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Starting on the 10th of July 2017, Amazon Prime Day it's the best time for both old and new online shoppers to save massively on the purchase price of any item. To this end, Pro Chef Kitchen Tools, a brand famous for producing superior and functional kitchen cooking products has deemed it fit to reward customers' loyalty with a great deal on their Stainless Steel Fine Mesh Strainer Set.
Pro Chef Kitchen Tools Stainless Steel Fine Mesh Strainer Set is the type that comes with five different sizes, with the longest measuring 18 inches long. The Pro Chef Kitchen Tools Mesh Strainers are designed to provide superior versatility in the kitchen to prepare a large batch of noodles or strain a small amount of liquid for the family.
Pro Chef Kitchen Tools Fine Mesh Strainers are made of high-quality stainless steel material and can easily filter out liquid while securing even the smallest solid. These mesh strainers have long handles that allow users to keep their hands at a safe distance, and they can carry the weight of the food without much difficulty. The strainers are also notably strong, completely dishwater washable and rust-free. It is the best set of Fine Mesh Strainers one can get on the market.
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Work lately has been such a beast. I've been slammed with stuff that I don't understand...feel like I'm drowning at times, but Monday seriously took the cake. By the time I got to my workout class I was a mess of emotions. At one point I was doing crunches and I just stopped and stared up at the ceiling trying my hardest not to cry.
Have you ever wanted to quit but know you can't because you have to be a responsible adult? I really, really hope I get to do what I enjoy in life one day...
2 comments:
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By Adam LidgettLaw360 (August 16, 2018, 8:41 PM EDT) -- The D.C. Circuit on Thursday allowed several tribes to intervene in combined challenges to a Federal Communications Commission rule that exempts from environmental and historic reviews small-cell fixtures necessary for building...
Tribes Allowed To Intervene In Small-Cell Rule Challenges
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Dear Friends,
Peter Robert's new CD 'Night Song' and book 'The Harp and the Ferryman' are now available. I happily promised Peter I would let people know about this, so all can be inspired.
Many of you are familiar with his work as a music thanatologist, trained specifically to play the harp for people facing life-threatening illness. University research on his work with the dying and premature babies has presented evidence to support the assertion that music is therapeutic and that it heals in the broadest sense of the word.
Aside from this, he brings a beautiful, caring, intuitive personality to all he does, engendering a trust and deepening inner peace within those he works with closely day to day.
This is his story along with that of Helen Cox, Emeritus Professor in the Faculty of Health at Deakin University and Director of the Institute of Music in Medicine.
If you don't know about Peter, I strongly encourage you to have a look at his website as it if filled with gems, including music samples. Some of you may have seen the ABC production of 'Australian Story' a few years back that featured Peter.
I use a CD of Peter's called 'Sanctuary' every night as a soothing, gentle encouragement to inner peace and sleep. When I travel, Peter's harp music and voice are always with me. I am someone who doesn't listen to specific music over and over, often choosing silence instead. Peter's music touches me differently and deeply at a soul level and I know I've played this CD thousands of times; quite a statement really!
I have listened to the new CD 'Night Song' and love it. I have read part of the new book and already been in tears as it touched my heart and soul on a deep level within the first few pages. I hope some of you discover the joy of both for yourselves.
Infinite delight, peace, inner joy and possibilities,
Jenny (*0*)
May peace prevail on earth
From: Peter Roberts <firstname.lastname@example.com>
Date: Tue, Jan 29, 2013 at 8:14 PM
Subject: Re: Today
To: Jenny Funston <email@example.com>
Compassionate Care Through Music
Peter Roberts
e: email@example.com
w: http://www.robertsmusic.net
PO Box 1480 Geelong Vic 3220
m: 0413 881 739
ph:03 5224 1227


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OMG. squared. with a cherry on top. Flipping through the Rihanna album sleeve notes and look what we stumbled upon. Yes sirreee. that's Rihanna in House of Holland ss10. WOOP WOOP! Doesn't she look gorge.
We are going to celebrate by studying the picture intently and dancing around to this RiRi song. I suggest you join us! It's one of Henner's faves.
Monday, 31 May 2010
We We Love Ri Ri
4 comments:
- Marc said...
Yo why are there no stockist in Toronto Canada? Is it because Canada is worse than the third world?
- 31 May 2010 at 08:40
- Domino said...
I am not a huge Rihanna fan, but in H.O.H she looks great. And I think your clothes look great on anyone.
- 1 June 2010 at 14:13
- Carys said...
soorry but u no at florence and the machine there was that girl that was staring at u well its MMEEE sorry bout that
- 2 June 2010 at 04:53
- Werepup said...
promise to do another series of frock me pleeeease =]
- 2 June 2010 at 09:07
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David T Gray, Julien S Baker and Duncan S Buchan*
Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, ML3 0JB, Scotland, UK
Received Date: September 04, 2013; Accepted Date: September 19, 2013; Published Date: September 26, 2013
Citation: Gray DT, Baker JS, Buchan DS (2013) Weight Status, Physical Activity and the Associations with Health Related Physical Fitness in Nine to Twelve Year Old Scottish Children. J Sports Med Doping Stud 3:129. doi:10.4172/2161-0673.1000129
Copyright: © 2013 Gray DT, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Sports Medicine & Doping Studies
Purpose: This study examines the associations of both BMI and waist circumference measurements to health related physical fitness.
Methods: The sample included 43 boys and 49 girls (10.7 ± 0.89 years). Measures included height, weight, BMI and waist circumference, physical activity (PAQ-C) and measures of physical fitness; cardio respiratory and muscular fitness.
Results: Girls were stronger on the handgrip test (P=0.045) and had a higher BMI than boys (P=0.041). Boys performed better than girls for the standing broad jump (P=0.006) and cardio respiratory fitness shuttle run (P=0.030) but not on the handgrip test. 29% (37% of girls and 21% of boys) of participants were either overweight or obese. Participants with a higher BMI performed significantly poorer than their healthy counterparts on the standing broad jump (P=0.003) and cardio respiratory fitness shuttle run (P=0.002). Similar results were found in the larger waist circumference group, standing broad jump (P=0.044) and cardio respiratory fitness shuttle run (P=0.032). Finally, participants with a higher BMI or waist circumference had a greater score for the hand grip test (P=0.006; P=0.004).
Conclusion: Early detection of poor weight status and low physical fitness are important so that those in need of intervention can be targeted as early as possible.
Physical fitness; Children; Adiposity
Obesity is now considered a global concern throughout the Western world, due to its increasing prevalence. It is now well established that the occurrence of poor weight status in both children and youths appears to be increasing for all ages with recent findings suggesting that the prevalence of obesity in 6 to 11 year olds increasing from 6.5% in the 1980s to approximately 20% in 2008 [1,2]. It is well established that cardiovascular disease has its origins in childhood with high levels of adiposity often associated not only with an increased risk of adult obesity, but also with a number of immediate health risks that can be associated with cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension [3,4]. For this reason it has become vital to recognise children with a high risk at the earliest opportunity, so that an intervention programme can be put in place to prevent later onset of adverse health profiles.
The benefits of both physical activity and fitness are well established, as numerous studies have highlighted that an advanced capacity of cardio respiratory fitness in childhood is often associated with an improved cardiovascular profile in both childhood and adulthood [1,5,6]. Similar findings have been expressed with regards to physical activity with those that are more active demonstrating a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke and type 2 diabetes in adulthood [7,8]. Regardless of the well-established benefits of both physical fitness and physical activity, evidence suggests that children are opting for a sedentary lifestyle, with countless failing to achieve the minimal activity guidelines [9,10]. Recent findings published in Scotland portray a worrying figure, with approximately one in three (35%) of Scottish adolescences aged 2 to 15 years of age apparently unable or unwilling to achieve the minimal activity guidelines [11]. These findings are worrying due to the well-established associations between physical inactivity and being overweight and obese [12,13]. It has been suggested that poor physical fitness may be a more powerful predictor for poor health than physical activity [14]. Unfortunately there is a lack of evidence which has documented the associations between physical fitness and weight status. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the associations between weight status, physical activity and health related physical fitness in nine to twelve year-old Scottish children. Since risk factors often track from adolescence into adulthood, information detailing the associations between weight status and physical fitness is potentially relevant to the development and implementation of preventive measures and effective intervention strategies.
A group of children (N = 43 boys and 49 girls, 10.7 ± 0.89 years of age) from a West of Scotland primary school volunteered to participate in the study. The sample included children from primary five (N = 12 boys and 9 girls), six (N = 20 boys and 14 girls) and seven (N = 11 boys and 26 girls). Only the participants who returned completed consent forms were eligible for the study. All tests and measurements were fully explained to all participants beforehand. All pupils were reminded that they were free to withdraw from the study at any time and were assured of anonymity.
Anthropometric measures
Stature, without shoes, was measured to the nearest 1 mm (Seca Stadiometer, Seca Ltd., Birmingham, UK). Weight in light indoor clothing, without shoes, was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using calibrated electronic weighing scales (Seca 880, Digital Scales, Seca Ltd. Birmingham, UK). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated (weight/ height2, kg•m-2) and used to classify participants as obese, overweight, underweight, or at a healthy weight using recommended international age and gender-specific BMI cut-off values [15]. Waist Circumference (WC), a proxy measurement of central (abdominal) fat distribution was measured in accordance with standard procedures [16].
Physical Activity
All participants completed a validated physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) which required them to detail their physical activity levels from the 7-days [17]. Completed questionnaires were inspected and the responses were clarified verbally to achieve confirmation.
Cardio respiratory Fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed with the 20m shuttle run test (20MSFT) [18]. All participants were required to continuously run 20 metres, while keeping pace with a pre-recorded CD. The speed was initially set at 8.5 km•h–1, which increased by 0.5 km•h–1 each minute [1 minute equates to 1 level]. All participants were asked to continue to run for as long as possible until they reached their maximal effort. The test ended when the participant failed to reach the required line before the audio signal on two consecutive occasions. The 20MSFT is familiar to most children and is accepted as a valid test of CRF where a higher number of completed shuttles indicate a higher level of fitness. Participants score for the 20MSFT was then converted into a VO2max value using a well-established equation. The VO2max equation = 0.38 x total number of shuttles completed + 25.98 [19].
Muscular Fitness
Muscular Fitness was estimated with the handgrip test through the use of a handgrip dynamometer (Takei A5001 Hand Grip Dynamometer, Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Niigata-City, Japan). Hand preference was determined before the testing session began. The test was performed in the standing position with both arms by the participant's side. The protocol consisted of three maximal isometric contractions for 5 seconds, on the participant's favoured hand, with a rest period of at least 60 seconds between each contraction. Subsequently an average of the three scores was calculated to determine the participant's muscular strength. The subjects were instructed to squeeze the dynamometer as hard as possible. Visual feedback of the recorded strength was provided immediately after the participant's attempt.
The standing broad jump was used to measure muscular power. A non-slip gymnasium floor was used for take-off and the take-off line was clearly marked. Participants completed a standardized warm up before attempting a jump. The participant's jump was measured using a tape measure (Freemans Fibre Glass Measuring Tape, FMI Ltd., India) to measure distance jumped. The measurement was taken from take-off line to the nearest point of contact on the landing, back of the heels. The protocol consisted of three maximal jumps with a rest period of at least 60 seconds between each jump. An average of the three scores was used to determine the participant's muscular fitness.
Data Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). All variables were tested for normality of distribution beforehand. Significant differences between sexes were determined by an independent-sample t-test. As no significant interaction was found for age, maturation and sex in each cohort, all analyses were performed with boys and girls together to increase statistical power. A partial correlation test was used to determine associations between anthropometric measures and both physical fitness and physical activity measures. Anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of the study sample are presented as means and standard deviation. The analysis of sex differences were identified using an independent t-test and weight group differences in both the anthropometric and physical fitness were carried out through the use of a univariate Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and a Bonferroni correction post hoc. The variable Physical Fitness Score was created using the sum of z-scores (z= value-mean/SD) of VO2max, Number of Shuttles, Standing Broad Jump and Handgrip. The aim of the statistical tests was to determine the differences in outcome variables between genders, age and weight groups. Gender and physical activity was included in all models as covariates with the significance value set at P<0.05 throughout.
Participant characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Boys performed significantly better than girls on the cardiorespiratory shuttle run test, and the standing broad jump although girls performed significantly better on the handgrip test. Girls also presented with a significantly greater BMI than boys. Significant differences between genders were also apparent for cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles), Standing broad jump, Handgrip and VO2max with boys performing significantly better than girls on all fitness tests except for the handgrip test.
|Variables (units)
|Boys (n = 43)
|Girls (n = 49)
|P value
|Age (years)
|10.5 ± 0.8
|10.9 ± 0.9
|Stature (cm)
|141.8 ± 7.9
|143.8 ± 8.9
|Body mass (kg)
|38.7 ± 10.3
|43.1 ± 10.9
|BMI (kg.m-2)
|19.04 ± 3.7
|20.7 ± 3.8
|Waist circumference (cm)
|63.5 ± 8.9
|63.6 ± 8.1
|Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles)
|18.5 ± 9.3
|15.2 ± 4.4
|Standing broad jump (cm)
|141.1 ± 23.8
|128.7 ± 18.2
|Handgrip (kg)
|15.8 ± 3.7
|17.3 ± 3.4
|VO2max (ml/kg/min)
|24.5 ± 3.9
|23.2 ± 1.9
|Physical activity (PAQ-C)
|3.06 ± 0.5
|2.9 ± 0.6
All variables are presented as mean ± SD. P-value for genders is presented. Significance level was set at (P<0.05). Significant values are given in bold.
Table 1: Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) for age, anthropometry, physical fitness, and physical activity variables in children by sex.
Partial correlations for measures of adiposity with physical fitness measures are displayed in Table 2. With regards to BMI, significant positive associations were noted with Handgrip strength whilst significant negative associations were noted between standing broad jump, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max and physical fitness score. Similar results were found with Waist Circumference, as positive associations were noted with Handgrip (P<0.05) whilst significant negative associations were noted between standing broad jump, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max and physical fitness score.
|Variables (units)
|Waist Circumference
|BMI (kg.m-2)
|Waist circumference (cm)
|Standing broad jump (cm)
|Handgrip (kg)
|Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles)
|VO2max (ml/kg/min)
|Physical fitness score
*Significant (P<0.05) Association between Weight status measurements.
Table 2: Partial Correlations between BMI, Waist Circumference and Physical Fitness Measures.
Tables 3 and 4 reveal the significant differences between weight status and physical fitness measures. Findings revealed a significant difference between all physical fitness measures and weight status with those classified in the higher weight status group having significantly lower performance measures for Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles) (P=0.002; P=0.032), Standing broad jump (P=0.003; P=0.044), and VO2max (P=0.001; P=0.026) although Handgrip strength was significantly greater in the higher weight status group (P=0.006; P=0.004).
|Variables (units)
|Overweight/Obese (n = 27)
|Healthy Weight (n = 65)
|P value
|Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles)
|11.9 ± 3.6
|18.7 ±7.5
|VO2max (ml/kg/min)
|21.7 ± 1.72
|24.7 ± 3.1
|Standing broad jump (cm)
|120.3 ± 14.1
|140.4 ± 21.7
|Handgrip (kg)
|17.7 ± 3.9
|16.2 ± 3.4
All variables are presented as mean ± SD. P-value for BMI category is presented. Significance level was set at (P<0.05). Significant values are given in bold.
Table 3: (mean ± SD) Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles), VO2max, standing broad jump and handgrip for children overweight/obese and healthy.
|Variables (units)
|Low Waist Circumference (n = 40)
|High Waist Circumference (n = 52)
|P value
|Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles)
|18.8 ± 7.3
|15.2 ± 6.9
|VO2max (ml/kg/min)
|24.7 ± 3.1
|23.1 ± 2.9
|Standing broad jump (cm)
|139.8 ± 22.0
|130.4 ± 20.8
|Handgrip (kg)
|15.4 ± 2.8
|17.6 ± 3.9
All variables are presented as mean ± SD. P-value for Waist Circumference category is presented. Significance level was set at (P<0.05). Significant values are given in bold.
Table 4: (mean ± SD) Cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttles), VO2max, standing broad jump and handgrip for children in Waist Circumference category.
The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between weight status, physical activity and health related physical fitness in nine to twelve year-old Scottish children. Findings revealed that girls are taller, heavier and have a significantly higher BMI than boys (P=0.04). As expected boys, performed significantly better than girls on almost all of the physical fitness tests, cardiorespiratory fitness (P=0.030), standing broad jump (P=0.006) and VO2max (P=0.045). These findings are consistent with previous research [20-22]. The result from the cardiorespiratory fitness test indicates that boys outperformed the girls by approximately 17%. These findings are consistent with current literature [21,22]. These results could be due to small sex differences in muscle mass and haemoglobin concentration prior to puberty, with boys peak VO2max approximately 10% higher than prepubertal girls [4]. Boys had a greater VO2max than girls (P=0.045) with results consistent with previous literature [2,20,21].
The standing broad jump demonstrated the highest between genders (P=0.006), with results indicating that the average boy jumped approximately 9% further than the average girl. Similar studies have also reported that boys generally outperform girls with regards to jumping [20-22]. However girls significantly outperformed boys on the handgrip test (P=0.045). The results from this study's population indicate that girls were approximately 8% stronger than boys according to the handgrip test. Previous studies have discovered otherwise and suggest that boys usually perform significantly better than girls on muscular strength tests such as the handgrip test [14,20,23,24]. It could be suggested that these findings are a result of males having a genetically enhanced muscular strength however, it has been proposed that there are no sex differences in muscular strength up until the age of 14 years [4].
Findings from the most recent Scottish Health Survey highlight that 65% of youths aged 5-16 are currently meeting physical activity recommendations However this figure has been questioned, with a recent study suggesting the figure to be nearer 24% [11,25]. Nonetheless, the measurement of youth physical activity has numerous difficulties, and comparing results from other studies using different methods of acquiring data is challenging. The findings from the present study were acquired through the use of the PAQ-C which measures general activity patterns. It is evident that no significant differences between genders were identified although boys appeared more active than girls. These findings are consistent with current literature which has also suggested that males on average are more active than females [9,23,26,27].
Within this study BMI reported negative associations with standing broad jump, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max and physical fitness z-score. This suggests that a high BMI has detrimental effects on a child's physical fitness; similar findings have previously been found [2,3,6,13,28,29] (Figure 1). It is well established that a child with a higher level of cardiorespiratory fitness has a healthier cardiovascular profile and appears to suggest that BMI not only has a detrimental effect on a child's physical fitness but also cardiovascular profile [23,26,28,30]. However, it was noted that BMI had a moderate association with handgrip strength. These findings are consistent with current literature on adults which suggests that an increased BMI has detrimental effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, power and balance but a positive effect on muscular strength [26,27]. This could be due to a higher level of obesity which affects everyday life leading to increased muscular strength. Similar findings were found with regards to waist circumference and physical fitness, as detrimental effects were noted in standing broad jump, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max and physical fitness z-score (Figure 1 and 2).
Significant differences were identified between BMI groups for all physical fitness scores, cardiorespiratory fitness (P=0.002), VO2max (P=0.001), Standing Broad Jump (P=0.003) and Handgrip (P=0.006). These findings are in agreement with the literature which suggests that an overweight or obese individual has a disadvantage performing weight bearing physical fitness tests. Due to the excess body fat which can be seen as an extra load to be moved during weight-bearing tasks [32]. However, it has been proposed that the deficit in weight bearing fitness tests of overweight and obese adolescents was either reduced or even reversed after adjusting for fat mass [14]. These findings could suggest that a non-weight bearing physical fitness test could evaluate the fitness levels more accurately and may explain why the children classified as overweight or obese performed significantly worse on the cardiorespiratory fitness and standing broad jump test, both of which are weight bearing tests.
It is important to note that similar to the BMI results, the children with a larger waist circumference reported significantly greater handgrip strength. Our findings are in agreement with other studies that have identified a positive association between handgrip strength and central adiposity on both Belgian and Flemish youths respectively [31,32]. This greater strength in obese children and adolescents can be explained by their increased fat-free mass since obese individuals develop increased fat-free mass as they accumulate excess adiposity [33]. A significant difference between BMI grouping and physical fitness score was also identified (P<0.05), however no significant difference was established between waist circumference groups and physical fitness score which suggests that BMI measures is a more powerful predictor of physical fitness in children. This could be due to the assessment of overall adiposity compared to central adiposity on weight bearing fitness test.
From the associations between weight status and physical fitness it was identified that children with a higher BMI or a greater waist circumference performed significantly worse than their counterparts on physical fitness tests that required the individual to exert force against their own body mass. The findings from this study highlight that weight status in Scottish children is a cause for concern as it appears to have a significant association with health related physical fitness. The findings from the present study reinforce that weight status and health related physical fitness in children should be assessed in a clinical practice or school setting, to identify children who are at risk at the earliest opportunity, so that an intervention and preventive strategy can be put in place to help prevent later onset of cardiovascular disease.
The need for further research is evident, Future studies should also involve an intervention to help tackle the weight status and physical fitness problem that is evident within Scottish schools.


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How Can A CIO Impact Your Organization?
By Marisa Mancini, Raffa Technology Technology is always changing, always evolving. But many organizations struggle to keep up, preferring to use outdated systems that do not fully serve their needs. Information Technology (IT) staff are often hesitant to venture beyond … Continue reading
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Acquire Outstanding Grades with Business Process Reengineering Assignment Help
In accountancy, business process reengineering is considered as an important component which helps you to understand the functions and workings of business.But it is not possible that every student will be able to get the entire concept of it in one go. So, to help those students who face issues in this topic, we have created business process reengineering assignment help service. With our assistance, we assure that good grades will be your best friend.
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I wish to draw your attention to different expressions about entering the Kingdom of God.
"Therefore anyone who sets aside one of the least of these commands and teaches others accordingly will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you that unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven." (Matthew 5:19-20)
Those who break commands and teach breaking them are called least in the Kingdom. Those who practice obedience and teach obedience will be called great in the Kingdom. The righteousness of the Pharisees is even less than those who break the commandments and teach breaking them.
"Truly I tell you, among those born of women there has not risen anyone greater than John the Baptist; yet whoever is least in the kingdom of heaven is greater than he." (Matthew 11:11)
Therefore, the disobedient, who are least in the Kingdom, are greater than John.
"And he said: 'Truly I tell you, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Therefore, whoever takes the lowly position of this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.'" (Matthew 18:3-4)
Those who practice and teach obedience are called great, and those who humble themselves are greatest in the Kingdom of heaven.
"Jesus looked around and said to his disciples, 'How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God!' The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus said again, 'Children, how hard it is to enter the kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God.'" (Mark 10:23-25)
"Jesus looked at them and said, "With man this is impossible, but not with God; all things are possible with God." (Mark 10:27)
"Jesus answered, "Very truly I tell you, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless they are born of water and the Spirit." (John 3:5)
"But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you." (Matthew 6:33)


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Guwahati, India (PANA) - African champions Mali on Saturday "soldiered" into the semi-final of the 2017 FIFA Under-17 World Cup in India, defeating fellow Africans, Ghana, 2-1.
In their quarter-final match at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Guwahati, goals from Hadji Dramé in the 15th minute and Djemoussa Traoré in the 61st vaulted Mali to a commanding 2-0 lead only for Mohammed Kudus to rifle home from the penalty spot in the 70th minute for Ghana's consolation goal.
For Mali, it was a repeat of their victory (1-0) against Ghana in the final match of the Africa Under-17 Nations Cup in Gabon on 28 May, 2017.
-0- PANA VAO/AR 21Oct2017


text: I'm currently in the market for a nwe rifle, in eastern NC we don't have many long range shots. I currently own a rem 700bdl in 270win, but was considering a rem700 sendaro in 300rum but was told good luck trying to find one, but that I could easily get one in 7stw. Any advice?


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It's getting to be that time of year. If you are heading out of town for the holidays- even worse. I bet you are running around, trying to get your Christmas shopping in or working late to make up for hours missed. What always seems to be pushed aside? Time for yourself- your workouts. So here is some professional advice...PRIORITIZE!
Believe it or not, I'm in the same position as you. Although I'm a personal trainer with exposure to fitness facilities, resistance equipment, and cardio equipment galore, I find it hard to carve out workout time. I'm so busy fitting in client's workout time, running around with holiday shopping, and tending to the household duties, that even I find it hard to workout.
Here's my tip: Decide which workouts you like and schedule at least TWO 30 minute sessions per week to get you through to January. My motto: At least you are doing something.
Sure I harp on balancing your workouts with stretching, core, cardio, and resistance. However, if you don't have time, and really love to lift weights, then do it. If running is the one thing you can't wait for, then do it. There's not one person or one client I have come across in over 15 years who has shouted for joy with doing all 4 elements in their workout routine.


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It's Jurassic Park meets Titanic, with a little Raiders thrown in.
What a great pitch that would be, if Peter Jackson were a spec writer. What other movie has a shot at breaking $1 billion domestic? Not that it matters -- these days I just want to be moved -- but it's hard to shake my childhood fascination with box office receipts, borne of an age when the box office titans were good films. I actually boycotted Home Alone because it took in more than Return of the Jedi. Silly rabbit.


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An immersive, two-day experience focused on changing the Future of Work.
An immersive, two-day experience focused on changing the Future of Work.
Here's a preview of the exciting agenda we have scheduled for Responsive Conference 2018. Our sessions are designed to give you valuable insights and practical ideas to take back to your own organizations—allowing you to encourage individual and team contributions and leverage technology for effective work, growth, and innovation.
We're continually adding and evolving the program, so check back over the next few weeks for the latest version!
**Agenda subject to change
An Immersive Event
An Immersive Event
We consider "experience design" an essential element of how groups come together and interact. This year, we're excited to host our conference at the historic and redesigned Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, New York.
The Museum of the Moving Image is located at 36-01 35th Avenue in Queens, NY, a short subway ride from Midtown Manhattan.
Take the N/Q train to 36th Ave, or the M/R train to Steinway St. Cab rides can be as short as 15 minutes from Manhattan.
For those driving, parking is limited but possible; be sure to read street parking restrictions carefully.
Paper Factory Hotel
37-06 36th Street
Superior Queen $249/night
A repurposed WWII era paper factory, this hotel is a short 0.4 mile walk to MOMI conference site.
In addition to an exciting and full conference schedule, Responsive Conference builds in time for networking with industry peers over coffee and during meals at locations near the Museum of the Moving Image.
See recommendations (Public Google doc) for nearby restaurants, cafés, and coffee shops.
If you're interested in the Responsive Movement, the ideas in our Code of Conduct should make sense to you.
We are a supportive community and have standards of respectful, inclusive conduct. We hold ourselves to these and ask the same of attendees of Responsive Conference.


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money www.credit21.com.sg lender singapore: Exceptional Suggestions For Improving Your Financial Institution Equilibrium
It is a difficult choice to make, and also it doesn't come inexpensive either. When you get paid, put a minimum of ten percent of your pre-tax revenue into savings prior to you utilize your salary to do other things. Place all your adjustment in your piggy financial institution and also if you find cash or get loan as a present, put half of it in the piggy financial institution.It is practical to have some goals money lender singapore that interact, for example, just how... Read more


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Chum #1 hit shelves on Wednesday (18 May) and is also available digitally on ComiXology.
In case you have missed our surf noir ramblings, Chum is a creator owned mini-series from writer Ryan K Lindsay and me. It's published by ComixTribe, with Mark Dale's colors and Nic J Shaw's letters.
We have been blessed with some pretty good reviews – check out Ryan's round up here.
We hope you dig it too!


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A fresh spin on a classic silhouette, this peasant top lightens up all your looks with its crinkly woven gauze material and darling details. From the matching crochet lace on the front to the tie at the neckline with its silver-tone and wooden bead accents, this one has pretty written all over it.
You'll love how it flows around you with care-free casualness as you slip into your favorite jeans and feel as good as look all day long. Add some height with heeled boots and stack a few bracelets on your wrist for the finish – with 3/4 length sleeves, you'll actually be able to show them off.
Please see the Garment Measurements tab for the actual measurements of this garment. Use the above link to find the best size for your figure.
About the Collection
Express your free-spirited style with One World Fashions. Designed in Los Angeles, the collection is the embodiment of Southern California's independent, fun and casual chic vibe. Offering vintage designs in knitwear with a special blend of yarns to enhance its soft touch and comfortable fit, One World tops and dresses feature novelty washes and unique prints with eye-catching embellishments to make you look and feel great at any size.
One World is your place to find fashions for a laid-back and cool lifestyle.
About the Guest
Sam Saboura is not only a top stylist and fashion expert, he's television's original makeover authority.
He began his career as a personal shopper for one of LA's most exlusive retailers and while Sam continues to dress many of the world's rich and famous today, he also makes time to share his expert advice online, in magazines and on top TV shows.
Garment Measurements:Missy
XS: Bust: 39-1/2", Back Length: 28-1/2"
Small: Bust: 41-1/2", Back Length: 29"
Medium: Bust: 43-1/2", Back Length: 29-3/4"
Large: Bust: 45-1/2", Back Length: 30-1/4"
XL: Bust: 48", Back Length: 31"
1X: Bust: 48", Back Length: 32"
2X: Bust: 51", Back Length: 32-3/4"
3X: Bust: 54", Back Length: 33-1/4"


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One of the most awaited events in time of the year is the Christmas. Many people like to collect different types of stickers at around this time so that they can stick these on their gifts and greeting cards and send to their loved ones.
The brief history of Christmas tells us that the Roman Empire celebrated the birthday of Jesus Christ on the 25th of December in the fourth century. Therefore, all the Christmas celebrations are derived from the European and roman cultures where this type of event was celebrated after the winter harvest to raise. Christmas is an event that has evolved into a very important event of the year and people celebrate this event with great enthusiasm while decorating their homes with beautiful Christmas trees and have many gifts under them on the Christmas Eve that they gift to the family members. People also decorate their homes and gifts and greeting cards with popular Christmas custom stickers that they can buy from the market or get them customized by a sticker printing company. However you can also make your own sticker especially on the event of Christmas and not only you can use these Christmas stickers for personal use but you can also sell them and make great profits.
Before Proceeding You May Also Like: Facebook New Registration is offering Talktime
The Best Christmas Stickers for Personal Use
If you are hoping to create Christmas stickers for personal use then you will have to create different types of Christmas stickers according to the purpose for which you are creating. For example if you are creating these this Christmas stickers for a particular child of yours then you will have to see what he likes and then create a Christmas sticker printing according to that. If the child likes a particular character in the Christmas Santa Family then you can create a sticker out of that and stick that sticker on his gift and give it to him on the Christmas Eve. Other than that you can use the different elements of custom stickers of Christmas and decorate your home with the stickers. You can diversify the choice and creation of your stickers by the following:
· Christmas stickers size
· Different characters from Santa family
· Colorful or black and white stickers
You can to create a variety of stickers for Christmas for your personal use according to these.
Creating Christmas Stickers to Sell
If you are creating Christmas stickers that you are going to stick on the gifts and are going to sell it in the market then you will have to customize your vinyl stickers very carefully and with the growing trends. In order to create Christmas stickers you will need the following:
· Sticker designs
· Christmas fonts
· Sticking paper
· Printer
· Scissor
You can print out different designs from the Internet of the Christmas custom printed stickers and then bring them and cut them using scissors to create wonderful Christmas stickers that you can sell.


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A BBA, or Bachelor of Business Administration, is an academic achievement bestowed upon those who effectively complete about three or four years of coursework in a given business-related discipline. BBAs often enhance career opportunities and earning potential.
The china higher education for a couple of years has been voted as one of the best among the Asian countries. This country has over 150 both public and private owned universities distribution on all provinces of china. The higher education is research based.
Bachelors of Business Administration (BBAs) in Shaanxi in China
This program is designed and carried out to develop high-level talents who possess good virtue, professional competence, preeminent ability to conduct research and practice, and strong senses of professionalism, responsibility and team spirit. [+]
Initiated in 1980, the education of economics and management in Xidian University had enjoyed a development of over 30 years, and currently contains extensive training in both of the two discipline fields. The host institute, the school of economics and management of Xidian University, harbors abundant resources for teaching and training, with 80% of its faculty members owning Ph.D. or master degrees. The school also serves as a teaching facility of Shaanxi Master of Business Administration (MBA) Institute. In 2008, the school started 'all-English' training programs for bachelor candidates, in which all courses are delivered in English expect languages, and dissertations and oral defenses are also required to be presented in English.... [-]


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A FORMBY schoolgirl is one of two Sefton actors to have secured roles in an Asda TV advertising campaign.
Two students from the Lamont Drama School will feature in the advertisements throughout August and September.
Sofia Filipe, 13, from Formby and 12-year-old Christie Clark from Southport went through three auditions before being selected.
It is a double success for Sofia who is also celebrating after being selected to star in Willy Russell's Our Day Out – The Musical, which will premiere at Liverpool's Royal Court from September 11 to October 17.
Our Day Out was originally written in 1976 as a TV drama and was re-written for the stage in 1983.
Willy has reworked the script for a brand new version of the story.
Range High School pupil Sofia said: "It is very exciting to be chosen for two such different acting roles. I got a lot of experience in front of the camera playing Serena in Grange Hill so I'm looking forward to being filmed for the Asda campaign.
"I absolutely love musical theatre so being chosen for Our Day Out is a dream come true for me. It was very exciting meeting and auditioning for Willy Russell and I can't wait to perform at the Royal Court in September".
Principal Diane Lamont said: "Both Sofia and Christie are very talented but they are also two of my most hardworking and dedicated pupils so they really deserve these opportunities. 2009 has been an exceptionally successful year for the drama school and for the Lamont Casting Agency, which has children from drama schools from all over the North-west.
"As the school year draws to a close, I'm saying goodbye to a lot of my older pupils who have been with me since they were five but who are now going off to start university. "
New classes for younger children start in September, for information call Diane Lamont on 07736 387543.


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I think in images, not words. It may be that I see interior sensations on the faces and in the movements of my characters within the visual context of their situations. A sudden jerk of the head, a change in a facial expression, a reflection of light on a wedding band.
Michele Zackheim
Pictures taken from:
The hospital room of Harriet Löwenhjelm, Swedish poet
A Monday's washing in New York in the early days of photography, Marc Walter Collection
Still from Barbara, German film about a country hospital doctor in East Germany
Still from Manhattan by Woody Allen
Still from the dream scene in Wild Strawberries/Smultronstället by Ingmar Bergman
Still from Doctor Zhivago, from 1965


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My Favourite Christmas Tree Skirt
This is one of my favourite Crochet Christmas Tree Skirts. For many of us, the granny square is a feel-good pattern. It can be playful with colours or just easy as pie with one colour. For me, this reminds of me of home for the holidays.
Look carefully though, each square is the same size and then there is a connector between them as it heads to the middle of the tree. It requires to to count stitches to keep track.


text: There is a divine presence within each of us. Most of us do not know how to connect and understand the wisdom it has for us. Most of us are caught up in a stress-oriented life focused on tasks and goals that very often do not lead to fulfillment, peace or sense of well being. We don't know what our life's purpose is let alone our soul's purpose or universal truth! We feel blessed to just barely the survive the chaos and stress and earn a living. But for those that seek a deeper meaning to their life and a desire to discover how they can contribute to the world and make a difference, there is


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|Young girl status... "Overall Fridays"...... the only pair i could find were my mom's maternity
overalls.. we were soo weird.
1. As you can tell, my middle name is J. Yup just the letter J. Not J-A-Y, not J(.). just the letter J. When i was younger i was embarrassed to tell people.. but i LOVEEE it now. You better believe that my first daughter's middle name will be J.
2. I have a weird OCD obsession with painting my nails. They are ALWAYS painted and i usually paint them every 3-4 days.
3. I love love love spaghetti. It has always been, and always will be, my favorite meal.
4. My favorite holiday is Halloween (let's all just pretend Christmas doesn't exsist). I love the crisp air, the creepy decorations, and everything that comes along with being scared. Haunted houses are honestly my favorite thing ever!
5. I talked myself out of dating Ammon 5 times over two years. And everyyyy time i came crawling back. For us it was like the billionth time the charm. :)
6. I ABSOLUTELY HATE CATS. Thinking about them makes me sort of gag. ewwwww. hate hate hate.
7. Just like Heather, i have a severe picking problem. I pick at everything.. zits, ingrown hairs, pretty much anything that grosses a normal person out.. i love picking. (just ask poor ammon he is the victim of my picking obsession every night). Except scabs. Those are not my forte.
8. I am superrr competitive. Even if it is simply a game of "Go Fish".. i love winning and the adrenaline that comes along with being competitive
9. My fav number is 12. Almost every cd I ever made in high school had my favorite song as number twelve. Weird i know, but it is just the way i operate.
10. I was definitely one of 'those' people who lovedddd high school. I am not ashamed. I loved every minute of being a Beetdigger.
11. I am going to be a college graduate in approximately 18 days. Holy !*@%. i. am. so excited. Anddd in approximately 101 days i marry the man of my dreams! But who's counting right?
My questions from Heather are...
1. What is your favorite Cereal? ..way easy. I love Mini Wheats!
2. If you could buy all your clothes from one department store where would it be? I would buy everything from Nordstrom. Who wouldn't?
3. What is the last book you read and did you like it? I really don't read all that often, but last summer while traveling to Africa I read Water for Elephants. It was super crude, and not that great of a book. Butttttt i was bored on my 12 hour flights, and 24 hr of travel.
4. Nsync or Backstreet Boys? Oh! i was a total Backstreet Boys girl. I went to their concert in 4th grade with my best friend Haley Dutson. We sat on the third row, and i was inches away from touching Brian's hand. awww my stomach has butterflies just thinking about it.
5. What's the farthest away from home you have been? Kenya! Such an amazing place. i need to blog about it more.
6. Who did you want to marry when you were little? All you JHS'ers are going to die with this answer.. up until the sixth grade, i thought for sure i was going to marry Marcus Christensen. hahahaha i remember i wrote about him in my journal! hahah so classic! i obviously had other crushes too, but this one topped the list.
7. Do you have any strange phobias? I, along with Allie Morgan, HATE loose hair. The mere thought of having to sweep my roommate's bathroom floor.. makes me want to throw up. uhh. Loose hair.. any time, any where, any place ..is completely disgusting.
8. What was your first job? I was a kids camp counselor at the gym by my house. I loved that job!
9. What is your favorite quote? Man! that is sooo hard to narrow down. I found this today and i couldnt agree with it more. "You will come to know that what appears today to be a sacrifice will prove instead to be the greatest investment that you will ever make."- Gordon B. Hinckley.
10. what is your pet peeve? I hate when people leave pans on the stove full of leftovers. It is the weirdest pet peeve but i hate it!
11. If you had choose between never washing your bed sheet or bath towel which would it be? I would for sure chose my bed sheet. Washing my towels is the best feeling on the planet. Although both of these options are extremely disgusting.
Ok my questions for the 'tagged' are...
1. what is your favorite type of candy?
2. What was your favorite thing to do when you were little?
3. Snowboard/ski?
4. If you had to pick one place to live for the rest of your life (besides where you are now) where would it be?
5. Who has had the biggest impact on your life?
6. What is your favorite nail color?
7. Do you have any weird routines that you perform daily?
8. Are you petrified of something?
9. Who is your celebrity crush?
10. What is one thing you couldnt live with out?
11. What is your favorite thing to relax/de-stress?
Tag youuuuu
Whit Davis/ Lauren Minnick
Hailey Anderson
Aubrey Olsen
Riley Bergeson
Mary Leonard


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text:
1Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
223 and Me, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
3Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiologist, King's College London, London, England
4Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
5Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
Received Date: August 20, 2013; Accepted Date: October 16, 2013; Published Date: October 20, 2013
Citation: Lubke GH, Laurin C, Walters R, Eriksson N, Hysi P, et al. (2013) Gradient Boosting as a SNP Filter: an Evaluation Using Simulated and Hair Morphology Data. J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics 4:143.doi: 10.4172/2153-0602.1000143
Copyright: © 2013 Lubke GH, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Data Mining in Genomics & Proteomics
Typically, genome-wide association studies consist of regressing the phenotype on each SNP separately using an additive genetic model. Although statistical models for recessive, dominant, SNP-SNP, or SNP-environment interactions exist, the testing burden makes an evaluation of all possible effects impractical for genome-wide data.
We advocate a two-step approach where the first step consists of a filter that is sensitive to different types of SNP main and interactions effects. The aim is to substantially reduce the number of SNPs such that more specific modeling becomes feasible in a second step. We provide an evaluation of a statistical learning method called "gradient boosting machine" (GBM) that can be used as a filter. GBM does not require an a priori specification of a genetic model, and permits inclusion of large numbers of covariates. GBM can therefore be used to explore multiple GxE interactions, which would not be feasible within the parametric framework used in GWAS. We show in a simulation that GBM performs well even under conditions favorable to the standard additive regression model commonly used in GWAS, and is sensitive to the detection of interaction effects even if one of the interacting variables has a zero main effect. The latter would not be detected in GWAS. Our evaluation is accompanied by an analysis of empirical data concerning hair morphology. We estimate the phenotypic variance explained by increasing numbers of highest ranked SNPs, and show that it is sufficient to select 10K-20K SNPs in the first step of a two-step approach.
GWAS; Boosting; GCTA
Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have a history of mixed successes. Although the investigation of numerous phenotypes has led to the detection of relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), results of GWA studies fall short in explaining the genetic variance in phenotypes that is expected from twin and family studies [1-3]. Detection is challenging due to the fact that most effects are expected to be small. As Park et al. [4] have shown recently, the distribution of effect sizes might be best described by a mixture of two exponentials, which implies that the number of SNPs with small effect sizes is even higher than expected under a simple exponential relation between numbers of SNPs and effect size [4,5].
Furthermore, in a typical GWA study, a univariate phenotype is regressed on each SNP separately. Although simple statistical models are convenient in terms of computational ease and interpretability, these advantages are countered by potential loss of information. Most commonly only the additive genetic model is tested, and only few (if any) covariate main effects are included to maintain computational feasibility. This approach decreases the power to detect recessive or dominant effects, and excludes exploration of SNP-SNP and SNPcovariate interactions [6-10]. It is well-known that inclusion of relevant covariates in a regression analysis reduces error variance and thereby increases power. Furthermore, it might be of interest to include measures of comorbid disorders in GWAS of psychiatric disorders in order to assess genetic effects unique to the disorder, or to include proxies of environmental variables in order to assess conditional effects [11]. However, it is desirable to explore these effects without the need of formulating a specific model (e.g., additive and/or interaction effects).
Genome-wide detection studies might benefit from a two-step approach where the first step consists of substantially reducing the number of SNPs such that more complex models, or models permitting significance testing, can be applied in a second step. Desiderata for a first step filtering method include [1] methods have to be computationally attractive when applied to large, imputed data sets while providing sufficient sensitivity to detect small effects, [2] methods used in this step sho1uld be agnostic with respect to the genetic model relating a SNP to the phenotype, and [3] should permit the inclusion of multiple covariates, again preferably without the need to a priori specify the interrelations between covariates, or between covariates and SNPs. If the two steps, SNP selection and multivariate analysis with the selected SNPs, are carried out in separate samples, then the significance level in the second step depends on the number of selected SNPs corrected for the fact that tests are correlated [12,13]. A substantial reduction of the number of SNPs opens the door to fitting models in the second step that can be more complex both on the phenotype side (e.g., models that take into account interrelations between questionnaire items or symptom endorsements), and/or on the genotype side (e.g., interaction terms).
Statistical learning methods
Statistical learning (SL) methods are designed to find important predictors in large data sets, and can be applied in cases where the number of predictors is much larger than the number of subjects. Different learning methods such as Random Forests and Bayesian Lasso have recently been applied to genome-wide data [14-19].
The three main differences between standard GWA studies and SL approaches are (1) that in the regression model commonly used in GWAS the association between a SNP and the phenotype is tested separately for each SNP whereas in SL all SNPs are analysed jointly,(2) in standard GWAS a specific genetic model is specified a priori that relates a SNP to the phenotype (e.g., additive, dominant, recessive) whereas SL models are built iteratively in a data driven fashion, and (3) the regression model used in standard GWAS is limited to SNP main effects whereas SL methods can capture SNP-SNP and SNP-covariate interactions.
We propose to use a statistical learning method called Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) as the first step filter. The focus on the current paper is to provide an evaluation of GBM. GBM is a statistical learning method that fulfills the desiderata of a SNP selection method listed above. Previous research has shown that GBM performs as well or better than Random Forests (RF), a more well-known learning method [20]. We choose GBM as it has a much lower computational burden compared to RF, and is therefore more feasible in a genomewide context. In pilot simulations RF took up to 10 times more time to complete without providing better detection rates in any of the settings. Different boosting algorithms have been proposed that utilize different optimization strategies [20-23]. In the current study we apply GBM which is implemented in the freely available R package gbm [24]. GBM builds a predictive model iteratively by adding "weak learners" [21-23]. The "weak learners" can be small regression or classification trees that are grown to a user- specified, usually small, number of splits. Figure 1 illustrates such a small regression tree. At each split a single SNP is selected to split the sample into two parts called "daughter nodes". Given that SNPs can take values 0, 1, and 2, each SNP has two possible split points. The criterion to select a SNP and its split point is to achieve the best increase in homogeneity in the daughter nodes. At each iteration of the GBM algorithm, such a small tree is added to the model as a predictor, followed by searching for the next tree that optimally reduces misclassification (case/control phenotype) or residual (continuous phenotype). If trees consist of only a single split, then the resulting model is limited to main effects. Models where trees are grown to k splits can capture k-order interactions. All variables are considered at each step of the tree building algorithm in the search for the "best predictor", that is, the variable that best increases homogeneity in the daughter nodes. If trees are grown to k splits, then the inclusion of covariates (e.g., environmental variables) results in an automatic search for conditional effects of SNPs and covariates.
GBM can be used to rank-order SNPs according to their cumulative predictive performance. The variable importance measure (VIM) used in GBM is similar to the Gini importance commonly used in Random Forests [25] VIMs for Random Forest have been reported to be biased for SNPs in LD [26-29]. Our own work showed a similar bias for the VIM used for GBM [30]. To correct for this bias, we have developed a sliding window algorithm that creates a large number of overlapping subsets of SNPs from a genome-wide data set [30]. For this study, the correlation between SNPs within subsets was set to not exceed 0.1, meaning that SNPs in higher LD were assigned to different subsets. The subsets were analyzed in parallel on a grid, followed by an aggregation of results over the subsets. The algorithm and its performance have been described in Walters et al. [30]. In addition to removing bias in importance measures due to LD, the algorithm makes statistical learning methods such as GBM computationally more feasible for genome-wide analyses. For instance, in the empirical analysis described below individual subsets comprise on average only 25K SNPs, which can be analyzed in approximately 3.5 hours. The computation time of the complete analysis depends on the number of available nodes in the grid.
Evaluation of GBM
The main goal of the study is to evaluate the performance of GBM as a filter. We compare the sensitivity of ranking SNPs by p-value resulting from fitting the standard additive GWA model to Manolio et al. [1] ranking SNPs by p value resulting from a model that takes into account possible recessive and dominant effects [7], and Eichler et al. [2] to ranking SNPs using GBM. The comparison is carried out for simulated additive effects as well as interaction effects.
Empirical study of hair morphology
Previous GWA studies of hair morphology have shown large as well as small and suggestive effects, making hair morphology a highly suitable phenotype for a comparison of GBM and standard GWA using empirical data. Hair curliness in Europeans varies widely, with 45% of northern populations having straight hair compared to 40% with wavy and 15% with curly hair [31]. A previous GWAS showed a robust effect of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs17646946, rs11803731, rs4845418, rs12130862) in high LD (r2>.95) on chromosome 1 that explained approximately 6% of the variance of a normally distributed liability underlying the observed 3-category hair curliness (straight, wavy, curly) [32]. This large effect was replicated in a second adult and an adolescent family sample, and it was also found in an independent study examining a range of different phenotypes [33] Rs11803731 is located in the TCHH region (1q21). TCHH is expressed at high levels in the hair follicle, and mutations in rs11803731 might be related to structural variation of the trichohyalin protein [34-37]. In addition to the signal in the TCHH region, rs7349332 located in an intron of WNT10A on chromosome 2 (2q35) reached genome-wide significance in the study by Eriksson et al. [33] and was reported as a suggestive effect in Medland et al. [32] (p-value 1.36×10-6). Mutations in WNT10A are related to odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia, characterized by symptoms including dry and misformed hair.
Estimating a cutoff to select top ranked SNPs
We illustrate the SNP selection step using the empirical data of hair morphology by comparing GBM to GWA. To obtain an indication of how many SNPs to select in the first step, we use the program Genome- Wide Complex Analysis (GCTA) to estimate the phenotype variance that is explained by increasing percentiles of ranked SNPs compared to using all SNPs [38]. Again, we compare results based on rankings resulting from GBM and the standard GWA analysis.
Simulation study
Parametric models such as the regression model commonly used in GWA studies are unlikely to be outperformed by alternative methods if the parametric model is the correct model for the data. The weakness of fitting an a priori specified model lies in the potential for misspecifications and omissions of effects (e.g. recessive, dominant, SNP- SNP, and/or SNP-environment effects). However, since twin and family studies indicate that for many phenotypes a large part of the genetic effects are in fact additive (but see [10]), filtering methods aiming at reducing the number of SNPs should not underperform a selection based on ranking SNPs by p-value resulting from a standard GWA approach. Therefore, our simulations include data generated under the best-case scenario for standard GWA methods, as well as settings that we expect GBM to outperform other methods. The simulation consisted of two parts. For both parts we embedded simulated SNPs with specified minor allele frequency and effect size in a set of empirical genetic data consisting of 3000 SNPs observed in N=2000 subjects. The advantage of embedding simulated SNPs in empirical genetic noise is that the linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure is not simulated but observed in real data, while characteristics of the simulated SNPs are fully controlled. The first part of the simulation aimed at evaluating the performance of GBM to detect additive genetic effects. Here, data were generated under the additive genetic model that is commonly fitted in a GWAS. One hundred phenotype data sets were generated for all scenarios. For the first part of the simulation only main effects were evaluated. A simulated SNP explained on average either 0.15%, 0.2%, or 0.3% of the phenotypic variance. The SNP had either MAF=0.5, or MAF=0.1. For the second part of the simulation, the data contained interaction effects. We included 2 different scenarios: (1) two SNPs interact, have MAF=0.5, and both main effects and the interaction explain 0.3% of the variance, (2) same as (1), but one of the SNPs had a zero main effect. In both parts of the simulation, the data sets were analyzed with three methods, (1) GWA using the standard additive genetic model, which provides p-values for additive effects, (2) GWA using Robust SNP, which provides p-values that account for additive as well as potential recessive or dominant effects [7], and (3) GBM, which provides variable importance rankings that account for additive, recessive, dominant, and interaction effects. The performance of Robust SNP is described by the developers [7], and is included here as an intermediate option to illustrate the effect of permitting additive, recessive, and dominant effects on statistical power.
The main meta-parameters of GBM were chosen based on cross validation that was carried out in a small number of cells of the simulation design. The specific settings were (1) number of trees=3000, interaction depth=5, and shrinkage=0.0001. To evaluate simulation results, SNPs were ranked according to p-value (methods 1 and 2), or VIM (method 3). We then calculated the median rank of the simulated SNPs across data sets, and transform the median ranks into percentiles.
Empirical example
The main sample in the empirical illustration consisted of unrelated individuals selected at random from two adult family samples that comprised a total of 3894 individuals from 2447 families. Genotype data were collected in several waves on different platforms, requiring imputation to combine samples. The data collection, genotyping, and imputation are described in Medland et al. [32]. Quality control (QC) was carried out using Plink closely following steps and criteria described in Anderson et al. [40] Subjects were removed if expected proportion of alleles shared IBS was >0.185, and if the proportion of missing alleles was >0.01. The criteria for excluding SNPs were MAF <0.01, SNP missingness proportion >0.01, and deviation from Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium with p-value <10-6. In addition, following the example of the International Schizophrenia Consortium [41], we performed a haplotype-based test for missingness of SNPs. We excluded any SNP with missingness that was significantly predicted by the two neighboring SNPs on either side using p<10-10. QC resulted in selecting 2,359,291 SNPs and N=2235 subjects for our main analyses.
Simulation results
In the first part of the simulation, we applied GBM, Robust SNP, and a standard additive GWA model to a simulated SNP embedded in 3000 empirical SNPs unassociated with the phenotype. The simulated SNPs explained 0.15, 0.20, or 0.30% of the phenotypic variance, respectively, and had either MAF=0.5 or MAF=0.1.
Table 1 shows the results of the first part of the simulation that evaluated detection of main effects. Results are presented as median rankings of the three simulated SNPs across simulation repetitions. Note that the phenotype data were generated under the additive GWAS model. As can be seen in Table 1, there are no differences between the three methods when MAF=0.5, showing that even under conditions that are optimal for additive GWAS, the GBM does not underperform. For MAF=0.1, there is trend for a decrease in performance of GBM as effect size decreases. Methods described in Walters et al. reduce the effect of MAF on GBM performance, and are currently investigated in a separate study.
|5.6 (8.0)
|3.6 (5.2)
|1.6 (2.4)
|19.6 (28.2)
|9.8 (14.2)
|2.0 (2.9)
|6.7 (9.4)
|4.1 (6.1)
|1.7 (2.4)
|13.2 (18.9)
|4.9 (7.2)
|1.2 (1.8)
|5.2 (7.6)
|5.2 (7.7)
|1.6 (2.3)
|11.0 (14.3)
|3.2 (4.8)
|1.1 (1.5)
Note: Results are presented as percentile median ranks. For instance, averaged over Monte Carlo replications, 50% of the time a SNP explaining 0.15% of phenotypic variance is ranked within the 5.6 percentile. A robust measure of variability (Median Absolute Deviation, MAD) is given between brackets
Table 1: Results of three simulated SNPs using GBM, Robust SNP, and a standard additive GWA model
The second part of the simulation demonstrates the advantage of GBM in the presence of SNP-SNP interaction effects (Table 2). The results demonstrate that GBM can detect SNPs with zero main effects in case the interacting variable has a small main effect. The zero effect SNP had a median rank within the 19th percentile when using GBM. As expected, fitting an additive GWA model resulted in chance detection for this SNP. Although in our simulation the interacting variable had the characteristics of a SNP (i.e., a random variable valued {0,1,2}, with MAF 0.5), these results can be generalized to interactions between SNPs with zero main effect and covariates such as for instance an items or scales measuring comorbid disorders, or proxies of environmental variables. Our simulation shows that GBM can detect interacting variables even if they have zero main effect as long as one of the interacting variables has a small main effect. Clearly, such effects can only be detected in a standard regression if they are explicitly included in the tested model, which is not feasible when exploring a larger number of covariates in a genome-wide analysis.
|Scenario1 0.30/0.30
|Scenario2 0.30/0
|1.3 (1.9)
|0.8 (1.2)
|1.1 (1.7)
|19.0 (19.9)
|3.0 (4.2)
|2.2 (3.3)
|1.1 (1.6)
|56.9 (33.7)
|1.7 (2.5)
|1.8 (2.7)
|0.8 (1.1)
|52.1 (35.3)
Note: Results are presented as percentile median ranks of detecting SNP. A robust measure of variability (Median Absolute Deviation, MAD) is given between brackets. SNP1 always explains 0.3% of the variance, SNP2 either explains 0.3% (scenario1) or zero% (scenario2). Using GBM, a SNP with a zero main effect (SNP2, scenario2) is within the19th percentile in 50% of the Monte Carlo replications. Robust SNP and additive GWAS perform (as expected) only at chance level (i.e., median percentile rank around 50).
Table 2: Results of two interacting simulated SNPs using GBM, Robust SNP, and a standard additive GWA model.
Empirical illustration
In the empirical illustration using the hair morphology data, we compare top ranked SNPs resulting from additive GWAS and GBM. To address the question what proportion of SNPs should be selected in a first step, we estimated the variance in hair curliness that is explained by increasing proportions of SNPs ranked by VIM compared to SNPs ranked by p-value. Using an additive genetic model in a GWAS reproduced previous results concerning rs17646946, rs11803731, rs4845418, and rs12130862 on chromosome 1. The four SNPs reached genome-wide significance with p-values 3.47×10-13, 2.97×10-13, 1.63×10-11, and 1.24×10-11, respectively. No other SNP passed the threshold of 5×10-8.
We applied GBM to the hair curliness data using settings that had cross validated adequately in previous analyses of empirical and simulated data of comparable size. The settings are (1) number of trees in prediction model=3000, (2) shrinkage=0.001, and (3) bag fraction=.5, and (4) interaction depth=1. GBM successfully reproduced the GWAS results of the large effects of rs17646946, rs11803731, rs4845418, and rs12130862 in the 1q21 region on chromosome 1. These four SNPs had the highest VIMs. Rs7349332 located in WNT10A on chromosome 2, which reached genome-wide significance in the study by Eriksson et al. [33] and was reported as a suggestive effect in Medland et al. [32] was ranked in the upper 0.012 percentile in the GBM results. The ranking for this SNP was 284.
The GBM results deviated from the additive genetic model results concerning the second largest signal detected with GBM (Figure 2). GBM implicated several SNPs in high LD on chromosome 9. These SNPs were ranked 5th-9th, that is, within the 0.000375th percentile. To investigate whether the divergence between the additive genetic model and GBM regarding the signal on chromosome 9 was due to limiting the GWAS to an additive model, we tested rs2784081, which had the highest rank, in a dominant and a recessive genetic model. The recessive model resulted in β=0.89 (se=0.18), with associated p-value 5.89×10-07, whereas the dominant model was not significant (p-value 0.068). The additive model tested in the GWAS had a p-value of 5.08×10-4. Rs2784081 tags the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 gene, TRAF2, located at 9q34. TRAF2 is mainly known for its role in regulating programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Apoptosis in the hair follicle is described in detail in Botchkareva et al. [42]. The activity of the hair follicle is cyclic, and moves through phases of hair growth (anagen), apoptosis and hair loss (catagen), and a period of rest (telagen). Although TRAF2 plays a role in regulating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in the hair follicle, no specific function of TRAF2 has been described that would more precisely help understand the association between TRAF2 and hair morphology.
We attempted to replicate the results concerning rs2784081 using two different independent data sets. The first data set was a sample of N=23,458 unrelated European individuals. The data stem from an ongoing web-based data collection, which is described in detail in Eriksson et al. [33] and which includes the data used in the Eriksson study as a subset. "European" in that sample is broadly defined, and includes individuals from multiple ethnic groups. Using the first 4 principal components to correct for stratification, rs2811761, which is in high LD (r2>.9) with rs2784081 was tested in an additive as well as a recessive model. Neither model resulted in statistical significance (Wald statistics<1.0, p values>.5). Narrowing the sample to Northern Europeans (N=13,605) in order to match population characteristics more closely to our original sample was equally unsuccessful.
The second data set used in our attempt to replicate the effect of rs2784081 consisted of participants of the Twins UK adult twin registry, which is a volunteer cohort of over 10,000 twins from the general population. The part of Twins UK with available genotype data is described in more detail in Hysi et al. [43]. We randomly selected one individual from each MZ pair (N=199), and included all non- MZ sibling pairs (N=192 pairs) and unrelated individuals (N=2049), resulting in a sample of N=2632 individuals. To account for clustering due to family structure caused by the non-MZ sib pairs we used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to test for the association of rs2784081with binary hair curliness [44-46]. The recessive effect was estimated at β=0.417 with a standard error of se=0.210, resulting in a Wald statistic of 3.96 associated with p=0.047, thereby replicating the results of the main analysis. Additionally, we tested the additive genetic model. The allelic effect was smaller, β=0.143, but was associated with a smaller standard error, se=0.0696, thus producing a larger Wald statistic equaling 4.25, p=0.040.
Estimating a cutoff for the selection of top SNPs
Selecting a proportion of top ranked SNPs in a first step filter provides the possibility of fitting more complex models in a second step. To obtain an indication which proportion of SNPs to select, and to further evaluate GBM as a first step filter we estimated how much variance in hair curliness was explained by the top 1k, 5k, 10k, and 20k of the ranked SNPs. The main objective of this part of our analysis was to obtain an indication of how many top ranked SNPs would be necessary to match the estimate of variance explained by all SNPs. This analysis was done using GCTA [38,47]. We compared the variance in hair curliness explained by the top ranked SNPs resulting from GBM to the same numbers of SNPs rank ordered by p-values resulting from the additive GWA model. The method implemented in GCTA consists of first computing the genetic similarity between all pairs of subjects using the observed SNP data. The second step of the method involves using the genetic similarity as a random effect to predict the phenotype in a linear mixed model. GCTA can be used for subsets of SNPs or all SNPs. Note that GCTA evaluates variance explained by additive effects. GCTA requires stringent QC especially when applied to case/ control phenotypes [47]. In addition to an adaptation of the two-locus test to remove SNPs that controls for differential case/control calling errors, we included the first 4 principal component as covariates when estimating the phenotypic variance that is due to SNPs [48] Figure 3 shows point estimates and 95% confidence intervals corresponding to selecting increasing numbers of top ranked SNPs resulting from applying GBM and additive GWAS. In our analysis, the top 20K SNPs detected by GBM explain approximately the same variance as all SNPs in the data set. Furthermore, when comparing point estimates of SNPs ranked by GWAS and GBM, Figure 3 shows that these are very similar for 1000 SNPs, and higher for GBM than those of standard GWAS when considering the top 5K, 10K, and 20K. Confidence intervals overlap, however, and therefore results should be interpreted with caution. Obviously, both the ranking obtained through GBM, and the precision of the estimates of explained variance are, among others, dependent on sample size. The result that the top 20K of ~2,4 million SNPs explain about the same variance in hair curliness highlights the potential of GBM as a first stage filter of genome-wide SNPs.
One of the advantages of GBM is that it is not necessary to specify a genetic model a priori. As noted by Lettre et al. [6], limiting a GWA study to the additive genetic model performs poorly in case the correct model is recessive. Furthermore, testing all possible genetic models requires appropriate adjustments for multiple testing [7]. A second advantage is the detection of interaction effects, not only between SNPs, but also between SNPs and included covariates, without the need to specify exactly which main or interactions effects to include in the model. The simulations showed the advantage of boosting over conventional methods is especially clear if one of the interacting variables has no main effect. Gradient boosting might therefore be especially interesting for the exploration of GxE interactions. As mentioned by Walters et al., adding several hundred variables in a GBM analysis of genome-wide SNPs does not noticeably increase the computation time [30].
Note that it is possible to fit GBM models that differ with respect to the order of interaction (e.g., up to kth order interactions). In practice, complex phenotypes are often measured with multiple items. It is easy to show that using a sum score as a proxy of a multidimensional phenotype can entail a considerable loss of information, and therefore loss of statistical power to detect genetic effects [49-51]. Current methods that permit flexible modeling of multivariate phenotypes while accounting for potential interactions between SNPs or SNPs and covariates are limited by computational demands. GBM could be used to obtain scale specific SNP selections by carrying out analyses on multiple items or scales while including the other scales as predictors. The selected lists can then be combined in second step analyses that permit more complex modeling of multivariate phenotypes.
The empirical illustration showed that GBM is not limited to the detection of additive effects, however, the lack of a solid replication is a reminder that the selected top SNPs will include false positives. It is therefore important to carry out the second step analyses of a two-step genome-wide analysis in an independent sample. The advantages of a 2-step procedure are that more complex modeling is computationally feasible, and that the significance level of the second step depends on the much smaller number of SNPs included in the second step, corrected for LD between the selected SNPs.
In conclusion, our simulation showed that GBM performs well even under conditions that are optimally favorable for additive genetic GWA methods, and outperforms standard methods in case interactions are present. Furthermore, the illustration showed that GBM replicated previous GWAS results concerning large effects of four SNPs in Trichohyalin gene in the 1q21 region. Also, SNPs tagging WNT10A that had reached genome-wide significance or were reported as suggestive effects in previous studies ranked in the upper 0.01 percentile when ranking SNPs according to predictive importance. While an alternative first step filter could use test all three univariate genetic models (additive, dominant, recessive) and correct for Type I error as described in So and Sham, GBM has the additional advantage of providing SNP rankings that do not exclude epistatic effects, and that can include main and interaction effects involving large numbers of potentially interesting covariates.


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The Right Tool For The Job.
More and more firefighters around the globe are reaching for the dual-powered (a/c and battery) BH-20. It's ergonomic, light-weight (59 lbs with battery), and compact design (24"x24"x10") requires only one person carry and set it up. Engineered to build pressure quickly.
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video of joker movie song
Download Joker 2016 Hindi Dubbed Movie HD 720p , Full DVD Kickass Links Torrent Movi Nintendo sold over 906,000 Switch units in the United States alone last month, making it, as they bragged a press release tonight, fastest-selling video game presenting the biggest song of 2014 full video voice sandhu. Hardy Sandhu's JOKER Lyrics: A beautiful Punjabi song by Sandhu, nicely composed B Praak & very well written Jaani music and lyrics are do comment. Singer: Sandhu Mark Hamill, Actor: Star Wars tribute to joker! my songs: t-shirts: itunes: https. Hamill is best known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker original Wars trilogy - Wars: Episode IV New Hope lyrics songs from / album : mera naam (1970); by: shankarsinh raghuwanshi, jaikishan dayabhai pankal; singer(s): asha bhosle, manna dey. Presenting The Biggest Song Of 2014 FULL VIDEO voice SandhuTags: video, of, joker, movie, song,


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Peacocks (and turquoise) are one of the trends for this year, so I decided to create a peacock tablescape using those trends as inspiration. Since my version was done for a Mardi Gras party, I also incorporated some purple and gold, which go very well with the peacock color scheme.
Want to see the Mardi Gras party where I used these tablescapes? Click here see the post.


text:
Bright Life
by Denigoddess
I can recall your face from deep in my past
the magic of memories is how they last
we alway seem to forget that pain may arise
be it banished by ebony hair and sable eyes.
A part of you eludes me lke a floating mist
it dances just out of my reach?
What is it about you that entrances my heart?
What about you makes me forget how to speak?
In the warmth of the daylight you walk the Bright Life
While I am your shadow on the dark side of the glass
You bask in the sun and your live your real life
And there are those to make sure of my kind I'm the last.
You inspire me a Gargoyle's hunger
No human male will make you yearn with that raging heart's fire
what we have is so written to be always forbidden.
We damn ourselves by admitting our desire.
On the dark shild of shadow, I am a child of the night
while I see a blinding reflection in the glass
Bask in my love as you would in the sun
and let Destiny let no lot for us be cast.
From Dusk unti dawn we know passion's ways
and a forbidden now love is born
we will do whatever it takes to remain together
in Darkness and light we burn from the scorn.
On the bright side of light you walk the Bright Life.
While I am your shadow on the Dark side of the glass
We dance under the moon that we both know so well.
Is this the first love of it's kind? Will tonight be our last?
Creatures of the night indeed we both are.
We question the Fates, "For what are we destined?"
Your answer comes to me as you press your lips against mine
But that doesn't cause the pain to lessen.
I remain as a stone as you live your life
you come and go whenever you have the time
Am I a fool to pursue you as a mate and a wife?
We hear the Cadance of Chronos and Father Time's rhyme.
As you walk down the path out of sight to the Bright Life
I see burning tears searing holes in the glass
My dreams melt away as the stone sharks fall about me
and this bittersweet love is a memory that lasts.


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1510 Hutchinson River Pkwy E, Bronx, NY 10461
Categories: Skateboarding
Neighborhood: East Bronx
About: A skate shop for the Bronx, from the Bronx. Bronx native Anthony Luciano opened the shop after collaborating with the founder of Battle of the Bronx and Indigenous Skate Boards, Bert Correa. The overall design for the shop was first inspired by skate shop builder Thesues of Ratrod design studio. His vision was enhanced with the works of Bronx artist Joseph Jackino. Jackino created the collage counter top using photographs of Bronx graffiti art and painted the mural of the iconic elevated 6 train that crosses the neighborhood.


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With Today's outfit, I decided to pair up a black vest-like top (depicting darkness and negativity) together with my favourite yellow pleated maxi skirt (translating it as light and positivity). The two make a brilliant combination don't you think?
As a disclaimer the above translation is ONLY for this post and not all matters style.
Like they say, comparison is a thief of Joy. Many a time I find myself comparing my journey with other people's journey and therefore become a victim to my own self inflicting misery. Being a fashion and lifestyle blogger, I always have to be on top of trends and be up to date with what is current and what is not. Which is a good thing if you ask me. On the flip side of things though, it does tend to leave me admiring people's work and lifestyle to the extent that I must admit is unhealthy . I say this because I realized that I am always beating myself for not having certain things in my life, visiting interesting places or achieving accolades and milestones that I have always wanted to. It is depressing but guess what, I put a stop to it before it got any worse. I believe that everyone should make steps at their own comfortable pace and time. Moreover continuing to confide in people who are close to me like my mom and my boyfriend also helps me keep in check and reminds me what really matters.
I know I am not the only one who has this problem of comparing myself to others and that is why i find it imperative to share this post and help someone realise that they are so much better than they give themselves credit for. If someone wants to leave words of relevant wisdom they may feel free to do so. I am of the opinion that things can either have an advantage or a disadvantage to them. So I am going to list down what i think is good about admiring other people's work and what is bad.
For starters, If you view something that is pleasing and that you admire, it should act as a force to push and motivate you to work towards its attainment. Opening your eyes to other people's achievements or work makes you hardworking so you can enjoy having your own.
Someone else's work should also work as a source of inspiration and never to depress simply because you don't have it or cant do it at that particular time. If you can imagine it, you can achieve it and that is how it should be. In retrospect, its funny now how it bothered me earlier that i did not have certain things or had not reached a certain point of my life.
If done to an extreme, it takes away your joy and your inner light that make you the person you are.
It diminishes your self esteem by making you feel little and inferior which really isn't the case .This feeling leaves you doing less of what you loved doing before and ultimately makes one lose their goal due to the attitude of inadequacy.
Defining your style and personality properly is key since it is the first thing that a stranger notices. If you obscure a good first impression, one finds it very hard to redeem themselves thereafter. So I want to urge you and encourage each of you this evening to love being yourself. As much as this is cliche, originality is paramount to every individual and you can only win by being yourself.
Blessed evening.


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This 57'' Height Cat Plush Tree is the ultimate all-in one spot for your kitty to do all the things she loves, from lounging to leaping to honing her expert hunting skills. Frisky cats can jump from perch to perch as they climb to the top of their lookout tower. A carefully placed dangling toy gives kitty the thrill of the hunt as she bats it around till her heart's content. With two scratching 4mm sisal pillars, several cats can claw at once, so it's great for multi-cat households. When it's time for a catnap, the private kitty apartment provides a quiet spot to curl up for snoozing. The faux fleece fabric covering makes naptime comfy, plus it's great for face rubbing and nuzzling.
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1968 Tunnel Rats
During the Vietnam War [1959-1975] a special US combat unit is sent out to hunt and kill the Viet Cong soldiers in a man-to-man combat in the endless tunnels underneath the jungle of Vietnam. Suicide squads of a special kind.
Actor: Michael Paré , Wilson Bethel , Mitch Eakins , Erik Eidem , Brandon Fobbs
Director: Uwe Boll
Duration: 96 min
Quality: HD
Release: 2008
IMDb: 4.7