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Lemonade 2018.
E2D - Eliminate the Digital Divide believes in the importance of empowering children to be a part of the solution to "E-Lemonade the Digital Divide" in Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools.
On May 5th, E2D powered by Google Fiber will once again launch a county-wide Lemonade Stand campaign run by the dedicated students, families and staff from CMS schools to raise awareness and fund solutions for the digital divide.
Visit a lemonade stand at your local Lowes or Woodforest National Bank locations (inside Walmarts in Mecklenburg County) on May 5th!
Interested in hosting a stand? Email email@example.com for more information.


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2013 Chevy Cruze Overview
What's New for the 2013 Chevy Cruze
The 2013 Chevrolet Cruze sees a few changes with updated infotainment and safety features.
2013 Chevy Cruze Exterior
In a market that's become saturated with small sedans, it can be hard to stand out. With its sharp body details and distinct front end, the 2013 Chevy Cruze makes sure its not forgotten in the crowd, attracting younger buyers with its athletic appearances and array of color choices.
2013 Chevy Cruze Performance
Depending on the model you choose, the powertrain options for the 2013 Cruze differ. The Cruze LS is powered by a 1.8-liter inline-4 that produces 138 horsepower and 125 lb-ft of torque. The Eco, LT, and LTZ models are all powered by a turbocharged 1.4-liter inline-4 that churns out a bit more power with 138 horsepower and 148 lb-ft of torque. A six-speed manual is standard alongside front-wheel-drive with the exception of the LTZ, which is standard with a six-speed automatic.
2013 Chevy Cruze Efficiency
According to the EPA, estimated fuel economy for the Cruze's 1.8-liter engine is 29 mpg combined for the manual transmission and 27 combined for the automatic. The turbocharged engine is rated at 30 mpg combined, while the Cruze Eco earns 33 mpg combined with the manual and 31 with the automatic.
2013 Chevy Cruze Interior
With its two-tone color schemes and quality materials, the cabin of the 2013 Cruze is much more upscale than its competitors. The updated electronics interface makes it staying connected easier than before, while also using Chevy MyLink to provide smartphone integration and enhanced voice control. The seats are beyond supportive, while legroom for passengers is only average for its segment.
2013 Chevy Cruze Safety
Government crash tests have found the 2013 Cruze to be top-notch when it comes to safety, awarding the sedan a five out of five star rating for overall crashworthiness. Standard safety features for the Cruze include antilock brakes, stability control, and multiple airbags. OnStar is also standard, providing passengers with automatic crash notification, on-demand roadside assistance, remote door unlocking, and stole vehicle assistance. Optional safety features include blind-spot monitoring and cross-traffic alert.

subset: commoncrawl


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I'm in love with The South of France! It makes me so happy to go there, maybe not to live but to see.. It feels so different from Paris and all the materials, light and surroundings are so inspiring. Now I'm preparing myself to other residency, a short one in Africa. And I have been applying to other ones too. We will see how much I get to travel this year.
Now inspiring me is obviously the spring in Paris, so simple but effective, colours coming to life, the energy and the warmth.
These photos I took last september in Marseille, it's always nice to go back with these. I have been photographing a lot on film lately, and not yet developing, feels good to be in a photographing mode..
If you want to see some other works of mine, maybe I refer them as research, or sketching, check out my instagram HERE or Flickr HERE
Bonne journée à tous!


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As the temperatures start to drop and the day light grows shorter you will start to notice the colorful fall displays appearing on the properties. The fall season is like a changing of the guard. The lush summer landscapes slow down and start to conserve their energy for a long winter. The fall season and change in the landscapes can be one of the most inspiring and colorful times of the year as it is especially evident outside your CHR apartment window.
(Maple at Village Green Apartments, Plainville, MA)
Our shade trees in New England have some of the best fall color displays around. Examples of varieties just walking distance from your door include the tulip poplars, sweet gums, ash, oak, tupelo, sassafras, birch, elm, hickory and the champions of the fall …The Maples. The Maples are the central tree in the fall color wheel that most tourists flock to New England to see. The Sugar and Red Maples have the most vibrant of colors that can warm you on a cool crisp day.
(Franklinia Alatamaha fall bloom. Photo source: Flickr.com)
Along with the large shade trees many small flowering trees as well as shrubs such as witch-hazel, viburnum, fothergilla, azalea, hydrangea and virginia sweet spire put on quite a show of leaf color and ornamental fruit. Example of small flowering fall trees stand are the dogwood, cherry, hawthorn, service-berry, crabapple, pear, parrotia, stewartia and the historical and very unique Ben Franklin Tree. The Ben Franklin Tree (Franklinia Alatamaha) was discovered in the late 1700's by the celebrated plant explorer William Bartram. It is a unique plant that flowers late in September while in its full fall color glory. Bartram's collection of seed from a native grove in Georgia prevented this prize tree from becoming extinct.
(Fall Plantings at Hancock Village Apartments Shopping Mall, Chestnut Hill, MA)
Along with the leaf and fruit displays CHR has a standard of seasonal display changes to the flower beds in the highlight areas of the properties. Our landscape professionals remove the tired summer displays and transform them with the warm and peaceful colors of the fall extending the season with chrysanthemums, ornamental kale, pansies and our own native New England Asters.
The fall can grant some of the year's best weather days, the kind of days that you wish you could bottle up and save for some time later. New England author Nathaniel Hawthorne said "I cannot endure to waste anything so precious as autumnal sunshine by staying in the house."
So take advantage of the weather while it lasts and explore some of the fall's colorful landscapes that your apartment community has to offer.
(First picture above: Hancock Woods Reservation)


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We have Maca Root Powder winners!!
Let me just say "thank you" to all of you who participated in this giveaway by liking, sharing, and signing up for things… I really appreciate your efforts and interest. I'm really excited for these winners to get to try some (or to get more) of their own maca root powder, as it's something I've personally been really pleased with for my family, and I think you'll love it too!
Okay… so let's announce some winners!
Here you go!
And the winner is:
- Marcella F. (mrc….ter@gmai…com) who entered on March 4th, 2014 by joining the Letters To Natural Mamas mailing list.
- Melissa M. (mel….z.h@hot…com) who entered on March 3rd, 2014 by joining the Letters To Natural Mamas mailing list.
- Kiley K. (kil….12@gmai…com) who entered on March 5th, 2014 by liking Growing Up Herbal on Facebook.
CONGRATULATIONS to marcella, Melissa, and Kiley. You have 72 hours to contact me by emailing me at – meagan (at) growingupherbal (dot) com – with your shipping address and the kind of maca you'd like to receive. You can choose from the raw red maca, raw black maca, geletanized red or black maca. Check these out so you can decide which you'd like, and I'll get your prizes to you!
Didn't win?
No problem… you can still get your own maca root powder by clicking here and using my coupon code "HERBAL" to get 10% off your whole order, but this only lasts until March 17th so you've got to take advantage of that discount if you want it.
Happy weekend!
Sign Up to receive my Letters To Natural Mamas emails!
Can I give you a FREE e-book?
Sign up below to receive bi-weekly "letters" to help you learn to use herbs and live life naturally. Just enter your name and email address, click "Join Free," and check your email for a welcome letter from me along with a link to my e-book - Herbal Remedy Recipes: A Cheat Sheet To 10 Of The Most Common Childhood Ailments - simply because we're new friends!


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Counseling, Psychotherapy, Groups, and Fee Information
At the Schaperow Psychology Center, we offer a variety of counseling and psychotherapy services. We work with individuals, couples, and families of almost all ages!
Click on colored links to learn more specifics about the services each of us provides:
Sam Schaperow, MSMFT, L.M.F.T.
Click below to learn more!
Coaching/Consultations, Counseling, & Family Therapy
Additional Information:
Literature written by the Schaperow Psychology Center, and articles


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Blake Ryan Smith's car was found with the engine running at a construction site late Saturday night. The 20 year-old's college roommate raised the alarm when he did not return home at the usual time. The college contacted police and his parents.
Smith's father traced his son's phone to the construction site where his car was discovered with the door open. His phone was on the seat, according to multiple Facebook messages from friends and family.
"Police think the car was stolen," said Smith's aunt, Jill Basher Williams, when she spoke to AL.com Sunday afternoon. "The canine unit did not detect his scent outside of the car."
A picture shared by Blake Smith.
Smith, 20, is a student at Crown College, a bible college around 10 miles north-west from Knoxville.
Williams also said that her nephew posted what she described as a cryptic Instagram picture of a lake not long before he went missing. "We're not sure if he was trying to tell us something," she said.
Smith's family are trying to work out where the lake is.


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FPT System Kegel Exerciser is recommended by gynecologists and physical therapists. The fpt system achieves the results of hundreds of Kegel exercises in only minutes a week. Kegel exercise weight is made of surgical stainless steel. Training manual and tracking chart included. 3 1/2" long and weighs 15 oz. Item is non-returnable.
We apologize, but our vendor has disappointed us and this item no longer comes with a carrying case as shown.


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In November 2013, Matthew joined Phuoc and Partners in a part-time, external capacity to revise and review the language of client advice, legal documents and publications of the firm, as well as provide content creation and design services. From time to time Matthew may also assist the attorneys and support staff of Phuoc and Partners in their provision of legal services. Matthew skills and assistance is available to all partners, attorneys and support staff throughout Vietnam.
Matthew is currently completing his bachelor studies in Law and Business in Australia. He was previously a legal intern from July until October 2013 at the Ho Chi Minh Office of Phuoc and Partners; expanding his knowledge and understanding of the legal profession, particularly in the areas of business and corporate law, whilst experiencing working life in a bustling and dynamic city. Matthew's current ambition is to gain diverse, top class experience in preparation for launching into a dynamic and challenging career.
- Bachelor of Laws (LLB) and Bachelor of Business (BB) Degree, Queensland University of Technology and The University of Queensland, (ongoing)


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For Immediate Release:
Folsom, CA- Sierra Pacific Mortgage Company, Inc. is excited to announce that Brian McGinley has been promoted form Branch Manager to Midwest Retail Regional Manager. Based in Wichita, KS, Mr. McGinley has also managed branches in Missouri and Oklahoma.
With 20 years of experience in management and mortgage lending Brian understands what makes a productive and profitable mortgage branch operation. During his time at Sierra Pacific Mortgage, he has learned how to take a loan officer and branch to the next level. Elevating strategy and tactics to ensure growth, improvement, and increased production, Brian has proven his leadership as a mortgage professional.
About his promotion, Brian said, "I know what makes a successful branch and I am dedicated to making sure my staff and the people around me grow and succeed on a daily basis."
About Brian's promotions, Vice President of Retail Lending, Jay Promisco said, "The company is very happy to have Brian take the helm in the Midwest. I look forward to Brian increasing our presence in his region and bringing on new talent so the company can continue to fulfill the American Dream of homeownership."
Brian is actively looking for talented, like-minded mortgage professionals to join Sierra Pacific Mortgage. For opportunity in the Midwest, he can be reached at: (316) 260-5656 or email@example.com.
Sierra Pacific Mortgage is dedicated to providing rewarding careers for their employees. The goal is to nurture and grow talent for leadership positions so when opportunity arises, they can promote from within. With more than 30 years in business, Sierra Pacific Mortgage is continuously focused on adding experienced team members across the country. To view opportunities at Sierra Pacific Mortgage, please visit www.joinsierrapacificmortgage.com.
About Sierra Pacific Mortgage:
Sierra Pacific Mortgage Company, Inc. is a leading national independent mortgage lending company, based in Folsom, CA and serving the retail, wholesale and correspondent mortgage banking markets in 49 states through 8 regional fulfillment centers. Sierra Pacific's mission is to deliver consistent, competitive pricing, and to provide its customers the finest experience through streamlined systems, the best industry tools, effective communication, and superior customer service with every branch, every day.
For more information or to contact Sierra Pacific Mortgage, call (916) 932-1700. Please send all correspondence to Sierra Pacific Mortgage, 1180 Iron Point Road, Suite 200, Folsom, CA 95630. www.sierrapacificmortgage.com NMLS 1788. Equal housing lender.


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- Torches
- Torch Accessories
- Maxpedition
- Survival
- Backpacks & Bags
- Batteries & Chargers
- Binoculars & Monoculars
- Containers & Storage
- First Aid
- Flashlight Finder
- Gadgets
- Hydration
- Knives
- Lanterns
- Multi Tools
- Outdoor fun
- Paracord
- Vaping
Nitecore TM26 Quadray Flashlight
Max output 4000 lumens. Uses 4x18650 or 8xRCR123 or 8xCR123 batteries. Cree XM-L2 U3.
In Stock Now with free next working day Special Delivery.
Latest 4000 lumen version with four Cree XM-L2 U3 LEDs.
The new Nitecore TM26 is the worlds smallest and lightest 4000 lumens rechargeable searchlight. The TM26 features an intelligent charging circuit with status detection and includes a charger with UK 3-pin plug.
Simply insert four 18650 batteries into the torch and plug the supplied charger direct into the charging port.
The torch can also run on 8xCR123 non-rechagreable single-use batteries or 8xRCR123 li-ion batteries (but do NOT recharge these inside the torch).
An integrated OLED display takes flashlight technology to a whole new level and allows the user to quickly and easily see the lumens, remaining runtime, battery voltage and even the temperature of the torch.
Patented dual stage multi-functional single switch design for easy one handed operation.
Brightness levels based on 4x18650 2600 mAH batteries :
Turbo: 4000 lumens - runtime 45 mins
High: 1900 lumens - runtime 2 hrs 30 mins
Mid: 700 lumens - runtime 8 hrs 15 mins
Low: 230 lumens - runtime 48 hrs
Ultra Low: 3 lumens - 1000 hrs
The current Nitecore filters & diffusers do not fit the TM26.
Includes: heavy duty belt holster, wrist lanyard and mains charging lead.
Special Offer: Add four Nitecore 18650 3200mAh batteries for the price of three. Select from the dropdown box if required.
Nitecore NHM10 Handle Mount Kit for TM Series
Nitecore NHM10 Carry Handle designed for TM11, TM15, TM26 & TM36 Flashlights
- Our Price
- £39.95


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I started back in Oct of 1989. Serving the local community. Sold for 30+ years at the World Largest Berryessa Flea Market. Still supplying Vendors there. Also smaller stores on a jobber basis. Love fishing. I can sit all day and not catch a fish but for the enjoyment of getting out. tested many lures. in transition period, purchased a 5000 square foot, store front, but it needs major renovations. Rule never buy a building site unseen. But price was right.
My Store is closed only few days a year. Every Holiday doesn't matter what holiday, In 3rd week of July for ICAST Show. all employees are required to attend. I never see them there. but what is there to do in Las Vegas or Orlando. Super bowl, World Series, Employee's Birthdays, and any reason to not work. Lot of my customers have our bumper stickers. "Work is for Those who don't Fish" going to try to bring those back if cost comes down.
We strive for less then 12 hour processing. Products may come out of 3 different locations across the USA. I strive to sell mostly American made products. But we all know that it's hard finding them. Not much is made here anymore. We try to stock every color and size. Even discontinued ones. Because we know it work for someone.
If you need something, Can't Find it email us. I'm right by Google (mistake 20,000 people to 1 trying to get to work). They are great finding things. They have a building of people that search for stuff.


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Dover's climate captures the full spectrum of four seasons.
However, its proximity to the ocean tempers both the summer heat and winter cold.
The greater Dover area features magnificent parks, trails, towers, views, hikes, and access to the water and has more than 150 acres of richly equipped parklands, three rivers, a 73-acre pond, and a year-round program of activities and events.
Rising to a 298-foot elevation overlooking Dover, the Garrison Hill Park and Tower has provided visitors and residents alike with a bird's eye view of Dover and its surrounding communities for more than 100 years.
The park's facilities include colorful climbing equipment for children, a covered picnic pavilion, and an observation tower. From the tower, a replica of the original 1913 structure, visitors can enjoy breathtaking, panoramic views from the White Mountains to the Isles of Shoals five miles out into the Atlantic Ocean.
The Cochecho, Bellamy, Piscataqua, and Salmon Falls Rivers run through and around Dover, offering both scenic vistas and recreational opportunities. For visitors who are approaching Dover by boat, head straight up the Cochecho River to downtown Dover and dock at George's Marina, a full-service marina including dock slips, a nearby restaurant, and service and repair of all types of craft.
You'll even find a state-of-the-art skate park right in downtown Dover for inline hockey, rollerblading, and skateboarding.
Sports enthusiasts of all ages enjoy Dover's many parks. Hilton Park is a beautiful historic state park on the Piscataqua River, offering a playground, picnic area, boat launch, and grills. Visitors to the Willand Pond Recreation Area can enjoy the 73-acre pond in all seasons. A trail takes foot travelers along the pond's northeastern shore, and the pond is ideal for fishing and boating in the spring through fall and ice-skating and ice fishing in the winter.
Visitors travel from far and wide to walk, snowshoe, and cross-country ski through Dover's natural areas. Bellamy Park (on Bellamy Road) features magnificent woodlands, grassy open spaces, wooded trails, spectacular views along the picturesque Bellamy River, and a first-class disc golf course.
The Bellamy Wildlife Management Area (on Old Garrison Road) is a hunter's paradise teeming with wildlife and an extensive network of trails that cross both field and forest to wind along the shores of the Bellamy River. The nearby Bellamy Wildlife Sanctuary (off Bay View Road) is a haven for many creatures, including several endangered bird species. A one-mile, looping path takes walkers along the shores of the Bellamy River.
Visitors also can enjoy the newest addition to the Dover Park system: Cochecho Park, located off Sixth Street along the Cochecho River. This 20-acre protected area offers a network of trails for walking and winter sporting activities.
More walking and running trails can be found on the grounds of the Strafford County Farm, located in the rural northwest corner of the city. Both the Bluebird Trail and Cathy Shiro O'Brien Cross-Country Trail, named for the native Dover Olympian, follow the edge of the Cochecho River.
Both trails lead past the historic marker commemorating the site of the old asylum, the burning of which triggered the passage of landmark legislation to protect the rights of the infirm.
Golfers marvel at the New Hampshire golf scene. The Cochecho Country Club, a magnificent 18-hole private course, is just two miles from downtown Dover. The Links at Outlook public golf course in nearby South Berwick, Maine, offers 18 championship holes built in the Scottish tradition. The Oaks Golf Links, a course situated on 270 gently rolling acres of bentgrass resembling the Heathland in England, is another charming 18-hole public course located in Somersworth, as is Sunningdale Golf Club, a 9-hole course.
For outdoor enthusiasts planning to spend some time in the area, the Old Stage Campground accommodates tents, trailers, and RVs with three-way hookups. Ayer's Lake Farm Campground and Cottages offers waterfront, wooded RV and tent sites. Canoe rentals are available on site.
The Players Circle Sports Pub


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An Introduction to Compactness Results in Symplectic Field Theory
90,94 €
An Introduction to Compactness Results in Symplectic Field Theory
This book provides an introduction to symplectic field theory, a new and important subject which is currently being developed. The starting point of this theory are compactness results for holomorphic curves established in the last decade. The author presents a systematic introduction providing a lot of background material, much of which is scattered throughout the literature. Since the content grew out of lectures given by the author, the main aim is to provide an entry point into symplectic field theory for non-specialists and for graduate students. Extensions of certain compactness results, which are believed to be true by the specialists but have not yet been published in the literature in detail, top off the scope of this monograph.
Systematic introduction into compactness results for holomorphic curvesEntry point into symplectic field theory for non-specialists and studentsExtensions to some compactness results not yet published
Für dieses Produkt wurde noch keine Rezension verfasst. Bewerten Sie dieses Produkt jetzt als Erster!


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Recipe by our Chef of the Fortnight : Chef Vikram Khatri
– Egg whites (Room Temperature) : 90 g
– Castor sugar: 15 g
– Almond meal: 220 g
– Icing sugar (sifted): 220 g
– Matcha: 15 g
– Eggs (whole): 130 g
– Refined flour: 60 g
– Unsalted butter (melted and cooled): 20 g
For the syrup:
– Water: 60 ml
– Castor sugar: 60 g
– Green tea liqueur: 15 ml
– Prepare a 12.5 "X 15.5" jelly roll pan with parchment and grease it with butter.
– Whisk the egg whites in a KitchenAid Stand Mixer at a low speed and gradually increase until they form soft peaks.
– Add the sugar and beat until the peaks are stiff and glossy.
– Whisk the almonds, icing sugar, matcha powder and eggs in another bowl until light and voluminous.
– Add the flour and beat until the flour is combined.
– Fold the meringue into the almond mixture.
– Fold in the butter.
– Pour the batter into the pan.
– Bake in a preheated 215 degree Celsius oven until lightly browned and just springy to the touch for about 5-9 minutes.
– Run a knife along the edges to loosen the cake from the pan.
– Cover the cake with parchment paper, flip and unmould the cake.
– Remove the parchments paper, flip and cover the cake while it cools.
– To make the syrup – Bring everything to boil in a small sauce pan. Stir until the sugar is dissolved. Remove from heat and let it cool
Matcha BUTTERCREAM
– Cup sugar: 110 g
– Matcha: 15 g
– Egg whites: 65 g
– Unsalted butter (at room temperature): 180 g
– Mix the sugar and matcha in a small bowl.
– With the KitchenAid Cordless Hand Blender, blend the sugar and matcha into the egg whites in a bowl over a pan of simmering water for about 3 minutes until the mixture is hot to the touch. (The sugar should be dissolved and the mixture should look like shiny marshmallow cream.)
– Remove the bowl from the flame and whisk until the cream is cool for about 5 minutes.
– Whisk the butter, one spoon at a time.
– Beat the mixture until it thickens and becomes smooth, for about 5-20 minutes.
– 60% Dark chocolate (chopped): 180 g
– Fresh cream: 30 g
– Rich whip cream: 100 g
– Simmer the chocolate into the heavy cream in a double boiler.
– Set the ganache aside and let it cool completely on room temperature.
– Whip the heavy cream in a large bowl.
– Fold the whipped cream into the chocolate ganache.
– Refrigerate until used.
– 45% dark chocolate (chopped): 80 g
– Heavy cream: 60gms
– Melt the chocolate into the heavy cream in a double boiler.
– Let it cool for 10 minutes and then pour over the Opera Cake.
– Work on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
– Cut the cake into 4 – 6×7" pieces.
– Place one layer of the cake onto the baking sheet and moisten with syrup.
– Spread half of the buttercream over the cake.
– Place the second layer of the cake on top of the buttercream and moisten with syrup.
– Spread the chocolate ganache over the cake.
– Place the third layer on top of the ganache and moisten with syrup.
– Spread the remaining buttercream over the cake.
– Place the final layer of the cake on top of the buttercream and moisten with syrup.
– Pour the glaze over the cake and smooth it out.
– Refrigerate for about 30 minutes, until it sets
– Trim the sides to get a smooth finish.


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If Hiram Chittenden had been present at the big solidarity-for-Standing Rock rally held outside the Army Corps of Engineers' Hiram Chittenden Locks in Ballard two weeks ago, he probably wouldn't have been surprised that Native Americans were once again going head-to-head with the Corps.
After all, be it an Army Corps dam that's going to flood Native land or a pipeline that's going to poison it, the Corps has never been popular with the continent's original inhabitants. To Chittenden, who spent his career with the agency and designed the Locks, the most surprising thing about the protest would have been that 99 years after his death, Natives still survived. He was so positive they'd all be dead by now that he even wrote a poem from the perspective of the last Native on Earth, "The Redman's Farewell":
List, list, stormy waters, this once and no more,'Tis the last of the Redmen who calls from your shore… . Farewell now to mountain and prairie and shore,Their empire the Redman possesses no more.
The full poem goes on for pages, but its gist is that Natives are naturally allergic to the future, and would die out no matter what. With all the Earth's "barbarian" races subdued, and war between the "civilized" nations becoming unthinkable, it seemed as if the future wouldn't even have need for a military, Chittenden thought, which is why in his 1911 book War or Peace (published five years before the first World War) he proposed that all the world's armies be dismantled and replaced with a one-world government to solve future disputes. He was still firm that non-whites not be allowed to enter the United States, even under the one-world government, for fear of racial mixing. He also acknowledged that without war we would need a new form of population control, and proposed that society should gather those with "natural infirmities and put them out of the way by any of the painless processes known to science, thus accomplishing at insignificant cost the double purpose of restricting population and improving its quality."
Chittenden's peace doesn't sound like a great improvement over war, and similarly many of his employers' projects have caused a huge amount of irreversible environmental destruction in the name of improvement. Due to its nebulous legal standing as a half-military, half-civilian organization that receives authorization directly from Congress (often to the opposition of local government), the Army Corps of Engineers has enjoyed enormous latitude in its projects, freed from many of the legal constraints that would plague lesser federal bureaucracies.
The 1986 classic Cadillac Desert by Marc Reisner is still the most complete and readable account of the Corps' history of seizing Native land, draining wetlands, and using crypto-government authority to override state laws. This standard operating procedure didn't end in Chittenden's time. Right now, just north of the Standing Rock Reservation in North Dakota, the Corps is being used by oil companies to try to run a pipeline through Native graves and beneath the lake and river which provide the Sioux's drinking water. Of course, without the Army Corps of Engineers' involvement, this would all be illegal. This past weekend, the Corps announced it would clear protesters from the area in the name of safety, a striking metaphor for what the U.S. government has been doing to Natives since its creation: clearing them off the land in the name of "progress."
Related coverage: Home From Standing Rock, Seattle Protesters Bring Pipeline Fight to the Corps
Chittenden enlisted in the Corps in 1884, just as the agency's civilian division was transitioning away from its previous duty of clearing sunken ships out of harbors and into what it is now, an agency that physically reshapes the continent. Chittenden was one of the first army engineers to propose that the Corps get involved in building reservoirs for agricultural irrigation.
In general, Chittenden never revealed more about his personal outlook on life than when he thought he was simply stating an objective truth. In an essay titled Manifest Destiny he outlines every possible path for American expansion, and argues that no matter what, things would have wound up the way they did for both whites and Native Americans. As there was nothing the individual could do about it, he argued, the only option was to embrace it: "Nations, like individuals, grow with years and the truly rational view is to foster such growth in every legitimate way," he wrote in his three-volume The American Fur Trade of the Far West. He felt free will was largely an illusion. Because he didn't think much of freedom, it is fitting that he worked for an organization whose insignia is a castle—the ultimate symbol of undemocratic, received authority.
Chittenden writes that he often felt trapped in the Corps, as he was sent from assignment to assignment without much control over his own life. He was assigned as a district engineer to Seattle in 1906 shortly after a partially completed dam on the Osage River in Missouri collapsed due to an error in his engineering.
Topographically, Chittenden declared, Seattle had more "scenic beauty than any other city of ancient or modern times." Of the native Salish population, he wrote, "They were less strong physically than the plains Indians, of inferior build, and in no sense comparable to them as specimens of physical manhood." The most striking thing about that passage isn't that it is racist, but that he is already referring to them in the past tense.
Though the Salish still had a large presence in turn-of-the-century Seattle, Chittenden basically went about his Army Corps of Engineers duties as if they no longer existed. His charge was to design a system by which cargo ships could travel from Puget Sound to Lake Washington. The solution: a new canal through Montlake, Fremont, and Ballard.
The Locks were necessary to account for the elevation difference between the two bodies of water. Since the project would create a new, deep outlet for Lake Washington, it would lower the lake level significantly. While working on the Locks and canal, Chittenden pondered what effects lowering Lake Washington's water level would have on the environment. He argued that the main effect would just be aesthetic, and even that would be minor. White people with lakefront property had nothing to worry about: "The change in shoreline along residence districts will be only slight and will become inappreciable within one or two years." That turned out to be totally untrue; after the opening of the ship canal, Lake Washington's water level was lowered by nine feet, shrinking more than 10 miles of shoreline and permanently destroying over 93 percent of the wetlands around the lake. Chittenden goes on to say that the lowering of Lake Washington is "a case where utilitarian ends can be accomplished without any sacrifice of sentimental interest."
It was a bold move to talk about what constituted "sentimental interest" in a region he had lived in for only a couple of years. The lowering of Lake Washington permanently cut off the flow to its natural outlet, the Black River, which ran through present-day Renton en route to the Duwamish River and had far more than "sentimental" interest for the people who'd been here since the time of the glaciers. Many Duwamish still lived along the Black River in the early 20th century; in fact, those who lived on the Black River were often considered to be the "true" Duwamish, and in many ways life continued on it the way it had before the settlers showed up.
According to David Buerge, author of an upcoming, long-awaited biography of Chief Seattle, the Duwamish believed the Black River was home to many supernatural beings, including "Weeping Mother," a river goddess who caused the springtime floods. A hole at the bottom of the river was the lair of a powerful spirit disguised as a long-haired man, who granted wealth to those brave enough to dive into the dark, sediment-rich waters in search of his powers. On the river's bank was a hill crawling with piles of slithering garter snakes, the "hill of the earth beings," which had existed even before the Changer created the modern world, and not even his magic had been able to touch it. Inside the hill lived a race of primordial dwarves, older than humanity, who jealously loved the land and cared for it like doctors.
Less esoterically, the river was home to a vibrant ecosystem, including seals, the occasional lost whale, and, most important, thousands of salmon that the Duwamish had relied on since their creation. Weeping Mother and salmon alike vanished forever on the day in 1916 when the Army Corp of Engineers lowered the lake, cutting off the flow to the Black River. In the 1950s, one of the very last Duwamish who used to live on the river still remembered the day it died. "That was quite a day for the white people at least. The waters just went down, down, until our landing and canoes stood dry and there was no Black River at all. There were pools of course, and the struggling fish trapped in them. People came from miles around, laughing, and hollering, and stuffing the fish into gunny sacks."
For all the environmental destruction and displacement of Native people they caused, no other place in Seattle seems to so live up to the Northwest idea of man and nature living together as the Locks do. The gray cement buildings mix perfectly with the green slopes of grass, great blue heron, seals, and salmon. That's by design. As Chittenden himself said, "True architecture rears its edifices in harmony with the environment in which they stand." In terms of environmental stewardship, the inclusion of a fish ladder in his designs for the Locks puts him several tiers above Floyd Dominy, Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation a generation after Chittenden. After the Reclamation-built Grand Coulee Dam cut off salmon from huge swaths of spawning grounds, Dominy was asked about the dam's impact on the fish. His response: "There's substitutes for eating salmon. You can eat cake." Then he smirked at his own joke.
Chittenden didn't personally benefit that much from his work for the Corps. In 1907, President Teddy Roosevelt decided that anybody manly enough to be an officer in the U.S. army had to be able to ride a horse for 50 miles, unless they were in the infantry. This new requirement was added to the annual physical examination, and those who didn't pass would be forced to retire. The task was daunting for Chittenden, who had suffered from bouts of typhoid and other ailments contracted from a life outdoors. But there was no way Chittenden could have been able to support his wife and three children on his then-current pension, so he took the ride on his 49th birthday, October 25, 1907.
He passed the test, but after getting off the horse his health quickly deteriorated, with the occasional paralysis in his legs becoming more frequent. He began to suffer from depression; and two months after the horse incident he checked into Seattle's Pacific Hospital for electroshock therapy. By 1911 his legs were almost completely paralyzed, and he had to retire from the Army to spend the rest of his life in a wheelchair. Despite a lifetime military career in which he never engaged in combat against anything besides the Earth, he wound up just as mangled as those of his generation who fought Native American tribes more directly.
Physical construction of the Locks did not begin until immediately after Chittenden's retirement in 1911, but the construction so closely followed his plans that in 1956 the generically named Government Locks became the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks.
It would be interesting to know if, while he sat in a wheelchair on the porch of his Ballard home a few months before his death in 1917, watching the ships go by for the Lake Washington Canal's opening ceremony, Chittenden thought about his former neighbor, who had experienced the dark side of peace first-hand. The last headman (a term closer to "community organizer" than Chief) of the Shilshole, Salmon Bay Charlie, was a fixture in turn-of-the-century Ballard.
Even before white settlers arrived in Ballard the native Shilshole had already been hit hard by smallpox, and other tribes took advantage of their diminished population to capture them as slaves. By the time Chittenden arrived in Ballard, Salmon Bay Charlie and his wife Madeleine would have been one of the few reminders that like everywhere else in America, Ballard used to be Native. According to a 1990 piece in the history journal The Columbia, local kids remembered the way Charlie used to show off all his scars from fighting the northern slave raiders that tried to kidnap him and his people. It wasn't until Charlie's old age, toward the end of the Locks' construction in 1915, and a few months after the death of his wife, that Indian Agents were able to come in and calmly carry him off without a struggle—in a way that war-canoe-loads of armed Haida couldn't. He lived out the rest of his life at Chief Seattle's Port Madison reservation.
As to why exactly Salmon Bay Charlie was carried off by the government, there is no clear explanation. Many local historians have claimed that he was moved because his land was in an area about to be flooded by the Locks; but according to Buerge, Charlie's house was too far west to be harmed (the precise location has been lost to history). Buerge's own suspicion is that with Ballard property becoming more valuable because of the Locks, Charlie's white neighbors just wanted his land, and now they could take it because he was old and there were barely any of his people left.
Whether or not he was aware of Charlie, the old headman's fate wouldn't have surprised Chittenden for a couple of reasons. He believed that Natives were so destined to lose their land that the government shouldn't even have bothered to make treaties; also, Chittenden was fully aware that peace can hold as much danger as war. In an essay on the importance of heroism in peacetime, he said, "The ancient feudal castle, so often used as a base of operations in despoiling the surrounding country and exacting tribute from the weak, no longer exists as a physical fact; but there do exist more powerful and relentless tyrannies," which he goes on to describe as people in unjustly-won positions of supremacy using their powers corruptly. It's unlikely his mention of a "feudal castle" referred to the Army Corps of Engineers' castle insignia, but that is probably the first thing that would come to mind to the protesters at Standing Rock.
Native Americans know the dangers of peace probably better than any demographic in America. Right now in North Dakota, if they weren't getting maced and mauled by cops and attack dogs, the Corps would not hesitate to build that pipeline through their water supply. If it leaked, there would be less physical violence than with the demonstration, but more people would be harmed. One of the main lessons to take from Chittenden's good and bad examples is that the ultimate goal shouldn't be peace, but good peace. The first step should be trying to find a word for it. It's not in anything written by Chittenden.