text:
I'll be the first to admit, I really was hoping 'Two-Face' would wait till the next film. But having Sal Meroni and The Joker in the film, Dent was on borrowed time. However, I was happily surprised by what turned out not to be a stale Aaron Eckhart performance.
Now… Comic Book movies have never been known for actual filmmaking drama… but HOLY $H!T. To date, 'The Dark Knight' stands as the 'Godfather Part II' of comic films. Christopher Nolan developed these characters to a fine edge in the original so he could develop a new batch in the sequel with everyone being equally fantastic. Unlike the original franchise, there was no need to keep rehashing the Origin… Kilmer droned on with it and so did Clooney… well, Batman's over sixty-five years old and we know the story! And kudos for not giving us the origin of the Joker… now you just need to have another actor to do it on-screen in the eventual sequel… God help him following Ledger's overly hyped but darkly awesome performance.
'Knight' will stand as a classic because it can stand on its own. Even if you didn't see the first, you can follow the sequel.. and that is what makes a good sequel really good. Again, we all know the characters, even if you never really read a comic… it's pop culture. Yes it is violent for a comic book film (as are most comic films), but this was REALISTIC. This was 'Untouchables' violent, 'Godfather' or as any other reality based film may have been, and that is the irony. The Comic Book is suddenly as real as it gets. The Joker isn't some guy all HeeHee and Whoopie cushions… this takes Nicholson's more twisted turn and cranks it up to full! The Joker is a believable study in an urban chaos sociopath. And Dent, is extremely believable as the man pushed just too damn far. The supporting cast is obviously a collection of Award winning actors who jell together seamlessly in this world of the not so super Superhero… depressed yet defending the light.
Does it follow exactly? No, there are a few slight liberties taken, but just a few. Is it Meroni or the Joker responsible for Harvey? Or, is it like the comics, where the work of the crime boss laid the disfigured work for a twisted Joker to mold and manipulate as he has done in many a 'Two-Face' tale over the years? That's close enough to the comic for me… And Thank You for killing Miss Dawes… oh sweet irony from the standard boy saves girl fare. The story was great.. well paced and combined evenly with the action. I was a little disappointed in the lack of Gotham landscape the original possessed… I'd have enjoyed seeing more of the mighty Wayne tower, center of a beefed up Chicago 'Gotham' and the monorail than just seeing plain old Chicago.
Obviously, the thirst for knowledge about the eventual sequel will be insatiable. Each of the major villains portrayed in the franchise so far are still available to return as Scarecrow already has for a cameo… Dent is hardly dead and obviously The Joker is captured… oh yeah, Qui-Gon Jinn * I mean R'as is just waiting for his dip in the Lazarus Pit. Another true to comic idea that the original franchise (Sorry Tim Burton, Burn in Hell Shumacher) failed with… The villains don't always die. Wayne Manor should be rebuilt by then… and so will the Cave.
See it twice as there is a lot of info to digest the first time. That, and its an awesome film and film score that should be absorbed on the screen twice anyway. Epic. Not just comic epic or epic in length, but damn fine film epic.


text:
Open Access This article is
- freely available
- re-usable
Water 2017, 9(8), 610; doi:10.3390/w9080610
Assessment of Nitrogen Inputs into Hunt River by Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems via SWAT Simulation
Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 15 June 2017 / Accepted: 8 August 2017 / Published: 16 August 2017
Nonpoint source nitrogen pollution is difficult to effectively model in groundwater systems. This study aims to elucidate anthropogenic nonpoint source pollution discharging into Potowomut Pond and ultimately Narragansett Bay. Hydrologic modeling with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP) was used to simulate streamflow and nitrogen levels in the Hunt River with and without onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS). The objective of this study was to determine how input of OWTS data impacts nitrogen loading into the Hunt River Watershed in Rhode Island, USA. The model was simulated from 2006 to 2014, calibrated from 2007 to 2011 and validated from 2012 to 2014. Observed streamflow data was sourced from a US Geological Survey gauge and nitrogen loading data from University of Rhode Island Watershed Watch (URIWW). From the results, adding OWTS data to the SWAT simulation produced a better calibration and validation fit for total fit (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) = 0.50 calibration, 0.78 validation) when compared with SWAT simulation without OWTS data (NSE = −1.3 calibration, −6.95) validation.
Keywords:nitrogen; SWAT; OWTS; waste water; septic; watershed
1. Introduction
Eutrophication poses a severe threat to coastal waters on local, regional, and global scales. Coastal ecosystems are naturally nitrogen limited and runoff from terrestrial systems from agriculture, wastewater, and industrial practices contributes to eutrophic areas of low dissolved oxygen, known as dead zones [1]. Dead zones have been documented as doubling in occurrence every decade since the mid 1900s and have been increasing in areal extent. Factors such as rising ocean temperatures, increasing ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and changing climate variables are acting synergistically to exacerbate the eutrophication problem [2]. Often, eutrophication, leading to conditions of hypoxia and anoxia in coastal waters, is overlooked until broad scale detrimental effects are obvious [3]. The breakdown of coastal fisheries and large fish kills garner the most attention to eutrophic conditions. Fisheries located in shallow coastal waters are the most at risk and instances of fishery and shellfish closures have increased in recent years.
Narragansett Bay, located in the state of Rhode Island (RI), USA is no exception to the problem of excess nitrogen (N) and resulting eutrophication of coastal waters. Areas of the bay have experienced N inputs for over the past 200 years and impacted areas have expanded in extent as the state's population has grown and development has increased throughout the state. Rhode Island is the smallest state and is the second most densely populated with roughly one million residents [4]. Over the past several decades, the bay has ranked as one of the most heavily fertilized estuaries in the USA with the majority of nutrients originating from point sources [5,6]. The largest point source contributor is sewage treatment plants (STPs) [6] in the northern portion of the bay where the state capitol is located and the population density is highest. Through the years, the state has faced harmful algal blooms stemming from eutrophication, leading to fisheries and beach closures, most often during the peak summer tourism season. Both fisheries and tourism are vital to the state's economy. In 2003, the state experienced a severe fish kill with over one million menhaden, and other finfish and shellfish, killed from anoxic conditions within Greenwich Bay, which is a smaller offshoot of Narragansett Bay [7]. This event spurred initiative for action to clean up pollution within the bay and to combat excess N from entering the state's coastal waters in order to reduce risks to the health of the coastal ecosystems and the communities that rely upon them. Targeting the N point sources, the state set a goal of 50% reduction of N discharge into the bay from 1995 to 1996 levels, limiting the allowable discharge volumes of N from 11 wastewater treatment facilities in upper Narragansett Bay. The targeted reduction was achieved through stages by 2012 [8]. Today, as N inputs decline from point sources, nonpoint sources, such as urban runoff from septic systems, are becoming a proportionately larger contributor of N into the bay. In RI, 30% of homes are on septic systems, also known as onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) [8,9]. For coastal watersheds with households served predominantly by OWTSs, these systems can serve as significant sources of N which can contribute to detrimental eutrophication of coastal waters.
The Hunt River and two of its tributaries (Fry Brook and Scrabbletown Brook), lie within coastal watersheds served predominantly by OWTSs. These waterbodies were listed as 303 (d) Group 1, under the Clean Water Act for highest priority impacted waters in RI. The Hunt River and its tributaries have made the 1998 303 (d), under the Clean Water Act list of impaired waterbodies for several years for being impacted by fecal coliform. The majority of high bacteria counts were found to occur during wet weather conditions. The 2001 total maximum daily loads (TMDL) report determined the largest wet weather source of fecal coliform to be stormwater runoff. Fecal coliform monitoring is often used as indication of pathogen presence; however, modeling fecal coliform in freshwater systems holds a unique set of challenges. Bacteria fate and transport relies heavily on the nature of pollution events and sensitivity of fecal coliform to environmental conditions [10]. Leaking sewer and septic infrastructure greatly contributes to nonpoint nitrogen pollution to urban watersheds
In order to protect the health of any coastal community, it is important to quantify the influence of STPs and OWTSs on groundwater flow and the contributions of nutrients from these systems to coastal waters. For mitigation purposes, it is helpful to model these inputs on local watershed scales to identify potential areas of high N inputs to target for reduction through policies and infrastructure development. Few studies have been conducted modeling nutrient inputs on the watershed scale using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) due to complexities stemming from the uncertainty of differences in subsurface hydrology, soil and water dynamics, and the often lack of detailed information about OWTS [11]. Increased densities of OWTS have been shown to increase baseflow within a watershed system [12,13,14], which can have the effect of increasing nutrient loading into ground and surface waters, eventually entering into coastal waters. OWTSs have a biozone layered designed to filter out nutrients, preventing their leaching into the groundwater. However, these biozone layers can become ineffective over time, resulting in an increased discharge of nutrients into sensitive coastal waters. Nutrient loading into a waterbody depends on local surrounding conditions, thus it is helpful to conduct modeling on smaller scales to identify areas to target for N mitigation.
In this study, we modeled the amount of N entering into Narragansett Bay on the watershed scale, with focus on the Hunt River Watershed. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model N inputs into Potowomut Cove, which is fed by the Hunt River, and connects to Narragansett Bay. The effects on receiving waters due to nonpoint source loads, including OWTS could be effectively modeled using SWAT. The development and application of hydrologic models such as SWAT could therefore be used for the Hunt River Watershed to determine Best Management Practices (BMPs). We used a gauged watershed to calibrate the SWAT model, and estimate streamflow and nutrient loading into the bay. Recent development in the SWAT model allows the users to account for presence of septic systems or OWTSs. SWAT modeling also is unique in its ability to account for both watershed and in-stream processes.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and SWAT Model Description
The Hunt River Watershed, as shown in Figure 1, is a small-scale (59.9 km2) watershed that cuts across central Rhode Island, USA. The 11 kilometer Hunt River winds through several towns and ultimately discharges through rural East Greenwich and into Potowomut Pond. From there, the river known as Potowomut River flows southeasterly into Potowomut Cove and then into Narragansett Bay. While the watershed is predominantly rural and undisturbed, rapid urbanization along the waterway has driven significant increases in anthropogenic pollutants. The SWAT model is hydrologic modeling software developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The SWAT model was originally developed to predict impact of land management on water, nutrients and sediments of large ungauged basins. It was created as physically based, continuous, and computationally efficient models [15,16]. In SWAT, the catchment area is subdivided into subbasins, river reaches and hydrological response units (HRUs). Further subdivisions of HRUs are statistically performed by considering a determined percentage of subbasin area that is independent of location within the subbasin. SWAT uses a different routing scheme for runoff and chemistry through watersheds while maintaining water balance for each watershed sector. Normally, the routing for chemical transport includes sediments, erosion, plant growth, pesticides and nutrients. Modeling in-stream nutrient processes is valuable for simulating more accurate environmental conditions. A nutrient process in SWAT includes fate and transport of numerous nitrogen and phosphorus pools including organic and inorganic forms in soil and stream. The SWAT in-stream water quality algorithms incorporate nutrient interactions and relationships used in the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E) [17]. Recent advancements in SWAT modeling consider nutrient processes from OWTSs based on a biozone algorithm [18]. This algorithm is a function of the net growth of septic biomass dependent upon soil temperature and the leaching of soluble phosphorus through soil layers.
2.2. SWAT-CUP Model Description
The SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP) is widely used for SWAT model calibration and uncertainty analysis. This program offers various calibration algorithms, of which, Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI2), a robust method compared to deterministic and stochastic method [19], is used for this study. The SUFI2 approach was implemented due to its comprehensive consideration of uncertainty sources in static input variables. Moreover, it gives the 95% probability distribution model output variables based on propagation of uncertainty, often referred to as 95% Prediction Uncertainty (95 PPU).
2.3. Input Data and Model Preparation
Numerous data sources were used to develop the SWAT model. Land cover data and soil data were obtained from the Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS) [20]. Precipitation data was acquired through the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) climate mapping system [21]. The spatial coverage representing the watershed area which included eight data stations of precipitation and temperature were downloaded from PRISM. Streamflow was calibrated using USGS Gauge 01117000 (41°38′28′′, −71°26′42′′), located in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, 4 kilometers upstream from the mouth of Narragansett Bay. The National Elevation Dataset was downloaded for the Hunt River Watershed at a 10 m resolution (U.S. Geological Survey). Official Soil Series Descriptions data was obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) [22]. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2006 National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) [23] in 30 m resolution. Elevation data was obtained from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from United States Geological Survey National Elevation Data (NED) [24].
LULC data indicated that the land within the watershed delineation was dominated by forested and urban areas. The headstream of the Hunt River is predominantly urbanized (Figure 1).
According to the LULC classification system, the watershed area is dominantly classified as "Urban Development" (34%), and "Sewered Urban Area" (26%). Subbasins 1 and 5 are preeminently urbanized, whereas subbasins 2–4, and 6 are a mixture of urban development and undisturbed habitat. In respective order from highest to lowest, the remaining land use classifications identified in the Hunt River Watershed were "Major Parks and Open Space" (18%), "Conservation and Limited" (12%), "Reserve" (6%), and "Non-urban Development" (3%). Land classified as "Water Bodies" and "Prime Farmland" were both identified at less than 1%. OWTS information is not publicly available for the state of Rhode Island. In order to estimate the number of households on OWTS, sewer line data from RIGIS [25] was overlaid on the Hunt River Watershed area to determine the sewered areas of the delineated watershed using ArcGIS (ESRI—version 10.3.1). Urban areas served by sewers were subtracted from the map area to estimate land area serviced by OWTSs. Using this method, an estimated 94% of households (13.36 km2) residing on urban land within the watershed do not have access to sewer, and were therefore classified as relying on OWTS for the purpose of this study. There are no industrial waste water treatment facilities within the delineated watershed. Due to absence of agricultural land use, nitrogen inputs from fertilizers, farmland, and livestock were negligible and not included within the model.
A challenging aspect of modeling nutrients in Rhode Island is lack of continuous sampling data. This project used data from the University of Rhode Island Watershed Watch (URIWW) program, collected from five monitoring stations located along the Hunt River. The URIWW is a volunteer, citizen-science program which conducts statewide monthly water quality sampling from May–October each year, beginning in 2007 for the Hunt River [26]. Total nitrogen (TN) data collected from 2007 to 2014 was used for this study.
2.4. Model Setup and HRU Definitions
For this study, six outlet subbasins were created based on data from URIWW monitoring stations of TN (Figure 1). Subbasins were divided into HRUs by assigning threshold values of land use and land cover, soil, and slope percentage (Figure 2). Development of HRUs determines the land use/soil/slope class combinations in the delineated subbasins based on predetermined threshold values. Thresholds are typically chosen based on SWAT model objectives. Because the scope of this project focuses on OWTSs in urban areas, the thresholds needed to be small enough to recognize the fragmented urban areas within each subbasin. Therefore, HRU definitions were set at 5% land use, 5% soil, and 5% slope percentage. These small-scale thresholds yielded 320 HRUs within the six subbasins. The SWAT model was run with two distinct simulations to determine the effects of OWTS on modeling streamflow and nitrogen inputs. Changing the status of septic systems was done by changing the "isep_opt" value from 0 to 1. Other OWTS input parameters were considered as default which is as shown in the Table 1. The OWTS variable in SWAT (isep = 1) converted the urban areas within subbasin 1 to active septic system users. Both scenarios were simulated for 36 years, from 1981 to 2016, following the SWAT model setup illustrated in Figure 3. The warm up period for the model was used by one year. The observed data for Total Nitrogen data was used the years 2007 to 2016 for the simulation period. The timespan for calibration and validation was confided by the availability of streamflow and TN data. The calibration was completed with 30 TN data points, and validated with 19 TN data points.
2.5. Model Evaluation Performance
Model evaluation performance through statistical analysis is crucial. Evaluation recommendations prescribed by previous work [15,27] were used for this study. The three major categories of quantitative statistics were standard regression, Nash and Sutcliffe dimensionless, and error index [28,29]. Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) were used for model prediction in this study [15]. Coefficient of determination (R2) was used for standard regression analysis by describing the degree of collinearity between simulated and measured data. Values for the coefficient of determination range from −1 to 1, with 1 indicating a perfect linear relationship, and 0 indicating no linear relationship.
The NSE is a dimensionless statistical measure that indicates the magnitude of residual variance to measured variance through normalized statistics [28]. The NSE values may range between −∞ and 1, with 1 being completely inclusive. Values between 0.0 and 1.0 are generally acceptable values for SWAT models [15]. Percent bias (PBIAS) is an error index analysis that measures the average tendency of simulated data to be larger or smaller than their observed counterparts [30]. The optimal PBIAS value is 0.0, with lower values indicating accurate model simulation. Positive PBIAS values indicate model under-simulation bias, whereas negative values indicate overestimation bias [30].
3. Results
3.1. Model Sensitivity, Calibration and Validation
Nine hydrologic parameters were used in SWAT-CUP to calibrate streamflow. The parameters, fitted value, range of parameter and P-value are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. In the model, 1000 iterations were used for a 6-year simulation including a one-year warm-up period, with the 48th iteration yielding the best results. The two simulations analyzed in this study were streamflow and N loadings with and without OWTSs. In both simulations, the hydrologic parameters selections were identical. Sensitivity of parameters is determined by identifying the lowest values for the parameter "p-Value". The "p-Value" serves as an indicator for sensitivity significance. By evaluating the p-Values, Table 2 and Table 3 indicate that CN2 is sensitive both with and without OWTS simulation. Other sensitive parameters include GWQMN and REVAPMN for simulation without OWTS and GW_DELAY and GW_REVAP for simulation with OWTS. In both simulations, curve Number and groundwater parameter were common sensitive parameters and influenced more surface runoff and base flow. In this study, the BFlow separation tool was used to determine the initial Alpha_BF [31]. As shown in both Table 2 and Table 3, a higher ALPHA_BF value indicates higher base flows and lower GWQMN resulted in lower base flows [11,16]. Finding optimal values for ALPHA_BF and GWQMN ensures that the streamflow is separated well to account for runoff and baseflow.
Figure 3 illustrates the observed streamflow, simulated streamflow, precipitation, and 95 PPU. Table 4 shows all nitrogen parameters that were used in the total nitrogen calibration. Statistical analysis for model calibration and validation is shown in Table 5 and Table 6. Model fit value is classified as "very good" [15] for stream calibration, with daily NSE of 0.75 and R2 of 0.78 (Table 5). For the validation period, model fit was decreased with a NSE value of 0.4 and R2 of 0.68. Overall, model performance was better for streamflow calibration in both scenarios. Meteorological forcing plays an important role in hydrologic model performance. Better spatial representation of precipitation data such as data from PRISM and temperature data ensures higher model performance compared to the NCEP dataset [32]. The average precipitation for the Hunt Watershed is 1270 mm per year. Our model's average precipitation value was overestimated by 1367 mm per year, which could be due to Rhode Island's 2010 flood event. With fitted parameters, the model was simulated again from January 2012 to August 2016 for validation. Validation indicated that simulated flow was overestimated by 4% which is indicated by smaller NSE values compared to the calibration period. This change in model performance could be attributed to the presence of a dry year in the validation period; however, the model captured peak flow and remained consistent with the precipitation pattern. According to the 95 PPU plot (Figure 3), the uncertainty band was narrow for stream flow's calibration period, ranging between 34% and 50% on a daily basis.
Total nitrogen was calibrated and validated after streamflow was calibrated. Nitrogen data, obtained from URIWW, was collected weekly from the months of May through October of each year. Figure 4 show the calibration and validation of total nitrogen load using SWAT model. NSE, percent bias, and coefficient of determination were calculated on a daily basis dependent on available data from URIWW. A few particular point data were overestimated; however, the overall data fit was acceptable. The model performance for total nitrogen loads for both simulations is shown in Table 5 and Table 6. For the calibration period in the presence of OWTS, the model fit was satisfactory [15] with NSE of 0.5, R2 of 0.5, and PBIAS of around 4%. For the validation period in the presence of OWTS, the model fits were very good with NSE of 0.78, R2 of 0.81 and PBIAS of around 7%. Without the presence of OWTS, model fit was poor with R2 of 0.14, negative NSE values, and high percentage bias. According to Moriasi, negative NSE, high percentage bias, and R2 < 0.5 are considered as very poor calibration [15]. The septic tank is a better reflection of nitrogen over the watershed.
3.2. Influence of OWTS on Hydrologic Cycle
Figure 5a shows the percent increase in groundwater contributing to streamflow with and without OWTS scenarios. When OWTS data was included, groundwater contribution to streamflow at the outlet was increased for each year of simulation. The annual precipitation from 2008 to 2011 was roughly 1500 mm. From 2008 to 2011, the percentage increase in groundwater contribution to streamflow was low compared to from 2012 to 2016. Therefore, groundwater contribution to streamflow due to septic systems decreased in wet years and increased during dry years. There was a 30% increase in groundwater during 2012, which was known to be a relatively dry year. Results also showed that without the presence of OWTS, groundwater contribution to streamflow decreased in each year of simulation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the influence of OWTS was high on the partition of total streamflow into its runoff and baseflow component. The study also showed that the presence of OWTS has much less influence on the groundwater during wet year than dry year. Figure 5b shows that comparison of annual total nitrogen (TN) load in each year of simulation for both scenarios. The TN loads in each year of simulation for OWTS scenarios were twice as high as scenarios run without OWTS input.
4. Discussion
Streamflow and TN load calibration and validation were found to be successful using the SWAT model for the Hunt River Watershed. The model effectively captured nonpoint nitrate inputs from OWTSs through hydrologic modeling of upstream and instream processes. By representing the area under the septic system, using available sewer data and TN loads data, a more accurate model of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs into the Hunt River Watershed was able to be developed. This study showed the importance of groundwater contributions to streamflow and nitrogen loading and the findings are corroborated by research conducted by Jeong et al. and Hoghooghi et al. [11,14].
According to Jeong et al. [11] and Hoghooghi et al. [14], the contribution of groundwater to streamflow is relatively high during dry years, similar to the research findings of this study.
Since the Hunt River Watershed is listed among the highest priority impacted waterbodies within the state of RI, the ability to effectively model nonpoint nitrogen pollution is essential. Accurate predictions of streamflow and nutrient simulations are important to effectively manage water quality in the receiving watershed and therefore play an important role in nitrogen mitigation and decision-making processes. The Hunt River Watershed's proximity to Narragansett Bay emphasizes the need for analyzing the impacts of nitrogen loading since this estuary has historically faced threats from eutrophication [5,6]. While the Hunt River Watershed is predominantly forested, the urbanization concentrated near the outlet amplifies the impact of OWTS into the receiving waters. Since the state has significantly reduced the input of point source nitrogen pollution from sewage treatment plants, OWTSs are proportionally becoming a larger source of nitrogen into the bay [8]. Despite reductions in point sources to the bay, eutrophication remains a significant threat to Rhode Island's fisheries and tourism industries, thus managers and policy makers need accurate models for identifying areas to target nitrogen pollution mitigation.
The use of URIWW data to successfully model nutrients entering Narragansett Bay highlights the value of volunteer water quality monitoring programs for their long-term monitoring assessments. While Narragansett Bay is no stranger to pollution, Rhode Island lacks historical nutrient data at daily and statewide monitoring levels. The lack of data on these scales inhibits the ability for modelers to make predictions based on past trends. Successful calibration of the Hunt River Watershed model could largely be attributed to the availability and use of URIWW data.
While the Nash–Sutcliffe index reflects strong calibration and validation for the model, several changes could be made to improve model fit. Limited knowledge of other nitrogen inputs into the watershed prohibited higher calibration achievement. As listed in the Hunt River TMDL, multiple point and nonpoint sources exist as major pollution contributors to the watershed. This model could be expanded upon by evaluating other potential sources of total nitrogen (TN) including lawn fertilizers, animal waste, and agricultural pollution. Another source of pollution that was not considered in this study includes backflow from the Potowomut Cove, which has the potential to be a significant contribution to the overall nitrogen budget within the area [33]. Additional nitrogen input sources need to be evaluated for higher model calibration. Another source of potential error is a lack of data on OWTS health, and how failing OWTS contribute to nitrogen loading within the watershed. Currently, little data exists on the overall health of Rhode Island's OWTSs. Additionally, RI has begun implementing and requiring advanced nitrogen removal OWTS that remove nitrogen through bacterial processes. However, there is still uncertainty on their magnitude of effectiveness and there is limited information on how many of these septic systems are currently installed. In the future, this model could be improved upon as more data becomes available on the status and health of OWTSs and other sources of pollutants.
Overall, SWAT and SWAT-CUP can be used as a tool that supports land use management decisions. Understanding how OWTS alter nitrogen and streamflow inputs into a small-scale watershed allows for analysis of base restoration efforts on numerous user end-benefits. SWAT models are largely acclaimed for their scenario modeling systems [34]. This research did not explore projected changes via modeling scenarios; however, further research efforts could include scenario modeling due to anticipated changes in climate patterns and urbanization. Overall, the model results imply that OWTS input provides a better estimate of nitrogen loading, resulting in more accurate simulations of pollutant loading into Potowomut Cove. Better prediction models are therefore important to provide informed decision-making tools for the watershed managers and regulators.
5. Conclusions
In this study, nitrogen nonpoint source pollution from OWTSs was modeled within the Hunt River Watershed using the SWAT model. Although the Hunt River Watershed has urbanization, it is served predominantly by OWTSs. Given that the waterbodies associated with the Hunt River Watershed are listed among the highest priority impacted waters in RI, it is important to quantify the impact that OWTSs have within this watershed. This study found that the presence of OWTSs increased nitrogen loading within the watershed and the model fit increased for simulating TN loading with the presence of OWTSs. The daily NSE TN load was 0.5 for the 6-year calibration period and 0.8 for the 6-year validation period. Narragansett Bay is no stranger to nitrogen pollution and often faces threats to its local tourism and fishing economies due to eutrophication stemming from nitrogen pollution. Modeling nitrogen pollution is essential to help quantify nitrogen loading into the bay to identify target areas for possible management and mitigation. This study highlights the utility of using SWAT to model nitrogen pollution from nonpoint sources. Nonpoint sources of nitrogen pollution are proportionally increasing as contributors to nutrient enrichment in coastal waters as point sources of nitrogen loading are decreasing within the state. More research is needed to monitor nonpoint nitrogen sources throughout Narragansett Bay to strengthen current models and identify priority locations for mitigation and management.
The authors would like to thank Linda Green and Elizabeth Herron of URI Watershed Watch; Jose Amador of the Department of Natural Resource Sciences; University of Rhode Island; and Anne Kuhn of the Environmental Protection Agency. The authors would also like to thank the S-1063 USDA Multistate Hatch Project for research support.
Author Contributions
Supria Paul, Michaela A. Cashman, Katelyn Szura and Soni M. Pradhanang conceived and designed the experiments; Supria Paul. and Soni M. Pradhanang designed the SWAT model; Michaela A. Cashman and Supria Paul analyzed the data; Supria Paul contributed analysis tools; Michaela A. Cashman, Katelyn Szura and Supria Paul wrote the paper.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Diaz, R.J. Overview of hypoxia around the world. J. Environ. Qual. 2001, 30, 275–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Altieri, A.H.; Gedan, K.B. Climate change and dead zones. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2015, 21, 1395–1406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diaz, R.J.; Rosenberg, R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 2008, 321, 926–929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blank, R.; Mesenbourg, T. 2010 Census of Population and Housing Unit Counts; U.S. Census Bureau: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Nixon, S.W.; Pilson, M.E.Q. Nitrogen in estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. Nitrogen Mar. Environ. 1983, 565, 648. [Google Scholar]
- Oczkowski, A.; Nixon, S.; Henry, K.; DiMilla, P.; Pilson, M.; Granger, S.; Buckley, B.; Thornber, C.; McKinney, R.; Chaves, J. Distribution and trophic importance of anthropogenic nitrogen in Narragansett Bay: An assessment using stable isotopes. Estuaries Coasts 2008, 31, 53–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DEM, R.I. The Greenwich Bay Fish Kill–August 2003: Causes, Impacts and Responses; Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management: Narragansett, RI, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Amador, J.A.; Loomis, G.; Lancellotti, B.; Hoyt, K.; Avizinis, E.; Wigginton, S. Reducing Nitrogen Inputs to Narragansett Bay: Optimizing the Performance of Existing Onsite Wastewater Treatment Technologies; Department of Natural Resources Science, New England Onsite Wastewater Training Program, Coastal Institute University of Rhode Island: Providence, RI, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual; USEPA, Ed.; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2002; ISBN 9781467376556.
- Freedman, P.L.; Pendergast, J.F.; Canale, R.P. Modeling storm overflow impacts on eutrophic lake. J. Environ. Eng. Div. 1980, 106, 335–349. [Google Scholar]
- Jeong, J.; Santhi, C.; Arnold, J.G.; Srinivasan, R.; Pradhan, S.; Flynn, K. Development of algorithms for modeling onsite wastewater systems within SWAT. Trans. ASABE 2011, 54, 1693–1704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoghooghi, N.; Radcliffe, D.E.; Habteselassie, M.Y.; Clarke, J.S. Confirmation of the Impact of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems on Stream Base-Flow Nitrogen Concentrations in Urban Watersheds of Metropolitan Atlanta, GA. J. Environ. Qual. 2016, 45, 1740–1748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oliver, C.W.; Radcliffe, D.E.; Risse, L.M.; Habteselassie, M.; Mukundan, R.; Jeong, J.; Hoghooghi, N. Quantifying the contribution of on-site wastewater treatment systems to stream discharge using the SWAT model. J. Environ. Qual. 2014, 43, 539–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hoghooghi, N.; Radcliffe, D.E.; Habteselassie, M.Y.; Jeong, J. Modeling the Effects of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems on Nitrate Loads Using SWAT in an Urban Watershed of Metropolitan Atlanta. J. Environ. Qual. 2017, 46, 632–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moriasi, D.N.; Arnold, J.G.; Van Liew, M.W.; Binger, R.L.; Harmel, R.D.; Veith, T.L. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Soil Water Div. ASABE 2007, 50. [Google Scholar]
- Neitsch, S.L.; Arnold, J.G.; Kiniry, J.R.; Srinivasan, R.; Williams, J.R. Soil and Water Assessment Tool User's Manual; Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station, Texas A&M Universitry: College Station, TX, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, L.; Barnwell, T. The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Models QUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS; US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratory: Washington, DC, USA, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Weintraub, L.H.Z.; Chen, C.W.; Goldstein, R.A.; Siegrist, R.L. WARMF: A watershed modeling tool for onsite wastewater systems. In Proceedings of the 10th National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, ASAE; American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA, 2004; pp. 636–646. [Google Scholar]
- Abbaspour, K.C. User Manual for SWAT-CUP, SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Analysis Programs; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology: Eawag, Duebendorf, Switzerland, 2007; pp. 1596–1602. [Google Scholar]
- Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS). Available online: http://www.edc.uri.edu/rigis/ (accessed on 10 May 2017).
- Daly, C.; Halbleib, M.; Smith, J.I.; Gibson, W.P.; Doggett, M.K.; Taylor, G.H.; Curtis, J.; Pasteris, P.P. Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States. Int. J. Climatol. 2008, 28, 2031–2064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS) Data Distribution System SOIL_soils. Available online: http://www.rigis.org/geodata/soil/Soils16.zip (accessed on 28 September 2016).
- Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS) Data Distribution System Land use and Land Cover. Available online: http://data.rigis.org/PLAN/rilc0304.zip (accessed on 7 October 2007).
- U.S. Geological Survey. National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1/3 Arc-Second. Available online: https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/?basemap=b1&category=ned,nedsrc&title=3DEP View (accessed on 1 January 2014).
- Rhode Island Geographic Information System (RIGIS) Data Distribution System Sewered Areas; sewerAreas12. Available online: http://www.rigis.org (accessed on 16 October 2014).
- Green, L.T.; Herron, E.M. University of Rhode Island Watershed Watch. Available online: www.uri.edu/watershedwatch/ (accessed on 1 January 2017).
- Santhi, C.; Arnold, J.G.; Williams, J.R.; Dugas, W.A.; Srinivasan, R.; Hauck, L.M. Validation of the swat model on a large RWER basin with point and nonpoint sources. JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2001, 37, 1169–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nash, J.E.; Sutcliffe, J. V River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I—A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol. 1970, 10, 282–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Legates, D.R.; McCabe, G.J. Evaluating the use of "goodness-of-fit" measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. Water Resour. Res. 1999, 35, 233–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, H.V.; Sorooshian, S.; Yapo, P.O. Status of automatic calibration for hydrologic models: Comparison with multilevel expert calibration. J. Hydrol. Eng. 1999, 4, 135–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, J.G.; Allen, P.M. Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 1999, 35, 411–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radcliffe, D.E.; Mukundan, R. PRISM vs. CFSR Precipitation Data Effects on Calibration and Validation of SWAT Models. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 2017, 53, 89–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DiMilla, P.A.; Nixon, S.W.; Oczkowski, A.J.; Altabet, M.A.; McKinney, R.A. Some challenges of an "upside down" nitrogen budget—Science and management in Greenwich Bay, RI (USA). Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2011, 62, 672–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gassman, P.W.; Reyes, M.R.; Green, C.H.; Arnold, J.G. The soil and water assessment tool: Historical development, applications, and future research directions. Trans. ASABE 2007, 50, 1211–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the Hunt River Watershed as delineated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model: (a) The Hunt River Watershed delineated into six subbasins; (b) The Digital Elevation Model, Slope Percent, Land Use, and Hydric Soil Groups for the Hunt River Watershed.
Figure 4. Figure 4 shows Total Nitrogen simulation from the SWAT model using OWTS simulations: (a) SWAT calibration from December 2006 to December 2011; (b) SWAT validation from September 2011 to July 2015.
Figure 5. Plots of groundwater flow and total nitrogen inputs. Both charts are from 1 January 2007 to 31 August 2016. (a) Plot of annual percent increase in the groundwater contribution to streamflow between model simulation with and without OWTS at the subbasin scale; (b) Plot of annual total nitrogen with and without OWTS.
|Parameter Name
|Parameter Descriptions
|Average number of permanent residents in a house
|Surface area of drain field (m2)
|Time until failing system gets fixed (days)
|Depth to the top of biozone layer (mm)
|Thickness of biozone layer(mm)
|Distance to the stream from the septic hydrological response unit (HRU) (km)
|Parameter Name
|Fitted Value
|Initial Soil Conservation Service Runoff Curve
|Base flow alpha factor (days)
|Groundwater delay (days)
|Thresholds depth of water in the shallow aquifer required for return flow to occur (mm)
|Groundwater "revap" coefficient
|Surface lag factor
|Soil evaporation compensation factor
|Plant uptake compensation factor
|Threshold depth shallow aquifer for "revap" to occur (mm)
Note: "R" indicates that the existing parameter is added as a percentage of a given value and "V" is the existing parameter value replaced by a given value.
|Parameter Name
|Fitted Value
Note: R indicates that the existing parameter is added as a percentage of a given value and "V" is the existing parameter value replaced by a given value.
|Fitted Value
|Nitrogen percolation coefficient
|Denitrification rate coefficient
|Denitrification exponential rate coefficient
|Denitrification threshold water content
|Nitrification rate coefficient
|Statistical Metric
|Flow Calibration
|Flow Validation
|Total Nitrogen Calibration
|Total Nitrogen Validation
|Statistical Metric
|Flow Calibration
|Flow Validation
|Total Nitrogen Calibration
|Total Nitrogen Validation
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

subset: commoncrawl


text: I'm always trying to think of easy ways to add coastal touches to my decor. This Coastal Candle Holder from a Terra Cotta Pot was a quick and easy DIY way to do that. The cost was low and it's a fun little decor piece. It didn't take long at all to put together. . . .


text:
"Everyone, at one time or another, has wanted to express his or her story. Writing a memoir to read privately, share with family or friends, or publish is an emotionally satisfying way to gain perspective on your experiences while sharing your unique voice."
Read more from Personal Tales here.
The above quote comes from the daily inspiration found at dailyom.com


text:
Thanks to Sleepy Wrap, I am a convert . . .
A wrap convert, that is . . .
When my third son, who is now 1 year old, was just a baby, I was able to try a different wrap. I will be honest, it was intimidating. I could not get my baby situated correctly and the fabric did not give. With that experience, I figured I was not a "wrap mama".
Until now.
I recently have had the pleasure to try the brand new, Organic Sleepy Wrap. Like other wraps, it is one long piece of fabric. But there are many features that make it so unique. The first thing I noticed was the tapered ends. These made it much easier to tie. Also, the fabric is so soft and light. I have worn it on some of the hotter days thus far this summer and I have been comfortable in it the whole time.
The fabric also is stretchy. It is made of 95% cotton, 5% Spandex. This feature is so amazing because it kept my son secure in the wrap without sagging. And, once I took it off, it kept its original shape.
And, even with an older baby, my back and shoulders did not get sore while wearing it.
The Wrap comes with wrapping instructions. You can also go to the Sleepy Wrap website to learn other ways to wrap and even how to nurse in the wrap. The wrap also comes with a matching pouch, to make carrying the wrap with you very easy. Plus, everything is machine washable!!
The Organic Sleepy Wrap comes in two neutral colors. The colors are so rich and beautiful. But, if you like a little more color, the original Sleepy Wrap comes in 12 great colors.
This would make a great gift for a newly expecting mom, or for any mom who is looking for a comfortable, versatile carrier. Go to the Sleepy Wrap site to purchase.
Do not forget . . . you can win it!! Go to my post here to enter!!


text:
Did you know that Red White and Black Kitchen Tiles
is most likely the hottest topics in this category? That's why we're presenting this topic right now. We had taken this picture on the internet we think would be one of the most representative images for Red White and Black Kitchen Tiles
We know everybody's judgment will be different from each other. Similarly to this graphic, inside our opinion, this is one of the best photo, and now what do you think?
About ♦ Contact ♦ Terms of Service ♦ Copyright/IP Policy ♦ Sitemap
Copyright © 2017 · Fsusigdelt.com - Home Decor & Luxury Furniture. All Rights Reserved.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on the Fsusigdelt.com website that is not Fsusigdelt.com's property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s.
In no way does Fsusigdelt.com claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.


text:
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Growing concerns for the environment should make every designer more carefully consider product design for the life cycle (DFLC). Although modularity is recognized for its potential to incorporate life cycle considerations into product architecture design, most modular design methods in the literature concentrate on generating highly-modular product architectures but lack the capability for assessing life cycle consequences of these modules in a supply chain. This paper proposes a methodology to find a robust modular architecture with minimal life cycle costs and environmental impacts at the design configuration stage. The objective of the proposed methodology is not to maximize modularity, but to adopt life cycle costing and life cycle assessment of a product in a closed-loop supply chain to identify the most beneficial modular structure. Further, capacity influence of the existing processing facilities in the supply chain on life cycle costs and environmental impacts is evaluated and discussed in this paper.
Country-Specific Mortality and Growth Failure in Infancy and Yound Children and
Association With Material Stature
Use interactive graphics and maps to view and sort country-specific infant and early
dhildhood mortality and growth failure data and their association with maternal
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Customize your page view by dragging and repositioning the boxes below.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Sorry! You do not have access to this content. For assistance or
to subscribe, please contact us:
Sign in or create your free personal ASME account. This will give you the ability to save search results, receive TOC alerts, RSS feeds, and more.
Sign into or create your free personal account


text:
Okay, so I am supposed to buy my David Archuleta cd but unfortunately, I didn't have the money so there, I just stared at the album cover while counting on the cds left on the shelf, there's only 2 left so I'm a bit panicking that maybe I'll have a hard time getting the album next week ( yeah next week! gosh!) I know that if I am a true-david-archuleta-fan, I should be lining on the record stores last November 11, but yah I'm a loser! tsk! Anyway… I won't stay here at the corner of my room mourning because I'm so left out. I'll have that album, you'll see! haha 🙂
So to satisfy my longing? haha I'll just post some pictures of David Archuleta woo! 😀
oh gosh! I love his hair this way! 🙂
* am i crazy or falling in love, is it really just another crush.. lalala-la-lala…*


text:
Review the 2018 Hunting Draws Reports for deer, elk and other game species.
Buy Licences - Online
AlbertaRELM is the place where you may purchase your hunting or fishing licence, or apply for your WIN number 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
CFB Suffield Elk Hunt
Note changes to the 2018-2019 hunt, including youth hunter access restrictions.
Fish Stocking Reports
The final 2018 fish stocking report is available online.


text:
In this extremely-charged, energetic world, we're consistently evolving and altering, and our businesses change because of this. And sometimes we're working visions and plans that have turn out to be outdated. The shopper was very demanding, negotiating the acquisition price right down to under average levels. Masukkan dalam sebuah monetary projection worksheets. Kalkulasi: Pendapatan, P/L, OPEX, CAPEX dan terakhir adalah cash stream. Most countries, such because the United Kingdom, require drivers to buy some, however not all, of these coverages. When a car is used as collateral for a loan the lender often requires particular coverage.
He can not sponsor you to go to whereas he is on a business visa. If his sponsor is able and keen they may problem you with a visa permitting you to join your husband. If, on the other hand, you might be in an organization that handles paperwork and data, and it's a new industry that is altering rapidly, you might be more likely to be higher off using generic software which you can customize to develop with the modifications in your business.
Ø Authorities agency, a department of an area or national government answerable for the oversight and administration of a selected operate. Pay P15.00 for the Certification Payment and P15.00 for the Documentary Stamp Tax (in unfastened kind to be hooked up to Kind 2303). These implied contractual phrases could also be modified by categorical agreement between the client and the financial institution. The statutes and regulations in force within a specific jurisdiction can also modify the above terms and/or create new rights, obligations or limitations related to the financial institution-customer relationship.
Ø Business interruption insurance covers the lack of income, and the bills incurred, after a coated peril interrupts normal business operations. While you get to the airport for final exit you'll have all the pieces checked, if one thing shouldn't be settled you can be refused exit until it's settled, inside my small circle of friends two had been refused exit, one for traffic fines and the other for the car not yet transferred into the client's name.
You would consult businesses in your house country to see if there are any methods around this as I do know people who have returned on new passports, in any case it is not unusual for 2 people to have the identical identify! Baik, kami akan mengirimkannya kepada Anda setelah kami menerima helmnya kembali. Setelah membuat semua analisis diatas yang dituang dalam sebuah Project Temporary, inilah saatnya membuat output berupa presentasi ke manajemen, untuk dapat di-approve. Bentuk dari sebuah presentasi dapat bermacam-macam tergantung dari kebutuhan dan kebiasaan management dalam melihat sebuat proposisi. Yang penting: don't create too many pages, don't put cluttered pages.


text:
Releasing of NO DIRECTIONS…
Hi guys, as I announced about the upcoming science fiction this is a quick introduction to the complete series.
So, the story begins with our lovely planet Earth and the old desperation to find a new home. Few passionate and extra ordinary scientists are searched all over the world and refined but genuine researcher and scientists make their place in the research squad. Then the quest for the new home begins and then after a huge brainy game they come to some conclusions and begins the Project: New Life.
But unexpected turn, they step into a time tunnel which is completely unidentified to them and they are very curious to punch it but unfortunately, they are unable to be familiar with it. They just know that it is some type of natural time machine and they use it and tries to return back.
So what was the reason of their trapping into a time tunnel? Will they ever return back or find a new home? What did they use that time zone for?
All the interesting climax are still closed, I hope you will enjoy it.
The first chapter of the series is soon going to upload at giyanopedia.
So subscribe to our newsletter and stay updated with us.


text: Report post Posted December 26, 2013 Hi All . I got a prot warrior , just because i love the one handed sword and shield play style . i wanna badly to become a tank , not just stupid dps . i got a lvl 90 frost dk . i love them but i hate 2h sword , i just a fan of one handed and shield style . i tried blood tank but i suck . now all i want is making good tanking warrior . i started tanking at lvl 15 in dungeons and dps keeps tank instead of me , i dont know what to do , i try to do my best taunt and shield slam and attack , when i ask ppl why u tank , they answer me because im pro or because i dont know how to tank . i need help . i wanna be prot warrior with one handed and shield tanking . Thanks All Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
|Tasting Note
|A light, oily wrapper covers this well-made cigar. The draw is inconsistent, and flavors start out papery, but woody notes and some sweetness eventually come through.
|Corona Gorda
|Ring Gauge
|Dom. Rep.
|Dom. Rep.
|U.S.A./Conn. Shade
|Cigar Aficionado – Oct 01, 2009
|More Reviews of this Cigar
Issue: Cigar Aficionado: Dec 01, 2006 | Score: 89
An attractive cigar with an oily wrapper. It burns well, with a powdery white ash. It's creamy, with some cocoa notes and a bready finish. A balanced, medium bodied smoke perfect for the morning.
Issue: Cigar Aficionado: Feb 01, 2003 | Score: 85
This cigar has a firm draw, and it burns nicely. It's tangy and creamy, with vanilla and cedar notes. Mild to medium bodied.
Issue: Cigar Insider: Sep 01, 2001 | Score: 89
Oily and solid, this cigar has a balanced draw. The burn could be better. The peppery smoke has a matching sweetness and notes of ginger. Age will improve the flavor.
Issue: Cigar Aficionado: Feb 01, 2001 | Score: 84
This silky, oily cigar is a bit pale. It's nutty and grassy, with a medium-bodied flavor.
Issue: Cigar Insider: Aug 01, 1997 | Score: 85
A blond, solid cigar. It fills the mouth with thick smoke and has a sweet, herbal quality. It is mild and lightly earthy. Some tasters noted a loose draw.
Issue: Cigar Aficionado: Dec 01, 1996 | Score: 87
A well-made cigar that has a nutty character over a solid spicy core. There is a slight herbal dryness on the finish.
|Cigar Aficionado's 100-Point Scale


text:
Carla - posted on 02/13/2015 ( 8 moms have responded )
I found out my 14 year old daughter has been telling lies to her boyfriend. She lies about herself and me. She told him I mentally abused her and her life at home is horrible. He called a hotline, and I ended up being investigated by child protective services. The case was thrown out because it was obviously not true. At first we didn't know where the report came from, but because of other things that happened afterwards, we found out it started from my daughter. She denied any knowledge about it. She also told her bf that she cuts herself and that she was thinking of hurting herself. The police showed up at our door at 10:30 at night to do a well-being check on her. Again she acted like she didn't know why anyone would think that. Of course she had no marks on her. Finally she was called down to the office at school because her bf reported that she said she was raped at school. She denied it and would not cooperate whatsoever with the police. She eventually wrote a statement that she would prosecute for the rape. The whole thing was investigated and proved false. She has subsequently been arrested for filing a false report.
I can't for the life of me figure out why on earth she would say these things. I guess it's for the benefit of the bf (who is her age and seems to be a very nice boy). She met him in middle school so he doesn't have a history with her from her younger days. She would never be able to pull this off with anyone who has known her very long because they would know she was lying about me for sure. I am the opposite of an abusive parent. I have loved on her since she was born; gone to every game, field trips, raised butterflies every year, let her play in the rain. Besides feeling very hurt that she would say these horrible things about me, I am worried she won't stop even though she is in serious trouble for lying. If anyone had told me 6 months ago that we would be going through this, I would have called them nuts. She had never done anything like this before; never been in any trouble, always followed the rules and genuinely seemed happy and content. I'm not sure what to do. I went to a counselor because I was having trouble sleeping due to all this, and he started seeing her also. It didn't get anywhere because she will not talk about it to anyone. Now I worry when the phone rings during school hours because I'm afraid she may be in trouble again. I wish I could just make the last few months disappear and go back to the simple life we had. I want her to stop telling lies; I don't trust her anymore, and that makes me very sad.


text:
85% of magazines have an app, but what are the success stories? Three niche publishers shared their story via a webinar titled: Is Digital For me? – moderated by Lynn Rosen of Publishing Executive in November.
This panel was assembled to reach a broad array of publishers:
- Business to Business and Business to Consumer titles
- Free and Paid Content
- Replica editions and content designed for digital
This post includes links to each publisher's take on digital publishing. Also included are follow-up answers to the questions posted during the webinar. (Due to time restrictions, we were unable to answer them all)
These niche publishers shared their story:
Jim Kushlan, Publisher, Editorial Director, and Co-Owner, 310 Publishing LLC – This consumer title found new digital subscribers at a reasonable cost. See details.
Charity J. Delich, Marketing & Public Relations Manager, strategy+business, Booz & Company (N.A.) Inc. – This BtoB title moved from free to paid app to monetize content. See details.
Justin Boling, Marketing Manager, Group Publishing – Engagement and customization will allow us to reach the largest audience. See details.
The full audio recording of the webinar is available here.
We welcome feedback or requests for future webinars below.
[contact-form][contact-field label='Name' type='name' required='1'/][contact-field label='Email' type='email' required='1'/][contact-field label='Comment' type='textarea' required='1'/][/contact-form]


text:
With a combination of decorative appeal and sustainable slip resistance, Polyflor's new Polysafe Verona PUR sheet vinyl range continues to enhance a wide variety of commercial and residential environments. One such example is at Middleton Technology School in Manchester, where as part of a recent school refurbishment, the range has been installed into serving and dining areas of the school refectory, adding a bright and uplifting feel to the dining hall.
Fitted into a specially housed structure separate to the main school building, Polysafe Verona was the flooring of choice due to its very heavy commercial classification. This flooring is able to provide slip resistance in areas where there are regular spillages and a high volume of traffic, whilst still retaining an attractive appearance thanks to the product's carborundum-free design and PUR reinforcement for ease of cleaning.
Specified by main contractor H Bell & Sons (Rochdale) Ltd and installed by Winton Flooring in Manchester, the fresh hue of Summer Coulis 5217 has been used throughout front and back of house to provide a safe yet attractive floor finish that creates a welcoming and relaxing environment, suitable for pupils during lunch breaks.
Allison Crompton, Head Teacher at Middleton Technology School commented: "The motto at our school is 'in pursuit of excellence' and the installed flooring certainly fits our objective of having interior spaces that are fresh and project a positive ambience. As soon as we saw the new Verona range, we were impressed with the modern colours, particularly with the added benefit of slip resistance to give protection to our pupils. Our catering team is delighted with the end result, having picked the Summer Coulis shade at the outset to add some vibrancy to the area."
Chris Bell, Director at H Bell & Sons (Rochdale) Ltd adds "We are very happy with this safety flooring installation. As a company that has been established over 100 years, we also like to use interior products from longstanding suppliers such as Polyflor with a reputation for good quality products. The Verona range ticks the box perfectly and ideally complements the use of natural wood tones and overall angular style of the building which has leanings to contemporary Scandinavian design principles."
In educational settings, it is vital for a safety floor to perform and Polysafe Verona is fully certified to achieve the tried and tested Polysafe slip resistance credentials. Meeting HSE and UK Slip Group Guidelines to deliver sustained wet slip resistance throughout the guaranteed life of the product, Verona achieves 36+ on the Pendulum wet test and has a surface roughness of 20 microns and above, classifying the product as low slip potential. Verona fully adheres to EN 13845 – the European Standard for safety flooring and meets the 50,000 cycles abrasion test, ensuring the virtually invisible particles incorporated into the product are sustainable and provide continued friction over the long term.
To aid maintenance, Polysafe Verona contains the renowned Polysafe polyurethane reinforcement (PUR) cleaning technology and through the use of natural recycled aggregates the product contains recycled content, being 100% recyclable via the Recofloor scheme. The product is readily available from Polyflor's national network of flooring distributor partners.


text:
PENSACOLA BEACH — The huge oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico remained well away from Florida's Panhandle on Monday, but the region's tourism-based economy already is taking a hit that many fear will be worse than Hurricane Ivan in 2004 or the recent global recession.
"We are used to disasters, but this is epic," said Julian MacQueen, chief executive officer of Innisfree Hotels, which owns a Hilton in Pensacola Beach and three other hotels in the area. He figures that as many as 40 percent of his reservations will be canceled once authorities put Florida on notice that oil is expected to hit shore within three days.


text:
Mechanic's Lien.
A description in a statement of a mechanic's lien under R. L. c. 197, §§ 6, 7, of land on which labor and materials were furnished, by which it appears that the land is on the northerly side of a certain street in a town named and that on the land are buildings in process of construction numbered 73 and 77 on that street, seems to be sufficiently accurate to identify the property, and certainly is sufficient when there is added to it the name of the owner of the land and so far as appears the land in question is the only land owned by such person on that street.
PETITION , filed on April 14, 1911, and amended on October 15, 1912, to enforce a mechanic's lien for labor and materials furnished in building the foundations for certain houses on Kenwood Street in Brookline on land of the respondent.
In the Superior Court the case was tried before Crosby, J. At the trial the respondent asked the presiding judge to make the following rulings:
"1. The description of the land in the statement of lien does not contain a description of the property intended to be covered by the lien sufficiently accurate for identification and the petition must be dismissed.
"2. There is no evidence that the land described in the petition as amended is sufficiently similar to that described in the statement of lien to entitle the petitioners to maintain their petition."
The judge refused to make either of these rulings. The description of the land in the statement of lien is quoted in the opinion. In this description the land was said to consist of "lots on a plan numbered 14, 15, 16 and 17." Upon the plan referred to there were no numbers and the lots intended to be designated were marked with the letters "C, D, E and F."
The judge in his charge to the jury read R. L. c. 197, § 6, and instructed the jury as follows:
"The third issue is: 'Was the description of the property as set
Page 34
forth in the statement of lien filed by the petitioners sufficiently accurate for identification?' You would answer that yes or no.
"The policy of the law is that a lien shall not be defeated although there may be an inaccuracy in the statement of the description of the property provided it is sufficiently accurate for identification or if it can be recognized, and for that reason the statute also provides that the validity of the lien shall not be affected by an inaccuracy in the statement relative to the property to which it attaches if such property can be reasonably recognized from the description. For that reason I have submitted to you the fourth issue which you are to consider and decide, namely: 'Can the property described in the statement of lien be reasonably recognized from the description?' If you find it can be, although it was not sufficiently accurate for identification, yet that would make it sufficient to enable the petitioner to maintain his lien so far as the description of the property was concerned. If you find that this property as described in the statement of lien was not sufficiently accurate for identification and the description was so indefinite that it could not be recognized from the description, then it would not comply with the statute and the petitioner would not be entitled to maintain his lien either of these petitioners. If you believe that it was either sufficiently accurate for identification or it could be easily recognized from the description, then the petitioners would maintain their case so far as that branch of the case is concerned."
The jury answered all the issues in the affirmative including the third and fourth issues quoted above in the extract from the judge's charge. The respondent alleged exceptions to the refusal of the two rulings requested by her, all other exceptions being waived.
J. E. Eaton & E. T. McKnight, for the respondent, submitted a brief.
P. O'Loughlin, for the petitioners.
DE COURCY, J. The respondent asked the trial judge to rule as follows: "The description of the land in the statement of lien does not contain a description of the property intended to be covered by the lien sufficiently accurate for identification and the petition must be dismissed." The requirement of the lien statute on this subject is that the statement, which must be filed in the registry of deeds, shall give "a description of the property
Page 35
intended to be covered by the lien sufficiently accurate for identification;" and it further provides that "The validity of the lien shall not be affected by an inaccuracy in the statement relative to the property to which it attaches, if such property can be reasonably recognized from the description." R. L. c. 197, §§ 6, 7. It was said by this court in Dodge v. Hall, 168 Mass. 435, that "a description is sufficient which will enable one who is familiar with the locality to identify the land with reasonable certainty; and inaccuracies will not vitiate the lien, if the land can be so identified." In that case the question arose under the petition to enforce the lien, which the statute required to contain "a description of the premises subject to the lien." Pub. Sts. c. 191, § 13. R. L. c. 197, § 9. In Cleverly v. Moseley, 148 Mass. 280, the statement identified the lot by the house thereon, "the first two stories being of stone and the third story of wood, the same being the first house on Englewood Avenue from Roxbury Avenue." In fact the house was not on the line of Englewood Avenue, but about three hundred feet northerly thereof, and another house was being erected nearer to Roxbury Avenue. In that case the limits and boundaries of the lot were not set out in the statement, but this the court said was "immaterial, if, upon identifying the place, they could with reasonable effort have been otherwise ascertained," as from "the way in which the land was used, or from recorded deeds, or in some other way." And it was further said that it was for the jury "to interpret the evidence, and apply the description to it, and determine upon the facts, as they might find them, whether the lot could have been reasonably recognized from the description taken as a whole." See also York v. Barstow, 175 Mass. 167; Lays v. Hurley, 215 Mass. 582.
In the case at bar the lot of land on which the labor and materials were furnished and used in the construction of buildings, was described in the statement as follows: "Southerly by Kenwood Street in Brookline in the County of Norfolk, easterly, westerly and northerly by land now or late of David S. Coolidge. Being lots on a plan numbered 14, 15, 16 and 17. The buildings thereon in process of construction are numbered 73 and 77 on said Kenwood Street. Said lot of land being owned to the best of my knowledge and belief by Lillian M. Floyd of Waltham, Massachusetts." This directs us to the northerly side of Kenwood Street
Page 36
in Brookline, and to a lot of land on which there are buildings in the process of construction, which are numbered 73 and 77 on that street. This would seem enough to identify the lot even without the additional fact that the lot in question is owned by Lillian M. Floyd, and so far as appears is the only land owned by her on that street. For the boundaries of the lot we may properly refer to the defendant's deed, which is in evidence. The jury have answered the third and fourth issues under instructions to which no exception was taken. They have found that the description was sufficiently accurate for identification; and plainly we cannot say as matter of law that they were wrong.
The respondent was not entitled to the second ruling requested. As above appears, the jury were warranted in finding that the land was sufficiently described in the statement. The petition to enforce the lien must be considered on its own merits. The sufficiency of the description contained therein is apparent on inspection. Even if there had been an error in the petition, the court might have allowed an amendment; as was done in this case. R. L. c. 197, § 14. Lummus on Liens, § 277. Buck v. Hall, 170 Mass. 419.
Exceptions overruled.


text:
Congressional Republicans gathered behind closed doors in a Philadelphia hotel Thursday to discuss their plans to tackle national security, health care and more. Now you, too, can listen in.
The recordings below were first provided to The Washington Post and other news outlets through an anonymous email sent Friday evening. The author of that message asked that the recipients not publish the audio files out of concern that the author could lose his or her job. On Saturday afternoon, the person wrote again and granted permission to publish the files, explaining that he or she had more closely reviewed the recordings and had concluded that they could not be used to identify him or her.
Washington Post reporters who reviewed the files on Thursday and Friday found revealing details within. In a health-care session, rank-and-file lawmakers pressed leaders on major unanswered questions and political risks posed by the GOP's current plans to undo the Affordable Care Act. In a national security session, senior lawmakers confronted the clash between their party's wishes to both beef up military spending and reduce the federal debt and deficit. And in a question-and-answer session, Vice President Pence committed to undertake a federal investigation pertaining to unfounded claims of widespread voter fraud.
Session 1: "Keeping America Strong, Restoring Our Commitments." This morning session on national security, defense and foreign policy topics began with remarks from Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Bob Corker (Tenn.), House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Edward R. Royce (Calif.), House Armed Services Committee Chairman Mac Thornberry (Texas) and Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain (Ariz.). Questions from other lawmakers followed.
[Inside the GOP debate over strengthening defense spending, despite the cost]
Session 2: "Keeping Our Promise on Health Care." This morning session on the GOP strategy to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act began with remarks from Senate Republican Conference Policy Committee Chairman John Barrasso (Wyo.), Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee Chairman Lamar Alexander (Tenn.), House Energy and Commerce Chairman Greg Walden (Ore.), House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Kevin Brady (Texas), House Education and Workforce Committee Chairman Virginia Foxx (N.C.) and White House Domestic Policy Council Chairman Andrew Bremberg. Questions from other lawmakers followed.
[Behind closed doors, Republican lawmakers fret about how to repeal Obamacare]
Session 3: Questions for Vice President Pence. This afternoon session, held after an open speech by Pence, featured questions from Reps. Louie Gohmert (Texas), Mo Brooks (Ala.), Ron DeSantis (Fla.), Gary Palmer (Ala.), Pete Olson (Texas) and Ted Yoho (Fla.).
[In private meeting, Pence vows 'full evaluation of voting rolls' over claims of fraud]


text:
As I prepare to switch over my closet for spring, I'm taking a style challenge! For ten days, I'll be pairing ten pieces in different outfit combinations in a kind of micro capsule wardrobe, and I'm pretty excited about it. This challenge is hosted by two queens of thoughtful style, Lee of Style Bee and Caroline of Unfancy. I'm looking forward to challenging myself creatively over the next several days, and starting next week I'll be sharing the outfits here on the blog. I selected an assortment of pieces that feel fresh and springy, and also a bit unique, and today I'm sharing those ten pieces with you.
From swingy skirts to pastel hues, let's get ready for spring.
The Pieces
I wanted to play with pieces that weren't traditional capsule wardrobe fare; things like a Victorian style top or boldly patterned midi skirt. My style is definitely a conglomeration of several things, and I like the challenge of trying to incorporate these bolder pieces into a closet full of basics. I chose to work specifically with clothing items, and didn't include shoes or accessories in my ten pieces. Bellow I've listed a break-down of the items, as well as links to any that are currently available. I've also included links to items similar to those I purchased second hand at the end of this post!
3 Tops
- A cropped blush tee. (Everlane)
- A Breton striped tee. (Thrifted)
- A Victorian inspired blouse. (ThredUp)
2 Outer Layers
- A sleeveless trench. (Poshmark)
- A denim jacket. (ThredUp)
4 Bottoms
- A lace midi skirt. (Thrifted)
- A floral midi skirt. (Made by me)
- Dark wash skinny jeans. (prAna)
- White cropped pants. (Everlane)
1 Dress
- A black wrap dress. (Margu Design)


text:
Traditional Toys and Games Market: Outdoor & Sports Product Type Segment to Lead in Terms of CAGR During the Forecast Period: Global Industry Analysis (2016 – 2012) and Opportunity Assessment (2017 – 2027)
Covering a global perspective
The research report on global traditional toys and games market provides exhaustive analysis on market shares, demand and supply analysis, sales volume and value analysis of various products, competition etc., with respect to important geographies of North America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ), Latin America, Japan and Middle East and Africa (MEA) along with a regional breakdown. These regions are analysed keeping in view several aspects which influence the growth of the global traditional toys and games market. The report contains an outline of forces which affect the global market scenario. Porter's five forces are also covered along with PESTEL analysis for the regions covered. This gives an idea of how to plan market entry strategies, establish a connect with the various customers and target audience and to establish hold in that area. The unbiased holistic 3600 view of the global traditional toys and games markets what the research report puts forth and assists in making informed decisions basis the market survey.
The exhaustive research report titled "Traditional Toys and Games Market: Global Industry Analysis (2016 – 2012) and Opportunity Assessment (2017 – 2027)" will give a broad spectrum of all the aspects involved along with forecasts thus supporting to detect major revenue pockets.
Understand your competition
The research report on global traditional toys and games market covers product portfolios, pipeline analysis of key companies, their strategies to maintain their present scenario in the market, their global presence and future expansion plans, mergers and acquisitions, distribution channel analysis, pricing analysis, product positioning tactics, etc. An entire section is dedicated to competitive landscape which includes information on the major key players in the global traditional toys and games market both from the manufacturing side as well as the demand side.
Robust research methodology
For every research, a plan is essential to make it more fruitful. A more robust, unique and effective research methodology which is followed in the global traditional toys and games market study which enables a near 100 percent accuracy in all angles. The research process uses primary research, secondary research and expert opinions to get a thorough understanding of the market. Initial secondary research is used to understand and analyse a broad view of the market, basis which primary interviews are conducted and data is gathered. Expert opinions are also tabulated and the data is cross verified. Each data point is cross verified and re-evaluated as the primary interview progresses. This enables the analysts to craft the research report with optimum accuracy. With this study it is possible to obtain actionable intelligence which can be used in the execution phase directly.
Market Segmentation
By Product Type
By Material
By Age Group
By Sales Channel
By Region
Infants/Toddlers/Preschool Toys
Outdoor & Sports Toys
Model Vehicles
Construction sets
Art and Crafts
Remote control toys
Educational toys
Dress up and role play
Ride on vehicles
0-18 months
19-36 months
3-4 years
5-8 years
8-10 years
11-14 years
Hyper/Super market
Franchised Outlets
Departmental Stores
Others (Discounters, variety stores)
North America
Latin America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Middle East and Africa
How can this research report add value?
Future Market Insights extends support to organizations by doing all the heavy weight lifting and coordinating with their research teams to assist them in their tasks and achieve their goals and objectives.
An unbiased third party opinion is what the research promotes
Exploring all angles is not simple, but this research report includes every facet of the market which can be used as a tool to gain competitive advantage
Support right from product idealisation to product launch and extending to product commercialisation – a huge value add which this report delivers
A near to 100 percent accuracy in data and statistics
Expert opinions and recommendations to get valuable actionable insights
Trends and opportunities shaping the market
A thorough analysis from new product developments and technology standpoints
Forecasts which help in formulating future strategies and the necessary changes in the current strategies applied
A detailed market segmentation which explores each and every tile of the market
In-depth analysis providing meaningful insights
Learn how to effectively navigate the market research process to help guide your organization on the journey to success.Download eBook


text: Arena Animation – Karol Bagh Metro , established in 1996, is one of the first and most reputed Animation Training Centres in Delhi. It is set up with a mission to provide quality training services in the field of providing Animation, VFX, Web Designing, Multimedia & Graphics Designing courses with 100% Placement Assistance. From a startup, it has now grown to a renowned ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institute of Excellence in the field of education in Delhi, attracting students not only from Delhi but also from other states like Uttar Pradesh (UP), Haryana, Punjab, Assam, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh (MP), Himachal, J&K, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan and from countries of Asia & Africa..


text:
Let us take a glimpse of some commonly longchamp bags used sports bags:Duffel or Backpack: For all the players whose practices revolves around nets, then they should go for either duffel or backpack. Depending on the quantity of stuff they use every day they should make a decision. Two zippered end- pockets and a main compartment with a wide opening is the identity of duffel bags. Inside, there are smaller, zippered pouches for valuables; outside, there is almost always a stretchable net pouch to hold things like ball, etc. The net pouch is also convenient for wet clothes. Backpack bags have a main inside section for almost everything, a front zippered compartment for valuables, side pockets generally mesh to hold water bottles or shoes. And some have a net pouch or elastic bands on the front to hold a ball. longchamp australia Before, buying a backpack, make sure the straps are well padded as a lot of people suffer from scapula pain and worse situation can cause cervical pain if straps of the backpack are not well padded.Cart, Carry, Tour & Hybrid: No! These are not the longchamp le pliage names of seeds or some plant variety. These are the categorization of sports bags for golfers. Golf is a sport of panache and requires a great level of stamina and strong mental balance. For this luxurious sport, go for a cart bag if you habitually go for travelling on wheels on grass.Cart bags are heavy and spacious bags with a lot of features such as separate sections for each club, ball holders, mesh compartment for wet clothes, umbrella pockets, etc. If you have to lugging around the course, then Carry bags longchamp bag are for you. These are also referred as Stand bags sometimes. In comparison to cart bags, carry bags are slimmer and lighter. Justin Redmond is a promotional products and apparel specialist for Red Canoe Promotions in Denver, Colorado. Please visit our Denver Promotional Products website for everything you'll need to get started on your next promotion. Use of this article must be in compliance with this website's terms of service. You can simply use this bag for consuming your dishes or meals. You can decrease the dishes that you need to cleanup in your daily life. This bag can be gotten rid of as soon as you complete your meals. A lot of vacuum bags can be utilized to provide to 4 servings of vegetables or meat items. If you don't want to handle any complex cleaning procedures, you ought to take a look at this amazing product for storing your preferred food.4. Save moneyThis is another reason this product ends up being very popular today. According to different age levels, bags can longchamp backpack be divided as follows: cartoon-type bags for some children, simple-type bags for like simple friends, and the DIY bags are designed for friends who like to design custom-made The bags are suitable for companies with supporting the sale of his products to achieve the promotion of efficiency.With Proper preservation, reusable bag can live longer. We can do as follows: put bags on the place far away from sunlight and where is dry. Prohibited contact with corrosive substances; Careful use of hand-rolled, or easily broken, cut short the life of bags; the weight that bags can bear is below 8 pounds.
Wow! The bag seems very compact and convenient. I'll buy it for my friend from a dissertation writing online service. The 25th of July is his birthday.


text:
with no booty.
collections. cuties
xmas is coming...
Three little birds, sat on my window.
And they told me I don't need to worry.
Summer came like cinnamon
So sweet
well its officially sweatshirt/sweater weather... ummm YES! i have always loved fall and everything about it, halloween being the most wonderful part but back to school shopping, indian summer nights, getting hurricane-d on last thursday while waiting for the j.. haha everything's wonderful. but really. made of list of things i need to redesign my portfolio and to get rid of old work, so im starting on that this week, which should be refreshing. been applying a lot, haven't heard much but just feel like its a matter of time. been riding kiel's bike around, while i wait to pay for chelseas and get it from brock. everything else has been low key, i made baked ziti and homemade pizza this week, both really awesome. thinking taco's next. went out to queens center mall yesterday a quite ridiculous adventure, a little unnecessary but kiel got halo. got some la burrito and budweiser.. per usual. ooh new glasses and contacts this week... yesss.
collections. cuties, graphic design, personal
will we be remembered
its funny how time flies, looking back through old pictures always makes me wonder how will i be remember and more importantly how i will remember these times... as september quickly approaches i cant help but to wonder how ill remember this summer. maybe ill remember all the lazy days kiel and i spent, fridays at pianos, early morning train rides, graduation, bonnaroo, but what i liked most was all the time i spent in outerspace, drifting, widdling away my youth, or young adulthood, probably more like it since im 24 now. ehh. i dont know, looking through these photos hopefully help me put into perspective the time as it goes by, and remind me it wont last forever. because as much as i feel jayz's forever young, no one is exempt. there is no forever young. youth is relative.
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)


text:
Summer of Sonic was last week (August 7th) and I have to say I have never had so much fun. I cannot thank the organisers enough for their hard work in making it the perfect convention.
The downside to a good convention is that there is the inevitable post con hangover, or 'Conblues' as its medically known, and all I have done all week is mope and play Sonic Rush/Sonic Unleashed and Sonic on my PS3. Apologies.
I am set to continue tomorrow, so part 7 should be up for your viewing pleasure!
Thanks for sticking with me


text:
Before I even start the challenge I want to make note that anyone, at all levels, can and should join. It doesn't matter how experienced you are, what kind of shape you are in, or your education on the exercises. I want to teach you if you are willing to learn. The first few exercises I filmed, I'm only wearing shorts and a sports bra to show that I too am not perfect! I have rolls, look very unflattering in certain angles, and to am on a journey towards better health. You've got to start somewhere, and this is a judgement free zone!
Have you ever seen a ladybug on it's back? That's where the name came from!
For the exercise you will start lying on your back, with you hands straight up like a zombie and your knees up making a ninety degree angle. While you keep your core tight and lower back push down to the floor, you will extend opposite arm and leg towards the ground. The come back to your starting position and do the same on the other side. Make sure you inhale as your reset and exhale as you use your core to do the movement. This is a great exercise to work on should and hip mobility without putting pressure on the joint. Using your core this way can help posture, stability, and over all core shape.
You can repeat this exercise for reps or for time. It all depends on where your at, how your body is responding, and making sure you challenge yourself!
Make sure to post your video to the Balance by Brittany Facebook Page or tag me in your Instagram or Twitter post using my handle and the hashtag #30daycorechallenge If you're uncomfortable posting a video, you can always post a motivational quote, picture, or something health and fitness related. Make sure to encourage others, an never, never judge! Again, this is a judgement free zone!
Stay tuned for Day 2: Birddogs! Feel free to comment with any questions or concerns or email me at email@example.com


text:
Forms of payment we accept
Debit Cards
- Maestro (formerly Switch)
- Mastercard Debit
- Visa Electron
- Visa debit
- Delta
You won't need to pay a charge to use any of the above debit cards when you book a holiday with us. You can only use debit cards that are issued in the UK.
Maestro card issue numbers:
If you pay with a Maestro card on our website, we'll ask you for an issue number when you enter your payment details. If your Maestro card doesn't have an issue number, please enter 0 in the box.
Credit Cards
- Visa
- American Express
- Mastercard
You can only use credit cards that are issued in the UK.
If you have booked in one of our travel shops you can pay using a building society cheque or bankers draft.
If you have booked on-line through the TUI or First Choice website and wish to pay by bank draft/building society cheque, it should be made payable to TUI UK and then sent to: TBS Revenue. TUI UK. Wigmore House, Wigmore Lane, Luton. LU2 9TN. Please remember to write your booking reference and date of departure on the reverse of the cheque and enclose a cover letter. Sorry, we don't accept personal or company cheques.
The TUI Credit Card
With a TUI credit card you'll enjoy the following benefits
- £25 off your next TUI purchase when you open an account*
- Fee free travel money when you use your card in a TUI shop or at tuitravelmoney.co.uk
- Earn points towards your next holiday every time you spend
Check now to see if you're eligible (without affecting your credit rating) by visiting our application page.
Representative 19.9% APR variable.TUI UK Limited acts as a credit broker for NewDay Ltd on an exclusive basis and is not a lender. T&Cs apply. Credit provided by NewDay Ltd. Over 18s only, subject to status.
* Qualifying customers only. Exclusions apply. See FAQs for details. Terms and conditions apply. You'll earn 1 point for every £1 spent in TUI travel shops or on tui.co.uk or firstchoice.co.uk and 1 point for every £2 spent elsewhere. Credit only available to over 18s and subject to status. Credit provided by NewDay Ltd. NewDay Ltd is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. TUI is a trading name of TUI UK Retail Limited, a member of TUI Group. Registered office: Wigmore House, Wigmore Lane, Luton, LU2 9TN. Registered in England number: 01456086. TUI UK Retail Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority with Firm Reference Number 738580.
Paying with PayPal is a fast and secure way to pay for your TUI holiday. PayPal Ts&Cs apply.


text: Posted September 14, 2017 I was wondering if Customeeple is considering the production of Texture Sheets or Display Trays based on the lovely Military Order bases design. Anybody else thinks they look dope and would like to build a tray/diorama/scenary piece with that floor design? I know I would. 1 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
Birth Number 23
Meaning Of My Birthdate. you became a living being. The time of birth determines the quality of the power within you and reveals your purpose in life.
Birth Number 23
Numerology: Secrets of Your Birthday. 5th, 14th, 23rd – Number 5. – If you were born on the 5th, 14th or 23rd day of any month you have a Number 5 Life Path Master Number. There's a fabulous duality about anyone born under a Number 5 Life Path number – you may literally have two sides to your personality ! Keen-witted, intuitive, restless, perceptive and analytical you have an affinity.
Birth Number 23
Best Lucky Number Youtube In contract bridge and similar games, a finesse is a card play technique which will enable a player to win an additional trick or tricks should there be a favorable. Choosing a Pick 3 OR Pick 4 number to play Use XXX + 123 for 3 digit numbers & XXXX + 1234 for 4 digit
Birth Number 23
The U.S. Census Bureau is not the primary source for data on births and deaths. NCHS can provide information on number. The U.S. Census Bureau uses birth and.
Birth Number 23
Birthday Number 23. The implementation of their creative possibilities, practical activities to create something new – are the main things in these people's lives.
People born on 5, 14 and 23 dates of any month come under the category of number 5. Mercury is the lord of number 5. These people are peace lovers, conscious and non.
Born on the 23rd of the Month? Find out The Numerology of the 23 Birth Day Number twenty-three birthday indicates an extraordinarily perceptive person with great abilities in negotiation who…
Understanding the Meaning of Your Birth Number (Numerology) – Birth Number 23: If this is you, then you need to watch your over-indulgence. You truly believe that life is for living, but it′s so seductive with all of its wonders!
What Numbers Go Together In Numerology Why Seven Is A Lucky Number Jun 24, 2016. Seven Is My Lucky Number by Les Disques De La Mort, released 24 June 2016. Indian vedic numerology to choose a lucky number for your vehicle, vedic indian numerology and best numbers, lucky car number and lucky bike number, lucky and. Football teams have been wearing
China is staring at a "gloomy demographic situation", with the number of births.
Repeating Number Sequences or Angel Numbers Angel Number 23. How to work out your numbers. Date of birth numerology *.
May 23, 2011. NUMBER 23. Number 23s are highly inquisitive individuals who consider hands on experience to be the best teacher in life. Many of them are deeply intelligent, philosophical and spiritually minded. The 23 Day Number person likes to experience everything in life and the most common trait found within the.
Birth certificate numbers are given to children at birth as a means of identification. Birth certificate numbers are located and labeled on every birth certificate.
pic.twitter.com/Qrao1dnmQZ — Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) January 23,
Birth Day Number 23 potentials. You love life in all its manifestations, enjoy every day you live, and would never agree to give up this drive for the sake of one single goal whatever great it might be.
In emotional matters this people sometimes tend to dominate, which comes from the influence of Number 3. At the same time, they are very sensitive, and their feeling are really deep.
Children have a lot to learn in the first three years. Birth to Three supports families when they have concerns about their children's development
Serena Williams – writing about the feelings of surprise and thanks she felt after an unexpected.
Numerology meaning and readings relating to the full birth name; destiny number, soul urge number and inner dreams number. 5 Destiny Number (5, 14/5, 23/5,
What Does E Mean In Numerology Reveal Shocking, Wonderful and Even Dangerous Glimpses into Your Future Definition of lobulated in the Definitions.net dictionary. Meaning of lobulated. What does lobulated mean? Information and translations of lobulated in the most. Want to find out how popular your name is? Try the name stats page. Now what do you think of your name and
Continue adding until you get a one-digit number: 1 + 1 = 2. 3. Now add the resulting single digits together to get the Life Path Number. Month=3 + Day=1 + Year=2 3 + 1.
Emotional sensitivity and creativity are two of the attributes of a number 23 birthday. By having an astrological chart calculated, you can find the exact position of the planets on your date of birth.


text:
Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
January 12, 2018, 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM @ Council Chambers
French Storytime
NOTE: Starting December 1, 2017, French Storytime will begin at 10:30am!
Council Chambers
For children of all ages and their parent or caregiver. Talk, sing, read, and play together. Share books, stories, rhymes, music in French. No registration required. Parents/caregivers are expected to stay with children during all storytime sessions.
January 12, 2018, 1:00 PM - 1:30 PM @ Council Chambers
New! Monthly Spanish Storytime
Saturday, January 13, 1:00-1:30pm
Council Chambers
Enjoy stories, songs, and rhymes in Spanish! Acompáñenos con cuentos y canciones en español para niños y sus padres o cuidadores. Open to Spanish and non-Spanish speakers. All children must attend with a caregiver