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Sex education has always been a controversial aspect of education and has endured numerous changes due to the dispute surrounding it. Since the beginning of the 20th century, debates over sex education have been prominent in schools throughout the country. Already by 1919 there was a call for education about "the moral, the normal, the healthful, the helpful, and the esthetic aspects" and a move away from teaching solely about disease prevention. In 1964, as sex was becoming more visible to youth via a more overt media targeted at teens in particular, the private organization SIECUS (Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States) was created to challenge inadequate sex education. With the creation of SIECUS, opponents no longer remained quiet because there was now a clear target to attack. Right Wing groups lashed out at comprehensive sex education programs. Thus, the sex education battle was born and has remained vigorous to this day.
There have been several policy changes in recent history that have affected sex education throughout the country and there is far from a cohesive stance about whether these policies were the correct ones to implement and whether or not they have been successful While the policies that have had the greatest effect on sex education were put into place beginning in the 1980s, the ferocious sex education battle really began in the 60's. There were many social and cultural changes from the 1960s-1980s that caused such policies to be executed. These policies and practices reflect a very conservative government that views sex education as a way to promote traditional ideas about sex. Thus, this paper will partly focus on these policy changes and what promoted their conception. What social and cultural shifts from the 1960s to now caused policy changes in sex education in the United States? There is another part to this question that needs to be addressed. While an overwhelming majority of schools require abstinence-only education, is this necessarily the type of education parents want their children to receive? To what extent do current sex education programs and policies indicate parents desires for their children's education and to what extent do they reflect political controversy? To explore this question further, I will shift the concentration to one state, Connecticut, and examine how national social and cultural shifts are reflected in Connecticut's policies. What federal funding is Connecticut receiving and what does this reveal about Connecticut's sex ed programs in relation to the rest of the country?
While there still remains a great deal of controversy surrounding sex education and how it should be taught, abstinence-only has achieved the greatest victory in this battle. Abstinenceonly programs teach adolescents to abstain from sexual activity outside of marriage and have as their exclusive purpose teaching the health, social, and psychological gains that come with abstaining from sex. Information about contraception is not provided except in discussing their failure rates. The government has supported such programs as opposed to comprehensive sex education programs, which stress abstinence for youth while also discussing issues such as contraception, masturbation, homosexuality, and abortion. Federal funding has been developed that is offered only to states providing abstinence-only sex education. Schools utilize this type of education so that they can receive such funding. The victory of abstinence-only over comprehensive sex education reflects immense social and cultural shifts throughout the United States and these changes are reflected in the sex ed policies utilized by Connecticut. While abstinence-only remains the most frequent type of sex education all over the country, this does not reflect the majority opinion of parents with children receiving such education.
Sex education is an important aspect of public health. Teenage pregnancy and the spread of STDs is a growing problem throughout the country, as there are more than 40,000 new infections of HIV nationally every year, and over 50% of these are estimated to be in people under the age of 25. The Department of Education realizes the need for STD/HIV prevention classes, as in 2005 91% of high school students in Connecticut reported having been taught about AIDS/HIV in school. There is clearly an understanding that while teaching about such topics is contentious and the debate surrounding it remains, education is necessary. Given the fact that sex ed policy is shaped by controversy, it is important to understand how that controversy has evolved over time and how policy has responded. It is also important to recognize the need for some type of sex education. Even those advocating abstinence-only realize that AIDS and STDs are obvious issues in today's adolescents lives and need to be addressed. I hope that this project will provide insight into the evolution of the sex education battle and present Connecticut as a participant in the everchanging world of sex education.
For my research project I used mostly secondary sources to trace the cultural shifts and policy changes throughout the United States, how the sex education battle developed, and how policies have affected sex ed programs in Connecticut. These secondary sources provided a great deal of background knowledge about how the sex ed battle was born, who the key figures were in the debate, and a history of policies relating to sex education. I conducted historical and archival research and coupled various secondary sources together, allowing me to form a through understanding of the history of the sex ed battle and what has caused it to be so controversial. For the portion devoted to Connecticut I relied mainly on curriculum frameworks provided by the State Department of Education. I also utilized SIECUS's state profile to examine what policies Connecticut is implementing and what funding it is receiving.
When conducting this research I originally looked mainly for un-biased material that would allow me to view these issues from various perspectives. Yet, the majority of data that I found in fact did have a clear opinion about the sex ed controversy, mainly that abstinence-only sex education is insufficient and the popular opinion supports implementing comprehensive sex education. Thus while examining this information I made a concerted effort to read the material with an open mind and not base my findings on previously stated arguments, but rather to form my own. While analyzing policy documents I was searching for themes that may have reflected national trends in the sex ed debate. To do so I focused on what type of language was used. Was there mention of religion? Was there an emphasis made about specific ideas or on certain words? I was looking to see if and how these policies reflected the sex education controversy.
The Battle Begins
The sex education battle began earlier than many people assume. At the end of the 19th century there was increasing concern about the spread of venereal disease, one of the reasons that people were drawn into a widespread public conversation about the transmission of sexual knowledge. "By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, sex education had become a focal point for debates about the condition of the American family, which was commonly assumed to serve as an index to the state of the nation". Access to sexual information meant for people a solution to the significant problem of proliferating venereal disease. Many people feared that information and beliefs derived from vulgar or commercial sources might be inaccurate or encourage promiscuity. Education had the power to either confuse and corrupt students, or enlighten them. For this reason, even the most enthusiastic sex educators expressed reluctance about teaching sex. "Sex educators feared that their teachings might arouse precocious sexuality, and this apprehension shaped their entire program. In particular, the educators fear of prematurely debauching their adolescent students led them to emphasize their scientific status". Thus, the sex education movement began in the beginning of the 20th century with definite reservations, focusing on disease prevention and hygiene. While there was a public discourse occurring about sex education, there was no specific organization promoting it and so while there was some opposition and concerns, for the most part opponents stayed quiet because there was no one that they could directly attack.
By the 1920s a general consensus began to emerge that too much emphasis on disease was improper preparation for healthy adult sexuality. Yet while society seemed to want to teach more in sex education, the majority of sex ed classes were still aimed towards "preventing disease and immortality rather than on preparing for sexual maturity". In 1939 the Supreme Court rejected the Comstock laws (passed in 1871; classified contraceptives as obscene and prohibited any sharing of contraceptive information) and with this decision the movement began to pick up. Throughout the 1940s the Public Health Service pushed for sexual education and there was increasing support for broader sex education and social hygiene. By the 1950s, during the middle of the baby boom, the focus of sex education programs began to shift towards family living. Sex education was transformed into family life education, which was intended to "raise the standards of home life and enable people of all ages to live more constructively". Teachers deemphasized sex ed and focused on daily living, discussing marriage in depth, parental responsibilities, and dating, barely mentioning anything about sexual activity except that one should not engage in it before marriage. The movement for family life education attempted to train adolescents to conform to middle-class family standards. While some tension existed about sex education and how it should be taught, the opposition was still largely quiet because there was no one organization to denounce. This set the scene for the major sex education battles to begin in the 1960s.
In the 1960s sex was becoming much more visible to youth through the media and public discussion about sex was markedly different than it had been in previous decades. "In venues from pornography to the theatre to women's magazines, the media in the early to mid-sixties screamed sex". Adolescents were not formally learning about sex but rather gaining knowledge from these sources. Schools were only a significant source of sexual information for about 8% of teens. Thus, in response to the growing sexuality in the culture, a group of crusaders for comprehensive sex education stepped out in May 1964 to form SIECUS. A comprehensive sex education curricula focuses on abstinence but provides students with information about contraception, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and other controversial topics. "SIECUS espoused the ideal of sexual liberalism, which celebrated sexuality and pleasure as long as they were controlled within marriage or stable heterosexual relationships". SIECUS held to the belief that youth need to completely informed about sex to make wise decisions. The conception of SIECUS began the sex education movement toward comprehensive sexuality and gained a great deal of support. By the decades end, a number of organizations had circulated guidelines for comprehensive sex ed programs.
Now there existed an organization with stated objectives regarding how sex should be taught and opponents no longer remained quiet. Right Wing groups such as the John Birch Society and the Christian Crusade attacked the organization. There was a strong religious critique to the anti-sex education movement. While the debates over what material should be taught gained fervor, by 1968 nearly 50% of all schools were offering some version of sex education. From the late 1960s to early 1970s, opposition took the form of attacks aimed at barring any form of sex education and were fueled by Right Wing groups. As schools expanded and revitalized sex ed programs throughout the 70's, the Christian Right was gaining power. Cultural conservatives who made up these groups were roused by the formation of SIECUS and the high visibility and political gains won by feminism and the lesbian/gay movement. "Following Roe v. Wade(1973), liberals and feminists won a steady series of court cases guaranteeing poor and teenage women's rights to birth control information and services, and Washington and the states responded by establishing major programs to provide them". Women were gaining control of their sexual freedom, which led to a report published by the Alan Guttmacher Institute in 1976 announcing a national epidemic of teenage pregnancy. While statistics did not support this, the idea of a teenage-pregnancy epidemic caused public anxiety about teenage girls now more liberated sex lives. Politically, this benefited both conservatives and liberals. Liberals argued for education for sexually active youth to keep them safe and inform them of the dangers facing them, while conservatives tried to reign in the education, arguing that it only encouraged sexual activity. To them, sex education in the public schools symbolized an increasingly immoral sexual culture. The conservative view began to gain popularity in the 1970s with the rise of pro-family politics.
The 70's "marked the clear articulation of pro-family politics, a development that would prove vital to the success of New Right and Christian Right". Activists in the 1970s pro-family movement compacted their opposition to a series of social issues including abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, homosexuality, and sex education under a pro-family rubric. They addressed fear and confusion among some Americans arising from the tumultuous social changes occurring at the time, such as the structures of families, reproductive issues, and social acceptance of lesbians and gay men. The movement pointed to teenage pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, sexual openness in the media, and other changes of the increasingly sexualized society of the 70s as evidence of moral decline. To these activists, sex education in the public schools represented a progressively increasing immoral society and destroying it became a high priority for pro-family organizations. Public opinion had generally favored sex education since the 1960s and so the movement had to have strong arguments to change people's opinions. This movement provided coherence and infrastructural power to the oppositional voices that had previously spoken out in the 60s. "Their ways of thinking and talking about sex education appealed not only to many religious conservatives. Parents could be frightened by allegations about their own school programs, and those anxious about changes in the sexual culture might easily response to the secularized arguments crafted by Christian Right national organizations". The movement made parents fearful of the effects sex education would have on their children during a time when the concern over teen pregnancy was so strong and women were gaining newfound sexual freedom. In the late 70s, Christian evangelicals began to capitalize on this anxiety about sex education and expand their anti-sex education movement. They fought to remove sex education from all schools and accused SIECUS of encouraging sexual activity amongst adolescents.
The AIDS epidemic of the 1980s irrevocably changed sex education in the United States. In 1986 U.S. General C. Everett Koop issued a report calling for comprehensive AIDS and sex education in public schools. Koop's report helped promote sex ed, partially due to the fact that at the time people felt such an urge to do whatever possible to stop the epidemic. Sex education suddenly became much more visible as an extremely important defense against the spreading of AIDS, as many people felt that knowledge was a vital prevention tool. "The AIDS crisis deepened the politicization of sex education even further, for by inducing far more school districts to add some sort of education to their offerings, it multiplied the possible sites for controversy, and by making certain sexual behaviors a matter of life or death, it imparted to these controversies a grim intensity". In 1987 CDC (Centers for Disease Control) began to disburse $310 million over the next several years to states that would mandate AIDS education. In 1991, CDC devoted approximately $82.1 million to the problem of adolescent AIDS, most of it going to educational programs. The combination of money and fear had an impact. By 1990, at least 41 states encouraged or required sex education, and all either recommended or mandated AIDS education in public schools.
AIDS marked an important dividing line in the Right Wing's approach to sex education. The health crisis made it less viable for conservatives to call for the dismantling of school sex education programs, as they could not justify a total ban on the subject. "Instead, the Right responded with a new tactic: fear-based, abstinence-only education". The Right shifted its argument from asserting that sex education should not be a subject taught in schools to accepting it but only under specific terms. Conservatives launched a national project to establish chastity among youth and emphasized that sex is only blessed within marriage. During this time, abstinence-only seemed an attractive option to many due to the fear of contracting AIDS. If youth were taught to not engage in any sexual activity until they were married, they would halt the progression of the AIDS epidemic.
In conjunction with the Right Wing's new proposal for abstinence-only sex education, the AFLA (Adolescent Family and Life Act) was passed under the Reagan administration in 1982 and reauthorized in 1984. AFLA was designed to prohibit any discussion of abortion services in its programs with young women and promote chastity and self-discipline among youth. It was an attempt to shift the discourse on the prevention of teenage pregnancy away from contraception and instead to chastity or morality, accompanying the new ideas about how sex education should be taught being promoted by conservatives. The act sought to further the Right's cultural and political goals and was in direct opposition to the comprehensive sex programs that organizations such as SIECUS were promoting. "AFLA was evidence of a cultural clash between those like SIECUS and Planned Parenthood, who supported a pluralist sexual value system, and those like Christian evangelicals, who demanded adherence to biblical sexual morality. Depending on your standpoint, AFLA was a blessing or a debacle". Conservatives felt that they were finally being acknowledged. To them, AFLA interrupted what they saw as an unfair federal privileging of comprehensive sex education. However to critics, AFLA was an example of the state providing structural support and therefore justifying a specific set of religious values. The law mandated that for a program to qualify for funding, it must involve a religious group (a portion of the law that was removed in 1993, when it changed to stating that funding would not be provided if an organization had any religious affiliation). Thus, only religious groups that were anti-abortion would qualify for funding.
There was a transformation in conservative discourse on sex education between the 1960s and the 1980s. A shift occurred from outright opposition to sex education to support for alternative programs which adhered to evangelical sex and gender values. AFLA helped secure the switch in sex education debates from conflict over whether sex education should be taught in public schools to conflict over what type of curriculum should be offered. "Suddenly there was an important choice: Would young people in the public schools be taught a curriculum that included information about birth control and safer sex, or would they only be taught to abstain from all sexual activity until marriage?".
From the late 1980s into the 90's, AFLA-funded curricula flourished. At the turn of the 21st century, most public schools offered one form of sex education. Conservatives strived to channel federal funds to abstinence-only programs and in 1996 succeeded with the passing of TANF (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) Act. The act included Title V of the Social Security Act and under Title V, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services allocated $50 million in federal funds every year to states for sex ed programs with rigid abstinence-only guidelines. With the passage of Title V came an eight point federal definition of abstinence-only education which all programs that receive funds must adhere to. With this act, even as the debate between comprehensive sex ed and abstinence-only sex ed continues, comprehensive sex ed organizations are now on the defense. While organizations such as SIECUS are still fighting to put more comprehensive sex education programs in schools, they are struggling against federal support for abstinence-only programs. The amount of money provided for these programs and the number of states taking advantage of those funds has continued to rise. Since the inception of abstinence-only until marriage programs in 1982 with the passing of the AFLA act, federal spending on these programs has increased dramatically. In the end, every state has applied for the federal abstinence-only money at some point except for California.
A Parental Perspective
While abstinence-only education and policies supporting this type of education have prevailed, the widespread view amongst parents reveals a different opinion of what they want their children to be learning. The majority of parents contend that they would prefer their children to receive more comprehensive sex education. 67% of adults agree with the statement that "money should be used to fund more comprehensive sex education programs that include information on how to obtain and use condoms and other contraceptives". Multiple studies have obtained results showing that while parents support an emphasis on abstinence, they want more comprehensive sex education programs. Yet, the U.S. government's support for abstinence-only education doesn't coincide with the widespread support for comprehensive sex education. What does this reveal about the political controversy surrounding the sex ed debate?
In the 20th century, there has been a general tendency to think of sexuality and adolescence in terms of danger. "Teenage pregnancy and the AIDS epidemic have buttressed a peculiarly American disposition to view adolescent sexuality as a hazard, and intensified the impulse for educators to regulate adolescent desire". The main discourse around sex and teenagers is that they are not mature enough to handle it and need to be protected from the dangers associated with sex, such as pregnancy and disease. The abstinence-only movement has latched onto this fear and used it to promote their cause. Who would argue with preventing children from potential perils? "Americans are still convinced that teen pregnancy is pandemic, and in a time of sex-borne death, containing the exchange of adolescent bodily fluids is an attractive notion". Parents want to protect their children and thus it would be easy to assume that because abstinence-only has won the sex ed battle and is being promoted as preventing children from harm, parents support this type of sex education.
However, research has shown much evidence to the contrary. A large part of this is due to the ineffectiveness of such programs to achieve what they preach. In 1997, six studies had been published showing that abstinence-only classes did not delay intercourse in adolescents. A comparison has been made to sex ed programs in many European countries, where sex education begins earlier. European programs are "informed by a no-nonsense, even enthusiastic, attitude toward the sexual; it is explicit; and it doesn't teach abstinence". Studies have shown that in western European countries while teenagers have as much as sex as their peers in America, rates of teen pregnancy, abortion, and AIDS in every western European country are a fraction of our own. Parents have realized that while in theory abstinence-only sex ed programs are protecting their children and promoting a safer way of life, in reality this is not the case. There are more unwanted teenage pregnancies, abortions, and teenagers contracting HIV in this country than opposed to elsewhere where more comprehensive programs are employed. Consequently, parents have been found to support the implementation of comprehensive sex ed programs.
The majority of American adults champion teaching about sex in school. In fact, the first Gallup poll, conducted in 1943, found 68% of parents favoring it and even the heaviest rightwing fire in the 1980s and 1990s didn't manage to erase this support, which consistently bested at 80%. In a recent study 1,110 U.S. adults were surveyed and 82% supported programs that discuss abstinence as well as other methods for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Half of the adults were in complete opposition to abstinence-only education. Even among self-described conservatives, 70% supported comprehensive sex ed and 40% opposed the abstinence-only strategy. Other studies have obtained similar results. The SIECUS Fall 2004 Report includes a fact sheet compiling the results of numerous national and statewide surveys regarding sex education. The results are in accordance to previous studies finding that parents support comprehensive sex ed. 93% of parents of high school students believe that birth control and other methods of preventing pregnancy are appropriate topics for sex education programs, 79% of parents believe information on how to put a condom on is appropriate, 85% of parents believe information on how and where to get contraceptives is appropriate, and 76% believe masturbation is an appropriate topic. In order for abstinence-only programs to receive federal funding, they must not include any mention of birth control and condoms unless it is to emphasize their failure rates. Thus, from these statistics it is clear that the majority of parents are in support of comprehensive sex education, even though this is not what is occurring in schools throughout the country.
Sex education has continued to become even more political in the past few decades with the federal government supporting strict-abstinence only until marriage programs and the findings depicted above "highlight a gap between policy, science and public opinion". The contrasting views between governmental authorities and parents showcase the political controversies that have continuously been a part of sex education since its inception. It is clear that conservatives and the Christian Right have been more powerful in this fight than liberals and those advocating comprehensive sex ed programs. The taboos surrounding sex and discussions about sex have aided the Right's victory. "Sexuality issues, in particular sex education, facilitated the Christian Right's rise to political power". Historically, there is a stigma attached to sex and it is extremely difficult for a society to see something that has always been controversial in a new light. Conservative organizations have used language that reproduces sex in these ways and have instilled fear in parents and governmental authorities. It is disturbing to hear the Christian Right's allegations that children are being taught deviant sex behaviors and accusations that teaching about contraceptives will increase sexual activity amongst teenagers. Even though it has been proven that such statements are false, due to the uncomfortableness around sex in our society it is not that difficult to be convinced of these claims.
The AIDS outbreak and ideas about a teenage pregnancy epidemic gave room for conservative groups to show what awful consequences come from sex before marriage and gave reason for people to listen to their suggestions on how to prevent these outcomes from continuing. Due to previous views on sex, it was not difficult to gain support for abstinence-only programs. "Conservatives have drawn on the tenacious power of sexual shame and fear to galvanize residents to oppose comprehensive programs". What is evident from the dissonance between governmental support for abstinence-only programs and the steady decline of comprehensive sex education programs despite enormous support is that the government has a particular stance on sex, one that is in agreement with conservatives and the Christian Right, and is not willing to take into consideration evidence that does not adhere to this position.
Connecticut as a Participant
Federal involvement in promoting abstinence-only sex education began in 1982 with AFLA. Since then, congress has added two new federal funding programs: Title V and funding for community organizations (including faith-based) within the maternal and child health (MCH) block grant, adopted in 2000. While there is a great deal of federal funding now available, education in the United States is largely decentralized, meaning sex education policy is determined at the state level. Thirty-nine states require that some education related to sex be provided throughout the state, 21 require that both sexuality and STD education be provided, and 11 states leave the decision of what to teach entirely up to local school districts. Connecticut receives funding for abstinence-only programs and its policies exhibit issues that are seen in the sex ed debate throughout the country.
Connecticut does not require schools to teach sex education, but does require that schools teach human growth and development and disease prevention. However, it does require abstinence-only education in school districts that provide sex education. In 2005, Connecticut received $330,484 in federal Title V funding. The state has focused on 4 sections of the government's 8-point definition of abstinence education. This means that any funded program must:
- Have as its exclusive purpose teaching the social, psychological, and health gains to be realized by abstaining from sexual activity
- Teach that abstinence from sexual activity is the only certain way to avoid out-ofwedlock pregnancy, sexually ransmitted diseases, and other associated health problems
- Teach young people how to reject sexual advances and how alcohol and drug use increase vulnerability to sexual advances
- Teach the importance of attaining self-sufficiency before engaging in sexual activity
Connecticut, like almost every other state in the country, is receiving federal funds to provide abstinence-only sex education programs with the aforementioned guidelines. While these restrictions on the type of sex education provided give insight into how the controversy about sex education has influenced Connecticut's policy, the curriculum frameworks provided by the State Department of Education demonstrate how its practices have been affected.
The Health and Safety Education Curriculum and the Healthy and Balanced Living frameworks provide great insight into how sex education is regarded in Connecticut. The frameworks are crucial documents in grasping what Connecticut's official views on sex education are as well as how they reflect the general themes in sex education. The overarching goal of the Health and Safety curriculum is that by the end of the 12th grade, students will have developed and maintained behaviors that promote lifelong health. At the beginning of the framework, the k-12 content standards are provided. There are 4 standards: healthy and active life, injury and disease prevention, human growth and development, and substance abuse prevention. Only in the third standard is there an exception stated, which reads "It is the responsibility of the local school district to allow parents and guardians to exercise their right to exempt their children from instruction in human sexuality. Local school districts are responsible to develop a curriculum that is presented in an age-appropriate manner". In no other curriculum framework is such an exception made. This speaks to the trend in virtually all sex ed programs throughout the country, which is that learning about sex is a choice. Parents can choose whether or not they want their child to learn about sex. "A tactic initially used to defuse community opposition, these forms also stack up as de facto acquiescence to a parental "right" over their children's sexuality". Parents are in charge of what their children learn about this sensitive topic and not up to the state to decide. All other standards the State Department of Education put forth are mandatory and important, but not sex education. This is "optional" education.
The language of the Health and Safety Curriculum Framework provides more examples of how Connecticut views sex education. The human growth and development content standard states, "Students will avoid behaviors that result in pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases". It does not state that children will learn how to avoid such behaviors but that they simply will steer clear of them. The framework also states that instruction will demonstrate ways to obtain information about human growth, development, and sexuality. It does not say that they will provide information but rather that they will teach ways to receive such information if so inclined. In addition, it is stated that such information can be obtained from family, health professionals, responsible adults, and clergy. While the definition of clergy does mean any religious leader, to many it has a Christian connotation. I cannot argue whether this is intentional or not, but that a word with such an association was used suggests that the Christian Right has had an impact on Connecticut's practices and policies as well as those in most other states. The Christian Right has largely been responsible for the abstinence-only victory and its presence is clear in this document by using the term clergy. Another example of how language is important in this document is that students will identify the methods of contraception and the effectiveness of each. Yet, it does not say that students will learn how to use these methods of contraception to protect themselves.
The language throughout the document is that students will be provided with information but not shown how to use that knowledge. This is evident in the majority of sex ed programs throughout the country. Abstinence-only curriculums "typically omit any topic of discussions including masturbation, homosexuality, abortion, and contraception". While contraception is raised in the framework, the rest of these topics are not. And while contraception is brought up, it is only mentioned once and only in that methods will be identified, not discussed thoroughly. This has been the main subject of political controversy: what should be taught in sex education? Conservatives have won the battle and this is witnessed not only through governmental policies and funding but through the language exhibited in the Connecticut's Health and Safety Curriculum Framework.
The Healthy and Balanced Living Curriculum Framework also provides insight into Connecticut's official views on sex education. There are 14 standards put forth in this framework and 5 of those standards mention sex education:
- Comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention
- Demonstrate the ability to access valid health information and health-promoting products and services,
- Analyze the influence of culture, media, technology, and other factors on health
- Demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health
- Demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, and community health
The organization of this framework is the most revealing. Whenever sex is mentioned, it is put at the end of the content standard, suggesting that is less important than the other concepts. For example, "identify and discuss causes, modes of transmission, symptoms and prevention methods of communicable and non-communicable diseases" comes after 8 other goals. Similar set ups are depicted in every content standard where anything involved with sex is mentioned. This is a clear depiction of how important Connecticut views sex education. Learning about sex comes last, after other more important lessons. This reiterates the view that it is optional and parents can opt-out of having their children learn about it because it isn't crucial to their success. This also relates to the stigmatization of sex and discussing it with children. Historically sex is a taboo topic meant only for adults and the language surrounding it reflects this longstanding opinion. "Much of the symbolic power of aversive rhetorics derives from the stigma historically attached to sex". By inserting these standards at the end, it is not placing them directly on your face or giving them great importance. It is merely stating them within the context of other goals; to support other objectives.
Parents in Connecticut are also in accord with national research that has found parents to be in support of comprehensive sex education programs despite abstinence-only programs being implemented in almost every state. 75% of adults believe schools should teach both abstinence and contraception, 59% oppose current policy that funds teaching only abstinence and prohibits information about condoms and birth control to prevent pregnancy and/or disease, and 77% of African Americans, 62% of whites, and 58% of Hispanics said that they would take action to support a change in school policy if they found out their school does not provide information about condoms and birth control. Thus, it is clear from viewing curriculum frameworks, looking at what funding it is receiving, and hearing parent's perspectives on the topic, that Connecticut is in sync with national trends and controversies surrounding the sex education debate. The state is receiving federal funds in spite of the majority of parents wanting a more comprehensive program, sex education is not mandatory in schools and if it is available, children are not required to receive it, and language is used that has religious connotations. All of this together shows how the controversy around sex education has affected Connecticut.
There has been political controversy surrounding sex education since its inception. As sex became more visible through media and with the creation of SIECUS, opponents no longer remained quiet because there was an obvious target to attack. Right Wing groups lashed out at comprehensive sex education programs. In the end, they won the battle over those advocating comprehensive sex ed with federal funding for states that provide abstinence-only sex education. Even though today the debate over sex education continues, comprehensive sex ed organizations are now on the defense. While organizations such as SIECUS are still fighting to put more comprehensive sex education programs in schools, they are struggling against the now more powerful abstinence-only education. Yet even though the government has supported abstinenceonly sex education in a major way, parents do not agree with this type of education. Numerous studies have shown that parents support more comprehensive sex education programs in school. Thus it is clear that those in power have a clear view on what type of education they believe is appropriate and at the moment are unwilling to change their standpoint, regardless of popular opinion. It is clear that Connecticut's policies and practices reflect the national trends in the sex education battle, one that is likely to continue for decades to come.
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- (2006). Few Americans Favor Abstinence-only Sex Ed. Retrieved December 1, 2006 from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15603764/
- Gold, Rachel Benson & Nash, Elizabeth. (2001). State-Level Policies on Sexuality, STD Prevention. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, 4-7.
- (1998). Health and Safety Education Curriculum Framework. Retrieved October 20, 2006 from http://www.state.ct.us/sde/deps/Student/CHE/frhlth.pdf
- (2006). Healthy and Balanced Living Curriculum Framework. Retrieved November 12, 2006 from http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/LIB/sde/PDF/deps/student/Healthy&BalancedLiving.pdf
- Irvine, Janice. (2002). Talk About Sex: The battles over sex education in the united states. Berkley: University of California Press.
- Levine, Judith. (2002). Harmful to Minors: The perils of protecting children from sex. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
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The recent news of the departure Stoke-on-Trent City Council's controversial chief executive John Van de Laarschot was very welcome and long overdue. It wasn't a surprise: the council changed hands after the May 2015 elections and new leader Dave Conway was a frequent critic of Van de Laarschot while in opposition.
The departure was a costly one. After several weeks on fully paid gardening leave, he was given a Golden Fuck Off of almost a quarter of a million pounds. And this after a five year tenure that wreaked havoc on the council, ruining successful services and causing staff to leave in unprecedented numbers. This obscenely overpaid and arrogant little man should have been sent packing years ago – there were opportunities, but former leader Mohammed Pervez lacked the balls. Better late than never, I suppose, and good riddance to extremely bad rubbish. A pity it took so long and cost us so much.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Business / Agriculture / Contract: Written or oral agreement spelling out the parties' understanding of how a commodity is to be produced and/or marketed, including specifications for quantity, quality, and price. Marketing contracts are commonly used for crops, while production contracts are more prevalent in the livestock industry. Contracts contrast to cash markets. Cash markets continue to dominate the agriculture sector, accounting for almost 70% of farm commodity sales in 1997. However, contracting could likely continue to grow as a risk management tool for farmers and a coordination tool for processors. Futures contracts provide a way to manage price risk that typically do not involve actual delivery of commodities.
Search Google for Contract:
Contract Adjective Synonyms: agreement, understanding, deal, bargain, arrangement, pact, commitment, obligation, compact
Contract Verb Synonyms: catch, acquire, get, come down with, develop, become infected with, go down with
Contract Noun Synonyms: engage, agree, promise, covenant, undertake
Business / Construction / Fixed Price Contract: A contract with a set price for the work. See Time and Materials Contract. MORE
Business / Agriculture / Contract For Future Sale: A sales contract under which a farmer agrees to deliver products of specified quality and quantity to a buyer for a specified price within a prescribed time frame. Contract sales are a growing practic MORE
Business / Finance / Open Contracts: Contracts that have been bought or sold without completion of the transaction by subsequent sale or purchase, or by making or taking actual delivery of the financial instrument or physical commodity. MORE


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I have worked really hard this year. And I've been a very good girl (vbg)! But this past Saturday I needed a little break. So I did one of my very favorite things. I gifted myself with the afternoon and evening off and headed out for the Decatur and Huntsville Historic Homes Christmas Tours! Here in Huntsville I think it's actually called the Spirits of Christmas Past Tour. Doesn't really matter what it's called, it was awesome! My partners in crime were my wonderful sister-in-law Sadie and niece Paula.
First we stopped by Cracker Barrel for a wonderful lunch. Since Decatur's tour started at two, we headed that way. Decatur is called the River City and is one of Alabama's loveliest old towns perched on the banks of Wheeler Lake along the Tennessee River. There are two historic sections of town, Old Decatur and Albany. The people who welcomed us into their homes were so kind and generous and I have to tell you, Decatur has it all over Huntsville this year. The houses were decorated beautifully. I mean, breathtakingly beautiful. Such creative minds and hands!
After touring for hours in Decatur, we crossed the bridge and returned to Huntsville's Twickenham, Five Points and Old Town historic districts. The grand old homes were just gorgeous (couldn't hold a candle to the decorations in Decatur though). We stopped in a couple of antique stores. I discovered a couple I had never been to before (Like Bank's Street Antique Mall in Decatur) and I will be back. We stopped in at Jack's for burgers and sodas.
Later in the evening we strolled the historic streets in Huntsville (the Rocket City!) and listened to the bag pipes and enjoyed hot cider. It really was a wonderful evening.
I wish I had more and better photos to share. It was just so beautiful I barely remembered to take pictures and most of those didn't turn out very well. But something I realized during this wondrous night related to my work as an author. The most beautifully decorated homes were layered with details. Greenery and flowers and pine cones and Santa boots or foxes or sleds or whatever. The designs were carefully layered with all sorts of pretty and interesting elements. None of the elements were particularly exciting on their own. It was the way they were tied together with all the other elements that made the difference. The best stories are layered with detail and interesting elements and characters. No single aspect makes the story the great work it is. Rather it's the combination–the careful layering–of all those amazing elements. Isn't that true in everything we do? The passion and excitement we have for what we do shows in the final result.
Have you been checking out holiday decorations? I'd love to hear about it. I'd like to wish all of you a wonderful and safe holiday! Merry Christmas, yall!


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The folks over at Fiat Chrysler Authority have uncovered an interesting trademark filing. According to their findings FCA has trademarked the name ANGEL for vehicle use.
Full disclosure: trademark filings often mean nothing and are never used, but this one is fun to speculate given the Hellcat and Demon monikers are already used. The theory here is that perhaps the next-generation Challenger will offer an Angel variant; the spiritual successor to the Hellcat and Demon. Switching satan for saint?
The idea is fun, nonetheless. The next-generation Challenger is due out sometime around 2020 (unless delayed again). Built on FCA's Giorgio platform that underpins the Alfa Romeo Giulia, expect the car to be smaller and lighter.


text:
- #Concert or Performance
- #Music/Arts
- #Performance
Come celebrate Good Times with us this Tuesday and witness the dopest and funniest weekly comedy show this side of town! No food or drink minimum but food/drink menu available.
Also join us after for free/discounted Menchies!
~We All Deserve Good Times~


text: While Europe is recovering from an unusually warm summer, a new study warns that heatwaves with temperatures of above 40°C are expected to become more frequent, with some regions of Eastern Europe hit by new super heatwaves of above 55°C, writes Wendel Trio. Wendel Trio is Director of Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe, an environmental pressure group. "Heatwave Lucifer is making Europe 'hot as hell'." "One of the worst droughts in decades devastates South Europe's crops." "Wildfires destroy homes, cause evacuations in Greece, Portugal." These are just a few examples of this summer's numerous news headlines about the rise of extreme weather events across the continent. All over Europe the havoc caused by soaring temperatures has featured prominently both in the news and in our everyday conversations.


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13 Aug 2016 - General
A young gentlmean, ex-smoker, with background og known ulcerative colitis since 3 years ago, on inliximab insusion since 6 months ago, was admitted to hospital due to worsening bloody diarrhoea for the last 2 week, with the frequency up to 10-12 times per day, and nocturnal symtpoms. Patient also has intermittent abdominal pain, reduced in appetite, and weight loss. Patient's last dose of infliximab was given around 3 weeks ago. Fllixi-sigmoidosocpy done showed moderate to severe colitis up to descending colon. PFA doned showed no sign of toxic megacolon. Stool for culture and sensitivity, and C.Diff were negative. Slightly low HB, with high CRP. What is your impression and management plan for him?


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text:
Today I'm sharing a double challenge happening over
at Pixels and Paper sharing with Child's Play Challenges.
Inspiration picture and criteria you will find below, but first
here is my page
Child's Play. I also used paper with chickens.
1 year or older : Everything except brads, half pearls and string


text:
A young otter stood in the Great Hall of Redwall Abbey. The moonlight fell on her shoulder, showing that she glowed. The otter had long-since run her seasons. The only reason she was here was because of Martin the Warrior.
Not that she had wanted to come to visit the great Abbey. The spirits from the Dark Forest sent her there. No, Euthudia Vergu the Otter most certainly hadn't come of her own accord.
But Lord Brocktree from Salamandastron had "required her to complete this urgent mission". Lord Stonepaw too had encouraged her. Finally, Euthudia had given in to the badger lord's pleas.
So here she was, waiting for Martin to come. The warrior was sent to get Martin, Mattimeo the Warrior's son. There was a movement behind her. Euthidia turned, expecting it to be Martin and Martin, but there was a large squirrel there.
"Whoooo aare yyyou?" asked the squirrel, trembling.
Euthidia took a step towards the squirrel. "I am Euthidia Vergu the Otter. Who are you?"
"I am Lutria of Redwall. What are you doing in our Great Hall? And why do you look like a spirit?"
Euthidia Vergu laughed, the sound ringing off the walls and high ceiling. "I am a spirit. I was sent here to guard Martin the Warrior. He must find Martin, son of Mattimeo."
Lutria frowned. "Mmm, hmm, he's here. But why?"
"Why what?"
"Why do you need Martin? And, uh," here, the squirrel looked at her feet bashfully, "Why don't you talk in rhyme like the other spirits?"
"One at a time, Lutria! Martin is the son of a Redwall Warrior; he must complete a very important mission. I don't speak in rhyme because, number one, you weren't supposed to see me, and number two, there's nothing to warn you against. Does that cover that?" Euthidia asked.
Lutria nodded.
Shamefaced, Euthidia the Otter asked the young squirrel, "Um, Lutria, can you write?"
Lutria nodded.
The otter smiled. "Good, good. That solves a lot of problems. I need you to write a note to the Father Abbott that Martin and Lutria have gone with Euthidia Vergu the Warrior. He'll know me, don't worry about that."
Lutria gave a huge grin and nodded. "Aye, thanks, Euthidia the Otter Warrior!"
Chapter OneEdit
Chrustiain the Weasel took a quiver of arrows. Looking down, he was on top of a deep cliff. The weasel watched a corsiar ship come into the island harbor. Blowing quickly on his arrow, he got one spark.
A passing stoat sniggered. "Hmph, Chrustiain! Best you can do, snotface?"
Chrustiain carefully began loading the arrow onto his bow. "I'd like to see you do better, Gringle!"
Gringle the stoat smirked openly. "Yes, your Highness!"
Within moments, Chrustiain was on Grindle. His arrowpoint dug into the traitor stoat's chest.
Chrustiain leaned closer, his arrow pointed at Grindle's throat. "You...will...call...me...Chrustiain...! Is... that...clear...?"
Grindle nodded sagely. "Yyeesss, yyyo- uh, that is, Chrustiain!"
Smiling evilly, Chrustiain blew on his arrow again. He launched it, with the fire on it's tip whitstling, and watched it as it landed on the ship coming into the island harbor.
Grindle made a noise behind Chrustiain. The weasel turned, just in time to see a blur, and suddenly, Grindle had poked him with his sword. Smiling, the stoat advanced. "So now what, your Highness? Scared?"
Quickly, Grindle poked Chrustiain's arm. "Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!"
Letting out a scream of agony, Chrustiain tumbled over to the edge of the cliff.
Grindle pulled him close. "Tell the Guardians that the Merciless One sent you, Chrustiain!" And Grindle the Merciless One dropped Chrustiain, relishing his screams, and the explosion of curses from the harbor below.
Grindle was now Lord of the High Harbor. Nobeast could stand against him and live!
Chapter TwoEdit
Lutria and Martin lumbered along the path, Lutria with the food pack. Martin and Euthudia walked above them, watching them carefully. Martin (the live one) had his sword. The spirit Martin now called himself Spiritmartin to avoid confusion.
They had gotten a late start because Martin had accidentally found the Cavern Hole instead of the dormitories, and made so much noise that finally the Abbott had woken up.
Euthudia had told him about Martin's quest, and how Lutria had been so friendly to her, she had allowed the young squirrel to come. After hearing all, the Abbott had helped Spiritmartin find the dormitories, but all of this delayed their departure.
Suddenly, Lutria and Martin stopped, jerking Euthudia out of her thoughts. "Hoi! What'd'ya stop for?" Spiritmartin asked.
Lutria looked up at him. "Are you awake? Can't you see that the River Moss is in front of us?"
Euthudia looked down. Lutria was right. The River Moss ran quickly and quietly in front of them, as wide as a fallen tree.
Martin looked sideways at Lutria. "Well, what do we do?"
Euthudia sighed. "I'm an otter. Perhaps I can swim you across?"
Lutria looked dubious. "But you're a spirit!"
Spiritmartin snorted. "And you're a treeflyer!"
Martin walked firmly in front of the two. "Lutria, if you object to Euthudia's suggestion, then what is yours?"
Lutria lowered her eyes. Muttering low, she replied, "Okay, fine, but I don't want to be drowned by some spirit warrior..." She got no farther.
Spiritmartin grabbed her and stared straight into her eyes. "Look, squirrel, Euthudia wasn't just some warrior- she'll tell you tonight. Now, will you quit makin' things difficult! Don't forget, you don't have to come. We'll..."
Euthudia put a silver paw on her friend's back. "Calm down, Martin. Listen, Lutria's never been away from Redwall before. The only warrior she's seen have been Mattimeo and Matthias before he died. She is an exceedingly brave squirrel, and cautious too, which will doubtlessly serve us well in the future. She is only making sure that she won't get injured. We'll tell her our tales, though obviously she's heard yours, and she'll tell us hers."
Spiritmartin smiled at the otter warrior. "Fine, Euthudia. You leave me no choice. However, Lutria may be right..."
Euthudia laughed. "So we'll take no chances." she finished. Then she stood up. "Martin, no, the other Martin, you get wood for a raft. Lutria, break out the breakfast!"
Chapter ThreeEdit
Grindle was not a name fit for a leader. He would have to pick another. The stoat sat in his tent, thinking, for about a week. Then he had it.
The stoat called his Captain, Agofren, into his tent. "Master?" He asked.
Grindle grinned. "Cap'n Agofren, what is my name?"
Agofren, puzzled, answered, "Master Grindle, Master!"
Grindle shook his head. "Nah, my name's Rangfarl. Remember?"
Agofren could not, but he pretended that he could. "Oh, yes! I remember! You changed it right after his Highness Chrustiain died."
The newly re-named Rangfarl whipped out his knife. He licked it carefully. "Now, Agofren, go announce to the army that Rangfarl will bring plunder and riches if followed completely loyally. You are dismissed!"
Agofren began shaking. He had a good reputation in the horde. He did not want to ruin it. "Bbbuutt...Mmassttterrr..."
Rangfarl's knife was immediately at Agofren's throat. "Do you dare to question an order?"
Agofren threw caution to the wind. "I don't want to ruin my good reputation in the Horde!"
Rangfarl smiled. It was not a pretty sight. "Fine, Agofren. You are now exiled from my Horde. You are no longer a Captain. Do me one last favor. Send Deathstorm in to me."
Agofren bowed hs head. "So be it, Master."
He left Rangfarl's tent, never to return again. Soon, a fox came in.
"Lord, Agofren has left, never to return." Deathstorm reported.
Rangfarl nodded. "You are now a captain. You are loyal to me, I hope?"
"Lord, I am yours at death." Captain Deathstorm promised.
Rangfarl smiled again. "Good, I am glad. Go now, and announce to the Horde that I am Rangfarl the Merciless One! You are my Captain, I now trust your judgement completely. You are dissmissed.
Chapter FourEdit
Rangfarl's Horde needed some organizing. This was the first thing that Rangfarl noticed. There were rats and stoats, foxes and weasels, but no real organization. Apart from Deathstorm and a stoat named Halockfur, there were no Captains.
Rangfarl knew that there were also talks of mutiny and desertion. Halockfur, one of the less brighter Horde members, thought that Rangfarl should create armour out of the bones of his slain victims.
Deathstorm dissmissed the idea as soon as it was suggested, but Rangfarl gave it come thought. Maybe it wasn't too bad, he thought.
ker than the rest, Rangfarl called Halockfur into his tent.
"Halockfur, I like your idea. Also, I am promoting you to Major. Now, don't tell anybeast this, but Deathstorm is planning to kill you. Aye, sad, 'tisn't it, yore mate deserting you? I am sorry, aye, truly sorry. But the only way to prevent yore death is to kill Deathstorm. Why don't ye go after 'im tonight, while he's sweeping?"
Nodding briefly, Halockfur left the tent. Behind him, Rangfarl smiled evilly. Two potintial mutinious beasts gone in one sweep! Even if they didn't both die tonight, and one of them would, Rangfarl would be forced to kill the survivor tomorrow for murdering their "matey."
What a clever beast he was!
Euthudia and Lutria sat on one side of the fire, Spiritmartin and Martin on the other. The sun's last rays had vanished long ago, and so had supper. Now, Euthudia would tell them of her life.
"Hmm, well, it wasn't very long, I can tell ye that right away! Hmm, well, I was born to Inbar Trueflight and Grath Longfletch of Holt Rudderdale on the final day of the Winter of the Frozen Lake. Not long after, Inbar left Holt Rudderdale. About six seasons after Inbar's depature, Grath got very sick, and I was left to take over the Holt. Three seasons later, my brother, Enrico, was born. Shortly after, Grath died. When Enrico was old enough, I left the Holt to find my father. Enrico was left in charge. Shortly after I left, I made my way to the northern shores. Well, my original name was Mylonia Longflight, but at the shore, I met a seal. He was so badly injured, that I stopped and took care of him.
"In my Holt, the name Mylonia means "daughter of a warrior." The seal, who's name was Sedalia, re-named me Euthudia, which in the seal language, means "life-warrior."
"Whatever, but if Sedalia hadn't allowed me to live with her, I would've surely died. Not long after the winter was over, Sedalia asked me if I could go to Mossflower Wood and get some of the strawberries that grew at the edges of the forest. I was to follow the sea until Mossflower came into sight, then I was to make a longbow and arrows to protect against the loanrats that roamed. If I came into any trouble, I was to let out a call: Seeeeeddddddaaaaaaaalllllliiiiiiiaaaaaa Seeeeeeaaaaaallll!, and she would come. Well, story to be short, I made it to Mossflower. Sedalia had been lacking behind, then putting on an extra burst of speed, just far enough to catch up to me, then slacking again. She was playing with me. However, one time she lacked too much. One of the loanrats came out of Mossflower and shot me. Sedalia heard my cry, but she was too late. I was dieing.
"It's intresting to see your dead body, but still feel alive. Somehow, you feel more free... does that make any since?" Euthudia finished her tale.
Lutria was wiping her eyes with her tunic sleeve. "Aye, yes it does, Mylonia."
Euthudia sighed. "'Tis been many a year since I was called Mylonia."
Martin stood up. "Do you want to be called Euthudia?"
The otter spirit thought for a moment. "Yep, I do, but do me a favor- our warcry will be Seeeeeddddddaaaaaaaalllllliiiiiiiaaaaaa Seeeeeeaaaaaallll! Okay?"
Without thinking, they had camped by the other side of the river. Also without knowing it, they had taken so many shortcuts, that, after they had crossed the River Moss, they were by the shore. When Euthudia had shouted Sedalia's call, other ears were listening.


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text:
It's gone by seemingly in a blink of an eye, but Access - the Foundation for Social Investment was launched 3 years ago. We then saw Access as a younger sister organisation, learning from the experience of our early days, with a mandate and tools (ie. grant!) to do things that are needed that we could never do.
What's happened so far?
Access's two aims at the outset spoke to the two biggest themes we heard in our work with charities and social enterprises – first, the need for smaller simpler finance than was then available, and second the need for support for charities & social enterprises to be in a stronger position to get social investment.
Through the Access Growth Fund (a blend of BSC's loan money & Big Lottery Fund grant) – there are now 11 loan funds offering small loans (less than £150k) in England, with more to come. We expect around 1,000 organisations to receive small loan investment over the life of the Growth Fund – a big shift when in 2016 we estimated that over 3,600 organisations had accessed social investment of any size.
Some of these funds are run by existing social investors like Big Issue Invest, Keyfund and Resonance but it's also been exciting to see new players running funds– community foundations, membership organisations and housing associations. The hypothesis is that organisations who are of the sector & with deeper relationships will be better able to overcome some of the "softer" barriers around social investment – empathy, difference of cultures, practical understanding of the impact & income streams. Will this result in more social investment reaching genuinely underserved parts of the sector? It's too early to tell, but the signs are positive, seeing the great charities and social enterprise who have received investment so far, many of whom would not have done before.
Increasingly we see positive signs of the connections between our broader awareness raising work and Access's Connect Fund work to build infrastructure for the sector. We've been pleased to see partners such as VONNE who hosted our first Let's Talk Good Finance event in the North East in 2016, proactively taking on a greater leadership role on social investment locally, and now able to access support from the Connect Fund to do so.
The other key touchpoint we've had has been our collaboration on Good Finance, together with our sector partners including SEUK, Locality & NCVO. We've been proud to develop this in a way that is user led and genuinely collaborative - this speaks to themes which echoes across Access's other strands of work (for example on Impact Management), and we hope, increasingly our own.
What's ahead?
Access launched their new strategy recently, with three strands around enterprise development, blended finance & learning programme.
On blended finance, we'll be working together on a new initiative to see how this can made available to specific places. We know that place based work is complex, and are aware that the wholesale loan capital we bring is a limited tool – so there's a really valuable opportunity to collaborate with Access to bring blended finance & capacity building support to benefit communities in specific places.
The clear shift of Access's capacity building work to focus on "enterprise development" is really welcome. It has already reframed the "why" of capacity building support, and helpfully affirms loud and clear what has been apparent for a long time. Looking for social investment is never the starting point, organisations need to be focused on understanding how to grow, diversify and sustain income, and investment may then follow.
What have we learned from Access?
Working with and listening to our sister organisation has been good for us. The need to work in partnership was in their DNA of having 3 founding organisations, and as a result we've also had to find ways of working that were new for us, for example on the Growth Fund, where our Investment team colleagues support rather than lead on fund proposals, and where the decision making shared by Access and funders.
Other aspects of Access's work have indirectly encouraged us to consider how we could do more of the same, albeit with our wider role – for example peer learning amongst intermediaries running funds, and their openness around sharing updates on their work and external transparency of their performance dashboards.
Finally, Access's articulation of building learning, capacity and networks that can sustain a legacy beyond a programme's life resonates strongly. They have taken a bold lead in setting out a vision of how data and learning around social investment could be shared and accessed in the right places to greatest benefit for charities and enterprises. We're keen to contribute and build this more consistently into our thinking –taking our insights & learnings to think who could this benefit, where is it best be used by others in the "system"?
Above all, we want our combined efforts & funds to make a greater difference to how social investment is used by charities and social enterprises to improve people's lives – through improving both the tools and the journey.
If you're a charity or social enterprise considering using social investment, please see Good Finance.
If you're interested in how partnering with Access on their enterprise development programme – see here


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Less Talk today and more photos from the event. These are the exclusive photos that we got from the proceedings.
That's All Folks. Hope You Found It As Awesome As We Did!!!!
There's a chance you're qualified for a complimentary Apple iPhone 7.ReplyDelete
If you need your ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend to come crawling back to you on their knees (even if they're dating somebody else now) you must watch this video
right away...
(VIDEO) Win your ex back with TEXT messages?
Copyright © 2013 Visual Studio Learn.


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It's Called The 5G BEAST SYSTEM For A Reason
To support A Sheep No More and keep this small, independent media reporting to you 365 days/year, please consider a donation! Thank you for your concern. – Julie Telgenhoff, Creator of A Sheep no More
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Our Quick Start Website is the best way for you to get an immediate presence on the internet and to start being found by the search engines. It can be used for virtually any type of business, either as a permanent website that is viewable by both desktop and mobile visitors, or as a stepping stone to one of our three other more robust website solutions.
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THREE (3) Website Pages
• ONE (1) Responsive Design Website Page with TWO (2) custom-labeled website sections used to describe your business or organization's services or products and ONE (1) custom-labeled Contact Information section with address, phone(s), fax, directions map, hours of operation, and email contact form link
• ONE (1) Lead Generating Contact Form Page with
ONE (1) Visitor Thank-You Page - a direct link between you and your potential customers
• Website for a single domain (example: www.yourdomain.com)
• 100 MG of storage space and 1 email account
• All website and email server system administration tasks
• Personal Web Concierge -
THIRTY (30) MINUTES PER MONTH, SINGLE ACCESS of the following client-initiated website support tasks: 1. updates to existing page section names, search keywords, description, and content;
and 2. email and/or phone consultation on site growth and marketing strategy


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Hair color change is probably one of the most obvious signs of aging. Hair color is caused by a pigment (melanin) produced by hair follicles. With aging, the follicle produces less melanin.
Graying often begins in the 30s, although this varies widely. Graying usually begins at the temples and extends to the top of the scalp. Hair becomes progressively lighter, eventually turning white.
Many people have some gray scalp hair by the time they are in their 40s. Body and facial hair also turn gray, but usually later than scalp hair. The hair in the armpit, chest, and pubic area may gray less or not at all.
Graying is genetically determined. Gray hair tends to occur earlier in Caucasians and later in Asian races. Nutritional supplements, vitamins, and other products will not stop or decrease the rate of graying.
Hair is a protein strand that grows through an opening (follicle) in the skin. A single hair has a normal life of about 4 or 5 years. That hair then falls out and is replaced with a new hair.
How much hair you have on your body and head is determined by your genes. However, almost everyone experiences some hair loss with aging. The rate of hair growth slows.
The hair strands become smaller and have less pigment, so the thick, coarse hair of a young adult eventually becomes thin, fine, light-colored hair. Many hair follicles stop producing new hairs altogether.
About a quarter of men begin to show signs of baldness by the time they are 30 years old, and about two-thirds of men have significant baldness by age 60. Men develop a typical pattern of baldness associated with the male hormone testosterone (male-pattern baldness). Hair may be lost at the temples or at the top of the head.
Women may also develop a typical pattern of hair loss as they age (female-pattern baldness). The hair becomes less dense all over and the scalp may become visible.
Body and facial hair are also lost, but the hairs that remain may become coarser. Some women may notice a loss of body hair, but may find that they have coarse facial hair, especially on the chin and around the lips.
Men may find the hair of their eyebrows, ears, and nose becoming longer and coarser.
The nails also change with aging. They grow slower and may become dull and brittle. They may become yellowed and opaque.
Nails, especially toenails, may become hard and thick. Ingrown toenails may be more common. The tips of the fingernails may fragment.
Sometimes, lengthwise ridges will develop in the fingernails and toenails. This can be a normal aging change. However, some nail changes can be caused by infections, nutritional deficiencies, trauma, and other problems.
Check with your health care provider if your nails develop pits, ridges, lines, changed shape, or other changes. These can be related to iron deficiency, kidney disease, and nutritional deficiencies.
Reviewed by: Michael Langan, M.D. Department of Geriatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
Notice: The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Copyright 1997-2012, A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


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Experienced Atlanta Injury Firm at 404-334-4831!
The aftermath of an injury can be painful, stressful and an emotionally draining experience particularly when the injury is severe. When that injury is caused due to someone else's negligent or careless acts, additional complications become factored into the equation. It is essential that if you have fallen victim to any kind of harm at the hand of another that you do not take the scenario lightly. Hiring an experienced Atlanta personal injury lawyer or law firm can be crucial to ensuring you receive compensation vital to your physical and emotional recovery.
Why choose Kalka & Baer, LLC?
- Voted as the Clients' Choice for Personal Injury attorneys on Avvo® from 2012-2014
- Recovered millions of dollars in settlements for our clients
- Anthony Kalka, has been included in The National Trial Lawyers "Top 40 under 40" in 2006 and again from 2009-2015
- Attorney Kalka has been included in Georgia's Top 100 Lawyers in 2015
- Attorney Kalka Georgia's Super Lawyers® as a Rising Star℠ in 2006 and again in 2009-2013 and Georgia's Super Lawyers® for 2014-2016
- Attorney Baer included in Georgia's Super Lawyers® Rising Star℠ for 2010-2014 and Super Lawyers® for 2015
- Both attorneys have been named to Georgia Trend's Legal Elite
- 10.0 Superb rated on Avvo
At Kalka & Baer LLC, we provide you and your family with viable strategies and solutions. With over 20 years of combined legal experience, we have handled everything from car accidents to nursing home abuse. We are dedicated to seeking fair compensation for our clients, and our dedication has been recognized throughout metro-Atlanta, Georgia and the nation.
Former Experience as Insurance Defense Lawyers
Years of extensive legal practice preserving individuals' rights and obtaining positive results has allowed our attorneys to achieve a high level of success. Attorneys Tony Kalka and Bryan Baer started their legal careers defending insurance companies and large corporations. Preparing defenses to personal injury claims gave them a great deal of knowledge on how the other side works.
It gave them insight into specifics that insurance companies and corporations are looking for before settling a claim and what it takes to get financial compensation from them. They are also able to use their experience in the courtroom, anticipating moves the defense will likely make and avoiding common mistakes some lawyers make when fighting against large insurance companies. This can prove to be a particularly strong advantage to any personal injury client giving our clients an insider's advantage and upper hand.
In 2006, Tony Kalka formed the firm and his dedication to swift and just recoveries for his clients brought early success and significant growth. In 2011, Bryan joined forces with Tony so that they might provide exemplary representation to those who need it most.
Their legal tactics have earned them both prestigious accolades in the legal community. As a firm, our goal is to make every effort to continue this level of excellence as we create solid relationships with each of our personal injury clients. Our team has a history of tremendous case results, including millions recovered for our clients facing the aftermath of truck accidents, slip and falls, accidents on GA 400, wrongful death cases and other types of incidents.
We Don't Charge Anything Unless We Win
Costs associated with most attorneys can be exorbitant and clients are often required to pay up front before any work is even done. This can cause added financial stress to an already overwhelming situation and the money must be paid regardless of whether or not the attorney actually wins the case or not. At Kalka & Baer LLC, we do not require any payment from you unless we obtain compensation during the settlement process.
By providing a free initial case evaluation and complementary legal advice, do not hesitate to get in touch with our office if you have been involved in an incident resulting in injury. There is no case too complicated or too insignificant for our legal team to handle. In the event that we are unable to get the results you needed, you do not have to worry about paying extensive fees. Consider it our promise to you that we will fight to protect your rights and your claim throughout the entire process.
Call 404-334-4831 for your free evaluation!
While it may seem like the last thing on your mind while you are recovering from injuries or dealing with the loss of a loved one from awrongful death situation, it is essential that you seek legal help immediately. By allowing our firm to take a closer look at your case and negotiate with your insurance provider, it can take some of the stress off of your shoulders.
Do not underestimate the amount of financial restitution that may be available to you for your loss and suffering. Rest easier knowing that you are in capable hands with our attorneys, as they will work fervently until the case is finished. Get in touch with our legal team today at (404) 334-4831 to learn more about our legal services.


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Bachelor of Commerce
It is the most popular and the most studied program all over the world. As this is directly related to the basic business requirements, it covers a very wide realm of employment prospects globally. It is door to vast career opportunities.
Bachelor of Commerce is designed to develop the managerial skills and knowledge in commerce. This degree develops your systematic knowledge, communication and problem-solving techniques, providing you with a overall possibility on business and preparing you to seek a career within the business field. This course will help the students to gain a detailed knowledge on the core subjects like :-
- Accounting
- Management
- Law
- Marketing
- Microeconomics
- Finance
- Business decision making
A student holding a B.Com Degree will be apt for leading a career as corporate employee or as an executive. The student will have sufficient knowledge about the changes in the flexible business world, and will have a great concept about how they can bring maximum output in the business field and the market-relevant aspects.
Some of the main benefits in career by learning B.Com are :-
High employment:- Students of B.Com can certainly expect high job opportunities as now a day's business needs a commerce specialist or an accountant to run the business successfully. B.Com students have a good idea about how the financial condition of a business needs to be managed.
Career prospects:- A B.Com student can explore numerous career options after obtaining the degree. Students can look for career prospect in the following domains:
- Banking
- Company Secretary
- Chartered Accountancy
- Economics
- Cost Work and Accountancy
- Stock Broking
- Agricultural Economics
Mahatma Gandhi University contributes both Theoretical and practical training in the correct proportion. Bachelor of Commerce will help the students to develop their soft skills, problem solving techniques. It also gives the students a good idea about how the financial condition of a business needs to be managed.
|B.COM. (Bachelor of Commerce)
|Programme Code
|Min. Duration 3 Year
Max. Duration 6 Years
|Eligibility Criteria
|10+2 in any stream or equivalent
Year I
CODE SUBJECT CREDITS BCOM11 Computer Applications In Business-1 5 BCOM12 Business Communication 5 BCOM13 Business Economics 5 BCOM14 Business Management 5 BCOM15 Business Accounting 6 BCOM16 Banking Theory & Practice 6 Total 32
Year II
CODE SUBJECT CREDITS BCOM21 Business Law 5 BCOM22 Business Statistics 5 BCOM23 Cost Accounting 5 BCOM24 Financial Accounting 5 BCOM25 Investment Management 6 BCOM26 Human Resource Management 6 Total 32
Year III
CODE SUBJECT CREDITS BCOM31 Advertising Management 7 BCOM32 International Marketing 7 BCOM33 Element of Financial Services 7 BCOM34 Computer Application in Business 7 BCOM35 Company Acccounts 7 Total 35
For further details regarding syllabus contact us


text: He heads up to the mothership to see that no one is home, so he sits there for a while thinking about thing and finally listening to the classical CD's that he stole from Mr. Ridgeway. He was drinking beer and listening, when his father's truck had pulled up and Even Star came home too. Evening Star was glad to see him, but his father was in a real bad mood, so they both went into the kitchen to start on dinner and talk about I-Man. She told him that I-Man was trying to rip someone off with selling his ganja, and he and his gang had been killed for it. They were cooking dinner, and when all of a sudden, Bone asked Evening Star if she would like to have sex with him. She said okay and she did it in the same place that I-Man she did it when Bone saw them. After that, he started to ask if his father had another family back up where he worked, and she was hesitant to tell him, but she did anyways. He then goes and prepares for his leave. He leaves a note for his father saying, "The Bone rules, never forget-tee!". Then, he goes off to take his revenge. He finds Jason cooking that goat on the barbecue and soon starts to tell him about how he killed I-Man. Jason says that it was the other guy, but Bone knows, so then get into a fight, and Jason ends up falling into the barbecue and then getting dumped in the pool. Bone then rushes off before anyone can catch on.


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White MemberWhat's this << Back to search results
Contact Details
Name: Shweta
Tel: +912242560000
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.completenet.com
Address: 24-B, Nand-Deep Ind. Estate, Near Kohinoor Hotel,, Kondivita Road, Andheri (E), 400059 Mumbai
UK, Maharashtra, Mumbai
Kush Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. - Web Designing
1 Clients & Projects 0 Reviews
0 Stars | Write Review
Mumbai based Web Designing & Development Company
Languages Spoken: English
Employees: 21-50 Established: 1995 Joined: 2013
Mumbai based Web Designing & Development Company specializing in Web designing, Web Development, E-commerce, Mobile Websites & Brand Identity.


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Broncos linebacker Von Miller has a keen sense of fashion, and he's not afraid to step outside the box and wear something a bit unique before, during and after games.
While warming up on the field before Sunday's game against the Patriots, Miller sported an odd choice for his footwear: furry, Ugg-like cleats.
Hopefully PETA doesn't weigh in.


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Do you take commissions?
Can you make custom versions of wall hangings?
Yes! If you like a piece in our store, we can produce a similar composition, technique and color scheme. Each piece is one of a kind. It will not be identical to the piece that you saw, due to the creative process. Please expect variations not an identical replica.
Where can I buy your products?
Do you take wholesale orders?
Yes! Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com to discuss your wholesale needs.
How long will it take to receive my order?
Right now, everything I have in my shop are made ready. When you order your order will ship within 1-2 days. Within the US, we ship USPS Priority. Faster shipping can be arranged by request. International Shipping can be arranged, please contact us here.
Returns and Exchanges
Barton Craft Design cannot offer refunds as every piece is handmade. This makes each item unique. We try and represent each image on the site as accurate as possible. Given the nature of the handmade process, there may be slight variations.
However, If you are unsatisfied with your piece, we would like the opportunity to fix any problems you might have. All issues must be presented within 30 days of receiving your item. If the issue is not resolved within 30 days due to lack of communication with you, the buyer, we will not be able to accept the return.
Do you teach workshops?
Currently we don't offer workshops, but if you're interested in setting up one, please contact us here.
Are you available for custom display art or installations?
Yes. We'd love to come to your creative space, company, or retail store. Please contact us here. Check out a sampling of our display and installation work.


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Having an infusion water bottle with you at all times is a great way to lose weight and get many of your needed vitamins and trace minerals. This type of bottle has an inner compartment in which you can add fruit slices, tea bags, or anything else you want to steep in your water. This adds flavor to your water along with many healthy additives that you need throughout the day. When you have infused water with you, you can stay hydrated and healthy.
Before you purchase an infused water bottle you need to know what to look for since they're not all made the same and not all of them are high-quality and worth the price. You also want to ensure you buy one that is safe and convenient. Consider these factors when you're ready to purchase. A fruit infuser water bottle from One Savvy Life surpasses all these.
1. Be sure it's leak proof.
Always make sure you buy any type of water bottle that guarantees being leak proof. It should have a good, tight seal around the lid. This is important not just for drinking but very often you may want to shake up your bottle to help your tea or fruit or other elements steep in your water. If you buy a cheaper bottle that isn't leak proof you may find that you just make a mess every day!
2. Look for one that is BPA free.
BPA stands for a type of chemical that is found in many cheap plastics that is very harmful to your health. When you buy a plastic bottle with this chemical you may ingest it especially if you leave your bottle in the sun, as sunlight often causes the chemical to be released into the contents of your drink. Since many people take their water bottles with them when jogging or hiking out in the sun, you always want to avoid one with BPA.
3. Make sure it's dishwasher safe.
Not all plastics are dishwasher safe and if you buy a cheap infusion water bottle that isn't, you may find that it literally melts in the heat of your dishwasher. This ruins it and may also ruin your load of dishes. Don't assume that you can put your bottle in the dishwasher but look for one that specifically says it is dishwasher safe, otherwise you'll need to wash it by hand every single night!
4. Be sure it's recyclable.
While a good infusion water bottle should last for years, you do want to ensure you buy one that is recyclable so that you can keep it out of landfills if you should decide to toss it. This protects the environment as plastics typically take years if not centuries to break down and they release harmful toxins when they do.
Remember these important tips for when you want to purchase a fruit infuser water bottle by One Savvy Life for yourself or as a gift for someone else.


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Dell :: Using A 256GB SDD (Part #J246M) In A Mac?Jul 6, 2009
I have a Studio XPS 13 with the 256GB SSD option and absolutely love it.
My wife uses a Mac... one of the new 13" Macbook Pro's. It came with a 160GB 5400RPM drive but she needs more room and after seeing my XPS fly with the SSD she has decided that she just has to have an SSD.
Looking out on the Dell website I see that they sell the 256GB Dell branded SSD for under $500 which seems like a really good deal but I'm not sure if it will work in the MBP .....


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The suspects listed below are on the Garland Police Department's Most Wanted List. If you know any of the listed people here and/or where they may be located, please notify the investigator handling the case or contact Garland Crime Stoppers online at garlandcrimestoppers.org or by phone at 972-272-TIPS (8477).
Wanted: Murder - March 14, 2009; 700 blk. of Ford Street.
Cesar Pascual Orozco; White Hispanic Male, DOB 08/17/1984, 6'00", 160 lbs; last known address, 9747 Forest Lane, Dallas, Texas.
Contact Detective B. Ellstrom; 972-205-1638
Emmanuel Lopez; Hispanic Male, DOB 01/15/1982, 130 lbs, brown eyes, black hair, unknown address
Contact Detective M. White; 972-205-2066


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I am only an old mill hunky, so I do not understand this new math and finances.
Whenever we did not produce in the mill, we did not receive an incentive. The companies involved in the bailouts have the gall to pay out bonuses to the very people responsible for ruining their companies.
I do not think that there is any integrity left in this country with the people involved in big business, or with our government.
Their reasoning is that they pay this money to keep the best people. I guess we should be happy they are not paying out bonuses to their worst employees. Who knows, this country might be in better shape and more people would still have jobs.
Bill Zagar


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- Description
The Hear Back Mixer is equipped to mount to any standard mic or desk stand using the built-in 5/8" threaded socket located on the back of the mixer.
- Local control up to eight channels of audio
- Master volume
- Built-in DSP limiter
- 24 bit D/A converters
- Less than 1.5 millisecond total system delay
- Bus status indicator
- Headphone amplifier fault indicator
- Link indicators
- Standard CAT5E power and signal connection
- Balanced line outs, mono/stereo
- Stereo AUX in:
- Expand numbers of mixers
- Drum module/metronome input
- Built-in standard threaded mic stand mount
- Specs
Additional Information
Condition New
- Reviews
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- Testimonials
- Blog Posts
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