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Buddhism › Bulguksa Temple › Mummification in Ancient Egypt » Origins and History
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- Mummification in Ancient Egypt › Origins
Ancient civilizations › Historical places, and their characters
Buddhism › Origins
Definition and Origins
Buddhism is one of the most important Asian spiritual traditions. During its roughly 2.5 millennia of history, Buddhism has shown a flexible approach, adapting itself to different conditions and local ideas while maintaining its core teachings. As a result of its wide geographical expansion, coupled with its tolerant spirit, Buddhism today encompasses a number of different traditions, beliefs, and practices.
During the last decades, Buddhism has also gained a significant presence outside Asia. With the number of adherents estimated to be almost 400 million people, Buddhism in our day has expanded worldwide, and it is no longer culturally specific.For many centuries, this tradition has been a powerful force in Asia, which has touched nearly every aspect of the eastern world: arts, morals, lore, mythology, social institutions, etc. Today, Buddhism influences these same areas outside of Asia, as well.
The origin of Buddhism points to one man, Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha, who was born in Lumbini (in present-day Nepal) during the 5th century BCE. Rather than the founder of a new religion, Siddhartha Gautama was the founder and leader of a sect of wanderer ascetics ( Sramanas ), one of many sects that existed at that time all over India.This sect came to be known as Sangha to distinguish it from other similar communities.
The Sramanas movement, which originated in the culture of world renunciation that emerged in India from about the 7th century BCE, was the common origin of many religious and philosophical traditions in India, including the Charvaka school, Buddhism, and its sister religion, Jainism. The Sramanas were renunciants who rejected the Vedic teachings, which was the traditional religious order in India, and renounced conventional society.
Siddhartha Gautama lived during a time of profound social changes in India. The authority of the Vedic religion was being challenged by a number of new religious and philosophical views. This religion had been developed by a nomadic society roughly a millennium before Siddhartha's time, and it gradually gained hegemony over most of north India, especially in the Gangetic plain. But things were different in the 5th BCE, as society was no longer nomadic: agrarian settlements had replaced the old nomad caravans and evolved into villages, then into towns and finally into cities. Under the new urban context, a considerable sector of Indian society was no longer satisfied with the old Vedic faith. Siddhartha Gautama was one of the many critics of the religious establishment.
After Siddhartha Gautama passed away, the community he founded slowly evolved into a religion-like movement and the teachings of Siddhartha became the basis of Buddhism. The historical evidence suggests that Buddhism had a humble beginning. Apparently, it was a relatively minor tradition in India, and some scholars have proposed that the impact of the Buddha in his own day was relatively limited due to the scarcity of written documents, inscriptions, and archaeological evidence from that time.
By the 3rd century BCE, the picture we have of Buddhism is very different. The Mauryan Indian emperor Ashoka the Great (304–232 BCE), who ruled from 268 to 232 BCE, turned Buddhism into the state religion of India. He provided a favourable social and political climate for the acceptance of Buddhist ideas, encouraged Buddhist missionary activity, and even generated among Buddhist monks certain expectations of patronage and influence on the machinery of political decision making. Archaeological evidence for Buddhism between the death of the Buddha and the time of Ashoka is scarce; after the time of Ashoka it is abundant.
There are many stories about disagreements among the Buddha's disciples during his lifetime and also accounts about disputes among his followers during the First Buddhist Council held soon after the Buddha's death, suggesting that dissent was present in the Buddhist community from an early stage. After the death of the Buddha, those who followed his teachings had formed settled communities in different locations. Language differences, doctrinal disagreements, the influence of non-Buddhist schools, loyalties to specific teachers, and the absence of a recognized overall authority or unifying organizational structure are just some examples of factors that contributed to sectarian fragmentation.
About a century after the death of Buddha, during the Second Buddhist Council, we find the first major schism ever recorded in Buddhism: The Mahasanghika school. Many different schools of Buddhism had developed at that time. Buddhist tradition speaks about 18 schools of early Buddhism, although we know that there were more than that, probably around 25. A Buddhist school named Sthaviravada (in Sanskrit "school of the elders") was the most powerful of the early schools of Buddhism. Traditionally, it is held that the Mahasanghika school came into existence as a result of a dispute over monastic practice. They also seem to have emphasized the supramundane nature of the Buddha, so they were accused of preaching that the Buddha had the attributes of a god. As a result of the conflict over monastic discipline, coupled with their controversial views on the nature of the Buddha, the Mahasanghikas were expelled, thus forming two separate Buddhist lines: the Sthaviravada and the Mahasanghika.
Siddhartha Gautama, the Historical Buddha
During the course of several centuries, both the Sthaviravada and the Mahasanghika schools underwent many transformations, originating different schools. The Theravada school, which still lives in our day, emerged from the Sthaviravada line, and is the dominant form of Buddhism in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The Mahasanghika school eventually disappeared as an ordination tradition.
During the 1st century CE, while the oldest Buddhist groups were growing in south and south-east Asia, a new Buddhist school named Mahayana ("Great Vehicle") originated in northern India. This school had a more adaptable approach and was open to doctrinal innovations. Mahayama Buddhism is today the dominant form of Buddhism in Nepal, Tibet, China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea, and Vietnam.
During the time of Ashoka's reign, trade routes were opened through southern India. Some of the merchants using these roads were Buddhists who took their religion with them. Buddhist monks also used these roads for missionary activity. Buddhism entered Sri Lanka during this time. A Buddhist chronicle known as the Mahavamsa claims that the ruler of Sri Lanka, Devanampiya Tissa, was converted to Buddhism by Mahinda, Ashoka's son, who was a Buddhist missionary, and Buddhism became associated with Sri Lanka's kingship: The tight relationship between the Buddhist community and Lankan's rulers was sustained for more than two millennia until the dethroning of the last Lankan king by the British in 1815 CE.
After reaching Sri Lanka, Buddhism crossed the sea into Myanmar (Burma): Despite the fact that some Burmese accounts say that the Buddha himself converted the inhabitants of Lower and Upper Myanmar, historical evidence suggests otherwise.Buddhism co-existed in Myanmar with other traditions such as Brahmanism and various locals animists cults. The records of a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim named Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang, 602-664 CE) state that in the ancient city of Pyu (the capital of the Kingdom of Sri Ksetra, present day Myanmar), a number of early Buddhist schools were active. After Myanmar, Buddhism travelled into Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos, around 200 CE. The presence of Buddhism in Indonesia and the Malay peninsula is supported by archaeological records from about the 5th century CE.
The Spread of Buddhism
While Buddhism was flourishing all over the rest of Asia, its importance in India gradually diminished. Two important factors contributed to this process: a number of Muslim invasions, and the advancement of Hinduism, which incorporated the Buddha as part of the pantheon of endless gods; he came to be regarded as one of the many manifestations of the god Vishnu. In the end, the Buddha was swallowed up by the realm of Hindu gods, his importance diminished, and in the very land where it was born, Buddhism dwindled to be practiced by very few.
Buddhism entered China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE): The first Buddhist missionaries accompanied merchant caravans that travelled using the Silk Road, probably during the 1st century BCE. The majority of these missionaries belonged to the Mahayana school.
The initial stage of Buddhism is China was not very promising. Chinese culture had a long-established intellectual and religious tradition and a strong sense of cultural superiority that did not help the reception of Buddhist ideas. Many of the Buddhist ways were considered alien by the Chinese and even contrary to the Confucian ideals that dominated the ruling aristocracy. The monastic order received a serious set of critiques: It was considered unproductive and therefore was seen as placing an unnecessary economic burden on the population, and the independence from secular authority emphasized by the monks was seen as an attempt to undermine the traditional authority of the emperor.
Despite its difficult beginning, Buddhism managed to build a solid presence in China towards the fall of the Han dynasty on 220 CE, and its growth accelerated during the time of disunion and political chaos that dominated China during the Six Dynasties period (220-589 CE). The collapse of the imperial order made many Chinese skeptical about the Confucian ideologies and more open to foreign ideas. Also, the universal spirit of Buddhist teachings made it attractive to many non-Chinese ruler in the north who were looking to legitimate political power. Eventually, Buddhism in China grew strong, deeply influencing virtually every aspect of its culture.
From China, Buddhism entered Korea in 372 CE, during the reign of King Sosurim, the ruler of the Kingdom of Koguryo, or so it is stated in official records. There is archaeological evidence that suggests that Buddhism was known in Korea from an earlier time.
The official introduction of Buddhism in Tibet (according to Tibetan records) took place during the reign of the first Tibetan emperor Srong btsan sgam po (Songtsen gampo, 617-649/650 CE), although we know that the proto-Tibetan people had been in touch with Buddhism from an earlier time, through Buddhist merchants and missionaries. Buddhism grew powerful in Tibet, absorbing the local pre-Buddhist Tibetan religions. Caught between China and India, Tibet received monks from both sides and tension between Chinese and Indian Buddhist practice and ideology turned out to be inevitable. From 792 to 794 CE a number of debates were held in the Bsam yas monastery between Chinese and Indian Buddhists. The debate was decided in favour of the Indians: Buddhists translations from Chinese sources were abandoned and the Indian Buddhist influence became predominant.
A rock cut image of the Buddha
The Buddha was not concerned with satisfying human curiosity related to metaphysical speculations. Topics like the existence of god, the afterlife, or creation stories were ignored by him. During the centuries, Buddhism has evolved into different branches, and many of them have incorporated a number of diverse metaphysical systems, deities, astrology and other elements that the Buddha did not consider. In spite of this diversity, Buddhism has a relative unity and stability in its moral code.
The most important teaching of the Buddha is known as "The Four Noble Truths ", which is shared with varying adjustments by all Buddhist schools. In general, the Four Noble Truths are explained as follows:
- The First Noble Truth is generally translated as "all life is suffering", which can be easily understood when it comes to painful situations like death, illness, abuse, poverty, and so forth. But suffering also may arise from good things because nothing is permanent, everything is changing, and whatever gives us happiness will sooner or later come to an end. It seems that all pleasures are temporary and the more we enjoy them, the more we will miss them when they end."Nothing lasts forever", is one of the insights of the Buddha.
- The cause of suffering is desire. Suffering comes from desire, also referred as "thirst" or greed. Our desires will always exceed our resources and leave us unhappy and unsatisfied. All suffering originates in desire, but not all desire generates suffering. Only selfish desire generates suffering: desire directed to the advantage of the part rather than to the good of the whole.
- By stopping desire, suffering also stops. The idea is not to get too attached to material goods, places, ideas, or even people. Non-attachment to anything is the main idea behind the third noble truth. It means that since all changes if our attachment is too strong, we will inevitably suffer at some point. After all, we will all get old, decay, and die; this is a natural cycle, and there is nothing wrong with it. The problem comes when, by attaching too much, we do not accept the changes.
- By following "The Eightfold Path", desire stops. The Eightfold Path is composed of: right views, right intentions, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.
In some religions, sin is the origin of human suffering. In Buddhism there is no sin; the root cause of human suffering is avidyā"ignorance". In the entrance area of some Buddhist monasteries, sometimes the images of four scary-looking deities are displayed, the four protectors whose purpose is to scare away the ignorance of those who enter.
Gandhara Relief of Buddha Eating with Monks
Buddhism does not require faith or belief. If faith can be understood as believing something which is unsupported by evidence, and ignorance is overcome by understanding, then faith is not enough to overcome ignorance and therefore suffering. And belief, as understood by other religions, is not necessary in Buddhism:
"The question of belief arises when there is no seeing - seeing in every sense of the word. The moment you see, the question of belief disappears. If I tell you that I have a gem hidden in the folded palm of my hand, the question of belief arises because you do not see it yourself. But if I unclench my fist and show you the gem, then you see it for yourself, and the question of belief does not arise. So the phrase in ancient Buddhist texts reads 'Realizing, as one sees a gem in the palm'"(Rahula W., p.9)
In its most basic form, Buddhism does not include the concept of a god. The existence of god is neither confirmed, nor denied;it is a non-theistic system. The Buddha is seen as an extraordinary man, not a deity. Some Buddhist schools have incorporated supernatural entities into their traditions, but even in these cases, the role of human choice and responsibility remains supreme, far above the deeds of the supernatural.
In some Chinese and Japanese Buddhist monasteries, they go even further by performing a curious exercise: The monks are requested to think that the Buddha did not even existed. There is a good reason for this: the core of Buddhism is not the Buddha, but his teachings or dharma. It is said that those who wish to understand Buddhism and are interested in the Buddha are as mistaken as a person who wishes to study mathematics by studying the life of Pythagoras or Newton. By imagining the Buddha never existed, they avoid focusing on the idol so that they can embrace the ideal.
Bulguksa Temple › Origins
Definition and Origins
The Bulguksa Temple (aka Pulguk-sa Temple or 'Temple of the Buddha Land') was built in the 8th century CE on the wooded slopes of Mt. Tohamsan at the ancient Silla capital of Kumsong (modern Gyeongju, South Korea ). The Buddhisttemple, after suffering a destructive fire, now stands restored but is only a fraction of its original size. The temple and nearby Seokguram Grotto with its huge seated Buddha statue is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The temple was built on an earlier foundation set when the territory was controlled by the Baekje (Paekje) kingdom (18 BCE - 660 CE). The chief architect of Bulguksa is traditionally credited as Kim Dae-seong (700-774 CE), the Chief Minister or chungsi of the Unified Silla kingdom which ruled Korea from 668 to 935 CE. The period saw a great deal of Buddhist architecture spring up across Korea, but Bulguksa is widely regarded as one of the finest complexes dedicated to the official state religion of Korea.
The complex, as its name suggests, was designed to represent the land of Buddha, that is paradise. For this reason, there are three principal zones: Birojeon (Vairocana Buddha Hall), Daeungjeon (Hall of Great Enlightenment and main temple), and Geungnakjeon (Hall of Supreme Bliss). The halls, constructed in wood and stone with tiled roofs, are each built on a raised stone terrace.
Daeungjeon Hall, Bulguksa
This architectural representation of paradise, which rises symmetrically from a lotus lake, is symbolically entered via two stone bridges and a large staircase, reminding the visitor that they are leaving the earthly realm behind them and stepping into the sacred realm of Buddha. The entrance gate, known as the Mauve Mist Gate ( Chaha- mun ) is approached by the 'cloud bridge' staircase. The visitor must climb a lower flight of steps known as the Bridge of White Clouds ( Paekun - gyo ) and then an upper flight with the name Bridge of Azure Clouds ( Chongun - gyo ). Besides the three large halls, the complex included floating pavilions and living quarters for monks as it also functioned as a monastery. The combined floor space of all of these structures was said to cover 2,000 kan (one kan being the space within four columns).The temple complex was so large and built with such precise mathematical and geometrical considerations that it took almost 40 years to complete, beginning with the traditional start date of 751 CE and finishing in 790 CE.
Although the original wooden buildings of Bulguksa have long since disappeared the temple does have two surviving stone pagodas – the Dabotap (Tabo-tap or 'Pagoda of Many Treasures') and Seokgatap (Sokka-tao or 'Pagoda that Casts No Shadow') – which both traditionally date 751 CE. Stone pagodas are Korea's unique contribution to Buddhist architecture, and they usually stood as a pair in a courtyard in front of the main temple hall, as was the case with these two at Bulguksa which stand before the Daeungjeon Hall.
Dabotap Pagoda, Gyeongju
The Dabotap pagoda, which represents the Dabo Buddha, is the more complex of the two and stands at the east side. It has a square base with a columned pavilion accessed by a short flight of stairs on each of the four sides. The pavilion may once have housed an image of Buddha and at the top of the western stairs is a stone lion, a design which may originally have been repeated on the other three staircases. Above are multiple octagonal levels with columns in the form of bamboo stalks and then circular, flower-shaped layers at the top. The Seokgatap, on the west side and representing Sakyamuni Buddha, is a simpler affair and has a large square base and then three prominent square levels topped by a thin spire. Excavation around the Seokgatap pagoda in 1966 CE brought to light a sarira (reliquary casket) containing the world's oldest woodblock-printed document, a copy of the Dharani sutra.
Many of the temple complex's wooden buildings were, unfortunately, destroyed during the Japanese invasions known as the Imjin Wars (1592-8 CE). Restorations were made over the centuries, often based on ancient descriptions, but the complex is much smaller than the original. The two pagodas and two of the bridges all feature on the official list of National Treasures of Korea.
Seokgatap Pagoda, Gyeongju
Nearby Bulguksa, set into the upper south-eastern slopes of the Tohamsan mountain, is the Seokguram Grotto (Sokkuram).This Buddhist cave temple was constructed as an artificial grotto between 751 and 774 CE, again by Kim Dae-seong. The circular inner chamber has a domed roof and a white granite statue of the Sakyamuni Buddha which is 3.45 metres high. The walls of the grotto are decorated with 41 figure sculptures set in niches. Seokguram features at position no. 24 on the official state list of National Treasures of Korea.
This article was made possible with generous support from the British Korean Society.
Mummification in Ancient Egypt › Origins
Ancient Civilizations
The practice of mummifying the dead began in ancient Egypt c. 3500 BCE. The English word mummy comes from the Latin mumia which is derived from the Persian mum meaning 'wax' and refers to an embalmed corpse which was wax-like. The idea of mummifying the dead may have been suggested by how well corpses were preserved in the arid sands of the country.
Early graves of the Badarian Period (c. 5000 BCE) contained food offerings and some grave goods, suggesting a belief in an afterlife, but the corpses were not mummified. These graves were shallow rectangles or ovals into which a corpse was placed on its left side, often in a fetal position. They were considered the final resting place for the deceased and were often, as in Mesopotamia, located in or close by a family's home.
Male Egyptian Mummy with Amulets
Graves evolved throughout the following eras until, by the time of the Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE), the mastaba tomb had replaced the simple grave, and cemeteries became common. Mastabas were seen not as a final resting place but as an eternal home for the body. The tomb was now considered a place of transformation in which the soul would leave the body to go on to the afterlife. It was thought, however, that the body had to remain intact in order for the soul to continue its journey.
Once freed from the body, the soul would need to orient itself by what was familiar. For this reason, tombs were painted with stories and spells from The Book of the Dead, to remind the soul of what was happening and what to expect, as well as with inscriptions known as The Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts which would recount events from the dead person's life. Death was not the end of life to the Egyptians but simply a transition from one state to another. To this end, the body had to be carefully prepared in order to be recognizable to the soul upon its awakening in the tomb and also later.
By the time of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2613-2181 BCE), mummification had become standard practice in handling the deceased and mortuary rituals grew up around death, dying, and mummification. These rituals and their symbols were largely derived from the cult of Osiris who had already become a popular god. Osiris and his sister-wife Isis were the mythical first rulers of Egypt, given the land shortly after the creation of the world. They ruled over a kingdom of peace and tranquility, teaching the people the arts of agriculture, civilization, and granting men and women equal rights to live together in balance and harmony.
Stela of Neskhons Queen of Pinezem II
Osiris' brother, Set, grew jealous of his brother's power and success, however, and so murdered him; first by sealing him in a coffin and sending him down the Nile River and then by hacking his body into pieces and scattering them across Egypt. Isis retrieved Osiris' parts, reassembled him, and then with the help of her sister Nephthys, brought him back to life. Osiris was incomplete, however - he was missing his penis which had been eaten by a fish - and so could no longer rule on earth. He descended to the underworld where he became Lord of the Dead. Prior to his departure, though, Isis had mated with him in the form of a kite and bore him a son, Horus, who would grow up to avenge his father, reclaim the kingdom, and again establish order and balance in the land.
This myth became so incredibly popular that it infused the culture and assimilated earlier gods and myths to create a central belief in a life after death and the possibility of resurrection of the dead. Osiris was often depicted as a mummified ruler and regularly represented with green or black skin symbolizing both death and resurrection. Egyptologist Margaret Bunson writes:
The cult of Osiris began to exert influence on the mortuary rituals and the ideals of contemplating death as a "gateway into eternity". This deity, having assumed the cultic powers and rituals of other gods of the necropolis, or cemetery sites, offered human beings salvation, resurrection, and eternal bliss. (172)
Eternal life was only possible, though, if one's body remained intact. A person's name, their identity, represented their immortal soul, and this identity was linked to one's physical form.
The soul was thought to consist of nine separate parts:
- The Khat was the physical body.
- The Ka one's double-form (astral self).
- The Ba was a human-headed bird aspect which could speed between earth and the heavens (specifically between the afterlife and one's body)
- The Shuyet was the shadow self.
- The Akh was the immortal, transformed self after death.
- The Sahu was an aspect of the Akh.
- The Sechem was another aspect of the Akh.
- The Ab was the heart, the source of good and evil, holder of one's character.
- The Ren was one's secret name.
The Khat needed to exist in order for the Ka and Ba to recognize itself and be able to function properly. Once released from the body, these different aspects would be confused and would at first need to center themselves by some familiar form.
When a person died, they were brought to the embalmers who offered three types of service. According to Herodotus : "The best and most expensive kind is said to represent [Osiris], the next best is somewhat inferior and cheaper, while the third is cheapest of all" (Nardo, 110). The grieving family was asked to choose which service they preferred, and their answer was extremely important not only for the deceased but for themselves.
Obviously, the best service was going to be the most expensive, but if the family could afford it and yet chose not to purchase it, they ran the risk of a haunting. The dead person would know they had been given a cheaper service than they deserved and would not be able to peacefully go on into the afterlife; instead, they would return to make their relatives' lives miserable until the wrong was righted. Burial practice and mortuary rituals in ancient Egypt were taken so seriously because of the belief that death was not the end of life. The individual who had died could still see and hear, and if wronged, would be given leave by the gods for revenge.
It would seem, however, that people still chose the level of service they could most easily afford. Once chosen, that level determined the kind of coffin one would be buried in, the funerary rites available, and the treatment of the body. Egyptologist Salima Ikram, professor of Egyptology at the American University at Cairo, has studied mummification in depth and provides the following:
The key ingredient in the mummification was natron, or netjry, divine salt. It is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and sodium chloride that occurs naturally in Egypt, most commonly in the Wadi Natrun some sixty four kilometres northwest of Cairo. It has desiccating and defatting properties and was the preferred desiccant, although common salt was also used in more economical burials. (55)
In the most expensive type of burial service, the body was laid out on a table and washed. The embalmers would then begin their work at the head:
The brain was removed via the nostrils with an iron hook, and what cannot be reached with the hook is washed out with drugs; next the flank is opened with a flint knife and the whole contents of the abdomen removed; the cavity is then thoroughly cleaned and washed out, firstly with palm wine and again with an infusion of ground spices. After that it is filled with pure myrrh, cassia, and every other aromatic substance, excepting frankincense, and sewn up again, after which the body is placed in natron, covered entirely over for seventy days – never longer. When this period is over, the body is washed and then wrapped from head to foot in linen cut into strips and smeared on the underside with gum, which is commonly used by the Egyptians instead of glue. In this condition the body is given back to the family who have a wooden case made, shaped like a human figure, into which it is put. (Ikram, 54, citing Herodotus)
In the second-most expensive burial, less care was given to the body:
No incision is made and the intestines are not removed, but oil of cedar is injected with a syringe into the body through the anus which is afterwards stopped up to prevent the liquid from escaping. The body is then cured in natron for the prescribed number of days, on the last of which the oil is drained off. The effect is so powerful that as it leaves the body it brings with it the viscera in a liquid state and, as the flesh has been dissolved by the natron, nothing of the body is left but the skin and bones. After this treatment, it is returned to the family without further attention. (Ikram, 54, citing Herodotus)
The third and cheapest method of embalming was "simply to wash out the intestines and keep the body for seventy days in natron" (Ikram, 54, citing Herodotus). The internal organs were removed in order to help preserve the corpse, but because it was believed the deceased would still need them, the viscera were placed in canopic jars to be sealed in the tomb. Only the heart was left inside the body as it was thought to contain the Ab aspect of the soul.
Cat Mummy
The removal of the organs and brain was all about drying out the body. The only organ they left in place, in most eras, was the heart because that was thought to be the seat of the person's identity and character. Blood was drained and organs removed to prevent decay, the body was again washed, and the dressing (linen wrapping) applied.
Although the above processes are the standard observed throughout most of Egypt's history, there were deviations in some eras. Bunson notes:
Each period of ancient Egypt witnessed an alteration in the various organs preserved. The heart, for example, was preserved in some eras, and during the Ramessid dynasties the genitals were surgically removed and placed in a special casket in the shape of the god Osiris. This was performed, perhaps, in commemoration of the god's loss of his own genitals or as a mystical ceremony. Throughout the nation's history, however, the canopic jars were under the protection of the Mesu Heru, the four sons of Horus. These jars and their contents, the organs soaked in resin, were stored near the sarcophagus in special containers. (175)
Once the organs had been removed and the body washed, the corpse was wrapped in linen - either by the embalmers, if one had chosen the most expensive service (who would also include magical amulets and charms for protection in the wrapping), or by the family - and placed in a sarcophagus or simple coffin. The wrapping was known as the 'linen of yesterday' because, initially, poor people would give their old clothing to the embalmers to wrap the corpse in. This practice eventually led to any linen cloth used in embalming known by the same name.
Painted & Gilded Mummy Case of an Unamed Woman
The funeral was a public affair at which, if one could afford them, women were hired as professional mourners. These women were known as the 'Kites of Nephthys' and would encourage people to express their grief through their own cries and lamentation. They would reference the brevity of life and how suddenly death came but also gave assurance of the eternal aspect of the soul and the confidence that the deceased would pass through the trial of the weighing of the heart in the afterlife by Osiris to pass on to paradise in the Field of Reeds.
Grave goods, however rich or modest, would be placed in the tomb or grave. These would include shabti dolls who, in the afterlife, could be woken to life through a spell and assume the dead person's tasks. Since the afterlife was considered an eternal and perfect version of life on earth, it was thought there was work there just as in one's mortal life. The shabti would perform these tasks so the soul could relax and enjoy itself. Shabti dolls are important indicators to modern archaeologists on the wealth and status of the individual buried in a certain tomb; the more shabti dolls, the greater the wealth.
Shabti Box
Besides the shabti, the person would be buried with items thought necessary in the afterlife: combs, jewelry, beer, bread, clothing, one's weapons, a favorite object, even one's pets. All of these would appear to the soul in the afterlife and they would be able to make use of them. Before the tomb was sealed, a ritual was enacted which was considered vital to the continuation of the soul's journey: the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony. In this rite, a priest would invoke Isis and Nephthys (who had brought Osiris back to life) as he touched the mummy with different objects (adzes, chisels, knives) at various spots while anointing the body. In doing so, he restored the use of ears, eyes, mouth, and nose to the deceased.
The son and heir of the departed would often take the priest's role, thus further linking the rite with the story of Horus and his father Osiris. The deceased would now be able to hear, see, and speak and was ready to continue the journey. The mummy would be enclosed in the sarcophagus or coffin, which would be buried in a grave or laid to rest in a tomb along with the grave goods, and the funeral would conclude. The living would then go back to their business, and the dead were then believed to go on to eternal life.
LICENSEArticle based on information obtained from these sources:
Ancient History Encyclopedia
Content is available under License Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. CC-BY-NC-SA License


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Brace yourselves! Nevada's busiest freeway ramp will be closed this weekend
LAS VEGAS (KSNV News3LV) —
The state's busiest freeway ramp will be closed for 36 hours this weekend.
Drivers will see plenty of detour signs as the most expensive highway project in Nevada history creates a traffic tie up.
If you think traffic is bad now in Las Vegas, just wait until this weekend when the ramp that leads from U.S. Highway 95 South to Interstate 15 South is shut down.
It's one of many detours you can expect to see with Project Neon.
RELATED | Project NEON latest: Weekend closure of Spaghetti Bowl Ramp, September 16-18
The closure will impact businesses south of the 95, as drivers try to find new routes to get where they're going.
In a city that worships newness, Michael McGowan serves up nostalgia in the ever-changing landscape of Las Vegas.
Michael McGowan is the owner of the Omelet House on Charleston near University Medical Center.
"It was kind of designed to be somewhere you could come and have a breakfast and feel like you're going to Grandma's house," explained Michael McGowan. "We remember going to grandma's house and getting pancakes or that piece of pie or special cake that grandma would make for us."
You can almost always find a line at the front door. It's especially busy on the weekend.
On Friday night, the establishment will embrace another change.
It's a major change that will bring a traffic tie up, outside the restaurant in the heart of Las Vegas.
The ramp from 95 South onto I-15 South is being shut down from 10:00 PM Friday night until 10:00 AM Sunday morning.
"I think it's going to be huge because the Department of Transportation says there are more cars that use this ramp than any other ramp," said Tom Hawley, News 3's Traffic Authority.
Tom Hawley said a backup is inevitable as drivers who rely on the freeway, find other ways to get around.
"On the weekends, the heaviest traffic is mid-day, so I think mid-day Saturday you're going to have a huge mess," explained Hawley. "A lot of people will get the message, but a lot of people won't even know about it. They'll get stuck in a long line, at least a couple of miles, approaching the side exits."
Side streets are expected to be a mess.
"The traffic in the neighborhood just to the south of the 95, from Decatur all the way down to I-15 will have much busier traffic in Southbound lanes," said Hawley. "When you're stuck in traffic, you can beat on the windshield, you can honk the horn, or you can get an audio book or station that you like and just try and keep cool."
The closure is necessary to make room for a carpool, flyover bridge that will connect U.S. 95 to I-15.
The bridge is the centerpiece of Project Neon, a billion-dollar widening project to ease traffic on the Valley's most traffic-choked freeways.
"I think they'll have a harder time to get here but they're going to get here one way or another.
Now, the old-timey dining spot that shies away from change hopes to cash in on the congestion.
McGowan said people won't skip a meal just because of heavy traffic.
"They have to have their fix," explained McGowan.


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Romania will host a professional snooker tournament for the first time this year, but the event will take place in Cluj-Napoca and not Bucharest, as it was initially announced, according to Romanian promoter Adrian Thiess, who has managed to bring the event to Romania.
"We have already put things on paper. We have booked the hall and talked to mayor Emil Boc. It's all settled. We don't have an appropriate location in Bucharest. The Polyvalent Hall in Cluj-Napoca is perfect," said Adrian Thiess, according to local Mediafax.
Last year's exhibition snooker match between Ronnie O'Sullivan and Stuart Bingham, also organised by Adrian Thiess, took place at the Bucharest Globus Circus, but the location is not appropriate for a big competition, according to Romania-Insider.com.
The European Championship is scheduled to take place on October 3-9. It is an international snooker competition that will draw 128 of the world's best snooker players. Snooker legend Ronnie O'Sullivan, who has just won the Welsh Open, has already confirmed he would play in this competition.
Some 18 TV channels will broadcast the competition, which will be viewed by 100 million people around the world.
Read more HERE


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Melbourne Feb 8th
Melbourne is a beautiful cosmopolitan city in the south east of Australia, in the State of Victoria.
The days before I was due to travel there, an unusual heat-wave of temperatures of +42° C were recorded. This, coupled with extremely dry conditions, (parts of Victoria has been in a drought for 10 years), triggered some massive, hot and fast moving fires which destroyed many homes and resulted in hundreds of tragic deaths, both human and animal. Whole towns were destroyed. Thousands are homeless.
I arrived in the state the day after. The temperatures had subsided but there was smoke in the air. The mood not only statewide but nationwide was somber and emotional. Typical of the generous spirit of Australians, everyone was involved in helping the victims in whatever way they could. To gauge the emotional connectedness of the people, you only have to watch the Prime Minister break down in tears, overcome with emotion during his address to the nation.
I was due to travel to Shepparton, north of Melbourne by train later in the week. All trains were cancelled due to damage of the rail ties and bridges. We were bussed up there through some of the worst hit areas.
Quite sobering. Its February 24th and still the fires burn
Below are some pictures.
Reports of travels around the world searching out great bread experiences. Australia, Canada, UK...oh and a few pics of Italy, Scotland and France!
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Melbourne/VIctoria Fires
Posted by Martin Barnett at 12:05 AM
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Why this blog.....
- Martin Barnett
- January to March 2009. I was on Professional Development leave from my teaching Job at the Culinary Institute of Vancouver Island Universtity. I chose to take a 3 month leave to visit bakeries and teachng institutions in Australia. Thank you to VIU and my union (BCGEU) for supporting this venture. The aim of this blog was to keep an ongoing diary of my experiences and share them with my students and colleagues. This sure beats coming up with a report and slide show months later. I mean "FRESH" is what baking is all about! Learned to bake back in 1978....making granola...but that is another story. .


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Reports of American and British combat casualties in ambushes and skirmishes, of captured allied soldiers, of "friendly fire" hits, of the grenade attack that a soldier of the 101st Airborne allegedly carried out against his own commanders and other such incidents are just that -- incidental events on the margins of the main event: the almost unopposed advance of U.S. forces toward Baghdad and combined U.S.-British forces on Basra.
Each combat death is an infinite tragedy for the individual himself, his family and friends, but, given the scale of this war, the total number of casualties so far can only be described as insignificant.
The reason is obvious: Ignoring war plans, orders and Saddam Hussein's exhortations, Iraqi divisions with their hundreds of tanks and thousands of soldiers are not fighting divisional battles to confront the entire offensive toward Baghdad. American and British air supremacy does not explain this lack of organized resistance. Even with perfect precision, it would have taken weeks of airstrikes, not mere days, to incapacitate the large Iraqi formations that have been overrun so far.
Up to now, these Iraqi formations -- roughly a third of the army -- have simply refused to fight.
The media have reported isolated episodes of Iraqis fighting back. But major offensives cannot be stopped by skirmishing on the edges, and, indeed, American forces keep advancing deep into Iraq.


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Win free movie ticketsMay 6, 2006
Get involved at CinemaClock.com and you may win FREE Movie Passes !!!
Just write a comment about any movie featured on our site and give it a value between 1 and 10. The special form is located at the bottom of each page with the movie description. The promotion is valid for Canadian residents only.
The prize: Every Friday CinemaClock.com will give away one pair of free Movie Tickets to see any movie of your choice at any Landmark Cinemas movie theatre!


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Lesley Ross is a pianist, teacher and composer based in the west of Scotland.
Lesley has been teaching Piano for over 16 years, working in association with Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) and Trinity College London Examination boards.
Lesley started piano lessons aged 7 with a private tutor, and went on to complete her grade 8 with her second tutor when she was a senior in Secondary School.
Lesley attended the ABRSM Certificate of Teaching course in Edinburgh, completing it and gaining her award in the summer of 2009.
Lesley began composing at an early age and has been writing music ever since. She supplies music to a London based company, owned by Universal and also to a separate company in Hollywood CA.
Lesley has recently released her first Piano Solo book "With Love" Volume one and looks forward to releasing her second volume before the summer.


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text: I wanted to a CAS challenge since they are quite popular right now so why not try and do another one; the main goal of this challenge is to have at least one major unsymetrical feature or many small ones (this could also be something that is not quite matching to the rest of her/his features). I just want to have another challenge of diversity from perfect doll sims. If someone has done this before I'm totally sorry I'm not trying to steal their idea; I did multiple searches to make sure though so if there's one I'm sorry must have slipped through. If there is constructive criticism please share I don't mind at all so here are the rules: -Can be any stage of life but it'd be best to choose teen - elder since it shows more detail. -Can be any gender -There's no time limit but if you want to make it more of a challenge go ahead -The imperfection/s have to be on the body or in face details -The imperfection/s has to be noticeable so no small one if you are doing one major imperfection then it has to be really noticeable Other than that is it if you want to add to it to make it more challenging go on ahead as long as you don't claim as your own I'm fine. Btw this is not saying these imperfection/s are ugly I just wanted to promote a more realistic type of sim so if I offended you I'm truly sorry.


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Wedding reception room with unique décor in a stunning location
Bring your vision to life! Whether you've dreamed of a wedding with traditional Irish flair or one that's stylish, contemporary, romantic, rustic or vintage, at Avon Rí, you can customize the setting to reflect your own personal style.
The Avon Rí wedding team will think of everything. From decorating the room with flowers and other personal touches through to the seating plan, linens and menu for your reception, we'll make sure that every little detail of your wedding reception is just how you want it to be. We work with a number of theming and styling companies to ensure you have a celebration that truly reflects your unique personality and style.
No matter whether you're arranging a more intimate celebration and want a smaller wedding reception room or you're entertaining a large number of wedding guests and need an extensive banqueting hall, we have the perfect room for you.
We understand that you only get one chance to have a perfect wedding. That's why, when you come to Avon Rí, our only priority is to make sure that everything runs smoothly so that you and your guests have an unforgettable time.
Our experienced wedding team is on hand to take care of your every need, so you can relax and focus on your big day, knowing that we've dealt with everything. Our chefs will create a mouth-watering wedding meal and with our varied menu packages, we've got something to suit every taste and budget.
The Russborough Suite
A modern but charming well designed room with an idyllic backdrop for your very special day. The Russborough Suite is the ideal setting for a larger weeding reception. Located on the first floor, it boasts an impressive bay window that overlooks the tranquil Blessington Lakes. It has a large stage area that can accommodate your choice of wedding band, along with a spacious dance floor and private bar area.
The Library Bar
Our Library bar with elevated outdoor deck has breathtaking views of the lakes and mountains no matter what the season. Filled with natural light, creating a subtle backdrop for your chosen theme. We have a comprehensive range of beautiful marquees and tents for hire and provide every aspect of your wedding design from lighting, flooring, theming and decor.


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Use northward in a sentence
- Presently land appeared, which they took to be the continent, and coasted along to the northward a hundred and thirty miles before finding a harbor. [4]
- We were standing to the northward before it. [9]
- Hidden somewhere amidst those bristling miles of masonry to the northward of the towers was her future home. [9]
- It is driving the sea northward. [10]
- Beyond them, to the northward, Stafford Park was still a wilderness of second-growth hardwood, interspersed with a few cedars. [9]
- Look northward across the lake. [10]
- The river-hen still swims northward. [11]
- A solemn long swell rolling up northward. [5]
- Was there ever such a march of triumph as that of the Citizen Ambassador northward to the capital? [9]
- So they wisely started northward, with a slight slant to the west. [5]
- The clouds were rolling northward, and the thunder followed the flashes of lightning at longer and longer intervals. [10]
- And then, forming once more, we filed away on the road leading northward to the ferry, our colors flying, leaving the weeping, cheering crowd behind. [9]
- It gradually turns northward, and, joining the Nollechucky, becomes part of the Tennessee system. [4]
- If he should move northward, I would follow him closely, holding his communications. [7]
- And so his mind was carried far to the northward to the memory of that day in the summer-house on the Meramee heights. [9]
- Now suddenly she left the trail and bore away northward. [11]
- The time for its effect southward has not come; but northward the effect should be instantaneous. [7]
- I had now given up all expectation of finding the road, and was steering my way as well as I could northward towards the valley. [4]
- Not a sound disturbed the quiet of the city receding to the northward, and the rain had washed the pall of smoke from over it. [9]
- At last they came to a lake, which they crossed in their canoes; then they entered the mouth of a small river, travelling northward. [11]
- We reached the bottom, and the long file turned and hurried silently northward, searching for a crossing. [9]
- Louis northward there are all the enlivening signs of the presence of active, energetic, intelligent, prosperous, practical nineteenth-century populations. [5]
- Then another, and another, on the circle of the fan, until the river was reached to the northward, far above the bend. [9]
This page helps answer: how do I use the word northward in a sentence? How do you use northward in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word northward? It may also be related to school district education online, class, online course students, learn learn, and high school education.
Example sentences with the word northward, a sentence example for northward, and northward in sample sentence.


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The challenge: The Ironman 70.3 Taupo. A 1.9 km fresh water swim, 90 km cycle and 21.1 km run will push you to the absolute limit, competing against athletes from around the world.
The relaxation: Taupo DeBretts Hot Springs. Whether you're traveling from overseas or from within New Zealand, you will need a place to stay and prepare yourself for this mammoth event.
Be sure to book accommodation with us as soon as possible, our luxurious rooms are very popular especially during large events like this one so book today!
After the event, you will need a place to relax. Even if you already live in Taupo, you will be aching for a long, hot soak in our mineral waters.
We recommend booking in for a massage at our Living Waters Spa, our massage therapists will be booked out very quickly, soothing the aches and pains away.


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Official Charities
The GoodLife Fitness Victoria Marathon…
…is proud to be a continuing supporter of charities. We have two levels in our charity program. Our Official Charities and the CHEK Charity Pledge Program.
Our three Official Charities are KidSport Greater Victoria, GoodLife Kids Foundation and the Pacific Autism Family Centre. Participants may choose to donate to these charities when they register. Tax receipts are issued after October 13, 2019 when all donations have been completed, reconciled and remitted to each charity.
See further down for the CHEK Charity Pledge Program information. Applications for 2019 now being accepted! CLICK HERE
KidSport Greater Victoria
So ALL Kids Can Play!
Register and raise money to run for KidSport and you could win a Garmin Fitness Tracker as thanks for your efforts. KidSport is a not for profit charitable organization that raises funds to pay for sport registration fees for children from families in financial need. Sport and physical activities provide opportunities for kids to learn teamwork, fair play, dedication and commitment. Kids learn how to set goals and work to achieve them, all while having fun as they acquire important lifelong social and fundamental movement skills. Kids increase their sense of self-confidence and live happier, healthier lifestyles now and later in life. To date, we have helped more than 10,700 Victoria and area kids get on the playing field. Whether you walk or run for KidSport, everybody wins!
For more information on KidSport please visit our website at: www.kidsportvictoria.ca
Contact: Jill Shaw
Phone: (250) 380.1518
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.kidsportvictoria.ca
Charitable Registration #: 862125986RR0003
Tax Receipts: KidSport will issue tax receipts to donors for donations collected through the event registration process of $20.00 and over. Receipts will be sent out after Race Day (October 13, 2019).
Pacific Autism Family Network
Autism Spectrum Disorder is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in Canada, with approximately 1 in 68 children now facing diagnoses. The Pacific Autism Family Network (PAFN) is a charitable organization with a mandate to serve the needs of all individuals and families in British Columbia affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder across their lifespan. Our goal is to ensure that that all British Columbians have access to essential state-of-the-art resources for assessment, treatment, education-support and research, by providing a "one-stop-shop" for families looking for help in their navigation of information and services. We are a "Hub and Spoke" modeled network, with our main 60,000 sq.ft building, the "GoodLife Fitness Family Autism Hub", having opened in Richmond B.C. in November 2016, and our smaller spoke-like centres opening across the province in time. We are an inclusive charitable organization that collaborates with service providers, community agencies, professionals, vocational schools, academic institutions, policy makers and researchers.
Contact: Nicola Openshaw (Marketing & Events, PAFN Foundation)
Phone: 604-697-5316
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: www.pacificautismfamily.com
Charitable Registration #: 82184-5286- RR0001
Tax Receipts: The Pacific Autism Family Network will issue tax receipts to donors for donations collected through the event registration process of $20.00 and over. Receipts will be sent out after October 13, 2019.
GoodLife Kids Foundation
GoodLife Kids Foundation raises funds to support national, provincial and local programs that provide ongoing physical activity opportunities for kids and that remove some of the barriers currently preventing children from living healthy, active lives. To date, GoodLife Kids Foundation has impacted the lives of over 240,000 Canadian kids through physical activity opportunities with the GoodLife4Kids School Program and the GoodLife Kids Grant Program. GoodLife Fitness covers 100% of our administrative and operational expenses so that every dollar raised will make the biggest impact on Canadian kids.
For more information or to make a donation – CLICK HERE.
Contact: Lisa Burrows, Executive Director
Phone: 519-661-0190, ext. 6273
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.goodlifekids.com
Charitable Registration #: 89126 2628 RR0001
Tax Receipts: GoodLife Kids Foundation will issue tax receipts to donors for donations collected through the event registration process of $20.00 and over. Receipts will be sent out after October 13, 2019.
CHEK Charity Pledge Program
About the Program
The GoodLife Fitness Victoria Marathon will celebrate its 40th annual event and the 15th year of the Charity Pledge Program this year. CHEK News' Stacy Ross, is our honorary chair!
Over 1.850 million dollars has been raised since the program started.
And for 2019 we want to have 40 Charities involved to help us celebrate 40 Victoria Marathons!
Below are the 2018 charities who participated in the CHEK Charity Pledge Program and are continuing in 2019.
CLICK HERE for more information on the 2019 program.
Charity Coordinators are Mandy Parker and Cathy Noel. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact them at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Autism Speaks Canada
Contact: Janet Anderson
Phone: 604-369-3471
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.autismspeaks.ca
Team Name: Autism Speaks Canada
Autism Speaks Canada is dedicated to promoting solutions, across the spectrum and throughout the lifespan, for the needs of individuals with autism and their families by supporting and working with community partners; enhancing resources and services, increasing understanding, acceptance and inclusion of people with autism spectrum disorder; and advancing research into causes and better interventions for autism spectrum disorder and related conditions.
We are committed to raising the funds necessary to support these goals. Autism Speaks Canada aims to bring the autism community together as one strong voice to urge the government and private sector to listen to our concerns and take action to address this urgent global health crisis. It is our firm belief that, working together, we will find the missing pieces of the puzzle.
Autism Speaks was founded in 2005 by Bob and Suzanne Wright, grandparents of a child with autism. In 2006, Autism Speaks became incorporated in Canada. Autism Speaks Canada is governed by a Canadian board. Autism Speaks and Autism Speaks Canada have since grown into the world's leading autism science and advocacy organization.
"Autism Speaks Canada is committed to improving lives today and transforming lives tomorrow."
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 869420208
BC Cancer Foundation
Contact: Debbie Greenway, Development Officer – Community Events
Phone: 250-519-5552
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.bccancerfoundation.com
Team Name: BC Cancer Foundation Crusaders
As the fundraising partner of BC Cancer and the largest charitable funder of cancer research in this province, the BC Cancer Foundation works with 100,000 donors and communities to advance research and enhance care for the people of B.C. Together, BC CAN change the outcome for each person facing this disease. BC CAN break down cancer. Since 2010, Victoria marathon participants have help raise over $70,000 in support of cancer research and care here in BC.
Help us reach our $10,000 fundraising goal this year!
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 11881 8434 RR001 (BC Cancer Foundation)
Cerebral Palsy Association of BC
Contact: Lindsay Macleod, Events & Development Coordinator
Phone: 604-408-9484
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: http://bccerebralpalsy.com
Team Name: Cerebral Palsy Association of BC
Since 1954 the Cerebral Palsy Association of BC has been supporting individuals living with CP and other disabilities to live a life without limits. In Victoria, we offer Dance Without Limits for children and Adapted Yoga for youth. We also provide support to people throughout BC through our Camperships, Tanabe Bursaries, Equipment Assistive Devices fund, Youth Navigator and family and individual support programs. By running in support of or donating to the CPABC, you will be helping to support people with disabilities in Victoria and across the province to maximize their potential. Join Team CPABC for our first year in the Goodlife Fitness Victoria Marathon!
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Charity Registration #106904204RR0001
Greater Victoria Lifetime Networks
Contact: Carlene Thompson
Phone: 250-477-4122
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.lifetimenetworks.org
Team Name: Greater Victoria Lifetime Networks
We live in a world abundant with opportunity. Opportunities to see, explore, and share moments. Moments that are often made when shared with a friend. At Lifetime Networks we understand the importance of friendship as being one of the cornerstones to a fulfilling life. We create opportunities for people with disabilities and their families. We provide friendship and support services so that all people can live rich and rewarding lives in our community – safely and with friends that care. Because it's more than the moment that matters, it's who you share it with.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 873660625
KidSport Victoria
Contact: Jill Shaw
Phone: 250-380-1518
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.kidsportvictoria.ca
Team Name: Team KidSport
Register to run for KidSport, raise pledges, and you could win a Garmin Fitness Tracker! KidSport Victoria raises funds to cover sport registration fees for children from families in financial need. Sports activities provide opportunities for kids to learn teamwork, fair play, dedication and commitment – every $400 raised helps another child in need access sport! Whether you walk or run for KidSport, everybody wins.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 86212 5986 RR0003 (KidSport™ Canada)
MOVE Adapted Fitness and Rehabilitation Society of BC
Contact: Joanne Rogers
Phone: 250-744-8284
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.moveadaptedfitness.ca
Team Name: MOVE Adapted
MOVE Adapted Fitness and Rehabilitation Society of B.C. is dedicated to providing a gym facility that is open to all persons that are marginalized by a physical disability, spinal cord injury, stroke, Parkinson, MS, brain injured and others. We set individual programs and our Therapist and volunteers are trained to work with all levels using specialized gym equipment. MOVE provides the opportunity to attain to the best of one's ability a healthy quality of life.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 803368828RR0001
Contact: Melanie Winter
Phone: 250-386-6328
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.need2.ca
Team Name: NEED2 Prevent Suicide
NEED2 Suicide Prevention, Education & Support is a volunteer-driven and youth-focused organization that works every day to build a suicide-safer community through mental health literacy programs in schools, online crisis support for youth at Youthspace.ca, and through workshops and a support group for those who have lost loved ones to suicide. Join the team, collect pledges, and help break down stigma, build networks of support, and save lives.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 11887 9790 RR0001 (Crisis Intervention and Public Information Society of Greater Victoria)
Special Olympics BC
Contact: Andrea Boyes
Phone: 250-213-2023
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.specialolympics.bc.ca
Team Name: Special Olympics Champions
Special Olympics BC changes lives through the power of sport. Through our year-round programs and competitions, individuals with intellectual disabilities discover new strengths and abilities, skills and success. They find joy, confidence, and empowerment on the playing field and in life. Our sport, youth, and health programs for people with intellectual disabilities of all ages create opportunities to get active, improve their health, develop skills, and experience inclusion and friendship they often can't find anywhere else. By getting access to sports, our athletes change their own lives and the way the world sees people with intellectual disabilities.
Run for Special Olympics BC – Victoria to help us transform lives through the joy of sport. We will be on hand at the event to cheer you on and celebrate with you at the finish line.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 129472411 RR0001 (Special Olympics British Columbia)
Victoria Hospitals Foundation
Contact: Jim Johnstone, Development Officer
Phone: 250-519-1750
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Web: www.victoriahf.ca
Team Name: Heroes for Hospitals
The Victoria Hospitals Foundation (VHF) is thrilled to once again be selected as one of the charity partners for the GoodLife Fitness Victoria Marathon!
The Victoria Hospitals Foundation raises funds to purchase priority needed medical equipment for Victoria General (VGH) and Royal Jubilee (RJH) hospitals. Every year, donations from the community help to fund hundreds of important pieces of diagnostic and treatment equipment that contribute to better patient care, faster diagnosis and more efficient treatment for the more than 785,000 Vancouver Island residents.
Last year, funds raised at the GoodLife Fitness Victoria Marathon helped fund 34 pieces of leading–edge equipment in seven different areas of Cardiac Care.
This year, our goal is to raise $2,000 to support the purchase of more priority medical equipment, which will be identified in the early Fall.
Donate or Join our Team Today!
Registration #: 10793 5637 RR0001 (Victoria Hospitals Foundation)


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|Paris buses differ from their English counter-parts by often being on time
TWO SEATS FOR THREE IN THE MIDDLE declares today's Parisien, making Paris St-Germain sound a bit like an over-crowded bus.
The journal is referring to Sunday's crunch game against Lille, before which Carlo Ancelotti will have a big decision to make about the complexion of his midfield.
Momo Sissoko is returning after suspension, and the article debates whether he should come back into the team and, if so, who should make way: Thiago Motta, Matthieu Bodmer or Blaise Matuidi.
If I was in charge it would be an easy decision: The three incumbents are all technically superior to Momo, and far less likely to do some kind of stupid lunge, get sent off, and cost us the match/title. It's a no brainer that the man from Mali should remain on the bench.
Ancelotti in his wisdom seems to rate Sissoko, so I suspect someone will have to go. Bodmer is most likely to be the fall guy, and I would be highly disappointed should Matuidi make way.
For me Blaise has been one of the unsung heroes of the second half of the season. He had a good start to the campaign before his injury in October, and since Christmas has been back to his rampaging best. He covers loads of ground, is decent in the air, and has a good range of passing. If he could improve his shooting (he missed a sitter in the Auxerre match, and has yet to find the net for les Rouge-et-Bleu) he'd pretty much have the complete package.
I should confess that Matuidi has been a favourite player of mine since his St Etienne days, so I am a bit biased, but I'd love to see him go to Euro 2012 with France. He has been a regular squad member since Laurent Blanc took charge, but his chances on the pitch have been limited to four caps so far, and you would imagine his is one of a few borderline selections Blanc is pondering.
It's probably a bit much to expect him to displace Yann M'Vila or Yohan Cabaye, France's first-choice holding midfielders, but if he can maintain his form between now and the end of the season he should have a decent chance of going to Poland and Ukraine with Les Bleus.


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text: Hands on hands off September 26, 2013 by sexpertguru in Uncategorized A meaty surprise is always a welcome sign. Does your woman have a fat pussy fellas? Is she more of a hands on type girl? Is she afraid to play with herself around you? Advertisements Share this:TwitterEmailFacebookPinterestTumblrGoogleLinkedInPrintPocketLike this:Like Loading... Related


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Unless you're lucky enough to personally know a school teacher or schooling professional, finding a comprehensive Brainetics overview online can be a daunting process. Additional down the street, enrollment in postsecondary education schemes is anticipated to extend at an annual price of 12% via 2018 which is able to result in a larger group of applicants competing for a limited pool of financing choices (Editorial Board; Fathi & Wilson). As seen above, establishments of upper learning are not proof against shifts to exterior elements reminiscent of these explored through the S.T.E.E.P. analysis; namely, socio-cultural, technological, environmental/ecological, financial, and or political circumstances. Whereas each higher schooling system has its personal distinctive features, common problems and points are shared internationally by researchers, teachers and institutional leaders. Larger education contains teaching, analysis, exacting utilized work (e.g. in medical faculties and dental colleges ), and social companies activities of universities. I do not know if this system works or not, but with that kind of sales pitch, I am discouraged and disenchanted.
In accordance with transition preparations in the instrument, all functions for increased schooling provider registration or reregistration and all purposes for course accreditation or reaccreditation lodged on or after 1 January 2017 will be assessed against the revised standards framework. Click here to study more about how HES installment fee plans present an innovative approach to help colleges enhance cash circulation, generate new revenues, reduce administrative bills, and enhance companies to the families of their students. That is each an injustice to the duped scholar and a mockery to the excessive instructional diploma. Candidates ought to have Completed Commencement and put up Commencement in Technical Feild or Its Equal Diploma Jobs with INTERNET and Gate Certified. Finn, C. E. (1988, Jul.-Aug.). Judgment time for larger education: Within the court docket of public opinion.
Use of technology in public schooling system is an important single think about making ready our college students to compete. Please do not hesitate to contact us with questions or to be taught extra about our program. TEQSA at present registers and evaluates the efficiency of upper education suppliers against the Higher Education Requirements Framework (Threshold Standards) 2011 (a legislative instrument). Keep making a distinction in lives of scholars by way of your reward to the IU College of Education HESA program. A more definitive itinerary of the Doctoral Recruitment Program will probably be up to date at a later date. Imaginative and prescient: To promote equity and excellence in greater training recruitment worldwide. Yes; universities exist and have always existed to keep the upper social orders knowledgeable about all things—instantly useful or otherwise. I am a corporte coaching manager and quality education is an important concern for me.
To make a middle class man a Master of Enterprise Administration is like educating a man with no arms or sense of scent learn how to be a master chef. Industries that rely on technological advances to generate new services and products are susceptible to be affected by rapid modifications in the environment. This describes a definite form of Greater Training that gives a very intense integration with the world of work in all its elements (together with instructing, studying, analysis and governance) and at all levels of the overarching Skills Framework of the European Larger Schooling Space. Elsewhere, Virginia and Maryland were the newest to chop larger education funding. The shortage of quality training for large numbers of our population has a hidden cumulative nationwide price which is unbelievable. I hope, that you will be able to supply me with a positive support so that, I can purse my larger training.
This hub has taken the opportunity to gaze into the future to ascertain among the potential elements that could have a constructive or detrimental affect on the future of greater schooling within the United States. Nonetheless, since some states have been pressured to chop the budgets in their higher teaching programs (as talked about above), those who wish to pursue a university degree have little selection however to pay the higher prices at the non-public universities (Osborne; Healey & Snyder, 2009). The general higher training and training that takes place in a university , school , or Institute of Technology often contains important theoretical and abstract elements, in addition to applied elements (although limited offerings of internships or SURF programs try to supply sensible functions). State in very clear terms what will happen, by way of your academic prospects, for those who do not obtain enough monetary assist.


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This week's Throwback Thursday post is a little late (at least it's still Thursday!) since a certain someone has decided that naps are for weenies. Maybe I should start scheduling these things in advance (posts, not naps, although that would be awesome).
Waterlemon Cay (pronounced "key"…and no, that's not a typo, it's not supposed to say watermelon) is the best-known snorkeling spot on St. John, for good reason. I'm very emotionally attached to some other spots, like Salt Pond Bay, but that doesn't mean Waterlemon didn't blow my mind. Actually, most snorkels on St. John blew my mind – most of my previous snorkeling experience comes from Maui, and the reefs around St. John are just so much healthier and more vibrant. (I still love you, Hawai'i!)
The fastest way to get to Waterlemon Bay is to hike the 0.8 mile Leinster Bay Trail, but if you have time, taking the Johnny Horn Trail from Coral Bay is a cool alternative that offers excellent views of the bay. You could always just hike up a ways from the bay to find some good views and old ruins, too.
For the shortest swim, keep hiking past the beach and enter the water in the rocky area (watch your step so you don't hit any coral or impale yourself on a sea urchin) and head straight for the cay. The current can be very strong on the outer edge of the cay, so pick a route where you won't have to fight it, or, if you're not a strong swimmer, sit this one out unless it's a calm day.
The swim over from shore takes you across a deep, sandy channel full of turtles and rays.
We saw this same barnacled turtle both years we went to St. John – it was being serviced at the Shell station (har har har) by sharksuckers both times! In 2013:
…and 2014:
Big, beautiful Spotted Eagle Ray:
Sea cucumber!
The underwater landscape gets progressively cooler as you near the cay and swim around the outer edge (we've gone counter-clockwise every time). Take your time exploring all the nooks and crannies of the reef.
Once you've swum around the cay, I highly recommend walking up on land and taking a breather on that sweet strip of sand. We saw an iguana sunning itself on the cay once. I really don't know how it got there.
If you want more snorkeling once you've crossed the channel back to shore, try cruising eastward, I found some very cool coral along the rocks there. If you swim in toward the bay, you'll be in starfish heaven.
On your way home (if you came via the Leinster Bay Trail), stop by the Annaberg Plantation (and then drive by the sign that says WARNING! MANCHINEEL TREE and think "huh, what's a manchineel tree", look it up on Wikipedia, and then spend the rest of your trip thinking you're seeing manchineel trees everywhere).
More St. John next Thursday! Man, we really need to take Nora there. Maybe the sound of gentle waves will be so soothing that she'll actually nap.


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Now here's a Magazine that all Scotties and their owners ought to have : Great Scots. Mama's been receiving this for 10 years now. It is so full of Scottie material and is great as a 'reference' guide. So, why not either treat yourself or a friend to a year's subscription – you won't be disappointed.
Great Scots!


text: In her thought provoking video, Sex & Love: What's a Teenager to Do?, Mary Beth Bonacci promotes respect for sexuality in her high-energy, down-to-earth style teens listen to. Her call for chaste living is founded on logic and scripture, fundamentals Catholic parents appreciate. To help your teenager stay afloat on the fast and furious wave of adolescent emotion, this is the video to give. 55 minutes.


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Welcome to a New Year! Did you know that you have the opportunity to make a brand new start for this new year? Whether 2011 ended favorably for you or not, you can leave all the past worries, concerns and frustrations at the door step…no need to bring it into 2012! There truly is so much out there in the world today that can bring a person down to their knees…which actually is the best place to begin fresh and anew.
If you were like me, you may have had a year full of transitions where you had to let situations, relationships, or negative ways of thinking go. I learned this last year that whatever I tried to cling to for suppport, apart from God, was like quick sand. I began the year having to adjust to living life without the secure, unconditional love of my parents. My dad passed away a year earlier after struggling with a long illness. Five months later, my mother was diagnosed with cancer. She died the following month. With the rest of my family living far away, never had I felt so lost and alone in my life. I found, unfortunately, that not everyone I turned to had my best interest at heart, leading to more feelings of abandonment. The one thing that kept me going, was knowing that no matter what I was feeling, I knew in my heart of hearts that God was there for me and would never, ever leave. He is the Rock of Ages, that is always steadfast, unmoving and unchanging. There is always hope in Christ. Isaiah 43:18 says "Forget the former things; do not dwell on the past. See, I am doing a new thing!" It's time to let go, forgive when needed, and move forward to the new things that God has before us, knowing that it will be good because He is good!
So then, if you're not already down on your knees, you may want to get there and ask the God who can fix everything that is broken in your life and make it brand new again to come into your heart.
If you would like to invite Jesus Christ into your heart, whether this is the first time or the umpteenth time, just pray this prayer:
"Heavenly Father, I thank you for sending Your Son Jesus to die for my sins. I confess that I'm a sinner, and ask that You would come into my heart, and wash me clean with Your blood. I'm done trying to live on my own. I need You to lead and guide me. I choose to follow You and make You my Lord and Savior for all the days of my life. In Jesus' name, Amen."
If you said that prayer, you should know there is a big celebration going on in Heaven right now over your decision to follow Christ. The angels are rejoicing! And best of all, your name is written in the Lamb's Book of Life. (Revelation 22:27)
Happy New Year! God bless you!


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Summers here which means its time to put away the jeans and jackets and bring out some lighter cooler clothes guys! But before you go out and spend a load of money to make yourself look good consider these mistakes that many guys make when it comes to summer fashion.
The Biggest Summer Fashion Mistakes Men Make In Dubai [VIDEO]
Got something to say? Go for it!


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Words to live by
You know 2016 has been a long year when you wake up and are just glad not to see yet another headline about somebody dying. And DAMN IT CARRIE FISHER.
A Queen we could all bow with if not to… RIP. Tweet by Geraldine (@everywhereist):
And Carrie Fisher embraced her struggles and imperfections. She wasn't simply Princess Leia – she was Queen of Not Giving a Fuck.
Perhaps for those of us who were children just before Star Wars, Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia was the Emma Peel for a generation. May the force be with her.
Another thing that sucks about 2016. It is bad enough to lose aging icons. It is worse to lose icons who are more or less your age.
The NBA now says that LeBron James' dunk with 1:43 remaining in the Cavs-Warriors game should have resulted in a technical foul for "deliberately hanging on the rim" after the dunk was completed.
So what's more surprising, that they admitted it at all, or that the league acknowledges a superstar should ever be called for anything?
What's next, actual traveling violations?
Some fans chanted "We want Romo," and "Tony, Tony, Tony," during the 2nd half of last night's Cowboys win in Arlington. Presumably the chants were from Lions fans?
In Santa Monica, a synagogue door was smeared with feces and food in an apparent antisemitic attack on the first night of Chanukah So is it a war on Chanukah now too?
Thinking for #Hanukkah really to become a major U.S. holiday we need to come up w/ one standard spelling. #Chanukah
Malls across the U.S. were evacuated due to after-Christmas brawls. Although while police were called there are no reports of serious injury. #Ifonlytheshopperswerearmed
That "special relationship" is going so well. Headline in London Times "Use Brexit to steal UK trade says Trump aide." The story notes how "Wilbur Ross, the billionaire incoming commerce secretary" has called Brexit a "God-given opportunity." for the U.K's rivals, including the US.
Well, at least we have Russia…. Sigh.
An interesting side note from President Obama's news conference about the election, and one I hope future Democratic nominees might heed. (I HATE HATE HATE the prevent defense.) :
"If you think you're winning, then you have a tendency, just like in sports, maybe to play it safer."
John McCain, showing signs of why he used to be every Democrat's favorite Republican, on the alleged Russian hacking: "If they are able to undermine an election, they're able to undermine democracy"
Of course to be fair, perhaps there is a bit of sour grapes that the election they didn't hack was 2008?
One Comment on "Words to live by"
December 28, 2016 at 5:17 am
An interesting side note from President Obama's news conference about the election, and one I hope future Democratic nominees might heed. (I HATE HATE HATE the prevent defense.) :
"If you think you're winning, then you have a tendency, just like in sports, maybe to play it safer."


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"When someone you love walks through the door, even if it happens five times a day, you should go totally insane with joy."
I recently watched this viral short film about the story of a man who battled cancer and his dog who ultimately succumbed to cancer himself. This video had a tremendous effect on me. I have always been a dog lover. I grew up with the kindest, most loving golden retriever (who also was sadly taken from my family when he was only six years old by cancer). We now have a rescue dog from the Lonely Hearts Animal Rescue named Bailey.
In this blog, I write each story through "curious eyes." The exploratory, curious nature I was told I have had since my early days has carried over into my adulthood. But there is nothing more curious to me than a dog's eyes (and ears and nose). They are explorers by nature and yet they have this tremendous capacity to drop everything to greet the ones they love the moment they walk through the door. Dogs are simple. They don't judge, they love. They are happy if they are surrounded by food, water, sunshine and belly rubs. They don't hold a grudge. And they don't worry about the past or the future. They truly live in the moment and love unconditionally.
I believe dogs can teach us a lot. To appreciate the breeze in the air, the scent of a home-cooked meal, and the thrill of seeing someone you love. Life goes so fast–literally– we are traveling at approximately 66,000 miles per hour around the sun. Dogs are in our lives for such a short amount of time. Yet those who have had a dog understand the impact they leave on our hearts. I recently saw the film Inside Out, and it made me think of the "core memories" we keep in our minds. These are the moments that leave an impression on us for our whole lives and help to define who we are. The ones we can recall with such clarity, even if decades have passed since the event occurred. One core memory I will never forget is when my family took Bailey on his first trip to the beach. The joy he experienced that day will never leave me. I like to think he feels the same.
We should learn to experience each moment with curious eyes and open hearts. Use every sense in our body to appreciate the beauty of our world and demonstrate the love we have for our friends and family. We shouldn't hold on to the past or feel anxiety for the future. We should strive to explore, live, and love as dogs do.


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Hi all,
Great! FreeCiv on my Galaxy Tab The engine works great on my Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1v (little glitch in startup screen, but thats all...)
Here are a few of my suggestions to enhance the gaming experience (in order of importance imho)
1. The barbarians are very numerous and strong. In essence, i am fighting barbarians in the game.
2. I would like to see more information in the city screen, notably supported units outside the city and trade routes.
....(then less important stuff...)
- the game is currently only using the middle part of my screen. I would love to use all screen.
- there is a bit of a glitch when you start up. It goes away by itself.
- the game could use some optimizing, but not too bad.
Thanks from a true fan


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5 Uses For Services
Advice on Starting an International Business
Human beings carry out businesses to get their daily bread. Business is the process of buying and selling of goods and services. There are three categories of businesses. These groups include the manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. The role of the manufacturers is to manufacture products and later sell them to the wholesalers. Raw materials must be used during the manufacture of products. Wholesalers are people who sell products to retailers after getting them from the manufacturers. The work of retailers is to sell the products to consumers. The cost of the products in every group of the business is always different. It is hard for a business to grow without making profit. Profit gotten in a business is required for the maintenance of the business by paying workers and servicing the machinery. Clients in a business aid people to get profit. It should be the role of businessmen to work toward attracting and keeping customers in their businesses. There are several ways customers can be maintained in a business. Customers can be kept in a business by the production of quality and quantity products.
It is the wish of customers to buy quality and quantity products at all times. It is possible to keep clients by offering to them quality services. Clients are always after quality services. It is possible to offer quality services to the clients by use of electronic devices and online transaction techniques. Expect online transaction techniques to save time and finance to the clients.
It is possible to keep customers in your business by offering down payment to some products. Technology has led to a remarkable achievement in the business sector. Technology has enabled people to start international businesses. International business is a business that majorly sells products and services globally. Technology has integrated the world through information technology. People can now communicate freely with one another as opposed to the past. There are some factors to consider when starting an international business. You should first get the market for your good and services when starting an international market.
You should do a research to get places that your products and services can be demandable. It is good to have adequate capital when going for an international business. It has been known for an international business to utilize much capital. It is important to regard marketing when starting an international business. The role of marketing is to make your products and services known by customers. You should value marketing your products and services through social media sites and the website. It should be your aim to make connections with your fellow businessmen for the purpose of raising your business.


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6 Works in Affinity - Sarah Waters
Listing Works
"Everyone in the World is Bent" - A Potted Account of Britain's Queer Cinematic and Televisual History by theviciouslily
Fandoms: Brief Encounter (1945), Are You Being Served?, Tipping the Velvet - All Media Types, London Spy, The Fall (TV), Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, Our Friends in the North (TV), The Boy in the Dress, The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister, Dead Head, The Naked Civil Servant, God Save the Queens, When I'm Sixty-Four, Breeze Anstey, Call the Midwife, Broadchurch, In the Club - Fandom, House of Cards Trilogy (UK), Brass Eye, Another Country (1984), Brookside (TV), The Fast Show, Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story, Inappropriate Behaviour - Fandom, 'S Fheairrde Duine Gaire!, Spitting Image, birthday - Fandom, Inside No. 9 (TV), Daphne - Fandom, Maurice (1987), Silent Witness (TV), The Vision - Fandom, Came Out It Rained Went Back In Again, Do I Love You?, Peter's Friends, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited - All Media Types, The Dresser, The Chatterley Affair, Breakfast on Pluto (2005), A Rather English Marriage, The Other Woman (1976), The Riot Club (2014), Portrait of a Marriage, Affinity - Sarah Waters, Cracks (2009), The Danish Girl - All Media Types, Serious Charge, The Family Way, Clapham Junction (2007), The Runaway (TV), Black Mirror, White Heat, A Village Affair, Come Dancing, A Civil Arrangement, Closing Numbers, Queerama, A Superstition, Sidney Turtlebaum, Consenting Adults - Fandom, Staircase - Fandom, Nighthawks (1978), The Pass, Queers - Fandom, The Killing of Sister George, Cambridge Spies, Fingersmith (TV), Heading Out, Line of Duty, A Very British Sex Scandal, Kiri - Fandom, Calendar Girls (2003), Doctor Foster, Death at a Funeral, God's Own Country, Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Virtual Sexuality, Clique (2017), Scum - Fandom, The Deal (2003), Imagine Me & You (2005), The World Ten Times Over, The City and the City, Yellow Fever - Fandom, Gregory's Girl, The Prodigy (Band), The Slab Boys, Oranges and Sunshine, Creature Comforts, Nina's Heavenly Delights (2006), A Taste of Honey - Fandom, Human Traffic - Fandom, The Full Monty (1997), Arthur Christmas (2011), The Kamikaze Ground Staff Reunion Dinner, Chewin' the Fat, Scenes of a Sexual Nature, The Lost Honour of Christopher Jefferies
10 Feb 2019
In which I offer my continually updating analyses and opinions on Britain's queer films and TV programmes old and new.
Somewhere In Between by damozel for talkingtothesky
Fandoms: Affinity - Sarah Waters
09 Oct 2017
Selina never stopped looking for Margaret. Margaret never stopped waiting for her.
Stone Walls Do Not a Prison Make by within_a_dream for talkingtothesky
Fandoms: Affinity - Sarah Waters
15 Apr 2017
Selina and Margaret steal a few secret moments together in Millbank.
crossing the bar by zlot for RR_Duscan (damozel)
Fandoms: Affinity - Sarah Waters
20 Dec 2015
It is too early to be spring yet, but in Italy it is as fresh as late May, & Ruth & I already can shed our coats & my cashmere frock is too warm to wear.
May I be used by breathedout for Miss M (missm)
Fandoms: Affinity - Sarah Waters
19 Dec 2015
The spirits, I know, suffer for me just as Margaret does, and just as I suffer for them: for whose would they be, if they did not?
Stay With Me by SalemDae_45 for MmeBahorel
Fandoms: Affinity - Sarah Waters
20 Dec 2012
Diary entries chronicling Margaret's growing feelings for Helen, before it went to hell. Pre-Affinity movie.


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6d2e5511992fbc836a5aca44e013354c Independent newsletter from our foreign friends points our attention to your web project. We are very proud to communicate and colaborate with such partner. Don't be surprised of being noticed. d8d97f68bc274489b372d34e17b3a169
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