text:
SVRF E-Liquid is a US manufactured brand based in LA brought to Vape Club by the good folk at SAVEURvape. Inspired by such beautiful and iconic locations such as Leo Carrillo, Surfrider Beach and Venice Beach, SVRF is sun, sea, sand and.... well, surf - all rolled into one.
Three High VG based flavours (70%VG) offering wave after wave of vape satisfaction (Yep, we went there) making SVRF suitable for most setups.
At Vape Club SVRF is available in Short Fill form (50ml of eLiquid in a 60ml bottle) and requires the additional purchase of a nicotine booster shot if you wish to vape with nictoine. Mixing an 18mg nic shot will give you 60ml of eliquid at 3mg.


text:
Worthing Library users can expect big improvements to their service when refurbishment work is completed in five weeks' time.
The library will remain open, but there will be restricted access to certain areas while the essential work takes place.
Customers will be able to order in any items of stock that are inaccessible due to the building work free of charge.
Regular activities will continue, although their locations within the Library may change.
Talks and events that have been arranged will continue including a special programme of events celebrating Worthing Library's 40th birthday in November, although Baby Rhyme Time on Tuesday 27 October has been cancelled.
Outdated lighting is being replaced, with a new ceiling being put in to accommodate the replacement lighting, as well as redecoration and a new carpet throughout the lending library.
The children's library, teenage, non-fiction and crime fiction are the first areas affected.
From October 22 there will be reduced access to computers in lending, although computers in the Reference Library will still be available.
Adult fiction, large print, biographies, audio books, CDs and DVDs will be affected from October 26 for approximately three weeks.
For more information contact Worthing Library on firstname.lastname@example.com or 01903 704809
Don't miss out on all the latest breaking news where you live.
Here are four ways you can be sure you'll be amongst the first to know what's going on.
1) Make our website your homepage at www.worthingherald.co.uk/
2) Like our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/Worthing.news
3) Follow us on Twitter @Worthing_Herald
4) Register with us by clicking on 'sign in' (top right corner). You can then receive our daily newsletter AND add your point of view to stories that you read here.
And do share with your family and friends - so they don't miss out!
The Worthing Herald - always the first with your local news.
Be part of it.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Letter From the President September 2016
August was another good month for the ODSC! We had our Nomination Party and we have some great candidates. Please go out to the website and read everyone's bio. This is a very experienced group of candidates!
A group of us went to visit the South Strand Shag Club on our Bus to Somewhere trip. We had a great time and the South Strand Shag Club was extremely hospitable! The Cruise to Nowhere was also a big hit with a lot of our new members having their maiden voyage! We have started our Beginner II Lessons. Sonny and Tina Tomberlin are teaching the pivot, boogie walk, and other steps on Thursday evenings in the backroom of Fat Harold's. Thank you Sonny and Tina for the time you are giving to our shag club!
September will be a busy month for the ODSC. Just to mention a few items, we have SOS, Charity Golf Tournament, Brunch, SASS, Bar Crawls, giving away a golf cart. I guess I need to take my vitamins so I can get through September!
We still need help manning the Merchandise tent and Golf Cart Raffle tent during SOS. Please sign up and work a shift. The shifts are only two hours and frankly, you meet other shag club members and have a good time!
I would also encourage you to purchase a golf cart raffle ticket. This raffle helps to support all the fun things we do such as the Brunch you will enjoy in September. You never know, you might actually win a golf cart!
The last ACSC meeting for 2016 will be held on Saturday, September 24th at the OD Resort. Any member of the ODSC is welcome to join me at the meeting. Just let me know so we can save you a seat!
Hope everyone has a great September!


text:
Improvement of building process
We have one big project. And as all big projects it's build takes long time – it is the problem, because it is wasting time 🙁
First some words about project architecture. It is based on Java EE 5 (we use EJB, JPA, JMS, etc.) and we use GWT for building rich user interface. Also, for static pages, we use Magnolia CMS. And as result building of it is not quick.
After some analysis I found obvious. At the same time developers are working either on a user interface or over the business logic and therefore we can also divide building process.
So we configured 3 profiles for maven:
* all – for building application ear with all modules – usually it is used for installing application on test or production servers;
* beans – for building application ear with business logic modules and it is used for development;
* ui – for building war with user interface and it is used for development.
And as result we can apply changes in business logic much quicker than earlier. For debuging of user interface (GWT) is better to run GWT module in hosted mode.


text:
The fashion police have arrived in my neighborhood. They have chosen this summer as a time to review my entire wardrobe.
It will not take them long. I have a friend who has a great changeover of her summer and winter clothes in her closet and bureau. I have no need for that. I can barely fill the space I have with my entire wardrobe.
My closet does have arrangement. A few pair of pants and then a long line of t-shirts hang neatly. These are my short sleeve summer dress t-shirts, as opposed to my short sleeve summer anytime t-shirts which are scrunched into one corner of a drawer. My winter t-shirts are in there too. Any piece of clothing worn under something else does not deserve a hanger.
Further down at the end of my closet, which you have to stretch and stumble to get to, is my "almost never" wardrobe. A dark suit for weddings and funerals. A navy blazer for weddings and funerals of people that I do not know well. A few shirts with collars to wear to weddings and funerals. And three ties to cover all seasons of, well, weddings and funerals.
My real wardrobe challenge this summer has been about socks. Socks are a much neglected item in a man's wardrobe. Specifically, I am having trouble with my white socks. Since I only wear dress shoes at, well, you know where, I mostly wear athletic shoes. In the United States a male must wear white socks with athletic shoes. I think it is a law or maybe even in the Constitution. I cannot tell you what a faux pas it is to wear dark socks with tennis shoes. Just go up to Old Orchard Beach in Maine and watch all those French Canadian men prancing around in dark socks. It hurts the eyes! It jars one's sensibilities!
But even after I get the color right, there remains the question of length. When I was growing up in the fifties, there was only one length: long. Women wore these little shoe liner things, maybe called peds. But real men wore high, white socks.
Around 1980 I played in a gold tournament with Brother #2 in Florida. He and his friends all had on those little peds. I can recall vividly how much fun he and his friends had ridiculing my high white socks for the entire weekend. I of course knew how superior my socks were to their sissy socks, but their remarks made an imprint.
As our culture moved forward, sock rules changed. Golf and the running boom moved the tops of socks lower. I like to fit in and I have adapted. I do not wear those silly peds, but I do wear low cut, heavy, manly socks.
However, I do have one little quirk. I like to wear these socks with my sandals. I just do not like the feel of sandal on my feet. It is sticky. Rocks get caught in there. Ouch! Socks with Birkenstocks is definitely counter cultural.
My other brother, Brother #1, takes great glee whenever he catches me in my socks and sandals routine. Fortunately he also lives in Florida so I do not have to be the brunt of his comments too often. But he got me to thinking. Maybe I was going too far with this protect the feet thing.
This year I decided to initiate a bold experiment. I would go sockless with sandals. It felt alright for awhile – for about a hundred yards. Then the bottom of my feet started to heat up and stick to the sandals. And then my right foot started making this sound. I was mortified. My feet were farting! I was looking for street smarts and all I got was street farts!
The experiment ended quickly. I have decided to grow up and stick by my guns or at least by my socks. I am old enough to choose my wardrobe without fear of ridicule. At least if I am not in Florida. And my walks are much quieter.


text:
Note: Explore our full index to revealing excerpts of key main media information articles on dozens of partaking topics. If so, try the International Aerobatic Club, the EAA division dedicated to selling and enhancing the security and pleasure of aerobatics.
Thus, a common consensus of what was described above, although not with out a few differences will considerably grow the Islamic finance market and will catapult it to exponential levels.
We analyze mentions of the companies that form the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and find that a better variety of mentions of a company within the information on a given morning corresponds to a greater volume of trading for that company throughout a given day, as well as a better change in price for a company's shares.
Increased electronic engagement between healthcare providers and patients gives vital opportunities for improving income cycle metrics and inspiring patients to entry EHRs.
While the inherent strengths of Islamic finance have contributed to its viability and resilience, going forward the foundations for its sustainability as a competitive form of monetary intermediation is yet to be reinforced.


text:
Another writer shared this video on one of my loops, and I thought it would be helpful to other writers, so I'm passing it along. I think it's a neat way of looking at creativity and distancing yourself from your work. Whether you're still trying to get published and wading through rejections, or you've just finished that first book and are receiving reviews, or you're working on your next project and feeling anxious about topping your last one, this might provide some valuable insight into allowing your creativity to flow unhindered.
Tuesday, January 25, 2011
FOR WRITERS: Saving Your Creative Spirit
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Working together for our kids and their families
Pediatric Perfusionist Careers with BC Children's Hospital
At BC Children's Hospital (BCCH), you have the opportunity to contribute your unique skills and expertise to impact health outcomes for BC's neonatal and pediatric patients. Over the past five years, the cardiac surgery program at BCCH has grown to include cardiac transplant procedures and internal and external cardiac devices (such as Berlin Hearts and VADs), and you will work alongside leaders in the field as you take part in a variety of procedures including cardiac surgery, vascular surgery and organ transplantation as well as cardiopulmonary bypasses.
Our perfusion department is actively engaged in education, both internally within the hospital and provincially with the BCIT School of Perfusion Sciences, around extracorporeal technology. Your experience in clinical care as a perfusionist will align with our continuing strategy at BCCH to elevate the standards of patient care through continuous improvement driven by the commitment that patients and their families come first.
At BCCH you will experience a supportive environment of ongoing education, training and assistance to ensure you have everything you need to grow professionally. As a leading acute care teaching facility, we have the systems, tools, and partnerships to enable you to practice at your highest level.


text:
Pauri is situated in the northern slopes of beautiful Kandoliya hill Ranges of middle Himalayas at the height of 1650 m above sea level. A panoramic view of snow clad Himalayan peaks of Bander Pooch, Gangotri Group, Kedarnath, Chaukhanba, Neelkanth, Hariparbat, Nanda Devi and Trishul can be seen from any point of the city. The city is blessed with a number of picnic spots surrounded by Deodar forests and filled with natural beauty – Ransi, Kandoliya, Nag Dev, Jhandi Dhar. The main temples of the city are Kandoliya Devta, Laxmi Narayan, Kyunkaleshwar Mahadev and Hanuman Mandir. Every year, a 'Bhandara' is organized in the premises of the Temple of Kandoliya Devta and thousands of devotees nearby villages participate.
Fast Facts
Height: 1650 m
Climate: The summer is mild and light cottons and light woolens are suggested. In winter, the sunny days are pleasant – though the nights are cold and fairly heavy clothes are required. Through the rest of the year, light woolens/cottons are suggested.
Getting There & Away: How to reach Pauri
Road: Pauri is on NH-119 and well connected with major destinations of Uttarakhand.
Rail: The nearest railway station is Kotdwara, 101 kms.
Air: Jolly Grant airport near Dehradun is at a distance of 133 kms from Pauri.
Tourist Attractions in Pauri
Pauri is paradise for adventure seekers interested in sports like Trekking, Moonlight Trekking, Cycling, Jungle Camping, Wildlife Adventure, Aero-sports, Angling, Rock climbing and River rafting.
Kyunkaleshwar Temple: 8th century Shiva temple established by Shankaracharya during his visit to Pauri. The main deities are Lord Shiva, Parvati, Ganesha and Kartikeya. Other deities in the temple are of Lord Rama, Lakshman and Sita. One can have a spellbound sight of the magnificent Himalayan ranges along with Alakananda valley and the town.
Jwalpa Devi Temple: Jwalpa Devi Temple is a famous Shaktipeeth of this area dedicated to Goddess Durga and is 33 kms from Pauri on Pauri – Kotdwara road. A special worship is offered during the Navratras.
The Kandolia: Another Shiva temple, polularly known as Kandoliya Devta, is located in the dense forest of Oak and Pine on Kandolia hills. Adjacent to this temple is a beautiful park. The park gives a beautiful view of Pauri town and Gangwarsyun Valley.
Nagdev Temple: This much worshipped temple of Snake God, Nag Devta is situated in a dense forest of Pine and Rhododendron. On the way to this temple, an observatory has been installed from where one can get a thrilling view of magnificent Himalayan ranges like Chaukhamba, Gangotri Group, Bander Pooch, Kedarnath and Kedardome. The temple is located on Pauri – Bubakhal road and is 5 kms from the bus stop. Last stretch to this temple is by a short trek.
Khirsu: Located 20 kms from Pauri, Khirsu is a peaceful town free from hustle and bustle of the cities. Read More>>>
Lansdowne: Lansdowne is one of the quietest hill stations of India and is situated at an altitude of 1706 m. It is the perfect place for adventure activities. Read More>>>


text:
- Rentals
- Sale
- Plan Your Trip
- Tours & Services
- About
- Blog
- List With Us
- Investors
for Leicester Apartment
by Rina D, United States
July 2015
"My husband, my son and I stayed at this wonderful apartment at the end of July. It was a quiet location and very well appointed. I would highly recommend this to a couple or a family with up to two small children. Very nice neighborhood."
Rina D, Sacramento, California, United States


text:
|Cannot open jcsearch.dbCannot open jcsearch_time.db
|Blog by JasmineCorp | Create your own Blog
|RSS Feed | Login
The new interpretation of the spirit of innovation RAY-BAN 2016 New Clubround party type person
cheap ray bans 4246 new series of party-type people set original, unique and classic design elements in a new and unique color. All-round view mirror frame style appearance, quite the party Daren series charm. Along the frame plate texture, combined with metal trim nose and beams. Providing two styles of sunglasses and optical microscopy. Sunglasses color options: black embellishment frame folds texture on black - white with pink dotted texture fold mirror lenses on a white frame - green with mirror lenses. ray ban outlet 2016 to greet the arrival of the new spring and summer series Clubround party-type people, both new series follows the unique contours of Le Pen, but also into a new fashion elements with a unique circular style, with retro flavor rich design, the continuation of the legendary brand fashion charm. Ray-Ban's classic series Clubmaster party Daren Round circular fashion and is the source of inspiration for new products, two classic design language perfect blending, glamorous achievements of 2016 spring and summer series: Clubround party-type people. The new series is designed for keen to express personal charm and modern intellectual elite design, integration of real Ray-Ban classic design elements and classic styles, is to create a modern image and make cool funky fashion show's secret weapon.
Michael Kors Fashion WatchesYou probably know eBags sells accessories in addition to our huge selection of bags. Well, to add to those accessories, we now sell jewelry including fashion watches for men and women. We'll be adding more in the coming months but right now our watch brands include Fossil, Diesel, and Michael Kors.
Permalink | Comments (0)
The lenses of an Ray Ban Plaintiff pair ofcheap ray bans sunglasses are made from 00 Black Iridium Polarized Lens, which blocks harmful UVA, UVB, and UVC rays from seeping through. For that case, even Rayban aviators are made from polarized lens, but Ray Ban has more patents and technological advancement when it comes to lenses.If you love your chic, pilot kind of look then stick with the Read More.....
Permalink | Comments (0)
JC Store | JasmineCorp | JCBid |Software Development | Domain Registration | Hosting | Web Designing | Buy Books | Advertise with JCSearch | Whois | IP Locator | Add Search | Shopping | Store | Free Blogs | Free GuestBook | Free E-Cards | Free Games | Free Tutorials | Set as Home | Add to Favorite | Suggest a Site | Directory Our Portfolio | Terms of service | Free quote | Tell a Friend | Special Offer | Job Opportunities | games | Usenet Groups


text:
Last Updated: 1 day ago
Sarasota, FL 34236
From $741,210
Why 'From' pricing?
New homes can be personalized to your needs and taste.
Builders pricing can vary greatly. Builders display base pricing because you have not selected your options and upgrades yet and some homes may indicate that the land cost is not included.
Willow (2403 sq. ft.) is a home with 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms and 2-car garage. Features include master bed downstairs.
Builder Community Sales Office Map
500 Laurel Street, Sarasota, FL 34236
Sales Agent: Greg Walters
Hours: Mon-Sat 10:00 AM - 6:00 PM;Sun 12:00 PM - 6:00 PM;
Enclave at Laurel Park Townhomes
Award-winning Central Living by David Weekley townhomes are now available in Enclave at Laurel Park City Homes! Situated west of the Trail in Sarasota's historic Laurel Park neighborhood, embrace luxurious, low-maintenance living while being close to downtown, shopping, dining and entertainment. In addition to the best in Design, Choice and Service from a builder with more than 40 years of experience, in Enclave at Laurel Park City Homes, you'll also enjoy:
•Three-bedroom, three-story townhomes with elevators and two-car garages
•Students attend Sarasota County Schools, including Southside Elementary School, Booker Middle School and Sarasota High School
•Jogging trails, biking, playground, skatepark and tennis center in nearby Payne Park
•Easy access to top-rated Gulf beaches and the arts and museum district
Actual schools may vary. Contact the builder for more information.
Get the latest Sarasota-Bradenton news and deals delivered weekly!
We will never share your email address.
Privacy policy


text:
I've been anxiously awaiting this Soundblaster repaint since MP Soundwave was announced. Unfortunately I had to cancel my pre-order in favor of some new shelving, so I'm just going to have to enjoy this guy vicariously though video reviews for a couple of weeks until I can place an order for my own.
If you enjoyed this review please subscribe to the Kool Kollectibles' YouTube Channel to keep up with all of his latest reviews.


text:
Digging Pebble's Grave, part the next.
20 April 2014 § 1 Comment
In a widely-reported move, Rio Tinto, a major player in the development of Alaska's Pebble Mine – long a threat to the Bristol Bay watershed and its fisheries – gifted its shares in the project to the Bristol Bay Native Corporation and Alaska Community Foundation. The decision was announced after the EPA said it would consider stopping the mine, citing the Clean Water Act. The White House supported the EPA's announcement. Alaska Senator Lisa Murkowski suggested that the Obama Administration may have held more sway in the process.
Last September, Anglo American, a mining company which had invested in Pebble Mine from the start, pulled out of the project. Currently, Canadian-based firm Northern Dynasty Minerals retains shares in Pebble Mine.
Alaska's government, hyperaware of both how much money Pebble Mine would produce for the state and how much it would devastate the region environmentally and economically, has remained steadfast in "letting science decide" the fate of Pebble.
I'm a Bristol Bay fisherman. The threat of Pebble Mine has loomed over every season I've fished like a dark banner under which ornery fisherman gather and complain. Movies have been made in protest. For half a decade, nearly every fishing boat, tender, skiff and processor vessel in Bristol Bay has flown the anti-Pebble flag, the corresponding stickers stuck ubiquitously throughout the region (one remained on my car as I sold it last year in Oregon).
No one in the fishery knows, really, what might have happened had Pebble gone through. It still may, though the chances are minimal. Would we have had four years of decent fishing left, or until the spawn of the last uncontaminated fish died off? Should we worry about other problems now, like Fukushima and radioactive fish, or the Fraser River's anticipated heavy run, which this year may overtake Bristol Bay as the most abundant salmon run in the world, and plummet our price?
On a smaller scale, I'm fishing this year with Heather on her boat, the Silver Kris. We'll be running it together. Will everything work correctly? Will we catch fish? Will we lose money on the venture to Alaska? We're to drive to Seattle today to put gear and food on the barge.
It's that time of the year. I've mostly forgotten or repressed what negative memories of last year's grind on the Okuma remained, and I'm readying for the northern migration again. With worries and confidence and news of this disaster, or that gift.
Pebble Mine is now in the hands of BBNC, who are, by and large, fishermen. Imagine if the protestors in Egypt were handed Mubarak's power; if Syria's government forces suddenly handed its arms over to the families of civilians it has murdered; if Occupy Wall Street accomplished something tangible. We've won, gotten what we wanted; the protest of Alaska's rural communities, fueled by environmental and cultural stewardship, worked. What now?
Now, we continue. We buy food and coffee, rain gear, engine parts; save receipts for next year's taxes. We visit a friend at the airport who's on layover toward the fishing grounds. We tend to the passing of the seasons, and adjust the anchor lines for the flooding tide.
We go fishing, because that's what we do.
§ One Response to Digging Pebble's Grave, part the next.


text:
Six years after B-movie star Lana Clarkson died of a gunshot wound in music producer Phil Spector's home, a jury has finally ruled in the case against Spector, EOnline.com reports.
In the second trial against Spector since Clarkson was killed, a Los Angeles jury found Spector guilty of second-degree murder. The former hitmaker is 69 and could spend the rest of his years in jail after his sentencing on May 29.
Prosecutors said Clarkson was the victim of a man who had a history of violence against women. Spector's lawyers contended that she shot herself in his foyer.
Spector is no stranger to the courtroom – in 2007 a jury was unable to reach a verdict in the case.
Prosecutors—who used the same line of defense at the second trial as the first—argued Clarkson fell victim to a man who had a history of waving guns and acting violently toward women—especially when he'd been drinking. Spector's defense contended Clarkson shot herself.


text:
Financial Literacy services
Financial literacy is the ability to understand how money works in the world: how people earn it, how they manage it, how they invest it, and how they can donate it to help others. More specifically, financial literacy refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their financial resources.
A variety of JFS programs offer financial workshops from basic financial literacy to considering bankruptcy. We work to empower our clients to remain or return to self-sufficiency.
Programs with specialized areas to meet financial literacy needs:
JFS Hand Up Loan Program - Need financial help with business development, job training, a car for transportation to work, adoption, summer camp, or emergency financial assistance? If you are a resident of San Diego, you may qualify for an interest-free loan with us.
JFS Employment & Career Services - Assists clients with obtaining the necessary tools for a successful job search. Services include educational workshops, personalized job search assistance, resume writing, and networking opportunities. Additional services for Jewish clients.
Stay Connected with JFS
CONTACTinformation(858) 637-3008Send an email>>
ADMINISTRATION(General Information)(858) 637-3000
JOAN & IRWIN JACOBS CAMPUSTurk Family Center8804 Balboa Ave.San Diego, CA 92123All communication is strictly confidential.


text:
Vintage Rose (Rosie)
Temporary Tattoo
If your Girlfriends name happens to be Rosie, your in luck!
Suprise her with a temporary tattoo!
Vintage Rose (Rosie) Tattoo Transfer Paper Size: 10 x 7 cm (A7) FL11
-Realistic temporary tattoo transfer!
-Easy to apply!
-Special non-sharp finish for better and more realistic look!
-Looks like a real tattoo when applied!
-Used by professional make-up artists
in film, fashion, music, theater and TV industry!
-Great for fun, events, celebrations, cosplay!
-Recreate yourself for a day with our tattoos!


text:
Discussion Forums > Maintenance
Changing batteries in remote
(1/4) > >>
I have a 2001.5 Passat and haven't seen one posting at any vw forum on how to change the new remotes batteries, or if you even can do it. Getting close to two and a half years and starting to worry a little. Can't really see myself paying the dealership $45 bucks + to do something for less than $10 in batteries and some of my time. If anybody can help it would be greatly appreciated. BTW the new keys don't have a slot in the side of them to pry it open, but have heard of them having a screw under the VW emblem??????????? Don't really know :oops: ...
I haven't heard anything on this either. Mine has 3+ years on it and is still working, although the range is not quite what it was.
I'd post over to CB5 to see what some of the other fanatics have to say :wink:
I would also like to know. Mine is also 3+ years and the range can vary, but it is not as far as it used to be.
Already did that and I received more interest here than there. It seems no one knows or they aren't talking for whatever reason. Hopefully someone else here will know. My range on the remote is considerably shorter than it used to be, especially for the trunk(need to be within 3 feet to work reliably)
there was a "how to" somewhere on the web that I printed up a while ago...let me see if I can find it again and I will post the link here.
[0] Message Index
[#] Next pageGo to full version


text:
Plus Size Cami Jumpsuit
Unfortunately This Product Is Sold Out
We recommend the following items:
- Buyer protection|Learn More >>
- 30 Day Returns Guarantee
- Full or partial refund if the item is not as described
- Full refund for damaged items
Length: Normal
Material: Polyester
Fit Type: Regular
Waist Type: Mid
Closure Type: Elastic Waist
Pattern Type: Solid
Pant Style: Overalls
Weight: 0.3900kg
Package Contents: 1 x Jumpsuit
- Receiving time = Processing time + Shipping time
- Priority Direct Mail: 7-15 bussiness days
- Standard Shipping: 7-25 bussiness days
- Expedited Shipping: 3-7 bussiness days
Our Guarantee: 30 Day Returns or Exchange guarantee from the delivered date.
- Small 0%
- True to Size 0%
- Large 0%
We want to hear from you!
Tell us what you think about this item,win 10 points for post text review.
- It's cute and the length is great. It's just a bit tight around the tummy so if you're like me and have a larger tummy size up!
- Size:5XL Color:ARMY GREEN
There are no questions yet.


text:
Japanese import from Yamato Batman wave 2. Comes with rooftop base and interchangeable arm. #batman #yamato #import #dccomics
@pabloz thanks man. I hit the limit last night I'm going to have to upgrade to be able to post more things. Love this app!
Too cool
You're really posting some amazing stuff
The bat signal is a great addition to this
Wow it looks sick
Gotta add this to my collection
Well thats one I definetly don't have!
Manteca, CA
For the moment, all purchases can be made
inside Boxes on your mobile device


text:
Amazon vs Wallmart
2 Page Comparison without reference
Almost ten decades before amazon posted a credible threat to Walmart. Everyone knows Walmart was the biggest retailer and sail everything like the shine of sun. Amazon was just start sailing online books and CDs recently. Walmart was sailing everything and doing their work fast but amazon was just start working. Amazons growth has put it squarely in the sights of the brick and mortar giant.
Review from student
Brown University
1271 Tutors
California Institute of Technology
2131 Tutors
Carnegie Mellon University
982 Tutors
Columbia University
1256 Tutors
Dartmouth University
2113 Tutors
Emory University
2279 Tutors
Harvard University
599 Tutors
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2319 Tutors
New York University
1645 Tutors
Notre Dam University
1911 Tutors
Oklahoma University
2122 Tutors
Pennsylvania State University
932 Tutors
Princeton University
1211 Tutors
Stanford University
983 Tutors
University of California
1282 Tutors
Oxford University
123 Tutors
Yale University
2325 Tutors


text:
The family of three West Australian children killed in a horrific car crash in Denmark say they are devastated by their loss.
Maria O'Shea and four-and-a-half month old baby boy Torben survived the high-speed accident close to the town of Lendum, about 470km north of Copenhagen, just before 10am local time on Tuesday.
But it claimed the lives of her two sons Connor and Soren, aged three and 11, and daughter Saoirse, 9.
Their father Brian was not in the car at the time, and had been with his father-in-law, whom the family of six had travelled to visit.
On Friday, the family described Soren as a handsome, thoughtful and caring boy who always wanted to please.
They said Saoirse was beautiful, creative and charming while Connor was "our wonderful precocious rascal".
"These were individuals that were our joy and our life," the family said in a statement.
"They will forever be missed by us and all of those that they have touched in their short lives.
"We could not be more proud and honoured to have had the time that we have had with them."
The statement said thoughts and prayers for the family had come from all around the world.
Mrs O'Shea moved from Denmark several years ago to the town of Pemberton in WA's southwest after she married Australian Brian O'Shea.
News of the tragedy sent shockwaves through the small, close-knit logging town, where the O'Sheas are believed to have lived for about 10 years.
Mrs O'Shea, a doctor, reportedly worked at Manjimup Medical Centre until the birth of Torben, while her husband is employed at a wood-heating and wood fuel business in Manjimup.


text:
Green Green Highland Tartan Rug Inverness 80X150
Green Highland Tartan Rug Inverness – Echoing the subtle richness of the natural tones associated with the Highlands of Scotland, any one of this impressive collection would add warmth and style to a room. In beautiful rich colours, these prestigious looking rugs are 100% polypropylene, making them hard wearing, adding to their on-trend appeal.
About Kukoon.com
"Kukoon.com - The Largest Rug Retailer in the UK & Ireland with 1000s of Rugs & Mats available at the best prices online and Free Delivery on All Orders!...All of our rugs are made at the highest quality with the most competitive prices online and we offer Free shipping on all orders & Free returns!" --- Kukoon.com; More Details


text:
Property Attributes
- TypeLand
- CountyPIERCE
- CityLake Tapps
- AreaLake Tapps-Bonne
- NeighborhoodLake Tapps
- Zip98391
- StyleRes-Less thn 1 Ac
- Price$ 374,990
- Bedrooms0
- Full Bathrooms0
- Half Bathrooms0
- Lot Size0.39 Acres
Listing Provided Courtesy Of:
John L. Scott, Inc. and NWMLS
Property Description
This beautiful gated community of Fairweather Cove offers lake access and moorage. It also boasts a private boat launch, showers, barbecues, sport courts, and parks all surrounded on 3 sides by a gorgeous brick wall. Homes to be built by Northridge Homes. Call for more details.
|Elementary School
|Middle School
|High School
|Unknown Elementary School
|Unknown Middle School
|Unknown High School
|Price History
|Listed $350,000
General Features
|Building Name
|Fairweather Cove
|Common / Property Features
|Boat Launch, CCRs, Clubhouse, Private Beach Access
|Community Name
|Lake Tapps
|In Street
|School District
|Septic Designed and Applied for
Interior Features
|In Street
Exterior Features
|In Street
|Res-Less thn 1 Ac
|Lake, Mountain
- Foreclosure
- Views
- Short Sale
- New Construction
- Adult
- Lease To Own
- No HOA Fees
- Furnished
- Pets
- Master On Main
- Air Conditioning
- Seller Finance
- Green
- Fixer Upper
- Horse
- Golf
- Fireplace
- Deck
- Garage
- Basement
- Pool


text:
From Name:
From Email:
To Name:
To Email:
Optional Message:
4 years to English proficiency
from Language Magazine
Study finds English learners in Seattle-area elementary schools successfully reach language and literacy targets in nearly four years. A new Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest study, prepared in partnership with seven Washington school districts, found that English language learners took 3.8 years on average to gain English proficiency. The study included nearly 18,000 students who attended district elementary schools between 2000 and 2013.
7701 Las Colinas Blvd., Ste. 800, Irving, TX 75063


text:
Re: I need a PCI Multimedia Audio Device
Re: I need a PCI Multimedia Audio Device
[ Follow Ups ] [ Post Followups ] [ FAQ ] [ Back to Messages ]
Posted by skywalker on October 26, 2001 at 13:14:13:
In Reply to: Re: I need a PCI Multimedia Audio Device posted by Roadkill -NZ- on August 22, 2001 at 13:52:53:
: Ok I'm getting sick of trying to find a helpful answer for all these people.... what is wrong is that the drivers haven't installed properly.
: The best thing to do is unpack the files to c:\temp if you can unpack them. If not run the installation program, minimize installation window, right click on "My Computer", select "Properties" from the list, when it loads up select "Device Manager" tab. Find "PCI Multimedia Audio Device". Double click on "PCI Multimedia Audio Device". When loaded click on "Drivers" tab. Click "Update Drivers". Click "Next". Then "Next" again. Click on "Browse" and go to the directory where drivers files are unpacked. Then "Ok". Then click "Next" until it comes up saying "Finish" and click on "Finish".
: I hope this help all those people and hope it isn't too complicated. =)
Follow Ups:
Post a Followup


text:
- Research
- Open Access
Random access with adaptive packet aggregation in LTE/LTE-A
- Kaijie Zhou1 and
- Navid Nikaein2Email author
© Zhou and Nikaein. 2016
- Received: 31 July 2015
- Accepted: 18 January 2016
- Published: 3 February 2016
While random access presents a promising solution for efficient uplink channel access, the preamble collision rate can significantly increase when massive number of devices simultaneously access the channel. To address this issue and improve the reliability of the random access, an adaptive packet aggregation method is proposed. With the proposed method, a device does not trigger a random access for every single packet. Instead, it starts a random access when the number of aggregated packets reaches a given threshold. This method reduces the packet collision rate at the expense of an extra latency, which is used to accumulate multiple packets into a single transmission unit. Therefore, the tradeoff between packet loss rate and channel access latency has to be carefully selected. We use semi-Markov model to derive the packet loss rate and channel access latency as functions of packet aggregation number. Hence, the optimal amount of aggregated packets can be found, which keeps the loss rate below the desired value while minimizing the access latency. We also apply for the idea of packet aggregation for power saving, where a device aggregates as many packets as possible until the latency constraint is reached. Simulations are carried out to evaluate our methods. We find that the packet loss rate and/or power consumption are significantly reduced with the proposed method.
- Random access procedure
- Packet aggregation
- Semi-Markov model
- Traffic source
1 Introduction
- 1.
Fast reaction time when massive number of realtime, potentially coordinated, event occurs.
- 2.
Efficient energy consumption for battery-powered devices.
- 3.
Reliable transmission for sporadic traffics especially when there are massive number of coordinated transmissions.
The abovementioned traffic characteristics and requirements impose great challenges on the current and future cellular systems. The legacy LTE/LTE-A offers three access methods, namely random access, (semi-)persistent scheduling, and dynamic scheduling. Random access is the primary uplink channel access that plays a crucial role in supporting efficient and reliable communication, and generally, it can be used to (i) transport the scheduling request (SR) using common random access resources, (ii) transit from the Radio Resource Control (RRC) idle state to the connected state, and (iii) to become uplink synchronized for RRC connected devices. However, the preamble collision rate increases significantly when the number of active terminals increases. In LTE/LTE-A, the maximum available number of preamble in one subframe is 64. Assuming the device number is 1000 and transmission probability for each device is 0.03, the preamble collision probability becomes 0.9997. Moreover, because the traffic patten is often a mix of periodic, event-driven, and burst packets with certain unpredictability, the (semi-)persistent scheduling may not present an efficient solution. Furthermore, dynamic scheduling induces a large signaling overhead and has a limited capacity for the total number of simultaneous SR within one subframe. For example, in LTE/LTE-A, the maximum capacity of SR in one subframe is 36. Therefore, it requires an access period equals to 1000/36 ∗ 1 ms = 28 ms to allocate all SR of all 1000 devices. These limitations call for an optimization in random access channel in view of sporadic, unpredictable, coordinated, and/or delay-bounded traffic sources so as to reduce the collision rate and improve its reliability [4].
Several works have been proposed to improve the performance of random access, with a particular attention to machine-to-machine communication (small low duty cycle packets). Reference [5] investigates a resource allocation scheme for spatial multi-group random access to reduce packet collision in a single cell and interference among multiple cells. Authors in [6] proposes a collision resolution method for random access based on the fixed timing advance information for fixed-location devices in LTE/LTE-A. Authors in [7] introduce a code-expanded method for random access in LTE/LTE-A, where the amount of available contention access resources is expanded to reduce the collision rate. Reference [8] investigates a cooperative random access class barring scheme for global stabilization and access load sharing. In the proposed method, each groups are assigned with specific access class barring to differentiate access priorities. Authors in [9] present a prioritized random access scheme to provide quality of service (QoS) for different classes, where different access priorities are achieved through different backoff procedures. Reference [10] points out some possible directions for controlling the overhead of random access, namely access class barring schemes, separate random access channel (RACH) resource for machine-type device, dynamic allocation of RACH resource, specific backoff scheme for the machine-type devices, slotted access, and pull-based scheme. Splitting the random access preambles into two (non-)overlapping sets, one for human type communication and the other for the machine type communication are proposed by 3GPP [11] as a mean to control the collision rate.
improve the accuracy of the modeling methodology
validate the analytical model through simulation
apply the packet aggregation method to save the power under the latency constraint
support of multiple traffic sources with different QoS requirements
With the proposed method, a device1 does not start a random access for every arrived packet (e.g., RRC connection request or scheduling request). Instead, it triggers a random access when the number of packets in a device's buffer reaches a certain threshold and then aggregate the buffered packets together into a single transmission unit in order to reduce random access attempts. In the above example, with 64 preamble, 1000 devices, and 0.03 transmission probability, aggregating 5 packets leads to a collision probability of 0.21 instead of 0.9997, which is significantly lower.
However, this reduction in preamble collision rate is obtained at the expense of an extra waiting time which is used to accumulate the data packets. It can be seen that the more collision rate is reduced, the more latency is increased, which may not be desirable for delay-sensitive applications. Thus, we apply a semi-Markov process [13] to model the random access in LTE/LTE-A and subsequently to derive the packet loss rate and channel access latency as functions of the number of aggregated packets. With the derived results, the optimal number of aggregated packets to guarantee the desired packet loss rate while minimizing the latency can be selected. We also apply the idea of packet aggregation to multiple traffic sources with different QoS requirements, namely realtime and non-realtime traffics (also called delay-tolerant and delay-critical). In such a case, different aggregation policies can be applied to different traffic sources to achieve an overall trade-off between loss rate and latency. For example, a policy for non-realtime traffic with elastic delay requirement may induce higher level of aggregation, while another policy for realtime traffic with strict delay requirement may render lower level of packet aggregation.
Another benefit that can be exploited from the packet aggregation is the power saving. With packet aggregation, the power consumed by random access is greatly reduced since only one random access is performed for the transmission of multiple packets. It has been shown that crossing the protocol stack significantly contribute to the total power consumption [14, 15], suggesting that the packet aggregation function should be performed closer to the traffic source so that the energy price is only paid for a signal packet.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we highlight the random access mechanism in LTE/LTE-A. The proposed packet aggregation method is presented in Section 3. Model validation and performance results are provided in Section 4. Discussions and usage of the packet aggregation for random access applied to LTE/LTE-A are explained in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 provides concluding remarks.
2 Random access mechanism of LTE/LTE-A
2.1 Random access preamble transmission
A UE randomly selects one of the 64−N c available random access preambles, where N c is the number of preambles reserved for contention-free random access. To inform eNB about the packet size of L2/L3 message, the preambles used for contention-based access are further divided into two subgroups based on the eNB allocation: random access preamble subgroups A and B. A UE, whose L2/L3 message size is larger than the parameter messageSize for group A, selects a preamble from subgroup B. Otherwise, it uses preambles from subgroup A [18].
2.2 Random access response
After sending the random access preamble, a UE decodes the physical dedicated control channel (PDCCH) within the random access response window to receive the random access response (RAR) message.
The RAR message includes the identity of the detected preamble (random access preamble identifier), uplink channel synchronization information, resource allocation information for the subsequent L2/L3 message transmission, backoff indicator, and the temporary C-RNTI [19]. The backoff indicator is uniformly selected over a period by eNB and is used to instruct UEs to backoff certain time before starting the next random access.
A UE identifies its RAR through the random access preamble identifier that corresponds to the random access preamble transmitted in the first step. Therefore, UEs sent the same preamble in the first step that receives the same RAR message in this stage. If a UE does not receive any RAR after the random access response window, it restarts a new preamble transmission.
2.3 L2/L3 message transmission
In this step, UEs send the L2/L3 message for this random access procedure. Note that a SR will be mainly transmitted to request resources for the uplink data transmission. Multiple L2/L3 messages are sent on the same resource if the same preamble is selected by multiple UEs in the first step. To help an eNB identify collisions, a unique UE identity should be transmitted along with the L2/L3 message.
2.4 Contention resolution reception
eNB acknowledges the successfully decoded L2/L3 message through contention resolution message. The contention resolution message contains identities for UEs whose packets are successfully decoded. Therefore, if a UE detects its own identity, it can infer that the previous L2/L3 message delivery is successful. Otherwise, a new random access procedure is triggered.
3 Adaptive packet aggregation method for random access
We introduce an adaptive packet aggregation method for random access in LTE/LTE-A to radically reduce the preamble collision rate and/or power consumption, in particular when the number of contending terminals becomes large. Using the method, a UE does not send a preamble for every signal packet, but rather for multiple aggregated packets. This is achieved at the expense of longer waiting time before the next channel access. Semi-Markov model is applied to analyze the random access procedure in LTE/LTE-A with packet aggregation and to derive the packet loss rate and channel access latency as a function of number of aggregated packets. Hence, the optimal number of aggregated packets, which minimizes the channel access latency and complies with packet loss requirement, can be found.
In the following subsections, two cases are considered for the allocation of random access preamble: single traffic and multiple traffic sources [11]. In the latter case, the assumption is that the available RA preambles are divided into two or more disjoint subsets, and each subset is dedicated to a single machine-type or human-type traffic source. In the former case, the available RA preambles are shared among multiple traffic sources.
3.1 Single traffic source
To analyze, we make use of semi-Markov model (SMM) to accurately capture the random access procedure in LTE/LTE-A [13]. Note that the standard slotted Aloha random access model cannot be applied here as in LTE/LTE-A (i) the number of retransmission is finite, (ii) backlogged and newly generated packets can be transmitted after one random access procedure, and (iii) when a preamble is transmitted, a UE has to wait for certain time to receive the random access response before proceeding with the procedure. Also, the discrete-time Markov chain model proposed to model the distributed coordinated functions (DCF) in IEEE 802.11 is not applicable to LTE/LTE-A [20] as the assumption of saturated traffic cannot be held. Using SMM, each state has its own sojourn time (a.k.a. holding time), where a state is kept for a certain amount of time. Thus, non-saturated traffic can be modeled as an idle state where a terminal dwells until a packet arrives. This calls for a new state to represent the packet generation procedure, whose sojourn time can be calculated as \(\frac {1}{\lambda }\), where λ is the packet arrival rate. Hence, by the use of SMM, the Bianchi's model can be extended to analyze the scenario where the traffic is not saturated [20]. The applied method to handle the idle state is similar to those used in [21–26], where the idle state represents the absence of packets.
- 1.Packet collides with constant and independent probability, which is similar to the assumption in [20]. Note that this assumption holds when the backoff window and number of UEs are large.
- 2.
All buffered packets can be sent to eNB after one random access procedure. Note that during the random access, new packets may be generated causing the aggregated packet to become larger that the transport block size (i.e., the aggregated packet cannot be transmitted by a single transmission). In such a case, a UE will signal a (padding) buffer status report (BSR) along with the data packet to allow an eNB to adapt the uplink resource allocation accordingly. With this assumption, there is no backlogged packets in the idle state. Therefore, due to this memory-less characteristic, the waiting time for the first packet remains the same \(\frac {1}{\lambda }\).
- 3.
Packet arrival is Poisson distributed.
- 4.
Random access opportunity is available in every subframe. Note that this is one of the available 3GPP configuration, namely index 14 [27] and is applicable to massive channel access scenarios [28].
- 5.
Probability τ that a station will attempt transmission in one subframe is constant across all subframes [20].
Aggregation (idle) state. S 0, n ,n∈ [ 0,N] means the random access is not started and there are n packets in the UE's buffer where N is the packet aggregation threshold.
Backoff state. S j, i ,j∈ [ 1,M],i∈ [ 1,W−1] means the UE is performing the backoff with a counter size of i for the jth random access, where M is the random access limit and W is the maximum backoff counter size.
Random access state. S j, 0,j∈ [ 1,M] means that the UE is performing the jth random access.
- 1.
When the UE is at state S 0, n ,n∈ [ 0,N−1], for each arrived packet, it transfers to state S 0, n+1.
- 2.
When the UE is at state S 0, N , it selects a random number i which is uniformly distributed over [ 0,W−1] and then transfers to state S 1, i .
- 3.
When the UE is at state S j, i ,j∈ [ 1,M],i∈ [ 1,W−1], it decreases its backoff counter by 1 after one subframe and transfers to state S j, i−1.
- 4.
When the UE is at state S j, 0,j∈ [ 1,M−1], it starts a random access. If the UE is allocated with some dedicated resource after the random access (the random access is successful), it sends the aggregated packet and transfers to state S 0, 0. Otherwise, it increases the transmission counter by 1 and transfers to state S j+1, i , where i is uniformly distributed over [ 0,M−1].
- 5.
When the UE is at state S M, 0, it performs the random access. If the random access is successful, it sends the aggregated packet on the allocated resource and transfers to state S 0,0. Otherwise, it drops the aggregated packet and transfers to state S 0, 0.
Denoting p j ,j∈ [ 1,M−1], as the unsuccessful probability for the jth preamble transmission, the state transition probability from S j, 0,j∈ [ 1,M−1] to S j+1,i ,i∈ [ 0,W−1], is p j /W.
where p c is the preamble collision probability and \(p^{\prime }_{j}\) is the error probability caused by wireless channel for the jth preamble transmission.
which is a function of preamble collision probability p c .
which is also a function of p c .
Now let us calculate the state holding time for this semi-Markov process model. It is obvious that the state holding time for S 0, N and S j, i ,j∈ [ 1,M],i∈ [ 1,W−1] is 1 ms. Moreover, the average state holding time for state S 0,n ,n∈ [ 0,N−1] is 1/λ. The calculation for the state holding time S j, 0,j∈ [ 1,M], is less obvious and described in detail below.
- 1.The preamble is delivered without collision but with the wireless channel error. The probability for this case is \(p_{j}^{\prime }(1-p_{c})\), where p c is the collision probability and \(p_{j}^{\prime }\) is the error probability for the jth preamble transmission without collision. If the transmitted preamble is not correctly received by eNB, then no random access response (RAR) will be sent backed to the UE. Therefore, the UE re-starts a random access when the random access response window ends. The state holding time for this event is denoted as T E (see Table 1).Table 1
Symbols used for single traffic source
S j, i
State in Semi-Markov process
Packet aggregation threshold
Packet arrival rate
p j
Unsuccessful probability for the jth preamble transmission
Transmission limit for random access
Backoff window size
\(p_{j}^{\prime }\)
Error probability caused by wireless channel for the jth preamble transmission
p c
Preamble collision probability
π j, i
Stationary probability for state S j, i
p E, j
Probability that a preamble collision cannot be detected by eNB for the jth random access
E i, j
Probability that a preamble cannot be decoded by eNB when it is sent by i+1 UEs for the jth random access
Probability that as UE is sending a preamble in one subframe
Amount of preamble allocated for contention based random access
Amount of devices in the cell
Duration that starts when the UE sends a preamble and ends at the end of the random access response window
Duration that starts when the UE sends a preamble and ends when the contention resolution timer expires
Duration that starts when the UE sends a preamble and ends when a UE receives the contention resolution message from eNB
h j
Average state holding time for state S j, 0
Q j
Proportion of time that a UE is at state S j, 0
Average state holding time for all states
\(T_{j}^{\prime }\)
Duration for an unsuccessful random access at the jth try
T j
Channel access latency if the aggregated packet is successfully delivered at jth try
d ′
Expected time used to deliver an aggregated packet
Overall latency for the first aggregated packet
Packet loss rate limit
N max
Maximum allowed amount of aggregated packets
Power saving factor to measure energy saving with packet aggregation
d 0
Time used for one random access with packet aggregation
- 2.The preamble is transmitted with collision but cannot be decoded by eNB due to wireless channel error. The probability for this case is p c p E, j , where p E, j is the probability that a preamble cannot be detected by eNB when collision happens for the jth random access. Assuming amount of preamble allocated for contention based random access is N C , and the number of devices/users in the cell is N M , we can calculate:$$ \begin{aligned} p_{E,j}=&\sum_{n=1}^{N_M-1}\binom{N_M-1}{n}\tau^{n}(1-\tau)^{N_M-1-n} \\ &\times\sum_{i=1}^{n}\binom{n}{i}\left(\frac{1}{N_C}\right)^{i}\left(1-\frac{1}{N_C}\right)^{n-i}E_{j,\,i+1}, \end{aligned} $$(10)
where E j,i+1 is the probability that a preamble cannot be decoded by eNB when it is sent by i+1 UEs for the jth random access and τ is the probability that a UE is sending a preamble in one subframe. In this case, since the transmitted preamble cannot be correctly detected by eNB, the UE does not receive the RAR message from eNB. Therefore, the state holding time is also T E , which is the same as the first case.
- 3.
The preamble is transmitted with collision but can be decoded by eNB. The probability for this case is p c (1−p E, j ). This case is quite typical in LTE/LTE-A. For example, if the same preamble is sent by two UEs, since the location of these two UEs are different, two peaks for the same preamble may appear at the eNB side. The probability that all these two peaks cannot be detected by eNB is relative low. As a result, multiple UEs send the L2/L3 messages on the same resource. Assuming that none of the collided L2/L3 messages can be correctly decoded by eNB, the corresponding UE will not receive the contention resolution message. Hence, the UE will restart a random access when the contention resolution timer expires. The state holding time for this event is denoted as T C (see Table 1).
- 4.
The preamble is successfully delivered without collision and wireless channel error. The probability for this case \(\left (1-p_{j}^{\prime }\right)(1-p_{c})\). The state holding time for this event is denoted as T S (see Table 1).
which eventually becomes a function of p c as both Q j and h j are the functions of p c .
which is a function of τ.
It can be seen that formulas (14) and (15) comprise a nonlinear equation system, which could be solved by numerical methods. The pseudocode to solve this nonlinear equation system is shown in Algorithm 1. Therefore, we can compute the collision probability p c and τ.
where \(p_{j}=p_{j}^{\prime }+\left (1-p_{j}^{\prime }\right)p_{c}\) is the probability of an unsuccessful random access at the jth try.
where the \(\frac {N-1}{\lambda }\) is the waiting time needed to aggregate further N−1 packets after receiving the first packet.
where p(i) is the packet loss rate for the ith transmission, α is the packet loss rate limit, and N max is the maximum number of aggregated packets which is determined by the buffer size as well as power capacity2. As we do not have a closed form of d, therefore, this optimization cannot be solved by any specific optimization method. Instead, we use exhaustive search to solve this problem.
Note that when number of aggregated packets N goes large, T a also increases; therefore, the power spent at the connected state P a T a and N P a T u may not be omitted.
where d lim is the delay limit.
3.2 Multiple traffic sources
In the previous section, we consider the single traffic source where available random access preambles are divided into non-overlapping sets to provide per traffic source-dedicated preamble. In this section, we elaborate on the case where the available random access resources are shared among multiple traffic sources. For simplicity, we only study two traffic sources, namely realtime traffic and non-realtime traffics. The objective is to reduce the loss rate for both traffics, but with different aggregation policies allowing delay-tolerant traffic to aggregate more packets on the benefit of the delay-critical traffic. The underlying assumption is that the decision on the number of aggregated packets for both realtime and non-realtime traffic is determined by eNB and sent to each UE.
which are functions of τ r and τ n .
By the use of numerical calculation method, we can get the preamble collision probability \(p_{r}^{\prime }\) and \(p_{n}^{\prime }\) and preamble transmission probabilities τ r and τ n . Therefore, the latency for a realtime traffic d r and a non-realtime traffic d n , as well as the packet loss rate for a realtime p r and a non-realtime traffic p n can be calculated.
Symbols used for multiple traffic sources
N r
Number of devices with realtime traffic
N n
Number of devices with non-realtime traffic
a r
Packet aggregation number for real time
a n
Packet aggregation number for non-real time
τ r
The probability a device with realtime traffic is sending a preamble
τ n
The probability a device with non-realtime traffic is sending a preamble
where D n is the delay constraint for the non-realtime traffic, and P r and P n are the packet loss rate threshold for the realtime and non-realtime traffics, and A r and A n are the maximum packet aggregation number for the realtime and non-realtime traffics. Similar to the single traffic source, packet aggregation for multiple traffic sources can also be used to save the power.
4 Simulation results
To validate and evaluate the performance of the proposed method, simulations are performed with MATLAB. Both the analytical SMM model and random access procedure as specified in 3GPP 36.321 [18] have been developed for model validation and performance assessment.
4.1 Simulation parameters
Simulation parameters
Duration that starts at the end of a preamble's transmission and ends at the time instant when the RAR message can be received
5 ms
Time used to decode a RAR message
3 ms
Random access response window
10 ms
T timer
Contention resolution timer
24 ms
Duration which starts at time instant when a UE sends the SR message and ends at the time instant when a UE decodes the contention resolution message
8 ms
State holding time if no RAR message is received by UE (T E=T RAR+T RARW).
15 ms
State holding time if a preamble is transmitted with collision and it is correctly detected by eNB (T C=T RAR+T D+T timer)
32 ms
State holding time if a preamble is corrected received and without collision (T S=T RAR+T D+T CR)
16 ms
Backoff window size
Number of preamble
Transmission limit
Required loss rate
The preamble detection rate can be obtained through physical layer simulations with specific channel model. Here we use the results from [10]: in case of no collision, the preamble detection rate is assumed to be \(1-\frac {1}{e^{j}}\), where j∈ [ 1,M] indicates the jth preamble transmission. When a preamble are sent by multiple UEs, we assume that it can always be correctly decoded, i.e., E j, i =0 when i≥2. This assumption is realistic and typical in LTE/LTE-A as the probability that none of the multiple random access peaks cannot be decoded by eNB is relatively low.
4.2 Model validation
To validate that the proposed analytical model is consistent with real random access procedure, we compare the analytical results obtained using the SMM model with the simulation results produced based on the protocol implementation. The number of aggregated packets N is set to 1 and 2 to represent the regular random access and random access with packet aggregation. Here, we compare preamble collision rate instead of packet loss rate. The reason is that in some cases, the packet loss rate is very small, e.g., it is very close to 0 when λ=1/300,N=2, and the number of UE is less than 1500. Therefore, the difference between simulated results and analytical results might not be clearly seen when comparing.
4.3 Packet aggregation for single traffic source
To evaluate the performance of the packet aggregation for the case of single traffic, we vary the number of UEs and the packet arrival rate and analyze the number of aggregated packets, packet loss rate, latency, and power saving factor. In this case, the threshold for the packet loss rate α is set as 0.1, and the maximum number of aggregated packets N max is 50. The average packet interval is 100, 300, and 500 ms, which is much larger than the backoff window size.
We observe that the packet aggregation number is different even if the average number of new transmission is the same. For example, the packet aggregation number is 1, when λ=1/100, and the number of UE is 1000 (the average number of new transmissions in one subframe is 10). In contrast, the packet aggregation number is 2, when λ=1/300, and the number of UE is 3000 (the average number of new transmissions in one subframe is also 10). This is because not all the newly generated packets will trigger a new random access attempt, but rather, they may be aggregated and delivered with the same random access process. To illustrate further using the example above, we notice that the latency is 80 ms when λ=1/100 and number of UE is 1000. Hence, 55 % of the packets are generated during the random access attempts (1−e (−80/100)=0.5507) and will be delivered using the ongoing transmission. As a result, only 45 % of the newly generated packet will trigger random access attempts. For the other case, the latency is 100 ms when λ=1/300 and number of UE is 3000, making the percentage of packets generated during an ongoing random access smaller, i.e., 28 % (1−e (−100/300)=0.28). Subsequently, 72 % of the newly generated packets will trigger a new random access attempt, which is much higher than the former case. As a result, the packet aggregation number is set to 2 to lower the packet loss rate.
4.4 Power saving using packet aggregation for single traffic source
In this part, we show the power saving ratio that can be obtained by the usage of the packet aggregation method using the formula (24). Here, we set the delay limit to 300 ms, which is related to one of the delay requirements for non-guaranteed bit rate (GBR) bears in LTE/LTE-A [19]3. Since the delay requirement is 300 ms, packet aggregation is not applicable for the traffic where λ = 1/300 (packet/ms) or 1/500. Therefore, we only consider the case where λ = 1/100.
4.5 Packet aggregation for multiple traffic sources
In this section, we consider the case where the available random access resources are shared among multiple traffic sources. For simplicity, we only study two distinct traffics, namely realtime traffic and non-realtime traffics, with the objective of reducing the loss rate for both traffics using different aggregation policies.
To highlight the packet aggregation trade-off between realtime and non-realtime traffics, we apply the packet arrival rate of 1/100 for realtime traffic and 1/300 for non-realtime traffic. Note that for a larger packet arrival rate, e.g., 1/500, the trade-off occurs for a larger number of UEs. We assume that the delay requirement for non-realtime traffic is 5000 ms and that the number of UEs which transmit non-realtime traffic is set to 10,000. The number of UE which sends realtime traffic varies from 500 to 1500. The delay limit for realtime traffic is not specified. Instead, we want to minimize the latency for realtime traffic as shown in formula (27).
The packet loss rate for realtime and non-realtime traffic is set to 0.1, and the maximum number of aggregated packets for realtime and non-realtime traffics is set to 20 and 50, respectively.
5 Discussion
For delay-tolerant traffics, packet loss rate and/or transmit power can be minimized until the maximum aggregation number is reached, which should be less than the memory limit.
For delay-critical traffics, packet loss rate and/or transmit power can be minimized until the delay threshold is reached.
For multiple traffic sources, the packet aggregation levels have to be jointly optimized to minimize packet loss rate and/or transmit power for delay-tolerant and delay-critical traffic sources.
Results also reveal that although the packet aggregation can improve the channel access efficiency, an aggregated packet becomes more sensitive to bursty wireless channel errors as the packet size increases. In addition, memory requirement to store the aggregated packets may increase the cost of end devices and depending on the device category, this may not always be available (in particular when the maximum number of aggregated packets is large or when packets are large).
Finally, the packet aggregation method can be easily applied to LTE/LTE-A with minimal modifications (no modification to PHY/MAC layers). It is an efficient yet simple technique that can be used to improve the performance for the current and future cellular systems along with the following directions. First, when there are massive number of devices in a cell, the preamble collision rate becomes high, and as a result, the reliability of random access becomes lower (the network becomes congested [31]). With packet aggregation, the collision rate can be greatly reduced and the network congestion can be avoided. Second, it reduces the number of random access attempts in the end devices, which in turn saves power. Third, the packet aggregation method is highly applicable when the packet size is very small, e.g., less than 30 bytes, in which case the signaling overhead to schedule the packet becomes dominant with respect to the payload. Moreover, the minimum resource block in LTE/LTE-A contains 12 subcarriers with a duration of 1 ms (14 OFDM symbols for normal cyclic prefix length), which might be too large for transmission of small-sized packet. By the use of packet aggregation, packet size becomes larger, which alleviates the signaling overhead.
6 Conclusions
To limit the packet loss rate and improve the reliability for random access, we introduce an adaptive packet aggregation method that allows a device to start a random access process only when the number of aggregated packets reaches the given threshold. This method introduces an extra channel access latency, which is used to accumulate a certain amount of packets. In order to find the optimal packet aggregation number which minimizes the packet loss rate while maintaining the delay requirement, we employ a semi-Markov process model to analyze the random access procedure with packet aggregation. Moreover, we extend the packet aggregation method to increase the energy efficiency for battery-powered devices. This allows a device to reduce the number of random access attempts by aggregating multiple packet deliveries into a single transmission, which in turn saves the power.
We carried out extensive simulations to validate the proposed semi-Markov process model and to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Through simulations, we find that (i) the analytical results obtained using the semi-Markov chain model match with the simulation results produced based on the protocol implementation, (ii) the amount of aggregated packets is optimally selected and adapted to number of devices, traffic load, and delay constraints, and (iii) the packet loss rate and/or power consumption are greatly reduced.
7 Endnotes
1 Throughout this paper, the terms device and UE are used interchangeably.
2 A UE saves more power when N becomes larger. Therefore, for power-limited MTC device, N max tends to be large.
3 The packet delay limit specified for non-GBR bear includes the delay of air interface as well as of core network. Since the delay of air interface is usually much larger than that of core network, we use this value as the delay for air interface for approximation.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2014- 2017) grant agreement 612050 FLEX project.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors' Affiliations
- NGMN Alliance, 5G white paper (2015). https://www.ngmn.org/5g-white-paper.html, https://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/ngmn/content/downloads/Technical/2015/NGMN_5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf.Google Scholar
- N Nikaein, M Laner, K Zhou, P Svoboda, D Drajic, M Popovic, S Krco, Simple traffic modeling framework for machine type communication. Wireless Communication System (ISWCS) (VDE, 2013). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7041045.
- M Laner, P Svoboda, N Nikaein, M Rupp, Traffic models for machine type communications. Wireless Communication System (ISWCS (VDE, 2013). http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7041045
- Petar Popovski, in 5G for Ubiquitous Connectivity (5GU), 2014 1st International Conference on. Ultra-reliable communication in 5G wireless systems (IEEE, 2014), pp. 146–151. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7041045.
- T Kwon, JW Choi, Multi-group random access resource allocation for M2M devices in multicell systems. IEEE Commun. Lett. 16(6), 834–837 (June 2012).View ArticleMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- KS Ko, MJ Kim, KY Bae, DK Sung, JH Kim, JY Ahn, A novel random access for fixed-location machine-to-machine communications in OFDMA based systems. IEEE communi. lett.16(9), 1428–1431 (Sept. 2012).View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- H Thomsen, NK Pratas, Č Stefanović, P Popovski, Code-expanded radio access protocol for machine-to-machine communications. Trans. Emerging Telecommunications Technol. 24(4), 355–365 (2013).View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- S-Y Lien, T-H Liau, C-Y Kao, K-C Chen, Cooperative access class barring for machine-to-machine communications. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 11(1), 27–32 (Jan. 2012).View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- JP Cheng, Ch Lee, TM Lin, Prioritized random access with dynamic access barring for RAN overload in 3GPP LTE-A networks, Proc. IEEE Globecom Workshops, 368–372 (Dec. 2011).Google Scholar
- 3GPP TR 37.868, RAN improvements for machine-type communications, V. 11.0.0 (Oct., 2011).Google Scholar
- 3GPP TS 36.300, Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), V. 10.4.0 (3GPPP, 2011).Google Scholar
- K Zhou, N Nikaein, Packet aggregation for machine type communications in LTE with random access channel. Proc. of IEEE WCNC 2013, 262–267 (April 2014).Google Scholar
- R Nelson, Probability, stochastic processes, and queueing theory (Springer, 1995).Google Scholar
- IEEE P802.11n, Draft 2.0, Part 11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: enhancements for higher throughput (Feb. 2007).Google Scholar
- D Skordoulis, Q Ni, H-H Chen, AP Stephane, C Liu, A Jamalipour, IEEE 802.11n MAC frame aggregation mechanisms for next-generation high-throughput WLANs. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Mag (2008).Google Scholar
- AG Saavedra, P Serrano, A Banchs, Energy consumption anatomy of 802.11 devices and its implication on modeling and design. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies, CoNEXT (3GPPP, 2012).Google Scholar
- S Keranidis, G Kazdaridis, V Passas, T Korakis, I Koutsopoulos, L Tassiulas, Online energy consumption monitoring of wireless testbed infrastructure through the NITOS EMF framework, Proceedings of the 8th ACM international workshop on Wireless network testbeds, experimental evaluation & characterization, WiNTECH (2013).Google Scholar
- 3GPP TS 36.321, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification, Release 10 (2011).Google Scholar
- S Sesia, I Toufik, M Baker, LTE—the UMTS long term evolution: from theory to practice (WILEY, UK, 2009).View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- G Bianchi, Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 18(3), 535–547.Google Scholar
- F Daneshgaran, M Laddomada, F Mesiti, M Mondin, Unsaturated throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 in presence of non ideal transmission channel and capture effects. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 7(4) (April, 2008).Google Scholar
- YS Liaw, A Dadej, Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF under limited load. Proc. of Asia-Pacific Conf. Commun, 759–763 (Oct 2005).Google Scholar
- F Daneshgaran, M Laddomada, F Mesiti, M Mondin, On the linear behaviour of the throughput of IEEE 802.11 DCF in non-saturated conditions. IEEE Commun. Lett. 11(11) (2007).Google Scholar
- MD Siddique, J Kamruzzaman, Performance analysis of m-Retry BEB based DCF under unsaturated traffic condition. Proc. of IEEE WCNC 2010, 1–6 (April 2010).Google Scholar
- Z Qinjuan, W Muqing, W Jingrong, Z Yan, X Chunxiu, Bandwidth mapping model for IEEE 802.11 DCF in unsaturated condition, IET Communications. 6(13), 2007–2015.Google Scholar
- JV Sudarev, LB White, S Perreau, Performance analysis under finite load and improvements for multirate 802.11. Comput. Commun. 28(10), 1095–1109.Google Scholar
- 3GPP TS 36.211, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Physical Channels and Modulation, V 11.4.0 (Sept. 2013).Google Scholar
- 3GPP TR 36.888, Study on provision of low-cost machine-type communications (MTC) user equipments (UEs) based on LTE, V. 2.0.0 (June 2012).Google Scholar
- T Tirronen, A Larmo, J Sachs, B Lindoff, N Wiberg, Machine-to-machine communication with long-term evolution with reduced device energy consumption. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 24(4), 413–426 (June 2013).View ArticleGoogle Scholar
- 3GPP TS 36.331, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Radio Resource Control (RRC) (Release 10), V10.1.0 (Dec. 2010).Google Scholar
- 3GPP TR 23.887, Study on machine-type communications (MTC) and other mobile data applications communications enhancement, V.12.0.0 (Dec. 2013).Google Scholar


text:
Amish Tripathi's book on Nagas bestseller
Amish Tripathi's latest book in the Shiva trilogy, The Secret of The Nagas has topped the fiction category on the bestseller list this week. Check out others on the list.books Updated: Sep 01, 2011 12:46 IST
Amish Tripathi's latest book in the Shiva trilogy, The Secret of The Nagas has topped the fiction category on the bestseller list this week. Check out others on the list.
1. The Secret of the Nagas
Author: Amish Tripathi
Publisher: Westland
Price: Rs.295
2. River Of Smoke
Author: Amitav Ghosh
Publisher: Penguin
Price: Rs.699
3. The Immortals of Meluha
Author: Amish Tripathi
Publisher: Westland
Price: Rs.195
4. Noon
Author: Aatish Taseer
Publisher: 4th Estate
Price: Rs.499
5. A Dance with Dragons
Author: George RR Martin
Publisher: Harper Collins
Price: Rs.699
6. Last Man in Tower
Author: Arvind Adiga
Publisher: Harper Collins
Price: Rs.699
7. Chanakya's Chant
Author: Ashwin Sanghi
Publisher: Westland
Price: Rs.195
8. The Sense of an Ending
Author: Julian Barnes
Publisher: Random House
Price: Rs.599
9. Now You See Her
Author: James Patterson
Publisher: Century
Price: Rs.550
10. The Silent Monument
Author: Shobha Nihalani
Publisher: Tara Press
Price: Rs.250
Non fiction
1. Poor Economics
Author: Abhijit Banerjee & Esther Duflo
Publisher: Random House
Price: Rs.499
2. Does He Know a Mothers Heart?
Author: Arun Shourie
Publisher: Harper Collins
Price: Rs.599
3. A Free Man
Author: Aman Sethi
Publisher: Random House
Price: Rs.399
4. 24 Akbar Road
Author: Rasheed Kidwai
Publisher: Hachette
Price: Rs.495
5. Where China Meets India
Author: Thant Myint-U
Publisher: Faber & Faber
Price: Rs.699
6.The Beautiful and The Damned
Author: Siddhartha Deb
Publisher: Penguin
Price: Rs.499
7. Hello Bastar
Author: Rahul Panda
Publisher: Tranquebar
Price: Rs.250
8. Does the Elephant Dance
Author: David M. Malone
Publisher: Oxford
Price: Rs.695
9. Pakistan
Author: Maleeha Lodhi
Publisher: Rupa
Price: Rs.495
10. The Service of the State
Author: Bhaskar Ghose
Publisher: Penguin
Price: Rs.499
First Published: Sep 01, 2011 12:46 IST


text:
I'm writing this early on Friday afternoon, and I don't know what the train service at Huyton will be tomorrow.
As of 13:20 today, my timetable database, National Rail's web site, Open Train Times and Real Time Trains all agree that we have a normal Saturday service tomorrow.
On the other hand, Northern Rail's web site and Northern Rail posters on Huyton Station show that there are no trains via St Helens Central with an hourly bus service running between Huyton and Wigan. Liverpool to Blackpool trains are diverted via Newton.
To me, the replacement timetable looks like a Sunday one, so my guess is that someone at Northern has misread their calendar, but who knows? Even if it is just a minor error on the date, what if Northern have rostered their staff accordingly?
Actually, on further examination, the replacement timetable looks very much like the plan for this coming Sunday before the decision was announced last Friday to close the line to Earlestown as well as to Wigan.
Hopefully, I'll be able to update this report with solid confirmation before too long...
Update: 14:35 Northern Rail's Twitter team initially confirmed buses but, when I questioned them a little harder, apologised and said trains as normal. I await a web site update and the removal of the posters at Huyton without much hope. My first ever tweets!
I think that's about as solid a confirmation as we're going to get, until the 05:32 Liverpool to Wigan turns left at Huyton Junction tomorrow morning. Or doesn't.
Update: Sunday For the historical record, I travelled on a 'normal service' train to Wigan via St Helens Central on Saturday morning.


text:
Twit Ter
So my friend Sharda is making me Tweet. Like on Twitter. I still haven't caught on to it yet. All I've discovered is my music friend actually tweets with John Mayor. I was mildly shocked.
I don't understand all of this. Facebook has privacy settings, but even people who block you can still check your blog, right? My friend isn't so good with Fabebooking (it's a typo and it stays), but she Tweets like crazy. It's gotten to the point where I only check Twitter because I know she sends things to me. I've learned that when it starts with an @ symbol that it's for you, like, "@Tempy hey this message is for you!" but everyone can see it. That's how I know my friend tweets with @johncmayer.


text: The shooting of Mexican students on October 2, 1968 has faded in the meories of most Americans and here, in a brief foreword, Octavio Paz mourns that in Mexico too its only legacy has been the snuffing out of an embryonic popular protest movement and a few token reforms that have buffed up the image of the governing PRI. Elena Poniatowska, journalist and novelist, has assembled a montage of testimony that recreates the chaotic optimism of the 1968 demonstrations, the terror (and shock) of mass jailings and beatings, and above all the blood-soaked massacre of Tlateloco--a boy screaming ""am I losing much blood?"", wounded Italian reporter Oriana Fallaci begging for an ambulance, a woman recalling ""I felt something sticky underfoot. I turned around and saw blood."" Earlier, in the same emotionally charged manner, Poniatowska interweaves statements of student protesters and their families and--with the exception of a few committed faction leaders-they reflect naive, hopeful generational rebellion, sounding on the whole more like Kent State than Latin America. Passionate and, while some may question the method--the splicing together of partisan memories recorded years after the event--this is a story that has not been effectively told before. Call it the grito of Tlateloco, a cry of protest and the subjective manifesto of Mexico's suppressed, potentially explosive, middle-class dissenters.


text:
St. Louis, Missouri — The American Midwest (Upper Plains)
Capture of Camp Jackson
To Commemorate The capture of Camp Jackson - May 10 1861 - By - The Missouri Volunteers:
First Regiment Infantry - Colonel Frank Blair,
Second Regiment Infantry - Colonel Henry Bernsyein,
Third Regiment Infantry - Colonel Franz Sigel,
Fourth Regiment Infantry - Colonel Nicholas Schuettner,
First Reg US Reserve Corps - Col Henry Almstedt,
Second Reg US Reserve Corps - Col Henry Kallman,
Third Reg US Reserve Corps - Col John Mcneil,
Fourth Reg US Reserve Corps - Col B Gratz Brown,
Fifth Reg US Reserve Corps - Col Charles G. Stifel,
Erected 1929 by the Camp Jackson Union Soldiers
Monument Association -
Rev Frank G Beardsley - Ph D D TD - President,
Albert Von Hoffman - Treasurer,
Theo H Mohr - Secretary,
Major Leo Rassieur - Honorary President,
Mrs Jessie Sherman - First Vice President,
Mrs Mary E Conpath - Second Vice President,
Mrs Nellie Becktold - Fourth Vice President,
John W. Lanley - Fifth Vice President,
Mrs M Neubauer - Asst Treasurer
Erected 1929 by Camp Jackson Union Soldiers Monument Association.
Location. Touch for map. Monument is located in Lyon Park on Broadway Boulevard across from the Budweiser Brewery. Marker is in this post office area: Saint Louis MO 63118, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within 3 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Aloe Plaza (approx. 1½ miles away); Union Station (approx. 1.6 miles away); The Missouri Athletic Club (approx. 2.3 miles away); Site of First Mormon Meeting Place in St. Louis (approx. 2.4 miles away); St. Charles Rock Road (approx. 2.4 miles away); Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (approx. 2.4 miles away); La Rue Missouri (approx. 2.4 miles away); Teenager Samuel Clemens (approx. 2.4 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in St. Louis.
More about this marker. The statue atop the monument features General Lyon. In the late 1930s, the monument was relocated to Lyon Park from its former site at Grand and West Pine Boulevards.
Categories. • War, US Civil •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on July 3, 2011, by Mike Camero of Edwardsville, Illinois. This page has been viewed 1,263 times since then. Last updated on January 9, 2012, by Michael Kindig of Long Beach, California. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on July 3, 2011, by Mike Camero of Edwardsville, Illinois. • Craig Swain was the editor who published this page.


text:
2 Months of FREE Birth Control (Select States)
Get up to Two Months of FREE Birth Control when you enter in promo code CHECKYOURFACTS. Either download the app from the iOS store if you have an iPhone or go to nurx.com and create an account. Only available in select states: CA, NY, DC, WA, IL, PA, VA, FL, IN, MI, MA, MN, NJ, MO, NC and TX. You can Also Follow Us On Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and Google+ for 24 hour freebie updates and more!
To get the freebie please click on this link:
2 Months of FREE Birth Control (Select States)
The linked site is not operated or owned by FreebieSelect!


text:
By Chinedu Ibeabuchi
THE Institute of Char tered Secretaries and Administrators of Nigeria (ICSAN) has blamed the current economic woes in the country on poor practices of corporate governance.
According to Mrs Jacqueline Odiadi, the new Chairperson, Lagos State Chapter of the institute at her investiture, last week, " The present dynamics of the Nigerian State in all spheres brings to bear the relevance of the Nigerian professionalism. In the financial sector we are still experiencing the unsettling effect of the global economic crisis with our own noticeable local distortions and complications.
Although the jury is still yet to be out, yet we can see from the onset the absence of best practices in our corporate governance systems that have led our economy to this unwholesome state,â€
She said that human selfishness has been more responsible for this rather than incompetence, which has led to the serious abuse of office.
" Though my legal profession calls me to caution not pre-judge matters that are still being evaluated, yet it is apparent that those indicted have in several ways failed to act according to the ethics of their calling.â€
as professionals and be guided by norms that seek to build rather than destroy. It is therefore clear to all that the unbridled human avarice and greed is the bane of most of the offences rather than incompetence, which has led to this serious abuse of public trust,†she said.
she noted that though no sector is spared or free from indictment as had been seen so far in banking, energy, manufacturing, etc if greed and avarice or primitive accumulation of wealth can so easily distort the devotion to professionalism, then all regulatory agencies must wake up to their responsibilities in Nigeria.
ICSAN is a professional body with a core value to promoting the ideals of good corporate governance across board,advocating good and proper regulation by the statulatory bodies and promoting accountability, integrity and excellence.


text:
Assistant Horse Director
Taught girls how to take care of and ride horses at a Girl Scout summer camp.
Taught girls how to take care of and ride horses at a Girl Scout summer camp.
Serve guests food and drinks.
Honors and general classes at a college level.
Honors and AP classes and a few high school basic classes as well.
I am skilled in leading. This can include leading girls in teambuilding activities, songs, and games. I am also capable of teaching girls outdoor skills.
I am skilled and certified in CPR and basic first aid.
I have outdoor skills that include camping, canoeing, and backpacking.
I am skilled in riding horses and in providing necessary care for them.
I am a certified lifeguard for pools and waterfront and certified in water specific first aid.
I have begun shadowing Doctor Liston at the Collinsville Veterinary Hospital in Collinsville Oklahoma. I have learned and assisted in numerous situations. I have overseen six surgeries including the spay done on my own dog. I have learned how to give shots and draw blood. After drawing blood I was taught how to perform a blood smear and how to accurately examine it under the microscope. They have allowed me to stain slides and assist in holding dogs when needed. I have over 40 hours so far and plan to continue shadowing through the summer and next academic year.
Doctor Liston relocated to Catoosa Small Animal Hospital in Catoosa Oklahoma. I have continued to shadow Dr. Liston and have shadowed for more than 20 hours this semester. I have overseen several emergency procedures and two neuters. I have also learned how to centrifuge and stain a urine sediment sample.


text:
Tuesday, April 13, 2010
Are you a Jetsetter?
The Badger & I have started our planning our honeymoon to Northern California and decided we'd snap up any hotel/airfare/restaurant deals that may come our way. I eagerly awaited the Jetsetter sale of rooms at the Clift San Francisco, only to find that I'm too early on my booking! Better luck next time.
4 comments:
- Lauren said...
FYI: We got a great deal at the Clift using the American Express travel site. Maybe you can too!
Good luck. :)
- April 15, 2010 at 7:33 PM
- Jenny said...
I'm totally in love with Jetsetter...not only for their sales but the great pictures. Makes me want to go everywhere and anywhere.
- April 15, 2010 at 9:41 PM
- I'maNolaGirl said...
I am a Jetsetter. I am constantly convincing myself that we will be saving money by spending money on trips to all of these amazing hotels whose rates are so great. Hmmm... that's not exactly saving, but it's still fun to pretend!
- April 15, 2010 at 11:10 PM
- Bumpkin on a Swing said...
Lord no, I am thinking I might better skip this one. Rue La La has almost caused me to be single when the Amex arrived. Single and 40, maybe I better play nice. I was tooling around your blog, it's a nice different refreshing corner of the blog world, think I'll come and visit you again, you have a new follower.
- April 16, 2010 at 12:43 AM