastrulation and developmental defects in mice (Zohn et al, 2006). It was shown to bind to the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38α and be required for its activation in vivo. MAPKs are a family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate many cellular processes in response to a variety of stimuli. p38 MAPK is typically activated after cellular stress such as osmotic shock or ionizing radiation, however, it also has an important role in a number of physiological processes, as well as being implicated in a number of different pathologies (for review, see Nebreda and Porras, 2000). Evidence is also emerging for a role of p38 in autophagy. In rat hepatocytes, activation of p38 by osmotic stress leads to an inhibition in autophagic proteolysis (Haussinger et al, 1999). Furthermore, colorectal cancer cells treated with SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, are observed to upregulate GABARAP and undergo autophagic cell death (Comes et al, 2007). However, the molecular mechanisms of how p38 may regulate autophagy have yet to be elucidated.
Here, we provide evidence that the mAtg9–p38IP interaction is important for autophagy and is regulated by the p38α MAPK. Furthermore, we propose this interaction may provide a potential mechanism to limit or control autophagy that maybe subject to stimuli‐specific regulation. As the upstream signalling events leading to autophagy are still largely unknown, p38α could provide the link to nutrient‐dependent signalling cascades.


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Why clean beauty?
To Trellis Beauty, Clean Beauty is defined by brands that produce products that are mindfully created with the safety of human health, our environment, and animals in the forefront of their mind.
We do the hard work for you.
Our brands are all mission based companies that are committed to delivering high performance products that are safer, cruelty free, and environmentally conscious. All products sold in-store and online are carefully curated, and to the best of our knowledge contain no ingredients known to be linked to human health issues.
From Clean Beauty Makeup Lessons and Skincare 101 to Makeovers for Prom or your Wedding day, we have you covered!


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HomeAway.co.uk, the home of Holiday-Rentals®, is part of the HomeAway family. As the world leader in holiday rentals, we offer the largest selection of properties for any travel occasion and every budget. We're committed to helping families and friends find the perfect holiday rental to create unforgettable travel experiences together.
We had a lovely stay, the trailer itself is very well equipped, includes outdoor furniture/BBQ. The host is very friendly and flexible, no doubt we will be back!
As a group of engineers from the UK we stayed at the property instead of hotels and this proved very successful. A relaxed and comfortable accommodation meant we could unwind after the working day. we enjoyed the space and facilities with lots of parking and outside space. would recommend to families and business users as a based.
thank you for a great welcome


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1433 Posts
Trail Boss (Moderator)
6117 Posts
quote:Originally posted by OnTheWayBut one further question. If we multiply my needed width and height (which you computed at 2261 x 2926 = 6,615,686 and it comes out to 6.6 MP, do I really need 12.1 MP?? I mean, would it be smart to consider, say, an 8MP camera (which I would assume would be cheaper)? Or... I guess my question is based on the numbers you computed, the 12.1MP is almost double what I need. So are there any other advantages to higher MP capable camera? That's given that my print-size-at-266dpi requirements are satisfied with way less than 12.1MP? And similarly, are there any Disadvantages to working with a 12.1MP camera? Again not knowing more than references I've read, people do talk about it being nice to be able to use the overkill (12.1mp) specifically for ability to crop. But then is there a trade-off in terms of storage? I suspect either way one would want to get another storage card or two.This is where I am totally ignorant. I simply don't know what comes along with the 12.1mp vs., say, an 8mp or 10mp. The advantages, disadvantages, trade-offs.Gawd, there's a lot to it, isn't there, lol!
2499 Posts
Trail Boss (Moderator)
2493 Posts
1296 Posts
Trail Boss (Moderator)
5303 Posts
quote:Originally posted by FLOOPEROTW,I took a landscape picture of the yard and farmhouse of where I keep my horses. I uploaded it to my iDisk site. I PMd you info on how to go to my site and download the photo. It's a jpeg in the highest resolution (3264 x 2448) that my little Canon 8 mp point and shoot can take.
quote:Originally posted by FLOOPERCarol,You might be confusing megapixel with megabit... Sounds like the file size is 6 mb, not 6 mp. To figure megapixels, you use the resolution that the photo was shot at. That photo's resolution was 3264 pixels X 2448 pixels=7,990,272 pixels. Rounded up, that's why they call it 8 mp.I don't know the answers to your other questions. The file size of that picture on my Mac is also 6 mb.PhotoShop files are different from JPEGs, so when you open it in PhotoShop, it creates it as a PhotoShop file, which may explain the size change. But I really don't know.
Advanced Rider
433 Posts
quote:Originally posted by FLOOPERAnswer from my senior art director who is a digital imaging expert (has even been used at national PhotoShop seminars/clinics as a presenter)."Because a jpeg compresses the file to 6mb when saving. When Photoshop opens it, it is uncompressed."And there ya have it!!
quote:Originally posted by FLOOPEROTW,Explanation from the art director on DPI:"DPI is the number of pixels per linear inch on the display monitor (keep in mind many monitors display in scale, so 1" on the monitor might not be exactly 1" measured by a ruler--but it is in scale). So, a file that is shot at 180 DPI and 3240 X 2440 pixels resolution would be, as PhotoShop indicated, 18" x 13" size on the display monitor (18 X 180=3240). The ability to change DPI in in PhotoShop reduces or adds to the number of pixels, but cannot add to original content or detail. If you go up to a higher DPI, it will interpolate and add pixels, not detail. If you go to a lower DPI, it will interpolae and subtract pixels (and thus detail.) So for image quality, it is is best to stay with the native DPI of the photo (in this case 180). More advanced cameras will allow you to change DPI, but most point and shoots are set at one DPI for each quality level. Being able to change DPI in PhotoShop is important for web applications, for example, where you want most photos to be at 72 DPI for optimal loading."
quote:Originally posted by FLOOPERPS: He also said to pretty much ignore DPI...it's more of a setting to tell a printer how many pixels to print per inch, and a way to optimize a photo for web display. Other than that, it's pretty meaningless and not a reflection of the qualilty of a file. The measure of the quality of the file is the number of pixels that make up the file (w X l), not the number of pixels per inch...that's a measure of display quality and printing quality.


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Looking Forward to 2019
Once again we thank all new and old members for submitting their entries and making the
competition another great success.
I'm sure we'll have some great photographs for 2019
The procedure for entering your photographs will remain the same as in previous years and is detailed below.
Section Secretary
Section Secretary Mr Bernard Moralee enjoyed a successful year in 2018 and looks forward to the show in 2019.
Details to Enter 2018
Section Secretary: Bernard Moralee, 6 Proudfoot Drive Bishop Auckland County Durham. DL14 6NX
Tel. No. 01388 664087 E-mail email@example.com
Once again I thank all new and old members for submitting their entries and making the competition another great success. We had 290 photographs entered, not the highest number we have ever received but the judge stated that the quality of the entries overall was very high, I would like to remind you of the changes made last year which still apply to this year's competition.
I'm sending out the new schedule early again to enable you to start taking your photographs to capture all of the seasons, I'm sure we'll have some great photographs for next year. Please keep this schedule in a safe place for your reference.
The procedure for entering your photographs will remain the same as in previous years, however please note the closing date for entries will be TUESDAY 4th September to enable the judge to complete his work, this has proved to be very successful on previous occasions and the photographs will then be displayed on both days of the show. The Judge for the Photography Competition 2018 is Stuart Morris, a local amateur photographer who has a keen interest in wildlife and portraiture photography.
Competitors will bring their photographs to the Show Ground Pavilion at Unthank Park, Stanhope on either Sunday 2nd September between 3pm and 5pm or Monday 3rd September between 5.30pm and 7pm.
How to enter your photographs;
- Write the number of the section you are entering on the back of the photograph.
- Bring your photographs to the Show Ground Pavilion at a time mentioned above.
- Give your name, address, contact number, e-mail address if you have one and the entry fee to the Secretary.
- You will be given your competition number and entry cards to fill in and to be attached to your photographs.
- Following the closing date, all entries will be sent for judging on Tuesday 5th September.
- The Section Secretary will display all photographs entered on both days of the show.
No entries will be taken after the 4th September.
Entry Fees
Sections 1 to 12 - Entry fee is 50p per entry.
Sections 13 to 16 - Junior class is 25p per entry.
Sections 17 to 20 - Entry fee is 50p per entry.
Competitors who spend £5 on entry fees between Sections 1 to 12 and 17 to 20 and £2.50 in the Junior Section 13 to 16 will qualify for one free entry ticket. Competitors who qualify for free entry tickets will be issued the tickets on receipt of the photographs.
Please note that competitors are allowed only three photographs per section.
Entries submitted may not have previously won a prize at Stanhope Show.
Entries must be the work of the exhibitor.
Photographs must be no larger than 148mm x 210mm (A5), except for sections 17 to 20 where A4 size is the maximum size accepted. Mount border no more than 37.5mm around the print (1½").
Larger entries will not be judged. Framed prints cannot be accepted. All photographs will be in colour unless stated otherwise.
Prize Money
1st prize: £5, 2nd prize: £3, 3rd prize: £2 unless otherwise stated.
Section sponsors are being sought to award further prizes.
Please Note: The photographic display will take place in the Ridley Suite exhibition building at the entrance to Unthank Park; the photographs will be displayed on both Saturday and Sunday.
The photographer with the most points in Sections 1-12 will be awarded a trophy sponsored by The Weardale Gazette.
Prize trophies will be awarded for best photograph in Sections: 1-12, 13-16 and 17-20.
- Human Portraiture (Black and White or Colour)
- Landscapes
Ernie Willey Perpetual Trophy Awarded
- Funny hair styles
- Best baby laughs or smiles.
- Humorous Photograph (With Caption attach to the front)
- Wildlife (Wild Animal, Birds or Insects).
Sponsored by George Wall, Perpetual Trophy Awarded
- Slow shutter speeds of waterfalls.
- A Photograph Depicting Weardale. Any subject matter, the location
of where the photograph was taken must be stated.
Sponsored by John Guyon, Perpetual Executive Languages Trophy Awarded.
- Nuts and Bolts (Black and White Only)
- Autumn Time Fog or waves crashing into light houses. But please do not put lives at risk.
- Winter Time snow on fences or barbed wire.
- Graffiti
Junior Section – Entrants up to 16 years of age.
(All Juniors may enter adult classes)
- Halloween Dress Up Costumes
- Baby Animals in Spring Time, Could Include ducks, Lambs, Chickens or Rabbits.
- Light Up Christmas Lights, Tress, Village lights, Street lights Out Side Houses.
- Easter egg design Child Most be Holding the Egg.
For The More Serious Photographer!!!
- Tools of the Trade
Prize money added by Chris Cruddas
- Thunder Storm with Lightning
Sponsored by Gerry and Elaine Stallard, Perpetual Trophy Awarded
- Wild flowers of the countryside in their natural surroundings.
Sponsored by George Wall, Perpetual Trophy Awarded
- Star Trails
Display opens at 12pm on both Saturday and Sunday for viewing.
- Photographs, prize money and trophies are to be collected at 4pm on Sunday 10th
- Anyone unable to collect their photographs can collect them at my home address by arrangement or leave an envelope with an address and correct Post Office postage label.
- Photographs not collected after 30 days will be disposed of.


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I sat in the dark for a while thinking about what to do while I waited. I had set this time aside for a coding project... so, I needed to power my computer and the router that connected my computer to the server where my code lived. There's not much computer science to be done in the dark. Even theory requires pen, paper, and light.
Then my phone beeped. Was it the landlord, calling back with a magical fix? No, it was my phone reporting that its battery was dead. The plot thickens.
So I took my charger and boldly went where I had not gone before: to the neighbor's house. I introduced myself to L., who kindly let me charge my phone. In an odd twist indicative of the general direction of the evening's events, we discovered that she's friends with my advisor's wife. And that she grew up on the same block as one of my housemates.
Phone charged, a wild and fun series of phone calls ensued. (3) The landlord: "I've called our handyman and he's coming over, call him so he has your number." (4) Me: "This is my number, I'm at the neighbor's, call when you're here." (5) Handyman: "I'm here." We ventured down the perilous, rickety stairs into the basement (second time that evening for me). While poking around, (6) M.: "So where were we?" And call waiting (7, and M. was on the stack again) the landlord: "So what's going on?" Call disconnected. (8) Me: "We were disconnected. We don't yet know what's going on."
We figured out that only half of the power was out -- the half that all the lights were wired to. The furnace had the other half to itself, so we were comfortably warm in the dark. We swapped some wires so that there was light in part of the house. We (9) called Toronto Hydro, and they dispatched a truck. (10) Told the landlord this update.
At this point, a housemate came home. There was a lot of ruckus, but no discernible cause (since the lights on the first floor were on). The situation was explained again.
The truck arrived, and parked diagonally across the cross-street intersection in front of our house. A cherrypicker was raised to the wires feeding in to the front of the house from those strung along the street lights. I may have talked (11?) to the landlord again. I lost track. Eventually, the official repairmen replaced it (one of the two power lines leading into our house had been "burnt out"), and everything was back to its electrocuted normality. I (12) called the landlord to report this.
Then I popped the stack and (13) called back M., picking up a totally different thread of conversation than the one we had actually been following when the power went out. But, lo! This was to be short-lived, for my new neighbor friend L. knocked on the door and came to apologize for her behavior. (I pushed M. onto the stack again.) I thought that she had been very gracious, since I - a stranger - had dropped in on her at night with a strange request, and been hosted with kindness.
I (14) called M. back, and wound up all our various dangling conversations. The evening was completed with no work done on my project, no grand thoughts thunk, and plenty of strange situation-escalation. On the other hand, we won't lose our power again (unless squirrels or raccoons or neighborhood punks take it out, which L. tells me is not unusual).
I made more calls on my phone in one evening than I usually make in a month.
This post's theme band: I Love You But I've Chosen Darkness. Reader challenge: hypothesize the story behind that name.


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In Literacy this week we will be reading a variety of poems from the big book 'All About Everything'.
We will identify patterns and predictable structures.
Substitute words and phrases in poems to make extend and invent patterns as well as playing with rhymes.
Children will then use the poems as models for their own writing.
In Maths this week we will be learning to double numbers.
Children will work towards recognising doubling as addition.
This knowledge will then be used to help children add by identifying near doubles.
In IPC we continue with our 'Look and Listen' unit.
This week our focus will be on Technology.
Children will have the opportunity to make a plan of what they are going to make.
Use simple tools and materials to make a product - a drum.
At the end of the week children will be able to comment on their plan, the product they have made and suggest areas for improvement.
Welcome to Sakhalin International School > Class Pages > Primary 2 > Primary 2 News >


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Outside of North America?
|Frequently Asked Question
|How long will it take to ship my order?
|RheinTacho CR series speed monitors ship 3 to 4 weeks after the order is
Most RheinTacho speed sensors are custom or OEM and thus must be ordered from the factory in Germany. Most ship 3 to 4 weeks after the order is received.
If you need a specific lead time, or are interested in larger quantities, call us at 800-942-0315.
|Where are RheinTacho products manufactured?
|RheinTacho Speed monitors and sensors are designed and
manufactured by RHEINTACHO Messtechnik GmbH in Freiburg, Germany. See www.rheintacho.com for more information. If you are outside of North America, please contact them directly.
|What are the advantages of RheinTacho speed sensors?
|RheinTacho speed sensors are designed to be used in high pressure and high temperature environments. Most speed sensors would fail under these conditions. This makes them popular for such applications as hydraulic drives.
|How do I select the right model?
|See the pages for the specific speed monitor or sensor required. Informational brochures can be downloaded as pdf files. Feel free to call us at 800-942-0315 and we will be happy to assist you with your application.
Please specify:
|What if I need something special?
|We are receptive to your special application requirements. Many sensors can be specially designed to suit your needs. Please call us at 800-942-0315 and we will be happy to
discuss your application with you.


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It isn't my usual style at all is it? I think the bright cardbase is the most 'non-me' thing about it, but I wanted to illustrate the 'sunny' part of the sentiment so there it is.
I used a sheet out of Kaisercraft's Peachy Keen collection paper pad to imitate Poppy Parade, and also some of their grosgrain ribbon which looks like Handsome Hunter. I created the dotted background in Paint Shop Pro and used the colour swatch to match it to the Old Olive colour. I popped it up on some foam dots to give it some interest. The cardbase is a sheet from the Cre8tive textured cardstock pad which looks alot more like Summer Sun in real life.
I also (sort of) used the Clean and Simple Stamping FTL124 for the layout of this card.
You can see what the rest of the Sentimental Sundays team have created this week at the Sentimental Sundays challenge blog. You have until next Sunday to submit your entry if you decide to play along, and the random winner will receive four individual sets of digital sentiments from Raindrop Echo Designs Whimsy Stamps Digital Collection, and a custom watermark from the Custom Designs at Whimsy Stamps!
Size of card: C6 (A5 folded)
Card/paper - Cre8tive textured cardstock, Matte photo paper, Kaisercraft Peachy Keen paper pad
Stamp - Love Sentiments by Raindrop Echo Designs at Whimsy Stamps
Ink - Printer
Extra - Kaisercraft grosgrain ribbon
Tools - Carl rotary trimmer, Helmar glue runner, foam dots, Bigshot, Labels Four, scissors


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For abstract phrases like "in terms of," you want an example sentence, and ideally,
a definition as well. "Getting laid off from his job affected him more emotionally
than __ the loss of income" –– regarding something, concerning something.
The additional tools you have for making it more likely to come up with the 'right'
word here are to:
A) Make the example personal [i.e., come up with an example yourself and get it
corrected by a native speaker]. The more interaction you have with the sentence
you're using, the more likely you're going to remember it in the way you want.
B) Make sure you're using two flashcards at least for the word/phrase (you want a
comprehension flashcard with ONLY the word on the front side and an example/
definition on the back)
C) Expand your definition a bit if you're getting it confused with another word, or
put in bold the chunks of the definition that distinguish it from the other word.


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Custom Niches, Custom Arch Design & Custom Shelving
We have developed a process and methodology in which we are able to use materials and hand craftsmsnship in order to produce a desired end result. many years our company has gained knowledge in the use of novel materials that allow us to create unique niches, arches and shelving.
The process – Once a client has decided on the desired design of their niche, arch or shelf they work with a carpenter to frame out the design. Once this is accomplished by framing out with wood, the process of using drywall to wrap the wood is the next step. We install 1/2″ Sheetrock or 1/4″ Sheetrock to the wood frame and apply bullnose corner bead to the drywall as the bullnose acts as a trim. Ornate curves and angles using arch type bullnose is used to achieve the desired look. Custom niches , arches and shelving can all be done using the process talked about. It is custom work that requires skilled craftsman to make the proper cuts in the corner bead and to do the finish work required of an expert drywall job. Posted will be photos of such niches, arches and shelving we have created using our process and methodology.


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Tuesday, December 2, 2008
Because apparently Olympian Nastia Lukin was on last night's episode and I had no idea.
Let's just say the Chuck/Lily story is gonna get nasty and awesome. This has the potential to be a pantheon Gossip Girl moment, providing they don't mess it up like they did much of last night's episode.
For starters, there was too much going on in the world of Humdrum and Serena. I'm not even going to comment on it. They have the "metaphorical cutting of the tie" or whatever Dan said. Haven't they done this like thirteen times already?
Every time Aaron comes on screen I cringe. I'm so predisposed to hate this guy and his photos of Serena are not art, they're stupid.
Lexi was cute though.
I do love the mini-Blairs. They make me laugh. It's good to know there are girls out there who can carry on the Waldorf legacy while she's off at Yale.
My favorite is Hazel.
Oh and Lil' J is coming back to school bitches!
Rufus' record collection looked like shit, huh? For a hip dad who lent an imaginary Pixies box set to Nate I thought he would do better than Jeff Beck and Aeromsith. Jesus and Mary Chain? XTC, even?
Say what you will about Jessica Szhor, but my girl can cry. Vanessa spent most of last night crying. By the by, why can't Vanessa do one dastardly thing without having to come clean about it? She's too perfect. Frankly, it's a little annoying. And of course she's never felt that way about anyone before, Nate! The last person to show romantic interest in her was Dan. No one likes, Dan.
Which brings me, briefly, back to Dan and Serena - believe it or not, I wish they would get back together because then we'd only have to endure one Dareena storyline per week.
How great are Blair and Chuck? I mean, honestly. We don't even need to talk about it. They are absolute magic on screen together. When they're scheming, they can make even the worst episode at least passable.
Solid work from Dorota as per usual.
Line of the night: "I gave her that headband."
I didn't think it was possible for the GG wardrobe people to top Chuck's "anchor cardigan", but they have and I'm sure you all know what I'm talking about. That sparkly jacket was ridiculously awesome!
Why are there always parties and balls in the world of Gossip Girl? I mean always.
I guess I should talk about Rufus and Lily...there I talked about it. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz!
The see through dress wasn't all that see through. I mean, who cares really? You can see more Serena tit in clothes that aren't see through. Vanessa should have owned it, that would have been great
Dan was excited for the snowflake ball. You know why? Dan's gay.
The Norman Mailer reference was forced. Remember when Norman Mailer was on Gilmore Girls and you totally believed it? Me too.
Beta Chuck. HA!
I used to work right under an elevated subway train and when the train is going by, you cannot hear the person on the other end. I used to have stop conversations. Dan, though, had no problem.
Overall not great, but Blair and Chuck knock it up a full letter grade, so B-
5 comments:
- Blanket said...
I just said "ah fuck you" out loud because i didn't fucking watch yet and i wasnt going to read the post but the first fucking sentence gives it all away you fucking asshole fucker.
- December 2, 2008 at 10:42 AM
- Pat D Sez said...
Are you really all that surprised?
- December 2, 2008 at 11:02 AM
- Blanket said...
surprised that you're a jerk? no
jk no i'm not surprised.
- December 2, 2008 at 11:11 AM
- Pat D Sez said...
I love you
- December 2, 2008 at 11:35 AM
- Lazy Lorsie said...
I held out reading your take on it until today because Craig didnt have work until last night and I cant stand his snarky comments when I try to watch it.
Overall - the sparkly tuxedo was the best part, Aaron was the worst. I hate him. I hated when Blair said he was hot or whatever because he isnt and Blair knows better.
Also the whole Vanessa thing was so anti-clamactic. Who cares that you could see her silhouette? Was she not wearing any undergarments and hadnt had a wax in a few months? BORE
PS Vanessa apparently dates Chuck in real life and I don't approve
- December 5, 2008 at 8:56 AM


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Beginning in 2002, the MCT Seaflow project was the first renewable energy project for AEL Airborne. AEL developed a set of saturated material properties for the design and subsequent build of the composite blades for the 300kW experimental 2-bladed Seaflow tidal energy device.
The 7 metre blades used a carbon fibre spar, with glass fibre shells. The fully flooded blades used a single casting for the root connection and were designed and built to a challenging 6 months schedule.


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Friday, January 8, 2010
Tankless Hot Water Heaters and Half-Marathons
That paragraph just got me all excited and worked up but now I am grounded again, thinking about our tankless hot water heater. Think of a tankless hot water heater as a giant insta-hot for your house. Instead of keeping water heated all day long, these just heat the water when you want it. They use a lot of electricity when you turn on the hot water, but overall you end up using much less electricity than a standard hot water tank. They are considered to be very eco-friendly and as a bonus they take up about as much room as an extra large shoebox.
The only problem is, they are fairly new to the market and have only been on people's radar in the U.S. for the past 5 years or so. The models out there are not always perfect and hardly any plumbers have worked on them and the parts are not easily available.
So, yesterday when the hot water in my shower started to get very cold very fast, I knew I was in for an ordeal. We've had our Bosch tankless AE-125 for about 20 months and after doing some quick reading online, it seems like you hit the 18 month mark with these babies and parts start to fail. But I am not giving up on our tankless yet. I love the space saved in our laundry room. After a few calls and a few "We don't carry the parts or work on tankless water heaters we haven't installed" I finally found a plumbing company that said "No problem! We'll be out in 3 hours." So now I am waiting for the guy to show up. I'll let you know how it goes. Luckily, we have friends and family that all live 2 miles or less from us, so we'll be able to take showers this weekend if it gets ugly.
7 comments:
wow! A marathon...that's wonderful. I hope the plumber showed up!ReplyDelete
Our shower is yours whenever you need it. We've had our tankless (gas) for 4 years. Wonder if it's on it's last legs???ReplyDelete
As a plumber who works on these units, I can tell you that electric tankless is rare in these parts, due to cooler water temps coming from the ground. The electric ones just don't have the capacity to make most people happy. But I've worked on lots of gas ones, and you should expect to get 20 - 30 years out of it, depending on who made it.ReplyDelete
Ours is electric and even during the really really cold snap it was doing fine since there are only two of us, only one bathroom, no kids and I don't do dishes the same time as I take a shower. It looks like there is some regular flushing out that I was never told to do by our original installer that might have added to the parts going bad so quickly. But we still don't know as the plumber came late Friday and couldn't get ahold of Bosch. So fingers crossed for monday that it can get all worked out.ReplyDelete
Best of luck with your marathon training! And I hope you find you can have lovely hot showers when you finish your runs, too.ReplyDelete
To be honest, when it comes to those Bosch electric heaters, I recommend that rather than pay to have it worked on, you just go to Lowe's and buy a replacement. It ends up being near the same cost.ReplyDelete
We are buying a replacement and I am trying to send our old one back in to be refurbished so we can have it as a back up. We will only do tankless again in another house if we have gas and order a Rinnai. We have 2 friends with the Rinnai and no problems. Lesson learned!ReplyDelete


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Welcome To Gati Packers & Movers in Faridabad
Welcome to city of corporate houses Faridabad located in the state of Haryana in northern India is also the part of NCR. If you have planned to move within or any part of this city you can call us we are offering all type of packing and moving services for households, industrials, and commercial packing and moving requirements. We Gati Packer and Movers are ready to take care of home shifting and relocation requirements, commercial office shifting, industrial machinery and goods shifting anywhere in the India. We also take care of other services too such as car transportation, car shipping, shipping for goods and shifting for pets with insurance and custom all the clearance process. Our packers and movers services are available at reasonable price without compromising with our services quality.
The worry of moving to another place from a place where one was all around settled can be very upsetting. Appropriate from packing every last thing, taking consideration that nothing gets harmed or broken to stacking and emptying lastly unloading everything in the most productive way can end up being an occupation loaded with a ton of tensions for the home or office owner wanting to move. Rather than taking everything on one claim shoulders, it is constantly better to draw in expert packers and movers companies in Faridabad.
Along these lines, one can focus on other critical errands that one needs to concentrate other than dealing with packing and unloading tasks. This services offered by Gati Packers and Movers in Faridabad. We offer packing, stacking, emptying and unloading services to make movement bother free.


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COOL BEANS I love services like this it makes me proud to be part of the internet world
Why Haven't You Played on Jump?
Why Haven't You Played on Jump?
Jump is an on-demand, video game subscription service that provides unlimited access to a highly curated library of games. Our service was created with the goal of delivering a unique platform for gamers to discover and play the titles they want, with a special emphasis on unique, high-quality games by independent developers. With 14 free days on us, subscribers can check out high-quality and groundbreaking video game offerings without the commitment to buy.
But it gets even better than that. Loyalty reward members here on Alienware Arena can claim one month of Jump for absolutely free, NO. CREDIT. CARD. REQUIRED. Yeah. That's the stuff. Honestly, it's a pretty sweet deal. No chance of forgetting about the subscription and it auto-renewing before you are ready. One month, no questions asked. If you have a Casual reward available to you, I highly suggest using it to play over 110 indie games for absolutely free, anywhere you want. Head over to the rewards section and claim your access key NOW!
Loyalty members can claim a month of free access to Jump.