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The political crisis of the democracies on both sides of the Atlantic is also a crisis of public philosophy. In Europe, the US and Canada, older left–right distinctions are fading in importance, while the political value divide between elites and national publics is widening. Western elites tend to be globalist and technocratic in outlook, while Western publics are much more attached to national sovereignty and democratic suspicion of policymakers.
According to the narrative that many members of the North Atlantic elite favour, the difference between their views and those of others in their societies can be easily explained. Those who agree with their agenda – greater trade and financial integration, increased immigration, and the marketisation of much of the public sector and welfare state – are liberal and enlightened. Those who oppose their agenda are illiberal and ignorant.
This elite perspective comes with its own tendentious version of history, according to which the globalisation of governance and the deregulation of markets are the logical and inescapable next steps in a steady history of liberal progress that includes the abolition of slavery and racial segregation and the emancipation of women and, more recently, homosexuals. In this view, heavily shaped by the history of civil rights reforms in the last few generations, any exclusive community such as the nation-state is as illegitimate as a whites-only neighbourhood or a private club that discriminates against Jews.
Policies designed to protect national producers against foreign competition, or national workforces against immigrant competition, are not only inefficient on economic grounds, but also illiberal, according to this perspective. In the prestige press on both sides of the Atlantic, it is not uncommon to find elite progressives as well as elite conservatives arguing that the promotion of national industry, or limits on immigration to maintain wages in a national labour market, cruelly and unethically deprive deserving foreigners of economic opportunity. If it is wrong to discriminate within a nation on the basis of the accident of race, why is it not equally wrong to discriminate in favour of one's fellow nationals, against other people on the basis of the accident of nationality?
If the nation-state is an illegitimate expression of bigotry, like racism, then the legitimacy of democracy and the welfare state, which today exist only in national forms, is also thrown into doubt. Old-fashioned world federalists have long had one answer to this conundrum: democratic world government. A similar answer is provided by progressive proponents of European federalism, who envision a future Europe as a truly democratic federal state, with pan-European social insurance. But most purveyors of what I call postmodern liberalism show little concern about the implications of their idealism for democratic accountability and solidaristic social programmes. Indeed, for the cosmopolitan liberals of the free market right, the 'libertarians', the replacement of democratic voice by market voice and the erosion of public social insurance and safety nets are developments to be encouraged.
Postmodern liberalism inevitably weakens the centre-left and strengthens the economic elites of the right. As a parlour game, academics or bloggers can argue that cross-class redistribution should take place on a global scale, not merely within national welfare states. But there is no significant constituency in any country for such a cosmopolitan policy. By attacking the nation-state, postmodern progressives inadvertently help the globalist libertarians on the right, by undermining the major political institution responsible for regulating corporations, taxing the rich, protecting workers from abuse and exploitation and providing a minimum of economic security for the needy.
Confronted with any consensus among any elite of any kind, it is worth asking whether it provides an apparently principled defence for their power or wealth. In this case, it is clear that many corporations and banks benefit from the elimination of barriers to trade and investment, just as many employers benefit from mass immigration to depress wages and reduce worker bargaining power. For example, US agribusiness always claims that Americans will starve if farmers are deprived of great numbers of low-wage, non-union foreign indentured servants or 'guest workers'.
But powerful ideologies, while they may promote particular interests, cannot be reduced to mere rationalisations for them. As a worldview, the kind of post-national, post-modern, globalist liberalism I have described is increasingly influential among educated people in general in the Western world. In the rest of this essay, I propose to treat it as a more or less coherent system of ideas, with deep roots in several liberal traditions. And I will argue that much of what is often described as a clash between enlightened liberalism and illiberal populism or nationalism is better understood as a debate among rival schools of liberalism: postmodern liberalism and republican liberalism.
Two Histories of Liberalism
When did liberalism begin: in the 19th century or the 17th? Different answers to that question produce radically different conclusions about what is and is not 'liberal' in the 21st century.
One version of the history of liberal thought, more influential in Britain and Europe than in the US, holds that liberalism originated in the early 19th century, with thinkers like Constant, Tocqueville, Humboldt and Mill. The fact that the term 'liberal' for a political faction originated in Spain during the Napoleonic occupation is one piece of evidence for this view.
According to this account, from the early 1800s until the late 1800s, liberalism took the form of 'classical liberalism', a doctrine which sought to minimize government restrictions on both economic and personal freedom. In the late 19th century, a new, revisionist liberalism arose in Europe and North America, supporting a greater degree of government intervention in the economy to protect children, the working class, the elderly and the environment from harm by the new industrial capitalism. The liberal tradition thus divided by 1900 into a right wing, dedicated to the older 'classical liberalism', and a left wing, which favoured a greater degree of statism without, however, crossing the line to democratic socialism.
In his famous 1950 essay, 'Citizenship and Social Class', TH Marshall wrote within this tradition when he described the sequential evolution of rights. First came the universal extension of civil rights, which did not initially include the right of universal suffrage. Then came universal political rights. Then came social rights, in the form of entitlements on the part of all citizens to goods like unemployment insurance, public pensions, and in some countries public housing. By this account, the entire evolution of liberalism took about a century – from the classical liberalism of the 1830s and 1840s to the fully-developed welfare-state liberalism of the 1930s and 1940s.
This account of the history of liberalism, widely accepted in Britain and parts of Europe, strikes Americans – and, one suspects, many republican French thinkers – as utterly bizarre. It leaves out the American and French revolutions, the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. JS Mill is included, but not John Locke or Thomas Jefferson or Thomas Paine or Paine's adversary Edmund Burke (whom many view as a liberal). In his book Liberalism: The Life of an Idea Edmund Fawcett describes Adam Smith as a 'pre-liberal'. Smith is in good company, it seems.
It is true, as we have seen, that the term 'liberal' in its modern, political sense was first used by the Spanish in the early 19th century. But to exclude earlier thinkers and movements which, by our standards, were liberal, even though they did not use the term, seems pedantic, like evicting Smith, Ricardo and Mill from the economic canon because they thought and wrote before the discipline long known as 'political economy' was renamed 'economics' late in the 19th century.
Before the adoption of the term 'liberalism' in the early 19th century most of the topics discussed under that label today were discussed using the terms 'republicanism' or 'republican liberty'. Among the strains in what more recently has come to be called 'republican liberalism', the most influential strain – inspiring both the American and French revolutions and their imitators – was the natural rights-based social contract liberalism whose most famous exponent was John Locke. (In our time this tradition has been excavated and explicated by Philip Pettit, Quentin Skinner and other scholars.)
This is more than an academic quibble. It is essential to understanding ideas about liberalism today. The republican part of republican liberalism was amputated in the 19th century, leaving a 'liberal' tradition with ideas about individual freedom that were severed from their original combination with ideas about popular sovereignty for territorially, and culturally, bounded communities like nations. This mutilated version of liberalism has been dominant, at least in elite circles, for a century in the US and nearly two centuries in Britain and much of Europe.
The suspicion on the part of today's postmodern elite liberalism of democracy and popular sovereignty and national self-determination is nothing new; it dates back to the early 19th century, when the surgical separation of liberalism from natural rights and popular sovereignty took place. It is no coincidence, as the saying goes, that the mainstream account of liberalism holds that it originated following the Napoleonic Wars. A particular kind of liberalism did indeed originate in that era, the kind familiar from Tocqueville, Macaulay, Mill and others. For many 19th century French liberals, the idea of natural rights and democracy had been discredited by the episodes of mob rule during the French Revolution.
Having lost the American colonies, witnessed the French Terror and weathered challenges by Wilkites and Chartists, many of the more liberal members of the British elite naturally were drawn to the project of justifying liberal reforms by arguments that did not involve natural rights and popular constitution-making. In Germany, the suppression of the revolutions of 1848 and then unification in 1871 by Prussia made it possible for some liberal reforms to be imposed from above by an authoritarian state.
Disconnecting ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty from liberalism was also useful for British and European imperial elites in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is no coincidence – to repeat the cliché – that Macaulay and Mill both worked for the British East India company, and that Humboldt was a civil servant in authoritarian monarchical Prussia. The post-republican liberalism of the 19th century was often autocrat-friendly and empire-friendly because it did not require any effort to identify who belonged to the 'people' and who did not.
The 'people' might be nothing more than the random inhabitants of a particular territory, administered by a monarchy or a multinational empire, which chose to bestow some rights, but not necessarily others, upon them as a matter of generosity or utility, not entitlement. While American and French republican liberals agonised over constitutions and methods of balancing power to achieve democracy without mob rule, other 19th century liberals in the privacy of their offices could devise enlightened codes, like Macaulay's penal code for India, and impose them on the governed without their input or assent. In his 1859 essay 'A Few Words on Non-Intervention', Mill, who had spent most of his career in the pay of the British East India Company, wrote that:
'Barbarians have no rights as a nation, except a right to such treatment as may, at the earliest possible period, fit them for becoming one. The only moral laws for the relation between a civilized and a barbarous government, are the universal rules of morality between man and man.'
In their defence, many of these anti-republican liberals would have argued that this kind of autocratic and imperial liberalism-from-above was more humane and enlightened than the policies which colonial subjects or disfranchised masses at home would have supported. In many cases, they would have been correct. The treatment of blacks and Indians in the British empire, including Canada, was generally better than in the US, where the creation of a Herrenvolk republic united white racism with nationalism and populism. They were not incorrect to assert tensions between liberalism and democracy.
But their rejection of natural rights and national self-determination distorted the vision of some liberals of the era. In a famous letter of 1857 to an American acquaintance, Henry Randall, a New Yorker and biographer of Jefferson, Macaulay wrote:
Your Constitution is all sail and no anchor. As I said before, when a society has entered on this downward progress, either civilization or liberty must perish. Either some Caesar or Napoleon will seize the reins of government with a strong hand; or your Republic will be as fearfully plundered and laid waste by barbarians in the twentieth century as the Roman Empire was in the fifth; with this difference, that the Huns and Vandals, who ravaged the Roman Empire, came from without, and that your Huns and Vandals will have been engendered within your country by your own institutions.
Another famous British liberal of the time, Acton, regretted that the Union, in the name of both natural rights and nationalism, had defeated the Confederate States of America in the Civil War, at the price of what Acton considered an intolerable centralisation of power in Washington. On 4 November 1866, Acton offered his condolences to the former Confederate military commander, General Robert E Lee:
Without presuming to decide the purely legal question, on which it seems evident to me from Madison's and Hamilton's papers that the Fathers of the Constitution were not agreed, I saw in State Rights the only availing check upon the absolutism of the sovereign will, and secession filled me with hope, not as the destruction but as the redemption of Democracy… I believed that the example of that great Reform would have blessed all the races of mankind by establishing true freedom purged of the native dangers and disorders of Republics. Therefore I deemed that you were fighting the battles of our liberty, our progress, and our civilization; and I mourn for the stake which was lost at Richmond more deeply than I rejoice over that which was saved at Waterloo.
History, then, provides an explanation for why so much British and European liberalism took an anti-democratic, anti-republican turn in the 19th century. The severing of liberalism from democratic popular sovereignty and natural rights reflected a backlash against the horrors of the French Revolution. At the same time, it justified liberal reforms in autocratic states and colonial empires in which ideas of republicanism, natural rights and national self-determination were considered subversive.
But how is it that a similar kind of liberalism came to prevail in the US as well? Contemporary American 'constitutional conservatives' argue that German-educated American progressives betrayed the ideals of the American Founding Fathers. Like most caricatures, this has some resemblance to reality. Many New Liberals like Bradley, Bosanquet and Green in Britain in the late 1800s and early 1900s and many American Progressives like Woodrow Wilson were influenced by contemporary German thought. A number studied in Imperial Germany, and sought to selectively naturalise elements of German thought and the innovative German welfare state in the UK or US.
Among left-of-centre American thinkers by the turn of the twentieth century, the idea of the social contract and natural rights came to seem old-fashioned, compared to new Hegelian ideas about social evolution. From German Hegelians the New Liberals and Progressives also derived the idea of the meritocratic civil service as 'the universal class', a neutral, impartial arbiter among the 'special interests' of society. American Progressives tended to be hostile to legislatures and partisan politics. They sought to insulate as much policymaking as possible from politics, by transferring power to administrators, nonpartisan commissions, and referendums.
By World War I or so, the old republican liberalism of natural rights and the social contract was rejected by most American intellectuals, as it had been rejected much earlier by leading British, French and German thinkers. For the last century, in American universities, republican liberals in philosophy departments have been as rare as anti-Darwinian creationists in biology departments. Abandoned by the intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic, republican liberalism survived among national populations and the politicians who spoke their political language. The non-Marxist labour left in the US, for example, continued to invoke the Spirit of 1776 in appeals for economic democracy and to argue for labour rights as natural rights well into the 20th century.
The gap between elite and popular conceptions of liberalism was strikingly illustrated during the Civil Rights Revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to drawing on Christianity, Martin Luther King Jr and other civil rights leaders invoked the ideals of the American Revolution and the Union cause in the Civil War. But in its decision to order the integration of racially-segregated public schools, the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), relied on social science findings that segregated education injured black students. The canyon that had opened up in the US between popular republican liberalism and technocratic, social-scientific elite progressivism, remains to this day.
Two Conceptions of Liberty
The very nature of liberty, as conceived by today's dominant elite liberalism, is quite different from that of the older republican liberal tradition and its present-day adherents. The two conceptions of liberty are not Berlin's negative liberty and positive liberty. They are, rather, what contemporary scholars call republican liberty and perfectionist liberty.
As Pettit, Skinner, and other students of the 'neo-Roman liberty' of Renaissance and early modern thinkers have reminded us, republican liberty was more than negative liberty, or permission to act. It also involved the idea of freedom from arbitrary power or 'non-domination'. This is the difference between Hobbes and Locke. A Hobbesian sovereign can allow subjects to be free, but that grant of freedom can be revoked any time. Only in a Lockean republic (a category which includes constitutional monarchies) can life, liberty and property be truly secure from arbitrary exercises of power. To be truly free, one must be a free citizen of a free state—a state, that is, which is independent both of foreign control and of domestic tyranny.
In republican liberalism, then, the personal is always the political, when it comes to freedom. Those who do not understand the republican liberal ideal of the free citizen in a free state are inclined to assume that adherents of the tradition are simply paranoid when, as they often do, they steer discussions of civil liberty toward political corruption and foreign influence (think of popular newspaper concerns). But this is a core element of the tradition. Anything that impairs the independence of the state from other states, or insulates the government from popular accountability, subjects all citizens at once to the possibility of the exercise of arbitrary power.
The dominant understanding of liberty today among Western elites comes from the quite different tradition of 'perfectionist' liberalism, with its origins in German Idealism and Romanticism among thinkers like Kant and Humboldt and Mill. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy provides a good summary of perfectionist liberalism:
One is free merely to the degree that one has effectively determined oneself and the shape of one's life …Such a person is not subject to compulsions, critically reflects on her ideals and so does not unreflectively follow custom, and does not ignore her long-term interests for short-term pleasures. This ideal of freedom as autonomy has its roots not only in Rousseau's and Kant's political theory, but also in John Stuart Mill's On Liberty. And today it is a dominant strain in liberalism…
As the Encyclopedia notes, 'republican liberty is not primarily concerned with rational autonomy, realizing one's true nature, or becoming one's higher self. When all dominating power has been dispersed, republican theorists are generally silent about these goals.' Indeed. Once slavery has been abolished, the republican liberal does not necessarily care whether the freed slave 'critically reflects on her ideals and so does not unreflectively follow custom, and does not ignore her long-term interests for short-term pleasures.'
The goal of republican liberalism is to prevent powerful human beings from preying on weak human beings. The goal of perfectionist liberalism is to help people express their inner selves. Republican liberals band together out of fear to form communities powerful enough to crush crime, defend themselves from invasion—and to depose and if necessary kill the occasional internal tyrant. Perfectionist liberals agree to respect one another's unique individual life projects. Lockeans worry about being stabbed by criminals, slaughtered by invading armies, forced to toil for an exploitative employer or dragged off to a dungeon without a trial. Perfectionist liberals worry that people might not develop their talents to the fullest. Republican liberalism, like Judith Shklar's 'liberalism of fear', with its hypothetical 'state of nature', tends to imagine the world as a version of the Germany of the Thirty Years' War, as depicted by von Grimmelshausen and Brecht. The world of perfectionist liberalism brings to mind Edwardian Bloomsbury.
Perfectionist liberalism tends to assume that the problems that obsess republican liberals – why is there order rather than disorder? Why aren't people killing each other? – have already been solved. A functioning, stable, constitutional (if not necessarily democratic) polity and a degree of 'social glue' between citizens is presupposed. The political question is therefore limited to the question of the best system of rules that allows individuals to develop their potential as they see fit. Right-perfectionists of a libertarian turn of a mind would emphasise non-interference. Left-perfectionists (John Rawls arguably belongs here) would argue that the state must in some cases supply the minimum means for all individuals to pursue their self-chosen ends. But the assumption that a functioning, non-tyrannical, non-corrupt state already exists and will continue to exist, so that political philosophy can focus on what individuals need in order to achieve autonomy and flourish by pursuing their various life-projects, is the same.
This is the tradition that has achieved great influence on the postmodern liberalism of trans-Atlantic educated elites, following a century characterised by world wars, genocide, wartime slavery and mass wartime rape, totalitarian tyranny and state-sponsored famines. To use a delightful British expression, this kind of liberalism is 'twee'.
Two Versions of the Welfare State
The differences between postmodern liberalism and the surviving, populist versions of republican liberalism extend to different conceptions of the welfare state.
The conventional account holds that Bismarck's Germany pioneered welfare-state institutions like unemployment insurance and old-age pensions, which were then copied and modified by Britain in the era of Lloyd George and a few decades later by the US of Franklin Roosevelt. This is true, as far as it goes. But it leaves out an alternate genealogy of the welfare state, championed by many labour activists and agrarian populists, that goes all the way back to John Locke.
Locke's social contract theory was based on a thought experiment – imagining what arrangements free and rational individuals would come to in a state of nature, in which resources are still wild or common and subject to individual appropriation. But what, if any, rights to resources are possessed by individuals who are born into an advanced society in which all resources are already appropriated by private owners or the state? Locke's answer, in his proposals to reform the poor law, was that all members of the community had a natural right to subsistence, at the expense of the community – to be provided, in the case of the able-bodied, in the form of public employment (in rather harsh conditions, by the standards of our time, though not his). Later, in Agrarian Justice and elsewhere, Thomas Paine used social contract reasoning to argue for a much more elaborate and strikingly modern system of social insurance and transfer payments as a matter of right, not charity. Similar arguments were made from similar premises for land reform.
The theoretical details are not important. The salient point is that on both sides of the Atlantic the public tends to prefer welfare state programmes which are universal, based on work effort, and rooted in the rights of all citizens: 'entitlements'. This is a different rationale from that of perfectionist liberals, who would justify redistribution and public goods like public education, not in terms of a natural or civic right to resources shared by members of a particular community, but on grounds of providing unrelated individuals with the ability to realise their innate potential.
This might seem a distinction without a difference, when it comes to the design of the programmes. But the two traditions diverge when it comes to the question of the relationship between the welfare state and the nation-state. For republican liberals, the republic (which could be a city-state or multinational state, as well as a nation-state) is an exclusive club, with voting rights and welfare rights for its members. Other communities can and should form their own exclusive clubs, with similar exclusive privileges for their own members.
Perfectionist liberals, in contrast, have no principled basis for limiting redistribution to the citizens of particular nation-states. If people need resources to achieve their personal life projects, shouldn't the poorest people in the poorest countries have the greatest claims on the resources of relatively rich countries? This argument is frequently deployed by elite trans-Atlantic liberals to justify not only foreign aid, but also large-scale immigration, public benefits for illegal immigrants and even the offshoring of jobs and industries to developing countries. Sometimes a kind of Benthamite utilitarian calculus is fused with perfectionist liberal reasoning. Surely, it is argued, the harm done to a western worker who loses a job in manufacturing is more than compensated by the gain in the wellbeing of the Third World worker in an offshore factory, according to an impartial hedonic calculus.
Nothing, perhaps, divides publics and elites in the North Atlantic world more than the question of whether trade and immigration policy, as well as welfare policy, should be made in the interest of the dues-paying members of particular national communities, or whether they should be made in the alleged interests of humanity as a whole – alleged interests which frequently happen to align with the economic interests of employers of immigrant labour and investors in multinational corporations with global supply chains.
Taking Populism Seriously
If I am correct, the conventional wisdom that holds that western democracies must choose between the enlightened, postmodern, post-national liberalism increasingly dominant among educated elites and illiberal populism, which is nothing but a front for xenophobes or worse, is profoundly wrong. Yes, western electorates include racists and anti-semites and Muslim-haters and religious fundamentalists. But one must have a great contempt for one's fellow citizens to assume that the large portions of the electorate that are attracted to immigration restriction, economic nationalism, or, in Europe, anti-EU movements are potential Storm Troopers.
Many of today's so-called populists in many ways are heirs of yesterday's republican liberal left, while today's technocratic and globalist postmodern liberals have much in common with the anti-democratic elite liberals of the 19th century. Jealousy of national sovereignty in international affairs may indeed be xenophobic and paranoid, in some cases – but it may also be a reasonable reflection of the republican liberal commitment to national as well as individual self-determination. There are sound republican liberal reasons for opposing forms of trade and financial liberalisation that undermine the ability of a country to withstand foreign domination and intimidation.
Individualistic, postmodern elite liberals may assume one can be a free person anywhere in an interdependent, globalised world, but populist republican liberals still cling to the centuries-old ideal of the free citizen in a free state. The conviction of many people that there is some vague link between national sovereignty and their own liberty is inherited from the republican liberal tradition, even if most of those who believe this have never heard of Harrington or Locke.
Economic nationalism, like national self-determination, has a sophisticated republican liberal rationale and a distinguished intellectual history that includes Locke (a mercantilist, not a free trader), Alexander Hamilton, and Friedrich List, and should not be dismissed as a failure to understand Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. Likewise, there are sound republican liberal reasons for opposing immigration policies that risk converting a nation-state into a multinational state, if an unassimilated immigrant diaspora maintains a separate identity while growing as a share of the population over time.
It is wrong, therefore, to reflexively dismiss the concerns of so-called 'populists' in Europe and North America and elsewhere as evidence of bigotry or a failure to understand the benefits of international integration. Because republican liberalism for the past century has lacked an influential intelligentsia of its own, its themes are often expressed by politicians and commentators and ordinary voters in ways that are unsophisticated and crude. But Mazzinis should not be mistaken for Mussolinis.
What would a world order inspired by republican liberalism look like? In general it would resemble the world order favoured by the so-called 'sovereigntists' in Beijing, New Delhi, Brasilia and Moscow more than that favored by contemporary Washington and Brussels. Liberal imperialism in the name of spreading rights and democracy by bombs and bullets would be rejected, and legitimate wars would be limited to retaliations against attacks. Republican liberals would encourage constitutional and democratic government everywhere, but by example and teaching. The globalist liberal goal of a single, rule-governed, borderless global economy would be rejected. There would be an eclectic mix of free trade, managed trade, and protectionism, with developing nations allowed to protect their 'infant industries' as did Britain, the US, Germany and Japan when they were rising industrial nations. Immigration would be regulated in different ways by different countries in the interest of their working-class majorities.
The European Union might still exist, but it would be a Gaullist Europe des patries. Intergovernmentalism would be its guiding principle not supra-nationalism. Republican liberals would see no point in a directly-elected European Parliament, as there is no European 'people', only sovereign nations whose common affairs would be best managed by traditional diplomacy and pursuing projects of mutual interest.
It is not necessary to counter the deficiencies of contemporary postmodern liberalism by developing a novel non-liberal alternative, be it communitarianism or non-liberal republicanism. Republican liberalism takes the nation seriously – but without weakening or abandoning the commitment to individual rights and individual freedom that it shares with postmodern liberalism. Even in a debased and vulgarised form, the popular republican liberalism of western republics, with its emphasis on popular sovereignty and national self-determination as a necessary condition for individual rights, is richer than the thin liberalism of the North Atlantic world's postmodern, post-national elites.
Unfashionable as it is in seminars and boardrooms and editorial offices, a vernacular version of republican liberalism is a growing force at the polls in western democracies. It deserves to be taken seriously as a public philosophy.


text: Like "Wow, that's kind of like me, the night before my coma I didnt even sleep and I kept drinking and going to the bathroom. my dad had it too, it is really sad. Back then it was hard to take care of, sadly it was so hard that after about 43 years with it my dad died, that was 10 years ago. It has come a very long way. When I get mad I just think how lucky I am to have a pump and a good program for my insulin and it's not as hard as back then."

subset: commoncrawl


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New Beginnings Bracelet
"Sky above me, earth below me, fire within me."
- 16.5 cm
- Hot Pink Fire Agate Semi Precious Stones
- Silver plated heart charm
- Silver plated findings and beads
Symbolism & Meanings
Hot Pink Fire Agate - This stone is the stone of new beginnings. It is the go-getter stone to let you take action and reach for those goals. It can be of help when making decisions and can make you feel fully grounded and physically aware. Let this bracelet put the fire back into your spirit and give you the appreciation of being alive and healthy. It also serves as a comfort zone stone of calmness, safety and security. A particular special stone when you are on a spiritual journey of growth.


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The Housing Authority of the City of Austin reopened its Public Housing One-Bedroom waiting list effective July 20, 2016. The waiting lists for all other bedroom sizes (two, three, four, and five bedrooms) are currently open and will remain open until further notice. Individuals interested in applying for public housing may visit www.austin.apply4housing.com to submit a pre-application. Paper pre-application forms are no longer accepted.
Additionally, applicants may now choose which HACA public housing property/properties they wish to apply for. For more information about HACA's 18 public housing properties, please visit www.hacanet.org/communities.
The Housing Authority of the City of Austin does business in accordance with the Federal Fair Housing Act. It is illegal to discriminate against any person because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin.
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Sun/light sensitive paper is amazing and on a sunny albeit cold day, it is well worth the look on your own and little faces, as you place unusual objects on the paper to create ghostly images (You can even find lovely paper without any nasty chemicals). If you want to be really historical about it, it might be fun to peruse the Impressionist who captured the fleeting moment at a time when art was in crisis against photography.
Monet, Impression: A Sunrise, 1873
To go with the Duck Egg theme we have created some whimsical images of feathers on the paper. On the inky blue background, they are a captured moment in time; a feather blowing in a breathe of wind. We love it for bathroom prints too, they are a perfect reminder of seaside holidays. Try with leaves, flowers, shells or why do not go even further, try something really unusual. A whitewashed frame, a distressed gold frame or a curling grey gesso frame would set it off nicely and Duck Egg will be live soon to help you show off your creations.


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The Topeak Babyseat II rack for 29" Wheel bikes with disc brakes is truly a multi-purpose rack in the Topeak range. Featuring tubular aluminum construction with spacing for the rear disc brake plus the MTX rail compatible with all Topeak MTX top bags (like the super popular Topeak MTX Bicycle Trunk Bag DXP). Fast, easy mounting of BabySeat™ II without use of tools.
This rack will also fit on bicycles with 27.5 inch wheels, 700c wheels and 26 inch wheels.
Feature list:
Attachment - Braze-on type - compatible with standard rack mounts
Bag Compatibility - MTX QuickTrack™ system
Material - 6061 T-6 hollow aluminum
Max Weight Capacity - 25 kg
Size - 42.5 x 34 x 23 cm
Weight - 668 g
Optional extras - Solid fender top, RedLite Mount, Tail Light Mount
Please note: This pannier rack is not compatible with the Polygon Heist and Path range bikes.
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Christopher James Alexander of Croydon, Surrey, died in Flanders on 5th October 1917, aged 30 years.
Christopher was born in 1887 and attended Bootham School from 1900 to 1904. He took a keen interest in many aspects of Natural History while at school, was very observant of wildlife, and this interest lasted throughout his life. As well as studying birds and plants, in 1902 the school magazine "Bootham" reported that he had won the school natural history prize winner for lepidoptera. The Natural History Society report for Autumn 1902 as reported in "Bootham" tells us:
"Entomology Report, Lepidoptera:
"C. J. Alexander, the most prominent worker in this subject, spent a great deal of time last term over watching and drawing his insects during their development, and their changes from one stage to another. This term, he has spent a couple of hours every Saturday afternoon in weighing his crysalids and plotting a curve, showing their rate of decrease. He has also added largely to his collection, having reared an Alder Kitten from a caterpillar found just before it turned. He has taken Lesser Lutestrings at sugar and a Buff Arches as it was fluttering round an arc-lamp. These three were all obtained in Kent."
Art section report:
"C. J. Alexander's " Moths," coloured to perfection," "
He won the Natural history prize for entomology.
In 1903 Christopher was curator of entomology, microscopy and zoology in the Natural History Society.
"Bootham" of May 1903 reports that at a meeting of the Natural History Society on February 18th::
"C. J. Alexander followed with a very clear discourse on Fertilization of Orchids, illustrated by diagrams on the black board."
And later:
"The last meeting of term was occupied by a debate. The motion, "That the collection of eggs involves no real cruelty," was put before the meeting, in a joint paper, by Horan and C. Milner. C. J. Alexander followed with a good paper in opposition. "Do the birds have emotional and mental feelings and sufferings?"—in some cases probably; why not use Photography and careful observation, to obtain the same end as collecting? The motion was lost by 16 to 5."
And then the October 1903 issue of "Bootham" tells us, in the Natural History report:
"At a later meeting C. J. Alexander had a good comparison of last year's flowers with this. On the whole, flowers were earlier this year than last, a mid-April frost giving two distinct sets of flowers. C. J. A dealt in the same way with migrants, which were early this time, though they may not have been so much noticed owing to the cold stopping their singing."
Moving on to the March 1904 issue of "Bootham", we are told in the Natural History report:
"A new feature of our Meetings in the Autumn Term was a series of "10 minutes" talks on the various branches by the curators, arranged with the idea of increasing the general knowledge of the Club, whose members are perhaps rather too much inclined to exclusive study of one subject. The first of these short talks was given by C. J. Alexander, on Botany, an able lecture, with the usual fine blackboard drawings added thereto. A photograph of the same gentleman's illustrations to an Ornithological "10 minutes" is reproduced in this number.
By this time, Christopher had joined the committee of the Natural History Society.
In the Inter-Schools Diaries Competition of 1903, Christopher won first prize in the Natural History Section with his diary of Botany and Entomology. In the school Christmas Exhibition some of the diaries were commended, especially those of the brothers C. J. and H. G. Alexander in Natural History.
Also in "Bootham" of March 1904, the Ornithological section reports:
"C. J. Alexander has been making careful notes on the times birds sing. He has discovered that the Hedge Sparrow and Wren sing from October to mid November, and that the Thrush and Missel Thrush start about when they end, while the Robin sings all the time."
The Art section reports:
"There has been more originality in the drawings this year than last. C. J. Alexander, G. Leckie and A. Hamilton being the chief. The best exhibit of original paintings was C. J. Alexander's caterpillars, chrysalids and moths, which were coloured to perfection."
and goes on to say:
"Quite the most beautiful coloured drawings were those of moths, butterflies, and chrysalids, and a spray of Blackberry, by C. J. Alexander. Very minute and exquisite in painting, they also showed accurate observation of form, and deserved careful mounting and naming."
The report of the Old Scholars Natural History Exhibition tells us:
"The one competitor is C. J. Alexander, of Tunbridge Wells. He presents a voluminous and very careful diary illustrated with unusual ability and extending over three years; with great variety of observation, especially in the fields of Entomology, Ornithology, and Botany. …………..They have decided to award to C. J. Alexander an exhibition of £5, and to remind him that according to the rules they will be glad to give consideration to his future work at the end of July."
In 1904 Christopher was curator of botany, entomology, microscopy and zoology in the Natural History Society.
The Autumn Term report for the school tells us:
"The end of Term brought the customary "charades." The turn this time was for "Vice Versa," short, but immense fun throughout. The difficult parts of "Paul " and "Dick Bultitude" were well sustained by C. J . and V. W. Alexander"
Christopher was doing well at school and the School Term report tells us:
"The Term closed with the reading out of places, showing C. J. Alexander to be top of the School."
In "Bootham" of May 1904, we learn that in the Natural History Society:
"C. J. Alexander held the office of President for the Term"
And the Natural History Society report:
"During the holding of the Quarterly Meeting in York in January, a very interesting meeting of the Natural History Society took place……… Another most interesting feature of the meeting was the imitation of the songs of birds by C. J. Alexander, the winner of the Old Scholars' Natural History Exhibition. The songs of several of our common wild birds were so faithfully reproduced that a thrush actually began to answer him from the playground."
Christopher left Bootham School in July 1904 and his "Bene Decessit" entry reads:
"C. J. ALEXANDER, of Tunbridge Wells, entered the School in September, 1900, and is now top of the School and a Reeve. In December, 1903, he was awarded the Old Scholars' Natural History Exhibition. In June, 1904, he obtained the London University School-Leaving Certificate with distinction in French. In July, 1904, he was placed first in the Upper Senior by the Examiners of the Universities of Liverpool, Manchester, and Leeds, and was awarded the Bootham Leaving Scholarship of £50. He goes to study Agriculture at Wye College, near Tunbridge Wells."
In "Bootham" of February 1905, in the Annual Report of the Bootham School Natural History, Literary and Polytechnic Society, we read that:
"We are glad to learn that C. J. Alexander, last year's winner, took and passed both the new Zoology Paper at the London Matriculation and also the Natural History Papers in the Victoria University Preliminary Examination, both examinations requiring, in addition to book work, a practical knowledge of field work."
In this issue we also learn that:
"CHRISTOPHER J. ALEXANDER (1900—4) has been awarded a 1st class Entrance Scholarship in the South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye."
"Bootham" of February 1909 reports:
"CHRISTOPHER J. ALEXANDER (1900-4) has passed the B.Sc. Examination, Faculty of Science (Agriculture), South-Eastern Agricultural College."
Christopher J. Alexander became County Instructor for Insect and Fungoid Diseases under Berkshire Education Committee in 1910. In 1911, he moved to Rome to be Rédacteur at the International Institute of Agriculture.
The March 1913 issue of "Bootham" contains the following:
"NORMAN D. RAE, Neuchatel (1907-1910) ……… was at home for Christmas, as was also C. J. ALEXANDER (1900-1904), who was reminded by the last BOOTHAM to send thanks for our "card from O.S., which, of course, I was delighted to get; it came several days later than I had expected, and I had a horrid fear that I had been forgotten. " He also endorses Frith's views given in the last number, and concludes with the suggestion that any O.Y.S. visiting Rome can find him at the International Institute of Agriculture, Villa Umberto I., any day between 8.30—3.00. [Does he finish work at 3.00? If so, we are envious.—Ed."
The March 1914 issue of Bootham, in the Bootham Oversea section reports:
"C. J. ALEXANDER (1900-1904) now treats "Rome as if it were London and lives out at Albano; it necessitates leaving at 6.56 a.m., but I find I easily get used to that (we believe we are right in giving his hours at the Institute as 8.30 a.m. to 3 p.m.) . I amuse myself in the train on the way down (Albano standing at 1,250 feet) by holding a thermometer out of the window. A short distance from Albano the line tunnels through to the inside of the crater, about half way up the slope above the lake, and keeps round inside (with one station) for some way; then out through another tunnel to Marino. Along the lake the temperature is markedly higher, no doubt owing to the lake water, which I think hardly goes below 50 deg. F. in winter; on the north slope at Marino it is much cooler again, but still a good deal higher than down on the more or less level Campagna. In the late autumn I several times got a difference of 14 deg. F. between the part above the lake and the minimum on the Campagna. ""
By the December 917 issue of "Bootham" magazine, C. J. Alexander was serving in the War. He had returned to England in 1916 to join the Army. The "Across the Months" section reports:
"THE attention of Old Scholars is drawn to these two of our Dumber whose relatives are very anxious about them: CHRISTOPHER J. ALEXANDER (1900-04) was "pretty badly hit" —face, stomach, hand, and knee—in the Passchendaele fighting on October 4th. He was still conscious when put into an ambulance car, after which there is no trace of him. His name and number are Pte. C. J. Alexander, 24732, (Queen's) Royal West Surreys. If any Old Scholar could give any further news of him it would be most thankfully received."
It wasn't to be good news. The May 1918 issue of "Bootham" lists under "Deaths":
"ALEXANDER.—On the 4th October (or soon after), of wounds, in Flanders, Christopher James Alexander, B.Sc. (1900-4), of the International Agricultural Institute, Rome, aged 30 years."
This issue also contains an entry for Christopher in the "In Memoriam" section as follows:
"CHRISTOPHER J. ALEXANDER first came to Bootham at the time of the Scarborough exile, after the fire, and he left in 1904, having- won the N.H. Exhibition and the Leaving Scholarship. He played his part in all that was best in the life of the School, especially in the N.H. Club. He joined in the great exploration of "heaven" by No. 8 Bedroom, and was a perfect Mr. Bultitude in ' ' Vice Versa." But perhaps his character was best revealed in a simple act of courage, freely criticised at the time. One of our American gym. Masters —kindest-hearted of men—had spent a year with us, and none of us treated him very well; Christopher, in making a presentation to him when he left, frankly confessed our fault. All through his life, shy and modest as he was, when the occasion came, both in speech and action he showed the same outspoken integrity.
At Wye Agricultural College, and for five years at the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, he devoted himself to many kinds of scientific work, and especially found increasing delight, even to the last week of his life in Flanders, in observing birds. During his eighteen months in the Army he was able to give his best, that had before been hidden from most, to all the other men. They have written with real affection and concern since he was hit, on October 4th, but all they could tell us has only led us to the surmise, now at last confirmed by the War Office, that he must have been killed after he was put in the ambulance.
The only "Old Scholars" he ever got to was in 1914. When by good fortune he got back to his old company in France last September, after having been in England with a broken leg, he wrote that it seemed quite like getting to York at Whitsuntide. Like many more, he will not again be with us in the flesh, but we know that his spirit will be among us when we meet."
The Bootham School Register records that Christopher was killed by a shell whilst being conveyed in an ambulance after being wounded.
An obituary for Christopher was published in the journal "Ibis", the International Journal of Avian Science, in April 1918, see https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1918.tb00784.x .
Private Christopher James Alexander of The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) is buried at Hooge Crater Cemetery, near Ypres, Belgium.


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The Hotel Europa Park Hotel
"Europa Park hotel" is located in a wonderful pine forest near the centre of Belgorod. The original appearance of the hotel is decorated in the style of an Alpine village. Internal furnish includes elements from a natural tree that gives to an interior a cosy kind of a country cottage.
The hotel "Park-hotel Europe" offers accommodation in 69 comfortable rooms of European level. Each room has an individual electronic safe, Internet access. For the safety of guests rooms are equipped with electronic locks. All rooms have a balcony and overlook the magnificent pine forest. It offers rooms of European level, equipped with air conditioning and individual safes, with access to the Internet.
The hotel "Europa Park hotel" brand new, built in 2010 using modern technology and equipped with the latest equipment. The hotel complex is nestled among age-old pine trees, guests can enjoy the beauty of Russian nature from the Windows of each room, and fresh air, saturated with pine aroma, on the balcony. The professional staff is ready to fulfill any wish of the customer, sotrudnichal know some languages and can freely communicate with foreign visitors.
"Park-hotel Europe" provides unlimited possibilities for carrying out of various corporate events. Continue reading
Extreme amusement Park "Admiral Vrungel"
Extreme amusement Park "Admiral Vrungel" is a city of entertainment, where there is extreme, and children's rides. It was created in the forest conservation zone. In the Park there is a summer theater, where are the stars of domestic stage.
The Park consists of three areas: extreme, family and children. Here You will find entertainment for the whole family: concerts, a variety of attractions throughout the Park installed humidifiers and benches in the shade of the trees, and cozy cafes. Pavilions and kiosks with soft drinks, ice cream and food located throughout the Park. In the Park You can purchase Souvenirs, t-shirts, caps, bags etc.
The Park has the following rides: Ferris wheel with a diameter of 80 m. – children's Ferris Wheel – roller coaster loop mega mountain "Cobra" – the giant swing with full coup "Mars" – a children's swing the "t" numerous "Water rides"
Extreme amusement Park "Admiral Vrungel" is a city of entertainment, where there is extreme, and children's rides. It was created in the forest conservation zone. In the Park there is a summer theater, where are the stars of domestic stage.The Park has the following rides:
Ferris wheel with a diameter of 80 m. children's Ferris Wheel roller coaster loop mega mountain "Cobra" Continue reading
Disneyland Paris
Disneyland – the amusement Park and attractions in Paris. The company "Walt Disney" discovered this wonderful place in 1992 in the suburbs of the capital of France – Marne-La-Vallee. And now Disneyland Paris is one of the 5 Disneyland in the world .
On the extensive area of Disneyland Paris (almost 2000 acres) is the Park complex Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park (Walt Disney studios) that includes blocks with restaurants, boutiques, souvenir shops and entertainment clubs. Created excellent conditions for sports activities, there is even a school for the young Manchester United footballers.
How to get to Disneyland Paris?
Disneyland has its own railway station, so getting to the Park is easy: the capital of the country there are regular train connections. Line A4 high-speed train will take you to places in half an hour. Stop where you need to go, named after the town of Marne-la-Vallee. In the Park there are 7 upscale hotels.
Zoning Disneyland Continue reading


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Let me know what you think of this video. This is a video recording of a room in the basement.
If you can, watch this video full screen, and pay attention to the bottom half of the screen, and the chair in particular. There seems to be a small person, or child in the video, and possibly more than one.


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The most important part is to do it every month.
Below are very thorough instructions for breast self check.
Keep these instructions open on your electronic device, and simply follow it.
You don't need to remember anything.
The Goal
To know what is normal for your breasts, so you can spot changes quickly and easily.
1. Visual Exam in front of a mirror.
In front of a large mirror in a well lighted room.
1st Position
Arms relaxed by your side.
What to look for
General: any change in size, shape or contour.
Skin Changes: texture, dimpling, retraction, or scaling of the skin. soreness, rash, swelling, or flattening.
Nipple Changes: A nipple that has changed position.
An inverted nipple – pushed inward instead of sticking out.
Redness, swelling or other irregularities.
Repeat the visual inspection as you turn slowly from side to side. Carefully observe all sides of your breasts.
Lift each breast to check the areas underneath.
2nd Position
Raise your arms over your head.
Repeat the visual exam above.
3rd Position
Rest your palms on your hips.
Repeat the visual exam.
4th Position
Bend forward from the hips with your arms relaxed.
Again repeat the visual exam.
Very Important
Your visual check has to include all 4 positions and maneuvers mentioned.
2. Nipple Check
Squeeze each nipple between your finger and thumb. Check for any discharge.
Report any nipple discharge to your doctor
Push the nipple deep into the hallow beneath it. Note any unusual resistance, hardness or lump beneath the nipple.
3. Feeling = Palpation
Area to check
Entire breast area.
From armpit to the middle of the chest bone.
From the collar bone to ribs.
Position – Laying Down
Lie flat on your back.
Pillow or folded towel under your right shoulder.
Right arm at a right angle.
Right Breast
Use the left hand for the right breast.
Moisten the pads of your three middle fingertips with body lotion.
Do not use fingertips! They are less sensitive.
Feeling patter – strip or vertical
Move your hand in overlapping small (dime-sized) circular motions, in and up and down pattern.
Never remove your hands from your breast during the examination.
You are feeling for something that varies in size greatly.
It could be from a size of a small pea all the way to much larger size.
Starting place
Start in the underarm area and move your fingers downward little by little, until you reach the ribs below the breast. Then move your fingers slightly toward the middle, and slowly move back up to the neck or collar bone.
Very Important
* Pay special attention to the area between the breast and the underarm, including the underarm itself.
* Make sure you include the area beneath the nipple.
Pressure levels
Go over each area using 3 different levels of pressure to feel all the breast tissue.
1. Light pressure – to feel the tissue closest to the skin.
Soft touch barely move the top layer of the skin.
2. Medium pressure – feel the middle part of the breast tissue.
3. Firm pressure – feel the base of the breast tissue closest to the ribs.
* Use each pressure level to the feel the breast tissue before moving on to the next spot.
Report any abnormality, lump or thickening found during a breast exam to your physician right away.
Left Breast
Repeat the procedure on your left breast.
Pillow under your left shoulder.
Left hand at the right angle.
Repeat the exam using the finger pads of the right hand.
Click here to continue to level 2 .


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Review & Ratings for Safari Plumbing Ltd.
Safari Plumbing Ltd. is among the top 5 highest rated plumbing companies in the Greater Ottawa Area. They rank in at number two on BestPlumbers.ca's rating scale which evaluates and scores plumbers using more than 20 different factors. The rating system looks at all information available for every plumbing company in the National Capital Region and scores each company according to three categories: Accountability & Trust, Online Reviews, and Warranties & Satisfaction Guarantees.
(613) 224-6335
Related: See which other plumbing companies rank in the top 5 in the National Capital Region
Accountability & Trust
Safari Plumbing scores well for accountability and trust. They have been in business for 12 years, and they have not had any complaints filed against them with the Better Business Bureau over the past 3 years. Safari Plumbing Ltd. is also accredited by the Better Business Bureau which we think is important for creating a level of accountability.
Online Reviews
In regard to ratings and reviews found on the internet, the company does very well with strong reviews on Yelp, Google Places for Business, and HomeStars. We were concerned to see some unnatural patterns in their reviews online. This can sometimes happen when plumbing companies encourage a lot of their most delighted clients to leave a review for the company on specific sites.
Warranties & Satisfaction Guarantee
We believe it is very important that every plumber assure the quality of their work in some way. The most common ways to do this are with a parts and labour warranty and sometimes – in the best cases – with a satisfaction guarantee on top of all this. A satisfaction guarantee assures you, the one footing the bill, that the work you pay for is not finished until you're satisfied that it's done.
While warranties and satisfaction guarantees are fairly common in some Canadian cities, only 30% of plumbing services publically offer them in the Greater Ottawa Area. However, it's good to see that Safari Plumbing offers a warranty of 1 year on parts and labour and a satisfaction guarantee.
Our Score for Safari Plumbing
As you'll see in the graph below, our overall score for Safari Plumbing is Excellent at 93%. Their Accountability & Trust score is excellent and comes in at 100%. Our adjusted Online Review score for them is excellent at 98%, and their Warranties & Satisfaction Guarantee score weighs in at excellent at 95%.
|Safari Plumbing Ltd.
|Overall Score
Accountability & Trust
Online Reviews
Warranties & Satisfaction Guarantee
Score for Safari Plumbing Ltd. is decreased by:
Their score is increased by:
(613) 224-6335
Suite 202H – 1902 Robertson Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 5B8
Coupons & Discounts for Safari Plumbing
We currently aren't aware of any discounts or coupons for Safari Plumbing, but if you take a look on one of our city pages, you'll find all publicly listed discounts for local plumbers in each plumber's ratings profile.
Tips for Hiring a Plumber
Regardless of how well a company ranks or how good their reviews are, it's always a good idea to get a quote from at least 3 different plumbers before hiring anyone to work for you. To give you some additional insights into what to look for when hiring a plumber we've created an article to help you get the best bang for your buck.


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Sunday, October 14, 2007
love, your princess..
He was my first real love, I've never thought that this is the feeling when you're in love. I thought I was in love for many times before, but none of those ever sends chill to my stomach. We had our ups and downs. We cheated on each other, but the end of the day we keep on falling back to each other. There is no love that felt so good like this before. The history of us starts when we started to chat for two days on the phone, just messaging to each other as friends. One night, he we went out for dinner. first date. its was at waterfront. we drove around the town for awhile. We stopped two places though. finally after we had met up few times, And one precious night, he wants me to be his girlfriend. I wasn't thinking much, he was just another guy in my life I thought, nothing more. Besides, I'm hurt for too long. (Seriously. I'm in love with attentions) From that moment, 070407,, I realized I have fallen in love with him. He's the sweetest guy ever. He did a lot of things for me such as being my gay partner each single way. he wore the clothes that I picked for him and he remembered every words that came out from my mouth. He bought everything that I ever wish I want though he knows that he won't be able to get what he wants. Along the way, I learnt how to let go my boys, I learnt to cook and dress up like a girl. (Though now I'm back to my boyish world but I'm still keeping my cooking skill) I tried not to talk so loud, and try not to talk so much. I learnt how to apologize and I learnt not to gets in fight. He changed a lot in me. He's the grip of my life, without him I'm just a failure to this world. Hopefully, one day he can finally understand this feeling though I don't show it often… always love you..
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This website is intended as a B2B and for this reason the prices are indicated VAT NOT INCLUDED and shipping costs not included.
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The dispatch for the watermaker units is as average 14 days
All deliveries are made by DHL, POST Network or GLS. We deliver goods worldwide. The approximate time of shipment to all European countries is min.2/max.5 days, shipping time to non European countries is checked individually upon request. You can track all our delivery worldwide.
All shipped goods will be covered by a standard insurance. If further coverage is required, it will be at the Purchaser's discretion and cost. We will help arrange further insurance cover if required.
This website and his shop is B2B and the orders can't be returned.
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Any new writer will have some anxiety when it comes to dealing with the public. The thing about promoting your books to different people is to be yourself. Whether you are talking to someone on a television interview or at a book signing, here are some basic things to know when talking to someone about your book.
1. Don't give too much information. When you are trying to tell someone about your book, don't tell them everything. You should never tell them how the story ends. The person will lose interest in your book if there is no mystery.
2. Don't sell your book. Never try to sell the book itself. Tell people reasons that your book will help them.
3. Clarify what your book is about. If you have written a book for educational purposes, to be humorous or just plain fictional, make sure to let the reader know that in advance.
4. Don't be too pushy. No one likes people shoving things in their faces. Simply show the book, suggest reasons they might like the book and stand back. Give the reader time to look the book over.
5. Ask them to tell their friends about your book. Word of mouth is always the best advertisement.
6. Thank the customer and hand them a business card. This should be done even if they do not purchase your book. They might not have the money to buy at the moment, but will buy at a later time.
7. Be approachable. Don't act like you are better than everyone else. Be yourself and be friendly.
Other related links: http://tracykauffman.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/never-sell-a-product/


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Dancing On the Outskirts
Shena Mackay came to fame aged 20 when she published her first book, written in her teens, with Andre Deutsch. At times darkly surreal and funny, always deft, and highly memorable, her fiction has attracted a legion of fierce admirers ranging from Iris Murdoch to Julie Burchill, Ian Hamilton to Rachel Cooke. She was born in Edinburgh but her family moved often and were living in Blackheath, South East London, when Shena left school at 16. Winning a 25 poetry prize in the (prestigious) Daily Mirror Children's Literary Competition marked the beginning of her writing life. Part of her teens - she got married when she was 20 - were spent in Earls Court and the seedy Soho of the 1960s, and she was privileged to meet many artists, visiting Henry Moore at Much Hadham and drinking whisky from bone china tea cups with David Hockney in Powis Square. In the early 1970s she moved to the country with her husband and three children, and re-emerged as a writer in the 80s with a collection of stories, followed by more works including the Booker Shortlisted The Orchard on Fire.
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An Omar Zagouri Short Story: FIRST HEIST by USA Today Bestselling author H.B. Moore
Mia Golding, an undercover agent is about to make a handoff to co-agent, Omar Zagouri. But before she can complete her assignment, her cover is blown, and she finds herself escaping with Omar. The only problem is, her boss warned her about Omar and his sketchy history of landing himself in the middle of danger. After losing her mother in an attack planned for Mia, pulling off any heist with a man like Omar is the last thing she needs for her career . . . or her life.
This was a short but full of action novel. I emediately got hook because of all the constant action going on. What a lovely spy novel.
Omar oh boy just by the description he sounds like a charismatic man that any woman would absolutely drool over. He is very drawn to Mia.
Mia a very guarded im not sure operative is the right word but she does work for some goverment afiliation of sorts. She is amazing and sassy and very strong willed.
A must read for anyone that loves spy novels or a good mystery.
5 stars
Heather B. Moore is a USA Today bestselling author of more than a dozen historical novels and thrillers, written under pen name H.B. Moore. She writes women's fiction, romance and inspirational non-fiction under Heather B. Moore. This can all be confusing, so her kids just call her Mom. Heather attended Cairo American College in Egypt, the Anglican School of Jerusalem in Israel, and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Brigham Young University in Utah.
Please join Heather's email list at: HBMoore.com/contact
Blog: MyWritersLair.blogspot.com
Website: HBMoore.com
Twitter: @heatherbmoore
Facebook: Fans of H.B. Moore
Literary awards: 5-time Best of State Recipient for Best in Literary Arts, 3-time Whitney Award Winner, and 2-time Golden Quill Award Winner


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Food Storage Collection - 475 ml (2 Cup)
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Dimensions: 3.5"H x 4.25"W Capacity: 2 cup | 475 ml Origin: Glass made in Mexico; Cap and sleeve made in the USA; Product assembled in the USA Glass type: Tempered soda lime


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But there is a downside - and that downside is known as 'rejection'.
We can be rejected in many areas of our lives - whether it's losing out on a job, not being invited to a party, or not being as popular as we would like. Did you know that today is the most popular day for shopping on the internet?
In Part One of a two-part series, Rolling Stone goes under the covers in search of new approaches to intimacy, commitment and hooking up.This is where adult internet dating sites enters the picture and where an adult singles website service like this one can help you to find likeminded singles.We offer an internet dating website service where like-minded individuals can come together for one common purpose.Dictionaries and food history sources confirm the first print evidence of the term "Tex Mex" occured in the 1940s.Linguists remind us words are often used for several years before they appear in print. "Tex-Mex food might be described as native foreign food, contradictory through that term may seem, It is native, for it does not exist elsewhere; it was born on this soil.Chili, which some condsider Texas's state dish, was unknown in Mexico and derived from the ample use of beef in Texan cooking.


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DUI, Criminal Defense & Personal Injury Attorney John Castro returned to his alma mater and spoke with the seniors at Tampa Catholic High School. The lively discussion covered several topics, but the primary focus was on the knowledge gained, the lessons learned, and relationships during high school, and how they impact your life in the future.
Mr. Castro was encouraged to see the great progress made to the school including a home football stadium and new chapel. More importantly however, the friendly faces, upbeat school spirit, and commitment to community service seen in students and faculty reinforced his pride for Tampa Catholic.
For more information about John or Anton Castro Law in Tampa, FL, please contact us.


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See the
Treatment section of the Childhood Apraxia of Speech Evidence Map for pertinent scientific evidence, expert opinion, and client/caregiver perspective.
Reduced intelligibility and comprehensibility (i.e., the ability to convey intended messages within communicative contexts; Yorkston, Strand, & Kennedy, 1996) are seen as especially debilitating for many children with CAS (e.g., Hall, 2000a, 2000b).
Treatment goals for children with CAS focus on facilitating overall communication and language skills by
Motor speech disorders require repetitive planning, programming, and production practice; therefore, intensive and individualized treatment of childhood apraxia is often necessary.
To the extent possible, treatment takes place in naturalistic environments, is provided in a culturally appropriate manner, and involves as many important people in the child's life as possible to facilitate carryover and generalization of skills. Involving significant others in treatment also facilitates home practice by helping these individuals understand and target goals with the child outside the treatment setting.
Many children with CAS also exhibit phonologic impairment and language impairment, and the relative contribution of motoric to linguistic deficits is considered when planning treatment. If a child has mild motoric deficits and significant phonologic deficits, then linguistic approaches may need to be prioritized. One may also want to bring in some principles of motor learning to facilitate movement accuracy (McCauley & Strand, 1999).
Treatment approaches that focus directly on improving speech production can be classified as follows.
The goal of treatment approaches that focus on speech production is to help the child achieve the best intelligibility and comprehensibility possible. However, when there are concerns that oral communication is not adequate, various augmentative and alternative modes of communication may also be used to provide functional communication, while at the same time supporting and enhancing verbal speech production (Cumley & Swanson, 1999; Yorkston, Beukelman, Strand, & Hackel, 2010). In addition to increasing communication success, AAC approaches may stimulate the development of language skills that cannot be practiced orally (Murray, McCabe, & Ballard, 2014).
From the perspective of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001), motor and linguistic approaches are focused on "body functions/structures" within the ICF framework (McLeod & McCormack, 2007), while AAC approaches are directed at "activities/participation" (Murray et al., 2014).
Below are brief descriptions of both general and specific treatments for addressing childhood apraxia of speech. This list is not exhaustive, and the inclusion of any specific treatment approach does not imply endorsement from ASHA.
The majority of treatment approaches for CAS emphasize movement patterns versus sound patterns. Many of those listed below incorporate traditional speech sound techniques, such as progressive approximation techniques to shape the best/most accurate productions possible and phonetic placement techniques to provide verbal information and instruction about positioning of the mouth, tongue, lips, or jaw during speech attempts. Additionally, a core set of child-specific functional stimuli (e.g., words or phrases) is often incorporated into various treatment approaches (Strand, Stoeckel, & Baas, 2006; Iuzzini & Forrest, 2010).
For other approaches and techniques that may be useful in the treatment of CAS, see
treatment section of the speech sound disorders: articulation and phonology page.
Treatment selection depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the disorder and the communication needs of the child. Because symptoms typically vary both from child to child and within the same child with age (Lewis, Freebairn, Hansen, Iyengar et al., 2004; Shriberg et al., 2003), multiple approaches may be appropriate at a given time or over time.
Apraxia in other systems may also play an important role in treatment. For example, the presence of limb apraxia may preclude using manual signs for functional communication, although sign language cues can still be used by others to support verbal speech, if the primary goal is to help cue words and word sequences. The presence of oral apraxia may support the need for either more aggressive or alternative approaches to the use of phonetic placement cues in speech treatment.
AAC involves supplementing or replacing natural speech or writing with aided symbols (e.g., picture communication, line drawings, Blissymbols, speech-generating devices, and tangible objects) or unaided symbols (e.g., manual signs, gestures, and finger spelling). Whereas aided symbols require some type of transmission device, production of unaided symbols requires only body movements. See ASHA's Practice Portal page on Augmentative and Alternative Communication.
Motor programming approaches are based on motor programming/planning tenets. They provide frequent and intensive practice of speech targets; focus on accurate speech movement; include external sensory input for speech production (e.g., auditory, visual, tactile, cognitive cues); carefully consider the conditions of practice used (e.g., random vs. blocked practice of targets); and provide appropriate types and schedules of feedback regarding performance (Maas et al., 2008). For a discussion of the principles of motor learning as they apply to CAS and a review of motor-based treatment approaches for CAS, see Maas, Gildersleeve-Neumann, Jakielski, and Stoeckel (2014).
K-SLP is an approach rooted in behavioral principles. K-SLP focuses on the child's motor-speech skills, shaping the consonants, vowels, and syllable shapes/gestures from what he or she is capable of producing toward higher levels of motor-speech coordination. Speech and language are broken down into smaller units (consonants, vowels, syllables, and words) and built back up into the target behavior (age-appropriate motor-speech and expressive language skills) using cues, fading cues, cueing before failure (errorless teaching); using powerful and strategic reinforcement (motor learning principles); gaining many responses within a session; and using a variety of tasks to avoid overgeneralization. In this way, successive approximations of target vocabulary are reinforced, giving the child a functional avenue by which to become an effective vocal communicator (Kaufman, n.d.).
NDP3® is a motor skills learning approach that emphasizes motor programming skills and focuses on speech output. It is described as a "bottom-up" approach, in which the aim is to "build" accurate speech from core units of single speech sounds (phonemes) and simple syllables. New motor programs are established using cues and feedback and through frequent practice and repetitive sequencing exercises. Phonological skills are incorporated into the treatment approach through the use of minimal word pairs (Williams & Stephens, 2010).
Repetitions of varied sequences of real or nonsense syllables are used to train motor planning flexibility (Velleman, 2003; Velleman & Strand, 1994). Similarly, Rapid Syllable Transition Treatment (ReST) applies principles of motor learning to maximize long-term maintenance and generalization of speech skills in children with CAS. ReST involves intensive practice in producing multisyllabic, phonotactically permissible pseudo-words to improve accuracy of speech sound production, rapid and fluent transitioning from one sound or syllable to the next, and control of syllable stress within words. Pseudo-words are used to allow the development and practice of new speech patterns without interference from existing error speech patterns (Murray, McCabe, & Ballard, 2012).
Linguistic approaches for treating CAS emphasize linguistic and phonological components of speech, as well as flexible, functional communication (Velleman, 2003). These approaches focus on speech function and target speech sounds and groups of sounds with similar patterns of error in an effort to help the child internalize phonological rules. It is important to note that linguistic approaches to CAS are intended as a complement to motoric approaches, not a replacement for them.
Cycles training is a linguistic approach that targets phonological pattern errors. It is designed for highly unintelligible children who have extensive omissions, some substitutions, and a restricted use of consonants. The goal is to increase intelligibility within a short period of time. Treatment is scheduled in cycles ranging from 5 to 16 weeks. During each cycle, one or more phonological patterns are targeted. After each cycle is completed, another cycle begins that targets one or more different phonological patterns. Recycling of phonological patterns continues until the targeted patterns are present in the child's spontaneous speech (Hodson, 2010; Prezas & Hodson, 2010). The goal is to approximate the gradual normal phonological development process. There is no predetermined level of mastery of phonemes or phoneme patterns within each cycle; cycles are used to stimulate the emergence of a specific sound or pattern, not produce mastery of it.
Integrated phonological awareness intervention (IPA) is designed to simultaneously facilitate speech production, phonological awareness, and letter-sound knowledge in preschool and young school-age children with speech and language impairment. Specific approaches to facilitate the development of phonological awareness include developing knowledge that positively influences phonological awareness development (e.g., teaching nursery rhymes and focusing on sound properties of spoken language) and integrating phonological awareness activities into treatment sessions (e.g., phoneme awareness and letter game activities; McNeill, Gillon, & Dodd, 2009b; Moriarty & Gillon, 2006).
Many treatments for CAS incorporate sensory input (e.g., visual, auditory, proprioceptive and/or tactile cues) to teach the movement sequences for speech. Sensory cues can be used separately or in combination (i.e., multisensory approach). Feedback is an important aspect of motor learning. These external cues may facilitate speech production by providing additional feedback to the child if he or she cannot benefit from, or does not receive, sufficient intrinsic sensory feedback.
Integral Stimulation (IS) is a method for practicing movement gestures for speech production that involves imitation and emphasizes multiple sensory models (e.g., auditory, visual, tactile). Treatment follows a "listen to me, watch me, do what I do" sequence, in which the child hears and sees how the clinician produces a target sound sequence or word/phrase and then imitates (Strand & Skinder, 1999). Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is an IS method that uses a cueing hierarchy (auditory, visual, and tactile) and systematically decreases supports as the child achieves success at each level of the cueing hierarchy (Strand & Debertine, 2000; Strand et al., 2006). Movement gestures are shaped, beginning with direct imitation, moving to simultaneous production with tactile or gestural cues if direct imitation was unsuccessful, and then fading the simultaneous cue and again moving to direct imitation. The key element of this approach is that the clinician is constantly adding or fading auditory, visual, and tactile cues as needed after each practice trial.
Tactile methods of speech facilitation are those that provide direct tactile input for correct speech production. Using these methods, the SLP applies pressure or otherwise touches the child's face, neck, and head to provide a tactile cue for correct production or speech movement gesture. For example, PROMPT© (Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets) is a dynamic tactile method of treatment based on touch pressure, kinesthetic, and proprioceptive cues (Hayden, Eigen, Walker, & Olsen, 2010). Using this approach, the SLP uses his or her hands to cue and stimulate articulatory movement and to help the child limit unnecessary movements. The Touch-Cue Method is another tactile approach used for CAS (Bashir, Grahamjones, & Bostwick, 2008).
Visual cueing methods provide visual "cues" as to the shape, placement or movement of the articulators. Visual cues can be gestural (e.g., simple hand signs) or more technologically advanced methods such as electropalatography readouts, ultrasound images (e.g., Preston, Brick, & Landi, 2013), computerized speech viewing programs, and other forms of biofeedback that provide visual cues about speech movement performance.
Prosodic facilitation treatment methods use intonation patterns (melody, rhythm, and stress) to improve functional speech production. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT; Albert, Sparks, & Helm, 1973) is a prosodic facilitation approach that uses singing, rhythmic speech, training with common phrases, and rhythmic hand tapping. Using these techniques, the clinician guides the individual through a gradual progression of steps that increase the length of utterances, decrease dependence on the clinician, and decrease reliance on intonation (Martin, Kubitz, & Maher, 2001).
Factors to consider in the treatment of CAS for children who are bilingual include the following.
(Gildersleeve-Neumann, n.d.)
Throughout treatment, SLPs monitor progress in each language and note if improvements are consistent and if there is any generalization across languages. Children may appear to show a preference for speaking in one language, but this may be a preference for the easier motor task associated with words in one language and not necessarily a preference for communication in a specific language (Gildersleeve-Neumann, n.d.). This pattern does not suggest a need to recommend limiting communication to a single language for the child and family.
Criteria for determining eligibility for services in a school setting are detailed in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA; 2004). For information about eligibility and dismissal from speech-language pathology services in the schools, see
treatment considerations in schools section of the speech sound disorders: articulation and phonology.
For some children, speech difficulties persist throughout their school years and sometimes into adulthood. Pascoe, Stackhouse, and Wells (2006) define persisting speech difficulties (PSD) as "… difficulties in the normal development of speech that do not resolve as the child matures or even after they receive specific help for these problems" (p. 2).
Anecdotal evidence from clinical observations suggests that, for children with CAS, persisting difficulties can include residual prosody issues, persistent speech sound distortions, and ongoing struggles handling unfamiliar multisyllable words.
For more detailed information about treatment options for children with persisting speech difficulties, see
treating children with persisting speech difficulties in the speech sound disorders: articulation and phonology page.
Children with persisting speech difficulties may continue to have problems with oral communication, literacy, and social aspects of life as they transition to post-secondary education and vocational settings. The potential impact of persisting speech difficulties highlights the need for continued support to facilitate a successful transition to young adulthood. See
transition planning.
See the
Service Delivery section of the Childhood Apraxia of Speech Evidence Map for pertinent scientific evidence, expert opinion, and client/caregiver perspective.
In addition to determining the type of speech and language treatment that is optimal for children with CAS, consider other service delivery variables that may have an impact on treatment outcomes, such as dosage, format, provider, setting, and timing.
Dosage refers to the frequency, intensity, and duration of service and the culmination of those three variables (Warren, Fey, & Yoder, 2007). Treatment dosage for CAS is consistent with principles of motor learning (McNeil, Robin, & Schmidt, 1997). Given the need for repetitive production practice in motor speech disorders like CAS, intensive and individualized treatment is often stressed. A number of research studies support the need for three to five individual sessions per week versus the traditional and less intensive one to two sessions per week (Hall et al., 1993; Skinder-Meredith, 2001; Strand & Skinder, 1999). For younger children, the frequency and length of sessions may need to be adjusted; shorter, more frequent sessions are often recommended (e.g., Skinder-Meredith, 2001).
Format refers to the structure of the treatment session (e.g., group and/or individual). The appropriateness of treatment format (individual vs. group vs. both) depends on the primary goal for the child at a particular point in the treatment process. For example, if the primary goal is to improve the motor aspects of speech, individual sessions that emphasize motor practice might be the preferred approach. However, once the child has made progress on goals targeting motor speech production, goals might then include language and the enhancement of pragmatic skills. At that point, a combination of individual and group treatment may be appropriate.
Provider refers to the person providing the treatment (e.g., SLP, trained volunteer, caregiver). SLPs treat the speech-motor and linguistic aspects of CAS. Other professionals (e.g., physical therapist or occupational therapist) may also be involved in the treatment of children with apraxia; SLPs need to be mindful of the potential for fatigue and the possible need to vary treatment activities accordingly. It is also important for SLPs to collaborate with other professionals regarding treatment alternatives, including opportunities for co-treatment (Davis & Velleman, 2000; Velleman & Strand, 1994).
Timing refers to timing of intervention relative to diagnosis. When a child is diagnosed with CAS, he or she is likely to present with a significant speech disorder that warrants immediate intervention. Prompt treatment is also indicated for children suspected of having CAS or with a provisional diagnosis of CAS, given that progress in treatment can often assist in making a definitive diagnosis.
Setting refers to the location of treatment (e.g., home, community-based). A naturalistic treatment environment is important for facilitating generalization and carryover of skills, and home practice is essential for helping the child make optimal progress.
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Collegeville – At 9:15 AM, Department of Corrections officials locked down SCI Graterford to begin the relocation of employees and inmates from the State Correctional Institution (SCI) Graterford to SCI Phoenix. DOC officials plan to move several hundred inmates each day, and they will continue the transition for however long it takes to complete the.operation.
"Employees and inmates have been waiting patiently for this move to take place," said Corrections Secretary John Wetzel. "We are aware of the anxiety that this move has caused everyone, and we have worked diligently to plan for every aspect and to ensure that the transition is smooth for everyone involved."
The DOC uses an incident command system to manage situations, and command centers have been opened at the DOC's central office, Graterford and Phoenix.
The entire prison grounds are off limits to everyone, and a secure perimeter has been established thanks to assistance from other state prison staff and the Pennsylvania State Police.