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Structure and Function of DNA
- Derrick Hill
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1 Structure and Function of DNA DNA and RNA Structure DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. They consist of chemical units called nucleotides. The nucleotides are joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone. The four nucleotides found in DNA differ in their nitrogenous bases. These bases are: Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) RNA has uracil (U) in place of thymine. Watson and Crick s Discovery of the Double Helix James Watson and Francis Crick determined that DNA is a double helix. Watson and Crick used X-ray crystallography data to reveal the basic shape of DNA. Rosalind Franklin collected the X-ray crystallography data. The model of DNA is like a rope ladder twisted into a spiral. The ropes at the sides represent the sugar-phosphate backbones. Each wooden rung represents a pair of bases connected by hydrogen bonds. DNA bases pair in a complementary fashion: Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) DNA Replication When a cell reproduces, a complete copy of the DNA must pass from one generation to the next. Watson and Crick s model for DNA suggested that DNA replicates by a template mechanism. DNA can be damaged by ultraviolet light. DNA polymerases: Are enzymes Make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand Are involved in repairing damaged DNA DNA replication in eukaryotes: Begins at specific sites on a double helix Proceeds in both directions How an Organism s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype An organism s genotype is its genetic makeup, the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA. The phenotype is the organism s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins. DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in two stages: Transcription, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule Translation, the transfer of information from RNA into a protein
2 The function of a gene is to dictate the production of a polypeptide. A protein may consist of two or more different polypeptides From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview Genetic information in DNA is: Transcribed into RNA, then Translated into polypeptides What is the language of nucleic acids? In DNA, it is the linear sequence of nucleotide bases. A typical gene consists of thousands of nucleotides. A single DNA molecule may contain thousands of genes. When DNA is transcribed, the result is an RNA molecule. RNA is then translated into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. What are the rules for translating the RNA message into a polypeptide? A codon is a triplet of bases, which codes for one amino acid. The Genetic Code The genetic code is: The set of rules relating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence Shared by all organisms Of the 64 triplets: 61 code for amino acids 3 are stop codons, indicating the end of a polypeptide Transcription: From DNA to RNA Transcription: Makes RNA from a DNA template Uses a process that resembles DNA replication Substitutes uracil (U) for thymine (T) RNA nucleotides are linked by RNA polymerase. Initiation of Transcription The start transcribing signal is a nucleotide sequence called a promoter. The first phase of transcription is initiation, in which: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter RNA synthesis begins RNA Elongation During the second phase of transcription, called elongation: The RNA grows longer The RNA strand peels away from the DNA template Termination of Transcription During the third phase of transcription, called termination:
3 RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of DNA bases called a terminator Polymerase detaches from the RNA The DNA strands rejoin The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA After transcription: Eukaryotic cells process RNA Prokaryotic cells do not RNA processing includes: Adding a cap and tail Removing introns Splicing exons together to form messenger RNA (mrna) Translation: The Players Translation is the conversion from the nucleic acid language to the protein language Messenger RNA (mrna) Translation requires: mrna ATP Enzymes Ribosomes Transfer RNA (trna) Transfer RNA (trna) Transfer RNA (trna): Acts as a molecular interpreter Carries amino acids Matches amino acids with codons in mrna using anticodons Ribosomes Ribosomes are organelles that: Coordinate the functions of mrna and trna Are made of two protein subunits Contain ribosomal RNA (rrna) A fully assembled ribosome holds trna and mrna for use in translation. Translation: The Process Translation is divided into three phases: Initiation Elongation Termination Initiation
4 Initiation brings together: mrna The first amino acid, Met, with its attached trna Two subunits of the ribosome The mrna molecule has a cap and tail that help it bind to the ribosome. Initiation occurs in two steps: First, an mrna molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit, then an initiator trna binds to the start codon. Second, a large ribosomal subunit binds, creating a functional ribosome. Elongation Elongation occurs in three steps. Step 1, codon recognition: the anticodon of an incoming trna pairs with the mrna codon at the A site of the ribosome. Step 2, peptide bond formation: The polypeptide leaves the trna in the P site and attaches to the amino acid on the trna in the A site The ribosome catalyzes the bond formation between the two amino acids Step 3, translocation: The P site trna leaves the ribosome The trna carrying the polypeptide moves from the A to the P site Termination Elongation continues until: The ribosome reaches a stop codon The completed polypeptide is freed The ribosome splits into its subunits As it is made, a polypeptide: Coils and folds Assumes a three-dimensional shape, its tertiary structure Several polypeptides may come together, forming a protein with quaternary structure. Transcription and translation are how genes control: The structures The activities of cells Mutations A mutation is any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Mutations can change the amino acids in a protein. Mutations can involve: Large regions of a chromosome Just a single nucleotide pair, as occurs in sickle cell anemia Types of Mutations Mutations within a gene can occur as a result of:
5 Base substitution, the replacement of one base by another Nucleotide deletion, the loss of a nucleotide Nucleotide insertion, the addition of a nucleotide Insertions and deletions can: Change the reading frame of the genetic message Lead to disastrous effects Mutagens Mutations may result from: Errors in DNA replication Physical or chemical agents called mutagens Although mutations are often harmful, they are the source of genetic diversity, which is necessary for evolution by natural selection. Bacteriophages Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that attack bacteria. Phages have two reproductive cycles. In the lytic cycle: many copies of the phage are made within the bacterial cell, and then the bacterium lyses (breaks open) In the lysogenic cycle: the phage DNA inserts into the bacterial chromosome and the bacterium reproduces normally, copying the phage at each cell division Plant Viruses Viruses that infect plants can: Stunt growth Diminish plant yields Spread throughout the entire plant Viral plant diseases: Have no cure Are best prevented by producing plants that resist viral infection Animal Viruses Viruses that infect animals are: Common causes of disease May have RNA or DNA genomes Some animal viruses steal a bit of host cell membrane as a protective envelope. The reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus can be broken into seven steps. HIV, the AIDS Virus HIV is a retrovirus, an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. Retroviruses use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA on an RNA template. HIV steals a bit of host cell membrane as a protective envelope. The behavior of HIV nucleic acid in an infected cell can be broken into six steps. AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is:
6 Caused by HIV infection and Treated with drugs that interfere with the reproduction of the virus Viroids and Prions Two classes of pathogens are smaller than viruses: Viroids are small circular RNA molecules that do not encode proteins Prions are misfolded proteins that somehow convert normal proteins to the misfolded prion version Prions are responsible for neurodegenerative diseases including: Mad cow disease Scrapie in sheep and goats Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans
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Web Quest: DNA & Protein Synthesis Biology 1 Name: TO ACCESS THE WEBSITES IN THIS WEB QUEST WITHOUT HAVING TO TYPE IN ALL OF THE URLs: 1. Go to alkire.weebly.com 2. Mouse over Biology 1 3. Click on OnlineMore information
No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide Minimal medium. Classes of Neurospora crassa. Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants
EXPERIMENT Growth: Wild-type cells growing and dividing No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide Minimal medium RESULTS Minimal medium (MM) (control) Wild type Classes of Neurospora crassa ClassMore information


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The professional gardener and landscaper need look no further for a powerful machine designed to lighten a heavy workload. The Hayter Harrier 56 Pro is robust, vigorous and flexible to enable you to tackle all areas of the garden. Maximum power is obtained from a commercial grade Briggs and Stratton 850 series engine giving superb reliability and enabling you to tackle all areas of the garden with ease.
All Hayter lawnmowers are supplied with a free starter kit which includes a bottle of oil, spark plug and air filter.
The Harrier 56 Pro offers a 56cm width of cut, while the cutting height can be set between 13-60mm. The mowers cutting deck extends beyond the wheel base, for easy mowing around flower beds and borders, while the rear roller will leave your lawn with a traditional striped finish. The Harrier 56 Pro comes with a 1 year commercial warranty.
Price includes VAT, 0.6L of 4 stroke oil and free delivery to mainland UK. Northern Ireland, Highlands, etc may incur delivery costs, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call for more information.

subset: commoncrawl


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Titanmen Training Tool Number 1 Black 4.2 Inch
Toys are for boys - Tools are for men!!! For the man who seeks adventure from the leader in adult toys... Here comes a collection of Titanic proportions. The first release of these highly anticipated tools consists of anatomically correct anal plugs. Three distinct styles in two sizes each - Trainer for the timid explorer and Master for the experienced conqueror. Sporting a revolutionary new material consisting of dual layers of Matte and Shiny surface treatments, these non slip toys have smooth entry points for pure anal enjoyment. Laced with the anti-bacterial agent Sil-A-Gel, these toys are even good for you. When it comes to Anal....no one knows your fantasy like Doc Johnson...
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In enacting our preemptive rights to celebrate National Vodka Day, recognized annually on Oct. 4 by fellow, devoted fans of the distilled beverage, we decided to indulge in some Taaka and perhaps take down some street tacos at the locally loved Bourbon St. Grill. in uptown McAllen.
When first walking into Bourbon, before stepping foot in the actual bar, patrons will notice the Mardi Gras style beads and decor in the entryway. This sets somewhat of a false expectation for what you'll see in the rest of the bar and dining area where the brick walls are draped with common neons flashing different types of beer names, televisions displaying sporting events and the treasured TouchTunes machine is just steps away from the kitchen door. Oh, almost forgot the music stage nestled in between the kitchen and the hallway to the restrooms. Not necessarily a bar scene from Fat Tuesday in the New Orleans French Quarter.
After scanning the room for a preferred seating area, we noticed several typical wooden tables and chairs both on the ground floor and then up on the left, second level of available seating. There were also several tall stools at the bar for customers to sit on and an outdoor area for smokers and those who prefer outdoor dining.
A few minutes after we sat down, we were greeted by Bourbon's manager with a friendly smile and handshake. Things began to look optimistic! But as we soon found out, sit at the bar if you want to be attended to in a consistent and timely manner.
Gaby: Let's see what we can wet our whistles with today (as I grabbed the drink menu trying to pass time while waiting to be attended).
Trisha: Definitely some vodka concoctions and something to settle our famished bellies.
Gaby: Since we're celebrating National Vodka Day, why not all things made with Vodka? Vodka Soda, Moscow Mule and a Dirty Martini. Ok, maybe not everything, but we had to experience it all!
Trisha: In that case, one slightly Dirty Martini, please!
INSIDER'S TIP: Stick with the plain Jane Vodka Soda. Unfortunately, the specialty drinks did not live up to their name and were lackluster.
Trisha: Whoa! Did I say an extremely Dirty Martini? Tastes like at least half the jar of olive juice was poured into the mix.
Gaby: Yeah, there are NO words to describe this "Moscow Mule". Somehow it was too sweet and lacked ginger.
Not too pleased with our initial drink order, we moved on to the food menu. Although at first we were intent on trying some of the raved about Bourbon St. Grill tacos (we'll have to leave that for the next Taco Tuesday), we chose to take advantage of the $5 Bourbon House Burger (Akaushi beef patty with topped with lettuce, tomato, red onion and sauced with mustard) offered all day on Thursdays.
Gaby: Best burger $5 can buy. I am glad we chose to try it! The meat crumbled in your mouth and I was especially surprised that it was hot (after our wait for the drinks, I wasn't expecting much)!
Before your confusion grows, yes, of course we ordered an appetizer to munch on before the actual burger halves we eventually feasted on. The Spinach Fried Cheese Sticks (breaded spinach, cream cheese and mozzarella served on a bed of marinara and sprinkled with grated cheese). Neither of us made a sound at the table when diving into those cheesy delights and completely devouring them.
Trisha: Those heavenly bars of cheese are a no-brainer! A divine blend of melted goodness.
So Bourbon Recap: Vodka Soda-good, Specialty Drinks-no bueno, Service-hope it changes soon, Food-to die for!
Would we go back? Probably, but for Taco Tuesday and maybe a cold beer or a well drink. And of course, now we know, sit at the bar!
Bourbon St. Grill is open daily (Sun.-Mon.) from 12:00 PM to 2:00 AM to serve up lunch, dinner and drinks including appetizers, soups, salads, sides, sandwiches, burgers, add-ons and daily happy hour (M-F) from 2:00 PM - 8:00 PM. Happy Hour is ALL DAY on Sundays and offers $2.50 domestic bottles and pints, $5 select cocktails and $3 Wells and House Wine.
Stop by 4800 N 10th St. in McAllen, Texas or call (956) 800-4641 and/or follow Bourbon St. Grill on FB @bourbonstgrill for a schedule of live music performances and special events.
Gaby Jones and Trisha Watts work hand-in-hand with the service industry. Jones is in charge of craft and imported beer for L&F Distributors and Watts is the communications director for Visit McAllen. Each week they will have a new adventure and provide an opinion on various locations throughout the Rio Grande Valley.


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It is a well-known fact that in today's day and age, everyone knows someone or is related to someone who is a Real Estate Agent. According to the Toronto Real Estate Board, there are more than 40,000 licensed Real Estate professionals in the Greater Toronto Area. But there is a widespread belief that not all Real Estate Agents are created equal. Many seasoned, experienced, ...
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September Marks the Second Straight Month of Annual Growth!
We are on track for record home sales reported through TREB's MLS® System this year. Barring a drastic shift in the economy over the next three months, total transactions reported by TREB Members in 2015 are expected to be at or near the 100,000 mark. This is a testament to the importance that GTA households put on ...


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You have all heard of Russian roulette. But how many of you have heard of Indian roulette? Well, you are given a flute and six large deadly cobras, and one of the cobras is deaf.
Lost Her Temper
Big sister Kelly felt a bit flabby around her waist from lack of exercise. She tried jogging and eating less to get rid of the impending bulge, but it didn't work. Auntie Teresa advised her to go on a strict diet. As she began her diet programme, we noticed that the programme did finally help her lose something - her temper!
How To Diet
If you are thin, don't eat fast.
If you are fat, don't eat - FAST!
Just for laughs. Have a nice day.
April 2, 2010
Indian Roulette
Labels: Funny tale
2 comments:
- baili said...
hi nice one dear, you pointed out a good thing that i too should not eat fast cause being all rounder often i had to do this,take care
- April 3, 2010 at 10:53 PM
- Aries said...
Thanks for visiting
- April 4, 2010 at 6:47 PM


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" It is located on the southeastern edge of the Great Plains, approximately 70 miles southeast of Tulsa. " (page 8)
Based upon the context clues, the word "approximately'' means close to something or close to correct.
"Underwood was especially close with her mom, and her only childhood conflict with her arose during the few instances in which her mother served as the substitute teacher in her class. "I stuck my tongue out behimd her back once," Underwood told Velvetrope.com in an interview. " I got told on." (pg 10)
Based upon the context clues, "conflict" means to be in a fight.
"In addition to awards for her music, Underwood has landed lucrative product endorsement deals, doing print advertisements and television commercials for everything from Hershey's chocolate to SKECHERS sneakers." (pg. 39)
Based upon the context clues, the word "lucrative" means moneymaking or profitable.
"It received very little country radio airplay and, as a result reached only number 53 on the country music charts. But this was hardly a setback for Underwood." (pg. 33)
Based upon the context clues, "setback" means a reverse or defeat.
" The song was eventually certified gold by RIAA and two times platinum by the CRIA. While the song was very popular and ended up being the top- selling song of the year in the Billboard charts, it was shunned by country music for being too pop." (pg 33)
Based upon the context clues, "platinum" means selling less than one million CD copies.
" I decided to sing "Before he Cheats" because I think that everyone has a 'mean series,' and the character in the song has very large one." (pg 34)
Based upon the context clues, "series" means to have a streak.
" Because of this intense airplay, the song debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Top 100, setting a record. It became the first single from a new artist's debut album to hold the number 1 spot for over six consecutive weeks." (pg.34)
Based upon the context clues, "Billboard Top 100" means the 100 top hits in the US.
"Underwood's third single was a significant departure from the songs she had relased to date. It also raised some eyebrows and cause a bit of a stir." (pg 37)
Based upon the context clues, "significant" means important; of consequence.
Created with images by mwittkopp89 - "Carrie Underwood_7"


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It might be due to restarting machine and the instance is not set to autostart and it so not started manually after starting from services Screen. I could try sqlplus hr/[email protected] and that also works. Help understanding these cake puns from a CNN Student News video Assigning only part of a string to a variable in bash Does Intel sell CPUs in ribbons? Is the no. this contact form
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s). Shah Ahmed -- Please tell me how and where to create the database instance. We have 50 machines with Power builder client on it. Vishy92 /Vishal : Thanks Vishal, I have used only username and password for connecting, and it connected. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/761418/how-come-sqlplus-not-connecting
It asks for username, password and host string which is the server(host) name if i am not wrong, Please help where i can practice basic sql queries. I have following client how can connection establised for these. ERROR: ORA-12170: TNS:Connect timeout occurred Enter user-name: xxx Enter password: ERROR: ORA-12162: TNS:net service name is incorrectly specified Enter user-name: My tnsnames.ora file...
Ravindra Patil replied Aug 19, 2010 Hi Payal, Do you have the entry to your TNSNAMES.ORA file, you can check by executing tnsping dbname. All Rights Reserved. Thanks! How To Connect To Oracle Database Using Sqlplus In Unix select value from v$parameter where name='service_names' –user2180794 Feb 2 '14 at 6:49 | show 5 more comments 1 Answer 1 active oldest votes up vote 0 down vote Try this.
The average person thinks he's above average! How To Connect To Oracle Database Using Sqlplus Command Line However I've checked the tnsnames.ora and listener.ora and both file are correct. SQL> copy from tempstrmadm/[email protected](DESCRIPTION=(SDU=32768)(enable=broken)(LOAD_BALANCE=yes)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=gct90318.houston.hp.com)(PORT=1526))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=STRMB))) to tempstrmadm/[email protected](DESCRIPTION=(SDU=32768)(ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(Host=g9u0173c.houston.hp.com)(Port=1525)))(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=STRMB)(INSTANCE_NAME=STRMB1))) insert HR.X1 using select * from HR.X1; SP2-0756: FROM clause length 184 bytes exceeds maximum length 122 Is there a way to overcome this problem? http://www.dbforums.com/showthread.php?1642264-Cannot-connect-to-DB-using-sqlplus-but-can-tnsping-the-database dmtm : Please check my earlier posts, i have described everything relating to the issues.
Enter password: ERROR: ORA-12560: TNS:protocol adapter error Enter user-name: Is this method applicable for windows? Sqlplus Run Script All rights reserved. However, leaving off password or both user/pass fails like this: sqlplus @//MyHostname:1521/MyServiceName SQL*Plus: Release 220.127.116.11.0 Production on Thu Apr 2 15:59:49 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. Using same tnsnames.ora and credentials did not work with SQL Developer, neither did leaving off the @ORCL and/or @SID.
for e.g. Application Development ? Sqlplus Connect Command Then I looked at environment variables and found no variable. Sqlplus Connect Without Tnsnames Each client session has a dedicated server process on the server side.
Before // reporting this error, look at the error stack and check for lower level // transport errors. http://myxpcar.com/connect-to/sql-cannot-connect-to-database.php HELP ME TOO July 30, 2005 - 12:16 pm UTC Reviewer: Big M from charlotte, NC USA Tom, I have a similar issue. You can tnsping the listener from the computer you are trying to connect from. Do you have proper ORACLE_SID? Sqlplus Connect To Database
There are about 3-4 DB's I can't connect to. All rights reserved. Zener diodes in glass axial package - not inherently shielded from photoelectric effect? http://myxpcar.com/connect-to/sql-cannot-connect-to-local.php Do we need to install the oracle 11g client on each machine. ...
Top Best Answer 0 Mark this reply as the best answer?(Choose carefully, this can't be changed) Yes | No Saving... Ora-12545: Connect Failed Because Target Host Or Object Does Not Exist good July 04, 2011 - 2:53 am UTC Reviewer: A reader SQL Plus September 26, 2011 - 4:37 am UTC Reviewer: Jayadevan from India Hi Tom, When I login to my when they are trying to grab a shared data resource that is held by another end-user.
In the case where it did not work for root, ORACLE_SID was set to orcl, as seen below. Related 4Cannot connect to ExtProc In Oracle 11g0ora-12154 issue when connecting with instant-client10TNSPING OK but sqlplus gives ORA-12154?0ORA-01017 error in sqlplus 12.1, can connect with same credentials in other applications0ora:12505:TNS: listener I assume the reason is that browser does not connect directly to the DB. Sqlplus Nolog I ignore this error message and closes the dbca creation wizard.
and you can connect to an Oracle database (you do not conect to "sqlplus", sqlplus is a program, not a server), using that ezconnect method IF and ONLY IF it has Asked: July 27, 2005 - 8:24 pm UTC Answered by: Tom Kyte � Last updated: May 16, 2013 - 8:37 am UTC Category: Developer � Version: 8.1.7 Whilst you are here, Still was getting the same error. his comment is here Thanks and regards, Payal Top Best Answer 0 Mark this reply as the best answer?(Choose carefully, this can't be changed) Yes | No Saving...
All rights reserved. Only if you are on the same machine with the server would you just use "scott/tiger" If you have a remote machine and want to default a connect string, on unix:


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The Head of State in the Address "New Opportunities under the Fourth Industrial Revolution" set the task for the agro-industrial complex to increase labor productivity and export of processed agricultural products at least 2.5 times within five years.
To date, the South-Kazakhstan region accounts for 80% of all greenhouses in the country. In 2017, 201.7 hectares of new greenhouses were introduced in the region, including 72 hectares in Saryagash district. In addition, this year it is planned to commission new greenhouse complexes with a total area of 214 hectares.
During the inspection of enterprises in Saryagash district, the Prime Minister Bakytzhan Sagintayev was informed about the measures taken to fulfill the President's instructions.
Director of KelesPlast LLP, N. Umarov, familiarized the Prime Minister with the production process and presented a range of products — polyethylene films and yarns made from raw materials with using the latest processing technologies. According to him, raw materials are purchased from economic entities, and finished products are used in various fields of agriculture and covers 100% of the needs of the domestic market. In addition, recycling of waste and polyethylene has a positive impact on the ecology of the district.
Recall, KelesPlast LLP was put into operation in February 2018. The main activities are the processing and production of polyethylene films for greenhouse farms, manufacturing of metal clamps for greenhouses and plastic cups for seedling material, production of polyethylene knitting twine.


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We hope you enjoyed a great Thanksgiving last weekend with family and friends! Whether you were here celebrating on Deep Creek Lake or are hoping to spend Thanksgiving next year in your new Deep Creek Lake home; this is a great time to remember all we have for which to be thankful.
A few weeks ago, we talked about ways you can go green in your home during the cold weather season. It's important that we all do our part to keep Deep Creek Lake a beautiful place to live or vacation and each one of us doing our part can make a big difference! If you're going to be hosting friends and family this season for holiday gatherings, we thought we'd point out a few ways that you can host an environmentally friendly party in your Deep Creek Lake home! Take a look!
1. No-Cook Dishes- Save energy and give your oven a rest by preparing dishes that don't have to be cooked. Think: salads, fruit dishes, veggie dips, yogurts and much more! You'll find yourself being more creative and spending less time in the kitchen!
2. Buy Local- Shopping locally from farmers and other various growers for ingredients for your holiday party (or any time!) is a great way to cut down on our carbon footprint as well as help support sustainable growing around Deep Creek Lake and surrounding areas.
3. Nix the Microwave- As much as possible, reheat or cook items in the oven or on the stove. Certain plastics can produce harmful fumes when put in the microwave and, while not overtly harmful, microwaves do leak radiation. It's just better for your health and for the environment to use other options as often as you can!
4. Reusable Towels- When cleaning up after your holiday party; be sure to use reusable towels instead of paper towels. Microfiber towels will hold on to dust, dirt and food particles since the fibers act like a magnet. After cleanup, throw them in the wash and you'll be able to reuse them over and over!
5. Switch to Convection- Now, we don't expect that you'll run out and buy a new oven before your holiday party, but this is something to consider for the very near future! Switch from a conventional oven to a convection oven. The difference? A convection oven continually circulates heated air, which means food cooks more quickly and reduces energy usage by 20%! Imagine being able to prepare food faster and save on energy- all from one appliance!
6. Cloth Napkins- These "things of the past" are making a comeback! The average American will use around 2,200 paper napkins per year- which are never recycled! Using cloth napkins will cut down drastically on waste and will make any event feel more special.
7. Chill Out- Be sure to put a pitcher of water in your fridge at least an hour before your party to ensure it's completely chilled. Those that prefer water won't have to stand at your sink and let the water run until it gets cold. The average kitchen faucet flows at a gallon per minute! Thinking ahead can help to chill water before will reduce the waste that a running faucet will produce!
8. Glass Containers- Storing leftovers or dried foods in glass containers with lids are much safer than the plastic alternative. When heated, certain plastics can break down and put chemicals into your food. Learn more about harmful and safe plastics.
9. Fill the Dishwasher- To avoid wasting water and energy, be sure to have a full load each time you use your dishwasher. Surprisingly, new energy efficient dishwasher can be more eco-friendly than washing dishes by hand! Be sure to air dry and skip the pre-rinse cycle as most newer models are effective enough to get your dishes clean without the added step!
As Deep Creek Lake Real Estate agents here at Coldwell Banker Deep Creek Realty, our goal is to provide you with tips and advice on getting the most out of the Deep Creek Lake lifestyle and we hope these ideas help!
We are always here to help with your real estate needs by answering questions about buying or selling a home on Deep Creek Lake, or any other real estate questions you may have.
Please feel free to contact us anytime! We would love to help you reach your Deep Creek Lake real estate goals!
Patrick Kane
Sales Manager/Co-Owner
Coldwell Banker Deep Creek Realty
Your Deep Creek Lake Real Estate Expert
Sales Manager/Co-Owner
Coldwell Banker Deep Creek Realty
Your Deep Creek Lake Real Estate Expert


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Soft Story Retrofit Los Angeles - An Overview
Failures of most of these creating or structure with soft story disorders can result in lack of lives within an earthquake. Numerous counties in California are at the moment drafting ordinances to involve retrofitting of all soft story buildings.
System Test is usually a process of which the ideas are reviewed for compliance to present-day codes. For this plan, the options will probably be reviewed for compliance to your required retrofit ordinance 183983 and 184081. When programs are actually reviewed and authorised, permit is often issued.
We've been supporting the city of Los Angeles' initiatives via its Lively involvement in SEAOSC EBC. As well as the evaluate with the proposed ordinances, SEAOSC EBC is establishing illustration troubles that will help expedite the look of retrofits for the afflicted buildings. For further more info on "Resiliency by Style and design," go to the Mayor's web site at: lamayor.org/earthquake. To learn more about earthquake preparedness, go to: readyla.org.
Submit evidence of preceding retrofit, ideas to retrofit, or designs to demolish for the Department of Constructing and Safety. Options and calculations are going to be checked for compliance Together with the retrofit ordinance.
The for a longer time your developing doesn't get it's soft story retrofit in Los Angeles, the greater probably a little something disastrous could come about.
It's no longer an argument as to if an earthquake of considerable magnitude will probably strike Southern California - it's now merely a wait to learn WHEN.
Even so, doesn't it make sense to retrofit and thus stop significant losses as opposed to just awaiting the worst after which relying on insurance policy to generate issues suitable?
Town of Los Angeles not long ago passed Ordinance 183893, which involves the retrofit of pre-1978 Wooden-body soft-story structures and non-ductile concrete properties. The target in the mandatory retrofit programs, underneath the ordinance, is to cut back these structural deficiencies and Enhance the performance of such properties through earthquakes.
A person may well argue, of course, that insurance policy exists to shield a building proprietor from legal responsibility in the event his / her developing collapses for the duration of an earthquake and injures people today and damages tenants' property.
The assets owner view website need to employ the service of an engineer or architect accredited in the state of California To guage the toughness in the setting up.
Given that Los Angeles codes state that developing homeowners are responsible for any lack of everyday living and damage to house within just their properties, you could wind up experiencing great liability losses.
We persuade our LA neighbors to obtain the work performed now whilst it's nevertheless voluntary. Ahead of it gets to be required.
Soft stories are an earthquake hazard plus they may lead to an extremely significant loss of investment, income and life. In the event the linked here sideways motion through an earthquake is particularly strong, the weak supports while in the soft stories could give way.
In California, You can find an earthquake hazard disclosure legislation demanding the seller to disclose to the buyer at enough time of sale the existence of certain acknowledged earthquake hazards, which include not enough bolting, existence of cripple walls without having shear paneling, hot h2o heaters that are not adequately strapped, and so on.. One of the problems required to be disclosed being a hazard is the existence of a soft story composition.
Finding your building the soft story retrofitting Los Angeles structures need to have is not simply a fantastic notion which find could help you save lives, your developing plus a high priced lawsuit, but Were you aware that it could also reduce your insurance policies high quality?


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Wayanad is one of the most beautiful hill stations in Kerala, blessed with waterfalls, lakes, beautiful climate, tea, coffee plantations, spices, thick forest, wild animals etc..........
Pookot lake, (a must see tourist spot) is located 3 kms from Vythiri in Wayanad and 15 kms from Kalpetta, the district capital. This lake is one of the most visited tourist spot in Wayanad among the national and foreign tourists.
The lake is surrounded by thick woods and trees. This scenic lake presents a calm and serene environment. This is an excellent camp site for peace lovers. Surrounded by forests, and greenery, Pookot lake Wayanad is an enchanting location for nature lovers and photographers. You can't resist taking few photographs of the excellent location.
Pookot lake Wayanad is undoubtedly one of the most gorgeous tourist spot in the entire location. The lake is cuddled up in the surrounding lap of mountains. The tall trees and dense woods that surround the pathway of the lake provide a memorable visual treat. There is also a freshwater aquarium near the lake which displays colorful and beautiful fishes.
Near Pookot lake Wayanad there is a Children's Park and shopping centre for handiwork and spices. These shopping centers are maintained by District Tourism Promotion Council. These facilities provide recreational activities to the visitors. Children will love this excellent calm and beautiful location and will enjoy the colorful display of fishes.


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If you watch the Taiwanese show called Wo Ai Hei Se Hui (黑澀會美眉容瑄裸照) hosted by Blackie (黑人), then you should know this girl. Her name is Yung-Hsuan and she is a member of the Taiwanese girl group Hey Girl. She stored her photos online in a private album and had it password protected. But then the photo leaked after hackers got her password and downloaded the private album. Hackers shared her nude photos of her having a warm bath with her boyfriend and expose her big boobs, to the world. And those things are fuc.king huge and I think they are totally natural implant-free boobs. Pictures of big breasted Asian babes are welcome any day on the GutterUncensored.com, especially when they also have pink nippels.
8 comments:
How can I see the video?ReplyDelete
how can c the vid =.=ReplyDelete
how can i c the vid?ReplyDelete
let me see pleaseReplyDelete
hi, im Gerrand, could i view your blog on the photos of Yuan Hsuan? If can, please reply me at email@example.com thank you very much.ReplyDelete
can I pls have an invite? email@example.com
can i have the invitation to see the video o pic?ReplyDelete
The video is here:ReplyDelete
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You have the only one chance to try your luck out at the casino!
Several illegal casinos are located in a small forgettable city near Berlin. There is also one bar there, where an entrance is only for a certain group of people. You and your friends have decided to go to the bar for a few drinks. Suddenly, your old friend Boris has approached you and asked: "Where are the money you owe to me? You have one hour to bring my money back!" Unfortunately, none of you have such a huge amount of money.
The game costs 70€ — 90€
To funk with hipsters
1.5 km
To save Berlin from the attack of horrible zombie
2 km
To catch a serial killer
2.5 km
Escape game will take you during the events of the fall of the Berlin Wall
2 km
To unlock the secrets of Humboldt University
2.5 km
Nostalgic-cult time travel awaits you!
2.5 km
To save the man's life
6 km
To stop the spread of a dangerous computer virus
5 km
To deactivate the bomb and leave the room within 60 minutes
6 km
To track down the dangerous Assassin
6 km
The scene is set in the German Democratic Republic of the 1960s
6 km
To hack bunker's security and get out to see how the world has changed
To escape from the prison
To prevent the absolute political disaster!
To prove the guilt of the bank's director of numerous crimes
To hold your own investigation of the journalist disappearance
To uncover the mystery of your teacher's disappearance
Will your group escape in 66 minutes or will the madness swallow you?
To investigate murder at the café
To rob the museum and to filch the most precious object of the exhibition
The escape game for those, who are are not afraid of blood
To stop the alien invasion
To search for the stolen artwork


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iOS 7 Beta 3 Download Links, As we have predicted Apple released iOS 7 Beta 3 to developers yesterday. Going by the trends of iOS Beta releases we predicted iOS 7 Beta 3 release date to be July 8th. we are in the 4th week since the showcase of iOS 7 in WWDC 2013, over this time we experienced iOS 7 Beta 1, iOS 7 Beta 2 and now iOS 7 Beta 3. As expected iOS 7 Beta 3 comes with a loads of improvements over its predecessor, we have noticed a lot of bug fixes and User interface improvements. iOS 7 Beta 1 was really buggy, i don't remember how many times it rebooted while having a cellular conversation but it was a beta after-all.
iOS 7 Beta 2 saw some improvements but the graphics were still lagging a bit and we could see glitches of errors here and there but iOS 7 Beta 3 is almost a complete final iOS candidate. This 3rd installment of the highly awaited iOS 7 breaks the performance gap between iPhone 4 and the most advanced iPhone 5, recently we received emails saying that iOS 7 Beta are running really slow and some of the graphic features are missing on iPhone 4 but this new version works equally smooth on iPhone 4 as well.
Like any other Beta release of iOS, iOS 7 Beta 3 is available for download to registered developers, your device should also be UDID registered to install and use the software, but we have a way to install iOS 7 Beta 3 without UDID registration. Remember this is a Beta so it may cause a serious problem to your device and you may lose your data, try on your own risk.
iOS 7 Beta 3 Download :
Download iOS 7 Beta 3 IPSW (Official Links) :
- iPad (4th generation Model A1458)
- iPad (4th generation Model A1459)
- iPad (4th generation Model A1460)
- iPad mini (Model A1432)
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Jacobs, Naomi 2007. Dissent, Assent, and the Body in Nineteen Eghty-Four. Utopian Studies 18(1): 3-20.
A series of bodies mark the progression from hope to despair in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell proffers several versions of an oppositional body capable of resisting dystopia: first, Winston's rebellious body that refuses to submit to the everyday discomforts of life, then Julia's naked body in lovemaking, and finally the powerful body of the proletarian mother singing at her household drudgery. But in Winston's emanciated body after torture, Orwell's final vision is of the body as inherently flawed, permeable, incapable of sustaining any enduring opposition to social control. Together, these bodies appear to comprise a persuasive anatomy of the powers and limitations of the human body and, indeed, of the human being. However, I will argue that the devastating pessimism of Orwell's great novel is based upon an inconsistent and ultimately impoverished model of the body. Orwell underestimates the body's recuperative powers as well as the extent to which the meaning of bodily experience is malleable, shaped by social relation. A disjunction between his rhetoric about the body and his representation of it underpins these limitations in his great work. (Jacobs 2007: 3)So, adjective + 'body' yields some kind of typology? What are the criteria for bringing out these exactly "bodies"? Why not "drunk body" when Winston drinks Gin? Why not "careful body" when he approaches Julia at the cafeteria? This seems all too arbitrary. I can only hope that Naomi Jakobs elaborates what she means by Orwell's "rhetoric about the body".
The problem of the body is central to utopian literature, which attempts to reconcile the desires of individual bodies with the needs of the body politic; at the heart of the utopian endeavor is the projection of new ways to manage populations of human bodies and to re-form the individual body, with its inchoate and often antisocial drives. In any vision of an orderly world in which suffering is minimized and pleasure maximized, the materiality of the body comes to the fore - both as an obstacle to success in its stubborn disordeliness, and as the territory upon which any new order must ultimately be mapped. The body itself must be the locus of utopian or dystopian transformation, whether that transformation is to be brought about by liberating the body or by more effectively subduing it. (Jacobs 2007: 3)Winston is inchoate and antisocial. But does the materiality of the body come to the fore in 1984? Right now I'd say this is more relevant to Brave New World. When it comes to orderliness and subduing then Zamjatin's We would be more interesting. Although some elements of it - such as morning exercises and constant surveillance - are present in 1984, it lacks extreme homogeneity and literal glass houses.
In our own century, the body has continued to be characterized as a source of liberatory energy. Though the mind may be corrupted or contaminated by societal constraints, a fantasy has survived that the body can retain its purity and serve as a reservoir of natural virtue, a motivating force for action against totalitarian control. Perhaps the most familiar version of this view focus on the sexual aspects of bodily experience: for example, the links drawn between political and sexual liberation by fin-de-siecle anarchists, psychologist Wilhelm Reich's argument that sexual repression supports fascism, or D. H. Lawrence's utopian claims for the powers of eroticism to regenerate not only the individual, but society (Koh). In dystopian and anti-utopian fiction, this conflation of erotic and utopian energy is clearly present in works such as Zamyatin's We, where D-503's love for I-330 leads him to question the social order, or Ayn Rand's Anthem, where love similarly leads the protagonist to break with a collectivist society that restricts erotic connection. (Jacobs 2007: 4)"I hate purity, I hate goodness! I don't want any virtue to exist anywhere. I want everyone to be corrupt to the bones." [Winston] / "Well then, I ought to suit you, dear. I'm corrupt to the bones." [Julia]
However, such concepts of the revolutionary body tend to rely upon a naturalistic notion of the body as "the pre-social, biological basis on which the superstructures of the self and society are founded" (Shilling 41). As the considerable theoretical work on the body in recent decades has argued, to see the rising of the body as a throwing off of social meanings or strictures is to neglect the ways in which the body expresses and responds to social meanings in the construction of which the body itself has been implicated. The body may be, as Nicholas Mirzoeff comments, "a key site of that resistance provoked by any exercise of power" (11), but it is so precisely because it is also the site of that exercise of power. These issues contribute to the fissures in Orwell's dystopian logic. (Jacobs 2007: 5)Why does this sound like we're dealing with chunks of meat, though? A body always belongs to someone or is someone. The bold passage could very well read "the ways in which people express and respond to social meanings in the construction of which they themselves are implicated". Without selves, we are left with automatic processes - the body expresses and responds because it just does. It becomes a site, a territory, a material, lost of what makes human bodies interesting in the first place - that they are human, that they contain complex nervous systems capable of learning and communicating. The body does express and respond, but that is mere Secondness. It is Thirdness that I am after.
Although Orwell is justly famous for his evocation of the practical techniques and psychological effects of totalitarian rule, the body is central to his explorations of the workings of power. He begins his novel by establishing in striking vividness the bodily discomforts of life under Big Brother. In this fictive world, the body and its sensitivities are brutally repressed. The physical discomforts and displeasures are unremitting: bad smells, bad food, coarse fabric, and ugly surroundings. The human body itself has been degraded, and a debased physical type dominates: "Nearly everyone was ugly ... small, dark, and ill-favored" (52-53). Winston himself is gray, thin, ill, and prematurely aged. (Jacobs 2007: 5)If this truly were so then it should come as a surprise that the concept of facecrime has gained very little attention (as compared to thoughtcrime).
But for Orwell as for others, the body serves as a symbol of the social order, and a degenerate social order must produce an inferior physical type. Thus the citizens of Oceania - like those of a British industrial city - display in their very flesh the corruption of the regime. (Jacobs 2007: 5-6)Paraphrasing the vulgar saying "does the carpet match the drapes?" we may now ask, "does the individual body match the state of society?"
The prevailing weakness, sickness, or "softness" of the bodies Orwell describes may be understood against the background of the ostentatiously healthy and powerful bodies of fascist and Stalinist propaganda. (Jacobs 2007: 6)A worthwhile point for a discussion of literary "realism" - in this specific case against the background of Soviet Realism.
As Mirzoeff notes in his discussion of Nazism, totalitarianism is "profoundly distrustful of the body as the individual expression and component of the body politic, fearing that it might harbour all manner of weakness and corruption" (91). Under late capitalism, this distrust takes the different form of an obsessive concern with and self-policing of the body, which is re-created as spectacle and object for consumption; the body's drives are channeled into the self-hypnosis of the health club, the consumerist trance of the shopping mall. Capitalist propaganda presents young, hard, "good" bodies as images of individual freedom and happiness, while in fact individuals under late capitalism become increasingly less healthy. Similarly, totalitarian propaganda presents healthy bodies as images of national strength and productivity, while in fact individuals under totalitarianism endure a debilitating lack of access to the food and medicines needed for good bodily health, and a restructed access to physical pleasures generally. (Jacobs 2007: 6)This distrust seems quite natural, perhaps even as a variant of the Christian "denial of the body". As Winston himself explains at some point, love (sexuality) is the greatest weapon against totalitarian control. There is probably self-policing in some form or measure in all societies. In Orwell's 1984 it takes on the characteristic of self-censure (a la Scheflen), e.g. avoidance of facecrime. The question of healthy bodies as representation is still relevant today - the border guards around North Korea are chosen for their height, musculature and health on both sides.
In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the political logic of these denials of the body is laid out explicitly. By denying a satisfying bodily existence to its members, the Party intensifies the importance and effectiveness of Party-designed experiences such as the group ecstasy of the Two Minutes' Hate. The only love allowed, that for Big Brother, is also the only pleasure allowed (Paul Robinson 152) other than the sadistic pleasure of hatred. There is certainly a bodily component in the latter, but it is brief; these frenzied expressions of loyalty to the Party provide but a temporary distraction from the endless discomforts and physical self-restraint to which the citizens then return. (Jacobs 2007: 6)I believe that the Two Minutes' Hate should be viewed in its historical context - in comparison with the actual exercise of hate-mongering to British soldiers to make them hate the enemy. This called a public outcry in Orwell's days, which is most likely why it is included in 1984. In the universe of 1984 it may indeed serve the purpose of channeling bodily pleasures, though. Winston cannot help himself but to chant along with others - a symptom of mass hysteria (perhaps Elias Canetti should be consulted?).
To all outward appearances, the bodies of Party members have been successfully controlled by Party discipline. Doublethink requires denying the reality of bodily experineces, rejecting the "evidence of your own eyes and ears" (60), as Winston says. And orthodoxy, or at least the appearance of orthodoxy, requires repressing any unsanctioned emotion or impulse. According to Goldstein's book, "A Party member is required to have not only the right opinion, but the right instincts" (174). Yet the body cannot be so completely controlled. (Jacobs 2007: 6-7)This is the stuff of facecrime. But I think this is best approached in terms of ideology and perhaps Bourdieu's doxic situation. It is up to my study to make out how much of this repression (regulation, as I call it) and control there is.
When Winston refers to "the mute protest in your own bones" as a source of knowledge that things were once better than they are now (63), he is experiencing what Alison Jaggar calls "outlaw emotions" - those feelings at odds with what we expect to feel or believe we ought to feel. Such emotions can "provide the first indications that something is wrong" with accepted understandings of the world and contribute to the development of oppositional subcultures (Jaggar 161). It is at the prompting of such outlaw emotions that Winston writes "Down with Big Brother" in his diary, his hand moving without the direction or even the assent of his mind, as if his dimly-felt rebellious impulse could be brought to consciousness only through an independent act of the body. Through its engagement with the physical realities of this world, Winston's body knows things his conscious mind has suppressed. Such 'tacit knowledge ... does not result from the transferring of data from one mind or book to another or from tracing the logic of a syllogism. Rather, it arises from, and through what Polanyi calls 'indwelling,' or the active engagement of the body with the factors comprising our subsidiary awareness" (sorri 19). (Jacobs 2007: 7)It seems a bit at odds with what we know from real-life totalitarian regimes. For example, one North Korean woman reportedly (in a recent Daily Show interview with a woman who visited NK) thought constant hunger was normal and didn't doubt in her government until the moment that she got a food package from South Korea and saw the expiration date on it - the very fact of there being an expiration date, the idea that food can be in surplus, that it is not eaten right away, sparked her doubt. It's similar to how physiological arousal and emotions are viewed nowadays - hunger itself is just hunger, just as adrenaline rush is just an adrenaline rush; until, that is, when the person conceptualizes his or her hunger or, in those experiments, what may have caused the arousal - whether it is attributed to the injection and matter-of-factness or to the uncomfortable social situation in which the subject is placed after the injection. In the same line of thought we find discourse on surprise as an emotion, or rather a precursor of emotion - because surprise lasts for a flash, only to be replaced by an evaluation - whether the surprising phenomenon is good or bad. Likewise, the goodthinkful think that their sorry situation is actually good. Human mind is malleable.
At a very basic level, then, Winston's first acts of resistance to the regime are motivated and manifested by his irrepressible body. He is quite aware that these outbreakings of bodily energy are dangerous. "Your worse enemy ... was your own nervous system" (56) he thinks, in reference to individuals who cannot control their facial expressions and so make their unorthodoxy visible as "facecrime" to the Thought Police. Even when the face is successfully controlled, "you could not control the beating of your heart" (67). Instinct, then, is more powerful than intention, driving the body to act against reason; this is both the body's virtue and its ultimate vulnerability. (Jacobs 2007: 7)Now I think this aspect could be explained well with reference to (Freud's) "psychohydraulic" theory of emotions (according to Ruesch).
The instinctive responsiveness of the body leads Winston to begin his first tentative gestures of resistance in the solitary physical act of writing down his thoughts and experiences in the forbidden journal. (Jacobs 2007: 7)I have considered dealing with the diary-writing aspect in conjunction with Zamjatin's We and Dostoevsky's Notes from the Underground, both of which are written in diary form, just as Orwell's 1984 was supposedly intended at the beginning, and in terms of autocommunication (one of my favorite topics). It is interesting that between these dystopian works, the significance of the journal/diary increasingly lessens. We know of Underground Man only because he wrote his journal. D-503 wrote a journal, but it is unclear (to me) whether the whole work is a journal. And what role does the journal play in 1984? In any case this matter can be dealt with in terms of autocommunication and in all cases the journal is written exactly because of solitude - Winston is not sure for whom he writes his journal, as it often is (I pondered the question of "addressee" often when I kept a daily diary-like blog myself as a teenager).
In the novel's representation of the liberatory potential of sexuality, the disrobing of Julia's body plays a crucial role. When first seen, Julia emblematizes the nature of bodies under the rule of Big Brother: dressed, like all other members of the Outer Party, in drab work clothes that obscure her individual features, she is yet marked out from the crowd by the crimson sash of the Junior Anti-Sex League, which displays both her sexuality - the curve of her womanly body - and her sexual unavailability. In a fashion described so well by Foucault, desire is created by its proscription; the sash that seems to mark Julia's submission to the anti-erotic policies of a Party that aspires to "abolish the orgasm" (220) also makes her an object of desire for Winston, whose sexuality is bound up in his nascent resistance to the regime. Thus, when he fantasizes Julia's clothes coming off, he thinks that the gesture of disrobing could "annihilate a whole culture" (29). To imagine the removal of clothing and the revelation of the hidden body as having such political power is to imagine the body itself as untouched by the layers of civilization that cloaks its "naked thruth." In this view, civilization, no matter how oppressive, can be thrown aside like a garment when the body acts upon its own "pure" desires. (Jacobs 2007: 7-8)I planned to deal with this issue in a (sub)chapter titled "The perks of appearing goodthinkful" (against "The folly of being goodthinkful"). Julia's doubleact makes for an interesting case study of deceitful appearances, of conformity and subversion. And in the end isn't all culture something we throw off when we give in to animalistic "pelvic magic"? Sexual intercourse is largely a "reptilian" routine (although it is evolutionarily more archaic than the "reptilian brain").
To Winston, both the simple animal instinct - the act itself - and the primitive emotions and intimacies to which it gives rise carry a revolutionary potential, nurturing a place in the heart that the regime can never touch. Many of Orwell's readers have accepted at face value the text's characterization of sexuality as a natural, instinctive expression of animal nature. For example, Connelly states that "Sex is the most uniquely individual instinct and, liket he belief in the soul, a threat to the organization bent on destroying the self" (139). Similarly, Anne Mellor argues that "Sexual desire and consummation affirm nature over culture, human instinct over rational or technological control. ... Julia's celebration of her own body, of sexual desire, of the primal animal instinct of human beings, is thus a denial of all forms of mind control, a powerful political rebellion" (119). (Jacobs 2007: 8)This I planned to deal with in a (sub)chapter titled "Motifs of anti-emotion (in dystopian films)". I believe this aspect in 1984 is the influence for so many modern dystopias bent to prove that emotions cannot suppressed because in the end "love conquers all". The most vivid example is Equilibrium, although it's far from the only illustration - The Giver is a recent example. The 1984-insipired Equals coming out in 2015 is - as far as I can make out - much about the same stuff (it will concentrate on Winston and Julia's love story instead of the "rewriting history" and "boot stomping on faces" ordeal). Now that I think about it, the Party's boot-in-the-face policy could be tied to facecrimes. In a simple reversal, it is the Party that commits a crime against the human face by stomping on it, for ever. It is also a matter of nonverbal ethics and quite gloomy in the prospect of future face-reading technology (if and when FACS becomes a "thing", if it already hasn't).
For all Winston's fantasies of disrobing, Julia's body is vaguely generalized as "white, youthful" (92). Although Winston believes that "the animal instinct, the simple undifferentiated desire ... was the force that would tear the Party to pieces" (105), their lovemaking is never describen in any detail. In fact, what follows is largely a clichéd romance of star-clossed lovers, who set up a monogamous love-nest complete with domestic trappings and quickly lose their sexual urgency. The revolutionary rhetoric in praise of promisquity is replaced by a nostalgic rhetoric extolling the virtues of private life, a stance hardly conductive to the common social action necessary if the regime is to be overthrown. (Jacobs 2007: 9)This is quite in line with the discontent of some readers with Julia's character arc as such - in the beginning Winston is interested in Julia and her Weltanschauung, but this soon dissipates and is replaced by, well, "domestic trappings". I wonder how Equals will deal with the lack of description in the sexual intercourse department.
And indeed there is no direct link established between the affair and Winston's taking steps to join the Brotherhood. Julia has long indulged her sexual instincts to no political result. The two have only aimless discussions of the possibility of active resistance. In fact, Julia thinks the Brotherhood is a propaganda fiction, and Winston has no real reason to think otherwise. Had the "summons" never come from O'Brien, it seems likely that Winston and Julia's expression of their "animal instincts" would have brought about no result more dramatic than any of Julia's other exploits: a private rebellion with no ramifications beyond pleasure. Conversely, given Winston's unjustified trust in O'Brien and attraction to him, he might very well have accepted such a summons even had he never known Julia. Thus the claims for the revolutionary power of the body remain rhetorical ones, never embodied in action or description in a way that would grant them fictive force. (Jacobs 2007: 9)Ah, so that's what she means by rhetoric of the body. Welp, as a self-identified anarchist, I feel that all talk of revolution is ultimately rhetorical in this sense. The revolution is the Second Coming of Christ for the oppressed and discontented.
When Winston imagines a revolution carried out by the proles, his optimism is once again founded in an unsustainable idealization of the body, for he believes that the proles' embodiment of human decencies is rooted in a blind, instinctual physicality. "If there is hope ... it lies in the proles," Winston had written in his diary. "They needed only to rise up and shake themselves like a horse shaking off flies" (60). His own class, he imagines, will keep alive the mind as the proles will "keep alive the body." They are "people who had never learned to think but were storing up in their hearts and bellies and muscles the power that would one day overturn the world" (181) and who pass on "from body to body the vitality which the Party did not share and could not kill" (182). (Jacobs 2007: 10)An interesting take on the mind/body dualism. But if the proles are the body and the outer party is the mind, what of the inner party? (Or should one lump outer and inner party together without distinction?)
As he had done with the desiring bodies of Winston and Julia' Orwell aligns the body of the prole woman, and by extension all the bodies of her class, with Nature. He makes them represent an irrational, rebellious life force with the potential to counteract the socially constructed mirage of totalitarianism. The body and its desires provide the impetus for opposition to the regime: indeed, the body's very lack of rationality becomes a virtue, for no reasonable person would be so foolish as to attempt to oppose the absolute power of the Party. (Jacobs 2007: 11)Is it a mirage though? The torture sure is "all too real". It would be interesting to try out the TMS distinctions between culture/nature and culture/non-culture, but I'm not sure that these can be aligned with class distinctions pure and simple.
In the extended torture that follows his arrest, Winston learns first-hand that the power of the body to oppose the mind's will to resistance is stronger than the body's power to oppose the mind's will to submit. Discussing the political uses of torture, Renato Martinez has written that "the exhibition of pain is a language" (86). In addition to its functions of punishment and extortion of information, torture serves to communicate to the general public the power of the regime, its absolute right to treat the bodies of its enemies as it sees fit. But in Nineteen Eighty-Four, this communication is wholly private; the display is made only to the tortured himself; for the goal of this government is to win over souls, those "few cubic centimeters within [the] skull" that Winston had initially believed were his own (26). To the public is exhibited only the benevolent face of Big Brother, the penitent faces of the reformed rebels - never the destroyed body itself. Publicly, this regime exibits its power to reform and to forgive, rather than its power to destroy. Privately, the regime exhibits the effects of torture only to the subject of that torture. (Jacobs 2007: 12)Contrastingly, Elaine Scarry writes that pain destroys language. And contemporary society displays an opposed attitude towards torture: it is not so much a language as a faux pas - a mistake, an error. I think this attitude comes from the knowledge that CIA's torture programs were far from successful.
Julia's loving body had been reduced to a phase, an occasional naked breast or soft, yielding waist; the prole woman's to her wide hips and tuneful voice. But Orwell describes in dreadful detail Winston's body after torture. The gray, dirty flesh, the "battered" cheekbones, the inflamed ulcer, the skeletal ribs and emaciated legs and "scraggy" neck; all are chronicled at length and with a clinical exatitude that grants great persuasive force to the dystopian view of the body as a treacherous entity that "swells up until it fills the universe" so that "In the face of pain there are no heroes" (86, 197). (Jacobs 2007: 12)The body is treacherous in several senses. It betrays, as in facecrime. And it cannot be relied upon in the face of torture.
The rhetoric of representation in Nineteen Eighty-Four destroys all possibility of resistance to totalitarian oppression. In the everyday resistances of Winston's protesting body, in the brief utopia of eroticism when bodies are disrobed and touch each other tenderly, and in the vitality of the prole woman's sturdy physicality resistance seems possible. But in the protracted descriptions of a man being broken and then re-formed by pain, we are told that resistance is doomed. In this is the great failing of Orwell's great novel. For we know - as, of course, did Orwell himself - that minds do not always break under torture, that some people suffer appalling pain and fear and yet refuse to betray their loved ones and their comrades in arms. (Jacobs 2007: 14)I think this is so because it is a tale of warning, not a tale of hope. It could also be mimetic of Zamjatin's We, which similarly ends not with the savages' (people outside the city walls) triumph over the city, but with the annihilation of fantasy, that which spurred D-503 to disobey the system.
Jacobsen, Michael Hviid 2004. From Solid Modern Utopia to Liquid Modern Anti-Utopia? Tracing the Utopian Strand in the Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman. Utopian Studies 15(1): 63-87.
UTOPIA LITERALLY MEANS 'NOWHERE'. Most often, however, utopian thought and practice have pointed to a 'somewhere', a tangible and definable expression of the 'nowhere' and have often been presented as a positive mirror image (a eutopia) or a deliberately distorted and negative picture of contemporary reality (a dystopia or anti-utopia), the 'here and now', but today these previously flourishing 'somewheres' everywhere appear to be gradually dismantling, dissolving, or disillusioned. Thus, as Bruce Mazlish recently and poignantly pointed out, "utopian thinking, except in the form of messianic or fundamentalist aspirations, appear either to take other shapes or be in the tepid condition or non-existent" (43). (Jacobsen 2004: 63)Orwell's 1984, in this light, seems more like a negative picture of what could come in the future. As far as I know, it was meant as a tale of warning. Otherwise, I'd think that utopian thinking is still virile.
[...] the demise of utopia is primarily associated with the spheres of either politics or science, and particularly social science, which have become disenchanted in the process of 'de-utopianisation' and have lost the vision and utopias which for centuries guided the founders, pioneers and practitioners of these domains and pointed in the direction of 'the common god', the 'just society', etc. (Jacobsen 2004: 63)I didn't know that social science had a utopian streak, although it does make sense. Even semiotics sometimes demonstrates a want to better society, as when Charles Morris or Jurgen Ruesch suggest that semiotics should be used to improve learning (in schools) and social administration (e.g. how to deal with delinquents and psychiatric patients).