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Variation across climate gradients in the isotopic composition of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in foliar tissues has the potential to reveal ecological processes related to N and water availability. However, it has been a challenge to separate spatial patterns related to direct effects of climate from effects that manifest indirectly through species turnover across climate gradients. Here we compare variation along environmental gradients in foliar N isotope (δ15N) and C isotopic discrimination (Δ13C) measured in 755 specimens of a single widely distributed tree species, Populus balsamifera, with variation represented in global databases of foliar isotopes. After accounting for mycorrhizal association, sample size, and climatic range, foliar δ15N in P. balsamifera was more weakly related to mean annual precipitation and foliar N concentration than when measured across species, yet exhibited a stronger negative effect of mean annual temperature. Similarly, the effect of precipitation and elevation on Δ13C were stronger in a global data base of foliar Δ13C samples than observed in P. balsamifera. These results suggest that processes influencing foliar δ15N and Δ13C in P. balsamifera are partially normalized across its climatic range by the habitat it occupies or by the physiology of the species itself.
Spatial variation in foliar chemical traits represent phenotypic responses to environmental and genotypic factors. Because foliar chemicals regulate key biological functions, such as photosynthesis, spatial variation in foliar chemicals can also be used to understand the functioning of landscapes, including productivity and water relations of plants1, 2. Global gradients in foliar chemical traits, therefore, have the potential to reveal ecological controls on plant functioning. However, both intra and inter-specific variation contribute to relationships between foliar chemical traits and climate gradients3, and these relationships are not necessarily congruent4. Analysis of how individual species respond to climate gradients could provide greater insight into ecological controls on plant functioning, possibly aiding the understanding of plant response to global change.
Of particular interest to understanding plant-environment relationships are the isotopic composition of nitrogen and carbon in leaves. Foliar δ15N, which serves as an indicator of terrestrial N cycling5, 6, varies systematically between species7,8,9, mycorrhizal associations10, 11 and along gradients in climate12, and, when measured over time, can be used to infer ecosystem response to disturbance and climate change13,14,15,16. Local to regional-scale anthropogenic impacts on N cycling can also be important influences on foliar δ15N17,18,19,20. Mechanistically, processes that fractionate the stable isotopes of nitrogen occur to a greater extent when N availability (i.e., supply relative to demand) is high18, 21. Thus, over time, processes associated primarily with gaseous N loss typically increase the δ15N value of the remaining inorganic N pool, causing 15N-enrichment in foliar tissues that draw from that pool. Conversely, systems experiencing low N availability have a more conservative N cycle and do not lose as much N with low δ15N values. Furthermore, when N availability is low, plants depend more strongly on N fixation, atmospheric deposition, and N from mycorrhizal fungi6. While the δ15N of N passed to plants through these processes differs, it is generally depleted in 15N relative to the enriched pool remaining following leaching and denitrification losses22. Therefore, continental- to global-scale patterns in foliar δ15N related to climate reflect climatic control on processes that influence N availability6, 23, but these patterns must account for mycorrhizal association, and nevertheless, leave considerable small-grain variability related to local processes24.
Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) represents an integration of the balance of CO2 and water fluxes in plants, and variation in Δ13C is controlled by both environmental and genetic factors22, 25. For example, there is a well-documented positive relationship between plant-moisture status and Δ13C across a variety of C3 plants e.g. refs 26,27,28. This pattern emerges because long-term intrinsic water-use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance) and Δ13C are both influenced by Ci/Ca, the ratio of intercellular to ambient [CO2]29. Dry conditions lead to reduced stomatal conductance (and Ci, the reservoir of CO2 available for photosynthesis) and a proportionately greater decrease in transpiration than photosynthesis30, 31. This relative decline in transpiration causes increased water-use efficiency and an increase in the fixation of 13C relative to 12C. Δ13C decreases with increasing elevation28, likely related to a combination of atmospheric and edaphic factors32, but the mechanisms are unclear and investigation continues22, 33.
The existence of broad relationships between foliar isotopic composition and environmental factors suggest that these foliar chemical traits index the availability of nitrogen and water to plants22. However, different species grown in common environments exhibit variation in foliar δ15N and Δ13C due to distinct nutrient acquisition strategies and physiological response to the environment among species19, 22. For example, variation in nitrogen source (e.g., NO3 −, NH4 +, or dissolved organic nitrogen (DON))22 and mycorrhizal association between species influences foliar δ15N10. Similarly, C3 plants vary in foliar Δ13C due to variation in carboxylation efficiency and stomatal response to environmental conditions22. However, it is an outstanding question if these sources of variability among species strengthen or weaken the global to continental scale variability in foliar δ15N and Δ13C imposed by climate. The assembly of species adapted to environmental conditions at any given site, might be expected to reduce the effect of climate on foliar chemical traits. Alternatively, gradients in plant lifeform along climate or elevational gradients, such as from deciduous angiosperms to evergreen gymnosperms that exhibit divergent mean foliar Δ13C, could strengthen effects of precipitation and elevation28. To advance our understanding of the relative effects of climate and plant traits (which vary by species) on foliar isotopic composition, widely distributed observations of foliar δ15N and Δ13C in a single species are required. Yet, there remains a paucity of examples where foliar δ15N and Δ13C were measured in more than a small number of specimens (e.g., 100) of the same plant species in its natural environment e.g.,10, 19, 28. Furthermore, because past work has analyzed foliar δ15N and Δ13C separately, the effect of N availability on Δ13C (e.g., through the influence of foliar nitrogen concentration on carbon assimilation) remains understudied34.
Here we measure 755 specimens of the widely-distributed tree species Populus balsamifera for foliar [N], δ15N and Δ13C. Using these data, our objective was to explore the extent to which large gradients in climate-associated variation in foliar δ15N and Δ13C observed globally e.g., refs 10, 28, are represented in measurements of a single species. Furthermore, it has been proposed that intraspecific variation in foliar traits can either correlate with broad-scale trends along climate gradients, show no variation with climate, or exhibit an intermediate response4. While global interspecific variation in foliar traits is widely recognized as being valuable for understanding plant-nutrient relationships35, few studies have sampled a sufficient number of individuals to conduct the same analysis using intraspecific variation. Because interspecific variation in plant traits is generally stronger than intraspecific variation, we hypothesize that the global variation in foliar [N], δ15N and Δ13C of P. balsamifera will exhibit a weaker response to climate than observed in global samples collected from many species. To evaluate the extent to which patterns in P. balsamifera chemical traits correspond to patterns in plant functioning, we subsequently used structural equation modeling to compare the effects of climate variables and foliar [N] on Δ13C.
Foliar δ15N
Across the range of sites sampled (Fig. 1), δ15N in P. balsamifera ranged from −20.6‰ to 8.8‰. Climates for sampled P. balsamifera trees spanned ~12 °C of mean annual temperature (MAT) (−1.9 °C to 10.2 °C) and ~2100 mm of mean annual precipitation (MAP) (390–2566 mm). In a model of foliar δ15N with MAT, log(MAP), and log[N] as model effects, the addition of P. balsamifera observations (n = 755; enlarging the global data set by 7%) exhibited little influence on model estimates compared with using the original global data set (n = 9828) (Table 1). Foliar δ15N in P. balsamifera generally overlapped with foliar δ15N measurements in the global database, though within the restricted range of MAT and MAP exhibited by the P. balsamifera samples (Fig. 2). In general, the addition of P. balsamifera samples did not alter global patterns found previously: (1) foliar δ15N increased with increasing MAT (particularly for MAT >0 °C), (2) foliar δ15N decreased with increasing log-transformed MAP, and (3) foliar δ15N increased with increasing log-transformed [N] (R2 = 0.46 for both models; Table 1). Foliar δ15N of the P. balsamifera samples alone were generally more weakly related to the effects modeled than were plants from the global data set (Table 1). However, in contrast to the pattern observed for the global dataset, for P. balsamifera, foliar δ15N decreased with increasing MAT (P = 0.0005). P. balsamifera foliar δ15N showed no relationship with log-transformed MAP (P = 0.6). The explanatory ability of mean climate factors and foliar [N] was low (R2 = 0.05), leaving considerable small-grain variability remaining in the P. balsamifera δ15N observations.
The unique patterns in relationships between foliar δ15N and climate for P. balsamifera were also present when subsetting the global data to the same climate envelope as P. balsamifera. Repeated random samples of foliar δ15N, N, MAT and MAP from the global database within the climate envelope defined by the P. balsamifera samples resulted in model estimates for each effect on δ15N that were different than the model estimates using P. balsamifera alone (Fig. 3). The P. balsamifera samples alone resulted in estimates of −0.21‰ °C−1 for MAT, 0.49‰ for logMAP, and 5.17‰ for log[N] (Table 1). After accounting for variation imposed by the differing mycorrhizal fungi associations of species, mean estimates resulting from 1000 repeated samples from the global dataset were −0.03 ± 0.001‰ °C−1 for MAT, −0.77 ± 0.02‰ for logMAP, and 6.71 ± 0.01‰ for log[N]. These effects of MAT, logMAP, and log[N] were significant (P < 0.05) 7.8%, 20.3%, and 100% of the time, respectively. Therefore, relative to the global data set, the effect of MAT on the P. balsamifera samples was more negative (P < 0.001), the effect of logMAP was removed (i.e., closer to zero; P = 0.6), and the effect of log[N] was reduced, although still significant (P < 0.001).
Foliar Δ13C
Across the range of sites sampled, foliar Δ13C in P. balsamifera ranged from 18.2‰ to 25.7‰. Elevation for sampled P. balsamifera trees ranged from sea level to 2092 m, which was 60% of the elevation range spanned by the global data set (sea level to 3500 m). After accounting for elevational differences between samples, residual Δ13C was plotted against logMAP (Fig. 4) and it was observed that foliar Δ13C of P. balsamifera tended to be higher than global samples with the same MAP. Mean P. balsamifera foliar Δ13C was 22.2‰ and mean global foliar Δ13C for the same MAP range was 20.6‰ (21.2‰ for angiosperms and 19.1‰ for gymnosperms). Further, after accounting for variation with MAP, high elevation P. balsamifera sites exhibited elevated residual Δ13C relative to the global samples at the same elevation. As a result, models using P. balsamifera samples attribute a smaller fraction of model variance to logMAP and sqrt(elevation) (Sum of Squares values in Table 2) for their effects on Δ13C compared with these effects calculated using the global data set.
To examine how climate and N availability jointly influence Δ13C in P. balsamifera, we built a structural equation model (Fig. 5). Results exhibited a positive direct effect of log(MAP) (standardized estimate = 1.74; P < 0.001) and a negative direct effect of log(foliar [N]) on Δ13C (standardized estimate = −3.23; P < 0.001). A positive direct effect of log(MAP) (standardized estimate = 0.07; P = 0.025) and a negative direct effect of MAT (standardized estimate = −0.01; P = 0.001) on log(foliar [N]) represent indirect effects of climate on Δ13C through foliar [N]. The direct effect of MAT on Δ13C was not significant, therefore, the only effect of MAT on foliar Δ13C is indirectly through foliar [N].
Foliar δ15N response to climate
Through a comparison of the effect of mean climate variables on δ15N between a global data set, including hundreds of different plant species, and a single widely distributed species, P. balsamifera, we found that broad scale patterns in the isotopic composition of foliar tissues observed globally is largely weakened when observed in a single species. Across global gradients in climate, foliar δ15N measured in a wide variety of species has been shown to correlate with MAT, MAP, and [N], and mycorrhizal fungi association10. Demonstrating the same for a single species is often difficult due to the limited climatic variability encompassed by the range of most species. For the widely distributed P. balsamifera, we found weak, but significant effects of MAT and foliar [N], but not MAP (Table 1). The small effect of climate on foliar δ15N in P. balsamifera is consistent with the idea that the global patterns in foliar δ15N published previously were a result of geographic variation in species presence collinear with geographic variation in climate. However, the more limited climate range occupied by P. balsamifera complicates this interpretation.
Random samples from the global database within the climate envelope defined by the range of P. balsamifera (a sample pool of 1937 observations) exhibited significant effects of MAT, MAP and [N] on δ15N 7.8%, 20.3%, and 100% of the time (respectively, across 1000 resampling). Comparing global and P. balsamifera samples, the largest difference is the effect of MAT, which had a significant negative effect on foliar δ15N in P. balsamifera. These patterns afford some speculation as to the mechanisms behind global foliar δ15N patterns. For example, increasing foliar δ15N with increasing MAT between −0.5 and 30 °C is thought to represent a gradient in the dominant pathway responsible for the loss of N from ecosystems, from DON leaching (a low fractionation pathway) at low MAT to denitrification (a high fractionation pathway) at high MAT10. For P. balsamifera, occupying a MAT range from −1.9 to 10.2 °C, the enrichment of 15N decreased with increasing MAT, which is counter to the broad global pattern, but consistent with the 7.8% of models from the global database that were significant across this temperature range. For P. balsamifera, therefore, one possible interpretation is that N availability decreases with increasing temperature. However, it is also possible that P. balsamifera becomes more reliant on NO3 - as opposed to NH4 + with increasing temperature or is more likely to occupy sites with lower nutrient availability, leading to a small decline in foliar δ15N with increasing temperature22.
After accounting for MAT, the effect of MAP on foliar δ15N was weaker for P. balsamifera than for the global samples. The global pattern of decreasing foliar δ15N with increasing MAP has been explained as a response to higher gaseous N loss in more xeric environments36 and low N availability (potentially due to high nitrate leaching) in wet environments23, 37. For the relatively mesic environments studied here, there was no effect of MAP, suggesting that precipitation amount is potentially not a driver of denitrification for the sites inhabited by P. balsamifera across this gradient. This might be a consequence of the habitat preferences of P. balsamifera, which is for wet locations such as riparian zones and the edges of wetlands, which might act to normalize the effect of precipitation on δ15N across its range.
The effect of foliar [N] on foliar δ15N was smaller for P. balsamifera than it was for the global samples. After accounting for MAT and MAP, for every 1% increase in foliar [N] δ15N increased 5‰. Considering a foliar δ15N range of ~30‰, N availability appears to be highly variable in P. balsamifera, possibly associated with variation in productivity across its range. However, it is also clear that there is considerable site-to-site variability in N availability unexplained by the mean climate factors studied here. This variability is likely due to any number of factors, such as site soil moisture conditions, variable anthropogenic inputs, and site disturbance history19.
Joint influence of precipitation and foliar nitrogen on Δ13C
Adding P. balsamifera samples to the global database reduced the effect of MAP and elevation on foliar Δ13C. The effect of elevation on Δ13C has been discussed as related to temperature, the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 or O2, irradiance, or edaphic factors28, but is still a poorly understood process33. There is also a trend towards greater dominance of evergreen gymnosperms at higher elevations, which have lower Δ13C values than angiosperms. Diefendorf et al.28 calculated that at the site level, evergreen gymnosperms on average exhibited 2.7‰ lower Δ13C than deciduous angiosperms. Therefore, not accounting for plant functional type in models will likely exaggerate the effect of elevation on Δ13C, but this is just one possible influence of elevation on Δ13C. By considering only P. balsamifera samples we explicitly account for interspecific variation, effectively removing most of the effect of elevation on Δ13C (Table 2). Beyond all coming from the same species, the samples of P. balsamifera also have the potential to normalize for habitat conditions typical of locations occupied by this species. Therefore, the reduced sensitivity of P. balsamifera Δ13C to elevation lends support to the idea that species turnover and variation in the site conditions encountered along elevation gradients explain the mechanisms behind the effect of elevation on Δ13C more than atmospheric differences.
The positive effect of MAP on Δ13C is understood as a result of reduced stomatal conductance at low MAP, which decreases water loss through transpiration more effectively than it decreases assimilation, thus increasing water use efficiency. The fact that we see this effect in P. balsamifera samples is consistent with the idea that trees from dryer locations exhibit greater water use efficiency. However, δ15N, and therefore N availability, trended lower with increasing MAP (Fig. 2), which has a similar effect on Δ13C. This is commonly seen in terrestrial plants: plants with high N availability exhibit increased assimilation, which reduces carbon discrimination (Δ13C) at the same stomatal conductance34. For a single tree species with presumably similar nitrogen and water acquisition strategies across its range, the effects of increased N availability and reduced stomatal conductance at low precipitation sites have the effect of reducing Δ13C. We see these direct and indirect effects on Δ13C in our structural equation model (Fig. 5), which shows significant direct effects of foliar [N] and logMAP on Δ13C. MAT only influences Δ13C indirectly through its effect on foliar [N]. The explanatory power of this model using P. balsamifera samples alone is small, however, suggesting that differences among species dominate the global pattern.
In summary, we generally found different responses to climate in plant foliar chemical traits measured in a single widely distributed species than the same measured in many species distributed globally. Foliar chemical traits in Populus spp. have been found to vary across distinct genotypes38,39,40. However, we find that this variation is not always congruent with variation due to species and plant functional type distributions. This is not to say that global variation in foliar isotopes, driven by species turnover across climate and elevational gradients, is in some way misleading. For many applications (e.g., interpreting paleo records26), global variation across many species is exactly what is needed. By studying a single species, we control for one source of variability on foliar isotopes, providing insight into mechanisms that are unique to that species or the habitat it occupies. Specific to δ15N, measurements of P. balsamifera exhibit a negative effect of MAT that was not measured across a similar climate range in globally distributed foliar samples. Among the possible interpretations is that N availability to these trees is reduced along the southern range edge of this species. Likewise, for foliar Δ13C, the effect of elevation was reduced in P. balsamifera, which suggests that the habitat's P. balsamifera occupies somehow normalize for the effect of elevation on foliar Δ13C. It is difficult to use these observations of P. balsamifera to generalize to other species or mechanisms driving geographic variability. However, it seems clear that global variation in foliar δ15N and Δ13C is driven by variation between species, each with its own unique relationships to climate and elevation. The importance of this finding will only be realized as further research attempts rectify intraspecific and interspecific isotopic patterns in a variety of species, ideally leading to stronger generalities of how climate affects resource availability.
Populus balsamifera is a dominant deciduous tree across most of the boreal forest of North America (Fig. 1). In the southern edge of its extent (throughout the forests of New England and the upper Midwest, USA), it occurs in low density, preferring wetter sites and sites exhibiting recent disturbance. P. balsamifera generally exhibits ectomycorrhizal associations, however, there is some variation in mycorrhizal association across the Populus genus41. In the northern portion of its range, it is often the only deciduous tree or is codominant with Populus tremuloides. Studies of genetic variation in P. balsamifera show that the structure of population diversity reflects broad patterns of geographic expansion following the last glacial maximum, with three main demes evident located in the northwest, center, and eastern portions of its range42, 43. If intraspecific differences control variation in chemical foliar traits in P. balsamifera then we expect δ15N and Δ13C values to cluster into similar geographic regions. However, such patterns could also be superseded by global patterns in foliar traits driven by environmental gradients10.
We sampled 755 specimens of P. balsamifera during the 2015 growing season. Samples were spaced >20 km apart along navigable roads to facilitate access, which also lead to a bias towards preferentially sampling within ~100 m of roads and across the southern range edge of this species (where there is greater access) (Fig. 1). While it is known that traffic emissions can influence foliar δ15N in road-side plants17, 44, we had no data on traffic patterns and ultimately chose not to investigate this effect in our samples. If an effect of traffic is present in our data, we suspect it would not be collinear with climate or elevation. For each sample, a hand-held global positioning system receiver was used to record the geographical location (including elevation) of the sample with a locational uncertainty of <30 m. Sites spanned nearly 23 degrees of latitude (39.87°N to 62.74°N) and 90 degrees of longitude (60°W to 150°W) (Fig. 1). Foliar samples were selected from sun leaves on each tree, acquired via a pruning pole or equivalent. Each sample was placed in a plastic bag with 10g of silica gel to act as a desiccant during transport to the laboratory where foliar samples were then dried at 60 °C for 48 hours. Leaves were homogenized, and approximately 2 mg of foliar tissue from each sample was analyzed for [C], [N], δ13C and δ15N using a Carlo Erba NC2500 elemental analyzer (CE Instruments, Milano, Italy) interfaced with a ThermoFinnigan Delta V + isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS; Bremen, Germany). A MgClO4 trap was used to remove water vapor prior to the transfer of sample gases to the IRMS. The δ13C and δ15N data were normalized to the VPDB and AIR scales, respectively, using a two-point normalization curve with internal standards calibrated against USGS40 and USGS41. The long-term analytical precision (1σ) of an internal leaf standard analyzed alongside samples was 0.28‰ for δ13C and 0.24‰ for δ15N. Carbon isotope discrimination against 13C (Δ13C) was calculated according to Farquhar et al.29 as:
where the δ13Cair value used was the δ13C measured in the atmosphere at Mauna Loa, Hawaii in June 2015 (δ13Cair = −8.6‰). Elevated Δ13C signifies greater increases in intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) than atmospheric CO2 concentrations (Ca), which is caused by increased isotopic fractionation due to either greater stomatal conductance and/or lower photosynthetic assimilation rates in C3 plants45. Foliar [N] was log transformed to achieve a normal data distribution for comparison with δ15N and climate parameters.
We attained gridded climate data from DAYMET 1980–2015, which is an interpolated product providing minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation totals at daily intervals46, 47. Daily mean temperatures were calculated as Tmean = (Tmin + Tmax)/2. From the daily means, mean annual temperature (MAT) was calculated by first calculating annual means 1980–2015, which were then averaged. Similarly, mean annual precipitation (MAP) was calculated as the mean annual sum of daily precipitation, 1980–2015. MAP was log10 transformed to achieve a normal data distribution. The square root of elevation was calculated to achieve a normal data distribution.
A global data set of foliar [N] and δ15N (n = 9828) was acquired from Craine et al.10. Therefore, the number of measurements of δ15N of P. balsamifera was 7.7% of the global data set. The global data set included data on mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) both extracted from48, geographic location, and species. The global data set represented foliar samples from across the full spectrum of global climates, whereas the P. balsamifera data were constrained to climate conditions in northern North America. A global data set of foliar Δ13C in trees (n = 570) was acquired from Diefendorf et al.28. These data represent species mean Δ13C at each site (between 1 and 227 individuals were sampled, n = 3310), rather than individual observations, thus removing within-species variability at each site. This data set included site MAP and elevation.
After completing a general survey of the data and evaluating the geographic and climatic range represented by the data, we followed procedures described by Craine et al.10 and Diefendorf et al.28 to build models relating δ15N and Δ13C to climate factors. We combined the global and P. balsamifera datasets and built ordinary least squares models of foliar δ15N and Δ13C with a selection of MAT, logMAP, log[N] (for δ15N), and logMAP and sqrt(elevation) (for Δ13C) as model effects. Models using the (1) global data sets, (2) the global data sets combined with the new P. balsamifera observations, and (3) the P. balsamifera observations alone were compared to investigate the impact of the addition of the P. balsamifera samples on the global relationships. To facilitate visualization, for each of the models using the combined data sets, we iteratively built models that left one predictor out and then plotted the model residuals against the remaining predictor. For δ15N, the global data set contained a sufficient number of observations within the climate range exhibited by the P. balsamifera data (n = 1937) to estimate the effects of MAT and MAP on foliar δ15N across samples spanning a similar range in these predictors. Therefore, we repeatedly (x1000) sampled 755 random observations from the global database constrained to have the same minimum and maximum climate values as exhibited by the P. balsamifera samples. To account for variation in mycorrhizal association between the many species represented in the global foliar δ15N database, we used normalization factors published by Craine et al.10 and applied an offset to each measurement so that mean foliar δ15N was the same for ericoid (+2.7‰), ectomycorrhizal (0‰), arbuscular (−1.2‰), and non-mycorrhizal (−3.2‰) plants. Using the 755 selected observations, we ran a model with MAT, logMAP, and log[N] as model effects and recorded the estimates for each predictor. We then repeated the model on each of the 1000 random resampled data sets and calculated the mean and standard deviation of the resulting model estimates for comparison with estimates of the same predictors on P. balsamifera foliar δ15N alone. There were insufficient samples in the global database to complete the same random resampling procedure for Δ13C.
The impact of global patterns of N availability and resulting foliar N on water relations in plants (and foliar Δ13C) is an outstanding question, particularly among widely distributed plant species that exist across a wide range of climate conditions. However, such relationships have rarely been evaluated for a single, widely distributed species. Therefore, we explored the importance of direct and indirect effects of MAT, MAP, and log[N] on Δ13C using a structural equation model (SEM). The model we used contained no latent variables, but did include all possible pathways between climate variables and the foliar chemical variables. This model was implemented in the R programing language using the Lavaan package version 0.5–2249.
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Hall, S. J., Hale, R. L., Baker, M. A., Bowling, D. R. & Ehleringer, J. R. Riparian plant isotopes reflect anthropogenic nitrogen perturbations: robust patterns across land use gradients. Ecosphere 6, doi:10.1890/es15-00319.1 (2015).
- 20.
Elmore, A. J. & Craine, J. M. Spectroscopic Analysis of Canopy Nitrogen and Nitrogen Isotopes in Managed Pastures and Hay Land. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49, 2491–2498, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2104964 (2011).
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Hogberg, P. Tansley review No 95 - N-15 natural abundance in soil-plant systems. New Phytologist 137, 179–203, doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00808.x (1997).
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Marshall, J. D., Brooks, J. R. & Lajtha, K. In Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science (eds R. Michener & K. Lajtha) (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007).
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Houlton, B. Z., Sigman, D. M. & Hedin, L. O. Isotopic evidence for large gaseous nitrogen losses from tropical rainforests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 8745–8750, doi:10.1073/pnas.0510185103 (2006).
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Ruiz-Navarro, A., Barbera, G. G., Albaladejo, J. & Querejeta, J. I. Plant delta N-15 reflects the high landscape-scale heterogeneity of soil fertility and vegetation productivity in a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystems. New Phytologist 212, 1030–1043, doi:10.1111/nph.14091 (2016).
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Dawson, T. E., Mambelli, S., Plamboeck, A. H., Templer, P. H. & Tu, K. P. Stable isotopes in plant ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33, 507–559 (2002).
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Kohn, M. J. Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 19691–19695 (2010).
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Prentice, I. C. et al. Evidence of a universal scaling relationship for leaf CO2 drawdown along an aridity gradient. New Phytologist 190, 169–180 (2011).
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Diefendorf, A. F., Mueller, K. E., Wing, S. L., Koch, P. L. & Freeman, K. H. Global patterns in leaf 13C discrimination and implications for studies of past and future climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 5738–5743, doi:10.1073/pnas.0910513107 (2010).
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Farquhar, G. D., Oleary, M. H. & Berry, J. A. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the inter-cellular carbon-dioxide concentration in leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9, 121–137 (1982).
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Cowan, I. R. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 12B, 489–613 (1982).
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Nobel, P. S. Biophysical plant physiology and ecology. (W.H. Freeman, 1983).
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Korner, C., Farquhar, G. D. & Wong, S. C. Carbon isotope discrimination by plants follows latitudinal and altitudinal trends. Oecologia 88, 30–40, doi:10.1007/bf00328400 (1991).
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We thank A. Gougherty, S. Keller, M. Fitzpatrick, K. Fetter, R. Trott, and M. Lisk for field assistance and discussion, and R. Paulman for analytical services. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant #1461868).
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text:
SE285 Rocker Switch 6A DPDT Momentary Off Momentary is used mainly in applications like:
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text: Witham Leisure Centre Lane Swim 11.15am 1 views Witham Leisure Centre Lane Swim 11.15am Details More Info: http://www.fusion-lifestyle.com/centres/witham-leisure-centre Comments Leave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment. Feed fusion-lifestyle published - 1 week ago. Details Start: 02/21/2019 11:15 End: 02/21/2019 12:14 Timezone: UTC Uncategorized Where Witham Leisure Centre Spinks Lane CM8 1EP Publisher Published on February 13, 2019 by fusion-lifestyle Member since: October 8, 2018


text:
BYOD 'more viral' than a doctor's waiting room
The bring your own device (BYOD) trend is continuing at a pace, but one expert has claimed the allowing the use of personal devices could have "more viral potential than a doctor's waiting room".
According to Dominic Jones, managing director at Barton Technology, businesses that allow staff to use their own personal devices could be putting the company and its data at risk.
He noted that it becomes extremely difficult for an employer to legally monitor and impose boundaries on the owner of the personal device.
Mr Jones noted that workers are unlikely to allow the IT manager to take a look at their personal device and update its software if it also means giving them access to private documents.
It is also difficult to guarantee that a personal device will not be used to visit unsafe websites after work hours or be used by family and friends, who may stumble across sensitive information.
One way a business can reduce the risks posed to its information is by implementing mobile device management and keeping personal and corporate data separate.


text:
Get Some Ideas Before Your Season Wraps Up
Congratulations to all the teams who have competed this season, there have been great games and lots of fantastic talent, young and old. As this season comes to an end its time to start thinking about locations, activities and fixtures for your next season tour. So we suggest you get a head start on the planning, and take some ideas to your presentation evening so that everyone can look forward to what's to come in the following season.
Here at Sports Travel South West we have over 30 years experience in creating hassle free tours for you and your team, meaning you pick the location and we will do the rest! We help you make the most of your tour by arranging activities outside of your fixtures. We can arrange entertainment such as bowling, paintballing or even white water rafting -whatever floats your boat.
Why not try touring Exeter to play great local teams and be in with a chance to watch the Exeter Chiefs live in action. This tour is typically three days and gives you the chance to explore this historical city that is full of character.
Fancy touring in the big smoke? Then try our West London tour, which offers the chance to visit the Twickenham Stadium and watch big games featuring Saracens, Harlequins, and London Irish. You will never run out of things to do and see on this action packed sightseers tour.
Perhaps you've toured various locations across the UK and wish to branch out and try something new. Pack up your kit for one of our highly popular European tours to France, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, Malta or Belgium. Combine your passion with a springtime getaway to discover somewhere new.
We suggest going to your presentation evening with some ideas like these so you and your team can get some inspiration for your next tour. Once that's sorted, we will do the rest.
For more suggestions and ideas explore all our 'destinations' on the website. Can't find what you're looking for? Then send us an email or give us a call on 01736 797168 and we will help you plan your dream tour.


text:
The Blast of the Astral World is an event which brings about the merging of the Physical World and Astral World into one – the global Interstice of Fantasia. Consequently, an influx of astral creatures enter the world of man, leaving Griffith's capital city of Falconia the sole safe haven from malign creatures of myth.
Story Edit
Humiliated by Griffith during the Kushan assault on Vritannis, a vexed Ganishka descends into the Man-Made Beherit and reincarnates a second time,[2] transcending apostlehood and becoming a near-mindless, sky-scraping eldritch abomination.[3] While the Band of the Falcon combats Ganishka's spawn, Griffith and Zodd ascend towards the emperor's head, where Griffith approaches Ganishka directly in his God Hand form Femto. As Femto reaches out to touch Ganishka, he is ambushed by the Skull Knight, who attacks him with the Sword of Actuation. However, Femto, having anticipated the Skull Knight's appearance, distorts the space around him to grab the astral tear from the sword stroke and redirect it towards Ganishka.[1] As the sword stroke tears Ganishka's twice reincarnated form, a large astral fissure opens from which the Astral World spills out into the Physical World.[4]
The blast is felt worldwide as an otherworldly wind sweeps across the Physical World. Following the blast, the World Spiral Tree appears in Ganishka's place and Griffith's capital city of Falconia miraculously springs to life at the foot of the great tree, atop the land where Wyndham once sat.[5] Humans begin to flock to the city, seeking refuge from the malign astral creatures prowling the new world of Fantasia.[6]
References Edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kentarou Miura (author). "Fissure". Berserk. Volume 34. Episode 304. Hakusensha.
- ↑ Kentarou Miura (author). "Mist of Death". Berserk. Volume 33. Episode 292. Hakusensha.
- ↑ Kentarou Miura (author). "End God". Berserk. Volume 33. Episode 295. Hakusensha.
- ↑ Kentarou Miura (author). "Creation". Berserk. Volume 34. Episode 305. Hakusensha.
- ↑ Kentarou Miura (author). "Falconia". Berserk. Volume 35. Episode 307. Hakusensha.
- ↑ Kentarou Miura (author). "Covered Wagon". Berserk. Volume 37. Episode 332. Hakusensha.
Appendices Edit
|Concepts & Events


text:
Definition of Menu | What is Menu
Concept and Meaning of MenuMenu is a word of French origin, which has different applications depending on the context. Can be of all the dishes that make a meal (breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner).
Examples: "the menu for tonight includes the meat in the oven with grilled vegetables and potatoes pancakes", "before you begin our guided tour, we'll take a nutritious breakfast: a menu rich in fruits and grains ', 'I did not appreciate the menu of the day because all the food had too much grease.'
The menu can also be map where meals, desserts and drinks available are shown in a restaurant or similar establishment: "I will ask the server to give me the menu for chooses a dessert ', ' have you seen the menu? '' "There are a variety of fish", "I can't read the menu without my glasses."
Another use of the concept linked to the menu term is the meals at a fixed price in a restaurant or a hotel and whose choices are limited: "the price of the overnight stay includes a set menu for dinner", "this menu allows you to choose between pizza or pasta," "I can't believe that the price of the menu has increased so much!
In the field of Informatics, a menu is a list of options that appears on a computer screen. Computer programs often involve a menu to present to the user the different tasks that it can perform: "Enter the menu to change the layout so that we can print the document without problems.", "If you want to change the font, you must Access the menu and click on the Fonts tab."


text:
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text: Hi guys, I have a white macbook , its one with intel GMA950, and 3 GB ram ( tops at 3 gb ) I want to get an inexpensive SSD drive, I don't need that much space in the drive , I just need it to be fast, so I thought a 64 GB will fit my work easily. The thing is, which model is the cheapest/safest for <= 200 USD. If there are not safe options for those prices, maybe I should get a regular 7200 rpm Seagate.


text:
of the kingdom where we live, to take away from us
our estate, and from the King his throne. Yet I trust He will yet
restore the rightful heir to the throne, and turn his heart to the
true Protestant Episcopal faith, which I have the better right to
expect to see even with my old eyes, as I have beheld the royal
family when they were struggling as sorely with masterful usurpers
and rebels as they are now; that is to say, when his most sacred
Majesty, Charles the Second of happy memory, honoured our poor house
of Tillietudlem by taking his _disjune_ therein," etc., etc., etc.
We will not abuse the reader's patience by quoting more of Lady
Margaret's prolix epistle. Suffice it to say that it closed by laying her
commands on her grandchild to consent to the solemnization of her
marriage without loss of time.
"I never thought till this instant," said Edith, dropping the letter from
her hand, "that Lord Evandale would have acted ungenerously."
"Ungenerously, Edith!" replied her lover. "And how can you apply such a
term to my desire to call you mine, ere I part from you, perhaps for
"Lord Evandale ought to have remembered," said Edith, "that when his
perseverance, and, I must add, a due sense of his merit and of the
obligations we owed him, wrung from me a slow consent that I would one
day comply with his wishes, I made it my condition that I should not be
pressed to a hasty accomplishment of my promise; and now he avails
himself of his interest with my only remaining relative to hurry me with
precipitate and even indelicate importunity. There is more selfishness
than generosity, my lord, in such eager and urgent solicitation."
Lord Evandale, evidently much hurt, took two or three turns through the
apartment ere he replied to this accusation; at length he spoke: "I
should have escaped this painful charge, durst I at once have mentioned
to Miss Bellendon my principal reason for urging this request. It is one
which she will probably despise on her own account, but which ought to
weigh with her for the sake of Lady Margaret. My death in battle must
give my whole estate to my heirs of entail; my forfeiture as a traitor,
by the usurping Government, may vest it in the Prince of Orange or some
Dutch favourite. In either case, my venerable friend and betrothed bride
must remain unprotected and in poverty. Vested with the rights and
provisions of Lady Evandale, Edith will find, in the power of supporting
her aged parent, some consolation for having condescended to share the
titles and fortunes of one who does not pretend to be worthy of her."
Edith was struck dumb by an argument which she had not expected, and was
compelled to acknowledge that Lord Evandale's suit was urged with
delicacy as well as with consideration.
"And yet," she said, "such is the waywardness with which my heart reverts
to former times that I cannot," she burst into tears, "suppress a degree
of ominous reluctance at fulfilling my engagement upon such a brief
"We have already fully considered this painful subject," said Lord
Evandale; "and I hoped, my dear Edith, your own inquiries, as well as
mine, had fully convinced you that these regrets were fruitless."
"Fruitless indeed!" said Edith, with a deep sigh, which, as if by an
unexpected echo, was repeated from the adjoining apartment. Miss
Bellenden started at the sound, and scarcely composed herself upon Lord
Evandale's assurances that she had heard but the echo of her own
"It sounded strangely distinct," she said, "and almost ominous; but my
feelings are so harassed that the slightest trifle agitates them."
Lord Evandale eagerly attempted to soothe her alarm, and reconcile her to
a measure which, however hasty, appeared to him the only means by which
he could secure her independence. He urged his claim in virtue of the
contract, her grandmother's wish and command, the propriety of insuring
her comfort and independence, and touched lightly on his own long
attachment, which he had evinced by so many and such various services.
These Edith felt the more, the less they were insisted upon; and at
length, as she had nothing to oppose to his ardour, excepting a causeless
reluctance which she herself was ashamed to oppose against so much
generosity, she was compelled to rest upon the impossibility of having
the ceremony performed upon such hasty notice, at such a time and place.
But for all this Lord Evandale was prepared, and he explained, with
joyful alacrity, that the former chaplain of his regiment was in
attendance at the Lodge with a faithful domestic, once a non-commissioned
officer in the same corps; that his sister was also possessed of the
secret; and that Headrigg and his wife might be added to the list of
witnesses, if agreeable to Miss Bellenden. As to the place, he had chosen
it on very purpose. The marriage was to remain a secret, since Lord
Evandale was to depart in disguise very soon after it was solemnized,--a
circumstance which, had their union been public, must have drawn upon him
the attention of the Government, as being altogether unaccountable,
unless from his being engaged in some dangerous design. Having hastily
urged these motives and explained his arrangements, he ran, without
waiting for an answer, to summon his sister to attend his bride, while he
went in search of the other persons whose presence was necessary.
When Lady Emily arrived, she found her friend in an agony of tears, of
which she was at some loss to comprehend the reason, being one of those
damsels who think there is nothing either wonderful or terrible in
matrimony, and joining with most who knew him in thinking that it could
not be rendered peculiarly alarming by Lord Evandale being the
bridegroom. Influenced by these feelings, she exhausted in succession all
the usual arguments for courage, and all the expressions of sympathy and
condolence ordinarily employed on such occasions. But when Lady Emily
beheld her future sister-in-law deaf to all those ordinary topics of
consolation; when she beheld tears follow fast and without intermission
down cheeks as pale as marble; when she felt that the hand which she
pressed in order to enforce her arguments turned cold within her grasp,
and lay, like that of a corpse, insensible and unresponsive to her
caresses, her feelings of sympathy gave way to those of hurt pride and
pettish displeasure.
"I must own," she said, "that I am something at a loss to understand all
this, Miss Bellenden. Months have passed since you agreed to marry my
brother, and you have postponed the fulfilment of your engagement from
one period to another, as if you had to avoid some dishonourable or
highly disagreeable connection. I think I can answer for Lord Evandale
that he will seek no woman's hand against her inclination; and, though
his sister, I may boldly say that he does not need to urge any lady
further than her inclinations carry her. You will forgive me, Miss
Bellenden; but your present distress augurs ill for my brother's future
happiness, and I must needs say that he does not merit all these
expressions of dislike and dolour, and that they seem an odd return for
an attachment which he has manifested so long, and in so many ways."
"You are right, Lady Emily," said Edith, drying her eyes and endeavouring
to resume her natural manner, though still betrayed by her faltering
voice and the paleness of her cheeks,--"you are quite right; Lord
Evandale merits such usage from no one, least of all from her whom he has
honoured with his regard. But if I have given way, for the last time, to
a sudden and irresistible burst of feeling, it is my consolation, Lady
Emily, that your brother knows the cause, that I have hid nothing from
him, and that he at least is not apprehensive of finding in Edith
Bellenden a wife undeserving of his affection. But still you are right,
and I merit your censure for indulging for a moment fruitless regret and
painful remembrances. It shall be so no longer; my lot is cast with
Evandale, and with him I am resolved to bear it. Nothing shall in future
occur to excite his complaints or the resentment of his relations; no
idle recollections of other days shall intervene to prevent the zealous
and affectionate discharge of my duty; no vain illusions recall the
memory of other days--"
As she spoke these words, she slowly raised her eyes, which had before
been hidden by her hand, to the latticed window of her apartment, which
was partly open, uttered a dismal shriek, and fainted. Lady Emily turned
her eyes in the same direction, but saw only the shadow of a man, which
seemed to disappear from the window, and, terrified more by the state of
Edith than by the apparition she had herself witnessed, she uttered
shriek upon shriek for assistance. Her brother soon arrived, with the
chaplain and Jenny Dennison; but strong and vigorous remedies were
necessary ere they could recall Miss Bellenden to sense and motion. Even
then her language was wild and incoherent.
[Illustration: Uttered A Dismal Shriek, And Fainted--224]
"Press me no farther," she said to Lord Evandale,--"it cannot be; Heaven
and earth, the living and the dead, have leagued themselves against this
ill-omened union. Take all I can give,--my sisterly regard, my devoted
friendship. I will love you as a sister and serve you as a bondswoman,
but never speak to me more of marriage."
The astonishment of Lord Evandale may easily be conceived.
"Emily," he said to his sister, "this is your doing. I was accursed when
I thought of bringing you here; some of your confounded folly has driven
her mad!"
"On my word, Brother," answered Lady Emily, "you're sufficient to drive
all the women in Scotland mad. Because your mistress seems much disposed
to jilt you, you quarrel with your sister, who has been arguing in your
cause, and had brought her to a quiet hearing, when, all of a sudden, a
man looked in at a window, whom her crazed sensibility mistook either for
you or some one else, and has treated us gratis with an excellent tragic
"What man? What window?" said Lord Evandale, in impatient displeasure.
"Miss Bellenden is incapable of trifling with me; and yet what else could
"Hush! hush!" said Jenny, whose interest lay particularly in shifting
further inquiry; "for Heaven's sake, my lord, speak low, for my lady
begins to recover."
Edith was no sooner somewhat restored to herself than she begged, in a
feeble voice, to be left alone with Lord Evandale. All retreated,--Jenny
with her usual air of officious simplicity, Lady Emily and the chaplain
with that of awakened curiosity. No sooner had they left the apartment
than Edith beckoned Lord Evandale to sit beside her on the couch; her
next motion was to take his hand, in spite of his surprised resistance,
to her lips; her last was to sink from her seat and to clasp his knees.
"Forgive me, my lord!" she exclaimed, "forgive me! I must deal most
untruly by you, and break a solemn engagement. You have my friendship, my
highest regard, my most sincere gratitude; you have more,--you have my
word and my faith; but--oh, forgive me, for the fault is not mine--you
have not my love, and I cannot marry you without a sin!"
"You dream, my dearest Edith!" said Evandale, perplexed in the utmost
degree, "you let your imagination beguile you; this is but some delusion
of an over-sensitive mind. The person whom you preferred to me has been
long in a better world, where your unavailing regret cannot follow him,
or, if it could, would only diminish his happiness."
"You are mistaken, Lord Evandale," said Edith, solemnly; "I am not a
sleep-walker or a madwoman. No, I could not have believed from any one
what I have seen. But, having seen him, I must believe mine own eyes."
"Seen him,--seen whom?" asked Lord Evandale, in great anxiety.
"Henry Morton," replied Edith, uttering these two words as if they were
her last, and very nearly fainting when she had done so.
"Miss Bellenden," said Lord Evandale, "you treat me like a fool or a
child. If you repent your engagement to me," he continued, indignantly,
"I am not a man to enforce it against your inclination; but deal with me
as a man, and forbear this trifling."
He was about to go on, when he perceived, from her quivering eye and
pallid cheek, that nothing less than imposture was intended, and that by
whatever means her imagination had been so impressed, it was really
disturbed by unaffected awe and terror. He changed his tone, and exerted
all his eloquence in endeavouring to soothe and extract from her the
secret cause of such terror.
"I saw him!" she repeated,--"I saw Henry Morton stand at that window, and
look into the apartment at the moment I was on the point of abjuring him
for ever. His face was darker, thinner, and paler than it was wont to be;
his dress was a horseman's cloak, and hat looped down over his face; his
expression was like that he wore on that dreadful morning when he was
examined by Claverhouse at Tillietudlem. Ask your sister, ask Lady Emily,
if she did not see him as well as I. I know what has called him up,--he
came to upbraid me, that, while my heart was with him in the deep and
dead sea, I was about to give my hand to another. My lord, it is ended
between you and me; be the consequences what they will, she cannot marry
whose union disturbs the repose of the dead."
"Good Heaven!" said Evandale, as he paced the room, half mad himself with
surprise and vexation, "her fine understanding must be totally
overthrown, and that by the effort which she has made to comply with my
ill-timed, though well-meant, request. Without rest and attention her
health is ruined for ever."
At this moment the door opened, and Halliday, who had been Lord
Evandale's principal personal attendant since they both left the Guards
on the Revolution, stumbled into the room with a countenance as pale and
ghastly as terror could paint it.
"What is the matter next, Halliday?" cried his master, starting up. "Any
discovery of the--"
He had just recollection sufficient to stop short in the midst of the
dangerous sentence.
"No, sir," said Halliday, "it is not that, nor anything like that; but I
have seen a ghost!"
"A ghost, you eternal idiot!" said Lord Evandale, forced altogether out
of his patience. "Has all mankind sworn to go mad in order to drive me
so? What ghost, you simpleton?"
"The ghost of Henry Morton, the Whig captain at Bothwell Bridge," replied
Halliday. "He passed by me like a fire-flaught when I was in the garden!"
"This is midsummer madness," said Lord Evandale, "or there is some
strange villainy afloat. Jenny, attend your lady to her chamber, while I
endeavour to find a clue to all this."
But Lord


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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22008824.post6766181498931439611..comments2014-11-19T01:24:29.189-08:00Comments on Fun with the DiPersia Family: Happy Valentines Day!Becky3579http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-22008824.post-47675125093546573942014-09-24T22:52:28.777-07:002014-09-24T22:52:28.777-07:00A brand new science product is getting additional,...A brand new science product is getting additional, and the technique strategy is staying improved to offer far more possibilities, together with a more-dramatic display by having monster times.Inch These types of occasions are usually extraordinary sequences where you get large air as well as do great tricks which can be showy and large in items. The secret adhere will help you alter and expand the tips when you find ample oxygen.Nevertheless, the greatest addition to the overall game aspects could be the trick remain,Inches which contains using the right analog stick while performing tricks. You are going to merely faucet this in almost any course to execute distinct tricks that one could alter and also extend.

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Biological Reactors (Option)
Environmental and Biological Engineering
5.5 ECTS; 3º Ano, 2º Semestre,
Basic knowledge of microbiology, biochemistry, reactors and mass and heat transfer calculations.
The students should gain skills to make research and collect laboratory data about the global kinetics of microbial processes so as to be able to select the right digester and mode of operation as well as design the vessel and the respective mixing aeration and cooling devices.
Stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial growth. Design and
analysis of biological reactors: batch reactor, continuous-flow
stirred-tank, fed-batch, CSTR with recycle and wall growth, plugflow
reactor with recycle, bubble-column, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed,
CSTRs in series, association CSTR-PFR. Oxygen-limited fermentations. Heat balance, sterilisation. Scale-up criteria. Case studies.
Evaluation Methodology
Final written test and reports on laboratory coursework. Minimum pass mark: 9/20 in each assessment component.
- Ratledge, C. e Kristiansen, B. (2006). Basic Biotechnology. London: Cambridge University Press
- Doran, P. (2012). Bioprocess Engineering Principles. London: Academic Press
- Teixeira, J. e Fonseca, M. (2007). Reactores Biológicos - Fundamentos e Aplicações. Lisboa: LIDEL edições técnicas
- Mateus, D. (0). Sebentas de Reactores Biológicos. Acedido em 1 de fevereiro de 2012 em www.e-learning.ipt.pt
Method of interaction
Lectures and laboratory sessions including experimental work.
Software used in class


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Coalition of Minnesota Businesses to Legislators: "Don't fail our children"0
MINNEAPOLIS (April 16, 2013) — The Coalition of Minnesota Businesses (CMB), an organization of 11 employer groups representing more than 20,000 employers with hundreds of thousands of employees across the state, Tuesday announced the start of an ad campaign that will ask Minnesotans to tell their elected officials: Don't fail our children by dumbing down their diploma.
"Right now at the Capitol, legislators are debating a bill that would eliminate the basic competency tests in reading, writing and math that Minnesota high schoolers must pass to earn a diploma. If these tests and the minimum standards they represent disappear, a Minnesota high school diploma will become little more than a timecard," said Minnesota Business Partnership executive director Charlie Weaver. "Lowering the bar for Minnesota students at a time when most other states are setting higher expectations for their students is exactly the wrong thing to do – and is particularly harmful to students of color. We already have the worst achievement gap in the nation. This will make it worse."
"As a teacher and principal I know that if we don't set high expectations for students, we're failing them before they even enter a classroom," said Mary Donaldson, Director of Academics at Community School of Excellence in St. Paul. "These tests were designed to ensure that every student who graduated from a Minnesota high school met those standards and was prepared to succeed."
The issue advocacy campaign includes statewide TV and radio ads, and targeted internet ads. The radio ads and TV ad, "Global Economy," can be accessed via the CMB's website: www.mnbusiness.com.
The legislation cited in the ads are the Omnibus K-12 Education Finance bills: House File 630; Senate File 453.
Weaver and Minnesota Chamber of Commerce President David Olson recently authored a commentary in the Star Tribune that addressed the importance of maintaining high standards and rigorous testing.
Established in 1990, the Coalition of Minnesota Businesses is a non-partisan, grassroots organization comprised of 11 employer groups representing more than 20,000 Minnesota employers with hundreds of thousands of employees across the state.


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Chinese carving of mortal with headdress
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Dimensions:W: 15cm (5.9")H: 54.5cm (21.5")D: 12.5cm (4.9")
A late 19thc Chinese hardwood carving of a mortal with an ornamental headdress of fine quality.
He is dressed in Traditional dress and has a dragon head belt.
This piece is of very good condition and has a good patina.


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When constructed, Building C will complete the total precinct development. It will bring together the best in working and life style, through a combination of offices, showrooms, cafes, shops, residential apartments, services and a gym all-within the attractively landscaped plaza.


text:
For Babciu :)Written by alex.kruk on 9:54 PM
I try to take as many pictures as I can of my kids and then as quick as I can send them to my mom and my grandma in Poland. They love them so much and miss them A LOT ! My grandma is 82 years old and She visited us here two years ago. That was a big deal for her but she made it and I have never seen her so happy seeing my kids. I hope she will get better this summer and come with my mom since she hasn't seen the smallest Kruk - Mr. Maximillian. She is getting tons of pictures, though. So another session... it is so hard though with 3 of them. They all are allergic to my camera, small baby is just catching up with the older kids :) So literally I had not more than 15 minutes to capture all of them without them being bored or complaining.
and a little bit different light, same kids :)
Kids are holding water balloons in their hands. In Poland Monday is the wet day - Smingus Dyngus as we call it. Kids usually run around whole day splashing water on each other. My husband thinks that Smingus Dingus are very funny words. Try to say it !
1 comments: Responses to " For Babciu :) "
By Bobby Earle on April 16, 2009 at 1:32 PM
What a great idea for your mom and grandma! They'll love these ;)


text:
Thomas Tryon is using the identity (name and picture) of the author Thomas Tryon, which died already Sep 4, 1991.
The risk to get scammed from such people is 99%. He even did not like to understand the warnings written in my comments under his postings. A "Director of Database Management" is reacting in another way than he. It seems that he is not mature enough to make serious business. So it looks like the full content of his profile is only a fake or a big lie.
Source: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tryon
Picture from Thomas Tryon: http://www.openroadmedia.com/thomas-tryon
LinkedIn profile of Thomas Tryon - safehavenleads.com: https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=311097574&goback=%2Egde_1530777_member_5981562875347562497
Director of Database Management PCM Capital Partners: email@example.com
LinkedIn offer from Thomas Tryon - safeheavenleads.com in the group Call Centre search: https://www.linkedin.com/groupAnswers?viewQuestionAndAnswers=&discussionID=5981562875347562497&gid=1530777&goback=#commentID_null
Thomas Tryon - Tri-care full forms avai...rsion rates. _ LinkedIn.pdf (3.98 mb)
Thomas Tryon _ LinkedIn 2015-03-11.pdf (5.36 mb)
Thomas Tryon _ LinkedIn 2015-03-12.pdf (5.64 mb)
Tags: Fake, safehavenleads.com, Scam, Thomas Tryon, LinkedIn
Scammer Exposed
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Welcome to Young and Free, we are a "buddying" and befriending service for disabled young people with physical and sensory impairments aged 16-25 in the Bristol area.
As well as group wide events in a range of locations we also can offer a social outlet on a 1:1 basis which we actively encourage.
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REG Charity Number: 1117939


text:
It looks like Chris Brown is up to more than just trying to reconcile with Rihanna while the two hole up in Diddy's Miami mansion.
According to Eonline.com, Chris has been spending his nights at the Hit Factory recording studio in Miami working on songs for an upcoming album.
Chris hasn't recorded an album since 2007's smash hit Exclusive, which scored the singer a Grammy nomination for "Kiss Kiss." Ironically, he lost out on that Grammy to — you guessed it — Rihanna for her breakout single, "Umbrella."


text:
In-Car Video Setup
I've been trying to get the right pieces together for a flexible and
(relatively) affordable in-car video camera set up, and I think the
camera I got today finishes it off.
The cheapest way to do in-car video, of course, is to make a
home-made camera mount and slap on a $25 VHS camcorder that you picked
up at a garage sale. When the car shakes the old camcorder apart, you
take a Sunday morning and go find another garage sale. Simple and cheap.
In my case, I want to be able to put one camera on the front
bumper, or the rear wing (or pointed at the suspension, even), and one
camera in the cockpit, showing the steering wheel and my feet as I
drive. So, I ideally need two bullet cameras, a way to combine the two
for a picture-in-picture effect, and a way to record the combined image
that makes it easy to get it to the primary place I view it, my
The Mustek PVR-A1 is a no-moving-parts solution that records MPEG-4
encoded video files to a SD memory card and is about the size of an
iPod. It also has a screen, so you can see that your cameras are
working correctly, and also review your laps right there at the track.
It also has a rechargeable battery for when it's out of the car, so you
can show other people your laps and exciting off-track excursions. (As
a bonus, you can listen to MP3's on it and look at pictures of your
wife and kids.)
A $50 SD card holds 3.5 hours of video, and goes right into a $5 reader
for the laptop, which means no cables, encoding, or other nonsense when
you want to get the videos into the computer.
It's the bargain of the package, too, at about $95 through Amazon.com.
The View-2.com box by RCD Video
allows you to combine two incoming video streams into one image. You
can have an inset box, like you see above. You can change the size and
location of the box in the frame, and you can also do half-split frames
(horizontal or vertical) if you want to do a front-rear setup. It's
$289, because it's not really a consumer item. It's available here.
It's not cheap, but I think there's a real value to being able to see
what you're doing (in addition to what the car is doing) in a lap video.
I found a cheap source for Sony 1/3-inch CCD HAD bullet cameras, and
there's an annoying problem with them that finally pushed me to buy a
more expensive model. Many bullet cameras seem to be engineered for
low-light photography, which makes them 'bleach out' too readily in
bright light use — like when you're driving at the track. I've finally
concluded that the cheap cameras are fine for the cockpit-based camera
(since there's less light in the car), so this one is a good choice for that.
But I just found a better solution for the main camera. It's a 530-line
high-resolution camera with a 1/3-inch latest-generation SuperHAD
(whatever that means) Sony sensor. Out of the box, it is less prone to
the 'bleaching' effect, and it's capable of high enough resolution so
that you could record to DV tapes and have a DVD-like image. But what
it also has that's unusual is a wired remote control that you can
attach to it which allows you to digitally zoom in or out, and pan or
tilt on the digitally zoomed image. That's cool, but it's not important
to lap videos. But it also allows you to manually adjust the camera's
iris up or down in steps to compensate for a too-bright sky (or a
too-dark day, or anything else, I guess). I believe the iris still
responds automatically to incoming light level changes, at this point,
but the steps allow you to change the range that it's opening or
closing the iris within. When you power the camera off, it reverts to
its normal settings.
It's $209 for this camera,
and another $25 for the remote control. But the manual control the
remote gives you is unique among the bullet cameras I've seen, and it
holds the settings even after you unplug the remote. This retailer also
includes all the stuff the other guys typically nickel and dime you
for. You get an AC adapter, a 25-foot video and power cable, a 12V
battery adapter, the RCA cables to connect it to a digital recorder or
VCR, and a BNC-RCA adapter. I also got an extra lens for $20. It came
with a wide-angle 3.6mm lens. I also got a 2.9-mm one that's even
wider. I can switch them pretty easily without compromising the
camera's weatherproof-ness.
The company that sells it is in St. Louis, and they sell it for $209
even though it lists on their site for $229. They're kind of new to
e-commerce, and promise a simpler on-line ordering system in the next
couple of weeks. But I ordered it on Sunday, and it shipped Monday by
FedEx for only $8, with no sales tax. I was very impressed with their
follow-up and service. They emailed me to let me know about the $20
price cut, for example.
Here's a 4-meg video clip
that shows the camera opening and closing its iris. I tried to find the
most difficult thing to photograph. It was getting dark outside, and it
was dark in the house. I pointed the camera at the setting sun to get
the most 'bleached' effect I could manage. (As a side note, my video
editing software is still butchering the image that's recorded, but I'm
working on fixing that.)
You also need an $8 microphone.
It's probably something you can get at Radio Shack, as well. It's
worthwhile to make the trip to Radio Shack to put together some 12V
power lines from the cigarette lighter or other source with plugs for
the cameras and the recorder.
I've been socked in with work stuff, and I'm out of town this
weekend, but I'm hoping to do some test videos next week that I'll try
to post. After that, I want to finish educating myself in overlaying
DL-1 data logger data onto the videos, which will show speed, rpms,
lateral g's, and other data on the clip.
Discuss this topic in the forums…


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Vic Mensa • "Married To The King Freestyle"
Vic Mensa isn't prone to be around Twitter too much these days, but he never strays too far from a recording studio. Consequently, as we continue to wait on his highly anticipated album Traffic, Vic hit the booth late last night and got off his chest a few things he deemed addressing in the short-but-fiery "Married To The King." To be clear, this song is labeled as a one-off freestyle. However, the SaveMoney member still approached the Deputy-produced instrumental with the same intensity fans experience when he's on stage and passion we've come to expect from his releases.
Citing his constant touring, persistent ambition and long-term relationship with his girlfriend, music, and money, my only beef here is the filler line "If the lady is a tramp, let her suck the noodle." It doesn't quite fit with the whole verse (except for a slight connection to the previous rhyme) or main themes and would've been better off without it. At this point, I'm just nitpicking a track that isn't meant to be examined in such a rigorous manner so I digress. It's nice to have an update on Vic's current standing and see that he is still producing solid material effortlessly.


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MLK's Birthday: A Tribute in Video
If Martin Luther King Jr. were alive, he would have turned 84 today. Defined by his soulful eloquence and his unrelenting stance on civil disobedience through nonviolence, the Civil Rights leader and Baptist minister inspired millions and continues to do so this present day.
Just what kind of impact did he have on Americans? We take a look at three prominent men, President Bill Clinton, TV journalist Tom Brokaw, and hit maker Stevie Wonder, as they describe in their own words how King's dream of seeing a more equal society influenced their lives and the rest of the world.
'Movement of Righteousness'
Tom Brokaw discusses how King seared the "true meaning of equality" into the American conscience. He also charges that the Civil Rights leader's assassination in 1968 should've had more scrutiny. Could there really have been only one gunman?
Remembering Segregation and MLK's Inspiration
President Bill Clinton distinctly recalls segregation growing up as a young child in Arkansas and how the Civil Rights movement began to change as many African Americans considered using force and violence against the daily brutality they were experiencing. Despite the divisions that grew within the black community, Clinton sees MLK's struggle as indispensible and exemplary—one that inspired famous leaders that came after him.
The Fight for MLK Day
After King's assassination in 1968, the fight to have a national Martin Luther King holiday was set in motion for the next decade. Driven and passionate for the cause, Stevie Wonder took off three years from his career to lead the charge. On King's birthday in 1982, Wonder led a peace rally in Washington and brought in his famous friends…discover how many people showed up and what happened next.


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I couldn't resist scrapbooking photos of my new grand daughter! She is our Baby Princess!
Scrapbook paper and embellishments were purchased at a local retailer. The paper on top was cut with the Eyelet Border Punch from Stampin' Up # 113692 and it's great for adding a special touch to your pages and cards!!! Pixie Pink Card Stock #105121 really makes the words pop! Don't forget your Stampin' Up Paper Cutter # 104152, Snail Adhesive #104332 & Refills #104331! Cut perfect circles with the Circle Scissor Plus#112530 and Glass Mat #112531. Order today and receive a 15% rebate! Just email me at firstname.lastname@example.com after you order and you'll get cash back!
Friday, September 4, 2009
3 comments:
i love this scrapbook page! it's too bad that people can't see the crown light up! :o)ReplyDelete
Thank you! Yes, the crown lights up! It was a fun page to create! Thanks for your comment!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousSeptember 4, 2009 at 11:33 AM
OH ANGIE! Martha, Martha, Martha...... :)ReplyDelete
You have found your niche. Where is mine? :(
So proud of your work.
Sis in MA
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Do you have burning questions about the canine mind? Does your dog's behavior confound or frustrate you? Come hang out with our trainers, Ursa Acree and Kimberly McRae, and get answers! Have a beer and chat with Canis Major trainers who are eager to answer all your dog-related queries and help start you down the path to better behavior and a more harmonious household. This event is free of charge, and while it is not a training event, you are welcome to bring your dog. We can't wait to see you there!
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Earlier this year I interview Laura Holland, a Dubai based Entrepreneur specialising in nutrition, holistic weight loss & a Well Being Coach. I had read her article in the National , here in Abu Dhabi and wondered if she could elaborate a bit more on her 6 reason's why you might be struggling to lose weight. I to have had an ongoing weight battle. I consider myself relatively fit but I wasn't losing weight so I wanted to explore this further using this article as a bouncing board. That is what we did in this podcast. Have a listen.
The questions I asked her can be found on our website
This week's episode we speak with author, artist, teacher, life coach and yoga instructor Jenni Eden about her new book 'How to Plant Positivity. To sow seeds for success in 7 simple chapter'. We discuss the journey she has had to write this book and how these 7 simple steps can help you find positivity and happiness in your life.
Podcast - Part 1
Podcast - Part 2


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Dr. Dennis E. NilssonCreighton University School of Dentistry (View map)2500 California PlazaBoyne 232AOmaha, NE 68178402-280-3404
Dr. Nilsson has been listed in topDentists since 2011.
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What to Expect
This is a general explanation of what you can expect as a potential study participant. Slight differences may vary from office to office.
The first step is getting in touch with a study center to find out if you may qualify for this study. This web site offers information about the study and basic requirements to qualify for the study.
Upon arriving at the office, you will meet the assigned Study Coordinator who will be the main point of contact for the study's duration. The Study Coordinator will review important study documents with you including the Informed Consent.
Informed Consent explains the key facts about a clinical research study and should be read and understood in its entirety before deciding whether or not to participate. The Study Coordinator will explain the details of the study, as well as the risks and benefits of participating.
Potential study participants (and caregivers, when applicable) will have the chance to ask questions about the study. If a potential study participant decides to participate, he/she will be asked to sign the Informed Consent document, which includes details about the study, such as its purpose, duration, required procedures, and key contacts.
After the Informed Consent has been signed, study-related exams and services will begin either at the same visit or at future scheduled visits. (The study physician, also known as the Principal Investigator or Sub-Investigator, will perform the initial examination.) Additional study visits will be scheduled with the participant and study-specific instructions will be provided.
Additional requirements may be required throughout the course of the study. If these requirements cannot be fulfilled, the participant may no longer qualify and study participation will be stopped. The Study Coordinator will keep in contact with the participant regarding all study-related issues.
Remember, participation is voluntary and participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time and for any reason, even if the Informed Consent has already been signed.