text:
A Brief History of the Texas Rangers
by Mike Cox
with updates by the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum Staff
* This brief history was formatted for a widescreen monitor. Please click here to view a PDF if experiencing issues. *
"They were men who could not be stampeded."
Frontier Battalion Co. "B" about 1880, ©2009, TRHFM
That's the way the late Col. Homer Garrison, Jr., long-time director of the Texas Department of Public Safety, once described the men who have worn the silver or gold star of the Texas Rangers, the oldest state law enforcement agency in North America. The Rangers have a heritage that began with the earliest settlements in Texas. They have been compared to other world-famous law enforcement agencies, the FBI, Scotland Yard, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Scores of books, from well-researched works of nonfiction to Wild West pulp novels to best-selling works of fiction, have been written about the Rangers. And numerous movies, radio shows and television shows have been inspired by the Rangers over the years.
The Rangers are part of the history of the Old West, and part of its mythology. Over the years, a distinct Ranger tradition has evolved. As former Ranger Capt. Bob Crowder once put it, "A Ranger is an officer who is able to handle any given situation without definite instructions from his commanding officer, or higher authority. This ability must be proven before a man becomes a Ranger."
For The Common Defense
Stephen F. Austin assumed his late father's contract as empresario, or developer of settlements in the Mexican province of Tejas. He was authorized to recruit settlers from the U.S. and Europe who would be given land if, among other conditions, they agreed to become Mexican citizens, adopt the Catholic religion and learn to speak Spanish. Austin was to be rewarded for his services with land, titles and military powers over the colony. His colony, and those proposed by other empresarios, would serve to reinforce Mexico's claim to Texas and act as a buffer between the hostile Comanche Indians and Hispanic settlements at San Antonio de Bexar and Laredo.
By 1823, there were serious problems with raids by the Comanche, Tonkawa and Karankawa Indians. Under Mexican law, Austin was authorized to form a militia to ward off Indian raids, capture criminals and patrol against intruders. In May, while Austin was in Mexico City, his lieutenant, Moses Morrison, used this authority to assemble a company of men to protect the Texas coast from the Tonkawa and Karankawa Indians.
After returning to Texas in August of 1823, Austin asked for additional ten men to supplement Morrison's company. He called for "ten men...to act as rangers for the common defense...The wages I will give said ten men is fifteen dollars a month payable in property." These two companies are regarded as the first ancestors of the modern Texas Rangers.
The term "Texas Ranger" did not appear officially in a piece of legislation until 1874. During Austin's day, companies of men volunteered and disbanded as needed. Some served for days and others for many months. The official records show that these companies were called by many names: ranging companies, mounted gunmen, mounted volunteers, minutemen, spies, scouts and mounted rifle companies. When communicating with the commanders of his Hispanic ranging companies, Austin, who was fluent in Spanish, called them the milicia nacional (national militia) after Spanish and Mexican militia regulations dating back to 1713. By whatever name they were known, these units performed the same ranging service.
Initially, several companies fought on foot and employed fifers and drummers in the European and Colonial American military tradition. When this proved ineffective against mounted Indians, they quickly adopted frontier horseback tactics. They became so effective against Indian guerrilla raids that they strongly influenced the formation of the U.S. and C.S.A. cavalries during the Civil War.
Early Rangers were required to provide their own horses and equipment. They fought battles in which they were often outnumbered by as much as 50-to-1, so it was common for each man to carry multiple pistols, rifles and knives.
Like Texas, the early Texas Ranger had multicultural roots. Company rolls show that Anglos, Hispanics and American Indians served in all ranks from private to captain. These men freely borrowed from each others' experience and equipment. While most had been born in the American South, many hailed from Ireland, Germany, Scotland and England and spoke with their native accents. Early Rangers shot Spanish pistols, Tennessee and Kentucky rifles, carried Bowie knifes made in Sheffield England and rode swift Mexican ponies. One writer said that a Texas Ranger could "ride like a Mexican, trail like an Indian, shoot like a Tennesseean, and fight like the devil."
Texas Rangers often served as unintended volunteers since government offers of payment rarely materialized. In 1835, as the movement for Texas independence was about to boil over, a council of colonial Texas representatives created a "Corps of Rangers" to protect the frontier from hostile Indians. For the first time, their pay was officially set at $1.25 a day and they were to elect their own officers. They were also required to furnish their own arms, mounts, and equipment. The corps was commanded by R.M. "three-legged" Williamson (so nicknamed because he had a wooden leg to support a crippled limb) and led by Captains William Arrington, Isaac Burleson and John J. Tumlinson.
Settlers rebelled against the Mexican government in 1836 over violations of their rights and the suspension of immigration from the U.S and Europe. The Texas Rangers played an important but little known role in this conflict. They covered the retreat of civilians from dictator Santa Ana's army in the famous "Runaway Scrape," harassed columns of Mexican troops and provided valuable intelligence to the Texas Army. The only men to ride in response to Col. William B. Travis' last minute plea to defend the Alamo were Rangers who fought, and died, in the cause of Texas freedom.
Brave Too Much
Certainly one of the most famous early-day Texas Rangers was John Coffee "Jack" Hays. He came to San Antonio in 1837 and within three years was named a Ranger captain. Hays built a reputation fighting marauding Indians and Mexican bandits. An Indian who switched sides and rode with Hays and his men called the young Ranger captain "brave too much". Hays' bravado was too much for many a hostile Indian or outlaw. In dealing with persons deemed a threat to Texas, Hays helped establish another Ranger tradition--toughness mixed with a reliance on the latest in technology.
The Colt Revolver
The Republic of Texas was one of the earliest customers of a New England gun maker, Samuel Colt. Colt had invented a fragile .36 caliber five-shot revolver, a weapon Hays and his men used with deadly effect in defense of the Texas frontier. No longer would his men have to pause in battle to reload single-shot pistols and rifles while the Indians continued firing arrows. Colt built his reputation on the use of his weapons by the Texas Rangers. One of Hays' men, Samuel H. Walker, made some suggestions for improving the pistol that Colt adopted during the Mexican War. The new weapon, the five-pound frontier equivalent of a nuclear bomb, was called the Walker Colt.
In 1842, Walker and another former Ranger, Big Foot Wallace, took part in the ill-fated Mier Expedition, in which a group of Texans invaded Mexico. The Texans were captured and every tenth man was ordered executed. The fate of the prisoners was determined in a drawing. Those who drew white beans lived; a black bean meant death. Walker drew a white bean. So did Wallace.
War With Mexico
In 1846, within a year of Texas' admission as the 28th state of the Union, the United States and Mexico were at war. Walker joined one of several Ranger companies that were mustered into federal service to function as scouts. The Rangers fought with such ferocity in the war they came to be called "Los diablos Tejanos" -- the Texas Devils. The luck Walker had after Mier did not hold. He was killed in the fighting. For the next decade after the Mexican War, the Rangers existed primarily as volunteer companies, raised when the need arose and disbanded when their work was done.
The Civil War
During the Civil War, with thousands of Texans off fighting with the Confederate Army, frontier protection was afforded by a "Regiment of Rangers." Even it eventually became part of the Confederate Army. The backbone of home front security was still the volunteer "ranging" company, whose members operated on the "legal authority" of the pistols they carried on their hips or the rifles swinging in their saddle boot.
After the war, the Legislature passed a bill creating three companies of Texas Rangers but a bill to provide funding failed. Financial support for state law enforcement in the early 1870's was sporadic. For all practical purposes, there were no Texas Rangers for nearly a decade after the war.
During this time, law enforcement was handled by a highly political and roundly hated organization known as the State Police. Texas, like other Southern states, was in the throes of reconstruction and any authority, civil or military, was distrusted. The force eventually was disbanded.
Unfortunately, the problem that had made some kind of statewide police force necessary in the first place had not disappeared along with the State Police. But Texas was changing. The military, led by war-seasoned veterans of the Union Army, was methodically ridding Texas of its Indian problem.
The Frontier Battalion
By the second half of the decade, the biggest threat to Texas was lawless Texans. In 1874, the Legislature created two Ranger forces to cope with the situation -- the Frontier Battalion, led by Major John B. Jones and an organization called Special Forces under Capt. Leander McNelly.In five years time the Rangers were involved in some of the most celebrated cases in the history of the Old West. Much of the fact that would later be mixed with Ranger legend occurred during this turbulent period.
Texas' deadliest outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, a preacher's son reputed to have killed 31 men, was captured in Florida by Ranger John B. Armstrong. After Armstrong, his long-barreled Colt .45 in hand, boarded the train Hardin and four companions were on, the outlaw shouted "Texas by God!" and drew his own pistol. When it was over, one of Hardin's friends was dead, Hardin had been knocked out cold, and his three surviving friends were staring at Armstrong's pistol. A neat round hole pierced Armstrong's hat, but he was uninjured.
Hardin served a lengthy prison sentence, only to die in a shoot-out in El Paso in 1896 shortly after his release.
Preserving Law and Order
In the 1890's, Rangers preserved law and order in Big Bend mining towns, tracked down train robbers and even were called on to prevent an illegal prize fight from taking place on Texas soil. The promoters of the storied Fitzsimmons-Maher bout finally had to settle for staging the boxing match on an island in the Rio Grande.
In 1894-95, the Rangers scouted 173,381 miles; made 676 arrests; returned 2,856 head of stolen livestock to the owners, assisted civil authorities 162 times and guarded jails on 13 occasions.
In 1900, the Frontier Battalion faded along with the frontier; but by July of 1901, the Legislature passed a new law concerning the Ranger service. The force, to be organized by the governor, was created "for the purpose of protecting the frontier against marauding or thieving parties, and for the suppression of lawlessness and crime throughout the state." Ranger captains picked their own men, who had to furnish their own horses and could dress as they choose. They did not even have a standard badge.
One Riot, One Ranger
The law authorized for Ranger companies of a maximum of 20 men each. The career of Co. B. Capt. W.J. McDonald, and a book written about him, added much to the Ranger legend, including two of its most famous sayings.
The often cited "One Riot, One Ranger" appears to be based on several statements attributed to Capt. McDonald by Albert Bigelow Paine in his classic book, Captain Bill McDonald: Texas Ranger. When sent to Dallas to prevent a scheduled prizefight, McDonald supposedly was greeted at the train station by the city's anxious mayor, who asked: "Where are the others?"
To that McDonald is said to have replied, "Hell! ain't I enough? There's only one prize-fight!"
And on the title page of Paine's 1909 book on McDonald are 19 words labeled as Capt. McDonald's creed: "No man in the wrong can stand up against a fellow that's in the right and keeps on a-comin'." Those words have evolved into the Ranger creed.
During the first two decades of the Twentieth Century, Rangers found themselves up against men in the wrong as always, but some of the law enforcement problems these officers confronted were as new as the century itself.
Since the days of the Mexican War, Rangers had had occasional work to do along the long, meandering Rio Grande, but the emphasis on the river increased in 1910 with the outbreak of revolution in Mexico. Generally easy to ford, the Rio Grande had never been much more than a symbolic boundary. Some of the violence associated with the political upheaval in Mexico crossed the river into Texas.
Bandit Raids
Panic spread in 1915 when authorities in McAllen, Texas, arrest Basilio Ramos, Jr. Ramos was carrying a copy of the Plan of San Diego, a revolutionary manifesto supposedly written and signed at the South Texas town of San Diego. It called for the formation of a "Liberating Army of Races and Peoples," of Mexican Americans, African Americans, and Japanese, to "free" the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Colorado from United States. Versions of the plan call for the murder of all white citizens over 16 years of age. The goal was an independent republic, which might later seek annexation to Mexico.
Raids from both side the the border quickly escalated into guerilla warfare. Francisco (Pancho) Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico, in March 1916, causes more panic and the United States responds by sending a large military force under Gen. John J. Pershing in pursuit of Villa.
Texas responded, as it had so many times in its history, by raising Ranger companies. At the time the Texas Ranger Force was very small, and incapable of maintaining law and order along the border. The Texas Legislature by authorizing mass inductions and the "overnight" creation of new Ranger companies.
Hispanic, as well as Anglo, Texans served in these units. The Ranger force grew to its largest level, but the lack of training and controls were evident. Some of the new companies upheld the law while others functioned as vigilante groups incensed by raids from Mexico.
These Rangers were were given orders and wide powers to keep the hostilities in Mexico from washing across the river into Texas. Gov. O.B. Colquitt wrote Ranger Capt. John R. Hughes: " I instruct you and your men to keep them (Mexican raiders) off of Texas territory if possible, and if they invade the State let them understand they do so at the risk of their lives."
The vigilante nature, and poor command structure on the new Ranger units led to incidents unacceptable to "regular" Rangers. Serious crimes were committed that led to the 1919 Canales Investigation. After one retaliatory Ranger raid into Mexico, an entire company was dismissed. In one battle in 1917, as many as 20 Mexicans may have been killed by Rangers who crossed into Mexico.
The 35th legislature also created a "Loyalty Ranger Force" under the "Hobby Loyalty Act" to serve as a secret service for the State. Loyalty Rangers were to brief the Adjutant General on Mexican revolutionary activities outside of San Antonio and in the border counties in Mexico and Texas.
In response to Pershing's US troops on Mexican soil, President Carranza demanded the withdrawal of US forces, which was summarily rejected. As a result, Mexican raiding intensified and an attack against Laredo was considered with a combined force of "San Diego raiders" and regular Mexican Army soldiers. A state of war was narrowly averted when US and Mexican officials agreed to a peaceful settlement.
The fragile peace was again threatened again in 1917 when a World War I telegram sent to Mexico by the German Secretary of State Zimmerman became public ". . . we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement...." Nothing materialized, but it served to further alarm the public.
Mexican raids into Texas in 1915-16 caused an estimated 21 American deaths; an estimated 300 Mexicans or Tejanos may have been killed in South Texas by the actions of Rangers, vigilantes and citizens. Some sources place the death toll as high as 300 and 3,000.
In January of 1919 Representative José T. Canales of Brownsville demanded a legislative investigation of the conduct of the various Ranger forces during the period 1915-1917 and the reorganization of the force. The Texas Legislature investigated nineteen charges made against the Texas Ranger forces in the aftermath of the Plan of San Diego and the War.
The investigation resulted in the reduction of the Ranger force to four companies of 17 men each. A tightening of qualifications for the Texas Ranger service led to its initial professionalization.
Bootleggers and Spies
In 1918, the national prohibition law was passed. It gave the Rangers, along with federal officers, another problem to cope with on the border. Many a burro train of bootleg liquor from Mexico was intercepted, and shoot-outs between Rangers and smugglers were not infrequent.
During the first World War, the already large regular Ranger force was supplemented with another 400 Special Rangers appointed by the governor. After the war, on the heels of a Legislative inquiry into the Rangers' operation on the border, the Legislature in 1919 reduced the size of the force to four companies of 15 men, a sergeant and a captain. Additionally, the lawmakers authorized a headquarters company of six men in Austin under a senior Ranger captain.
Texas was in a state of transition, and so were the Rangers. Rangers still rode the river on horseback, but they also used cars. The automobile was taking over as the principal mode of transportation in Texas and the rest of the country. And horseless carriages needed oil, not oats. The increased national demand for petroleum fueled a new law enforcement problem for the Rangers.
In addition to their traditional duties, along with assisting in tick eradication efforts, handling labor difficulties and the enforcement of prohibition, the Rangers had to deal with lawlessness that came with the oil boom in Texas. One of the first places that happened was in a community that years before had been named in their honor.
The small Eastland County town of Ranger, so named because it had been settled near the site of an old frontier Ranger camp, boomed with the discovery of oil in the area. By 1920, Ranger had a population 16,000, and a substantial number of those residents were not particularly interested in abiding by the law. Texas Rangers who were sent to Ranger, Texas raid gaming halls, smashed drinking establishments, and corralled a wide assortment of miscreants and felons. When Rangers filled the jails, prisoners sometimes had to be handcuffed to telephone poles.
The same story would be repeated throughout the '20s and '30s. Only the names of the towns changed. From Borger to Mexia, Rangers preserved what peace and dignity they could in the wild oil field boomtowns.
The Rangers had greater mobility, but so did the outlaws. Robbers could hit a small town bank and quickly make their getaway. Rangers were given railroad passes, but had to provide their own cars. In the early 1930s, every third Ranger in a company got an $80.00-a-month car allowance.
Frank Hamer
Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum
One of the best known Rangers who made the transition from horse to car was Frank H. Hamer. He first joined the Rangers in 1906. Hamer left the force occasionally to take other law enforcement jobs, but by 1921, he was captain of Ranger Co. C, stationed in Del Rio. At the beginning of 1922, he was transferred to Austin, where he would spend the next decade as a Ranger captain.
One of the major problems facing the Rangers during Hamer's tenure as Senior Ranger Captain was bank robbery. The situation got so bad, the Texas Bankers Association offered a standing $5,000 reward for bank robbers. There was one catch--the money would be paid for dead robbers only.
As the Depression took hold in Texas, unscrupulous types began setting up phony holdups, hiring men to rob a bank and then killing them in the act so the reward money could be collected. This was a situation the Rangers could not solve with force. Instead, Hamer went to the press, exposing what was happening. Hamer's move paid off--the banking association's reward policy was changed.
As Senior Ranger Captain, Hamer reported to the state's adjutant general, a man appointed by the governor. A governor also could appoint Rangers, or influence a selection. As governors changed, Ranger leadership usually changed. Though history shows many good men wore the Ranger badge in the 1920s and 1930s, the system was rife with politics and ripe for abuse.
When Gov. Miriam "Ma" Ferguson took office in 1933, Adjutant General W.W. Sterling resigned his office. Forty Rangers, including Capt. Hamer, left with him.
Trailing Bonnie and Clyde
But Hamer was not away from law enforcement for long. In February 1934, Lee Simmons, superintendent of the Texas prison system, asked Hamer if he would track down the notorious criminal couple Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. Hamer agreed and was given a commission as a Texas highway patrolman.
Since 1927, when a force had been created to patrol the expanding Texas roadways, the state in effect had two police agencies. The young Highway Patrol operated as part of the Highway Department.
Hamer trailed Bonnie and Clyde for 102 days. Finally, Hamer and other officers, including former Ranger B.M.Gau lt, caught up with the dangerous duo in Louisiana's Bienville Parish. The officers had hoped to take the outlaws alive, but when the pair reached for their weapons, Hamer and the others opened fire. The career of Bonnie and Clyde was over.
For a time, it looked like the Texas Rangers were not going to last much longer than Bonnie and Clyde. Under Gov. Ferguson, Ranger commissions were easy to come by, and not all those handed a silver star were men whose character was worthy of the honor. Additionally, Ferguson appointed some 2,300 Special Rangers. A few of those were even ex-convicts.
The problem did not go unrecognized. The Texas Senate, on Sept. 25, 1934, formed a committee to investigate crime and law enforcement in the state. The committee produced a report in early 1935 that was singularly critical of Texas law enforcement. However, the document also proposed a solution: the creation of a state law enforcement agency to be known a the Department of Public Safety.
A bill was introduced that would create such an agency, which would operate under a three-member Public Safety Commission. The Texas Rangers would be transferred from the Adjutant General's Department and Highway Patrol would be moved from the Highway Department to form a single state police force.
Some modifications in the law were made by a joint House-Senate conference committee and on Aug. 10, 1935, it became effective.
At about the same time, historian Walter Prescott Webb's classic history of the Texas Rangers was going to press. In a hasty postscript tacked on to the end of the book, Webb made one of the few incorrect predictions of his long career:
"It is safe to say that as time goes on the functions of the un-uniformed Texas Rangers will gradually slip away..." Webb went on to say the new law amounted to the "practical abolition of the (Ranger) force..."
Under the new DPS, the Ranger force would consist of 36 men. Though smaller than it had been in years, the Texas Rangers would have for the first time in its history the benefits of a state-of -the-art crime laboratory, improved communications, and, perhaps most importantly, political stability. In name, the Rangers were 100 years old. With the creation of the DPS, the Rangers would have professionalism to match their tradition.
Tom Hickman, a veteran Ranger, was named senior captain of the Rangers. The force was organized into five companies, each headed by a captain.
Within a year of their incorporation into the DPS, the Texas Rangers got national publicity with the opening of the Texas Centennial Exposition at the State Fair grounds in Dallas. The headquarters for Co. B was set up in a specially-built log building on the fair grounds. Texas Rangers were seen in news reel footage in movie houses around the nation.
Depression-era DPS appropriations were lean, but as the decade of the 1930s ended, the Texas Rangers were on their way toward modernization. Fingerprint and modus operandi files were available for Ranger use at the Department's Camp Mabry headquarters in Austin, and Ranger vehicles were equipped with police radio receivers, though two-way radio would not be available to Rangers until the 1940s. Former Ranger Manuel T. (Lone Wolf) Gonzaullas headed the Department's Bureau of Intelligence, which gave Rangers the benefit of chemical, ballistic and microscopic testing in their criminal investigations.In their early years as part of the DPS, Rangers were paid automobile mileage and furnished a Colt .45 and a lever-action Winchester .30 caliber rifle by the state. Rangers still had to provide their own car, horse, and saddle, though the DPS issued horse trailers.
For the first time, Rangers had the benefits of in service training. They also had to write weekly activity reports. The Texas Rangers were part of another agency but their duties essentially were the same as they had been for years. Rangers were called upon to enforce the state's laws, with particular emphasis on felony crimes, gambling and narcotics. Rangers also were used in riot suppression and in locating fugitives.
World War II
During World War II, Rangers provided vigilant internal security in Texas. Ranger duties varied from showing air raid warning training films to tracking down escaped German POWs later in the war.
When U.S. Army Rangers landed in France, the German press thought those commandos were Texas Rangers. This apparently caused considerable anxiety among the German people. The Reich's minister of propaganda eventually had to clarify matters.
By 1945, the authorized strength of the Texas Rangers had been increased to 45 men. Two years later, the force was increased again, to 51 men. Texas was growing in the post-war economy and so was the parent agency of the Rangers. In 1949, the Legislature authorized construction of a new headquarters building in North Austin. The same year, the DPS bought its first airplane. A Ranger became the Department's first pilot-investigator.
In their first year under the DPS, the Rangers took part in an estimated 255 cases; two decades later, in 1955, the Rangers were involved in 16,701 cases.
Keeping the Peace
Rangers continued to add to their legend during the 1950's. When inmates in the Rusk State Hospital for the Criminally Insane rioted and took hostages, Ranger Capt. R. A. "Bob" Crowder and the leader of the mob had a conversation and the inmates surrendered.
Rangers made national headlines by their quiet but firm presence at various campuses in the state as school integration was for the most part peacefully implemented. When violence seemed possible at the high school in Mansfield, Rangers were sent to the school. A photograph of Ranger Sgt. Jay Banks, reflectively leaned against a tree in front of the high school as students walked into the building beneath a dummy hanging in effigy, was widely published.
Also during the 1950s, Rangers calmed down a violent steel mill strike in East Texas; shut down illegal gambling in Galveston and participated in numerous cases, some sensational, many merely routine investigations.
Ranger activity in these cases usually was documented as briefly as possible. This was Ranger Zeno Smith's report for July 3, 1956:
Wilson County Sheriff requested the assistance of one Ranger in the investigation of twenty-five head of cattle near Floresville. A lengthy investigation resulted in the filing of five complaints and indictments in each case against the suspect who is still at large. 115 hours.
More than 40 years later, the Texas Rangers are still investigating cattle thefts and major felony crimes. Today, though there is some overlapping, the DPS Criminal Intelligence Service handles most of the gambling cases, the Department's Narcotics Service concentrates on the drug problem and the agency's Motor Vehicle Theft Service handles motor vehicle and equipment thefts.
But the Rangers' caseload has continued to grow, along with the rest of Texas. In the mid 1980's Rangers annually undertook more than 5,700 investigations and filed more than 3,200 criminal cases. Rangers yearly arrested more than 1,200 persons and recovered some $8 million worth of stolen property.
The size of the Ranger force stands at 173 commissioned members distributed in seven companies "A" through "F" and a headquarters detachment in Austin. "Field Rangers" are supervised by a Senior Captain (Chief), Headquarters Captain (Assistant Chief), company majors and lieutenants.
Texas Rangers are selected from the ranks of the Department of Public Safety. No recruiting has ever been necessary. It is not unusual for more than 100 officers to apply for only a single opening. To become a Ranger, a DPS officer must have at least eight years of commissioned law enforcement experience (including two years with the DPS) and must have at least 60 hours of college or equivalencies, Ranger appointments are made up on the basis of a competitive examination and oral interviews. Rangers are required to attend at least 40 hours of in-service training every two years, but for most Rangers, the training far exceeds that. Some Rangers receive additional training in areas such as investigative hypnosis, which has played an important role in numerous criminal cases.
In addition to their high educational level, modern Rangers have the benefit of state-of-the-art weaponry and other equipment. Each Ranger is furnished an automatic, 12 gauge shotgun and a semi-automatic rifle. He or she also has a crime scene kit with materials for taking fingerprints and making plaster casts of tracks and tool marks along with additional evidence-gathering necessities.
High-powered sniper rifles, night vision scopes, tear gas guns and grenades and gas masks are available for each Ranger company. Black lights, used for detecting fluid traces on clothing and other items, also are available at the company level. Sophisticated electronic surveillance equipment is at the disposal of the Rangers as well.
Today's Rangers travel by car, airplane or helicopter and occasionally by horse. Rangers are not issued uniforms, they dress as they need to. A Ranger in Dallas might wear a suit and tie while a Ranger assigned to a rural area would likely choose Western wear. During normal everyday activity, Rangers are still expected to wear western boots and have their badges pinned to their shirts.
As Walter Prescott Webb wrote in his 1935 history of the Rangers,
they "are what they are because their enemies have been what they were. The Rangers had to be superior to survive. Their enemies were pretty good...(the Rangers) had to be better..."
That's the way it was, and that's the way it still is.
© 2018 Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, a division of the City of Waco.


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Business Analyst - Higher Executive Officer
- Recruiter
- Home Office
- Location
- Croydon – with limited opportunities in other central London locations.
- Salary
- £32,867 - £37,797
- Posted
- 23 Mar 2018
- Closes
- 22 Apr 2018
- Ref
- 1577867
- Category
- Public Sector
- Function
- Analytics, Project Management
- Contract Type
- Permanent
- Hours
- Full Time
Business Analyst
Home Office
Grade: Higher Executive Officer
Salary: £32,867 - £37,797
Location: Croydon – with limited opportunities in other central London locations
We are searching for Business Analysts who can play an active part of a strong team working collaboratively on challenging and complex projects.
You will join the Home Office at an exciting time. Our mission is to keep the country secure and our citizens safe. Our objectives are to prevent terrorism, cut crime, control immigration, manage crises effectively, protect vulnerable people and promote growth. Each and every member of Home Office staff plays a part in delivering these objectives.
We cover some of the most high-profile policies in Whitehall, issues such as anti-social behaviour, crime prevention, tackling drug use, immigration, policing and terrorism. All are at the heart of the Government's agenda and we work closely and cooperatively with a wide range of other departments.
The challenges the department faces are significant and can change rapidly in the global environment in which we operate. This makes it one of the most exciting and stimulating departments to work in.
This is your opportunity to contribute to these objectives and challenges and help develop the link between current and future business models. You will create strong stakeholder relationships and be responsible for managing the day to day running of the project ensuring it is delivered in line with timescales and objectives.
Discover more information about the Business Analyst role including job responsibilities and person specification within the attached candidate pack. Please ensure you read this in full prior to applying as this will detail how to apply and further details on the selection process.
We'll assess you against these competencies during the selection process:
- Business Analysis
Please give an example of when you have investigated a business problem or opportunity and describe the approach that you took. Explain in your response how you defined the business need and analyzed options for solutions.
Closing date: Sunday 22nd April 2018.

subset: commoncrawl


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When I hear people talking about their expensive vacations, I am often impressed. It must be amazing to spend time on a luxury cruise, or visiting a remote location. But I often note that the same people often know remarkably little about their local area.
What do I conclude when I find that this is the case? It seems to me that it's easy to become focused on the need to spend a lot of money travelling around the world. We know that travel is said to broaden the mind and we expect that taking expensive trips will bring us rewards.
Photo Credits: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikebaird/4676501257/
Looking closer to home
It's ironic, however, that we may spend hours flying to a destination that offers similar experiences to those that are found closer to home. You may well find that tourists actually visit places close to your own home, but do you ever act like a tourist when you visit the local area?
With many families looking to save money on vacations these days, spending time within your own country or region could be a really good solution. The immediate reaction is often to think that such an option would be too boring, but this probably ignores what is on offer.
This first occurred to me when I was living in a town within the UK. Tourists would come to my town, having travelled from France, Italy, Spain, the United States, Japan and many other countries. They would be impressed by the medieval cathedral, by the sense of history and by the links to many famous figures.
I lived in that town for many years, but I rarely took the opportunity to visit the same buildings and museums that attracted the tourists. I was too busy working, looking after my family and living my life. This is a trap that many of us fall into. When we see beautiful things every day, we are strangely unable to notice them.
Acting like a tourist
One day, I realised that the local attractions were passing me by. I decided to spend a week touring the region and acting like a tourist. I didn't have a massive amount of money available to me, so I concentrated on finding local campsites. I moved around a fair but and got to see many villages and areas of the countryside that I'd previously missed.
I also took the time to visit local Tourist Information offices. I thought that I already knew plenty about the places close to where I lived. I soon discovered, however, that I was wrong.
The whole experience was thoroughly uplifting and has caused me to think again about local places of interest. As a family, we now spend many more weekends enjoying local attractions and sites.
There's certainly a time and place in life for expensive vacations. Make sure that you avoid the mistake, however, of ignoring all that your own region has to offer.
Keith Barrett writes about budget travel options. He uses blueskycamping.co.uk and other retailers to buy suitable travel and camping accessories.


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Soon you will be viewing a tour of our large upholstery workshop, housed in the upper level of our building. This is where we hand tie springs, build decks, web diners, sew leather and fabrics, stuff cushions and all of the wonderful things that go on in a day. Our shop employs several full time upholsterers, so there is always alot of thread flying!!!
Come back soon to see it!


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Hello, hello!
I'm running behind this morning so I'm posting on the fly... this Lil' Lolita has been sitting in my stack of printed stamps for a couple years now. I know, I know... shame on me! She is called Flower Girl Ivy and was originally part of a wedding themed release. All I had to do was stick a die cut egg in her hand to turn Ivy into an Easter morning cutie. I paired her up with Doodlebug Easter Parade papers because, just like my St. Pat's card, it makes for a fun and fast scene card. Putting this together I got a bit sad and nostalgic, I really miss Tickled Pink stamps. Luckily I have a great collection of Lil' Lolitas and I'm definitely going to be looking at them with new eyes to see how I can tweak them for all sorts of cards.
Ok, time for me to get a move on.
Supply list:
cardstock- Bazzill and Copic X-Press It
paper- Doodlebug (Easter Parade)
digital stamp- Tickled Pink (Lil Lolita Flower Girl Ivy)
Colorbox creamy brown chalk ink
Fiskars mini pinked edge scissors
Memory Box Egg cetera die
Martha Stewart butterfly punch
Copic markers:
skin- E000, E00, E11, R00,R20
hair- E21, E23, E57, E59
eyes- E84, E87, YG25, YG95, BG000, 0
clothes- RV00, RV02, RV06, RV09, RV19, YG21, YG23, YG25, C1, C2, 0, W00, W1, W3
Thursday, March 19, 2015
5 comments:
- Heidi Brawley said...
AWE....another Super Cute Easter card!!!!! Love it!!!!
Hugs, Heidi & Brooke
- March 19, 2015 at 7:53 AM
- Julie D. Richards said...
Super duper cute.
- March 19, 2015 at 10:03 AM
- Carisa said...
So cute! TPS definitely is a throw back. Wow! You know what else I miss...Sweet November. *wink, wink*
- March 19, 2015 at 2:20 PM
- Berenice R. said...
So cute!
- March 19, 2015 at 8:57 PM
- Juls said...
- March 23, 2015 at 12:09 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Inspired Living
Well Being is a relaxing spa, inspirational gift shop and beautiful yoga studio located across the street from Lake Tahoe, in the heart of Kings Beach.
We opened on January 1st, 2014 with the intention of raising the vibration of the North Lake Tahoe community.
We promote the blossoming of higher consciousness on Earth by facilitating balance and radiant health in our clients.
Our goal is to bring positive wellness and inspired living to the world.
Visit us to experience the harmonious and healing effects of our tranquil space and help support our vision for a better world.
"Health is a state of body. Wellness is a state of being."
We opened on January 1st, 2014 with the intention of raising the vibration of the North Lake Tahoe community.
We promote the blossoming of higher consciousness on Earth by facilitating balance and radiant health in our clients.
Our goal is to bring positive wellness and inspired living to the world.
Visit us to experience the harmonious and healing effects of our tranquil space and help support our vision for a better world.
"Health is a state of body. Wellness is a state of being."
Meet Our Team
We are experienced therapists dedicated to helping you achieve radiant well being.
Nick Hughes
Owner & Massage Therapist
Nick is a massage therapist, yoga teacher and co-owner of Well Being. He first studied massage at the Esalen Institute in 2001 and has been practicing massage professionally ever since. Nick's trainings include Deep Tissue, Sports Massage, Shiatsu, Thai Massage, and Reiki. Nick is skilled at providing lasting relief to tense muscles, using an intuitive, nurturing, and deeply healing style. His many years of experience and dedication to the art of massage are what make his massages outstanding.
Marisa Espinoza
Massage Therapist
Marisa moved to Tahoe in 2015 from Humboldt county, CA. She studied massage therapy at the Pacific Center for Awareness and Bodywork in Kauai in 2010. Her 900+ hours of training includes Swedish, Deep Tissue, Structural Integration, Thai massage, and The Arvigo Techniques of Mayan Abdominal Therapy.
Her massages are intuitive in nature with a special attunement to requests of the client. Her therapeutic touch is from the heart with focus on alignment of the body-mind.
Meghan Brennan
Massage Therapist
Meghan has been practicing massage in Tahoe for over 10 years. She attended the Maui School of Therapeutic Massage where she obtained over 700 hours of advanced massage training. Meghan specializes in Swedish, Deep Tissue, Neuro-Muscular Therapy and Lomi Lomi massage, as well as having many years of experience with treating injuries and chronic pain. Meghan is exceptionally skilled at finding the root cause of discomfort, working with the entire body to bring it back into balance.
Sarah Hughes
Owner & Massage Therapist
Sarah is the co-creator of Well Being. Originally from England, she has enjoyed living in Tahoe since 2011. Her initial massage training took place in Napa in 2012. Sarah is currently continuing her education in order to expand her knowledge, deepen her practice and enforce her commitment to helping her client's improve their health. She specializes in Swedish, Deep Tissue and Hot Stone massages as well as Reiki, providing a deeply healing and nurturing experience for her clients.
Elysse Chapman
Massage Therapist
Elysse has lived in Tahoe since 2007 and underwent an intensive massage therapy training at the Costa Rica School of Massage in 2012. Her training program consisted of over 500 hours of study in a variety of massage modalities including Swedish, Deep Tissue, Shiatsu, Prenatal, Trigger Point Therapy, and Reiki. Specializing in Swedish, Deep tissue and Hot Stone massage, Elysse's massage combines her various techniques, resulting in a customized healing experience for her clients.
Jillian Zahler
Massage Therapist
A native of the mid-west, Jillian moved to Lake Tahoe in the summer of 2016. She completed a 600-hour massage training course at the Aveda Institute in Minneapolis in 2012 and has been practicing massage in a professional setting ever since. She is trained in Swedish, Deep Tissue, Sports Massage, Hot Stone, Reiki, Reflexology, Trigger Point Therapy and Myofacial Release. Jillian likes to incorporate her various massage techniques into a unique, intuitive treatment that is both relaxing and deeply healing.
April Murrell
Esthetician & Massage Therapist
April has worked as an esthetician and massage therapist for over 20 years. She first trained in San Francisco and has continued her studies in both the US and Australia. April provides compassionate, results orientated services in both massage and skin care, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the skin and body. April is also a Certified Aromatherapist and offers Prenatal Massage, Reiki and Foot Reflexology treatments in addition to Swedish, Deep Tissue and Hot Stone massage.
Gaylene Asmus
Massage Therapist
Gaylene has lived in Lake Tahoe for the over 15 years, having emigrated to the US from New Zealand. She trained at the Philips School of Massage in Nevada City in 2003 and has been practicing massage ever since. Trained in Swedish, Deep Tissue and Hot Stone, Gaylene is also a Reiki Master. Her massages are deeply nurturing and heart centered, combining her healing touch with energy work in order to relieve muscle tension and unblock the subtle energies of the body.
Carmen Rodriquez
Massage Therapist
Carmen is new to the North Lake community, having recently moved here from South Lake Tahoe. She completed over 600 hours of massage training at the Bodhi Tree Center for the Healing Arts in 2016, where she trained extensively in a variety of modalities including relaxation and deep tissue massage, Ahshiatsu, and energy healing. Carmen's diverse experience allows her to blend and integrate various massage modalities, adapting to the unique needs of her clients.


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Painter Madness ver. 1.1
Type: Freeware
Price: 0
OS: WinXP,WinVista,WinVista x64,Win7 x32,Win7 x64,Win2
What's the most important in painting? Certainly, to pick right color and brushes is important, but the most important is to deliver the paint to the painter. If you think it's easy, you need to play Painter Madness game. You will have to control the movement of the paint basket with specific aerodynamic effects in the game! You will like the game for its bright, attractive graphics and funny sounds. Painter Madness - have fun playing the game!
FREE Download of Painter Madness
Home Page of Painter Madness
Free download of JongPuzzle


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Life's December are a band from Switzerland that has been featured before in this zine and plays a down tempo form of deathcore and this is a review of their 2016 album "Fatigue" which will be released in October by Dark Wings.
A very dark sounding intro starts off the album along with some distorted spoken word parts and clean playing while black metal screams can also be heard briefly before adding in death metal growls and djent elements and there is also a small amount of whispers and when the music speeds up a decent amount of blast beats can be heard.
Melody and death metal elements can be heard in the music at times while the vocals bring in more of a growling hardcore approach and the songs also bring in a great mixture of slow, mid paced and fast parts and when guitar leads are utilized they are done in a very technical fashion and clean guitars can also be heard at times and there is also a brief use of pig squeals and as the album progresses synths can also be heard in some of the songs while a later track introduces female vocals onto the recording and the last song is very long and epic in length.
On this recording Life's December get more diverse while also sticking to the down tempo style of deathcore and djent from previous releases but also adding in some death and black metal elements and technical playing to take their style to another level, the production sounds very professional while the lyrics cover angry and real life themes.
In my opinion this is another great sounding recording from Life's December and if you are a fan of djent and deathcore, you should check out this album. RECOMMENDED TRACKS INCLUDE "Second Life" "Worthlesser" "Construct" and "Sleepless". 8 out of 10.


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E-Cig Coupons home » Coupons » Totally Wicked eLiquid » Totally Wicked discount code – 10% off
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Conni's wedding dress was completely unique to her, as she found a gorgeous Enzoani number at The White Room in Mullingar which she had altered to suit her style.
The white vintage inspired dress was originally a ball gown, but was changed to a glamorous fishtail shape and a belt was added to cinch it in at the waist - Conni looked stunning in it!
The beautiful bride wasn't even sure about the dress when she first saw it on the hanger, it was her mum who first fell in love with it and persuaded Conni to try it on.
Mum is always right of course, as Conni loved the gown too when she put it on!
Raven haired Conni looked quite the pin up girl on her special day! Her locks were curled into a glamorous, loose style by Shauna Spain Hairstyling and her make up was an eye catching pink lip with winged liner on the eyes.
Being a make up artist herself, Conni knew it would be hard to give the control over to another artist! However, she entrusted her friend Deirdre from Mac with the job as she knew she'd do an amazing job.
Trevor & Conni's supplier list


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First seen in "Q-Who?", the Borg are a race of cybernetically enhanced humanoids. They implant on themselves cybernetics parts which allow them to communicate by the use of subspace signals ("The Best of Both Worlds"). Being strictly connected one to the other, they lost their individuality and became a collective, thinking and acting as a single. Their thoughts are quick, their reaction speed is disarming; they are able to adapt to almost every weapon after it is used once or twice. They have a lone purpose: assimilating the other life-forms making them borg.
This file is a courtesy of The Borg Collective.
Visit the site to read the entire FAQ and other information about the Borg.
These pages are maintained by:André Jacques email@example.com


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Do one happens being one of the millions who have bad credit? Bad credit is nothing being embarrassed with or be upset about. You want to use a vehicle to become in a position to bring your kids to school. While it holds true that you can find different deals accessible to those with poor credit and while it is valid that loans are harder to come by, there is silly to believe that it is impossible. Bealls Credit Card Payment
Finding a Lender to get a Unsecured Loan for Those with Bad Credit. These folks are perceived as high credit risk, hence banks would prefer not to give loans to them. The required information will include details such as your name, address, age, sex, contact numbers, bank-account number, and social security number.
Of course, there certainly are a few pointers that will be studied into consideration when the very best deals are to be found. Because they supply mortgage insurance through their organization, you could qualify for a poor credit home loan through these as well as other government agencies. Savings have been wiped out, investments have been lost, and to make matters worse, traditional lenders have turned their back on working with individuals whose credit is bad because of the credit crunch. BP Credit Card
So understand that car dealers usually are not the only way you can go and so they usually are not willing to consider a chance on giving someone with bad credit a loan. There isn't any obligation to just accept your new loan offer, compare what are the lenders can provide and choose the best to your needs. There is no obligation to accept your new loan offer, compare what the lenders can provide and select the best to your needs. The biggest is always that the potency of their business is that they cater to people regular banks will not. Advantages of the Military Loan.
If you might be interested in applying for any poor credit loan from a credit union, make an effort to look at each program that the different credit unions offer. This is when consolidation is absolutely your better bet. Once again, this can be because income is guaranteed, and once the sum of the income is verified, the approval can be given. If you are in such a position, you might also be a bad creditor. Fortune Gold Card
Remember that the down payment just isn't the only amount you have to settle, when buying a car. Do not overextend yourself. But don't allowed this to discourage you. For these individuals the availability of the funds outweighs the high interest rate charged. All of this could be done from the comfort of your own home, apply today, it's that easy.


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4 Goodies and gadgets for when you are on the go
Office furniture has evolved to become highly stylised, and ergonomic designs mean comfort is a priority. Try these brands on for size
YOU NEED IT BECAUSE: These handmade pieces will transform any offi ce into an interesting, conversational space.
THE NITTY GRITTY: Spitfire furniture is handmade using Brazilian leather and aluminum, and fuses contemporary design with a classic look. The Banshee Egg Chair and Dakota 5 Drawer Desk are available in three colours: oxblood, vintage black or vintage brown.
THE X-FACTOR: Bespoke furniture makes a bold statement. From R23,600 (chair) and R39,900 (desk); spitfirefurniture.co.za
YOU NEED IT BECAUSE: An ottoman is perfect for seating or as a space for magazines.
THE NITTY GRITTY: Weylandts' Cuban Tufted Ottoman is made of luxurious leather and deep buttoned by hand. It comes in a variety of colours from anthracite to toffee. Or you can select your own fabrics.
THE X-FACTOR: Leather works well in an offi ce because it's easy to clean. R18,995; weylandts.co.za
YOU NEED IT BECAUSE: Large offices with lots of human traffic need seating hubs that emulate a cutting-edge corporate or the reception of a swanky hotel.
THE NITTY GRITTY: Furniture company Herman Miller has partnered with contemporary British design company Naughtone to offer a range of beautifully designed and well-crafted furniture. This is epitomised by seating options such as the Always Lounge, Busby chair (pictured here), which emulates a luxurious booth, and Pollen, small hexagonal furniture pieces that can be used as seats, tables or side tables.
THE X-FACTOR: You'll find this furniture in the offices of companies such as Google, Barclays, BMW and Coca-Cola. From R23,683; alloffice.co.za
YOU NEED IT BECAUSE: Dauphin office furniture is mobile and works in a small or large workspace. Dauphin's seating, storage and desks function as standalones or together.
THE NITTY GRITTY: Stilo chairs work best in hot desk or flexible work environments. The Bonito range by Zuco for Dauphin includes comfortable handmade wooden-shell chairs in oak or walnut. There are a variety of colours, fabrics, wood finishes and types of leather. The Fiore range of all-rounder chairs is available in variations from cutting-edge polypropylene in various colours, to classic beech and swivel or fixed frames.
THE X-FACTOR: These high-perfomance chairs and desks are comfortable and ergonomic. From R3,500; dauphin.co.za
Words: Helen Grange


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I have thought for some time that it must be fairly easy to get a job as a book blurb writer* because you don't have to be very good at it. Most of the blurbs I read either give away so much of the plot it'd be pointless to read the book after having read the blurb, or they completely and utterly fail to describe the book at all. Anyone could do that right?
Of course I was wrong.
Blurb writers are f***ing brilliant at their jobs. The reason I thought differently was because I didn't understand what their job was until recently. Their job is not to accurately summarise a book or tease you with early snippets similar to what you might expect if you read the book. Their job is to sell you the book. They don't care a damn whether or not you read the book once you've bought it, or like the book once you've read it. All they care about is that you buy it and they'll pile on as much spin as they have to get you to do it.
My epiphany on this issue came to me when I was reading the other reviews for Box 21 (a.ka.a. The Vault) at Good Reads. I had finished reading the book and written my own review and, as is my habit, I started to browse the other reviews of the book. Quite a lot of them concurred roughly with my own views (the book was ugly and sad but brilliant) but quite a few of them were scathing. On closer inspection most of the ones in this category were upset because their reading experience did not match the expectations set by the book's blurb writers and sticker-putter-onners.
As is the case with virtually anything coming out of northern Europe these days Box 21 was sold in America being similar to Stieg Larsson's millennium trilogy. Of course anyone who has actually read that trilogy and Box 21 will know that likening the two makes about as much sense as comparing a sofa to kitchen sink but the blurb writers know that lots of people liked the Larsson books and the odds are that those people would buy something similar. The blurb writers don't care that their claim for similarity is not true as long as the claim gets people to buy the book. And it worked. Plenty of people bought the book expecting something similar to the Larsson books they enjoyed and were disappointed (in the same way that you would be if you bought a sofa but the store delivered a kitchen sink).
Now that I have woken up (however belatedly) to the reality that blurb writers don't give a damn about readers I understand why the back of my edition of Camilla Lackberg's The Preacher says "chilly…just like the icy environment it describes" despite the fact the entire book takes place in a sweltering Swedish summer and the heat is mentioned approximately 817 times throughout the story (people sweating, buying electric fans, fainting with heat exhaustion, being on summer holidays….). But in blurb-writing land Scandinavia = cold so a major plot element is ignored and not allowed to get in the way of a good, book-selling blurb.
It can be dangerous, or at least expensive, to make threats on the internet these days so I won't share my fantasy in which all the world's blurb writers are collected together and set atop a giant bonfire. I'll just suggest you stop reading their blurbs. They're bullshit.
*for the purposes of this post I am lumping all people who put things on book covers/jackets (blurbs, stickers, pull-quotes) under the umbrella heading of blurb writers (it's more polite than the collective noun I use in my head).
hat tip to Karen of Euro Crime for the pics


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Your shopping cart is currently empty.
This industrial five piece dining room set is the perfect addition to your casual dining area. The table top is constructed for a texted vinyl surface and is both durable and easy to take care of. The chairs feature simple ladder backs and match the tubular composition of the table. For a modern and updated look in your kitchen area or dining room, this is the perfect table.Includes
1 Table and 4 Side ChairsDimensions
47.25"L x 31.50"W x 30.00"H
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15.75"W x 18.50"D x 33.750"H x 18.50"SD x 17.25"SH


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Ghana Polls: President Mahama concedes defeat
Ghana's President, John Mahama, on Friday evening called to congratulate oppostion candidate, Nana Akufo-Addo, 72, the acclaimed winner of Wednesday's presidential election in the country, BBC has confirmed.
Mahama had previously said he would respect the outcome of the election.
He also said in a tweet that the Electoral Commission should be allowed to carry out its mandate.
Final result is expected to be declared by the EC on Saturday (today).
The commission announced on Thursday that it was manually verifying the results because its electronic system had been targeted by hackers, but urged people to ignore "fake results" circulating on social media.


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Thursday, October 11, 2012
8 comments:
so excited for your trip! Can't wait to see all your pretty pictures!!!ReplyDelete
(still haven't picked up Casual Vacancy but it's killing me that I don't have Dark Places yet either!)
I'm about half-way through The Casual Vacancy.. And I don't know. It's still pretty uninteresting. It's like a study in how horrible normal people are to each other.ReplyDelete
This reminds me we share our birthday! I don't have a cruise to go on though. I'm looking forward to a day off work. Haha.
Abbi, what am I going to do without you while you are on your cruise? More importantly: how am I going to survive if I can't see PP again soon?! This is an actual real 911 situation. pls send help. (like, a life saver from your fancy boat or something.)ReplyDelete
But really I am not ok without our saturday Who hang outs. I miss you a lot a lot. Once you're back, can we resume AT LEAST weekly hang outs? Because Grad school is coming far too soon and I need my Abbi fix...
Ok? Good? Good. Done.
Girl, when did you get so cute? Hmm?ReplyDelete
Cruise update stat!ReplyDelete
Pitch Perfect I can't wait to see it
i am nearly done with casual vacancy.ReplyDelete
lovin' it.
its different.
but i like it.
you're cute.
I love the Race for a Cure pic. <3ReplyDelete
I still have not seen PP or read Casual Vacancy. Basically, I'm falling behind on life and I need to fix that asap.
Cruise cruise! I hope you loved it. A few years ago I went on a cruise with one of my current flatmates, and even though it was years ago, we bring up how much we loved 'cruise food' at least weekly. Happy (late) birthday!ReplyDelete


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Alison Bonsor, Claims Manager
Having just weathered a second, gruelling six month round of chemotherapy, whilst maintaining a full-time job and dependent children, I was physically and emotionally exhausted and wanted to find something to slowly rebuild my general wellbeing and strength, which I have been able to do through private yoga sessions with Donna at Yoga & Healing.
Donna has a deep understanding of what it is like to live with cancer and in a few short weeks, with her relaxed, gentle manner and expertise, has helped me to learn to allow myself to acknowledge the toll it has taken on my mental and physical strength, to take time-out of my day and really focus only on what my mind and body needs, rather than constantly focussing on the wants and needs of others.
The private meditation and yoga sessions with Donna are one of the highlights of my week and have enabled me to reconnect with myself in my own time and at my own pace and really focus on the inner me. I am then able to carry on that process through the week, aided by the free meditation sessions accessible through the Yoga & Healing website.


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Texture Design Co. and Be the Change Boutique are two new shops on King Street in downtown Charleston. I've already visited them a few times! The ladies that own them are so welcoming and fun and the items they have for sale are unique and make the best gifts.
Texture and BTCB share a space at 218B King Street. Go say hello!
Emily, a dear friend of mine, owns Texture Design Co., a fun little stationary store and Etsy shop. You'll find gifts (for someone else or yourself) in her shop, many of them inspired by Charleston. I also love that Emily supports other local artists. One is Heartwood Creative Co's – those are her Charleston signs.
Love Emily's new pineapple fountain design! And the pillows are made by Suite 33, another local artist.
Emily partnered with Kate Waddell to create these fun, colorful note cards.
Be the Change Boutique is right next door and they have a wide variety of items which are always changing. What I love about this store is that everything you purchase has a story behind it. And your money goes towards a greater purpose!
For example, Purpose handcrafted jewelry is empowering survivors of modern-day slavery to build a bright future.
You can even purchase socks to give to others in need and employ the homeless, too!
These new bracelets are hand stamped with Charleston's coordinates by the Shine Project, a company that employs inner city youth to provide scholarships for college.
Hand in Hand gives soap and clean water to those in need with each purchase.
Livin Life Man is a local artist and company. With every purchase a donation is made to MUSC Children's Hospital.
They sell some fun mugs along with Ripple Coffee; grown by women roasters all over the world. Your purchase helps aid in these communities for education, clean water projects, infrastructure and health care programs.
Thanks for visiting! Have a great week 🙂


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Pokemon GO Guide: How To Become a Gym Leader
|Pokemon GO Guide: How To Become a Gym Leader
Pokemon go Guide: How To Become a Gym LeaderEver dreamed of being a feared gym leader? Here's work with your Pokemon to create that dream and how to steal gym's from the opposing teams come true in Pokemongo.
Pokemon-Go may not have an official releasedate yet, but Niantic and Nintendo have confirmed thatthe game will arrive before the end of July, and so the countdown is on. The intensive field tests covered up-on June 30, so all that's left to do now is delay and seriously refresh the application store in hopes that the augmented reality mobile game will be to the newly- released section. For people who weren't a component of haven't played Niantic's previous game and the Pokemon Go beta,Ingress, there is some research that can be done to catch up.
In Pokemon go, in order to get them poor enough to get players don't truly need to fight Pokemon in the wild. Instead, catching a Pokemon typically requires properly tossing the on screen Pokeball in the adorable animals. Where the gyms enter into play the game wouldn't be Pokemon without some battling though and that's.
For folks who have enjoyed Ingress, Pokemon Go's gyms are extremely similar to Ingress' websites (we know this from field testing and leaked gameplay footage). Each player selects a team to join at the start of the game (yellow, red, or blue) and one of the main aims of the game is to maintain as numerous gym's as possible under your team's control. Gyms are often located at things of interest in the actual world such as a sculpture, a plaque, or maybe even a coffee shop. They'll appear on the chart color-coded based on which staff is in control of them. A grey gym is not controlled and may be said by whatever team reaches it first. Gyms will be easy to spot and look like systems on the map.
The initial step is to verify and see if a chance stands after you find an enemy controlled gym. In this game, Pokemon are placed by CP (combat factors) as opposed to levels, therefore, for instance, you obviously won't need to take your degree 200 CP staff in against a gym where the first choice features a CP of over 1000. Gyms are protected by a leader (the instructor that has the Pokemon with the greatest CP) and multiple different trainers that really must be overcome and knocked out ahead of the head. The larger a gym's Status degree, the more instructors you'll find to beat.
If your Pokemon are up to the job, you may then begin fighting the defending coaches 1 by 1 (from lowest CP to best CP) and kicking them out of the gym with each success. Check back about how exactly the combat system shakes out for a future game guide. The gym's reputation level is decreased slightly, as each teacher is thrown. You'll be kicked out too when the gym is cleaned out to challenge of coaches. Continue returning to the gym and the Status level will eventually drain down to zero and the gym will appear grey (unclaimed) on the road. At this point, you'll be able to declare the gym and leave one of your powerful Pokemon behind to protect it while you're not around (related to resonators in Ingress).
Additional instructors on your group will have a way to raise the Reputation amount and keep Pokemon also to come by and help protect the place.
Keep in mind that this gym has become a goal for members of the opposing teams. Seeing how the gym is supporting and checking back is another agenda item to add to your turn of jobs in Pokemon Get. Don't be surprised if stealing gyms is very difficult for lower levels by you, however it will end up an invaluable skill and a great way to earn experience when your Pokemon are strong enough and up to the task.
Good luck available, trainers!


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While we will always love the bark of a Cosworth DFV on startup and the sound of Schumacher's V12 Ferrari around Monza will be forever in our hearts, there's no denying we do have affection for electrically powered cars. This may sound utterly at odds with our ethos, but our view is that in today's modern world, electric propulsion is the future.
Take the Nio EP9, for example. On 12th May 2017, it acquired the lap record for a road legal car around the Nurburgring. And is sounds good too. Previous electric cars we've heard racing have merely sounded like giant slot cars, but this one has a real scream to it. We're still struggling with the lack of gear changes, several times resisting the urge to shout "Change up!" at the screen as the sound gets higher and higher, but just take a look at the on-board….
The EP9's 1-MegaWatt of power is equivalent to 1360PS (1342 bhp) and the vehicle has a top speed of 313kph (194mph). The EP9 accelerates from 0-200kph (0-124mph) in 7.1 seconds.
Last month, NIO announced that it plans to produce a second batch of ten EP9s, and each one will be made to order. The NIO EP9 is priced at 1.48 million USD. If you cast your mind back to the hedonistic days of 80's and 90's supercars, the EP9's groundbreaking achievement is right up there with the original McLaren F1. Could the NIO EP9 be the world's first collectable electric supercar at some point in the future?
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text: Your shortlist X Yellow submarine Architect : Sophie Nguyen Architects Completion date : Jan 2000 Size : 50 to 99 sqm Contract value : Less than £50,000 Housing experience : Conversion & Extensions Services : Architects' Service & Fee Advice, Feasibility Studies Project photos. Click on an image to enlarge. × About this project This raised ground floor flat was converted from a maze of cardboard partitions and suspended ceilings for a couple blessed with two young children and cursed by the fact that they wanted to stay in Ladbroke Grove and neither of them was a stockbroker. The flat was stripped back to create a single main space into which the Yellow Submarine was launched. This free-standing unit defines the functions of the adjacent spaces, kitchen in front, bathroom behind, complete with hatch door to keep bath time sociable. Finally two bedrooms are inserted into the adjacent space, separated by a glass partition between them in order to maximize the daylight into the children's room. Add this practice to your shortlist Tweet Browser does not support script. Find an architect More from Sophie Nguyen Architects Projects A selection of projects undertaken by this practice. All Residential Commercial Residential Casa del Sol With an expanding family and a consequent need for more living s... Read more Commercial / Residential London Art de Vivre There are not many undiscovered properties ripe for redevelopmen... Read more Residential Yellow submarine This raised ground floor flat was converted from a maze of cardb... Read more


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By Jon Zacks
The Flyers extended their winning-and-improving streak to four games, in a 6-1 victory over Dawson Creek on Thursday night.
It was the Senior Canucks who drew first blood, when Faron Duthie banged in a powerplay goal five minutes in.
But, from there on out, the Flyers again protected an injured Derek Mettauer, who only had to face 17 shots on the night, and rarely a second opportunity. "He's a trooper, and he's a warrior" said Coach Adam Brash of Mettauer's performance. "He's helping the boys out, and they're playing for him."
In fact, Brash admits having an injured goaltender behind his team over the past few games has potentially helped his club. "The guys are more aware … I think we've had four or five straight games now where we're playing just good smart hockey."
Rod Stevens played his first game of the season, and scored a breakaway goal in the second period. Ryan Carter also checked into the lineup, joining Stevens and Paul Wiens on a forward line, and scoring his own goal in the second. "It was pretty tiring" admitted Rod Stevens after the game. "I tried to keep my shifts real short, and keep things simple out there."
Stevens had joined the Flyers for the McKenzie Cup in Red Deer last spring, but this season, is hoping to get a few regular season and exhibition games under his belt before the Allan Cup.
Making life a little harder for guys like Stevens and Mettauer was a half-hour delay in starting the game, because of a lack of officials. But, after a slow start, the pace of the game gradually picked up, although the game never developed physically.
Fort St. John's 'Kid Line' also got in on the scoring, with Jeff Fast, Jeff Shipton, and Adam Horst each contributing a goal and an assist (a goal and two assists for Horst). Nathan Waberski rounded out the Flyers scoring.
The Flyers wrap up their regular season on Saturday night, when they host the Grande Prairie Athletics.
Stay tuned for information on upcoming exhibition games against teams from Prince George and Whitehorse.


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Heads up, guys, my awesome friends at Murray's are holding an incredibly cool contest running through the 31st. The grand prize winner wins a cheese party for ten of their closest, least lactose intolerant friends, in Murray's Cheese Caves. Kind of makes your Pikachu pinata from last year's pizza party look a little gauche, son. Enter now!
Murray's Party in the Caves Contest
Who wouldn't want to win a cheese tasting party with 9 of your closest friends…and a tour beneath Greenwich Village of Murray's CHEESE CAVES? That's what Murray's is offering this month through a new online contest: all you need to do is enter to win by October 31, and the party could be yours. (winner picked at random, and can live anywhere in the US and be willing to travel to NYC)
Enter online at http://wildfireapp.com/website/6/contests/155515 or through Facebook or Twitter.
Grand Prize: One lucky winner is invited to party at Murray's Cheese in Greenwich Village along with rare cave aged cheeses, free-flowing wine and 9 of their closest friends. Includes cave tour and a wine & cheese tasting.
2nd Prize: Two seats in our popular Mystery of the Caves class in NYC that includes a guided tour of our subterranean cheese caves and a tasting class.
3rd Prize: A package of five delicious cave aged cheeses delivered to your door! (anywhere in the US)
Check back soon for a special review…we may be trying some cave cheeses!


text: Thank you for your interest. All teams are currently full! We still encourage you to join us on the day of the event so you can help us with delivery of the presents. Everyone will meet at Menards in the west side parking lot starting at 9AM in preparation for 10AM delivery team departures. Everyone is welcome to tag along with the delivery teams and see the joy that Secret Families spreads to area families each and every year! You are also welcome you to stay after the deliveries are finished and enjoy a home cooked meal with us at Toyota of Muncie starting at 4:30PM. We hope to see you there!


text:
Check out Feminist Media Literacy 101: The Sexist Media Stunt and the Case for Feminist Media Literacy, a recent blog post from Rock and the Single Girl about the other-ing of women in music.
Sample quote:
Music magazine SMSs [Sexist Media Stunts] are typically subtle — rather than outright questioning women's place in the industry, they treat female artists and fans as The Other, continually emphasizing gender over artistic output and consumption.
Sounds familiar!
And with a tagline like "Women, Gender, Sex, and Sexuality in Punk and Underground Music," you know the whole blog is worth adding to your RSS feed.


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Hey gang-
The "kids" are in town, and we've been having non-stop fun. I'll report on all of it later.
Meanwhile, here's a vulgar joke from our Michael:
QUESTION: What does a 14 year old Alabama girl say after sex?
ANSWER: Get off of me dad, you're crushing my cigarettes!


text:
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Ales Bulir (Katerina Smidkova
No 08/84, IMF Working Papers from International Monetary Fund
The Czech National Bank has a respectable track record in terms of its policy actions and the corresponding inflation outturns. Using a simple forward-looking policy rule, we find that its main communication tools-inflation targets, inflation forecasts, verbal assessments of the inflation risks contained in quarterly inflation reports, and the voting within the CNB Board-provided a clear message in about three out of every four observations in our 2001- 2005 sample.
Keywords: Central banks; Central banks and their policies; Czech Republic; Inflation targeting; Inflation; Monetary policy; Transparency; communication, Czech National Bank, central bank, national bank, Money and Interest Rates: Forecasting and Simulation, (search for similar items in EconPapers)
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cba, nep-mac and nep-mon
Date: 2008-04-01
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Downloads: (external link)http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.aspx?sk=21853 (application/pdf)
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Best Practice Principles
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& Vision - Clinical
Model -
Training & Consulting
New -
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News Review
Research Databases - Leading Addiction Websites
Focus: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, & Terrorism
A News Analysis By
Terence T. Gorski
issue of medical marijuana for the treatment of seriously ill patients is a
public health issue, not a criminal problem.
Seriously ill patients in severe pain should receive treatment from the
medical and behavioral health professionals.
Medication decisions should be made by patients and their doctors.
When issue of drug abuse or dependence become a concern addiction and mental
health providers should be involved . It would be tragic if we began
arresting and prosecuting terminally ill patients undergoing chemotherapy for
using marijuana to seek symptom relief. Alternatives are available
within a Public Health Framework for resolving this issue. Steve
Grinstead developed a comprehensive Addiction-free
pain Management System that can offer numerous alterative other than
marijuana to pain patients. Addiction and mental health professional should be concerned
about legislation affecting the medical use of marijuana because it carries with
it broad implications for the future direction of funding trends in the United
States. Let's invest in a Public
Health Addiction Policy that would fund addiction-free pain management clinics
in every community. We could then
allow medical exceptions for using marijuana as a medication if the client is
under the care of both a physician who prescribes it and the care of an
addiction pain management specialists who assures the client has access to other
effective tools for pain management and helps assure the marijuana is not
Gorski Is Available To Speak Or Consult On
Public Health Addiction Policy As An Alternative To The War On Drugs>
Addiction and mental
health professional should be concerned about legislation affecting the medical
use of marijuana because it carries with it broad implications for the future
direction of funding trends in the United States.
Since the mid-1980's the US approach to drug abuse has been controlled
by a Criminal Justice Drug Policy that views addicted people as criminals and
punishment and the threat of punishment as primary tools for dealing with the
criminal addicts. As a result,
millions of dollars have been stripped from the nation's addiction, mental
health, and social programs to feed the growing complex of prisons and
supportive industries.
To promote
implementation of a Public health Addiction Policy, any decisions that support
the primacy of enforcement professionals over medical and public health
professionals when it comes to the prevention and treatment of illness need to
be opposed and alternative mechanisms recommended.
Since, when it comes to addiction, these issues relate around the
appropriate use and control of illicit drugs, it is easy to focus on the
drug and the opinions of law enforcement authorities while ignoring the vital
human questions and the myriad of unforeseen consequences that could lead to
continued human right violations for the addicted people of this nation.
The issue of the
medical use of marijuana is one focal point that illustrates the implications of
this conflict. The position of addiction and mental health providers is
important and should be strongly considered in the formulation of national
The question at the
heart of the ideological conflict between the Public Health and Criminal Justice
Policies is whether health care professionals or enforcement professionals
should be in charge of the national drug control strategies.
The real battle is between two political policies.
A nation operating
under a Public Health Addiction Policy will seek and value the
input of medical and behavioral health professionals whenever considering
legislation that could effect the well being, pain, and suffering of sick
people. The role of law enforcement
and the need to preserve legal leverage to prosecute other criminals would be a
secondary consideration.
A nation operating
under a Criminal Justice Drug Policy will put the current
drug laws in a place of supremacy and seek to interpret all related issues in a
way that will facilitate additional arrests and convictions.
The rights and well being of citizens will become a secondary
When operating under a
Criminal justice Drug Policy law enforcement has vested interest in eliminating
medical and behavioral health professionals from the development of drug control
legislation and its enforcement. They
also seek to criminalize and demonize any medical or behavioral health
professional who compassionately seeks to deal with sick people in a way that
either directly violates drug law or would make it more difficult to arrest and
prosecute drug offenders.
The issue of the
medical use of marijuana is a focal point that exposes both sides of this
conflict. Terminally ill patients
in severe pain and chronic pain patients should receive treatment from the
medical and behavioral health professionals.
The choice of medications and approaches to treatment should be made
between patients and their doctors who work with addiction and mental health
service providers to deal with any related addiction and mental health problems
that often accompany these seriously ill clients.
Historically, the
enforcement community has seen medical and behavioral health providers as
adversaries when it comes to the prescription and use of control substances.
Physicians ability to prescribe pain medications has been seriously
limited in many states. Doctors have been prosecuted for prescribing
"excessive pain medications" for chronic pain patients. In these
these cases law enforcement professionals, who are not medical experts, were the
sole judge of medical practice. These
prosecutions are a part of an overall crackdown on prescribing without any
demonstration through individual cases that the prescription practices
constitute abuse. Similar clashes
between medicine and law enforcement can be seen in the treatment of heroine
addicts using methadone maintenance.
The issue of medical
marijuana for the treatment of seriously ill patients is a public health issue.
It not a criminal issue. It
would be tragic if we began arresting and prosecuting terminally ill patients
undergoing chemotherapy for using marijuana to seek symptom relief.
Many addiction and
mental health professionals see this as unlikely, but it isn't so.
Several individuals whose only crime is the use of marijuana to deal with
medical symptoms have been arrested, convicted, and imprisoned.
It does seem seems inconceivable, but other atrocities have occurred when
enforcement policies replace public health policies in dealing with
medical conditions. Many drug
addicted women, for example, are
imprisoned within hours of the
birth of their children with no effort being made to medically intervene and
offer treatment that would allow the infant to stay in the closely supervised
care of the mother in residential rehabilitation center.
One aspect of drug law
reform involves the growing efforts to gain an exception to federal drug laws
that allow medical patients to use marijuana for medicinal purposes.
A Supreme Court Case,
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative, No. 00-151, is currently
underway that involves Proposition 215, the Compassionate Use Act.
California voters passed Proposition 215 in a 1996 referendum despite a
federal law that considers marijuana to have "no currently accepted medical
Two lower federal
courts in California have held that a marijuana distribution center in Oakland
could invoke "medical necessity" as a defense against the federal
government's effort to get an injunction to stop the operation of the
"cannabis clubs."
The medical-necessity
defense recognized by Judge Charles Breyer of Federal District Court in San
Francisco is narrowly defined. It applies only to those who suffer from a
"serious medical condition"; who will "suffer imminent harm"
without access to marijuana; whose condition or symptoms will be eased by
marijuana; and who had "no reasonable legal alternative" to the drug.
The California Medical
Association supported the Oakland group, as did civil liberties and drug policy
organizations and a group of local sheriffs and officials from other states that
have adopted medical marijuana initiatives.
Briefs containing
information about current practices of using marijuana to combat glaucoma, the
nausea of chemotherapy, and the wasting syndrome of AIDS were submitted to the
justices. There is also debate in the briefs over whether a legal drug called Marinol,
a synthetic version of the active ingredient in marijuana, offers the relief
that some patients find in smoking marijuana.
Although federal agencies are not yet persuaded of the benefits of
medical marijuana, they are continuing to study it to determine "whether it
has the effect that's described." Notice that the critical legal
opinion comes from Federal Enforcement Agencies, not Public health Agencies.
California itself was
not a party to the case, but the California attorney general, Bill
Lockyer, filed a brief on behalf of the Oakland cooperative. "The
federal government threatens to cross the line of state sovereignty and
interfere with a traditional state right," the attorney general said. Mr.
Lockyer said states had a "traditional right to regulate for the health and
welfare of their citizens."
According to the NY
Times, the justices were openly skeptical that a defense of "medical
necessity" could be properly recognized.
Justice Kennedy said the lower courts had effectively engaged in a
"huge rewriting" of the federal law that places marijuana within
schedule I of controlled substances, those with no accepted medical use.
It is interesting to
note that the federal government did not seek criminal prosecution under the law
to close pharmacy-like marijuana clubs. Instead,
they sought a federal court injunction to stop the cannabis clubs from
distributing the drug.
The legal matter before
the supreme court is not about the validity of Proposition 215 and its position
that there should be a medical exemption for some people to use marijuana for
medical reasons. The current court
case is about what discretion the lower courts had in responding to the request
for the injunction. As a result, it
is unlikely that this court will issue a definitive ruling on the future of the
growing number of medical marijuana initiatives.
Nine states have now adopted similar medical marijuana laws.
Should we have laws
that allow the arrest, conviction, and imprisonment of seriously ill patients
for using marijuana in an effort to ease their sufferring when everything else
has failed? Should we have a law that allows the imprisonment of doctors
for giving advice or failing to report their patient's drug use to the police?
Should we invest tax payer dollars in expanding enforcement efforts while
reducing medical, addiction, and mental health treatment for the individuals
Alternatives are
available within a Public Health Framework for resolving this issue. Steve
Grinstead who developed a comprehensive Addiction-free
pain Management System that can offer numerous alterative other than
marijuana to pain patients. Let's invest in a public health a addiction policy that
would fund addiction-free pain management clinics in every community.
We could then allow medical exceptions for using marijuana as a
medication if the client is under the care of both a physician who prescribes it
and the care of an addiction pain management specialists who assures the client
has access to other effective tools for pain management and helps assure the
marijuana is not abused.
- What's
New -
Site Map - Search
Site - Articles
- Book Reviews
& Vision - Training &
Consultation Services
- Publications - Links
News Review -
Addiction Databases - Leading Addiction Websites
Clinical Model --- Research-Based
Best Practice Principles
Gorski and Other Members of the GORSKI-CENAPS Team are Available To Train
& Consult On Areas Related To Recovery, Relapse Prevention, &
Relapse Early Intervention
Address: 6147 Deltona Blvd, Spring
Hill, FL 34606
email@example.com; www.tgorski.com,
www.cenaps.com, www.relapse.org


text:
Candy/Christmas Cards Hanging Device - Gold or Silver - 1 pack = 10 units, approx. 100mm long (4 in).
Christmas decorations don't have to be round, they come in all shapes and sizes. You can use the KrisKringleKlip II, to create beautiful displays with those wonderful Christmas cards you have received from friends and family. There is no better way to show them how much you appreciate the fact that they have sent you a beautiful Christmas card.
But wait it doesn't stop there, why not add a bit of taste to your Christmas tree or your display by hanging lollies (candies).
Some Countries already have a tradition of hanging lollies (candies) in their Christmas tree. This was, originally, done by tying a piece of string around the lollie (candy) and tying it to the Christmas tree (this took a long time to do but of course was always appreciated by those who ate those lollies). The KrisKringleKlip II is a great way to eliminate this tedious task and gives you back that time to, perhaps, bake another pie or biscuits or cake.
It is Christmas, so don't be afraid to have fun, and why make life more difficult when you can make it easier.
Get your clips and start creating beautiful Christmas displays and don't forget to hang some lollies (candies) in the tree or your wreath for special effect.
NOTE: I created these clips with Christmas in mind but they can also be used to hang photos, kids drawings etc...The KrisKringleKlip II is made up of two alligator clips and a small decorative cord.At the end of the Holiday Season, don't forget to save all you clips for next year.


text:
In Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, and Syria, 20th century, a unit of mass, approximately 3.205 grams. In Libya this value applies only to common items and drugs; for silver and silk, the dirham is approximately 3.0672 grams.
United Nations, 1966.
In Sudan , 20th century, a unit of mass, approximately 3.12 grams. Also romanized as dirhim.
United Nations, 1966.
In India, ? – 19th century, a unit of mass, about 3.01 grams.
Dirm, or Dirham, H. (A[rabic]. ) A silver coin, usually weighing from 45 to 50 grains, rather heavier than an English sixpence. As a weight, a dirham is considered to be equal to 3½ máshas, or 46½ grains. The dirm is also sometimes distinguished from the dirham, the latter being equal to ten of the former.
H. H. Wilson, 1855, page 143.
Sorry. No information on contributors is available for this page.
Copyright © 2000 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
Last revised: 17 July 2001.


text:
Bottled water dispensers are generally widely used because of their effectiveness as well as advantages. Bottled water dispensers are best to get both warm as well as chilled drinking water at the same time. It saves you time and also money. One can very easily get chilled drinking water from fridge, however will it serve gallons of water at the same time? Bottled water dispensers are usually simple to set up and requires less upkeep. Apart from changing the water container there is not a lot you need to do with the water dispensers. Today there are several brand names in the market offering numerous designs as well as types of water dispensers to meet your expectations.
Bottled water comes from the natural spring that is a distance from pollution and thus large numbers of folks depend on it. Be it for traveling purpose, office or house, many people are found stocking bottled water to quench their own thirst. Children also find it difficult to get warm water whenever parents are generally away. Sudden visitors who are longing for warm water need not wait until you boil it. All these things could be put away with the use of bottled water dispensers. Be it for kids, grown ups or guests, everyone can get drinking water of their preference by simply flipping the tap. Purchasing bottled water dispensers from genuine manufacturers will certainly assure protection from electric shocks.
The increasing water pollution has forced all of us to rely on other options for water. Bottled water packed straight from the springs makes it more pure as well as hygienic and something all of us trust on. Springs happen to be all natural sources of water usually located in distant locations far away from crowds. This kind of water is actually free of contaminants and other variety of harmful particles. The purity associated with spring water is what keeps bottled water popular. However, one needs to be sure that you buy these bottled water at a trustworthy producer for quality reasons.
Bottled water dispensers are available in various styles as well as shapes. The most famous is the standing cooler like shape. You must have definitely run into this piece in malls, or office buildings. The bottle is either positioned over the dispensers or even it has some area on the inside in which the bottle can be positioned. On getting the water dispenser, you actually must connect it inside and consume either warm or perhaps ice cold drinking water. Dispensers don't need major maintenance and regular cleaning up will keep it gleaming.
Bottled water dispensers are very well-liked and definately will tend to be so for a long time. Folks even now always use bottled water be it for home or office reason and thus the need for drinking water dispensers won't ever decrease. There are several brands which have introduced water dispensers and one has to be wise whilst selecting one. Always make sure you purchase drinking water dispensers from well known brands as well as genuine retailers. The water dispenser must undergo test and obtain a green signal from concerned bodies. Looking at evaluations and taking recommendations from family and friends can turn out to be helpful.