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Large Spark Ignited Engine Certification
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2 Large Spark Ignited Engine Certification Mike DeGain Operations Manager Sedale Turbovsky Legal Research Analyst x4 August 18, 2014 Summary: ECO has developed a system to address the complex issue of engine certification and provide engine manufactures with a clear path to emissions compliance. This analysis deals with the process of Engine Certification for Large Spark Ignited Engines. Engine Certification can be a dizzying and time consuming process. ECO is here to help you with any and all of your engine certification needs. Please contact us should you have any questions about this document.
3 1 Engine Certification Requirements The engine and equipment manufacturing industry face heavy regulation from two main government bodies. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resource Board (ARB) both regulate emissions from mobile and stationary sources. Regulatory devices include extensive testing and application procedures in order to legally market and sell engines, equipment and technology in the United States. In order to comply with the requirements engine manufacturers must follow strict testing procedures to demonstrate or certify that their engine or vehicle meets the engine emissions standards while operating in a specific service class (test cycle and weight restriction). An engine cannot be placed in a vehicle and operated outside its service class designation. Emission standards are set for a variety of service classes including new passenger cars (PC), light-duty trucks (LDT), medium-duty vehicles (MDV), heavy-duty engines (HDE) and vehicles (HDV) including urban buses (UB), on- and off-road motorcycles (ONMC and OFMC), all-terrain vehicles (ATV), and electric golf carts (egc). Large Spark Ignited Engines EPA Certification Categories: EPA certification of Large Spark Ignited engines excludes engines with less than 19kW maximum power output, Marine engines, On-highway engines, Locomotive engines, and all Compression Ignition engines. The EPA has defined two clear and very distinct sets of requirements for Large Spark Ignited engines including stationary and nonroad mobile categories. It is critical that each ECO client that produces certified industrial engines is aware that the distinction between these categories is not always as simple as it might seem. Bulldozers are literally mobile equipment. Mobile equipment can also be engines, pumps, generator sets, and PTO s which are intended to be transported from one location to another and include such features as wheels, skids, carrying handles, dolly, trailer, or platform. Stationary engines are often permanently installed to a site both indoors and outdoors. The stationary category applies to engines, pumps, generator sets, and PTO s as well. The stationary category also applies to equipment intended to be transported from one location to another if it is not actually removed within 12 months. P a g e 1 11
4 2 Additionally, some mobile engine applications are federally preempted from statewide regulation; where stationary engines are subject to varying additional state and local jurisdiction. ECO has significant experience helping our clients to combine the testing requirements for multiple applications in order to maintain a single engine family approved for both mobile and stationary use. This eliminates any potential use restrictions and the need to control the sales of your products. EPA field inspectors reviewing stationary engines need to ensure that the correct standard is satisfied, or if the engine is not laboratory certified for stationary use that the owner or operator has performed a site certification. EPA LSI Emissions Standards: EPA emissions standards for Large Spark Ignited (LSI) engines are regulated by 40 CFR Part The LSI certification category applies to both mobile and some stationary engines. In this category the minimum useful lifetime is 5000 hours of operation and engines must satisfy the standards at their full regulated lifetime. EPA Tier 2 LSI exhaust emissions standards apply to certified LSI engines beginning in the 2007 model year. The Tier 2 HC+NOX standard is 2.7 g/kw-hr and the Tier 2 CO standard is 4.4 g/kw-hr. The EPA Tier 2 standards for LSI engines also include an optional sliding scale allowing certified engines to satisfy the equation (HC+NOX) CO The following table includes possible Tier 2 emissions standards that satisfy this requirement: Table 1 of Examples of Possible Tier 2 Duty-cycle Emission Standards P a g e 2 11
5 3 CARB LSI Emissions Standards: Not all mobile certified engines are subject to CARB standards. Mobile engines used for construction equipment as well as agricultural equipment may be federally preempted from state regulation and as a result CARB is unable to impose additional more stringent standards. A complete list of preempted equipment application can be reviewed at: Mobile generator sets are not preempted and CARB certification is mandatory to sell any mobile generator sets or individual engines to the state of California. CARB emissions standards for Large Spark Ignited (LSI) engines impose more stringent emissions standards effective for the 2013 model year. Present CARB certified LSI engines are subject to the same EPA Tier 2 standards above CARB certified engines require compliance with the HC+NOX standard 0.8 g/kw-hr and the CO standard of 20.6 g/kw-hr. P a g e 3 11
6 4 EPA Stationary Emissions Standards: EPA emissions standards for Stationary engines are regulated by 40 CFR Part 60. Any stationary engine that operates on NG must satisfy the following emissions standards: Table 1 to Subpart JJJJ of Part 60 NOX, CO, and VOC Emission Standards for Stationary Non-Emergency SI Engines 100 HP (Except Gasoline and Rich Burn LPG), Stationary SI Landfill/Digester Gas Engines, and Stationary Emergency Engines >25 HP P a g e 4 11
7 5 Optional Paths for Stationary Engine Certification: Site Certification: Stationary only Natural Gas fueled engines can be sold uncertified. Uncertified engines may be installed by owners and operators and fall subject to site certification procedures. This requires each and every individual engine to perform emissions testing and site certification application and approval. Site certification is generally the approach used for engines that operate on landfill and digester gasses where the operation fuel properties have a large variation from site to site, and laboratory testing cannot represent the operation fuel. Laboratory Certification: Site certification of pipeline NG stationary engines is not likely to be attractive to potential buyers. A better option is to perform laboratory based certification. Certified engines that operate on pipeline NG may be sold and installed and operated without a need for your customers to perform additional testing or pay additional fees. In case of laboratory certification, manufacturers must carefully evaluate their installation requirements and develop literature needed to instruct owners and operators how to install engines represented by the laboratory testing that are covered by the EPA certificates. CARB Stationary Emissions Standards: CARB does not regulate stationary engines. EPA certified stationary engines can be sold in all 50 states including California. However, California has developed many individual air districts that have local ordinances that apply to stationary engines. Great care must be taken to ensure potential local air district requirements are satisfied. Site certification may be needed depending on the location of operation. ECO has performed some research on different California Air Quality Management Districts and this activity is presently lead directly by our President Josh Pietak. Additional Certification Considerations: Deterioration Factors: The EPA will allow small volume manufacturers to use assigned DFs. Small volume manufacturers must satisfy one of the following definitions: P a g e 5 11
8 6 (1) An engine manufacturer with U.S.-directed production volumes of engines subject to the requirements of this part totaling no more than 2,000 units in any year. This includes engines produced by parent or subsidiary companies. (2) An engine manufacturer with fewer than 200 employees. This includes any employees working for parent or subsidiary companies. CARB no longer allows the use of assigned DF s by any LSI engine manufacturer. CARB certification will typically involve running a half-life service accumulation program to determine deterioration factors. Useful Life: In this category the minimum useful lifetime is 5000 hours of operation and engines must satisfy the standards at their full regulated lifetime. For engines designed to operate for longer periods before overhaul is required, a longer useful lifetime period is required. Field Testing Performance: In addition to regulated emissions standards from the weighted composite test cycle, engines are also subject to field testing standards. Any potential operation point must directly satisfy the following requirements: Table 3 of Examples of Possible Tier 2 Field-testing Emission Standards P a g e 6 11
9 7 Noncommercial Fuels: Typically, Mobile and Stationary NG engines are tested and certified to operate on Pipeline NG only. Pipeline NG is delivered by municipal supply and has very tightly controlled composition and properties. Pipeline NG typically has a heating value of about 1050 BTU/SCFM. Pipeline NG certified engines are not approved to operate on noncommercial fuels including but not limited to oil field wellhead gas, landfill gas, digester gas, synthetic gas, and other similar fuels with varying properties. Special laboratory certification is also possible for engines designed to operate on Wellhead NG from oil wells. In case Wellhead NG operation is required, ECO has experience to develop laboratory testing procedures to test a range of fuel properties and to eliminate a need to perform site certification for installations that comply with the range of fuel properties evaluated. Resulting noncommercial fuel certification is limited to a specific range of fuel properties selected by the manufacturer and demonstrated during emission testing. Additionally such engines are permitted to include user adjustments to properly set up engines for the specific fuel properties at ach installation site. Evaporative Emissions: Engines that run on a volatile liquid fuel (such as gasoline), must meet the following evaporative emissions standards and requirements: 1. Evaporative hydrocarbon emissions may not exceed 0.2 grams per gallon of fuel tank capacity when measured with the test procedures for evaporative emissions. 2. For nonmetallic fuel lines, MORs must specify and use products that meet the Category 1 specifications in SAE J Liquid fuel in the fuel tank may not reach boiling during continuous engine operation in the final installation at an ambient temperature of 30 C. Note that gasoline with a Reid vapor pressure of 62 kpa (9 psi) begins to boil at about 53 C. The regulations allow MORs to use design-based certification instead of generating new emission data. P a g e 7 11
10 8 Delegated Assembly: Manufacturers that do not supply the full contents of their certified engine bill of material are required to utilize delegated assembly provisions. Delegated assembly allows for a 3rd party to source components to the certifying manufacturer s specifications, but also require the certifying manufacturer to control and audit such operations. Diagnostics: Mobile certified engines are required to detect significant malfunctions in the emission-control system using the following protocols: 1. If the emission-control strategy depends on maintaining air-fuel ratios at stoichiometry, an acceptable diagnostic design would identify malfunction whenever the air-fuel ratio does not cross stoichiometry for one minute of intended closedloop operation. MORs may use other diagnostic strategies if EPA approves them in advance. 2. Use a malfunction-indicator light (MIL). The MIL must be readily visible to the operator; it may be any color except red. When the MIL goes on, it must display Check Engine, Service Engine Soon when required. Adjustable Parameters: Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access) and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing or normal in-use operation. This includes, but is not limited to, parameters related to injection timing and fueling rate. You may ask us to exclude a parameter that is difficult to access if it cannot be adjusted to affect emissions without significantly degrading engine performance, or if you otherwise show us that it will not be adjusted in a way that affects emissions during in-use operation. Engines must satisfy all emission criteria with any adjustable parameters set to any possible position, or manufacturers must employ tamper resistance methods sufficient to protect such adjustments from tampering. Crankcase Emissions: Crankcase emissions may not be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere from any engine throughout its useful life. P a g e 8 11
11 9 Torque Broadcasting: Electronically controlled engines must broadcast their speed and output shaft torque (in newton-meters). Engines may alternatively broadcast a surrogate value for determining torque. Engines must broadcast engine parameters such that they can be read with a remote device, or broadcast them directly to their controller area networks. This information is necessary for testing engines in the field. Small-volume engine manufacturers may omit this requirement. AECD s: Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature, motive speed, engine rpm, transmission gear, or any other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or deactivating the operation of any part of the emission-control system. AECD Device Descriptions must be included with certification applications and shall be reviewed as potential defeat devices. Maintenance Instructions: Manufacturers are required to give the ultimate purchaser of each new engine written instructions for properly maintaining and using the engine, including the emission-control system. The maintenance instructions also apply to service accumulation on emission-data engines. Critical emission-related maintenance. Critical emission-related maintenance includes any adjustment, cleaning, repair, or replacement of critical emission-related components. You may schedule critical emission-related maintenance on these components if you meet the following conditions: Demonstrate that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals on in-use engines. We will accept scheduled maintenance as reasonably likely to occur if you satisfy any of the following conditions: 1. You present data showing that, if a lack of maintenance increases emissions, it also unacceptably degrades the engine's performance. 2. You present survey data showing that at least 80 percent of engines in the field get the maintenance you specify at the recommended intervals. 3. You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in maintenance instructions for the customer. 4. You otherwise show us that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals. P a g e 9 11
12 10 You may not schedule critical emission-related maintenance more frequently than the following minimum intervals: 1. For catalysts, fuel injectors, electronic control units, superchargers, and turbochargers: The useful life of the engine family (5,000 hours). 2. For gaseous fuel-system components (cleaning without disassembly only) and oxygen sensors: 2,500 hours. Recommended additional maintenance. You may recommend any additional amount of maintenance, as long as you state clearly that these maintenance steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. If operators do the critical maintenance specified above, but not the recommended additional maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those engines from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim. Do not take these maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines. Special maintenance. You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as substandard fuel or atypical engine operation. For example, you may specify more frequent cleaning of fuel system components for engines you have reason to believe will be using fuel that causes substantially more engine performance problems than commercial fuels of the same type that are generally available across the United States. You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing. Maintenance that is not emission-related. For maintenance unrelated to emission controls, you may schedule any amount of inspection or maintenance. You may also take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data engines, as long as they are reasonable and technologically necessary. This might include adding engine oil, changing air, fuel, or oil filters, servicing engine-cooling systems, and adjusting idle speed, governor, engine bolt torque, valve lash, or injector lash. You may perform this non emission-related maintenance on emission-data engines at the least frequent intervals that you recommend to the ultimate purchaser. Production Line Testing: Manufacturers must select engines from the production line quarterly for PLT testing. PLT testing is required by manufacturers for every engine family with an anticipated production volume of 150 units per year. Manufacturers that produce P a g e 10 11
13 11 more than 150 engines can choose to test 1% of production or to satisfy a cumsum statistic Measured emissions levels of PLT test engines are deteriorated and compared to the standard (1%) or subjected to statistical significance calculations (cumsum) to determine if the quarterly testing is completed or if additional engines must be tested. In-Use Testing: Any certified LSI engine family must comply with the emissions standards on the prescribed certification test cycle. Additionally, certified LSI engines must also comply with the emissions standards when operated in-use. The EPA has developed an audit function to ensure that engines continue to meet the certified emissions standards in-use. Any certified engine family is subject to in-use testing. At any time, a manufacturer may receive a request from the EPA to perform in-use testing on any certified engine family. If an in-use test order is received, a manufacturer will have one year to prepare a list of engines in the requested engine family and determine the actual operating hours and usage and prepare a test plan to test a minimum of 2 engines within 2 years of the date the test plan is approved by the EPA. P a g e 11 11
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text:
[koh-di-pen-duh nt]
of or relating to a relationship in which one person is physically or psychologically addicted, as to alcohol or gambling, and the other person is psychologically dependent on the first in an unhealthy way.
one who is codependent or in a codependent relationship.
Origin of codependent
First recorded in 1985–90
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019
Examples from the Web for codependency
Contemporary Examples of codependency
Now Perry and reporters are in a different phase: codependency.Perry Can Still Win
Matt Latimer
October 20, 2011
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thread: Kawasaki 川崎
Results 1 to 9 of 9
#1 Kawasaki 川崎10-20-2012, 06:52 PM
Kawasaki Heavy Industries announced in June 2012 a signing of a letter of intent to partner with Loncin Motor Co. Ltd with regard to manufacturing and sales of motorcycles in China.
Kawasaki's and Loncin's aim is to establish joint ventures companies for the manufacturing and sales of Kawasaki motorcycles in china.
Loncin has been manufacturing a 300cc DOHC single that is a small part of Kawasaki's nomenclature.
This raises questions; Have the two already been working with each other?
Kawasaki is not short on creativity in its partnerships, in Malaysia they offer both imported models and all domestically assembled models one of which is the ER6n as well as a Ninja KRR Z150 a 30hp 150cc two-stroke, they offer two lines those assembled in Malaysia and those imported.
In the Philippians, Kawasaki also offers two line, leisure and commuters bikes. The commuters are from 100cc -175cc, they also sell a scooter that is 112cc (CHANGZHOU KWANG) they call the Curve.
The offers Kawasaki presents in different markets are in part reflected in their affiliations.
For example they are partnered BAJAJ in India, which is now a major shareholder in KTM.
Shared model...
Boxer CT 150
The Boxer is offered in the Philippians as a Kawasaki and Bajaj in India, it retails in both markets for about $750.00 USD.
In Tawian they are partnered with KYMCO.
In Indonesia they sell the same 150 offered in Malaysia as the Ninja SS they also offer a Mini KSR110, they also offer a line of step through models.
They are manufacturing many of the bikes in Thailand and many are also assembled in other countries in Asia. Some of the Kawasaki are Bajaj model and also Kymco.
However the list of Asia operations and partners, does not have China included.
The partnerships formed will likely be a multiparty ventures and fairly large in scale.
Last edited by MJH; 10-21-2012 at 05:14 AM.
#2 Re: Kawasaki 川崎10-21-2012, 04:23 AM
In the late 1950's Kawasaki acquired Meguro Motorcycle of Japan, Meguro had a license for the BSA A7.
Kawasaki built the A7 as a Meguro K, revised the engine and then offered it as a K2.
They later enlarged the K2 engine to 625ccand it was called the W1...
In 1999 Kawasaki brought back the W line with a W650, then dropped the model in 2007.
In 2011 Kawasaki began offering a W800, they also sell a 250cc single they call the Estrella that caries the same design elements.
BJ250 Estrella
The W800 is offered in Malaysia as an import model.
#3 Re: Kawasaki 川崎10-21-2012, 04:36 AM
Kawasaki Network
#4 Re: Kawasaki 川崎
#5 Re: Kawasaki 川崎11-29-2012, 07:40 AM
Kawasaki Chinese operations: Changzhou Kawasaki and Kwang Yang Engine Co., Ltd.
CK&K manufactures and sells Kawasaki general-purpose gasoline engines in China.
CK&K was established in 2009 as a joint venture between Kawasaki and a local entity. It is located in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, which, in recent years, has been making remarkable progress as a high-tech manufacturing city.
The general-purpose engines produced today are exported primarily to Japan, North America, and Europe. These engines are mounted on lawn gardening, farming, and forestry machines as well as industrial and leisure vehicles, in order to meet the needs of a wide range of customers.
#6 Re: Kawasaki 川崎
- Join Date
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Dear MJH,
Kawasaki (not to be confused with Yamasaki) has been the odd man out in China for a long time, though the other Japanese makers who are here have yet to breach the 250cc threshold. Would be great to see Kawasaki jump in with something in the practical mid-displacement range. This post reminded me of your earlier post in this thread noting a letter of intent between Kawasaki and Loncin. Wonder how much longer we'll be waiting to see the fruits of that deal?
2010 JH600 "Merkin Muffley" (in Shanghai)
2000 KLR650 "Feezer Ablanalp" (in California)
#7 Re: Kawasaki 川崎
- Join Date
- Dec 2009
- Location
- mostly Shanghai, sometimes northern California
- Posts
- 3,223
Already posted this earlier in another thread, but guess it belongs here in the Kawasaki thread under industry news. The Kawasaki-Loncin deal is dead.
Saturday, January 19, 2013Kawasaki Heavy China Motorcycle Tie-Up Over Before It Began
TOKYO (Nikkei)--Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. (7012) said Friday that it will dissolve a basic partnership agreement with Loncin Motor Co. on motorcycle production and sales in China.
Since forging the agreement last June, the two companies had been discussing setting up a production site and joint venture to handle sales operations, but they failed to come to terms on details of the arrangement. Loncin is one of China's leading motorcycle manufacturers.
The Japanese firm had withdrawn from the Chinese motorcycle market in 2000. But with income levels for China's middle class on the rise, it was planning to release its mainstay midsize to large motorcycles through the partnership with Loncin.
Kawasaki Heavy has not revealed the specifics of the dissolution, but said the decision was not influenced by the dispute between the two countries over the Senkaku Islands.
(The Nikkei, Jan. 19 morning edition)
2010 JH600 "Merkin Muffley" (in Shanghai)
2000 KLR650 "Feezer Ablanalp" (in California)
#8 Re: Kawasaki 川崎03-01-2013, 05:35 PM
Kawasaki is working on an electric motorcycle design, whilst that is happening they typically file design patents, this is to protect from espionage and theft of the work in progress. They can also sell it formally to others as a body of work under a license to others.
This is an observation made at Visor Down which is simply not true….
"While bikes are Kawasaki's public face, the motorcycle part of the firm is tiny in relation to its other activities;"
Motorcycles and small engines are their largest business segment.
Last edited by MJH; 08-31-2013 at 01:17 PM.
#9 Re: Kawasaki 川崎08-29-2013, 04:51 PM
Japanese Kawasaki Heavy Industries again after a lapse of 15 years into China
, according to Japan's "Sankei Shimbun" reported on August 8, the 8th Japan's Kawasaki Heavy Industries announced that it will once again after a lapse of 15 years re-enter the Chinese motorcycle market. According to plan, Kawasaki Heavy Industries will be have dealers in Shanghai, Beijing and Chengdu opened in large sport motorcycle sales point. It is reported that Kawasaki Heavy Industries move is aimed at responding to the current leisure motorcycles demand. This indicates that after following the Suzuki and Yamaha, Kawasaki Heavy Industries has become the third major motorcycle brand selling in China of Japanese companies. Although including scooters Japanese motorcycle sales in China accounted for only 6%, but faces a hard market to sell imported motorcycles within.
No primary online source can be confirmed.
It is odd that Kawasaki is not advertising its offering into China, it has not set up a website for China.
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KFC, Brooklawn NJ / service manger,
As I pulled up to the line at kfc, I was a car lenth back of the speaker, I hear the lady very faintly but iam still behind the car and cant get to the speaker, when I finally reach the speaker, the lady is yelling at me what is my problem, why cant I talk into the speaker, I tried to explain, she countinues to bully me, iam a retired army ranger from ft. Cambell ky, 101 airbourn div, 6"o 230lbs, so I ask for the manger she says she is the manger, and countinues to berate me over the speaker, I pull out of line and walked in with the hole rm filled with people, some are my custemers that I service, I ask you is talking to me like that, not one employee answers me, I say I thought so!!, so I call another [kfc] cherry hill for a chain of comand the manger there gave me the number of a mr. Hubbs, [[protected]] well at my amazment, no reply, with a 5 hour window I called that number 6 times left mess after mess, so this is the next step [you], iam writing this to the local paper, [courior post] and the glou, brooklan, bellmawr. Mt. Ephraim, times to further this situation, I want a call back [asap] iam thinking of filling law suit, they were my custemers in there I was bullyed harresed, and I have plenty of wittness, I witch ive called there house they told me they herd the lady yelling at me threw the speaker, never knowing it was me on the other side, iam well know in the town ask the mayor, local police dept they all know me, I want the name of the manger, I want a meeting with the reg, manger, in phily, I want this [resovled] [r. J. Yeager] [protected].. God bless
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Even the director of the Legend of Zelda games wants a movie adaptation
With all the crappy games being adapted into crappy movies, I'm still a little shocked that "The Legend of Zelda," probably one of the best video game franchises of all-time, still hasn't been made into a movie. Nintendo has been fiercely protective of the rights and despite numerous courtships over the years, has turned down all comers. But why? Are they still feeling burned over SUPER MARIO BROS? I think we can all admit we'd love to see a big-budget ZELDA movie and that includes the game's director Eiji Aonuma.
Aonuma, who has directed all of the "Zelda" games dating back to "Ocarina of Time," told Nintendo Power that he dreams of a movie based on the games. "I always thought it would be really cool to have a real Zelda movie, something really grand and sweeping," Aonuma said.
The problem is that "Zelda" is one of Nintendo's flagship properties and one highly respected within the gaming industry. Since the games are so well-received ("Ocarina" is still rightly regarded as one of the best video games of all-time), perhaps Nintendo is nervous about tarnishing the game's legacy and would want to exert an exceptional amount of creative control over the final product (something that wound up killing the HALO movie at Fox and Universal).
But Aonuma is just like all those cosplaying fans who make their own "Zelda" fan films. "There are those days when I fantasize about how cool it would be if [a movie] would happen sometime in the future." It doesn't seem like it's happening any time in our near future but maybe Aonuma (who is hard at work developing the next "Zelda" game, "Skyward Swords") can help convince Nintendo it's the right move.
|Zelda Informer


text:
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Desert Paradise Tour
Mewari Rajasthan Tour is a 6 night 7 days private tour including the sightseeing tour of Jaipur known as Pink City, Ajmer, Pushkar, Jodhpur known as Blue City and Udaipur known as Lake City. The tour includes the visit to the Amber Fort, City Palace, Hawa Mahal, and Jantar Mantar at Jaipur. Visit to Dargah Sharif at Ajmer and Brahma Temple at Pushkar. Visit to the Mehrangarh Fort, Jaswant Thada and Umaid Bhawan at Jodhpur. Visit to the City Palace, Saheliyon ki Bari and Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal at Udaipur.This package also includes the elephant ride at Jaipur, dinner at Chokhi Dhani in Jaipur and Boat Ride at Lake Pichola in Udaipur.
Prices from : 33,750 INR
Book Tour
Duration : 7 Days / 6 Nights
Location : Rajasthan, India
Departs : Jaipur Returns to : Jaipur
Visits : Jaipur, Pushkar, Bikaner, Fatehpur, Shekhawati, Jaisalmer, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Udaipur
Tour Itinerary and details - #WJP1016
Pickup from Jaipur Airport / Railway Station / Bus Stand by placard carrying driver and transfer to Hotel. Later visit to the fabled Pink City, the old Jaipur. Drive through the Johari Bazaar to the Hawa Mahal (Palace of Winds). Visit the various museums inside the City Palace and the ancient observatory, Jantar Mantar. Pay a visit to the Govind Deoji Temple, housing the patron deity of Jaipur. Evening visit Chokhi Dhani for Rajasthani traditional Dinner with dance and Music. Overnight stay at Hotel.
DAY 2: JAIPUR To SHEKHAWATI To BIKANER
After breakfast at Hotel drive for Bikaner en route visiting Shekhawati. See the Cenotaphs, Stepwells, beautiful painted Havelis & Old Streets. Proceed after lunch for Bikaner. Visit the Camel-breeding Farm just before Bikaner (open 3 - 5 pm). Check-in at hotel in Bikaner. Overnight stay at Hotel.
DAY 3: BIKANER To JAISALMER
After breakfast see the fabulous Junagarh Fort & Lalgarh Palace in Bikaner. Proceed for Jaisalmer. Have lunch on the way (packed lunch from Bikaner advised). Visit Kheechan, with its hords of cranes, on the way. Reach Jaisalmer before sundown, to catch a glimpse of the setting sun on the Golden Fort. Check-in at hotel in Jaisalmer.
Visit Jaisalmer Fort & Museum after breakfast. Also see the Jain Temple. Take a walk through the back streets to the Patwon ki Haveli & Kothari Haveli. After lunch proceed to Kuldhera - an abandoned habitation, and then to Sam Sand Dunes. Take a Camel Ride and experience the haunting magic of the tale of Dhola Maru.
DAY 5: JAISALMER To JODHPUR
After early breakfast, leave for Jodhpur, the Sun City, via Pokhran. See deer on the way in the Bishnoi villages, and reach Jodhpur by afternoon. Visit Mehrangarh Fort, one of the most awe-inspiring forts in Rajasthan Do not miss the view of Jodhpur's blue houses & sunset from the top of the fort. See Jaswant Thada and Ummed Bhawan (only from the outside). Check-in at hotel in Jodhpur.
Start after breakfast for Ajmer. Visit the Dargah of Sufi Saint Salim Chishti. Leave for Pushka. See the Holy Lake after lunch & visit the only Temple of Lord Brahma in the world. Pushkar is famous for rose cultivation too! Visit a Rose Farm. Overnight stay at hotel in Jaipur.
On the last day of the trip, visit the magnificent Amber Palace. See the Largest Cannon on Wheels in the World, and old cannon foundry at Jaigarh. Visit to the Kanak Vrindavan Temple in the valley of flowers. Drop at Airport / Railway Station / Bus Stand in the evening.
Excellent value for money
Romantic experience, perfect for couples
Private guide for a more personalized experience
Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience
Hotel accommodation for this tour
Hotel which have been tested in the past by us and are good value of money (subject to availability).
City 3 Star Deluxe / Heritage Hotels
Jaipur - Umaid Bhavan / Umaid Mahal / Umaid Haveli / Umaid Residency / Similar
Bikaner - Maharaja Ganga Mahal / Harasar Haveli / Similar
Jaisalmer - Fort Rajwada / Nachna Haveli / Similar
Jodhpur - Devi Bhavan / Pal Haveli / Polo Heritage / Similar
Transport for this Tour
01 to 03 people - Sedan cars - Indian make cars like Toyota Etios or Maruti Swift Dezire with one baggage each
03 to 06 people - SUV cars - Toyota Innova with one baggage each
07 to 10 people - Tempo Traveller with 10 seats
11 to 18 people - Small coaches with 18 seats
19 to 35 people - Coaches with 27 or 35 seats
All the vehicles are air-conditioned
View car images and details
Included in the Tour
Accommodation on double / twin sharing basis
6 Nights in the above mentioned / similar hotels.
Breakfast in the respected Hotel during the tour.
Elephant ride at Jaipur.
Rajasthani dinner at ethnic village Chokhi Dhani at Jaipur.
Dinner and Camel Ride at Jaisalmer.
All Transfers and Sightseeing throughout the tour by an individual Air Conditioned vehicle with English Speaking Driver.
Driver Accommodation and Food.
Toll Tax and Parking
All currently applicable taxes
Excluded in the Tour
Any kind of personal expenses such as
monument Fees, laundry, telephone bills and alcoholic beverages. Camera fees
(still or movie).
Anything not specified in the itinerary.
Entrance charges to places of interest & monuments.
Any flight Charges.
Unspecified meals etc.
Confirmation will be received within 48 hours
of booking, subject to availability.
Child below 5 year is free.
No strict dress code is enforced at tour sites. However, please be advised to dress accordingly for places of worship; shorts or sleeveless tops are not recommended.
Please advise any specific dietary requirements at time of booking A moderate amount of walking is involved; comfortable walking shoes and sunglasses/sunscreen are highly recommended.
Elephant Ride remains closed during Navratras.
Pickup and Departure
Pick up from mentioned city Airport, Railway Station or your city hotel.
Drop at mentioned city Airport, Railway Station or your city hotel.
Book This Tour
Welcome Rajasthan Travel & Tourism Services
(Authorized by Tourism Dept. Govt. of Rajasthan)
C/O Umaid Mahal
,C-20 / B-2 Bihari Marg, Jai Singh Highway,
Opp. Lane of K.P. Automotives, Bani Park, Jaipur - 302016, Rajasthan (India)
Telephone : + 91-141-2205528 / 4914416 (09:00 A.M. To 06:00 P.M.)
+91-9829614748 (06:00 A.M. To 06:00 P.M.)
Fax : +91-141-2204470
For Car Rental Email: email@example.com
For Tour Package Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Emergency Contact Number : +91-9829614748
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All tours starting from Jaipur
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Feb. 24, 2014
Bren School Dean to Receive Peter Benchley Ocean Award
Bren School dean, Steve Gaines, was selected as a winner of the prestigious 2014 Peter Benchley Ocean Award. He will be honored at the seventh annual award ceremony, to be held on May 30 at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.
Gaines, who was recognized for excellence in science, joins six fellow recipients of the 2014 awards, including European Union Commissioner Maria Damanaki, for excellence in national stewardship, and U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, for excellence in policy.
"It's very flattering to receive this award, especially because it's voted on by your peers in the field," Gaines said. "The other thing I like about it is that the award and the whole program focuses on the impacts of ocean conservation issues from the policy side, the foundation side, and the science side. That's something I'm interested in personally – not just doing science that someone can use, but actually seeing it have an impact. So that recognition, not only that the science was useful and someone used it, but also that it made a difference, is a key part of it."
Presented by the nonprofit organization Blue Frontier and marine conservationist Wendy Benchley, the annual awards celebrate individuals whose efforts advance the protection of oceans, coasts, and the communities that depend on them.
The awards are named after Jaws author, Peter Benchley, who dedicated much of his life to the protection of sharks and their ocean habitat.
Past award recipients include President Obama's former administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Jane Lubchenco, Costa Rican President Laura Chinchilla, and U.S. senators Sheldon Whitehouse and Ed Markey.


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* Paint Shop Pro and Animation Shop or similar. I used PSPX but you should be able to make this tag in earlier versions.
* Tube of choice. I am using the art work of Caron Vinson. You will need a license to use her art work.
Tubes can be purchased from CILM.
* Accent tube of choice - I used a flower from the tube
(I tubed the image myself I don't know if the purchased tube includes the flower).
* Font of choice - I used Freak Turbulence from HERE.
* Muras Filter Meister - Copies HERE.
* DSB Flux - Bright Noise HERE.
1. Open your tube and scrap kit in PSP. Open your font (by double clicking on it in Windows Explorer) and minimise to use later.
2. Open a new image 600 x 600 with a white background.
3. Copy your accent tube to the canvas. Apply Muras Copies at the following settings. If you don't like the look of your wreath, try flipping or mirroring the image for a different effect. Change the number to make your wreath fuller or lighter. Resize your wreath to 80%.
4. Duplicate your wreath layer and apply Gaussian Blur to the bottom layer. Merge your two wreath layers together.
5. Copy and paste your tube to the canvas. Resize (I resized to 80%), sharpen if necessary and position. Merge with the wreath layer.
6. Hold the control key down and press c then v. Your canvas should have cut and pasted as a new image. Add a new layer and floodfill with white. Drag the white layer to the bottom. Close the other canvas and continue working on the new one.
7. Activate your text tool and type your name using the following settings. Use a light colour for the foreground (#e8d7e7) and dark for the background (#af77d6).
8. Stretch out your name. Convert to raster and position to your liking. Apply drop shadow at the settings below (colour is #88619f). Repeat shadow but change V and H to -1.
9. Add copyright information and your watermark. Merge all layers. Duplicate the merged layer twice so that you have 3 layers in total. Use your magic wand at the settings shown below, to select the fairy's wings and the light outline of your text.
10. Apply the Bright Noise filter to each layer at the settings below. Remember to click on Mix for each layer.
11. Save your file as an Animation Shop .psp file.
12. Open your file in Animation Shop. Save as a .gif and we are done. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial.


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Commissions - Custom Artwork
I can create custom art in my comic style of your OCC (original comic character), fursona, you as an anime character or your pets! I can make pet ornaments, sculptures and illustrations. For me to do custom art, I need photographs to work from. As for pets, photos don't have to be professional, just clear enough to see the details. For character illustrations (OCC, Fursona and you as an anime character), please upload your reference images and any additional info. Sorry, I don't draw mecha (mechanical), ecchi (explicit) nor zombies.
You can send your pictures by uploading them using the forms (see links below). After receiving payment and your photos, I can start working on your custom art. Time it takes to complete depends upon my schedule and the complexity of the commission, but generally your order will be shipped within 1-2 weeks. To place an order, please visit; http://shinrinstudio.zibbet.com
Photo Upload Forms
Order Custom Art:
Pet Ornament
Pet Illustration
Pet Sculpture
Character Art


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It's undeniable that Fallout is one of the most beloved and influential video game series ever to be created. From the open world environment to the devastating weaponry, the games have something to offer for everyone. But what exactly is Fallout's best feature? Well it's not the guns, the quests, or even Dogmeat. What makes… Continue reading Looking Back: Fallout's Best Feature
Tag: ps4
It's A Great Month To Be A PS+ Member
By Eric M. Wilusz June is proving to be a awesome month for PS4 owners with a PS+ Membership. Not only are we able to play the awesome co-op sci-fi horror FPS Killing Floor 2, but we also get to enjoy the fantastic and deep world of Life is Strange as well. Both games are free this… Continue reading It's A Great Month To Be A PS+ Member
Pyre Release Date Announced
Supergiant Games announced today that Pyre will release on the PS4 and Steam on July 25, 2017. Pyre is the new original IP created by the studio, following the success of both Bastion and Transistor. Both of these titles have been well received by critics and gamers alike, quickly establishing a fan base for the… Continue reading Pyre Release Date Announced
Square Delays FFVII Remake and Kingdom Hearts III
Legions of fans fondly remember Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts, even if Donald's voice is essentially an assault on our ears. That's why you'll probably be heartbroken to hear that both the Final Fantasy VII remake and Kingdom Hearts III have been delayed. In a financial briefing released March 31, 2017, Square Enix president… Continue reading Square Delays FFVII Remake and Kingdom Hearts III
The Last Barrier: Consoles
It's time for video game consoles to disappear. I am sick of the whole practice honestly. Why the hell do I need to buy a new system just to play a game I'm interested in? Video games should be available to anyone that wants to play them, regardless of their preferred device. As a culture… Continue reading The Last Barrier: Consoles
It's Time to Reintroduce Monster Hunter to the West!
What's better than slaying monsters? How about harvesting them so you can make gear to fight even bigger ones! That simple premise is the basis for the Monster Hunter series. The games have proven popular in both Japan and the United States, with millions of fans worldwide. But the game's audience has been shrinking, mainly… Continue reading It's Time to Reintroduce Monster Hunter to the West!
Top 6 Video Games in 2017 (So Far)
The year's half over and some amazing games have been released. While I don't have time to look at all of them, today I will count down the top six games released in 2017 (so far). I will be judging these titles based off their critic scores and overall impression among the gaming community. As… Continue reading Top 6 Video Games in 2017 (So Far)


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The 2019 Ringneck Tournament Entry forms are ready!
We look forward to seeing you in Sioux Falls! The tournament entry form is ready and may be downloaded below.
Applications will be processed beginning January 15th so you will want to get them in to help your chances. THis tournament fills in a hurry!!
Thanks to you who are returning and welcome to the new participants!2019 Tournament Entry Form
Sioux Falls People For Youth
Looking for Housing !!!
We suggest you use our housing coordinator click pn the link for more information:


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HRH Prog V 2017
Haven Hafan y Mor Holiday Park
United Kingdom Dates: 16th - 19th Mar 2017
Festival Information
HRH Prog V 2017 Overview
HRH Prog brings the best of Prog to North Wales. Just minutes from the coast and against a backdrop of the Snowdonian mountain range.
The festival boasts a line up of around 35 great prog acts plus signings,unplugged sessions, After Party, psychedelic entertainment and other fringe activities.
Haven Hafan y Mor Holiday Park has a choice of high-quality chalets, apartments and mobile homes available onsite featuring self-catering facilities. There's also a huge choice of places to eat and three supermarkets exclusively for HRH customers' use, all within walking distance of the live arenas.
See our review of HRH Prog 2016
Artists booked to appear include Hawkwind, Wishbone Ash. John Lee's Barclay James Harvest, Pendragon, The Enid, Curved Air, The Pretty Things, Gong, IQ, Atomic Rooster, The Strawbs, David Cross Band, Davy O'List, Panic Room, Hexvessel, Dream Circuit, Credo, Jump, Maschine, Red Spektor, Gandalfs Fist, Karnataka, Heights, Verbal Delirium, Luna Kiss, Haze, The Gift and Konchordat.


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Teaching in AustraliaWorking in Australia
If you want to live and work as a teacher in Australia, we can help.
Australia is looking for qualified teachers in various specialisations and across many areas. MSL Solicitors has expertise in assisting Teachers from all over the world to obtain an Australian permanent visa.
We can help you obtain a skilled visa which will permit you to migrate to Australia under the General Skilled Migration program. This would allow you to live and work in Australia on a permanent basis and allows you to take your immediate family with you.
If you are a Teacher and intend to apply under the General Skilled Migration program, you first must obtain a skills assessment from the relevant assessing authority for your nominated occupation. This is a paper based application which takes into account all your qualifications and work experience in your nominated occupation.
Teaching Jobs in Australia
The following teaching occupations are in high demand as shown by their listing on the Medium and Long Term Strategic Skills List (MLTSSL) which means you can apply for a 5 year permanent skilled independent subclass 189 without any State sponsorship or job offer needed due to this genuine skilled shortage in Australia in these occupations:
- Early Childhood (Pre-Primary School) Teacher
- Secondary School Teacher
- Special Needs Teacher
- Teacher of the Hearing Impaired
- Teacher of the Sight Impaired
There are a fixed number of places offered each program year (known as the occupational ceiling) see below to see how many places are available in each occupational group as of March 2015.
- Early Childhood (Pre-Primary School) Teachers – 1335 visas available
- Secondary School Teachers – 6664 visas available
- Special Education Teachers – 1032 visas available
The following teaching occupations are in demand however they are listed on the Short Term Skilled Occupation List (STSOL) which means you can only apply if your occupation is listed on one of the State or Territories State Occupation lists and it needs to be open (available) for you to apply but you will not require a job offer:
- Primary School Teacher
- Middle School Teacher (AUS) / Intermediate School Teacher (NZ)
- University Lecturer (Suitable for the position of Research Associate or Research Fellow in a University)
- University Tutor
- Vocational Education Teacher (Non Trades)
- Vocational Education Teacher (Trades)
- Education Adviser
- Education Reviewer
- Art Teacher (Private Tuition)
- Dance Teacher (Private Tuition)
- Drama Teacher (Private Tuition)
- Music Teacher (Private Tuition)
- Music Teacher (Private Tuition)
- Private Tutors and Teachers nec
- Teacher of English to Speakers of Other Languages
Are you a Teacher looking to live in Australia?
Quick Summary & Facts:
- There are 156,100 secondary school teachers in Australia
- The average gross salary for a teach is between $75,000-$100,000 P/A
- The average number of hours a Teacher works each week is 42.9 hours
Frequently asked questions about Teaching in Australia
I have a Bachelor's degree but it is not related to teaching do I still qualify for a skilled migration visa?
The short answer is yes as long as you have completed a minimum of four years, full time higher education level and one of those years involved completion of an initial teacher education qualification. For example, you may have completed a three year Bachelor of Science degree and a one year Post Graduate Diploma in Education. In the UK most teachers have completed a degree and PGCE and this is recognized, which allows you to apply.
Does all the occupation referred to above require four years higher education study?
No some occupations such as Vocational Education Teacher (Trades & Non Trades) listed above do not require four years of higher education study. Please contact us if you want to check if you fall into this category.
What is an initial teacher education qualification?
This is the qualification required in Australia to teach in an early childhood (pre-primary school), primary or secondary school classroom. To qualify for a skilled visa, the initial teacher education qualification must involve at least one year of full-time study and be specific to the stage of schooling of the nominated occupation. The final academic transcript for the initial teacher qualification must include a program of professional studies in education including supervised teaching practice relevant to the age range of the students for the occupation you have nominated.
Am I required to have completed supervised teaching practice to qualify?
Supervised teaching practice is the compulsory component of an initial teacher education program during which time a student teacher is on a school placement and engaged in the teaching and learning process with school students. This teaching practice is under the supervision of a qualified teacher and university education staff and is formally assessed.
How many days supervised teaching practice am I required to have completed?
The skills assessing authority requires you to have completed a minimum of 45 days of supervised teaching practice with the age range of the students relevant to your nominated occupation is required.


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hey there,
whenever i send an email i get "me" as sender and when opening the mail email@example.com to me
shows up in gmail.
here is my code:
$head = 'From: $buyeremail' . "\r\n" . 'Replay-To: $buyeremail'. "\r\n" . 'X-Mailer:'. 'PHP/' . phpversion();
$name = $_POST['buyername'];
$to = $_POST['email'];
$subject = $_POST['itemname'];
$body = "whatever";
Any idea?


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In a pilot study of 52 patients with in-stent restenosis, the investigational, proprietary paclitaxel-coated balloon reduced the six-month angiography-confirmed restenosis rate to 5%, versus 43% in patients treated with uncoated balloons, said Bruno Scheller, M.D., of Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes, in Homburg, Germany.
Moreover, at 12 months the rate of major cardiac events was just 4% for patients treated with the drug-coated balloons versus 31% for those treated with standard balloons, he said.
Late lumen loss was 0.74 ±0.86 mm in for patients treated with standard balloons versus 0.03±0.48 mm for those who received the paclitaxel balloons (P=0.002).
Dr. Scheller reported the results at the American Heart Association meeting here. The findings were simultaneously published by the New England Journal of Medicine.
In his presentation at the meeting here, Dr. Scheller reported combined results from the 52 patients reported in the journal paper with findings from 56 patients who were enrolled in a second trial that followed the same PACCOCATH-ISR (Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis by Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon Catheters) protocol as the published study.
In this blended trail -- called PACCOCATH-ISR-2 study -- the results largely replicated the first trial except that late lumen loss at six months was more pronounced in both the drug coated and uncoated balloon treatment groups.
In PACCOCATH-ISR 2 the late lumen loss was 0.11 mm in the paclitaxel balloon arm and 0.84 in the uncoated balloon group (P<0.010).
Currently, in-stent restenosis is treated with a variety of options, all of which have had disappointing results, Dr. Scheller said.
The typical restenosis rate for balloon angioplasty of in-stent restenosis is 39% to 67%, brachytherapy has a restenosis rate of 16% to 23%, and when drug-eluting stents are used to treat in-stent restenosis of bare metal stents the restenosis rate ranges from 13% to more than 20%.
And when in-stent restenosis occurs in a vessel that has been opened with a drug-eluting stent like Cypher (sirolimus-eluting) or Taxus (paclitaxel-eluting) a 43% restenosis rate has been reported, he said.
In the PACCOCATH-ISR study, 80% of patients had multivessel disease and severe in-stent restenosis (>70%) in a single coronary artery. Lesions were shorter than 30 mm.
The patients were evenly randomized to treatment with balloons coated with paclitaxel (3 µg of drug per mm² of balloon surface).
Target lesions were assessed by quantitative coronary angiography.
All patients were treated with Plavix (clopidogrel) plus aspirin for one month after treatment, followed by aspirin indefinitely.
In an editorial that accompanied the journal report, Edoardo Camenzind, M.D., of the University of Geneva, wrote that the significant effect reported by Dr. Scheller and colleagues might be the result of their drug choice.
Paclitaxel, he wrote, "is a highly lipophilic cytostatic drug," as such it "allows for good penetration and persistence in tissue."
Another possible explanation, according Dr. Camenzind that the proprietary technique used to coat the balloon surface "provided good adhesion of the compound to the balloon without noticeably affecting its mechanical properties."
Finally, Dr. Scheller cautioned that his findings should be considered preliminary since the trial was not "aimed at justifying clinical application or regulatory approval of the drug-coated balloon; larger studies will be required to determine whether the effects observed in this trial can be replicated."
"A comparison of this treatment and optimal current therapy (such as brachytherapy) in randomized trials is required," he wrote.
The trial was supported by Bavaria Medizin Technologie. Dr. Scheller and Ulrich Speck, Ph.D., a co-author, report being coinventors on a patent application for various methods of inhibiting restenosis (including the technique used in this trial), which was submitted by Charité University Hospital in Berlin. Michael Böhm, M.D. another co-author, reports receiving lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca, and Sanofi Aventis. Dr. Speck reports receiving consulting fees from Schering and grant support from Bavaria Medizin Technologie.
- Reviewed by Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Primary Source
American Heart Association Scientific SessionsSource Reference: Scheller B. "Treatment of in-stent restenosis by a paclitaxel coated balloon catheter." PACCOCATH ISR II Trial. American Heart Association 2006 Scientific Sessions; November 13, 2006; Chicago, IL.
Secondary Source
New England Journal of MedicineSource Reference: Scheller B et al "Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis with a paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter." N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2113-2124.
Additional Source
New England Journal of MedicineSource Reference: Camenzind E. "Treatment of in-stent restenosis -- back to the future?" N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2149-2151.