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12:00 am
American Masters "LENNONYC" Coming to New York City after the break up of the Beatles, John Lennon and Yoko Ono find what many high-profile people gain in the Big Apple: the ability to walk down the street as an ordinary citizen. But the period that brought redemption and a creative musical burst in the studio, also included the Nixon administration's attempt to deport the pair, John being consumed by alcohol and his being kicked out of their apartment for 18 months. This profile includes film from the recording studio, home movies, little-seen concert film, and interviews with friends and companions. And all the while, there is the music.G
2:00 am
Antiques Roadshow "Baltimore, MD - Hour Three" Appraisers find a rare violin made in 1798 by French violinmaker Nicolas Lupot, accompanied by a bow crafted in the style of Dominique Peccatte. The violin is valued up to $140,000 and the bow $20,000. Part 3 of 3G
3:00 am
Outdoor Idaho "Writers at Harriman" Thirty-five teens from throughout Idaho gather at Harriman State Park in eastern Idaho for the six-day Writers at Harriman camp experience. In the tranquil setting surrounded by wildlife the students attend class with expert teachers and write.G
3:30 am
MotorWeek "Bmw M5" Road Test: 2013 BMW M5 Road Test: 2013 Tesla Model S Goss' Garage: Internet Advice. D
4:00 am
Sesame Street "Afraid of the Bark" Elmo and Zoe are playing a game with Zoe's pet rock, Rocco. When it's Elmo's turn to roll Rocco, he rolls him all the way to Barkley the dog, who picks him up and plays with him in his mouth. Bob gives Rocco back to Zoe and explains that Barkley just thought they were playing fetch. D
5:00 am
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood "A Trip To The Enchanted Garden/A Trip To The Crayon Factory" A Trip to the Enchanted Garden - The Tiger family is making strawberry pancakes for breakfast this morning, but when Mom looks more closely in the kitchen, she realizes there are no more strawberries left. They all head to the Enchanted Garden, where Mom Tiger shows Daniel the strawberry patch. Daniel is very curious, and learns that if he looks closely, he may be able to answer his own questions about how strawberries grow and learn something new. D
5:30 am
Martha Speaks "Martha Speaks/Martha Gives Advice" Martha Speaks - When Martha eats alphabet soup, the letters go to her brain and she develops the ability to talk. Martha Gives Advice - Helen's cousin Carolina is a little bit older but a lot more fashion-conscious.G
6:00 am
NOVA "Hunting The Edge of Space - The Ever Expanding Universe" The conclusion investigates the universe's distant past - and its future. Modern telescopes add a mysterious new twist: The majority of the stuff of the universe is invisible, tied up in dark matter and dark energy. A new generation of telescopes embarks on a new mission, to seek out these mysterious dark forces. Part 2 of 2G
7:00 am
Rick Steves' Europe "Rick Steves' Europe: The Making Of" After 16 years and more than 100 travel shows, Rick and his crew take you behind the scenes to show you just how they produce this series. Joining the crew as they scamper through Milan and around Lake Como, you'll follow the creative process as the challenges and surprises that come with travel are shaped into a finished show. D
7:30 am
Smart Travels - Europe with Rudy Maxa "Four Great Cities of Europe" London, Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels. A European city bustles-it's a hub of commerce and the arts, energy, surprise, and international flavor. Where do you start if you have just 24-hours? Here, we highlight some best choices of the urban culture in four great cities. D
8:00 am
The Desert Speaks "Desert Venom" Host David Yetman joins Herpatologists (reptile and amphibian researchers) in their various quests to learn more about the many venomous creatures that call the Sonoran Desert home. During the day, they track Tiger Rattlesnakes using radio implants before heading up to the mountains to observe other rattlesnake dens. At night, while studying the impact urban developments have on the movements of a Gila Monster, they encounter rattlesnakes, tarantulas, and desert toads. D
8:30 am
Chef John Besh's New Orleans Shrimp Creole, Stuffed Shrimp, and Soft Shell Shrimp with Sweet Chile Sauce. D
9:00 am
Lidia's Italy In America "Eastern Seaboard: A Shell of a Good Time" Joined by Esca's Dave Pasternack, Lidia visits with some of Long Island's local fishermen and goes clamming with one of Dave's good friends. Later, Tanya takes viewers on a tour of Boston's North End. Back in the kitchen, Lidia goes clam crazy and makes Clams Casino and Baked Clams Oreganato. D
9:30 am
GardenSMART You really can have the beautiful landscape of your dreams. Learn where and how to start from an expert who shares his ideas for creating a beautiful, relaxing space. Don't miss this GardenSMART. D
10:00 am
The Jazzy Vegetarian "Elegant and Easy" Host Laura Theodore, prepares her elegant and easy party menu featuring "Savory Mushroom Stroganoff" served over delicate rotini pasta. On the side, simple "Broccoli with Lemon Sauce" compliments beautifully. "Walnut, Beet, and Tofu Salad' starts off the meal with flair. D
10:30 am
Cook's Country from America's Test Kitchen "Breakfast Breads" Test cook Bridget Lancaster uncovers the secrets to the ultimate Morning Buns. Then, tasting expert Jack Bishop challenges host Christopher Kimball to a tasting of pancake mix. Next, equipment expert Adam Ried reveals his top picks for muffin tins. D
11:00 am
Austin City Limits "Steve Martin/Sarah Jarosz" Austin's own Jarosz, age 19, opens with her original bluegrass songs and is backed up by two equally talented teenage musicians. Comedian Steve Martin shows off his musicianship on the banjo. He appears with North Carolina's Steep Canyon Rangers; together they present much of the music and some of the jokes from the live show they toured the nation with in spring 2010.G
12:00 pm
Sesame Street "The Shape O' Bots" Telly, Elmo, and Rosita are playing Shape-O-Bots, robots that actually transform into shapes to help people. Andy, a guy in need of shapes, rushes in and explains that he needs an octagon to help stop people from crashing into him. Telly tries to transform into an octagon with eight sides and eight angles, but changes into a triangle with three sides and three angles instead. D
1:00 pm
Dinosaur Train "Tiny and the Crocodile/Meet The Grandparents" Team Pteranodon travels to Dienosuchas Swamp to meet Deanna Dienosuchas, a 40 foot crocodile with many big teeth, and a crabby attitude. Tiny leads the way to warm up Deanna who turns out to be more friendly and less scary than our kids imagined. The Pteranodon kids have special visitors - their Grandma and Grandpa! The kids delight in realizing they share similar traits with their grandparents (laughs, expressions, and interests), and love showing Grandma and Grandpa around the nest area and playing some games they all like. D
1:30 pm
Super Why! "Cinderella" Red doesn't feel like much of a Princess, so how will she fit in at Sleeping Beauty's princess party? The Super Readers magically leap into the book of Cinderella who has a party of her own to get to! When the clock strikes midnight, Red learns that she doesn't need the help of a fairy godmother to feel great about who she is!G
2:00 pm
Cat in the Hat Knows A Lot About That! "Trees Company/Now You See Me" Trees Company - Sally and Nick are playing up in their treehouse when Nick's mom calls them for lunch. Nick wonders what it would be like to stay up in that tree all the time! The Cat in the Hat knows! Or at least he has friends that do. In Jimmer Jammer Jungle the kids learn how different animals spend their entire lives in trees. D
2:30 pm
Wild Kratts "Polar Bears Don't Dance" While in the Arctic, Martin and Chris are on a mission to discover how animals move around in different environments. Their new knowledge comes in handy when they discover that Zach Varmitech has kidnapped a Walrus calf and a Polar bear cub. The Wild Kratts team must do what it takes to return the baby animals to their mothers. D
3:00 pm
Rick Steves' Europe "Rick Steves' Andalucia: The Best of Southern Spain" Rick presents a 60-minute special that wanders through southern Spain. He visits Sevilla, Cordoba and Granada, takes in flamenco music and dancers, sherry and horses. He explores white-washed hill towns and has fun in the sun on the Costa del Sol, before absorbing a dash of Britain in Gibraltar.G
4:00 pm
Joanna Lumley: Greek Odyssey "Greece's Borderlands" In the northernmost regions of Greece, Joanna travels from the western Ionian island of Corfu to the turbulent eastern border shared with Turkey and Bulgaria. Then she retraces Lord Byron's journey through the western highlands by horseback, and explores the port city of Kavala. Part 2 of 4G
5:00 pm
PBS NewsHour NULL
6:00 pm
Globe Trekker "Globe Trekker Special: The Making of Globe Trekker" Cameras turn on a GLOBE TREKKER crew on the road to capture how the series is filmed.G
7:00 pm
Outdoor Idaho "Writers at Harriman" Thirty-five teens from throughout Idaho gather at Harriman State Park in eastern Idaho for the six-day Writers at Harriman camp experience. In the tranquil setting surrounded by wildlife the students attend class with expert teachers and write.G
7:30 pm
Dialogue "Bob Kustra" Marcia Franklin talks with Dr. Bob Kustra, the president of Boise State University, about his past decade as head of that institution, his vision for the school, and trends in higher education across the country.G
8:00 pm
Oregon Field Guide "Dinomorph/Estuary/Rancher Skier" A professor shows how dinosaurs really lived. New technology reveals forces at work at the mouth of the Columbia River.G
8:30 pm
Travelscope "Zambia River Adventure" Joseph "roughs it" in a swank safari camp on the shore of the great Zambezi river within ear shot of hippos and elephants and then heads south to stand on historic Livingstone Island at the edge of thundering Victoria Falls. D
9:00 pm
Wonders of the West "Yosemite, Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Park" Listed as a World Heritage Site, Yosemite's breathtaking vistas inspire and awe. From bears to trout fishing, learn about the wildlife of this area, visit with Native American Master Basket Weaver Julia Parker, and discover the rich history of Buffalo Soldiers in the park. Visit a grove of giant sequoia trees as we continue our adventure to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. D
9:30 pm
Wonders of the West "Sonoran Desert" For many generations, the Tohono O'odham Indians have been harvesting the fruit of the saguaro cactus and welcoming the summer monsoon rains that have been so vital to their survival. Learn the traditions of the annual harvest as we collect and prepare fruit with members of the Tohono O'odham nation. Discover the wildlife of the Sonoran Desert and join us as we learn about some of the tastier plants that grow here!. D
10:00 pm
Globe Trekker "Globe Trekker Special: The Making of Globe Trekker" Cameras turn on a GLOBE TREKKER crew on the road to capture how the series is filmed.G
11:00 pm
Outdoor Idaho "Writers at Harriman" Thirty-five teens from throughout Idaho gather at Harriman State Park in eastern Idaho for the six-day Writers at Harriman camp experience. In the tranquil setting surrounded by wildlife the students attend class with expert teachers and write.G
11:30 pm
Dialogue "Bob Kustra" Marcia Franklin talks with Dr. Bob Kustra, the president of Boise State University, about his past decade as head of that institution, his vision for the school, and trends in higher education across the country.G


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Exhibits and more...
Across Time & Place: Treasures from the Permanent Collection
This rotating exhibition highlights a broad range of works by 19th and 20th century American and European artists from the Heckscher Museum's Permanent Collection. Of particular interest is Étienne Berne-Bellecour's monumental Embarkation Maneuver, 1882, which factually depicts the departure of a regiment of cuirassiers following the Franco-Prussian War. Heckscher Museum of Art, Main St. and Prime Ave., Huntington. (631) 351-3250 or www.heckscher.org.
Artists in America
A survey of 300 years of great American paintings. Artists from every era of American art are featured among the exhibit's 79 works, including John Singleton Copley, Charles Willson Peale, John Singer Sargent, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Edward Hopper, Georgia O'Keeffe, Norman Rockwell, Robert Motherwell and Sol LeWitt. The works are selected from the permanent collections of the New Britain Museum of American Art in Connecticut. Through Feb. 24. Nassau County Museum of Art, 1 Museum Dr., Roslyn Harbor. 484-9337 or www.nassaumuseum.org.
The "Iranian Schindler"
An exhibit of photographs and artifacts honoring Abdol-Hossein Sardari, the Iranian envoy stationed in Paris who rescued thousands of Jews from the Nazis. Through December. Holocaust Memorial and Tolerance Center of Nassau County, 100 Crescent Beach Rd., Glen Cove. 571-8040 ext. 100 or www.holocaust-nassau.org.
Political Slant: Editorial Cartoons
Original sketches and digital prints of contemporary cartoons by five editorial cartoonists: Walt Handelsman of Newsday, Mike Keefe, Steve Kelley, Jimmy Margulies of The Record (North New Jersey) and Signe Wilkinson of the Philadelphia Daily News. Through Dec. 21. Hofstra University's David Filderman Gallery, Joan and Donald E. Axinn Library, South Campus, Hempstead. 463-5672.
Afternoon Movie
See the comedy "12 Dogs of Christmas," a heartwarming story featuring a diverse canine cast of over 101 dogs, Friday, Dec. 21, 2:30 p.m. also "The Odd Life of Timothy Green," the fantasy drama about magical pre-adolescent boy whose personality and naivete have profound effects on the people in his town, Friday, Dec. 28, 2 p.m. Elmont Memorial Library Theatre, 700 Hempstead Tpke., Elmont. 354-5280.
Film Classic
See the historical epic "Lawrence of Arabia," Sunday, Dec. 23, 2 p.m. Hewlett-Woodmere Public Library, 1125 Broadway, Hewlett. 374-1967.
Film Screening
Watch "New Year's Eve," the romantic comedy depicting a series of holiday vignettes, Thursday, Dec. 27, 2 p.m. Franklin Square Public Library, 19 Lincoln Rd., Franklin Square. 488-3444.
Candlelight Tour
Annual holiday tour of the Pagan-Fletcher Restoration, presented by the Valley Stream Historical Society, Sunday, Dec. 30, 6-8 p.m. There is no fee but donations of canned food for local food pantries are encouraged. 143 Hendrickson Ave., Valley Stream. 825-7157 or 872-4159.

subset: commoncrawl


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The way Grace Bonney saw it, design books fell into two categories: eye-candy or practical. One contained beautiful photos full of inspiration and gorgeous interiors. The other showed you how to prettify your home with do-it-yourself manuals and step-by-step instructions.
But Bonney, founder of the popular blog Design*Sponge, wondered why you couldn't have two in one.
Turns out her instinct was spot on. The result is Design*Sponge at Home (Artisan Publishing, $40), a book that's filled with bright, playful and creative interiors and shows you how to translate those looks into your home, a combination that speaks to today's designsavvy, value-oriented home decorators.
"I felt like there needed to be a book that combined something that was beautiful and inspirational as well as really functional and practical, and I really wanted to bring those two concepts together and it was hard because most publishers want you to either be just a home book or a how-to book but we really wanted to combine them. This generation in particular is quite interested in inspiration as well as actual tips for how to do it at home," Bonney said in a telephone interview.
Bonney's core beliefs - that great style need not break the bank or require a professional degree - has earned her legions of fans who, like her, don't have thousands of dollars to spend on pricey furniture but still want a space that reflects who they are.
This is the raison d'être of the Design*Sponge blog, which started in 2004 as a hobby and has turned into one of the most popular design blogs with 75,000 daily readers.
Sneak peeks in the book include the homes of interior designer Genevieve Gorder (whom Bonney and many of her readers started watching when Gorder was on TV's Trading Spaces), Kin Ying Lee, head designer of the fashion brand Madewell, and Michelle Adams, co-founder of the widely-read online design magazine Lonny.
That these women and the brands they work for are much loved by today's design-savvy 20and 30-something set speaks to the way Bonney connects with, and reflects, the taste of her readers.
For careful Canadian readers, there are north-of-the-border references, too - a painting by Vancouver artist Zoe Pawlak sits above Bonney's stove. She also mentions her love for Hudson's Bay blankets.
The interiors featured, though beautiful, never feel precious or overly styled. Instead, they give the feeling of lived-in homes with lived-in lives, reaffirming Bonney's promise that "every home is packed with ideas that anyone can copy."
Design*Sponge for the Home is split into five sections: sneak peeks into people's homes; DIY projects; DIY basics; flower workshop and before-and-after. More than half the book, said Bonney, is new content that hasn't been featured on her blog.
One of Bonney's favourite do-ityourself projects is a wine-crate display case "that uses a found material and just some patterned paper and that takes no longer than an hour.
"It's just a really fun way to add some colour to a wall and some storage," she said.
A look into Bonney's former Brooklyn apartment also features a fun way to use wallpaper - in your closet.
"I love using wallpaper in really small spaces. It's a fun little surprise where most people don't expect to have colour and pattern," she said.
Keeping today's turbulent economy in mind, an estimated price is attached to each DIY project. The cheapest? $2 to create a yarn vase.
For people at the beginning stages of decorating who are feeling overwhelmed, Bonney suggests starting with colour.
"I always tell people to start with colour, and one of the easiest ways to do that is to find an existing piece of furniture or pillow or an object you love and pull a palette from that. Because if you've got a piece you love, even if it's just a fabric swatch, you can always pull a colour from that or several colours, and use that as a jumping-off point," she said.
Bonney, whose style has evolved from what she calls "southern preppy" to more minimal, said she doesn't believe in design rules. She's more interested in the joy of experimenting.
"My only rule is no rules. This generation in particular of people in their 20s and 30s who are renters and first-time homeowners who are doing things by hand are proving all those rules about 'don't do this colour' or 'do this,' it doesn't matter. It really depends on your personal taste and your budget," said Bonney.
"This particular group of homeowners decided to take design back for themselves and I consider myself a part of that movement and I don't think it's about creating a perfect space. If you really want a space that speaks to who you are, then you're the only person who can set the rules."
Paint: "Paint is everyone's best friend. Whether you use it for an accent wall or you're painting furniture or inside your cabinet, using paint as a pop-up colour is a really inexpensive way to decorate."
Hardware stores: "Another great thing to consider is using hardware stores as a supply shop. We use them all the time.
We use contact paper to customize furniture. You can use nuts and bolts and create patterns that you lay onto furniture. I just think looking in stores that aren't traditional design stores is a great way to save money."
Found objects: "I think taking advantage of found objects is a really great way to save money, whether you hit a thrift store, a flea market or an estate sale. I don't buy anything brand new in a store anymore. It just seems pointless."


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A big splash at Misquamicut
Westerly - On day three of the third annual SpringFest at Misquamicut State Beach Sunday, there were few signs left of the devastation from Superstorm Sandy.
After seven long months of laborious cleanup, the beach held its grand reopening, hosted by the Misquamicut Business Association and attended by state and town officials, on the first evening of SpringFest on Friday. Two days later, on a breezy but warm and sunny day, the cars of festival-goers jammed the parking lot for the event's multiple attractions - a petting zoo, carnival rides, a car show, live music, carnival rides and deep-fried Oreos.
Vinnie Flood of Westerly was there on Sunday, back at the festival for the second time. Friday's opening was first time he'd seen Misquamicut since Sandy hit last October, and he still vividly recalls the wreckage - dunes destroyed, sand strewn across Atlantic Avenue, homes in pieces.
"It was pretty depressing," he said.
But walking around with his son, Joe, 8, and daughter Ciara, 11, Flood said the scene looked just as he'd remembered it before the storm hit.
"It looks like business as usual," he said.
While her 10-year-old and 13-year-old waited in line for the bumper cars, Alison Kutcher of Narragansett said she could see some of the changes Sandy and the ensuing cleanup wrought - the playground that was knocked down, the dunes naked without their usual fringe of seagrass.
Some families made the barefoot trek over what was left of the sand dunes down to the chilly water, swinging plastic buckets and shovels, ready for summer.
In a purple Misquamicut T-shirt, hands on the stroller of her 6-month-old son as she and her husband admired the Ferris wheel, Amanda Labrecque of Pawcatuck said she came down the day after Sandy to look at the scene.
"It was a mess," she said - piles of sand everywhere.
Labrecque said it didn't seem like they'd get it cleared in time for the summer, much less the early May opening.
"I'm surprised how clean it looks," she said.
And Amy Martira of Westerly, there on Sunday with her English bulldog Aleister to run her photography booth for the third year, said she remembers going up in a plane with her boyfriend, a co-owner of the Windjammer, to survey the damage last fall, when security measures still kept people from the beach. Looters stole some surfboards from the nightclub, she said, which just held its first event of the season last weekend. The full opening of the Windjammer is scheduled for Memorial Day weekend.
"The beach was in the road," she says.
An annual hotspot with weekly events throughout the summer, Misquamicut is planning a full schedule of events beginning next weekend.
On Friday morning, the Hands Along the Sands event will be held with an expected 3,000 people holding hands along the beach from the Pleasant View Inn to the Westerly Town Beach, to show unity after months of recovery efforts. On Saturday and Sunday, hundreds of competitors are expected to compete in the Bold r Dash, a 5-kilometer military style obstacle course race.
"It's been a long winter," Martira said, "and everybody's coming back. So it's good."
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That beautiful new floor you've just had installed could be bad for your health, says Allison MacLean.
MacLean and her husband, Marc Nipp, own Carbon Environmental Boutique, a home decor and renovation store where the products share a common characteristic: They're as gentle on the environment as they are on your body.
are on your body. "We've had customers come in and say (that) after they put in their floor, their health deteriorated," MacLean says.
says. "They were feeling really nauseous or headachy or couldn't get out of bed, and they went to their doctor who said, 'Well, what's new?' and the only thing that was new was their floor."
Many floors contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a group of toxic chemicals that include formaldehyde.
When the vapours release -or off-gas -into the home, they can trigger asthma attacks and cause headaches, coughing and fatigue.
"We've had a couple of customers just in 2010 alone that had to rip out brand-new floors because they were off-gassing so many harsh chemicals," says MacLean. "I think if you're not aware of what chemicals can be inside a product, it can really take you by surprise."
That's one reason why Michael Cormier uses only environmentally friendly materials in the houses he builds.
Cormier and partner Riall Laplante own North House Inc., a company that focuses on energy-efficient, sustainable housing.
Floors in their two-storey show home at 10170 145th St. in the Grovenor neighbourhood, are bamboo or carpeted in wool.
"Homes are becoming much more air-tight, the big thing we're trying to do now is to make the house as buttoned down as possible so you're not wasting as much energy," Cormier says.
says. "As we get tighter and tighter, if we have a lot of products in the home off-gassing, and they're not being vented out, it becomes not a very healthy environment."
The floor can be one of the biggest culprits, he says.
"The floor is one of your largest products throughout your home," Cormier says.
MacLean agrees. "If flooring, generally speaking, was a safe product, we probably wouldn't offer it here. But because flooring . is not a healthy product, it's one that we need to have in our store."
store." If you're on a quest for a healthy floor, shop carefully, MacLean says.
Adhesives used to hold a floor in place, as well as some colour stains for hardwood are full of unhealthy chemicals.
"A lot of people with allergies and asthma will get rid of carpets to put in hardwood, thinking that it's just wood," she says. "But they forget what products could have been added to it or finishes used on it. So it's always good to pick a healthy hardwood if possible."
MacLean and Cormier like EcoTimber, a hardwood company that promotes its products as free of toxic materials.
Carbon carries the EcoTimber line. It also carries toxic-free linoleum.
It also carries toxic-free linoleum. "Linoleum before 1950 was a very healthy product, and starting in the '50s they started plasticizing it and adding vinyl, and that's what's offgassing and not so healthy," says MacLean.
The linoleum at Carbon contains linseed oil and natural raw materials, including rosin, which is tapped from pine trees, and wood and cork flours.
"This is the old-fashioned stuff . it's beautiful," she says.
It's also easy to care for. "Generally speaking, a damp mop -and you're good to go."
and you're good to go." But is environmentally friendly, toxic-free flooring out of the price range of ordinary consumers?
No, says MacLean. "Wool carpet compared to a polyester or an olefin carpet is not really comparing apples to apples," she says. "But we have stuff, like a wool carpet entry-level price at $3 a square foot. There are other ones that are $8 or $9 or $10 a square foot, but most of them are falling into the $6 range."
into the $6 range." Wool is long lasting and filters allergens and dust naturally. It's also low in toxicity.
"Most carpets are either olefin or polyester and they can off-gas quite significantly during the first year," says MacLean. "After three or five years, those carpets start looking a little worse for wear and a wool carpet 30 years from now will be just as beautiful as the day it was installed."
stalled." Linoleum starts around $3.50 a square foot and hardwood runs between $6 and $8 a square foot.
"EcoTimber does wonderful sales every once in a while and we'll see prices drop below $6 and down into the $5 and $4 range," says MacLean.
Cormier says consumer demand is pushing non-toxic flooring into the mainstream.
"Some people think you're limited as to the options you can get with green products," he says. "But that is growing exponentially as the culture shift occurs and therefore the pricing will become more in line with products."
Many of his own clients are among the converted.
"Price is still a concern. But most people, if you give them two options they will take the greener of the options if there's not much of a (price) difference because it often makes a good case for a healthier lifestyle."


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ALSA Soundcard Vendor Information
Author: The ALSA Development Team
maintained by Christopher David (cd at chrisdavid.com)
additions by Patrick Shirkey (pshirkey at boosthardware.com)
last updated: April 12, 2002
This document outlines information that soundcard vendors need in order to be compatible with ALSA and Linux at large. It is targeted mainly for companies that design and sell soundcard hardware. It may also be useful to new ALSA developers who desire a background about information they get from a given soundcard vendor.
ALSA stands for Advanced Linux Sound Architecture. Its main goal is just what its title says, to create an advanced sound architecture for Linux. ALSA is committed to being released under the Gnu GPL. The scope of the project extends from the low level soundcard drivers, all the way up to a high level sequencer. This document is mainly concerned with what is needed to develop the low level soundcard drivers.
ALSA is the sound driver subsystem of the mainstream Linux kernel. ALSA is fully compatible with OSS/Lite Mixer and PCM interfaces. ALSA offers better native interfaces that new applications can use.
What we need to write good drivers
ALSA developers need several things to write good drivers. We need:
- good documentation
- necessary firmware
- a way to get additional information if needed
- example source code is helpful
Good documentation is needed before ALSA developers can write good drivers. Basically, we need to know everything that anyone else writing a driver would need to know. Most of the information we need should be in the data sheets of each chip. We also need to have a memory map of all the chips, and any additional registers that may not be included in other data sheets.
It is important that the firmware for a given soundcard is made available to us. By firmware, we mean code that would be downloaded to a piece of hardware that is necessary for it to function. i.e. code running on some DSP chip that is located on the soundcard. This would not be code that runs on the host system. (Host system is the one running Linux.) It is important that there are no distribution restrictions on the firmware. We must be able to freely distribute the firmware code as part of ALSA. We would like the source code for firmware. It is not required that it is given to us, but we are definitely willing to accept it.
We also may need some additional information about how the sound card works. This varies a lot from card to card. For example, if a programmable PLL needs to be programmed to a certain frequency before the card will function, we need to know this. If your company can appoint a contact person for additional information, that would be great! Generally, we do not have very many questions. We are used to developing drivers on our own. We will not be taking up much of that person's time.
We would also like any example source code that could be given to us. Obviously this is not as important as the other issues. But example source code can often be helpful, especially for parts that are poorly documented.
Our view of NDAs
Unfortunately, ALSA developers generally do not want to sign non-disclosure agreements, or NDAs. It is possible that a few ALSA developers could individually sign these types of agreements, but that would have to be worked out on an individual developer basis. It has happened in the past. We do not recommend the use of NDAs at all, because one way or another, they restrict our development effort. It should be possible to give ALSA developers the information they need without requiring an NDA. Many companies regularly do this.
Our big problem is with NDAs that restrict the release of our source code. Since ALSA is released under the Gnu GPL, all of our source code is made publicly available. Agreeing to an NDA that requires binary-only distribution of our code conflicts with the Gnu GPL. Thus we cannot agree at all to NDAs that restrict the release of our source code. Besides, binary only versions of kernel drivers just does not work very well in Linux.
Another type of NDA would restrict soundcard documentation to a small group of people. This type of NDA is at least feasible, but it still restricts our development effort. The problem is that only those persons covered under the NDA may be capable of fixing bugs and providing new features for that card. Often, people from all over the world send patches to our code. We want all these people to have access to the documentation. It hurts our project when some people, who are very capable of sending patches, will not be able to write them in the first because of lack of documentation.
Why soundcard documentation should be public
There are several reasons why your company would want to give us the information we request. The most important reason is that it will help your company sell more cards! Many times Linux users ask us which cards we support. We tell them, and they go buy these cards. Obviously, the only cards we can support are those we can get good documentation for.
Also, by making your soundcard documentation public, you really have contributed something to the Linux development effort. That should give you a good, warm, fuzzy feeling inside.
There other reasons too. First, other operating systems will have an easier time supporting your hardware. Second, many developers will be able to double check our driver, making it very robust. In the end, this makes your hardware look good. Also, people interested in doing custom things with your hardware will be able to, giving you another venue for sales.
With the user base of Linux growing so rapidly, can your company really afford not to support ALSA and make your soundcard documentation public? We are not asking for your corporate secrets here. We are not asking for the Verilog source code for each chip in your product. We are not asking for schematics, gerber plots, or anything like that. We just need basic information that enables us to write a good sound driver.
Views on Binary Only drivers
ALSA does not stop anybody from releasing binary-only drivers. But ALSA does not support nor encourage these drivers either. The stance that ALSA takes on binary-only sound card drivers is similar to Linus's stance on binary-only drivers in the kernel. There is an article in the Linux Weekly News about this. There are additional requirements that ALSA places on binary only drivers beyond Linus's view.
Linus Torvalds, leader of the Linux development effort, has stated that because binary-only drivers depend so heavily on a given kernel version, and therefore are so prone to "breaking" when kernel development proceeds, as it is bound to do, he does not intend to support nor encourage the use of binary-only loadable drivers.
If Linux developers were to try to maintain compatibility with a given binary-only driver, it would severely limit the avenues of development open to Linux. Our goal in Linux development is to achieve the highest performance, the best stability (in terms of bug free code), and the most advanced technology possible.
We simply cannot be made subject to the limitations that would be placed on us by having to maintain compatibility with a third party binary-only loadable module.
We, the ALSA development team, working as a subset of Linux kernel developers, agree with Linus Torvalds' reasoning. And this is the very crux of why we ask you for documentation on your hardware. We truly want to purchase and use your hardware in our Linux based systems, but we simply cannot use binary-only drivers; it's just too cumbersome and frustrating for all involved. Drivers that could be distributed as source code would eliminate all of those problems.
There is nothing to stop any company from developing a binary only driver that works with ALSA. But there are several issues and requirements we want to make clear to anybody attempting to do this.
- Binary-only drivers will not be distributed as part of ALSA, even when ALSA becomes part of the mainstream kernel. That means any company releasing binary only drivers will have to find alternative distribution mechanisms. They cannot rely directly on ALSA for this. The main implication of this is ALSA will work "out of the box" with all sound cards, except for unsupported cards.
- Users of binary only dirvers must be instructed not use ALSA for technical support whatsoever! These users must be notified with the following notice.
"These drivers are not part of the official ALSA distribution. ALSA will never support these drivers. DO NOT attempt to contact ALSA for support."
- The end user MUST always confirm this notice by downloading, or unpacking the drivers. There must also be some contact listed that is available for technical support. ALSA resources must not be listed anywhere as avenues for support.
- Binary-only drivers cannot be based on any ALSA source code. They must be written from scratch. Binary-only drivers that contain ALSA code are infringing on copyright laws.
- The developer assumes full responsibility for ensuring the driver works accross new versions of ALSA, different kernels, and different platforms. If we change ALSA, and a binary-only driver cease to work because of it, we will not do anything to fix it.
All our drivers are distributed in source form. The single source file works with all kernel versions, all platforms, and all ALSA versions. There is only one source for us to maintain and support. (Elegant, isn't it?) We really like it that way. Drivers distributed in binary form may require multiple builds, even though the source does not need to change. Obviously different binaries are needed for different platforms. In addition, it is possible that different binaries are even needed for the same platform depending on the kernel version, or ALSA version.
This may not be as bad as it seems. Once ALSA reaches version 1.0, the same binary may work across multiple kernel and ALSA releases. But we are not making any promises. Again, all of these problems go away when the driver source is released under GPL to the public.
We do understand that sometimes companies feel compelled to hide their hardware implementations by not releasing the driver source. The general Linux user base most likely prefers that any driver is available for a given piece of hardware rather than no driver. So please do not let ALSA's stance on binary only drivers deter your company from releasing one. Since ALSA is open source and is documented, everything you need to write binary only drivers is available. We are not out to stop you, but we can not make any promises that your binary driver will work across all future releases of ALSA.
ALSA wants to support your soundcard hardware. We have something really good here that we think should run on all sound cards. It is a well thought out, open sound architecture that is capable of supporting the needs of musicians, audiophiles, game players, home and business users alike. It has easy-to-use APIs. It provides a level of modularity and flexibility never seen before in a sound architecture. There are many great minds collaborating on ALSA, and even though it is currently in the very early stages, so far the results are outstanding. As a soundcard manufacturer, ask yourself one question. Do I want to be part of something great?
The ALSA development team
Related links
- Managing Graphics Hardware Vendor Relationships in the Linux Developer Community
- Linux shipments up 212 percent
- Microsoft sieht Linux pro Jahr um 960 Prozent wachsen
- ALSA Blacklist Cards for which necessary information is not available to enable driver development
- Gnu General Public License
- Linux Weekly News article concerning recent binary-only drivers in Linux
- Greg Kroah-Hartman offers free driver development


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This product is currently sold out.
You can obtain status and/or reserve this item by contacting us. We can also be reached by calling toll free 1-866-326-9377 (Dialing from outside the US +01 314 772 3566) between 10AM and 6PM CST (-6 GMT).
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Friday, July 20, 2012
Good grief; good, good grief!
Posted by Ellie Finlay at 7:20 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)
"In the post-meditative experience become a child of illusion" is a slogan from the Tibetan mind training tradition. We engage the world as we experience it all the while realizing that reality is not as it seems to be.


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Have your business always show up at the top of the business directory and featured
Provides all of the benefits of Featured and adds
You need a valid edit code to make changes to your listing. The 'Click to Continue' button will send a valid url/link that allows for editing of this listing.
The email will be sent to the address we currently have for your business.
at (250) 412-3500 to assist you.


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Blackout Blinds & Shades for Room Darkening
- Best choice for complete darkness
- Blocks 99% of incoming light
- Great for bedrooms and home theaters
- Tight-fitting inside mounts block the most light
- Many styles to darken your space
- Watch our video on blackout shades
Blackout shades and blinds block nearly all incoming light with cellular shade, roman shade, roller shade, woven wood, pleated shade, panel track and skylight choices. Although sometimes called Blackout Blinds, a light blocking blackout effect is best achieved with shades, as they block the most light with a tight-fitting inside-mounted opaque shade. Blackout Shades eliminate maximum light seepage with specially woven material or with the addition of a liner to create a darker space than the subtler Room Darkening Shades. Custom blackout blinds provide the darkest blackout experience available.
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customer reviews for blackout
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I purchased these blinds for a living room that has a western exposure. The evening sun can be quite intense during the summer months. The blinds will provide additional insulation and help to prevent any fading of upholstered furniture. I love that there are options for allowing just the right amount of sunlight into the room.View this product
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Advocates of gun ownership as an absolute right weaken their case when they deliberately subvert the real issues by quibbling about statistical studies. Virtually all statistical reports are close approximations of the results of designed investigations of specific opinions and behavior as reflected in representative samplings. Recent polls show that 74 percent of Americans support a ban on military-type assault weapons, limited rounds in magazines, and background checks on all civilian gun purchases. Allowing for the normal margin of error, whether the 74 percent should be 71 percent or 77 percent does nto alter the fact that the great majority of Americans, including the NRA membership, want some commonsense gun control laws - national uniform laws, not the various state varieties. The Constitution says nothing about automobile ownership - for obvious reasons - but we require drivers to pass tests and register their autos - common sense safety for "we the people" in citing a Supreme Court ruling the absolutists are treading on thin ice, since many a court has made bad decisions - witness the recent "Citizens United" ruling - that get overturned by later more sensible courts. Even now, Justice Scalia, the most conservative member of the present court, has publicly stated that the Second Amendment does not give civilians the right to possess military-style weapons. Statistical quibbles do not change the fact that the untied States leads the world in murders, the number of guns in circulation among civilians, and the manufacture and sale of guns.
The absolute right crowd refuses to consider that the Second Amendment is embedded in the historical context of the late 18th Century, and reflects the concerns of an infant nation. The opening restrictive clause of the Amendment closely yokes gun ownership to the need for militias in reserve under control of the federal government. The leader of this crowd, a fading Wayne LaPierre, has authorized an ad calling Obama a hypocrite for sending his daughters to a protected school, when in fact all presidents' children are mandated for protection (they are targets for kidnappers and terrorists). How sleazy can he get?
Denton May


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FREE Workshop: Create A Full-Time Income With Online Business
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Please check your inbox and you'll find a little present from us
Dapper Moustaches Drink Markers. Keep your party classy and your drinks distinguished with this set of silicone drink markers in the shape of different styles of Gentlemen's moustaches by Kikkerland. Simply apply one to your glass and your drink will be well groomed and properly spoken for all night! Cheers!
Made from 100% silicone that stick (and re-stick) to any smooth surface.
UK Postage - The majority of items are posted via the Royal Mail 1st class service or our Courier for heavier orders, although it may also include a 'signed for' postal service at our discretion. All orders under £35.00 are charged a flat rate delivery charge of £1.99 per order (not per item). Any order with a total value £35.00 or above is delivered using a standard delivery service free of charge. We aim for Same Day Dispatch if orders are received before 1.30pm and the items are in stock.
For all orders average delivery time will be between 1 and 3 days, though heavier orders may take up to 6 days. Please note, all greeting cards automatically have free standard UK delivery. For this reason they will not contribute to the £35 order total required to qualify for free delivery when purchasing other products.
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As today continues to spiral into non-stop Windows Phone news coverage, we have another one for you: the Facebook Beta app, which is still going strong despite the official update, has been updated to version 188.8.131.52, bringing along with it quite a few highly desired features.
The full changelog for 220.127.116.11, which is available now, includes:
- Ability to unfriend
- Ability to unlike a page
- Fixed a commonly reported problem of notification counts not clearing
- Stability and performance improvements
Dare we say, that's quite a significant addition of features and fixes, meaning if you're a regular Facebook user who doesn't mind assisting the community, then you'll want to grab the beta app to participate.
You can download Facebook Beta v184.108.40.206 here in the Store. Windows Phone 8 only.


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Bass tablature for "Dream On" by "Aerosmith"
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Artist: Aerosmith
Piece: Dream On
Instrument: Bass
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Changed? Yes
Reasons for change: 1, pocobutton.com, Additional Info, Americanbeergeekinparis.com,
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Regal to install IMAX theater in Ocala/
An IMAX theater is coming to Ocala! Previously, the closest IMAX theaters were in Orlando and St. Augustine. By the end of the year, you will be able to get the IMAX experience at the Hollywood 16 movie complex on Southwest 19th Avenue Road, right around the corner from Paddock Shoppes.
By Rick Allen | The Gainesville Sun
The really, REALLY big screen is coming to Ocala.
A spokesman for Knoxville, Tenn.-based Regal Entertainment Group confirmed Friday that an IMAX system will be installed at the Hollywood 16 movie complex on Southwest 19th Avenue Road by the end of the year.
"It'll be real IMAX, not the RPX: Regal Premium Experience," said Richard M. Grover, director of marketing and communications.
He said Regal officials with more details about the Ocala installation would be available Monday to offer specifics on the project. "But I did want to confirm that IMAX is coming to our Hollywood 16 in the fourth quarter," he said.
On that timetable, one of the existing auditoriums in the complex will be converted to the ultra-big screen format. Moreover, if it's completed by mid-November, one of the first films shown in the new arena could be "Hunger Games: Catching Fire" or "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug." Both films are the second installments in popular franchises.
"Catching Fire" is scheduled for release Nov. 22 and "The Hobbit" is scheduled for Dec. 13. Since 2000, more and more major films have been released in an IMAX format at the same time as their wide release. The first full-length Hollywood feature released as an IMAX film was "Fantasia 2000" in December 1999.
Until now, the closest IMAX screens have been in Orlando, Tampa and at Golf World near St. Augustine. But Regal and some of its rival chains in recent years have been attempting to increase access to IMAX or IMAX-like experiences by converting existing facilities to a big-screen format, according to the online BigScreen Cinema Guide.
The Los Angeles Times recently reported the iconic Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood was converted to IMAX over the summer and will reopen as the renamed TCL Chinese Theatre IMAX later this month with a special showing of "The Wizard of Oz" in 3-D.
On its website, Regal lists 76 theater complexes containing an IMAX theater; Regal IMAX theaters in Florida are located in Fort Myers, Sunrise and two in Orlando.
Reaction to the news on Facebook was swift and mostly positive. "Yes!" "Wonderful idea!" and "In a heartbeat" were among some of the quick comments posted.
"Would be awesome, and I think the price is relative to where you are," wrote Tracey Hale Cauthen. But Susan Parke-Alligood was thinking more southwest than Easy Street: "We need something in Dunnellon!"


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Financial services software developers may be interested in the new IG Labs offering that gives traders access to the firm's web API to enable them to develop their own trading applications that best suit how they like to trade.
By releasing its web application-programming interface, the firm says that institutions, brokers, individual traders, and developers can now automate trades, build integrations, and create trading apps that use the firm's spread betting and CFD technology.
Head of IT Development at IG Ivan Gowan explains that the IG Trading API follows the REST principles for good use of the HTTP specification to define standard HTTP operations on defined entities; i.e., trades, positions, "watch-lists", and markets.
Speaking to Dr. Dobb's directly, Gowan said, "IG has provided a web based companion app to help developers explore the API request headers, body, and response headers and body for each call available in the REST API. This is a powerful way for developers to debug issues they experience while coding against the API. IG offers a streaming API to facilitate the requirement to push prices to clients in real time (sub-second). Both parts to the API do not impose a particular language on the developer, making it very flexible for people to integrate with."
IG road tested the new service prior to launching at an internal codefest event where the tech team was given free rein to develop new projects with the API. The results demonstrate the potential benefits the firm's technology offers traders. For example, the team developed an app that allows traders to balance positions across accounts and further apps that provided a live background which interact with the API to display market data as a graph as well as historical client sentiment.
The API is made up of two parts:
- REST Trading API
- Streaming API
As with standard REST API's, the data is provided in JSON format and it is client programming language agnostic, meaning a developer can build their own trading system in their language of choice — .NET, Java, JavaScript, and Excel, to name a few.
It also means that the API can be accessed on the standard SSL port (443) and doesn't require specific firewall access in order for a client to connect. IG has provided a feature-rich interactive Companion App to dynamically explore the API request and response details to help developers get started.


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Haskell programming tips
From HaskellWiki
1 Preface
This page shows several examples of how code can be improved. We try to derive general rules from them, though they cannot be applied deterministically and are a matter of taste. We all know this, please don't add "this is disputable" to each item!
Instead, you can now add "this is disputable" on /Discussion and change this page only when some sort of consensus is reached.
2 Be concise
2.1 Don't reinvent the wheel
The standard libraries are full of useful, well-tuned functions. If you rewrite an existing library function, the reader of your code might spend a minute trying to figure out why you've done that. But if you use a standard function, the reader will either immediately understand what you've done, or can learn something new.
2.2 Avoid explicit recursion
Explicit recursion is not generally bad, but you should spend some time trying to find a more declarative implementation using higher order functions.
Don't define
raise :: Num a => a -> [a] -> [a] raise _ [] = [] raise x (y:ys) = x+y : raise x ys
because it is hard for the reader to find out how much of the list is processed and on which values the elements of the output list depend. Just write
raise x ys = map (x+) ys
or even
raise x = map (x+)
and the reader knows that the complete list is processed and that each output element depends only on the corresponding input element.
If you don't find appropriate functions in the standard library, extract a general function. This helps you and others understand the program. Thanks to higher order functions Haskell gives you very many opportunities to factor out parts of the code. If you find the function very general, put it in a separate module and re-use it. It may appear in the standard libraries later, or you may later find that it is already there in an even more general way.Decomposing a problem this way also has the advantage that you can debug more easily. If the last implementation of
This is a special case of the general principle of separating concerns. If you can write the loop over a data structure once and debug it, then there's no need to duplicate that code.
Another example: the function
I found the following code (but convoluted in a more specific function) in a Haskell program
count :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Int count _ [] = 0 count p (x:xs) | p x = 1 + count p xs | otherwise = count p xs
which you won't like after you become aware of
count p = length . filter p
2.3 Only introduce identifiers you need
Here is some advice that is useful for every language, including scientific prose
Introduce only identifiers you use.
The compiler will check this for you if you pass an option like
-Wall to GHC.
In an expression like
[a | i <- [1..m]]
replicate m a
is certainly better here.
2.4 Remember the zeroDon't forget that zero is a natural number. Recursive definitions become more complicated if the recursion anchor is not chosen properly. For example the function
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples r l | r == 1 = [[el] | el <- l] | length l == r = [l] | otherwise = (map ([head l] ++) (tuples (r-1) (tail l))) ++ tuples r (tail l)
Do you have an idea what it does?
Let's strip the guards and forget about list comprehension.
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 1 l = map (:[]) l tuples r l = if r == length l then [l] else let t = tail l in map (head l :) (tuples (r-1) t) ++ tuples r t
What about tuples with zero elements? We can add the pattern
tuples 0 _ = [[]]
but then we can also omit the pattern for 1-tuples.
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 0 _ = [[]] tuples r l = if r == length l then [l] else let t = tail l in map (head l :) (tuples (r-1) t) ++ tuples r t
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 0 _ = [[]] tuples r l = if r > length l then [] else let t = tail l in map (head l :) (tuples (r-1) t) ++ tuples r t
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 0 _ = [[]] tuples _ [] = [] tuples r (x:xs) = map (x :) (tuples (r-1) xs) ++ tuples r xs
You can even save one direction of recursionby explicit computation of the list of all suffixes provided by
You can do this with do notation
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 0 _ = [[]] tuples r xs = do y:ys <- tails xs map (y:) (tuples (r-1) ys)
tuples :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]] tuples 0 _ = [[]] tuples r xs = concatMap (\(y:ys) -> map (y:) (tuples (r-1) ys)) (init (tails xs))
but this ends with a "Prelude.tail: empty list".
More generally, Base cases and identities
2.5 Don't overuse lambdas
Like explicit recursion, using explicit lambdas isn't a universally bad idea, but a better solution often exists. For example, Haskell is quite good at currying. Don't write
zipWith (\x y -> f x y) map (\x -> x + 42)
instead, write
zipWith f map (+42)
also, instead of writing
-- sort a list of strings case insensitively sortBy (\x y -> compare (map toLower x) (map toLower y))
comparing p x y = compare (p x) (p y) sortBy (comparing (map toLower))
which is both clearer and re-usable.Actually, starting with GHC-6.6 you do not need to define
(Just a remark for this special example: We can avoid multiple evaluations of the conversions with a function that is present in GHC.Exts of GHC 6.10:
sortWith :: (Ord b) => (a -> b) -> [a] -> [a] sortWith f x = map snd (sortBy (comparing fst) (zip (map f x) x))
As a rule of thumb, once your expression becomes too long to easily be point-freed, it probably deserves a name anyway. Lambdas are occasionally appropriate however, e.g. for control structures in monadic code (in this example, a control-structure "foreach2" which most languages don't even support.):
foreach2 xs ys f = zipWithM_ f xs ys linify :: [String] -> IO () linify lines = foreach2 [1..] lines $ \lineNr line -> do unless (null line) $ putStrLn $ shows lineNr $ showString ": " $ show line
2.6 Bool is a regular type
Logic expressions are not restricted to guards and
Avoid verbosity like in
isEven n | mod n 2 == 0 = True | otherwise = False
since it is the same as
isEven n = mod n 2 == 0
The definitions
hasSpace (a:as) | isSpace a = True | otherwise = hasSpace as
hasSpace (a:as) = if isSpace a then True else hasSpace as
can be shortened to
hasSpace (a:as) = isSpace a || hasSpace as
(I just wanted to show the logic transform.In the particular example you would write
The same way
allPrintable (a:as) | isSpace a = False | otherwise = allPrintable as
allPrintable (a:as) = if isSpace a then False else allPrintable as
can be shortened to
allPrintable (a:as) = not (isSpace a) && allPrintable as
3 Use syntactic sugar wisely
People who employ syntactic sugar extensively argue that it makes their code more readable. The following sections show several examples where less syntactic sugar is more readable.
It is argued that a special notation is often more intuitive than a purely functional expression. But the term "intuitive notation" is always a matter of habit. You can also develop an intuition for analytic expressions that don't match your habits at the first glance. So why not making a habit of less sugar sometimes?
3.1 List comprehension
List comprehension lets you remain in imperative thinking, that is it lets you think in variables rather than transformations. Open your mind, discover the flavour of the pointfree style!
Instead of
[toUpper c | c <- s]
map toUpper s
[toUpper c | s <- strings, c <- s]
where it takes some time for the reader to discover which value depends on what other value and it is not so clear how many timesthe interim values
In contrast to that
map toUpper (concat strings)
can't be clearer.
When using higher order functions you can switch more easily from
map (1+) list
mapSet (1+) set
.If there were a standard instance for the
you could use the code
fmap (1+) pool
for both choices.
If you are not used to higher order functions for list processing you may feel you need parallel list comprehension. This is unfortunately supported by GHC now,but it is arguably superfluous since various flavours of
3.2 do notation
do notation is useful to express the imperative nature (e.g. a hidden state or an order of execution) of a piece of code.Nevertheless it's sometimes useful to remember that the
Instead of
do text <- readFile "foo" writeFile "bar" text
one can write
readFile "foo" >>= writeFile "bar"
The code
do text <- readFile "foo" return text
can be simplified to
readFile "foo"
by a law that each Monad must fulfill.
You certainly also agree that
do text <- readFile "foobar" return (lines text)
is more complicated than
liftM lines (readFile "foobar")
.By the way, the
3.3 Guards
Disclaimer: This section is NOT advising you to avoid guards. It is advising you to prefer pattern matching to guards when both are appropriate. -- AndrewBromage
Guards look like
-- Bad implementation: fac :: Integer -> Integer fac n | n == 0 = 1 | n /= 0 = n * fac (n-1)
which implements a factorial function. This example, like a lot of uses of guards, has a number of problems.The first problem is that it's nearly impossible for the compiler to check whether guards like this are exhaustive, as the guard conditions may be arbitrarily complex (GHC will warn you if you use the
-Wall option). To avoid this problem and potential bugs through non exhaustive patterns you should use an
-- Slightly improved implementation: fac :: Integer -> Integer fac n | n == 0 = 1 | otherwise = n * fac (n-1)
-- Less sugar (though the verbosity of if-then-else can also be considered as sugar :-) fac :: Integer -> Integer fac n = if n == 0 then 1 else n * fac (n-1)
But in this special case, the same can be done even more easily with pattern matching:
-- Good implementation: fac :: Integer -> Integer fac 0 = 1 fac n = n * fac (n-1)
Actually, in this case there is an even more easier to read version, which (see above) doesn't use Explicit Recursion:
-- Excellent implementation: fac :: Integer -> Integer fac n = product [1..n]
Note however, that there is a difference between this version and the previous ones: When given a negative number, the previous versions do not terminate (until StackOverflow-time), while the last implementation returns 1.
Guards don't always make code clearer. Compare
foo xs | not (null xs) = bar (head xs)
foo (x:_) = bar x
or compare the following example using the advanced pattern guards
parseCmd ln | Left err <- parse cmd "Commands" ln = BadCmd $ unwords $ lines $ show err | Right x <- parse cmd "Commands" ln = x
with this one with no pattern guards:
parseCmd ln = case parse cmd "Commands" ln of Left err -> BadCmd $ unwords $ lines $ show err Right x -> x
parseCmd :: -- add an explicit type signature, as this is now a pattern binding parseCmd = either (BadCmd . unwords . lines . show) id . parse cmd "Commands"
Incidentally, compilers often also have problems with numerical patterns. For example, the pattern
data Foo = Foo deriving (Eq, Show) instance Num Foo where fromInteger = error "forget it" f :: Foo -> Bool f 42 = True f _ = False
*Main> f 42 *** Exception: forget it
Only use guards when you need to. In general, you should stick to pattern matching whenever possible.
3.4 n+k patterns
In order to allow pattern matching against numerical types, Haskell 98 provides so-called n+k patterns, as in
take :: Int -> [a] -> [a] take (n+1) (x:xs) = x: take n xs take _ _ = []
However, they are often criticized for hiding computational complexity and producing ambiguities, see /Discussion for details. They are subsumed by the more general Views proposal, which has unfortunately never been implemented despite being around for quite some time now.The
4 Efficiency and infinity
A rule of thumb is: If a function makes sense for an infinite data structure but the implementation at hand fails for an infinite amount of data, then the implementation is probably also inefficient for finite data.
4.1 Don't ask for the length of a list when you don't need it
Don't write
length x == 0
In contrast
x == []
The best thing to do is
null x
atLeast :: Int -> [a] -> Bool atLeast 0 _ = True atLeast _ [] = False atLeast n (_:ys) = atLeast (n-1) ys
atLeast :: Int -> [a] -> Bool atLeast n x = n == length (take n x)
or non-recursive but fairly efficient
atLeast :: Int -> [a] -> Bool atLeast n = if n>0 then not . null . drop (n-1) else const True
atLeast :: Int -> [a] -> Bool atLeast 0 = const True atLeast n = not . null . drop (n-1)
The same problem arises if you want to shorten a list to the length of another one by
take (length x) y
So, instead
zipWith const y x
works well.It should be noted that
which allow the usage of Peano numbers.
4.2 Don't ask for the minimum when you don't need itThe function
isLowerLimit :: Ord a => a -> [a] -> Bool isLowerLimit x ys = x <= minimum ys
Compare it with
isLowerLimit x = all (x<=)
4.3 Use sharing
If you want a list of lists with increasing length and constant content, don't write
map (flip replicate x) [0..]
because this needs quadratic space and run-time. If you code
iterate (x:) []
then the lists will share their suffixes and thus need only linear space and run-time for creation.
4.4 Choose the appropriate fold
See "Stack overflow" or "Foldr Foldl Foldl'" for advice on which fold is appropriate for your situation.
5 Choose types properly
5.1 Lists are not good for everything
5.1.1 Lists are not arrays
Lists are not arrays, so don't treat them as such.Frequent use of
This is very inefficient.
If you access the elements progressively, as in
[x !! i - i | i <- [0..n]]
you should try to get rid of indexing, as in
zipWith (-) x [0..n]
If you really need random access, as in the Fourier Transform, you should switch to Arrays.
5.1.2 Lists are not sets
If you manage data sets where each object can occur only once and the order is irrelevant, if you use list functions like
frequently, you should think about switching to sets. If you need multi-sets, i.e. data sets with irrelevant order but multiple occurrences of objects,you can use a
5.1.3 Lists are not finite maps
Similarly, lists are not finite maps, as mentioned in efficiency hints.
5.2 Reduce type class constraints
5.2.1 Eq type classWhen using functions like
Example:The following function takes the input list
Clear what it does? No? The code is probably more understandable
removeEach :: (Eq a) => [a] -> [[a]] removeEach xs = map (flip List.delete xs) xs
but it should be replaced by
removeEach :: [a] -> [[a]] removeEach xs = zipWith (++) (List.inits xs) (tail (List.tails xs))
5.3 Don't use Int when you don't consider integers
Before using integers for each and everything (C style) think of more specialised types.If only the values
If there are more but predefined choices and numeric operations aren't needed try an enumeration.
Instead of
type Weekday = Int
data Weekday = Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday deriving (Eq, Ord, Enum)
You cannot accidentally mix up weekdays with numbers and the signature of a function with weekday parameter clearly states what kind of data is expected.
If an enumeration is not appropriateyou can define a
E.g. if you want to associate objects with a unique identifier,you may want to choose the type
newtype Identifier = Identifier Int deriving Eq
5.4 Avoid redundancy in data types
I often see data types with redundant fields, e.g.
data XML = Element Position Name [Attribute] [XML] | Comment Position String | Text Position String
since this lets you handle the text position the same way for all XML parts.
data XML = XML Position Part data Part = Element Name [Attribute] [XML] | Comment String | Text String
6 Miscellaneous
6.1 Separate IO and data processing
It's not good to use the IO Monad everywhere, much of the data processing can be done without IO interaction. You should separate data processing and IO because pure data processing can be done purely functionally, that is you don't have to specify an order of execution and you don't have to worry about what computations are actually necessary. Useful techniques are described in Avoiding IO.
6.2 Forget about quot and remThey complicate handling of negative dividends.
a == b * div a b + mod a b mod a b < b mod a b >= 0
- Conversion from a continuously counted tone pitch to the pitch class, like C, D, E etc.: mod p 12
- Pad a list to a multiple ofxsnumber of elements:mxs ++ replicate (mod (- length xs) m) pad
- Conversion from a day counter to a week day: mod n 7
- Pacman runs out of the screen and re-appears at the opposite border: mod x screenWidth
- Daan Leijen: Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists
- Haskell-Cafe: default for quotRem in terms of divMod?
6.3 Partial functions like fromJust and head
Avoid functions that fail for certain input values like
They raise errors that can only be detected at runtime. Think about how they can be avoided by different program organization or by choosing more specific types.
Instead of
if i == Nothing then deflt else fromJust i
fromMaybe deflt i
See also #Reduce type class constraints.If it is not possible to avoid
fromMaybe (error "Function bla: The list does always contains the searched value") (lookup key dict)
(See remark. See also "Avoiding partial functions".)


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Great Eggcase Hunt
With over 600 species of skate and ray worldwide, at least 16 species have been regularly recorded in UK coastal waters; most of these species reproduce by laying tough leathery eggcases on the seabed. Of more than 30 species of British sharks, only two species lay eggcases that are commonly found on our beaches; the Smallspotted Catshark and the Nursehound.
Each eggcase contains one embryo which will develop over several months into a miniature shark, skate or ray. Once empty, the eggcases often wash ashore and can be found among the strandline on beaches.
The Great Eggcase Hunt aims to get as many people as possible hunting for eggcases that have either been washed ashore, or are found by divers and snorkelers underwater. In recent decades, several species of shark, skate and ray around the British coast have dramatically declined in numbers. The empty eggcases (or mermaid's purses) are an easily accessible source of information on the whereabouts of potential nursery grounds and will provide the Trust with a better understanding of species abundance and distribution.
Watch the video below to see what we found when we took Discovery UK out eggcase hunting.
Funding for this project, provided by Save Our Seas Foundation (SOSF), assures the continued expansion of this exciting, flagship project. With this support, the Shark Trust is building upon the existing project, which represents one of the UK's most popular marine volunteer recording programmes.
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The guy who organized the talk in DC put up this report by a guy who was there. Click here to read it. He also put up some photos. Click here to see them. It's an interesting perspective. Thanks!
My sister's bird is going spazz-o downstairs.
The Avenger made it the whole way from Chapel Hill (actually Efland) to Knoxville without blowing up. But I can't find my sunglasses anymore.
I gotta run or I'll be late for the retreat in Nashville.


text:
As mentioned in my elegant little Public Service Announcement, though I haven't been around blogs much lately (including this one), I've been slogging around in my hip waders on Twitter's Motion 312 timeline, known in the Twitterverse as "#M312". (Hip waders? you ask… Yes, the bullshit's that high.)
As we begin the feverish countdown to the Motion 312 debate and the vote that will put the whole ridiculous farce to sleep for good (September 18 & 19 respectively), Twitter has been an interesting read. Motion 312 was conceived on Twitter with MP Stephen Woodworth's insipid ejerkulations about a "respectful debate on when life begins", so it's not surprising to find much of the battle over it being waged there. With "tweets" limited to 140 characters, it's also the medium of a jabbering fetus fetishist's dreams: a venue ideally suited to spitting out rapidfire gobs of propaganda at breakneck pace. Even sweeter, anyone who asks a question or makes a dissenting point can simply be "blocked", the Twitter version of "disappeared".
And so it's gone with the antichoice Twitter campaign in support of the nefarious Motion 312: long on lies but extremely short on feedback when lies are called out. No surprise there since lying is like an uncontrollable, violent verbal tic with these people. It's how they roll in any venue: Twitter just makes it easier. Every day #M312 is inundated with the same boring talking points, the same lame videos, the same spamload of gawdawful embarrassing pleas imploring MPs to vote "YES! Because I love Motion 312!". But after awhile some disturbing inconsistencies were noticed…
Antichoicers in general and Woodworth in particular have always gone to great pains to emphasize that Motion 312 was NOT about abortion, or personhood, or so-called "fetal rights". Yet the fetushists' tweets in M312 are routinely tagged "fetal rights" and their content is often abortion-related:
…both of these being things they continually insist are unrelated to M312. Questions about this incongruity are ignored, questioners blocked.
Remember now, these are the people who were shrieking and panting for a "debate".
Despite their bellowing ("We want the debate!"), it's clear they want anything but a debate, or at least, a "debate" with only one side. I came up with a Twitter hashtag for it — #Masturdebate — but humour aside, it seemed to me that we were missing something. The flip side of never blaming on Malice what can be explained by Stupidity, you know? All these little inconsistencies might be part of an overall Plan…
…if "debate" isn't what they want at all, and never has been. What they really want is a venue, an opportunity to mainstream their goofy language about "fetal rights", by getting prochoicers to engage with them. We are, after all, the mainstream. Remember the Team Fetus Rolling Roadshow earlier this summer? How much media attention did they get before pro-choicers started pushing back with counter-protests? I rest my case.
Look, antichoicers have always had trouble getting any mainstream traction, or even attention, especially here in sane, pro-choice Canada, where they're largely ignored and considered nutbars and flaming religious fascists. To the broader Canadian public, a fetus is a lower life form than a pregnant woman and abortion is a private reality best kept between patient and doctor.
And that's the way we'd like to keep it.
There's little chance of "fetal rights" becoming an expression that will get you much other than a look of fear and loathing or at least puzzlement and a quick end to the conversation, before Motion 312 bites the dust. But it's something to keep in mind for the next time they screech for a "debate": that what they're really doing is trying to fast-track their language into popular lexicon.
Change the language, change the attitude.
It's pretty slick: in the states antichoicers buy a lot of this kind of advice from expensive, high-pressure marketing consultants. I was in the business and I recognize certain strategies when i see them.


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David PhillipsAlumni, Class of 2011
resume: http://davidphillips.us/resume/
David Phillips was born in San Jose, CA. He received his BA from Santa Clara University in Theatre & Dance. He moved to Los Angeles and lived it up as an actor / writer / children's improv teacher / PA for Warner Bros. amongst other things. David moved to New York City to pursue his Masters at ITP. His internships at ITP included Cisco and Apple. David's interests lie in narrative, UI/UX, and experimentation. He is definitely not sleeping enough and loving every minute of it.


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