text:
in memory of Rod Sorge...
among the FIRST 1990 syringe exchange activists ARRESTED
and taken thru the judical SYSTEM
in New Jersey to challange and CHANGE the laws...
charges were DISMISSED by the Court one year later
under the NECESSITY DEFENSE.
____The 'necessity defense' applies to the following circumstances (all must be true):
- 'the conduct was necessary to avoid eminent harm to a person or the public,
- 'there was no adequate alternative for avoiding the harm,
- 'the harm caused by the act was not disproportionate to the harm avoided,
- 'the defendant had a good-faith belief that the act was necessary to prevent harm,
- 'the defendant believed his or her behavior to be reasonable.'
|Body Politic
by Sharon Lerner
|The Village
February 3, 1999
Rod Sorge 1968-1999
Rod Sorge, one of New York's most articulate, knowledgeable, and empathic voices on harm reduction for drug users, died last Thursday from complications of AIDS. Only 30, Rod had already had an enormous influence on how people think about drug use and AIDS, taking the groundbreaking position that addicts have rights. "The message to drug users cannot be 'abstain or die,' " he explained in one of his many articles on the subject. Users, he said and wrote and tirelessly chanted at demos, should be helped without judgment.
Though providing IV drug users with clean needles has been shown to decrease the spread of AIDS, it was illegal to do so in New York until 1992. Rod helped bring that change about. He cofounded the ACT UP needle exchange, the first in New York, ran the then underground needle exchange programs in Harlem and the Bronx, and later headed the first state-authorized needle exchange program. Rod was also arrested for handing out clean needles in Jersey City (he was the first to do this in the state).
As a gay man who came to New York expressly to devote himself to AIDS activism, Rod was involved in countless demonstrations on behalf of people with AIDS. He was one of those jailed during ACT UP's famed Stop the Church action on Saint Patrick's cathedral. When singer Diamanda Galas testified to his character at the trial, she dubbed him Saint Rod.
Rod, who dropped out of college and read constantly, was known for his sharp intellect and follow-through. "He led in terms of doing the work," says close friend and former ACT UP colleague Lei Chou. "If we needed a press release, he was the one to write it. If research needed to be done, he did it." His intellectual precision earned Rod respect at all levels of the AIDS world. After he testified in support of a law that would have allowed pharmacies to sell hypodermic needles without prescriptions, state assemblymember Richard Gottfried commented, "There are probably several state agencies it would be useful to turn over to you."
Yet Rod didn't bow to- or even seem to recognize- the world's hierarchy. He had little interest in self-promotion, refusing raises and eschewing material possessions. "His pants were so old, the street kids used to make fun of him," remembers Edith Springer, a friend who, with Rod, coordinated HIV prevention with youth involved in crack use and prostitution. Despite his own humble style, Rod was accepting of all who shared his goals. "He even had compassion for us poor bureaucrats," says Diane Rudnick, director of the substance abuse section of the AIDS Institute.
Still, Rod's passion was for helping people directly, so whatever he gleaned from the intellectual world was quickly put into action. When AIDS researchers suggested tagging needles so that they could be tracked, Rod immediately bought enamel paint and began what became a Friday night ritual of painting needles and assembling bleach kits at his apartment. (The event would sometimes run right into Saturday morning distribution with no sleep in between.)
In his journey to the heart of the problem, Rod also began the "walkabout" program at the Lower East Side needle exchange. "He would fill his shopping cart with needles and just walk through the neighborhood," says friend and coworker Angela Echevarria. "Being that he was Caucasian, everybody was like, 'Police! Police!' But he would explain to them with like 50 different ID cards that he wasn't police and then he would show them how to clean their works."
Rod was a private person. Only a few of his friends had heard him make even a passing reference to his childhood in Chicago, an unhappy time spent as a sensitive, gay boy growing up in an unaccepting and poor family. And few of his friends were aware, at least at first, of his own drug use or his illness. But gradually Rod became more public about both shooting heroin and having AIDS, which in his case was diagnosed at a late stage and didn't respond to combination therapy.
In an article in the zine Junkphood, Rod declared that he planned to deliberately overdose rather than die the object of someone else's pity. His suicide, he predicted, would "be the act of an empowered, purposeful human being committed to gaining ultimate control over his life and death."
But Rod did not take his life. Instead he struggled in his final years to find doctors who would treat his pneumonia, TB meningitis, and other infections while accepting his drug use, which he believed helped him to manage his depression. The medical response was profoundly disappointing to him. As he detailed in a painful article, called "one junky's odyssey," his doctors often treated him as a "dysfunctional fuck-up." They refused to see AIDS--rather than drugs--as his problem.
"All those years I spent advocating for other drug users...did not prepare me for the treatment I would also receive as a heroin injector with AIDS," he wrote. Because he was taking rifampin for his TB, a drug that made him process methadone quickly, he regularly went into withdrawal even while taking doses of methadone that would stabilize others. And he repeatedly checked out of the hospital against medical advice.
True to his principles, Rod did not use the connections he had made as an advocate to get special treatment, even during this last period, when it might have saved his life- or made it more bearable. "He had so many friends and admirers throughout the AIDS system. If he had used his contacts, he would have gotten the best care," says Chou. "But he detested privilege. He wanted to be treated like everybody else."
A memorial for Rod Sorge will be held at Housing Works, 743 East 9th Street (at Avenue D) on Saturday, February 20, at 4:30.
The Village Voice February 3, 1999
Drug Policy in the Age of AIDS:
The Philosophy of Harm Reduction
by Rod Sorge
We have understood HIV transmission for years. The routes are obvious, limited, and modifiable, yet HIV seroprevalence has steadily increased around the world. There have been only limited medical advances in the treatment of HIV-related illness. Because of a lack of federal leadership on all fronts, from funding to discrimination, misguided research priorities at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(1), and because the virus continues to confound researchers the more it is studied (2), the dream of making AIDS a chronic but manageable condition remains mostly a dream as we start to live through its second decade.
Instead of producing safer sex education for men who have sex with men, the government still demands as end to such sexuality; and instead of producing safer drug use education, the government demands an end to drug use by force rather than treatment. Many of our laws and cultural mores regarding sexuality (like prostitution and sodomy laws) and drug use (such as hypodermic possession and drug paraphernalia statutes) only create a climate that promotes silence, secrecy, hate, and shame at a time when we need to be talking openly about sex and drug use. It is not surprising, then, that most of the AIDS prevention education that has been effective has been developed outside of government agencies and in the communities at which it is aimed.
As the "second wave" of the epidemic crests, and seroprevalence reaches staggering levels among intravenous drug users (IVDU's) there is a growing movement among providers, AIDS activists, researchers, and policymakers toward a drug policy paradigm aimed not a incarcerating and punishing users, or at positing abstinence as the only alternative to drug taking, but at educating users about how to reduce drug-related harm. AIDS activists across the country are establishing, often illegally, programs in which drug users learn how to clean their works with bleach to help limit the transmission of HIV from the sharing of contaminated needles. Once again the prevention debates -- quagmires of personal anti-drug morality and local politics -- and have taken public health into their own hands. This article, ...attempts to articulate to articulate some of the arguments and developments in the U.S. movement for harm reduction.
The Needle Exchange Controversy in New York
Nowhere has the debate about needle exchange and safer injection education been as intense as in New York City. The complex racial realities and politics that dominate many aspects of New York life have likewise influenced this discussion. Where three socio-epidemics -- homelessness, drug addiction , and AIDS -- intertwine to devastate communities of color, some argue that needle exchange or bleach distribution programs are merely a way of ignoring the scope and gravity of these epidemics, paltry interventions that mock the realities of many people's lives. Most opponents of needle exchange programs believe that drug treatment should be given top priority, and that anything less is a non-solution. Some contend, despite much evidence to the contrary, that needle distribution would add to the problem by encouraging drug use or, at the very least, by sending "mixed messages" about drug use.
In their search for a single and immediate solution, opponents of harm-reduction measures simplify the complex phenomenon of drug taking and the complex lives and motivations of drug users. Their arguments reflect a lack of knowledge about addiction as it currently exists in New York City, the realities of the services that are needed, how much they will cost, and how long it will take for them to be actualized.
What may seem like an inadequate response to AIDS and drug-related harm from the vantage point of a policymaker or church leader can nevertheless be a life-saving strategy from a drug user's viewpoint. Proponents of needle exchange and distribution programs do not support such programs as solutions to the AIDS epidemic or drug-related harm. But that these programs can help prevent HIV infection, and help prevent those already immunosuppressed or HIV infected from contracting life-threatening infections, is undeniable.
The issue of risk-reduction education has been largely portrayed as a controversy between black church and political leaders on the one hand and white health officials on the other. However, such a generalization eclipses the fact that many Latino and African-American AIDS advocates and services providers have spoken out in support of the immediate implementation of needle exchange programs and do so with input from drug users themselves and from those who live in neighborhoods affected by AIDS and drug-related harm. Debra
Fraser-Howze, director of the Black Leadership Commission on AIDS, an organization that is one of the most outspoken opponents of needle exchange, admitted that needle exchange, bleach distribution, and safer injection education "are not about AIDS, but about power and control" (3). But in the struggle over who will determine drug and AIDS policy, those who most require empowerment and control are continually left out: active and former drug users themselves.
Just Say No to "Just Say No"
Drug use as it exists in the United States is largely the result of diverse forms of socio-economic coercion, but the sources of that coercion are made diffuse and indirect shifting the focus away from the physical considerations and the origins of addiction to the presumed recalcitrance of the individuals user. The "just say no" approach to drug "education" typifies this attitude: the recalcitrant individual is the one who won't or can't say no. The "choices" are clearly set forth. What type of person are you/will you be? The life conditions that often lead to drug-related problems are seldom raised in the mainstream discourse about drug addiction. Rather, the addict is solely accountable for her or his addiction, while racism, classism, poverty, and heterosexism almost never enter the picture. Each addict is viewed as a separate case, a separate individual having made a personal choice to use drugs. In the age of AIDS, the logic goes, choosing to become addicted and choosing not to end one's addiction make HIV a self inflicted condition. The just-say-no approach also denies the fact that drugs can be used more safely than they often are, and stablishes the equation drug use = drug abuse. Our culture hypocritically calls those who use heroin and cocaine "drug abusers" while "social drinkers" and cigarette smokers escape even the label of "drug user."
"Just say no" introduces the appearance of a choice when in actuality often no choice exists, thereby establishing a structure through which blame and accountability can be meted out. Drug-related harm prevention programs aimed at intravenous drug users and their sexual partners and families are essentially non-existent in New York, except for the work of ADAPT (the Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment) and a few other community-based organizations that distribute bleach kits and show addicts how to clean their needles. Drug addicts must be given realistic choices if they are to avoid health problems and change their drug-taking behavior. There must be immediate implementation of community-based needle exchange programs and the decriminalization of hypodermic needles and drug paraphernalia to prevent further HIV infection among this population. Such measures must be seen as components of a larger effort that includes drug treatment and health care for users. U.S. drug policy must be reworked to acknowledge and confront the AIDS crisis and the realities of addiction. HIV will continue to spread unchecked until effective needle exchange programs and safer drug use education are standards of preventive care for drug users.
Drug users will not be given choices -- of treatment, needles, or safer injection education -- if, as is currently the case, they are considered to have relinquished some of their rights merely by using drugs. In the United States, as addicted person is expendable. That intravenous drug users are prohibited from obtaining life-saving clean needles and unable to obtain drug treatment constitutes a government-sanctioned violation of their human and constitutional rights. The user's right to the pursuit of life has been abandoned.
Drug Use and AIDS in New York
Intravenous drug users constitute the second largest but fastest-growing AIDS caseload in New York State. Compared to the rest of the United States, people with AIDS in New York are three times as likely to be IVDU's. For 1988 and 1989, heterosexual drug users made up a larger proportion of AIDS cases in New York City than gay men (43 percent versus 41 percent in 1988, and 43 percent versus 40 percent in 1989). Findings from studies of patients in methadone programs and detoxification units estimate 50 to 60 percent seropositivity among these patients (4). The New York City Department of Health estimates that by 1993, 50 percent of New York City's AIDS cases will be among IVDU's (5).
Just as drug addiction has devastated communities of color, so HIV infection among IVDU's disproportionately affects Latinas, Latinos, and African-Americans. However, a large proportion of deaths among New York City's HIV infected IV drug users is not classified by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as AIDS (6); similarly, HIV manifestations in women--especially gynecological symptoms--do not fit the CDC's definition of AIDS (7). Thus, there is a relative under counting reflected in the statistics that purport to show the impact of AIDS on drug users. (Figure 1) The number of births to women who use narcotics cotinues to increase, in some areas dramatically. In northern Brooklyn, for instance, a 75 percent increase in such births occurred in just one year (1985-86) (9). IV drug use is a factor in at least 80 percent of New York City's pediatric AIDS cases (10).
Statistics on drug addiction and treatment reflect city and state attitudes and are, therefore, difficult to obtain. Most of the widely used numbers relating to drug use in New York--the ones that appear in the media and that the state uses for budgetary purposes come from the Statewide Comprehensive Five-Year Plan of the New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services (DSAS). DSAS is the arm of the state bureaucracy charged with all drug treatment and prevention services for New York State. It conducts needs assessment studies and statistical research, which is often outdated by the time it is available, but almost no research into treatment modalities. The most recent Five-Year Plan, an outline of what has been done and what is proposed regarding drug treatment services in the state over a five-year period, covers 1984-85 through 1988-89, and most of the statistics it gives are completely outdated. The annual updates to this larger report lag behind so that they, too, are outdated by the time they reach the public.
DSAS calls heroin use a "stabilizing problem," estimating the heroin-using population to be around 200,000 for New York City and 60,000 for the rest of New York State (11). These numbers represent what the state calls "primary heroin addiction." The most widespread secondary drug used by heroin addicts is cocaine, with 71 percent of users administering it intravenously (12). New York also has an estimated 350,000 cocaine and crack addicts (13). There is some substantial overlap between the heroin and cocaine using populations (as well as alcohol users), as polyaddiction becomes more prevalent that addiction to a single drug.
There are currently about 43,000 drug treatment slots in New York State for all addictions, including alcohol. About 35,000 of these slots are for heroin users, and most of them are methadone based and thus useless to those who inject cocaine, amphetamines, or other non-opiates. Methadone maintenance programs continue to operate at 105 percent utilization, according to DSAS's Five-Year Report. However, those who work in drug treatment tell us that because there is no centralized referral services that monitors drug treatment openings, many slots remain empty for weeks because people elsewhere do not know they are available. The treatment capacity for New York City's cocaine users is even more inadequate: there are only 97 publicly funded cocaine-specific treatment slots in the entire city--a truly astounding statistic for a city with an estimated 350,000 cocaine and crack user. Only 30 residential treatment slots exist in the entire state for women with dependent children--5 in Rochester and 25 in New York City--even though a majority of intravenous drug users have children, most of whom are in the custody of their mothers. Nationwide, as estimated 80 percent of active intravenous drug users are not in any kind of treatment.
Accessibility of Health Care
Most IV drug users lack any firm connections to even the most basic health care. Their most accessible option is emergency room treatment in one of New York City's public hospitals where, due to severe shortages of staff, beds, supplies, and money, decent and immediate care is almost impossible to get. The hospitals are so over-utilized and under funded that even easily administered Medicaidaccepted treatments and prophylaxes for HIV-related conditions are unavailable. This is the case with aerosolized pentamidine, for example, which serves as a prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Even though this illness can be successfully prevented, it is by far the most common "indicator disease" of AIDS diagnosis in New York State.
As of June 1990, only about 8.9 percent of all those enrolled in ACTG trials had reported some prior drug use, and 0.5 percent of trial participants were active ("illicit") drug users. Currently, there is only one trail designed specifically with recovering drug users in mind, ACTG 055, which intends to study the pharmacokinetics of AZT in people taking methadone. ACTG 082 will enroll a small group of pregnant women in their third trimester who have a history of drug use to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety, and urinary excretion of intravenous and oral AZT. There have been no trials that offer drug treatment in conjunction with treatment for AIDS-related conditions.
Besides entry criteria, there are numerous other problems that make clinical trials inaccessible to most IV drug users: no childcare is provided; trials are often not located near sick people (there are no ACTG center in Texas or Puerto Rico, for instance), and no travel reimbursements is provided to participants; no housing is provided for those who may need it; no meals are provided; and no option to obtain treatment for drug addiction is offered. ACTG researchers might dismiss the lack of such "amenities" as the fault of the health care system, which they cannot change but rather must work around. Provision of such services by the ACTG system would of course call the entire nature of clinical trials into question by suggesting that research should simultaneously be a form of treatment.
Most IVDU's with HIV disease lack basic, everyday physical and social supports. With this community, like most poor communities, we must keep in mind the entire health care picture. Comparatively speaking, clinical trials are far down on the list of priorities, even though they could be life-preserving, unless earlier obstacles to care are addressed. As one advocate for African-Americans points out, "AIDS research is not a basic means of survival in our community--it is an extraordinary means". This describes the situation of IVDU's. It is impossible for those who need experimental treatments to use (or want to use) the current system if their basic life necessities remain unmet.
Needles: A Health Issue
Intravenous drug users commonly contract bloodborne infections and diseases like hepatitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, and sexually transmitted diseases, develop abscesses that promote infections; and suffer from other conditions that are a direct result of using unclean injection equipment. Though HIV-related illness may be the most well-known, it is only one of many health problems an injecting drug users faces. This fact was recognized early in the Netherlands, where needle exchange programs were originally developed to help prevent the spread of hepatitis B.
Clean injection equipment for drug users is a form of preventive health care. In the United States and other "first world" countries, it would be unthinkable for a person to visit a hospital or doctor's office and be injected with a needle that was previously used on another patient. But receiving an injection in a hospital and injecting "illicit" drugs, while they entail the same physical act and thus the same physical risks, are perceived as moral worlds apart and therefore are judged differently. Although sterile needles and syringes could prevent drug users from contracting HIV and a host of other infections, users are denied access to such instruments and can even be arrested for having them. While clean needles should be a public health issue, they remain a drug policy issue. But U.S. drug policy, of course, is synonymous with law enforcement. Not only is access to medical treatment for drug users non-existent, but simple, cost-effective preventive health care measures like needle exchange are actively disallowed and criminalized. With AIDS, this prohibition means legally sanctioning a public health disaster.
Members of the AIDS activist community of New York City, most visibly embodied in the organization ACT UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power), have taken control of their lives in many ways despite AIDS. They often know more about treatments for HIV-related conditions than doctors do. They have created clinical drug trials separate from those of the government, tested drugs the government would not test, found ways to get drugs to those who couldn't afford them, and found ways to care for their sick when no one else would. They have struggled against the ghastly media depictions of people with AIDS and provided alternative representations. And they have cast off the smothering label of "AIDS victim": they are people living with AIDS. This change was much more tan a linguistic one.
New York City's IV drug users who have AIDS or are HIV positive are not living with AIDS. For them, HIV is a death sentence. Their day-to-day struggles for basic necessities preclude any possibility of mobilization or political action or community building to demand access to drug and medical treatment. Needle exchanges can be a departure point for a user's process of empowerment and can even serve therapeutic purposes for active and former users involved in needle distribution.
In countries with a national health plan, adequate housing, and other services--in short, where the quality of life for drug users is much better--addicts have successfully organized themselves to fight for their human rights and against stereotypic and degrading images of drug users. Groups like the Junkiebonden (junky unions) of Amsterdam, the Western Australian Intravenous Equity (WAIVE), and Queensland Intravenous A.I.D.S. Association (QuIVAA) of Queensland, Australia, have done for addicts many of the things ACT UP and other AIDS organizations have done for and as people with AIDS. In Amsterdam, the first syringe exchange established to prevent HIV transmission was initiated by a user-based organization called MDHG in 1984. And the Rotterdam Junky Union was distributing clean syringes in high-drug use areas of Rotterdam as early as 1981. The IV drug user's condition in New York City and the United States is situational, not necessary.
Needle Exchange: One Model
The terms "needle exchange" and "needle distribution" do not do justice to the concepts that they try to name. The words refer to only a small part of the event that needle exchange is. "Harm reduction" is the term most often used to describe the drug policy paradigm upon which needle exchange is predicated. The First International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm was held in April 1990 in Liverpool--a new force on the drug policy scene. The term "risk reduction" rather than "harm reduction" might sound better to ears in the United States, where it has become a staple in the discourse of AIDS education, particularly when talking about safer sex. The analogue to "safer sex" is "safer drug use." The fact that the latter phrase is never uttered is telling.
ACT UP/New York's Needle Exchange Committee is currently operating the only needle exchange programs in New York City, with four "permanent" sites in three of the city's boroughs--as permanent as they can be considering that the possession and distribution of needles are criminal activities in this state.1 Along with needles, ACT UP outreach volunteers hand out kits that contain bleach, clean water, cotton, cookers, condoms, referral information, and illustrated instructions on how to wear condoms and how to clean works. Alcohol pads, medicine for abscesses, and lubricant to use with condoms, especially for sex workers who use the service are provided.
ACT UP runs a very user-friendly project. Addicts are not required to give a needle in order to get one. Because the group's resources are currently limited and because the program is completely run by volunteers, it operates only two days a week. A 24 hour, seven-day-a-week program might have stricter return criteria. In addition, many of those who use the exchange re homeless, so it is unrealistic to demand that addicts save their works from one exchange to the next, when exchanges happen only twice a week. In fact, a majority of New York's addicts--whether homeless or not--do not carry works with them unless they intend to use them immediately, for fear of getting arrested. Despite this situation, at the six-month mark of ACT UP's project in August 1990, many needles are being collected. At the oldest site, an almost one-for-one exchange occurs each week. It is clear that many users are willing to risk arrest to use this program. What is often overlooked or ignored by critics of needle distribution is the interaction that takes place during the encounter. It is this interaction between the giver and receiver of the needle that is the significant component of needle exchange, especially when encounters are repeated, and trust--maybe even friendship--is established.
Along with getting needles and bleach kits, drug users get counseling sessions where they can ask questions--sometimes for the first time--about HIV transmission, receive advice on how to care for their abscesses, or simply have an opportunity to talk to someone who will listen to what they have to say. The exchange comes to encompass more than the needle.
ACT UP's Needle Exchange Committee has ironed out most of the practical problems it faces in order to operate viable programs: obtaining needles, which is, of course, illegal in New York State; having enough supplies; maintaining a consistent exchange schedule; and setting up pro bono legal support and a bail fund for addicts or outreach volunteers who are arrested during an exchange. The group is now trying to set up opportunities for users to receive more far-reaching care by connecting them with medical services, drug treatment, and other services from community-based organizations (the "bridge" concept). These services should all be a part of needle exchange. In Australia, where needle exchanges are located in the same building as drug treatment facilities, the connection between AIDS prevention and other services is difficult to ignore.
But while the concept of needle exchange as a "bridge" to drug treatment is important, needle exchanges must be viewed as helpful and life-saving independent of further linkages. In a place like New York City or Newark, New Jersey, where very little drug treatment exists and primary care for drug users is extremely limited, needle exchange can be a bridge to other services only insofar as those services exist. The drug treatment that is available in New York and New Jersey is mostly methadone based, so that many methadone patients who are addicted to more than one drug are shooting cocaine or other non-opiates while "in treatment." In addition, recovery from drug addiction is usually a long process with much recidivism. And, finally, there are many people who will use a needle exchange program who do not wish to stop using drugs at that point in their lives. While needle exchange can and should be viewed as one step in a continuum of care, an addict must be able to use it to the extent she or he wishes. If that means going no further than obtaining needles to shoot up more safely, this must be respected.
Because the personal interaction that occurs during a needle exchange is so important, decrimininalization of needle possession in itself would not be a sufficient AIDS prevention measure for IVDU's. Even if the needle possession statue were removed, deeper-rooted cultural stereotypes about drug users and drug use would persist as barriers to easy access to needles and syringes. Members of ACT UP's Needle exchane travel to states without paraphernalia laws to purchase needles, but are often perceived as drug users and thus refused service. In England, where syringes have long been legally available from pharmacies and where the philosophy of harm reduction is much more widely accepted, many drug users have traditionally been turned away, and thus do not consider this a viable route for obtaining injection equipment. Finally, although needles are less expensive in pharmacies than on the street, all economic restrictions are lifted in free needle exchanges. The street price of a needle in New York City is currently two to three dollars.
Reflecting back on the years of the AIDS epidemic we have live through so far, it is clear that the most effective prevention methods and system of care have been community-initiated and based. Needle exchange programs will not be helpful if they are inconveniently located, staffed by judgmental people, or coercive in any way. They must be located in neighborhoods where people buy and use drugs, be staffed by people who know the language spoken there (both the ethnic and street language), and offer points of identification and support to a user of the exchange. This means having active and former addicts and HIV-positive people involved, as well as residents of the neighborhood in which the exchange site is located. Needle exchange on a significant scale cannot take place without the removal of hypodermic and paraphernalia statues, but the repeal of such laws would not make needle exchange unnecessary.
There must be a shift in drug policy from the punitive, law enforcement philosophy that now serves as its base to an understanding that drug use is a socio-medical phenomenon that cannot be "treated" by jailing people. It is this mindset that is responsible for keeping needle exchange interventions so limited in the United States. Needle exchange must be viewed as a medical intervention against infection that results from the fact that people use drugs, and must be recognized as providing real, life saving options to users. These advances will come, however, only when drug users gain their rights, and are treated as people rather than criminals.
1. The NIH has spent most of its time and money looking at antivirals, specifically nucleoside analogues such as AZT, while ignoring other drugs designed to treat the opportunistic infections of which most people with HIV/AIDS die. This state of affairs has continued even though AZT has shown only limited efficacy, is extremely toxic, and is not tolerated by many with HIV/AIDS. Harrington, M. A critique of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Report prepared by the Treatment and Data Committee of Act Up/New York, May 1, 1990. Treatment Agenda 1990. Presented at the Sixth International Conference on AIDS. San Francisco: June 1990. Prepared by the Treatment and Data Committee of ACT UP/New York. [NAMA Note: Some problems regarding AZT toxicity can be reduced with an adjustment of dose.]
2. Levy, J. A. Changing concepts in HIV infection: Challenges for the 1990s. Presented at the Sixth International Conference on AIDS. San Francisco: June 20, 1990.
3. Meeting of members from the ACT UP Needle Exchange Committee and ADAPT with Debra Fraser-Howze. San Francisco: June 23, 1990.
4. 1987 Update to the Statewide Comprehensive Five-Year Plan, 1984-85 Through 1988-89. Albany: New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services, 1987. p. 22.
5. Frank, B. and Hopkins, W. Current drug use trends in New
York City. New York: New York State Division of Substance Abuse
Services, June 1989. p.
6. Sufian, M. et al. Impact of AIDS on Puerto Rican intravenous drug users. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences May 1990 12(2): 125.
7. Anastos, K. and Marte, C. Women-The missing persons in the AIDS epidemic. Health/PAC Bulletin Winter 1989 19(4).
8. 1987 Update to the Statewide Comprehensive Five-Year Plan, and Frank and Hopkins, op. cit. Note: These statistics show only cases of CDC-defined AIDS, not HIV seroprevalence.
9. Simeone, R. et al. The northern half of Brooklyn: An assessment of the drug abuse problem. New York: New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services, 1989. p. 2.
10. 1987 Update to the Statewide Comprehensive Five-Year Plan.
11. Ibid. p. 22.
12. Frank and Hopkins, op.cit.
13. Henneberger, M. City Drug Treatment System Can't Keep Up with Addicts. New York Newsday August 20, 1990. p.3.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Title: Shin Seiki Inma Seiden
Episodes: 6
Aired: Feb 25, 2001 to Oct 25, 2002
The Kameyama family and the Otori family are relatives. They are both trying to compete for control over Otori Academy. Violent crimes are happening inside the academy. There are rumors that someone wearing an iron mask is assaulting female students inside school grounds. Senna is attacked by writing tentacles, and is raped by a demon. The man in the iron mask suddenly appear in front of Mao. She tries to attack him, to no avail. She is rescued by Hitomi Kameyama. More horror is awaiting everybody as this shocking story unfolds!
(Source: AniDB)
Label: Green Bunny
Format: mp4
Download Links
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6


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Please enter your Mobile Number and Education Level to proceed.
Browse Career Topics
Dear aspirant & Thank you for approaching counsellors at CareerGuide.com. I perfectly understand your confusion as it is more common for students to experience this. As a counsellor i get to hear this question almost at least twice a day and be relaxed that it is not something that worries only you. You have two options in hand and they are [economics and business][1]. Ask yourself what you like business or economics? If you cannot answer or understand clearly then take a [psychometric assessment][2] test from this website. Taking this test you will understand what you like to do in future and
Hi There,
Firstly, before I answer your query, would like to know what you had in mind, while selecting Hindi Honours.
Secondly, what are you currently doing???????
Anyways trying to answer your question.
As a Hindi Graduate, you can opt for the job of an Interpreter.
Most of the media houses and literature houses, generally have this vacancy.
Apart from your language command, you must also have knowledge over other languages, especially regional languages.
So if you are interested in this job profile, you can opt for learning different languages.
Other than this, you could opt for course
Hi check your previous query for the answer.
Hai Jiteshwar... Options after BA are MA in subjects like Economics, Political Science, History, Sociology, English and other languages, Geography etc. You can get admission in institutes like Delhi university, Pondicheri university, Lovely Professional University, BHU, Ashoka university etc based on your score in 12th. More information are available in the websites of these institutes. You can choose the courses based on your interest and the subject combination in your graduation.
Hello Abhishek,
The 2 courses are quite different and as such cannot be compared.
BA as in bachelors in ARTS, please note that after graduation chances of getting a job is minimal or just next to impossible.
Whereas BCA being a computer related course and major requirement is Math and most importantly you can get a job after you graduate.
Hope this difference helps you in making a choice.
Wish you good luck..
just go to vchelps.tk now. it will definitely help u. be happy.
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Dear Aspirant,
In which subject have you done your Arts graduation? If you could have mentioned that, it would have been good for me to suggest you. We expect complete information when you ask questions.
Anyways, there are plenty of options in Arts/Humanities and other streams. Which one is of your interest cannot be known to me. I, therefore suggest you tell me what are your interests.
I will be able to give exhaustive list of courses available, however that would serve no purpose.
I feel, before you decide, you should appear for the Ideal Career Test from CareerGuide. This is a psychometric
Dear Aspirant,
BA English honours is a good base as an under graduate degree. If you are willing to continue your future career based on BA English, then there are really good career options available. Some are as below which I am suggesting taking into consideration your command over the English language which will help in the future career:
1. Journalism and Mass Communication
2. Foreign Languages
3. Advertising
4. Media Studies
5. English Teaching (College or Tuitions after completing MA English)
If you wish to go to some other career like in management, then MBA HR is suitable.
I would sug
kathak classical dance I will learn
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LPN Programs Los Alamos NM
The healthcare industry is considered one of the fastest-growing industries in the country, and by signing-up today for LPN Programs in Los Alamos NM, you can start working towards your career as a LPN. For the most part, courses last 9 to 24 months and can be taken through distance learning or at a campus, and make you qualified to sit for the Licensed Practical Nurse NCLEX assessment administered where you live. LPN Programs – Beginning a Career as a Licensed Practical Nurse Courses to become a LPN have a few requirements. You've got to be the minimum legal age, […] Read More →


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You'll need to make sure you have our equipment insured prior to hiring it from us. You can arrange your own insurance, but we recommend a 'micro-hire' insurance policy from Performance Insurance, who are specialists in the A/V Hire industry.
A short-term cover on equipment worth under £10,000 will cost you from just £56 for a few days.
For equipment over the value of £10,000, you can get cover from £157 for a similarly short period.
Please call Performance on 0845 112 0104 or visit their website for further details at WWW.MICRO-HIRE.CO.UK.


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Anchal To Ummannoor distanceAnchal is one of the India city. It is located at the longitude of 76.9 and latitude of 8.9. Ummannoor is another India city located at the longitude of 76.8 and latitude of 9 . The total distance between Anchal to Ummannoor is 13 KM (kilometers) and 270.11 meters. Anchal is located nearly east side to Ummannoor.
Anchal to Ummannoor distance may be more than 13 Km ; because we are displaying approximate straight line distance. But actual travel route ( bus / train / etc. ) from Anchal to Ummannoor is connected with bend roads. Most of our travel information are approximate; so kindly see the disclaimer, terms of use etc.
Related travel information at Anchal to Ummannoor road map
The following Anchal to Ummannoor direction map comes from google; so our straight line distance may vary from google distance. Kindly see terms of use etc.
You are welcome to provide more usefull travel information / answer


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Contact Us
You can contact us via EMAIL, LiveChat or phone, whatever is more convenient or comfortable for you. We offer on-going support as you need and encourage you to reach out when you have questions or feel unclear about the directions you are taking with this adventure. JoAnn is available to assist you as needed for questions. If you feel you need more personal guidance sessions, she also offers evolutionary spiritual guidance (Spiritual MRI – chakra/aura readings, pastlife readings, shamanic journeying, vibrational healing) - review her info at The 3rd Eye to learn more. If you feel a conversation with Gary would help you, you can request that by talking with JoAnn.


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Big news + Movie Review: The odd life of timothy greenBIG NEWS
In starting my new "business" in private psychology, I am about to launch a new blog with my personal commentaries from both a Christian and Psychology perspective. Proverbs 22.6 (http://karenlipsychology.blogspot.com.au/). The launch of the new blog coincides with the launch of the
The Christian Parenting Handbook: 50 Heart-Based Strategies for All the Stages of Your Child's Life
And as part of the official launch team, there will be some giveaways and special offers (worth over $400!). So stay tuned.
I have just reviewed The odd life of Timothy Green (2012) on my new blog. Green is my favorite colour and God really gave me a special something green this week. It was entirely a surprise and gift. God is good, all the time.
It's a fantastic tale told by two wanna-be parents. Another tear jerker. When I first saw the title of the film, I was uninterested and a bit turned off. It wasn't until I gave the film a chance that I was enchanted by the storyline. The little kid is also a wonderful actor and although it's clearly fantasy, the film touches many important issues.


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The term "storage provider" can apply to different things. A physical storage provider offers off–site storage solutions for personal and business customers, with the kind of storage possibly varying from one storage service provider to the next. For example, it is possible to hire a "lock up", which is typically the size of an average home garage, but safety deposit boxes are also a form of storage, offering more security but considerably less storage space. Productpilot.com can be used to locate the storage provider with the most suitable options available.
A digital storage provider, much like a physical one, offers off–site storage solutions for personal and business data. Such services may be called "Online Backup", or "Cloud Storage" in the general consumer market, though enterprise solutions may offer services in terms of "servers", and "data centres". The advantage of a typical storage provider in this respect is that it is often easy to add more storage to an existing plan. Wholesale storage can also be arranged if the demand is large enough. Storage in this manner can be franchised out to smaller service providers, offering dealer storage and related services while the company running the physical machines and data centres focus purely on that aspect, similar to having multiple Internet Service Providers offering services over the same phone line.
The advantages of off-site storage – whether in the physical storage or data storage sense - are obvious. If something is stored away from a property, it is safe from damage or theft at home or business. While theft can happen to a storage provider, it is their business and it is in their interests to protect against such eventualities. There are many variables to the storage business, and it behoves interested traders to stay informed. Productpilot.com can help buyers and sellers with access to all the latest updates from this market.
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"A year from now you may wish you had started today." Karen Lamb
A dear person gifted me with two beautiful lamb loins. I had never bought nor prepared lamb loin. Would that stop me?
I found a recipe that suggested using Herbes de Provence when preparing lamb. Did I know what that was? Did that stop me?
Doing a bit of research, which is now easy to do on the Internet, I discovered that Herbes de Provence sometimes contains lavender. I was also gifted, from another friend, with some aromatic salt that contained lavender and rosemary. Is there a reason that people keep giving me things that might help my culinary skills? At any rate, further research revealed that Herbes de Provence contains, along with lavender and rosemary, some savory, marjoram, thyme, and oregano. I was off and running.
I added whatever spices from my cupboard that would make my spice mixture as close to authentic as possible. I didn't have any savory. My next step was to coat the lamb loin with the spices, wrap it in plastic wrap, and refrigerate it overnight.
Finally, I researched preparing lamb and was advised to brown it for about 4 minutes, two minutes on each side, in an oven-ready pan. Next, bake it in that pan for about 8 minutes at some degree that I failed to write down or remember. I chose 375 degrees. That's a nice number.
Lamb loin beginning its journey in my cast iron pan.
As the lamb baked I had second thoughts and decided to pull it out at 7 minutes. I decided to let it rest for 10 minutes. The rule is, you do all the work and the meat gets to rest. I sliced the lamb after 9 minutes.
Voila! The lamb was tender and juicy and gently seasoned. Another happy accident in my kitchen.
The moral of the story. Don't be afraid to try something new. Don't be afraid to follow your instincts. Remember, recipes are suggestions. And finally, remember, all your secrets are safe with us.
Loveya – The Grandma
Grandma Pat Cooks lo-carb meats courage creativity Herbes de Provence Lamb loin
Grandma Pat View All →
Artist, African hand drum student, yoga neophyte, and Grandmother of 22 or so grandchildren. I enjoy cooking and writing. I value good friends and quiet times for reading.


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I don't think there would be too many people in our society that have not been affected in one way or the other by this insidous disease, breast cancer.
It is incredible that with all the advancements in our society in different areas, there are still between 2600 and 2700 women who die every year from this disease.
I have had two friends pass away from this disease, both Mum's, and both wonderful women.
One of them, I didn't know for very long, but Lisa and I became close friends in the time we had together.
She had two beautiful children, the same age as mine, with Estelle and Georgia becoming friends and Sam and Ashton becoming good buddies and young soccer players at the age of four.
Lisa had just remarried when her cancer returned, this was when I met her. She was about 8 years younger than me, and had a bit of an irreverant side like me. Lisa and her new husband moved back in with her absolutely wonderful parents to ensure everyone was cared for.
Her parents were so welcoming to myself and my family. I was going through a very tough time with my marriage breaking down and whenever I visited the home, especially when Lisa did not have the energy to get out of bed, the family would always ask how I was first!
To see Lisa lying in her bed, with barely enough energy to greet her gorgeous kids as they returned home from school and kindy, was heartbreaking. But, she always made an effort. And, she was always up for a gossip about some of the 'caring' mum's at school!
Lisa never held back, another thing we had in common. She loved nothing better than having a bit of a 'bitch session' about all the do-gooders who were trying to 'help' her!
Lisa had two wishes that she expressed to me in one visit. She was always so positive, even when she couldn't lift her head off the pillow. And on this one day when we shared some tears together about not what she was losing, but what she would never have, she told me of her two immediate wishes.
Lisa wanted to make her 30th birthday (yes, she was so young), and to see her beloved Ashton start school with my Sam.
We celebrated Lisa's 30th birthday with a great picnic at Bobbin Head. It was a great day with so many of her friends and family there, and Lisa lying on a lounge wrapped in blankets and telling everyone what to do.
My last visit to Lisa was when she was in hospital. I had no idea that this would be our last visit. She had been transferred to Royal North Shore Hospital from the Mater Hospital and she was in a very bad mood as she didn't like Royal North Shore. I had to agree with her as the room was horrible, nothing warm about it at all. She made me go and buy her an ice block because she had a yucky taste in her mouth.
Of course, I couldn't get the one ice block she wanted so I bought her five different ones in the hope that at least one would be suitable. Of course, I copped it as she said that I was not even getting a dying woman the bloody ice block she wanted. Of course, I told her how ungrateful she was, and we both laughed.
When I left that day, with her still gobbling on the third ice block, I told her I would be away for three days and that would see her on my return. We even had a bet that she would be returned to The Mater Hospital before I returned, and would be home before long. She told me that I needed a break (!!!) and to get some rest.
The next day as the children and I were travelling up the coast, I received a phone call.
Lisa had passed away. This was truly one of the saddest days of my life. She had looked so well the day before, what had happened? Was their a mix up? Why couldn't they help her? How could this happen to one so young, with her children only 6 and 4.
I learnt a lot from Lisa and her family including her kids, her parents, her husband and her brother and his partner. I was lucky to have someone like Lisa in my life, albeit for such a short time.
I have had another friend pass away from this hideous disease, and have also a very close friend who has beaten this disease.
So please, if you have a lump, no matter the size, go and get it checked out. No, a mammogram is not the most comfortable thing I know, but it sure beats the other option.
So today I am wearing my pink ribbon and thinking about all those who have beaten this disease, and those who did not.
Oh, and Lisa never did see Ashton start school.
For more info, click on this link
Enjoy your day
Lisa xox


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Assassin's Creed Unity Arno Dorian Denim Cotton Jacket
Inspired from Assassins Creed Unity game, which is very famous among the players we brings Assassin's Creed Unity Arno Dorian Denim Cotton Jacket worn by Arno. You can use it for parties and casual wears also. This amazing apparel is made from synthetic Cotton includes hood that will make your style similar to the character. This Beautiful Jacket has Internal Viscose Lining, Front zip closure and two waist Pockets.


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A charitable remainder trust is an excellent gift option for donors who wish to support the University of Minnesota while retaining income for themselves or others. This type of gift can be particularly useful for donors who want to increase current income and diversify assets without paying upfront capital gains tax.
How it works
- A donor transfers cash, securities, real estate, or tangible personal property to a trust.
- The trust makes payments to the donor, or others, for life or for a term not to exceed 20 years.
- The donor selects the payout rate, which must be at least 5 percent.
- When the trust terminates, the remaining assets in the trust are used to support the University and any other charities the donor has designated.
Benefits to the donor
- Donors will receive an income tax deduction for a portion of the assets contributed to the trust, subject to applicable limitations.
- Donors will avoid capital gains tax on the sale of appreciated assets used to fund the trust. However, each payment may be subject to capital gains tax.
Types of trusts
A charitable remainder unitrust provides one or more individuals with variable annual income. The annual payment to the beneficiaries is determined each year as a percentage of the trust's value and payments will increase or decrease based on market performance. Donors often choose a charitable remainder unitrust as a potential hedge against inflation because the payments may increase over time.
Annuity trust
A charitable remainder annuity trust provides one or more individuals with fixed annual income. The income beneficiaries receive a fixed percentage of the initial value of the assets placed in the trust. Donors may prefer an annuity trust if they do not want their income stream to fluctuate with market performance.
Flip trust
A flip trust allows donors to convert an asset earning little or no current income (such as real estate or personal property) to an income-producing asset. The trust payments begin after the original assets are sold and the proceeds are invested in a diversified portfolio.
Testamentary charitable remainder trust
Some donors may consider establishing a testamentary charitable remainder trust with a retirement account or other assets. The trust would begin at the donor's death and can provide income for family members or others for life or a term of years. The assets remaining in the trust then pass to the charities the donor has designated.
Information on this website is not intended as legal or tax advice. For information on how any gift may affect your tax situation, please consult with your own professional advisor.


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Finally, the weekend we have all been waiting for. The weekend that sets the men apart from the boys. The weekend you have been (hopefully) building your bankroll for. The weekend that starts on Thursday, or at least productivity ends on Wednesday night. The weekend where a green jacket will be passed on the next winner. The DVR's are set, and the beers are ice cold. LET'S GO!
The Masters is not only the first major of the year, it is the only major that is held at the same golf course each year. Settled on a former nursery, August National Golf Club comes in at a 7,435 yard Par 72 course played on bentgrass greens. A beautiful drive down Magnolia Lane features 60 magnolia trees leading up to the clubhouse. What makes Augusta National Golf Club unique is that every hole is named after a tree or shrub.
Augusta National boasts a famous three hole stretch known as Amen Corner. Amen Corner claimed a victim last year as Spieth collapsed on 12 posting a quadruple bogey. Holes 11 through 13 make up this infamous stretch that viewers strictly have their second monitor set to on Thursday and Friday.
Key Holes
Hole #11 White Dogwood : Par 4, 505 yards
White Dogwood is a long Par 4 that plays toughest on the course. This is also the start of the previously mentioned Amen Corner. Wind is usually a factor on this hole as White Dogwood features a downhill left to right drive. Hopefully your players have cushioned the scorecard before arriving at this intimidating hole.
Hole #10 Camellia : Par 4, 495 yards
A whopping 10 yards shorter than the White Dogwood, Camellia boasts the second toughest rating at August National. The long Par 4 plays downhill with a 60 yard long bunker located well in front of the green. Camellia requires a strategic drive into the left center of the fairway to give yourself the best angle towards the green. Holes #10 and #11 can be very difficult to watch your core player get through. This would be a good time to grab another cold one.
Hole #7 Pampas : Par 4, 450 yards
Although Pampas doesn't seem long, this is a tight driving hole. Many will play this hole to the left-center of the fairway. This is to set up an even lie for the approach shot. The green is surrounded by 5 bunkers making it very important to stick the approach shot on the green.
Key Statistics
Since the only four holes playing under par at Augusta National Golf Club are Par 5's, it is important for players to score low on the Par 5's. This will give them some "cushion," if there is such a thing at The Masters, for the treacherous Par 4's. Let's target those Par 5 Scorers and cling to the seat when they get to Camellia and White Dogwood.
Looking at historical results, the players with higher Greens in Regulations at the Masters have statistically fared well here. This makes sense as the more greens you hit, the less you have to scramble. With the speeds of the greens here at Augusta National, missing these greens is not fun. We'll load up on the accuracy guys strong in GIR so we don't have to sweat the bunker shots.
Another statistic that has stood out for the successful players at Augusta is a combination of Driving Distance and Driving Accuracy. This will make it important to target the players with the best Total Driving as it combines the two. With the importance on GIR and Total Driving, you can also rely on SG: Tee to Green to target the players that are really striking the ball well this year. SG: Around the Green and SG: Approach the Green are also very important statistics at Augusta National for various reasons and are included in the SG: Tee to Green statistic. SG: Around the Green is important for scrambling to avoid the bogeys or worse that can ruin a good scorecard. SG: Approach the Green will target those players that will put themselves in position for multiple birdie opportunities.
Hey, you can't ignore Course History at Augusta either. Side note: I will not play Bubba, I will not play Bubba. Keep telling yourself that as the week goes on to prevent that last minute lineup tinkering.
Previous Winners
2017 Sergio Garcia
2016 Danny Willett
2015 Jordan Spieth
2014 Bubba Watson
2013 Adam Scott
2012 Bubba Watson
2011 Charl Schwartzel
2010 Phil Mickelson
Course Horses
Jordan Spieth – 4/4 made cuts, Top 2 each event with a win, not much explanation needed here
Justin Rose – 12/12 made cuts, seven straight top 25's, two straight top 10's
Lee Westwood – 10 straight made cuts, with 5 of those top 10's
Adam Scott – 7 straight made cuts, won here back in 2013, 4 top 10s all time
Rory McIlroy – 6 straight made cuts – 3 straight top 10s
Matt Kuchar – 8 straight made cuts – 3 of those top 10s
Bubba Watson – 8/8 cuts, won here twice, outside his wins he hasn't finished better than 20th
Jason Day – 5/6 made cuts – 3 top 10s, one WD
Dustin Johnson – 6/7 made cuts – 4th and 6th last two years (stair incident last year haunting him?)
Bill Haas – 7/7 made cuts – 5 top 25's
Draftkings Picks
Click HERE to access the Draftkings picks for the Masters with a week or season long membership.


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Take a Breather: Give Yourself a Mental Break for Optimal Productivity
Working in sales often seems like a race to the finish. Longer hours can mean the difference between winning and losing the deal. But those long hours often reach a point of diminishing returns. Have you ever considered the opportunity costs of working too hard? Is it possible that meeting your sales goal may require working LESS hours?
There are vast amounts of research available showing that we all have a limited amount of mental resources to leverage. So when we are constantly exhausting those resources, we are not as productive as we can be. The brain, just like a muscle, gets fatigued after too much time on the job. If you overwork your muscles without a break, you will eventually cause damage. The same is true of your brain. Burning up mental resources without replenishing leads to stress, burnout and poor performance. It becomes difficult to think creatively, solve problems, maintain emotional stability and have the persistence needed to complete required tasks. So just like taking a breather after an hour of Zumba or basketball, our brains need a break from work as well.
According to one study by Entrepreneur, the point of mental exhaustion occurs within three hours. But many scientists say our brains need a break after just 90 minutes. And there are large bodies of work showing that people who take regular mental breaks have higher levels of productivity than those who don't.
Here are some tips to maintain your peak mental performance:
- Take short breaks during the day. Every 45-90 minutes pause to take a walk to the restroom, do some stretches at your desk, grab a coffee or simply doodle on some paper. The optimal break schedule for the time-pressed person is one six minute break every 80 minutes, according to Healthdecide.com. These little breaks will help refresh your mind and give you the added energy you need to focus. But make sure you step away from the "screen". Taking breaks to scroll your Facebook site or shop online doesn't reap the same benefits.
- Take more frequent vacations. A 2014 Oxford Economics Assessment of Paid Time Off in the U.S. showed 42% of employees with paid time off finished the year with unused days, leaving an average of 8.1 days unused. But more people might take those unused vacation days if they realized that those who take vacations tend to enjoy both mental and physical benefits: less stress, less risk for heart disease, decreased depression rates, and more motivation to achieve goals. Bottom line, healthier employees are happier and more engaged. And the anticipation of an upcoming vacation can boost positivity for up to eight weeks prior to the trip, according to a 2010 study in the journal Applied Research in Quality of Life.
- Consider taking a mid-afternoon nap. Naps can enhance performance, restore alertness, and reduce mistakes and accidents. A study at NASA on sleepy military pilots and astronauts found that a 40-minute nap improved performance by 34% and alertness 100%. (Many companies have started making "Nap rooms" available to employees for this very reason. To make the most of your nap, experts say, rest in a cool, dark room and limit your nap to 20 or 40 minutes.
The top Partner Plus partners who meet their annual sales goals get a chance to recharge when they attend the Partner Plus Winner's Circle. These exclusive, all-expense paid trips offer partner sales reps the opportunity to travel to exotic locations, relax in the sun and enjoy networking with fellow industry peers and Cisco executives. Click here to see the list of all the FY15 Winner's Circle winners.
So the next time you are tempted to work into the wee hours of the night, eat lunch at your desk, or put off your vacation, remember that you have much more to gain by taking that much needed break. Not only will you feel more refreshed but your productivity will increase as well.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.
2 Comments
Couldn't agree more ... a few times a week I go for a run at lunchtime. I don't think it's a co-incidence these are my most productive and less stressed days.
Karin Surber
Stephen, couldn't agree more with your choice of mental break. Not only do you give your mind a chance to recharge, but you give your body a workout at the same time when you take a jog at lunch. Good selling!


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Hey guys, like the other teams, lets figure out a time to meet (classroom chat or other chat program) on Sunday before the main meeting. This will give us the opportunity to discuss any pending issues and figure out what we're going to pass to the rest of the group.
If you have suggestions for other chat programs, let me know. I'm willing to get any program needed. I currently have MSNM and AIM.
Also, when finishing a post here, please put the name you're using in the classroom. I have a hard time rememebring everyone's usernames here.


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Ad Audiences
Email-based audiences are increasingly important in the world of people-based marketing. For example, Google lets advertisers upload email lists to target customers and similar audiences with ads on search, Gmail and YouTube.
To get the most out of your ad spends, use email-based audiences that are continuously updated in real-time based on website activity, email engagement and other customer insights to target the most receptive consumers. Because it's all done in real time, as consumers interact with your brand, they're moved in or out of your preferred audience based on up-to-the-moment shopping activity.
Did an inactive customer just visit your website? Move that customer to an audience for which you have a higher bid.


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Preparatory Drawing for, It's a Dog (a tall bright sculpture)
|It's a Dog (a tall bright sculpture) (1998) ballpoint pen on paper
This is the preparatory drawing for, It's a Dog (a tall bright sculpture). Conceived of in 1998 the work was intended to be assembled from ladders, extension cords, and common household clip lamps. A version of it was also intended to be cast as an enormous hollow body ceramic or maybe a porcelain work that would function as either lamp or clock depending. I viewed the piece as being a pernicious assembly intended to minimize the efficacy of decorative works wherever they might be. I also kind of felt that it might function as a marvelous night light but sadly never got to write about either.


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The Turquoise Nile Nymph Two Stone Earring is simple yet elegant jewelry. It will pair best with metallic or sequined ensembles. Easy chic just got a whole lot easier!
Handcrafted with green turquoise, yellow glass, and 18k gold-plated brass.
Measures 3.6 cm long, and 1.5 cm across. Each pair weighs 16 g.


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Heavyweight cotton mini backpack in brown, dark blue and off white Pieni Unikko pattern with zipper closure, adjustable shoulder straps and zipper pocket on the front


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would have been a better title for Susan Rebecca White's novel, a soft place to land.
So what's my problem with this tale? First, I cannot tolerate authors who make gratuitous use of events - especially 9/11. Setting can be established without mention of this event. Add to that the use of the US Airways Flight 1549 to bring Ruthie to appreciate/understand/love her sister? Lame.
Second, the over use of research. All authors research for their novels - it is their job. A good researcher has more notes than they will ever use. This read smacked of an overt attempt to use every stinking bit of it. We know the main character loves food. We do not need to know that the wings ordered at the bar are "meaty" when she is in the midst of an argument with her husband over her unwillingness to have a baby. Pointless.
Third, the reader needs a character with whom they can strongly identify or hate. Nope. Ruthie is a sweet child who once she becomes an "adult" is whiny and petulant. Julia, for whom we should have no sympathy, is actually the more balanced of the two.
Fourth, authors should never overtly push their political agendas in a narrative. Julia's "wanna be a Jew", Catholic bashing was just abhorrent. The coffee scene was nice; a young couple meets for hours and has a great time talking. She finds out that he is pro-life and she suddenly leaves and then refuses his phone calls. Only 9/ll and going to church brings them together? Lame.
Finally, an unnecessarily complex plot always muddies the waters. Relationships between sisters is difficult. The custody arrangements made in the will, while plausible, was not necessary. Julia could have experienced the same issues living with her sister after the death of the parents. Knocking on the door of the old homestead, being invited in with the country club drunk and being given the mom's old treasures found in a 'secret' closet? I could go on and on...
I need a really good book to flush this one out of my mind!
Wednesday, August 25, 2010
a ton of bricks
Posted by Common Threads at 25.8.10
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Title: Fred R. Jefferis Oral History Photo Collection
Dates: 1884-1946
Collection Number: 00032-ML-07
Quantity: 44 items
Abstract: Photographs copied from personal collection of Fred R. Jefferis during his Oral History Interview in Washburn (ND), McLean County. The interview can be found on Oral History tape 577A&B.
Provenance: The North Dakota Oral History Project was undertaken by Larry Sprunk, with the cooperation of the North Dakota American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, the North Dakota Farmers Union, and the State Historical Society of North Dakota. The primary objective of the North Dakota Oral History Project was to conduct oral tape recorded interviews with North Dakotans who lived through the state's history and who could speak of this history from a first-hand basis. Interviewees were photographed at the time of their interviews. In addition, the project borrowed over 6,000 historical photographs which were copied and added to the State Historical Society's collection. Many interviewees also donated family histories, documents, letters, ledgers, books, and artifacts.
Property Rights: The State Historical Society of North Dakota owns the property rights to this collection.
Copyrights: Copyrights to this collection remain with the donor, publisher, author, or author's heirs. Researchers should consult the 1976 Copyright Act, Public Law 94-553, Title 17, U.S. Code or an archivist at this repository if clarification of copyright requirements is needed.
Access: This collection is open under the rules and regulations of the State Historical Society of North Dakota.
Citation: Researchers are requested to cite the collection title, collection number, and the State Historical Society of North Dakota in all footnote and bibliographic references.
00032-ML-07-01 – 02 McLean County Courthouse and Jail, Washburn (ND) November 13, 1912
00032-ML-07-03 Birds Eye View, Washburn (ND)
00032-ML-07-04 Nora Erickson, Joseph H. Taylor, and Frances Brannon at Painted Woods Lake 1910
00032-ML-07-05 Turtle Lake (ND)
00032-ML-07-06 Herman Hanson coal mine 5 mi. west of Turtle Lake
00032-ML-07-07 – 12 Washburn Landing
00032-ML-07-13 Fiddler and accordion player in covered wagon at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-14 Men around campfire and covered wagons at Washburn Outdoor Pageant, Washburn (ND) ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-15 Cowboys doffing hats at Washburn Outdoor Pageant, Washburn (ND) ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-16 – 17 Group and covered wagons at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-18 Milking cow with covered wagons at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-19 Governor Fred Aandahl (center) at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-20 Native American drumming group at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-21 Alfred G. Arvold, from N.D.A.C. speaking at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-22 – 23 Large crowd on hillside singing at Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-24 Alfred G. Arvold directing the band at the Washburn Outdoor Pageant ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-25 Group in Colonial dress before Washburn Outdoor Pageant crowd on hillside ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-26 Crawler, age 90 lives near Bull Head (ND)
00032-ML-07-27 Schoolhouse, Washburn (ND) 1884: Ag. Johnson, Ada B. Musson, William Rhode, Belle Rude, Hilda Sallerlund
00032-ML-07-28 Woodman Lodge Members on steps of first McLean County Courthouse 1896: Dr. Charles Forbes, I. J. Haugeberg, Anton Peterson, Tom Peterson, Gust Carlson, Alex Casper, Larry Casselman, L. M. Wallin, Bill Allen, Luke Eskes, August E. Johnson, William Lindell, Bob Mann, Andrew Edlund, Mike Westmiller, Axel Johnson, Joe Brown, Lawrence Smith
00032-ML-07-29 Fort Sheldon crew ice harvest, Washburn (ND) 1905
00032-ML-07-30 T. T. Nerby's Nonpartisan League oil well, Robinson (ND) 1940
00032-ML-07-31 "Its Last Salute" after the explosion, Energy (ND) July 4, 1911
00032-ML-07-32 McLean County Courthouse
00032-ML-07-33 Fair, Underwood (ND) July 4, 1908
00032-ML-07-34 Native American group, Underwood (ND) after the 4th of July parade 1909
00032-ML-07-35 Home of Bob Tower, west of Underwood (ND) Thanksgiving 1906
00032-ML-07-36 Harvesting on the John Fisher farm near Blackwater (ND)
00032-ML-07-37 Jacob Wolf family mass funeral 1920; murdered near Turtle Lake (ND)
00032-ML-07-38 Elevator, Washburn (ND) 1905
00032-ML-07-39 Washburn Outdoor Pageant put on by Alfred G. Arvold from North Dakota Agricultural College ca. 1945-1946
00032-ML-07-40 Captain Grant Marsh, famous Missouri River navigator
00032-ML-07-41 Knights of Pythias Lodge 1899: Nelson, Robert Tower, Trevey, Best, Dahl, Esker, August Wahl, F. Grambs, G. Gussner, Hoskins, H. Hulberg, Oberg, H. Robert, T. Hauhchue, Louie Pfister, A. Johnson, Joe Macy, H. Holtan, O. Wing
00032-ML-07-42 John Satterlund
00032-ML-07-43 Hunters and game
00032-ML-07-44 Ole Everson's breaking outfit early 1900's Washburn (ND)
612 East Boulevard Ave.
Bismarck, North Dakota 58505
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Logistics Emissions Accounting and Reduction Network project - International Workshop
Tuesday 4 April 2017 (12:00-17:00) & Wednesday 5 April 2017 (9:00 – 17:00)
Hosted by the European Commission | Place Madou 1, Brussels
Empowering business to reduce their carbon footprint through emissions accounting
The consortium partners of the European Commission funded LEARN project organized the LEARN International Workshop on 4 and 5 April 2017 in Brussels. The event brought together private sector, government and civil society stakeholders with an interest in reducing the carbon footprint of the global freight and logistics sector.
The workshop introduced the LEARN project, partners and activities, collected feedback from stakeholders, explored how we can work together to maximize business uptake of carbon accounting and reduction and take steps to link through to the policy agenda.
The main message during the event was that businesses want to move on from methodology development to its application in practice. The LEARN project can support businesses as follows:
• Methodologies: get the GLEC Framework applied in practice, taking into account SMEs and developing regions, and use this experience to develop version 2.0.
• Data collection and exchange: do not give preference to one form but make sure that a harmonized emission calculation methods fit with all options. Ensure that CO2 is included as a KPI in broader ICT systems for logistics operations, such as developed under the EC-projects AEOLIX and Selis, and Blockchain.
• Verification: develop verification guidelines that builds on existing assurance standards and adds considerations for verifying logistics emissions. By extension, verifiers can involve experienced assurance providers and people with a more technical background.
• Label: determine the best option to communicate emissions data to users. As the focus of logistics emissions data is business-to-business, a declaration that communicates data may be sufficient. This declaration can then be used by businesses, green freight programs and other initiatives, and product labels such as EnergyStar.
• Stakeholders and networks: Stakeholders should all be involved in emissions accounting and reductions but have different roles to play. LEARN is forming a 'network of networks' around logistics emissions accounting and reduction.
4 April: Introducing the LEARN Project, understanding business needs and stakeholder roles
12:00 - Registration, sandwich lunch and networking
13:00 - Welcome
13:10 - Introducing the LEARN project
• EC policy context and motivation for supporting the LEARN project – Szymon Oscislowski, Programme Manager,
DG Move, European Commission
• Mobilizing business to take action by improving logistics emissions accounting - Sophie Punte, Executive Director,
Smart Freight Centre
• The LEARN project – Nicolette van der Jagt, Director General, CLECAT
13:45 - How to empower businesses to improve logistics emissions measurement, reporting and verification
Moderator: Denis Choumert, European Shippers Council
Panel Discussion:
• USEPA - Karl Simon, Director Transport and Climate Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality
• HP - Blair Chikasuye, Global Logistics Sustainability Manager
• Heineken - Anne Dubost, Global Lead Logistics & Sustainability
• DLR Institute of Transport Research - Verena Ehrler
• Zaragoza Logistics Center - Susana Val, Associate Research Professor and Transport Research Group Manager
• Connekt/Lean and Green - Nico Anten, Managing Director
15:00 - Break
15:30 - Live voting session: how can different stakeholders help maximize business uptake of logistics carbon accounting and reduction?
Stakeholder groups covered:
• Business, associations & business networks
• Programs & initiatives
• Standardization & certification bodies
• Research networks
• International organizations and forums
• Governments
17:00 - Close and drinks reception
5 April: Clarify and align stakeholders around four concepts underpinning the LEARN project
09:00 - Introducing Day 2 agenda
09:05 - What is required for effective emissions accounting and reduction - the government perspective
Karl Simon, Director Transport and Climate Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, USEPA
09:45 - (1) Methodology development for logistics emissions measurement
Align methodologies and interpretative rules, and develop harmonized guidelines – Alan Lewis, Smart Freight Centre
Panelists remarks:
• DB Schenker - Andrea Schön, Senior Manager Carbon Controlling & Consulting
• Fraunhofer Institute for Material Flow and Logistics IML - Kerstin Dobers, Senior Researcher
• Network for Transport Measures (NTM) - Magnus Swahn, Managing Director
• Input from workshop participants
10:30 - Break
11:00 - (2) Data collection and exchange
Possible mechanisms for data collection interfaces and exchange – Sophie Punte, Smart Freight Centre
Panelists remarks:
• Procter & Gamble - Sergio Barbarino, Research Fellow
• DPDHL - Patric Pütz, Senior Exper Shared Value / GoGreen
• AEOLIX & Ertico - Lina Konstantinopoulou, Senior Manager ITS Europe
• TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research - Richard Smokers, Principal Advisor Sustainable Transport & Logistics
• BSR's Clean Cargo Working Group - Nathan Springer, Manager Advisor Services
• Input from workshop participants
12:45 - Lunch
13:45 - (3) Verification and certification
Verification of the methodology application, quality of calculations and/or the reliability of data – Colin Smith,
Energy Saving Trust
Panelists remarks:
• ADEME France - Marc Cottignies, Expert Engineer, Transport and Mobility Services
• ERM Certification and Verification Services (ERM CVS) - Jennifer Iansen-Rogers, CSR Partner
• Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) - Sebastian Backström, Senior Project Manager
• Input from workshop participants
15:00 - Break
15:30 - (4) Ecolabels to reward business
Explore conditions for ecolabels – Stewart Muir, Energy Saving Trust
Panelists remarks:
• Clean Air Asia - Bjarne Pedersen, Executive Director
• International Association for Ports and Harbors (IAPH) - Fer van der Laar, Managing Director
• Michelin Europe, Corporate Public Affairs - Arnaud Chatin, Head of EU Represenation Office
• Airports Council International (ACI) Europe - Marina Bylinsky, Manager Environmental Strategy & Intermodality
• Input from workshop participants
16:45 - Summary and next steps
17:00 - Close
EU LEARN PROJECT AFFIRMS EFFECTIVENESS OF CARBON ACCOUNTING FOR FREIGHT AND LOGISTICS BY COMPANIES The Logistics Emissions Accounting and Reduction Network (LEARN) project has ove... >More news >
Multinationals that lead the way to logistics emissions transparency In April 2017, we released our vision for 'Smart Freight Leadership'. Be a lea... >More blogs >


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Based on the much loved (by me as well) book by Joe Hill of the same name, Horns is the type of film that, if done correctly could be one of the classics of the "fantasy/horror" genre. Unfortunately, while it does flash moments of brilliance, Horns as a film is crushed under the weight of the ambitious source material.
When Ig Parrish awakens after another all night bender - this one topped off by fucking childhood
friend and town slut Glenna, he discovers he has begun to sprout devil horns on his forehead. The horns give Ig the power to force everyone he interacts with to tell him the truth and influence their behavior, no matter how disgusting it may be or difficult it may be to hear. The horns are the least of Igs problems though. Ever since his girlfriend Merrin was found brutally murdered, Ig has been a pariah. Most people are convinced he murdered her in cold blood and are far to eager to tell him what they think. Even his family, despite public support, thinks Ig is guilty. It's not until Ig receives the horns that he is able to learn the much more nefarious truth surrounding Merrins death.
Directed by season horror vet Alexander Aja (High Tension), Horns is by far the most ambitious project he's helmed to date, and it shows. The films frequent tonal shifts between black comedy, horror, and fantasy, are too much for the film to support. That being said, it's actually the horror elements of the film that Aja struggles the most with. When Ig and Merrin are in their Bowie-influenced dreamlike tree house, the film feels like something that Guillermo Del Toro could proudly call his own. Aja handles the early black comedy parts of the the film, specifically when Ig is just beginning to learn the extent of the horns powers, with a deft hand. It's only when the real horror elements are introduced during the end of the second act that the film starts to fall apart.
There is plenty to like about Horns. The performances are wonderful, particularly Daniel Radcliffe. You have to wonder if he will ever shake off Harry Potter, (being taller than 5' 6" would help) but a film like Horns (and last years The Woman in Black) will certainly go a long way to shaking off that iconic role. And while I may have hated every single thing about that piece of shit show 'The River', Joe Anderson as Igs older, drug addled brother, does a lot to aquit himself of that disaster. There are other slid supporting performances from 'Dexters' James Remar and Kathleen Quinlan as Ig and Terrys parents and the all around awesome David Morse as Merrins father.
Horns is a mixed bag of tonality, and ultimately that's what brings the film to its knees. While the novel can take the time to shift back and forth, the film tries to fit all those changes into a 2 hour narrative. It makes me wonder if a movie can be too faithful to its source material? The film certainly feels like it would have benefited from a little streamlining of the narrative to fit a visual medium.
Horns is pretty much available everywhere on DVD/Blu Ray and on all VOD platforms. Read the Joe Hill novel first, then pick up the film to see what could have been.
** and 1/2 stars out of *****
As always, thanks for reading and "enjoy every sandwich."


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Short artilce on breaking into the field of management consulting.
Tips for Breaking Into and Succeeding In Management Consulting
By Jennie S. Bev
Management consulting is one of the professions that endure in a slow economy. Why? Because more than ever, companies need consultants to help them increase revenues and cut costs.
Management consulting is also known as one of the highest paid professions in the United States. A recent survey by the Association of Management Consulting Firms found entry-level consultants earn an average of $58,000 annually while senior partners earn an average of $259,000 (including bonuses and profit sharing). Self-employed consultants may earn $100 to $350 per hour.
Therefore, if you've been contemplating to break into this field, wait no more. The financial reward would be a real incentive. Also, there are other perks that would further motivate. They include: intellectual challenge, opportunity to learn, helping others to learn, self-satisfaction and prestige.
Now let's talk about the two paths of management consulting to consider: working for others and going solo. If you don't have much experience or are a new graduate, working for others is probably the wisest choice. If you have already gained sufficient verifiable professional experience in a specialized field, going solo is a highly feasible option.
Whichever path you'd choose, here are some tips to break into and succeed this field:
- Do your homework, get ready for the job. Equip yourself with the required (and recommended) skills: problem-solving, communication, management, computer and some foreign language.
- Contrary to popular belief, you don't need to have a business degree, an MBA or even ANY degree to break into this field. Thus, if you do have it, you are ahead in the game. However, you definitely need to have specific personal attributes to succeed. Among them are leadership and working well under stress.
- Educate yourself continuously as knowledge evolves consistently and there are new ways of solving the old and new problems.
- Know what to expect from the job. Familiarize yourself with the job titles, what their job descriptions are, the typical consulting job cycle and (even better) how the sample proposals are planned and written for the clients.
- If your career goal is to work for a consulting firm, familiarize yourself with the professional consulting job hunt process and interviews. For instance, the interview stage for a consulting position includes personality and resume questions, communication questions and business case questions.
- For those who are considering to going solo, you'll need to assess your working style and aptitude for entrepreneurship suitability, planning for success, advertising and publicity, pricing your services and writing the consulting agreement.
- While it is not an absolute necessity and not many clients require it, you may want to pursue a professional designation to take the consulting career to the next level!
Last but not least, management consulting is a very lucrative field and recession-proof. In fact, some specialized consulting fields are experiencing a whopping increase of revenue. Now get ready to plunge into this exciting and highly rewarding profession. Just make sure to do your homework properly to ensure success.
Authors' Bio:
Jennie S. Bev is a San Francisco Bay Area cost-reduction consultant, instructional designer and the author of Guide to Become a Management Consultant, published by FabJob.com, Inc (July 2002). She can be contacted via CostReductionConsulting.net. She is also the Managing Editor of BookReviewClub.com.
Author: Jennie S. Bev
Subject: Career / Employment
Industry: Consulting


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ALL OF MY UFOs AND WIPs ARE FINISHED!!
Gotcha! April Fool's!?!?!
Now for the truth of the matter.
Every year I take time to re-assess my WIPs list. It is quite a long list. I simply re-arrange the order of the list and continue to do new projects. Since I will be going away on four retreats this year, I have chosen to focus on some of my specific
WIPs with the idea that they will get finished. I do not know which is the better way to approach this: Do I start with the most current and work my way back to the oldest one? OR Should I go back to the oldest one and work my way forward?
WIPs with the idea that they will get finished. I do not know which is the better way to approach this: Do I start with the most current and work my way back to the oldest one? OR Should I go back to the oldest one and work my way forward?
After looking at the list of the seven projects that I chose to focus on, I have decided to start with the most recent and work in that direction.
In November/December 2012 I started Bonnie Hunter's latest Mystery Quilt called "Easy Street". This year I knew that I would not have much time to devote to it as it was happening so I decided to do some of each step. For me that was not the best idea. It has taken me more time to sort out what number of components are lacking. In the future I will know that is not a good style for me.
Here is a sample of some of the units I have done.
Another Bonnie Hunter project that is still sitting in its little box is "Virginia Bound". This one was started at a Workshop I attended in Pelham, Alabama when Bonnie came 2 years ago. In reading her blog and checking her calendar I discovered that she would be coming to a "town near me" and I contacted the sponsoring guild and was able to get the last slot. That was a really fun day. It was great to meet Bonnie and to see her style of teaching a Workshop.
I have about half of the blocks done for this quilt that uses strings.
My landscape quilt and my kaleidoscope quilt are both small pieces and only need to be quilted and bound. This should not take very much time.
A third Bonnie Hunter pattern that I have going is the Lady of Lake Erie pattern that appeared in Quiltmaker Magazine. A few years ago I made a picture of the produce section at my local grocery store because it inspired me to think of a quilt pattern to use these colors.
I have chosen to use the Lady of Lake Erie pattern and am naming this project "Farmer's Market". I have about a third of the blocks completed and the rest are cut and waiting.
The topic for our projects for this month in my Art Quilt Guild is collage. I have a fish collage that I started over five years ago. It needs to have the thread embellishing done and it will be complete.
The first retreat is early in April and my guild meeting is at the end of the month. This really could get finished. Of course, that means I will be changing the order again of when to do these WIPs. But isn't that what life is about? Being flexible and willing to make changes?
And, of course, I don't want to forget about my Ticker Tape quilt.
Now I am motivated to get started. I wonder how many of these I will get finished at the first retreat in April????