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SPRINGFIELD, NJ – David Brearley High School defeated the Jonathan Dayton Bulldogs 1-0 on Wednesday night in a semifinal game of the NJSIAA North 2, Group 1 Softball Tournament.
There was no score after six innings. To that point, Dayton had the best scoring chance when two runners were left on second and third. Brearley started the seventh inning with an out and then got three hits that just seemed to find the right spots on the field. A single drove in the winning run with bases loaded and one out, but Dayton's Arianna DeMartino's pitching and strong fielding kept it there.
Brearley's pitcher junior Michele Capizzano was at the top of her game. She gave up just four hits, walked only one batter and struck out 13. One reason was her ability to change speeds off a good fast pitch. Coming into the game, she pitched 119 innings and allowed 39 earned runs. Her last three games including this one were shutouts including a no-hitter against Bloomfield Tech and a one hitter against North Arlington.
DeMartino, gave up just one run on eight hits. She pitched 94 innings for the Bulldogs in 2017 and gave up 40 runs. She only walked seven.
Dayton ends the season at 13-10 and loses three players to graduation. All are team captains. They are pitcher and second baseman Arianna DeMartino, catcher Karly Fitzpatrick and centerfielder Marinna Kwinta.
Brearley is 13-6 and faces the winner of today's game matching the one seed Ridgefield against the five seed Roselle Park on May 30.


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Hydrangea Garden
Deciding what type of concept which is employed on your dream house is a issue, however , this Hydrangea Garden picture gallery will help you along with the fabulous patterns exhibited. If your main property is normally dreary in addition to you will need a cutting edge feel and look, you will be able to transform it and that Hydrangea Garden snapshot gallery being benchmark. You can find various tips to beautify your boring property from this Hydrangea Garden picture gallery. That superior Hydrangea Garden photograph collection supplies plenty of amount of illustrations or photos that suggest excellent patterns involving Hydrangea Garden that you can reproduce. This also Hydrangea Garden picture collection will help you to purchase a wonderful perspective on your property. It is possible to gain knowledge of many elements because of Hydrangea Garden snapshot collection for example the variety of furniture, colour method, and additionally trend. These factors probably will make your household towards a especially lovely spot when you can fill out an application them in a wonderful share simply as Hydrangea Garden photo stock illustrates.
As noun
any shrub belonging to the genus Hydrangea, of the saxifrage family, several species of which are cultivated for their large, showy flower clusters of white, pink, or blue
As noun
a plot of ground, usually near a house, where flowers, shrubs, vegetables, fruits, or herbs are cultivated
a piece of ground or other space, commonly with ornamental plants, trees, etc
, used as a park or other public recreation area:a public garden
a fertile and delightful spot or region
yard (def )
As adjective
pertaining to, produced in, or suitable for cultivation or use in a garden:fresh garden vegetables; garden furniture
As verb (used without object)
to lay out, cultivate, or tend a garden
As verb (used with object)
to cultivate as a garden
As Idioms
lead up / down the garden path, to deceive or mislead in an enticing way; lead on; delude:The voters had been led up the garden path too often to take a candidate's promises seriously
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
So I know it's been just over a month since my last post, had a bit of a torrid time with things in my personal life which is meant I haven't had much time to focus on the blog.
But now the worse of it seems to be over, I'm able to blog again and also get some further progress done on the database and trading/betting.
I will be starting to trade again, just using a £100 bank, this time I'm going to approach things a bit differently. I'll only be trading when I'm really focused to do it, rather then rushing in every night and wanting to catch any old match. So this means also only trading markets where I feel there is sufficient liquidity to do so.
I'll again be updating the blog, most likely weekly, as this means I'm not spending time every few nights having to update it.
Will have more news about the database in a few weeks time.


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Missing WeatherUnderground's NOAA Weather Radio?Members have set up a New NWR site for us.
0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I've used this before and had no issues at all.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUHU_(software)
I assume you tried to reload VPLive? How are you storing data locally? Davis Weatherlink?
Hello where could I find VP Live?
Page created in 0.288 seconds with 34 queries.


text:
Bamboo For You™
To Catalog List
Gigantochloa Maxima
Bamboo, Max's Bamboo)
Another one of our favorites, this fabulous bamboo features yellow striations on long internodes. It is a tight clumper with erect growth and is branchless on the lower part of the culms. Not often seen, it is just beginning to gain in popularity. It has also been classified as G. verticillata and G. pseudoarundinacea Maxima.
Max. height: 45 ' Max. diameter: 4 " Minimum Temperature: 28o F.
"Bamboo For You" is trademarked.
Copyright © 2001 Bamboo For You. All rights reserved.


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Data entry is a skill to enter informational data into the computer program accurately and with quantity. The data is inserted while keyboarding or just copy-pasting the data available on the net or data extracting into client specified format or something as per requirement of the project.
Data entry could be of varied format, taking simple one like keyboarding handwritten document given in the form of feedback by customer, to PDF Format where client put the requirement to put them in excel file so that it can be further implement or inserted in specific program.
Specific program means it dependency on database architecture. Generally what I notice in data entry projects client's specifically stress on there format, where data is to be attributed in form of personal detail or product information which require repeated jobs and of course time consuming.
To enter in this Data entry field one have to fulfill the credential of qualified data entry test so that the qualified candidate can travel data into a computer program side by side to put assurance to the company that are recruiting the right person.
In order to get certificate one can switch to the reliable online sites who are offering related certificates on the condition that you qualify there test. In order to pursue the best program one can search on Google or any other search engine to meet the criteria or just search in your locality who is offering such services. I think both option are not difficult to achieve.
It is well known that "practice makes man perfect" after qualifying the test it doesn't mean you end up with your practice, in data entry typing, what I have noticed; is entering data of medicine or the books which is full of medical glossary is very time consuming and difficult task to do. It's highly depending on accuracy and even professional find it a difficult in doing so if you are choosing data entry field to expertise it is necessary to aggregate yourself with your skill.


text:
My name is Mike DeMar. I am a designer from the "Concentrated Area of Relocated Yankees" (Cary) North Carolina. I specialize in UX Design with a focus Human Centered Design philosophys.
I graduated from East Carolina University with a Bachelor's Degree in Fine Art with a concentration in Interactive Design and Animation. I am working full time as Lead Product Designer for Oracle + Bronto in Durham, North Carolina.
When I'm not working I enjoy spending the majority of my time with family. I have a few quirky hobbies that include: metal detecting, shark tooth hunting on Topsail Island, and coin collecting. Sometimes, if I'm lucky, I'll play a few games of ice hockey at the local rink.
Want to know more? Check out my resume online or as a PDF.
"As a professional designer, who is a master in the industry and looked to for inspiration and example, use my talents to shape a better world through innovative ideas, amazing designs, and willingness to give back to humanity."


text:
Monday Night Ladies League 2018
Your entry fee includes the following:
- 16 League games from May 7th - September 10th. (There will be no scheduled league games on holidays - May 21st, July 2nd, September 3rd) 6:00 shotgun start.
- Closing dinner on September 10th
- tee gift / prizes
- driving range use on league night
- proshop discount on merchandise (10% off soft goods/ 5% off hard goods)
- guaranteed rain checks for every week - even if you simply can't play (if you have to miss a scheduled Monday League game, you will be issued a rain check for the value of a 9 hole league rate. This rain check can be used against the cost of green fees, rentals or merchandise)
EXISTING LEAGUE MEMBER (in 2017)
|Walking: $425.00
|Walking: $450.00
|Riding: $520.00
|Riding: $545.00


text:
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community by Robert D. Putnam
I have not actually read this book, but I do have it coming from Amazon. I came across it on accident and read the blurb on Amazon (see below).
Drawing on vast new data that reveal Americans' changing behavior, Putnam shows how we have become increasingly disconnected from one another and how social structures—whether they be PTA, church, or political parties—have disintegrated. Until the publication of this groundbreaking work, no one had so deftly diagnosed the harm that these broken bonds have wreaked on our physical and civic health, nor had anyone exalted their fundamental power in creating a society that is happy, healthy, and safe.I think that one strong reason why the rockabilly subculture is strong is due to the strong sense of community that we have. It doesn't matter if you're more psychobilly or hillbilly or a square or a greaser or a lounge lizard. If you show up to a car show or a big rockabilly event (like Viva Las Vegas), you are accepted. We have car clubs and craft groups and cooking clubs and game nights and bowling teams. We have a growing and developing sense of community that is severely lacking in today's world.
Like defining works from the past, such as The Lonely Crowd and The Affluent Society, and like the works of C. Wright Mills and Betty Friedan, Putnam's Bowling Alone has identified a central crisis at the heart of our society and suggests what we can do.
I know this is like a backwards book review, but I really am looking forward to it....and I think it should be in my mailbox today! Hooray!


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Today Social sharing buttons are most important for every blog and website. Social Sharing buttons enhance your site design and increase your site traffic from Social networking sites. There are lots of free and paid social sharing plugins available for WordPress but they impact your site speed. As we know speed is one most important ranking factor. And if we don't use a good plugin then it affects your page load time. So if you are looking for a light weight social sharing plugin which doesn't slow your site. Then here I'm going to share 5 best light weight plugin with which your site will load faster than others social share plugins.
5 Lighting fast Social Sharing Plugins:
Social Warfare
Social Warfare is a lightning fast and most popular Social Sharing plugin. Social Warfare Buttons looks beautiful in the design and having nice animation which enhances faster users experience. It's design and animation attract to more users and increases social sharing. In the 2019 it has become #1 in Social Sharing plugins.
It allows users to share your post on 15+ popular Social networking sites. It is a premium plugin and also available in the free version but you'll not get advanced option such as if you migrate to https version of your site then you lose all the share counts, Social Warefare WordPress plugin has this ability to restore all share counts as it was on http version.
Features: 6+ buttons design, Responsive design, Share Recovery, Caching System, Click-to-Tweet Style, Analytics Tracking, Floating Sidebar sharing button, Sharing buttons above & below the post, Media Sharing etc.
Price: $29/yr
Easy Social Share Buttons for WordPress
Easy Social share buttons for WordPress is another best ultra fast loading social sharing plugin. This plugin supports 40+ social networking sites, It is one big advantage of the plugin because if users have multiple sharing option then they can easily share your post to multiple Social sites. It also has modules for click log analytics, So you can easily track your click and sharing log in Google Analytics. Easy Social share buttons for WordPress also supports social followers counter, if you want to show your site follower list then a Followers Counter and Social Profiles can be easily placed on the sidebar using widget option.
Features: Responsive design, Click log analytics, Automatic buttons trigger, 31+ beautifully designed templates with 22+ display position including Social Counter Widget, Buttons on Sidebar, In post share button (Above and below), Share buttons in flying box, Pop up buttons, Mobile share buttons bar and Buttons on media etc.
Price: $19
Ultimate Social Duex.
Another most popular lightning fast social sharing plugin for WordPress by WPsmarter. And I'm also using it on my this site. If you're looking a best fast loading, beautiful and cheapest social plugin, which also has a Social Fan counter box. This plugin is for you. WPSmarter is also claimed that Ultimate Social Deux is compatible with all WordPress themes and across devices. It also supports shortcodes function, so you can place share buttons any where in the post using shortcodes. With the Ultimate Social Duex your users can share your post to 24+ popular social sites.
Features: Responsive buttons, Automatic buttons trigger, 8 beautifully designed templates, Google analytics integration, Social Fan Counter Widget, Buttons on Sidebar, Floating top, Post top and bottom share button, Share buttons in flying box, Pop up buttons, Mobile bar, Buttons on media.
Price: $15
Sumo Me.
Sumo Me share is available in both free and paid version. It is only fast loading plugin that also shows Social Share counts for free. And It is not only social sharing plugin, along with social share it also supports email subscriptions box, so you can easily setup a pop up subscription box for MailChimp, Aweber etc. which can increase your website or blog daily email subscription upto 20%. But when comes to share buttons design only two design available Simple and Circle. SumoMe Share plugin hosts data on Sumo Me server and uses asynchronous script to show share buttons. So it doesn't affect your site performance and loads faster than other social plugin.
Features: Responsive layout, Google analytics integration, Floating sidebar share, Post above and below share button, Pop up buttons, Highlighter, Mobile bar, Media Sharing.
Price: Free and paid.
AddThis is also most popular free social sharing plugin. Just like the Sumome share plugin It also uses asynchronous script to show share button on your site. And the Share buttons are also served by AddThis server. So it doesn't affect site speed. This plugin connects your site to 200+ social networks. AddThis Follower buttons help your site visitor to easily subscribe your social accounts.
Features: Responsive, Follow buttons, Social analytics tracking, sidebar share buttons, Inline sharing, Image sharing, Expanding Share buttons, Mobile Sharing buttons, Related Post etc.
Price: Free and paid.
These 5 social sharing plugins are light weight on your site and loads faster then any other social plugjns. If you can't afford premium fast loading plugins then you can try Sumo Me share and AddThis. But with the premium social sharing plugin you can get more option and all the control in your hand.


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By submitting this information, you provide express written consent to Lee Brewer - Re/Max Alliance Group and our affiliates (the "Company") sending you future information, contacting you for telemarketing purposes using the information (including any phone numbers) you have or will provide us, and monitoring and recording these communications to assure the quality of service or for other reasons. This means the Company may contact you via residential number, mobile number and/or text messaging (including use of automated dialing equipment and pre-recorded calls). You are not required to give your consent as a condition of making a purchase with the Company. Additional information can be found in our Privacy Policy.
Want to see how long it takes to get to work from this property? Just enter in your work address and we will show you how long it takes to get there on every property you look at.
Unbelievable opportunity for serenity and proximity! Own all 5 lots totaling 1.17 acres with 400 ft of street frontage and only vacant County land behind! 6 miles from the beach with shopping, restaraunts, golf, boating and parks galore. No HOA. No flood zone. Plenty of space for the home of your dreams plus the RV/boat garage and the workshop, too! Call today and start living the dream!
Englewood, FL 34224
Added 2 Months Ago
Englewood, FL 34224
Added 2 Months Ago
Type anything you want here and we will see what we can find in the property descriptions. Maybe a name of a golf course you want to live by or a term like fixer upper.


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I have a country home in the bucolic hills of Caledon, Ont., about 60 kilometres northwest of Toronto. I really connect with the beauty here and what it has to offer, like the quirky and wonderful people I've made friends with. It really is a great part of the world. I love coming up, as do my wife and son. Going there is really about getting back into the countryside, where things move at a slightly slower pace and the air seems fresher, the trees greener, the wildlife more plentiful.
I've never been the kind of guy to sit for too long on the back deck with a beer or a book. I always have a job going. And here it's the kind of jobs I can't do in the city. Cutting the grass, planting trees, building a stone wall, tidying up the barn. Just these outdoor jobs that I love to do. Splitting firewood, stacking firewood and making a fire when it starts to get chilly ... there is nothing more satisfying and gratifying. They're all sort of rituals that I don't find chores. I actually look forward to them.
I also have wonderful neighbours. A neighbour farmer friend taught me how to plow. I have a local beekeeper who comes to see me. I hike with a group of guys weekly. I feel very much a part of this community and I feel welcome here. The group of friends we hang out with in Caledon have a favourite little cidery down the road and a coffee shop in the village, a bakery we stop at when we're on our cycling tours, a friendly neighbourhood pub. It's unique little destinations like these that make it extra special. I never tire of coming here.
— As told to Aaron Kylie


text:
Akon is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. He is best known for his slow jammed ballad 'Lonely' it was at the top of the charts for fifteen weeks. He earned a nomination Grammy Award for the hit single 'Smack That' which featured Eminem and appealed to the club scene. Akon is the first solo artists to hold the number one and two spots simultaneously.
Spirit International Artists is the leading talent buyer & producer for corporate entertainment and private functions.
We do not personally represent any of the artists on this website. We are not their agents or managers. We act as your buying agent, and approach Artist's management and Agents on your behalf. We also can produce your entire event, or any part of it.
Click here to view our privacy policy.


text:
Environmental Science
Rudolf Bßlek
Environmental survey of the Czech Republic and of the World.
Environmental problems, their causes. Science, ecological principles.
Ecosystems. The human population and its impact.
Climate. Sustaining biodiversity.
Food, soil, and pest management.
Environmental hazards and human health.
Air pollution.
Climate change. Ozone depletion.
Water resources. Water pollution.
Nature treasure. Nonrenewable and renewable energy. Energy efficiency.
Waste management.
Noise and vibration.
Electrical fields. Ionizing radiation.
Thermal and light comfort.
Miller G.T., Spoolman S.E.: Environmental Science, Thirteenth edition. Brooks/Cole, California 2010.
Miller G.T., Living in the Environment., Fourteenth edition. Thomson Learning, Inc. Wadsworth publ. company. Belmont. California 2005.
Remmert H., ųkologie., Springer - Verl. Berlin, Heildeberg, N.Y. 1980
Global Environment Outlook ¢ GEO4 ¢ Environment for Development. The United Nations Environment Programme, 2007
Text for exam


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Observing the Volcano World pp 677-689 | Cite as
Living with an Active Volcano: Informal and Community Learning for Preparedness in South of Japan
In a disaster-prone country like Japan, learning how to live with disaster [kyozon] has been crucial. Particularly since the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, disaster preparedness has been a primary concern of the government. Drawing on Paton's (The phoenix of natural disasters: community resilience. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 13–31, 2008) Community Engagement Theory, which endorses an integrated model that combines risk management with community development, this study discusses the case of Sakurajima Volcano (SV) situated in the south of Japan, with a focus on how the lessons learnt from previous eruption experiences have informed present-day preparedness activities. The study adapts Community Engagement Theory's quantitative framework to a qualitative analysis to consider the preparedness teaching and learning of a population living with the everyday threat of volcanic hazards in the case of SV. The study argues that two particular local lores—'do not rely on authorities' and 'be frightened effectively'—have been the underlying principles in volcanic preparedness in the region. The study also argues that the notion of 'kyojo [collaborative partnerships]' has been central to the planning and implementation of preparedness programmes, such as the Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Centenary Project, which offered a wide range of informal teaching and learning opportunities. Applying the framework of Community Engagement Theory, the paper suggests that at the individual level, the principles of 'do not rely on authorities' and 'be frightened effectively' form the basis for positive 'outcome expectancy'. At the community level, 'kyojo' is the notion which encompasses both of the community factors—'community participation' and 'collective efficacy'. At the societal level, 'kyojo' contributes to the building of 'empowerment' and 'trust' between citizens and authorities. The paper concludes by proposing that the SV case can be considered as an example of 'the integrated model'.
1 Introduction
Japan is located in the Circum-Pacific Mobile Belt where seismic and volcanic activities occur constantly (Cabinet Office 2011). The teaching and learning of disaster preparedness has been a primary concern of the government, particularly since the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 (Kitagawa 2014; The Expert Committee1 2012). Where natural disasters are not exceptional (Preston et al. 2014), learning how to live with disaster [kyozon] has been crucial. This paper examines preparedness for Sakurajima Volcano, which is an active volcano in Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan. In Japanese, 'Sakurajima' refers to both the volcano and the island.2 In this paper, Sakurajima as a volcano is referred to as 'Sakurajima Volcano (SV)', and Sakurajima as an island is called 'Sakurajima'. Focusing on how lessons have been learned from previous eruption experiences, the study aims to contribute to the development of a preparedness model of 'living with an active volcano'.
In Japan, volcanic preparedness was systematised in a government-led initiative (1974–2008) (Ishihara 2012), which introduced the volcanic warning system and implemented mitigation plans, hazard maps and evacuation plans for major active volcanoes. However, prevention, response and recovery measures for volcanic disaster have not been as advanced as those for earthquakes or floods (Takahashi 2007). This was unfortunately demonstrated by the recent disaster at Ontake Volcano in central Japan, which has become the worst volcanic disaster in Japan in the past 90 years (BBC 2014), since the 1914 eruption of SV.3 Prior to the eruption, there had been debate about whether to raise the warning level which was Level 14 at the time. The incident reconfirmed the complex nature of volcanic preparedness.
This paper discusses the development of the volcanic preparedness in the Kagoshima region (Fig. 1). The purpose is twofold: first, to examine how the lessons learnt from the Taisho Eruption5 of 1914 have informed present-day preparedness activities; and second, to explore whether the SV case can be considered as 'an integrated model' endorsed by Paton's Community Engagement Theory (CET). The paper first argues that two particular local lores—'do not rely on authorities [riron ni shinraisezu]' and 'be frightened effectively [seito ni kowagaru]'6—have taught the local population the underlying principles of volcanic preparedness—the development of agency and the control of emotion. The paper also looks at the implementation of the above two principles through informal7 teaching and learning programmes. The paper argues that those programmes are based on 'kyojo'8—collaborative partnerships—which has become the key policy term in disaster preparedness in Japan particularly since 2011.
In parallel, the paper discusses the qualitative findings, applying the individual/community/societal framework of CET. The argument of the theory is that 'an integrated model' that combines risk management and community development is an effective and sustainable approach to enhance community resilience to adversity (Paton et al. 2011; Paton 2008; Paton and Johnston 2006). Unlike Paton et al's (2013) and Paton and Jang's (2013) studies, this paper is not measuring the factors that contribute to people's intention to prepare for disaster, rather the variables of the theory—'outcome expectancy', 'community participation', 'collective efficacy', 'empowerment', 'trust'—are employed to consider the preparedness teaching and learning of a population living with the everyday threat of volcanic hazards in the case of SV.
2 Methodological and Theoretical Considerations
- 1.
What lessons were learnt from the Taisho Eruption of 1914?
- 2.
Why did false rumours circulate? What did the phrase 'do not rely on authorities' aim to convey?
- 3.
How is the phrase 'learning to be frightened effectively' understood? What measures have been undertaken to teach the principle?
- 4.
What forms of volcanic preparedness particularly outside of formal schooling are currently in place?
- 5.
SV has been active again since 2006, and the Warning Level has remained at 3 since 2012. The local population are used to regular volcanic hazards, and Level 3 has become a norm to them. Under such circumstances, how do they learn/have they learned 'to be frightened effectively'?
- 6.
What are the examples of kyojo activities for the teaching and learning of 'do not rely on authorities' and 'be frightened effectively'?
Data collection and analysis were arranged to respond to the above questions in the following way. First, the study made use of the rich information available in the documentation of the Taisho Eruption undertaken as part of the Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Centenary Project (Centenary Project).9 Empirical fieldwork was then organised in order to triangulate the information obtained from the documentary analysis. Sakurajima itself and two museums (the Sakurajima Visitor Center and the Prefectural Museum of Kagoshima) were visited to familiarise myself with the volcanology of SV and to obtain the official archival record of the eruptions, responses and recovery. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three groups of experts: regional policy makers,10 academics11 and a curator/researcher of an archival museum.12 In addition, online resources such as newspaper articles were used to fill any gaps. Thus, the data were analysed according to the six questions, while being collected at each step of the data collection—documentary analysis, archival research and expert interviews.
CET is based on the perspective that risk management and community development as complementary, and such an integrated model of preparedness permits a resilient community.13 Paton's (2008, p 3) approach is that 'people's understanding of, and response to, risk is determined not only by scientific information about risk, but also by the manner in which this information interacts with psychological, social, cultural, institutional and political processes to influence outcome.…these factors must be understood and accommodated in risk communication strategies'. The theory suggests that interpretive process at the individual level (outcome expectancy) interacts with communities (community participation, collective efficacy) and societal relationship (empowerment, trust) factors to influence preparedness (Paton 2008). Quantitative methods are usually applied in finding out the interactions between the preparedness variables. As a qualitative study, this paper does not intend to measure those interactions, but to explore how the findings of the case of SV could be interpreted, borrowing those concepts.
Five key concepts of the theory are briefly explained here. 'Outcome expectancy' at the individual level is about a person's belief as to whether her/his actions can effectively mitigate or reduce the problem (Paton et al. 2013, p. 21). At the community level, 'community participation' refers to community members' ability to collaborate to make decisions on effective responses for possible hazards and mitigation strategies. 'Collective efficacy' is community members' ability to assess their capabilities and create plans. The societal-level 'empowerment' and 'trust' variables refer to the relationship between citizens and authorities. When people believe their relationship with authorities is fair, empowering and trustworthy, people are more willing to get involved and take responsibility for their own safety (Paton et al. 2013, p. 22).
The paper now moves on to consider the case of SV with reference to this framework.
3 Sakurajima Volcano's Activities
3.1 Overview of Volcanic Activities
SV emerged about 26,000 years ago at the south end of Aira Caldera. The volcano currently has three peaks—Kitadake (north mountain), Nakadake (middle mountain) and Minamidake (south mountain) which has been most active (Japan Meteorological Agency 2014). In its recorded history, SV has had 17 major eruptions, the ones in 746, 1472, 1779 and 1914 being the largest four. Except the 19 years after the Taisho Eruption of 1914, SV has continuously been active during the past 100 years. In 1946, the lava flow exploded near the peak of Minamidake, created the Showa Crater14 and buried two villages. The Minamidake crater has been active since 1955,15 and between 1972 and the early 1990s, eruptions were frequent16 (Centenary Committee17 2014, p 156; Ishikawa cited in Kagoshima University18 2014, p. 39). SV was less active until 2006, eruptions have become more frequent since 2009, and in 2012, the Meteorological Agency announced the volcanic alert Level 3—'do not approach the volcano'—which has remained unchanged since.19
Research has confirmed that 90 percent of the magma which erupted in 1914 has already been re-accumulated in the underground of Aira Caldera which is said to be the main magma reservoir of SV. Three concrete scenarios have been proposed: (1) the re-aggravation of the Minamidake crater; (2) the aggravation of the Showa Crater followed by large lava flows; (3) flank eruptions of the scale of the Taisho Eruption from both mountainsides (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 142). Science and technology have advanced understanding of the volcano, and preparedness education for the above scenarios are underway. The circumstances at the time of the Taisho Eruption, however, were very different.
3.2 Taisho Eruption: The Largest in the 20th Century in Japan
At 10:05 on 12 January in 1914, a flank eruption occurred on the west mountainside, and 15 min later, a larger flank eruption occurred on the east mountainside of SV.20 The volcanic fume rose more than 8000 m, and the ash fall reached as far as the Kamchatka in Russia. Eight hours after the eruption at 18:30, a Magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit the city of Kagoshima. At 20:14, pyroclastic flow began, which burnt whole villages on the west side of the island. From at around 21:00, the pyroclastic flow turned to lava flows, which reached the coastline by the following evening.21 The total amount of the ash fall was estimated to be two square kilometres, and that of the lava flows was three billion tons. The accumulated ash fall became sediment flows in the mountains in the region, as well as in Sakurajima (Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 38; Kagoshima University 2014, p. 41).
3.3 Damage Brought About by the Taisho Eruption
In 1914, Sakurajima was made up of 3400 households and 21,300 inhabitants. Given the scale of the eruption, the human damage on the island—30 dead or missing—was considered to be small. Of the 30, only two deaths were directly caused by volcanic ejecta. The majority were drowned trying to escape by sea22 (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 51; Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 40). The property damage was enormous. On Sakurajima, a number of villages were swallowed completely by lava or covered by ash. 62 percent of the houses were burnt down by lava and pyroclastic flows. Residents in surrounding cities also lost homes which were covered by thick ash fall. The earthquake also destroyed houses in Kagoshima City23 (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 52; Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 40). Nearly half of the population in total had to migrate from Sakurajima after the Taisho disaster (Central Disaster Council 2011, pp. 44–45).
Infrastructure failure was massive. Roads were closed and bridges were destroyed on Sakurajima. On the mainland, some railway lines were destroyed, and telecommunications were disrupted due to the collapse of stations and electrical failure. Agricultural crops in Sakurajima were significantly damaged as well24 (Centenary Committee 2014, pp. 40–45, 52; Central Disaster Council 2011, pp. 39–41; Kagoshima University 2014, p. 42). Moreover, secondary damage continued for another 10 years. The mountain, still covered by a large amount of ash fall, was attacked by torrential rains in the following months, which led to frequent sediment flows sweeping away more farms and houses. A number of floods were caused by rising river beds because of the accumulated ash fall (Centenary Committee 2014, pp. 46–50).
4 Population Response of the Taisho Eruption
4.1 Delayed and Divided Responses
Prior to the eruption, many islanders picked up the warning signs of a large-scale eruption. These included the drop in water levels in wells and continuous earth tremors. They began preparing for self-evacuation without waiting for an official instruction. Such lessons had been handed down from previous generations. However, the official forecast from the local meteorological station stated 'no threat of a SV eruption'. In those days, there was only one old-style seismograph and no expert in volcanology or seismology was based at the station. Following the station's announcement, village authorities advised villagers there would be no need for evacuation. The response of the general public was divided. About half the islanders ignored the official view and followed their own judgement based on the aforementioned warning signs and evacuated the island before the actual eruption. The better-educated, however, followed official advice and waited until it was too late. The 30 fatalities mentioned above were made up people who followed official advice and remained on the island. The official forecast also delayed the response of the prefectural and municipal governments and the police (Centenary Committee 2014, pp. 32–34; Central Disaster Council 2011, pp. 31–42).
4.2 Panic Followed by False Rumours
When the Magnitude 7.1 earthquake hit Kagoshima City, the false rumour spread across the city that 'a massive tsunami and a poisonous gas attack will hit the region soon'. It is said that the rumour was created by college students whose motivation was unknown. However, the rumour contributed to a surge of panic, resulting in extreme behaviours such as people rushing to the main railway station leaving everything behind. Kagoshima City became literally empty at one point. The turmoil continued until 13 days after the eruption when a professor of seismology travelled from Tokyo and convinced the population in Kagoshima, that there was 'no further threat to the city' (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 34; Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 43).
In Kagoshima, two important lessons have been emphasised since the experience of this disaster. The next section explores how those lessons can be understood in the context of CET that connects personal, community and societal factors with preparedness and resilience.
5 Lessons Learnt: 'Do not Rely on Authorities' and 'Be Frightened Effectively'
5.1 'Do not Rely on Authorities'—the Development of Agency
After the Taisho Eruption, 64 stone monuments were built within Kagoshima Prefecture. Some of these were to commemorate migration, but the majority conveyed the lessons learnt from the disaster (Suzuki 2014). One of the best-known monuments is the Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Monument built 10 years after the disaster in a village in east Sakurajima. Called 'The Monument to the Distrust of Science', part of the inscription literally says, 'citizens must not rely on theory [jumin wa riron ni shinraisezu]' (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 57; Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 42). The words refer to the story of the 30 islanders who lost their lives because they did not evacuate, following the authority's instruction and trusting the 'scientific' judgement of the meteorological station. The village mayor who had trusted the forecast regretted advising the villagers to stay on the island and felt it was his responsibility to convey the lesson to future generations.25
The meaning of the inscription requires a further explanation. What it intended to convey was not the denying of scientific theories and methods, but the importance of individuals' proactive and responsible attitude towards disaster preparedness (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 57; Central Disaster Council 2011, p. 42). The inscription promoted the development of citizens' 'agency', as an antithesis to the passive attitude of the 30 villagers who completely relied on the authority's instruction. Despite the wording of 'theory' and 'science', the underlying message was that citizens should exercise agency being proactive about and responsible for their own safety. Based on this interpretation, this study has rephrased the translation to 'not to rely on "authorities"'.
5.2 'Be Frightened Effectively'—the Control of Emotion
'It is easy not to be frightened or to be too frightened of disaster, but it is difficult to be frightened effectively' (Terada cited in Centenary Committee 2014). It was Torahiko Terada, a seismologist, biologist and poet at the time of the Taisho Eruption, who left this lore. It has been considered as 'the appropriate framework for disaster preparedness' in Kagoshima Prefecture because the ability to control fear and anxiety is considered crucial in living with an active volcano. The approach taken in the region for the teaching and learning of the control of emotion is the development of two types of knowledge: the balanced knowledge about the volcano and the correct knowledge about the volcano. The former refers to both the benefits that human beings gain from the volcano and the threats that human beings may receive from the volcano. As an official from a municipal government (Interview 2014) indicated, 'people have to understand about the volcano. Without knowledge, they will be indifferent or panic. The emphasis should equally be on the understanding of the awe of nature and of the benefits humans receive from nature'.26 In terms of the correct knowledge, it refers to the validity and accuracy of the information. A researcher and curator of the prefectural museum argues (Interview 2014) that understanding the volcano should be supported by 'evidence-based information and education, which is the only effective and appropriate means'. Thus, Terada's words have been interpreted in the region that having both the balanced and the correct knowledge would enable citizens to make sound judgements preventing false rumours and mass panic and to co-habit with an active volcano.27
5.3 Agency and Knowledge as a Basis for Positive 'Outcome Expectancy'
It can be considered that the development of agency and the control of emotion, which are the capacity of individuals, would have an impact on outcome expectancy—the individual-level factor in CET. A person with a proactive and responsible attitude is likely to be interested in learning about the volcano and volcanic hazards of the region. If the gained knowledge is balanced and correct, the person will probably build a belief that individual actions can influence her/his own safety. Individuals with such belief tend to show an intention to prepare themselves for disasters, as CET suggests. Conversely, a person who does not have a proactive and responsible attitude is less likely to be interested in learning about local environments and risks. Without the balanced and correct knowledge of the region, the person is apt to develop negative outcome expectancy believing that no individual actions can make difference to personal safety.
5.4 Developing Preparedness Through Collaborative Projects
One of the key means of promoting the importance of agency and the control of emotion in the case of SV is through collaborative projects. The Centenary Project was planned and delivered by a committee comprising the Kagoshima prefectural and municipal governments, academic experts, museums and libraries, the national and municipal meteorological agencies, the development bureau, the chamber of commerce, the confederation of tourism, neighbourhood associations and the media (Centenary Committee 2014, p. 161). The project included a number of sub-programmes aiming to convey the lessons learned from the volcanic disaster for future generations, and also to raise the awareness of volcanic preparedness amongst citizens.28 Those programmes can be identified as kyojo projects based on collaboration amongst a wide range of stakeholders. 'Kyojo', which literary means 'helping each other', is a policy term widely used in Japan in the area of disaster management and preparedness. 'Kyojo' stresses the population's commitment and cooperation which has to be mobilised in preventing and mitigating foreseen large-scale disasters (Murosaki 2013).
Kagoshima's kyojo programmes were designed to attract a wide audience outside as well as inside the prefecture in the form of informal learning. The programmes ranged from an exhibition of the sketches and the photographs of the Taisho Eruption, to a 160-page documentation of the knowledge and experience of Sakurajima to date. Two programmes are briefly described here as an illustration of the teaching and learning of 'do not rely on authorities' and 'be frightened effectively'. The first programme is 'Creating a stone-rubbing of the Sakurajima Eruption Monument', which aimed to promote an understanding of the inscription discussed earlier through a stone-rubbing of 'The Monument to the Distrust of Science'. One of the participants commented, 'I hadn't known much about Sakurajima before. Through the stone-rubbing, I have learned about the sad story of the mistake made by the local meteorological agency…. I want to participate in more activities and know more about Sakurajima' (Kagoshima City 2013). 'A stamp rally visiting nine places in Sakurajima' combined tourism with education, including a visit to the 'buried' shrine gate in the Kurokami district.29 The chairman of the community association [chonaikai] explained, 'the community members are looking after this buried shrine gate for the memory of the Taisho Eruption. We hope to raise awareness of volcanic preparedness' (Kagoshima City 2013).
The Centenary Project ended in March 2014, leaving a legacy of kyojo projects. For example, a not-for-profit organisation and academics collaborated to set up the Sakurajima Museum, based on the idea of 'ecomuseum' (Fukushima and Ishihara 2004), defining the whole island of Sakurajima as a museum. The museum undertakes research and develops the teaching and learning of the history and ecology of the island. Similarly, Geo Park virtually puts Sakurajima and surrounding bays together and promotes 'the links between the volcano, the people and nature' (Geo Park Committee, n.y.). While promoting tourism, lifelong learning and disaster preparedness, both projects aim to contribute the community building and the economic development of the region. It is considered in Kagoshima that making the most of the benefits of the volcano as well as learning to be prepared effectively for volcanic hazards is the way to achieve 'kyozon'—living with the volcano.
5.5 Kyojo Encompassing 'Community Participation' and 'Collective Efficacy'
Linking kyojo with the community-level factors of CET, this paper suggests that 'kyojo' is a notion that encompasses both community participation and collective efficacy. At the community level, participation was fundamental in the Centenary Project. The events were developed by diverse members of the region and participated by wider communities, aiming to raise awareness and build the knowledge-base of the general public. Through community participation, people were involved in the teaching and learning about the Taisho Eruption and volcanic preparedness. Kyojo thus is about community participation. Kyojo is also about collective efficacy. As identified in the comparative study by Paton et al. (2013, p. 29) that examined Kagoshima residents' preparedness intentions, 'the high frequency of experience of volcanic hazards in Kagoshima increases its citizens' familiarity with the hazards and what works to manage their risk' (Paton et al. 2013, p. 29), which has resulted in the community's developing 'building codes, ash removal practices and community attitudes and preparedness to facilitate continuity of societal functions during periodic volcanic episodes'. Based on the assessment of 'what works to manage their risk', this community has planned 'practices' and 'preparedness'. It is suggested that the notion of 'kyojo' includes such assessment and decision-making phase, which is identified as collective efficacy in CET.
5.6 Kyojo as a Contributor to 'Empowerment' and 'Trust'
The relationship between kyojo and the societal-level factors—empowerment and trust—can be considered as the following. The more kyojo programmes—the programmes created on the basis of collaborative partnerships amongst a wide range of stakeholders—are developed and delivered, the more empowering and trustworthy relationships between community members and authorities would be built. Through collaborative working, both parties get to know each other, exchange ideas and information and co-construct preparedness schemes. The significant point in the case of SV is that after the Taisho Eruption in which the islanders who lost their lives following the village mayor's instruction, trust in the authorities must have decreased. As Paton et al. (2013, p. 22) indicate, 'people's perception of the quality of their (historical) relationship with a source of information influences their interpretation of the value of information in a way that is independent of the information itself'. The two major lessons 'do not rely on authorities' and 'be frightened effectively' have played a pivotal role in the rebuilding of trust in the authority. Today, Kagoshima citizens have become familiar with the hazards and how to cope with them. The high frequency of volcanic hazards has meant the information provided by official agencies to guide their preparing has been critical. This was anecdotally confirmed a number of times while the empirical fieldwork was undertaken in Kagoshima. It would be fair to say that the trust relationship between citizens and the authorities in the Kagoshima region has been rebuilt since the Taisho Eruption. The suggestion here is that the kyojo approach has contributed to the building of the empowering and trustworthy relationship.
The SV case appears to have a relatively high degree of individual, community and societal engagement in preparedness, although this hypothesis requires testing. The challenge in the region is, however, their preparedness also has to take into consideration an infrequent mega-scale eruption, which requires evacuation from the island before the eruption starts. This is the topic of the next section.
6 The Challenge of Living Under the Level 3 Warning
As a result of the volcanic warning Level 3 being kept unchanged since April 2012, 'Level 3' has become a norm in Kagoshima Prefecture. Being familiar with small-scale eruptions and ash fall, the local population are capable of facilitating 'continuity of societal functions during periodic volcanic episodes' (Paton et al. 2013, p. 29), not markedly changing their daily routines. Such circumstances could lead to 'the normalcy bias', which was introduced by Omer and Alon (1994, p. 273).30 Defined as 'underestimating the probability or extent of expected disruption', the term 'the normalcy bias' refers to the perception of the authorities during the crisis that 'it cannot happen to us' or 'life will be unchanged, even after a disaster', resulting in failing to plan for disaster, let alone involving the public in planning for disaster (Valentine and Smith 2002, p. 186). The researchers also identified the so-called 'abnormalcy bias', which refers to the authorities' 'underestimating victims' ability to cope with disaster' (Omer and Alon 1994, p. 273) with a view that 'the people cannot handle a threat of impending disaster' ending up in either panic, shock or looting (Valentine and Smith 2002, p. 186).
As indicated by the curator and researcher of the prefectural museum (Interview 2014), in the case of Kagoshima, 'the normalcy bias' appears to reside more in the public rather than the authorities. Although further investigation is required to confirm this claim, the point to be made here is that 'living with an active volcano' seems to promote the normalisation of 'the state of alert', and under such circumstances, there is a risk of people becoming less interested in preparing themselves for a more severe disaster. In other words, Kagoshima residents have high familiarity with preparedness for Level 3 and small-scale volcanic hazards, but that does not necessarily mean they are equally prepared for an eruption of the scale of the Taisho disaster.
7 Conclusion
The teaching and learning of and for volcanic hazards, as well as volcanology and seismology have dramatically advanced since SV's Taisho Eruption of 1914. Applying the individual/community/societal framework of CET, this paper has discussed a model for 'living with an active volcano', with a focus on how the lessons learned from previous experiences have been utilised in present-day preparedness programmes in the Kagoshima region. The overall argument has been that the SV case can be identified as 'the integrated model' endorsed by CET, largely because of their kyojo practices represented in the Centenary Project and the Sakurajima Museum, which incorporated 'disaster management' and 'community development' through 'mobilising community resources to facilitate adaptive capacity rather than having institutional decisions imposed upon a community' (Paton 2008, p. 29). The integrated model entails 'natural coping mechanisms' (Paton 2008, p. 29), or in Yamori's (2012) term, 'everyday preparedness [seikatsu bosai]'. In developing such 'built-in' (Yamori 2010) mechanisms, kyojo becomes critical. This conclusion has been drawn from a qualitative examination of the findings of the SV case against the five factors of CET.
Firstly, at the individual level, the paper has suggested that two principles identified in the SV case form the basis for positive 'outcome expectancy'. One principle is an emphasis on developing agency so that individual citizens develop ownership in making decisions about their behaviour in emergency situations. This has been expressed by a local lore, 'do not rely on authorities'. The other is an emphasis on gaining the balanced and correct knowledge of the volcano and volcanic hazards. The knowledge allows one to 'be frightened effectively' as other local lore advocates, and also prevents one from being distracted by false information. Positive outcome expectancy is likely to develop in a person who has a proactive and responsible attitude to gain the balanced and correct knowledge.
In terms of the community and societal levels, the paper has demonstrated that 'kyojo'—collaborative partnerships—plays a significant role. It is suggested that kyojo encompasses both of the community-level factors—'community participation' and 'collective efficacy'. Participation is a prerequisite for kyojo activities. The efficacy of the community to make collective judgements and reach decisions is likely to be developed through collaboration and exchanging of ideas and information. It is also suggested that kyojo is an approach that contributes to the building of societal-level 'empowerment' and 'trust' between community members and authorities.
The above analysis requires strengthening by further researching the relationships between agency, knowledge and kyojo, and outcome expectancy, community participation, collective efficacy, empowerment and trust. Moreover, clarifying the role of agency, knowledge and kyojo in linking 'disaster management' with 'community development' and vice versa is needed in presenting a concrete picture of how 'an integrated model' might look like.
This final part of the paper addresses a specific kind of challenge that the population in the Kagoshima region seems to be facing in living under the continuous Level 3 condition. Even if the population has a high level of preparedness for frequent volcanic hazards, whether the same applies to Taisho-Eruption-scale hazards remains questionable. Having developed individual agency, community participation and trust between citizens and authorities, the population may be immune to 'the abnormalcy bias'; however, a possibility of them growing 'the normalcy bias' appears to be an emerging concern.
- 1.
The Expert Committee to Discuss Disaster Education and Management Considering the Lessons Learnt From the Great East Japan Earthquake [Higashinihon daishinsai o uketa bosaikyoiku/bosaikanri ni kansuru yushikisha kaigi].
- 2.
90 % of Sakurajima Island is occupied by the volcano. Sakurajima has been referred to as an island rather than a peninsula although the island was connected to the mainland by a lava flow in 1914.
- 3.
Ontake Volcano erupted on 27 September 2014, killing 51 people (as of 31 October 2014). The victims who were mostly hikers were said to have covered by dense ash fall and inhaled poisonous fumes or hit by ash deposits thrown out from the crater.
- 4.
The current official volcanic warnings set by the Japan Meteorological Agency are: Level 1 Normal; Level 2 Do not approach the crater; Level 3 Do not approach the volcano; Level 4 Prepare to evacuate; Level 5 Evacuate.
- 5.
Japan uses its own name of an era which refers to the Emperor at the time. Taisho Era was 1912–1926, the reign of Taisho Emperor, Yoshihito. Showa Era was 1926–1989, the reign of Showa Emperor, Hirohito. The current era is Heisei Era, the reign of Heisei Emperor, Akihito. The eruption of 1914 occurred during Taisho Era, and therefore it has been referred to as 'Taisho Eruption'.
- 6.
The former is part of the inscription on the Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Monument, and the latter is the words from an intellectual.
- 7.
Here, 'informal' teaching and learning refers to a form of teaching and learning outside of formal schooling.
- 8.
'Kyojo' is part of the four forms of aid: kojo, jijo, gojo and kyojo. The common word 'jo' at the end means 'aid'. 'Kojo' is aid provided by governments, both central and local, and 'jijo' is self-help. 'Gojo and 'kyojo' refer to mutual help, however, the difference lies in that the former happens within the people you are familiar with, whereas the latter has a philanthropic nature.
- 9.
The Centenary Project was implemented in 2013–14 funded by the prefectural and municipal governments of Kagoshima. The detail of the Centenary Project is introduced in the later section.
- 10.
From the Risk Management and Disaster Prevention Unit from the Kagoshima City authority. Interviewed on 22 July 2014.
- 11.
From the Regional Disaster Reduction Education and Research Center at Kagoshima University. Interviewed on 23 July 2014.
- 12.
From the Prefectural Museum of Kagoshima. Interviewed on 23 July 2014.
- 13.
In Japan, for example, Shiroshita's (2010) 'collaborative education [kyoiku]' is a similar notion, which emphasises collaborative and democratic partnerships, and ownership by the members of the community.
- 14.
As explained above, 'Showa' refers to the era of Showa. Some refer to this eruption as 'the Showa Eruption'.
- 15.
Its summit erupted causing a 5000 m volcanic fume and a high volume of ash deposits which killed one hiker and injured a few others.
- 16.
During this period, secondary damage was a concern because rain turned the accumulated ash fall into sediment flows threatening the life of the people of the island.
- 17.
The Planning Committee of the Sakurajima Taisho Eruption Centenary Project.
- 18.
The Department of Domestic Science Education, Faculty of Education, Kagoshima University.
- 19.
In August 2013, there was an explosive eruption, resulting in a 5,000-metre volcanic fume and a large quantity of ash fall which reached the city of Kagoshima. The number of recorded eruptions per year in the past five years has been 896, 996, 885, 835 and for 2014, as of 13 August, 209 had already been recorded.
- 20.
The Taisho Eruption was part of the geodetic phenomena in the region surrounding Kagoshima Prefecture since 1913.
- 21.
The lava flow from the west mountainside continued for two months, whereas the one from the east mountainside continued for nearly a year, which connected Sakurajima and Osumi Peninsula.
- 22.
The earthquake in Kagoshima City added 29 deaths and 111 injured.
- 23.
Out of the 13,000 houses, 1.3 % totally collapsed and 70 % partly collapsed.
- 24.
Agriculture being the primary industry of the island, Kagoshima Prefecture had to face the economic implications of the damage in the following years.
- 25.
The village mayor himself could not achieve this goal during his time, but it was succeeded to the next mayor who built the monument.
- 26.
The importance of not starting with the teaching of the dangers of nature has been emphasised by disaster educationalists such as Katada (2012). In tsunami education, he argues that teaching about the sea and its role has to come before talking about a tsunami.
- 27.
Fostering both the balanced and the correct knowledge is implemented in for example, 'Sakurajima and Us [Sakurajima to watashitachi]', a textbook which was created by a group of researchers at Kagoshima University (2014) for the purpose of disaster education offered at schools in Kagoshima Prefecture. The textbook comprises first, 'Our Sakurajima' in which the beauty of the nature and the benefits that the volcano brings are described, and then 'Knowing Sakurajima and its eruptions' which explains the mechanism and the impact of eruptions.
- 28.
With the slogan, 'Let's rethink the potential of the volcano! Let's benefit from SV!', the project included the following sub-programmes: 'Rethinking SV', 'Benefiting from SV' and 'Conveying the lessons learnt'. The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) Conference 2013—Learning from the world, was also one of the sub-programmes. The IAVCEI was an opportunity for volcanologists from different parts of the world to meet in Kagoshima to share and discuss the findings from cutting-edge research.
- 29.
Two-third of the three-metre shrine gate was covered with ash fall and lava from the Taisho Eruption.
- 30.
Their research was in the context of the Gulf War to refer to the response of the authorities to the threat of attacks.
This paper was developed on the basis of the findings from the research project, Critical Infrastructure Failure and Mass Population Response, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council in the UK. I would like to thank all of the interviewees for providing me with important information, and Taichi Kaneshiro of MEXT for his co-operation in arranging the interviews.
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– A portable travel cot & playpen in one – great for babies & toddlers (newborn – 3 yrs)
– Feather light at only 6 lbs (without mattress)
– Ultra compact: fits in your stroller, luggage locker or car
– Simple & rapid assembly, fully safety certified. Carry bag included


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Sandy Jacobson Memorial
From Erin Jacobson:
In 2014, my mom Sandy was diagnosed with Stage IV, metastatic, neuroendocrine cancer.
Although my mom knew the prognosis was poor, she faced her time with cancer in the bravest, most positive, and graceful way. She faced treatments, multiple surgeries, procedures, and hundreds of needle sticks with strength and without complaint. Through it all, she was determined to do whatever she could to get better.
My mom refused to let cancer get her down and she did her best every day to continue with her life as normally as possible. She was almost always in a good mood and served as an inspiration to others.
Neuroendocrine cancer took her body in 2015. My mom wanted others to be helped so that they didn't have to suffer with cancer. My mom was so selfless, always looking out for others. It would be a wonderful gift to her that someone else can be helped in her name.


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6 slow rounds, but no more than 10 minutes:
200m Run
5 "No Jump" Burpees
1 Static Box Jump @ 90% or more
Push Press: 4x10 @ 50-60%
5 rounds, each for time:
10 Burpees
10 Toes-to-Bar
20ft Handstand Walk – Out
20ft Handstand Walk – Back
Rest 90 seconds between each round
• 20-minute time limit. Try to keep your times per round consistent over all five rounds. If you are still working up to Handstand Walking, substitute 5 Wall Walks per round.
EXTRA CREDIT (after class, if you have time)
Touch & Go Cleans (full) + 1 Jerk after last rep: 3-3-3 @ 65-70%, 2-2-2-2 @ 70-75%
• No settling on the ground, even for a split second. Adjustments should be made quickly in the hang before bringing the bar back down to the ground.


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Goldstein, Eric
Eric Goldstein has extensive experience conducting economic and statistical analyses in complex litigation. Mr. Goldstein has worked on a variety of cases including antitrust, patent infringement, and contract disputes, on behalf of direct and indirect purchaser classes, individual and governmental plaintiffs, and defendants. His work includes analysis related to calculating damages, antitrust liability, and class certification. He has done work in a variety of industries, including computer electronics, agriculture, and medical equipment and supplies. Mr. Goldstein is a Certified SAS Programmer and a Microsoft Office Specialist for Excel 2007.


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Position: Index > Amplifier Circuit >
HiFi expandor with De-emphasis
2015-01-02 15:57
Declaration:We aim to transmit more information by carrying articles . We will delete it soon, if we are involved in the problems of article content ,copyright or other problems.
it can reduce its gain. The time it takes for the compressor to recover from overload is determined by the rectifier The expander eg capacitor to complete the compressor is shown in FIG. 2-13B. Here is an external op amp is used for the high rate of ascent. The compressor and expander have unity gain at 0 dB. Trim networks are shown for distortion (THD) and DC offset.
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Educational Visiting
The Management Company of Olympic House Limited would organize educational visits for local schools, tertiary institution and communcity centres. The visit would include a briefing session of the history and background of the Sports Federation & Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China; and a guided tour for the practical knowledge of facility management of Olympic House. Interest parties please submit application in writing addressed to the Management Company of Olympic House Limited by mail or email.
Loan of Olympic Games Display Panels
The Olympic Games will be held in Rio, Brasil starting from 5 Aug to 21 Aug 2016. In order to promote Olympic Games and Olympism for the local students, a set of 9 educational display panels related to the history and Hong Kong's development of Olympic Games have been produced. This set of panels will be on loan, starting from March 2016 onwards, to local schools for the promotion of Olympic Movement.
Management Company of Olympic House Limited
Address : 1/F, Olympic House,
No. 1 Stadium Path, So Kon Po, Causeway Bay,Hong Kong
Tel : 2504 8504
Fax : 2881 1859
E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com


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- Publisher: Codemasters
- Release Date: Feb 26, 2008
- Also On: PC, Xbox 360
- Critic score
- Publication
- By date
This is a game for rent without a shadow of a doubt. The shortness and the general issues with it mean I can't really recommend anything else.
Games Master UKA great premise poorly executed. We'd hoped for better, and this fails to deliver. [May 2008, p.68]
The glitches and poor level design don't quite ruin a game that should have been so much more than the sum of its parts. Still, there's some fun to be had here with a weekend rental.
Overall, Turning Point: Fall of Liberty is game which had some fantastic ideas and concepts. Unfortunately, the great ideas did not transform into a solid shooter.
After playing through just a bit of Turning Point, we were completely disappointed. The old feeling to it completely ruined the original concept.
Turning Point: Fall of Liberty is an excellent game idea that doesn't live up to its potential. Turning Point is filled with dull missions, simplistic artificial intelligence, dated graphics, and a whole pile of over used mojo.
Shooting Nazis in the streets of three major U.S. cities should be a non-stop thrill ride that has me on the edge of my seat. This game provides the opposite experience.
Turning Point's minimalist approach to everything - from its stale levels and sticky controls to its thin plot and absent character development - killed what could've been a really unique and engaging shooter and will disappoint hardcore fans of the genre across the board.
Play MagazineTurning Point's theme of an alternate reality had some possibilities, but even within this fiction you just end up doing uninspired and overworked shootouts. [Apr 2008, p.63]
The story is there but the execution of the game is a severe let down, Turning Point Fall of Liberty could have been a great game but with so many other FPS games setting such high standards it is left behind.
The gameplay, graphics and multiplayer were all substandard, given today's expectations.
This alternate-history shooter is proof that an interesting premise can't compensate for boring and broken gameplay.
Our worries have been confirmed, and Turning Point turns out as a mediocre FPS, with a lot of problems that shouldn't appear on a so called next-gen game.
Although Turning Point had an interesting storyline, it still ends up being an incredibly limited and generic WWII shooter.
Play UKPoor gameplay, substandard graphics and a lack of vision severely limit its appeal to shooter fans. [Issue#165, p.86]
Playstation: The Official Magazine (US)No, Turning Point has the overall feel of another bad WWII shooter with a fresh--albeit fascinating--coat of paint. Our advice? Turn away. [May 2008, p.86]
PSM3 Magazine UKDumb AI, stupidly linear, crap guns... a disaster. [May 2008, p.79]
The opening sequence is one of the most memorable in recent memory but it is almost as if the developers spent all of their creative energy on it leaving the rest of the game to degenerate into a bland, plot-less mess.
Official Playstation 2 Magazine UKWhy would you play this when you have the Olympics of shooters on hand in "Call of Duty"? [May 2008, p.103]
Playstation Official Magazine UKThe guns are useless. [May 2008, p.112]
With the number of average-to-outstanding FPS titles available on next-gen consoles, there's absolutely no reason to waste your time with this disaster.
It also runs poorly, replete with graphical glitches and technical hiccups that make the game feel shoddy and unfinished. At a moment when so many excellent shooters are on the market and thriving in the multiplayer scene, there's very little incentive to endure something like this.
It feels a little wrong to be so down on a game that seemed genuinely interesting when it was first announced, but Turning Point is so devoid of the qualities needed in a modern FPS that it's impossible to sugar coat. It's just a very bad game, plain and simple.
The game tells its story horribly, your character is both improbable and without any personality, the AI is terrible, the gameplay lackluster, and graphics middling. Even as a budget title, which Turning Point is certainly doomed to become, the game is hardly worth the bother.
Turning Point: Fall of Liberty is garbage. The game sounds terrible, looks terrible and plays terrible. Everyone who dares playing this mess, must either have a wall in front of his eyes or is being brainwashed by the propagandamachine. Even if you get the game for free in the local supermarket, you are not allowed to accept it. Too bad, because the storyline offers enough opportunity for a good game.
Awards & Rankings
User Score
Mixed or average reviews- based on 33 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 11 out of 33
Mixed: 8 out of 33
Negative: 14 out of 33
JonnyC.Mar 12, 2008If the Nazis really did invade America, the first thing they would do is send the creators of this game to the gas chambers. This game has a If the Nazis really did invade America, the first thing they would do is send the creators of this game to the gas chambers. This game has a great storyline, but it's way too short. Excellent background, but PS2 graphics. I'd rather be playing BLACK for the PS2. Good points: you get to spray bad guys with tommygun fire a la Hickey in "Last Man Standing", and cross-check Nazis in the teeth with their own machine guns, but I can't find too much more. Complaints: 1) Donkey-punching evil Nazis and tossing them out the window is hilarious. However, they make no sound and fall like stuffed crash-test dummies. Boring. Want some fun environmental kills? Buy THE PUNISHER. 2) When I kill someone, I don't want them to levitate in mid-air and hang there. What kind of a screwed-up glitch is that? 3) If a guy's hiding behind a table, and I blast him with a rocket launcher, what kind of material is the table made out of that it absorbs the blast completely and he emerges unscathed? Lousy destructability. 4) Really, really, STUPID AI. A couple of times I walked up to a guy to see if he was dead, and he was just prone, pointing his gun at the wall. 5) I'm guessing the blimps in this game are made out of the same material as the tables, because they are completely resistant to automatic weapons fire. It takes 6 rockets to take them out. On the other hand, I only need 3 rockets to waste a Panzer, or a frigging destroyer. Maybe if the Nazis went to Ikea and strapped dining room tables to the front of their armour, they'd have won this invasion. All in all, an abysmal failure. With games like Resistance, and even Turok, for crying out loud, this shouldn't have made it past the drawing table (no matter how heavily-armoured that table may have been).… Full Review »
HunterH.Mar 1, 2008Perfect example of great concept/poor execution. The game suffers from being heavily scripted, which in of itself isn't always bad, but Perfect example of great concept/poor execution. The game suffers from being heavily scripted, which in of itself isn't always bad, but its just painfully obvious. It also is piss poor graphics, reminding of of Return to Castle Wolfenstein, which must be 5 years old by now at least, and the lack of 1080 output hurts as well. The developers missed out on a GREAT chance to have somewhat open ended street fighting on the streets of American cities, and instead decided to rush out a objective based funnel that probably skipped beta testing.… Full Review »
Aug 15, 2012One of the worst games I've played game play and graphically..
But the story was pretty solid..
I'd only suggest this game if you see it forOne of the worst games I've played game play and graphically..
But the story was pretty solid..
I'd only suggest this game if you see it for $5 and your just looking for something to do for one afternoon..… Full Review »


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Conference Agenda
Overview and details of the sessions of this conference. Please select a date or location to show only sessions at that day or location. Please select a single session for detailed view (with abstracts and downloads if available).
Session Overview
STR1.2: Towards a Truly Integrated Transport System
|Session Abstract
A truly integrated transport system needs to be established to respond to the major challenges of decarbonisation, pollution and congestion, while addressing societal needs and the demands of the industry. A successful integration requires not only a smooth operation of the different transport modes individually, but also a shared vision of a customer-centric transport system as a whole, including new or changed business models, innovative IT tools, smart and coordinated interoperability as well as proper integration of services to be provided to users (people and industry). Therefore, a wide variety of stakeholders, transport industry and users need to be involved to contribute pieces to a system of systems that can be used and operated in a seamless, efficient and sustainable way. In this session attendees will: address urban and long distance transport system integration, hear from different stakeholders and discuss options with panellists and policy makers.
Keynote speaker 1:
Keynote speaker 2:
Contact and Legal Notice · Contact Address:
Conference: TRA 2018
|Conference Software - ConfTool Pro 2.6.124+TC+CC
© 2001 - 2019 by Dr. H. Weinreich, Hamburg, Germany


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If you can't see the video and only hear the sound, please switch to Firefox/Chrome/Safari for better performance.
A little girl comes to a town that is embattled by feuds and intimidated by her aunt. By the time she must leave, she has transformed the community with her indominatable will to see the good side of even the worst situations and bring it out for the betterment of all.
Actor: Hayley Mills, Jane Wyman, Richard Egan, Karl Malden, Nancy Olson, Adolphe Menjou, Donald Crisp, Agnes Moorehead, Kevin Corcoran, James Drury, Reta Shaw, Leora Dana, Edward Platt, Anne Seymour, Mary Grace Canfield
Director: David Swift
Country: USA


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Eclectic Institute, Para-Fight, Intestinal Support, 350 mg, 45 Caps
Flash Deals are limited time, limited quantity promotions, so act fast! Limited to: 1 unit of 1 product per order. If you order more, you will pay our regular every day low price.
Eclectic Institute, Para-Fight, Intestinal Support, 350 mg, 45 Caps
Expiration Date:?February 2021Expiration Date
The length of time for the expiration date or "best used before" date depends on the type of product, as well as the brand.
Perishable items (such as flax oils or certain probiotics) generally have shorter expiration dates. Although our warehouse is fully air-conditioned, these more fragile items are put in cold storage (freezer or refrigeration unit) for maximum freshness.
Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
Shipping Weight:?0.12 lbsSwitch to Metric units
- Product Code: ECL-32410
- UPC Code: 023363324101
- Package Quantity: 5 oz
1.8 x 1.8 x 3.5 in, 0.1 lbsSwitch to Metric units
Product Rank:
Featured Products
- Naturally Concentrated 6.1X
- Since 1982
- Raw
- Fresh Freeze-Dried Concentrate
- Dietary Supplement
- Intestinal Support
- Grain / Soy / Dairy-Free
- Organic / Wildcrafted
- Naturopathic Physician Formulated
- Non-GMO
- Vegan
- No Fillers
Each capsule is made from 2.1 g of fresh herbs.
Concentrate Combinations are innovative, naturopathic physician-formulated freeze-dried compounds that deliver super-concentrated using only traditional processes of juicing and decocting, and then freeze-dry the concentrates onto whole herbs. 100% naturally concentrated with no additives, fillers or toxic solvent residues.
Suggested Use
Up to 2 capsules per day. Discontinue use if unusual symptoms occur. Consult your health care advisor regarding the use of this product during pregnancy, with infants, or with prescription drugs.
Other Ingredients
Hypromellose (vegetarian capsule).
Contains tree nuts (black walnut), 100% kosher.
Keep out of reach of children.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Capsule
|Servings Per Container: 45
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Proprietary Blend of concentrated:
|350 mg
|Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) organic leaf
|Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) hull & nut
|Sweet Wormwood (artemisia annua) organic leaf
|Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) flower bud
|*Daily Value not established.


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The Illinois Department of Health and Family Services in Skokie was evacuated today after someone phoned in a bomb threat to the facility.
The facility at 8020 St. Louis Ave. and a couple of adjoining buildings were evacuated following the bomb threat, which the facility received about 10:15 a.m., according to Illinois state police, who responded to the scene.
State police bomb-sniffing dogs and other bomb squad personnel searched the building and found no explosives, state police said.
As of 1:40, employees have not been let back into the building.
No arrests have been made in connection with the threat.


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Glamora interprets wallcovering as an expressive universe able to transform any home, professional or collective space, finding inspiration in everything that surrounds us.
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Glamora interprets wallcovering as an expressive universe able to transform any home, professional or collective space, finding inspiration in everything that surrounds us.
With their most recent and highly celebrated collection, Terzani has taken the next step in its evolutionary process - building from its position as an industry leader to create an incubator for the future of lighting where Terzani can focus on new ideas and continue to redefine the way luxury lighting is made.
With a strong international background, but raised in Venice, Sophia launches her first furniture collection with a few iconic pieces, named after her childhood places in her hometown.
A quarterly edition gathering a selection of the most iconic pieces in our collection. It is a handy tool to find that special piece for your interior project, that you can easily order online or at our store.
The coffee table is one of the living room pieces that needs satisfy many criteria.
It needs to draw the attention of the room, since it is the one piece people will be around when sitting to have a drink or watch your favourite movie.
The Venetian 5th Generation Luxury Fabric Manufacturer and their newest addition, a designer furniture collection signed by Scacchetti.
Rubelli, the over hundred-year-old family textile company, presents its 2015 wallpaper collection: "The Walls of Venice II".
The new wallcovering collection is the result of the inextricable combination of tradition and innovation, Rubelli's own design philosophy.
Over 25 Million Monthly Unique Users Cast Their Vote For Top-Rated Home Building, Renovation and Design Professionals in the UK and Around the World, and voted us for best service!
Kay Lang and Associates, has chosen the ceiling lamps Tresor and Bobino to decorate some areas of the The Mandarin Oriental Hotel Luxury Residence.
Bongiorno! We have been on the scene at the annual furniture fair, Salone Internazionale del Mobile, in Milan, Italy. For the past week, we've been vicariously living through the world's best design.


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- Home
- Accessories
- Replacement Blades for Hobby Knife
Product Description
Free shipping in Canada for orders over $140 before tax. (via Canada Post)
Replacement carbon steel blades for our hobby knife, for easy trimming and cleaning up of 3D prints.
Every 3D printer enthusiast needs to trim their 3D print at one time or another. The easiest way to remove "webbing" or "stringing" is to use our hobby knife with carbon steel blade.
Package contents:
- 5 carbon steel #11 blades with plastic case.
Buy #Spool3D 3D printer tools in Canada without the surprise cost of the exchange rate!


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Mid-Michigan's Bigger Dealer With Better Deals
brook2346 has not received any gifts yet
When ought to think of wrinkle reducers, they obtaining conjure up thoughts of wrinkle creams or Juvederm. Would it be shocking to you to discover that dietary fats can help your skin, the idea either less or more likely to flourish wrinkles?
The other problem we face as we age is this moisture and hydration levels tend shed and…Continue
Posted on May 16, 2018 at 6:12am
Do in your niche smoother skin and would like skin in order to younger and grab healthier? Well, it in fact is not challenging if the following these basic steps. You'll achieve these goals during the night you do, you is actually going to amazed how little own to manage!
In your fifties outcomes of an awesome anti Glamor Gold Cream regimen will show. Skin tone is even and although just about naturally be some sagging, it is definately not…Continue
Posted on May 16, 2018 at 6:11am
If you are an online article marketer then perhaps you have considered writing product review articles and are therefore fairly easy undeniably. Simply go into any room of one's and pull out items you have bought and read appearance.
With are more expensive I have shared with you from positive thinking my entire life letting the "frog syndrome" over power you, here's what you should want to do next. Un-subscribe to most of the rubbish how the gurus are mailing. Find…Continue
Posted on March 13, 2018 at 6:36pm
Your best friend is dead. You watched him die. Hell, he died in your arms, for God's sake! Yet, there he is, standing in front of you. Verdict he's dead, but he's walking nearer. He's your best friend, but he wants you dead.
Fortunately, a wide selection of acne treatments are available these days. If your acne is mild, you travels for cleansers, creams too thorough daily skin care program. Over-the-counter acne treatment products as well a respond to. You will probably have to try…Continue
Posted on March 13, 2018 at 6:34pm
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MEGATRON Gets Cozy With AUTOBOTS In TRANSFORMERS: MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE #44 Preview
Megatron sure is getting cozy with the Autobots -- what could possibly go wrong? Follow along in a preview to next week's Transformers: More Than Meets The Eye #44.
Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye #44
James Roberts (w) • Hayato Sakamoto (a)
Navicomp safety mode activated. Please select a reason for deviating from your flight path. Is it (a) accident, (b) necessity, or (c) a gnawing, crippling sense of guilt?
FC • 32 pages • $3.99
Bullet points:
- Here's somebody that knows where all the bodies are buried!
- Danger and pathos in the mighty MTMTE tradition!
- Variant Cover by Agnes Garbowska!
Got a comment? There's lots of conversation on Newsarama's FACEBOOK and TWITTER!


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Welcome to ProSwimwear.
Europe's Largest Competitive Swim Shop.
Our goal is to provide competitive and fitness swimmers with the equipment that they need to achieve their goals.
We stock a huge range of swimwear and equipment. Whether you need a competitive swimsuit for your next race or a colourful swimming costume for your training sesssions we've got something for everyone!
We want to give you the best deals on the largest range of swimwear and swimming accessories for your aquatic life.
Inside our swim shop you'll find all your favourite swim brands like Speedo, TYR, Arena and FINIS. As well as some new and exciting brands to discover.
With thousands of products in stock and ready to be shipped out today, you're sure to find what you're looking for in our swimming shop!
No matter what your skill level, from complete beginners to experienced masters swimmers, ProSwimwear is there for your swimming needs!
Start shopping using the categories above or check out our latest deals, discounts and new products below....


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April/May 2007
Lemon Lover's Cake
A lemon layer cake is an elegant way to greet spring. Like the season, lemon cake can resemble either a lion or a lamb. With potent citrus punches in the cake, frosting, lemon curd topping, and candied lemon garnish, our cake positively roars.
Why This Recipe Works
Although our Lemon Lover's Cake looks elegant and dainty, there's nothing delicate about its bold citrus flavor, which packs a punch in the cake, frosting, lemon curd topping, and candied lemon garnish. Our Lemon Lover's Cake recipe calls for lemon curd, which is easy to make. But if you're going to convenience, jarred lemon curd works just as well. Zesting only the bright yellow outer peel of the lemon brightened our Lemon Lover's Cake recipe by avoiding the white pith underneath the peel, which can impart a bitter flavor.