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... but not a lot because my dslr has a fixed lcd..
Before going dslr, I had a camera with a flip and twist lcd, which I found very very very useful for taking ought angle pictures, such as shooting over the heads of a crowd of tourists..
I don't think I will buy a dslr without live view. In fact, I am sure that I will hold off upgrading my dslr until one or both of the following appear:a) flip and twist lcd,b) video mode..
Of course, live view is a pre-requisite for video mode, which is what I miss most going dslr.JonathanFOly E-510, 14-54, 18-180, TCON-17, FL-36Canon S1IS, Casio QV-3000..
I have tried live view once. I wasn't impressed. I think it has 2 main functions,.
1) Macro work where you don't/can't get on your belly, and.
2) Live Concerts or Gatherings where you have to raise the camera above your head...so those cameras that have 170 degree view +/-, can allow to see what you are pointing at.
I have no use for it..it came with the camera model I bought for other features I wanted. Like Body "IS" and adjustable Noise filter settings. RAW IQ And Size and weight where a consideration too.Peter .
Image control:Zoom outZoom 100%Zoom inExpand AllOpen in new window.
Enjoy your photography images, even if your wife doesn't ! ;-(http://laurence-photography.com/http://www.pbase.com/peterarbib/Cameras in profile...
I have used the XSi live view quite a bit. It is great for macro/closeup work with a tripod. It permits really precise manual focusing. If for this use, it can be difficult to see the LCD clearly in bright sunlight. I can think of no other use and I have not even enabled autofocus with the LV function. The XSi does not have an articulating LCD so it would not be useful for shooting over the heads in a crowd..
I suppose there will be attempts to market this feature to P&S photographers who are thinking of upgrading to DSLR. I can't imagine why anyone would prefer LV over a DSLR viewfinder for routine use...
I too use an anglefinder. It's great for low level shots..
But it's useless for overhead shots. That's the only situation where I'd like an articulating live view LCD...
Live view isn't a big deal for me, although I can see it's usefulness for special situations like overhead shots and the like. But for that kind of shooting situation, you'd probably get better shots with a P&S..
I also hear that people like it for macrophotography and here is where liveview does hold some interest for me if the camera had an articulating screen. But I imagine that articulating screens are prone to damage, and the biggest drawback is that LCD screens are almost useless in strong light and maybe it's just me, but I find it's almost impossible to focus on an LCD screen because of the low resolution of not only the screen, but of the low res image that is generated for the LCD. And for regular shooting, it's laughable to hold a DSLR out at arms length to compose and focus except for happy snaps..
It's the point & shoot mentality. They want all the doo-dads. Soon we will see DSLR's that double as cell phones. What happened to simple and to the point? Save the expense for "features" and put it to good viewfinders and quality equipment that will last. IMHO.Steve-Seattle..
So far, most seem to agree with me. Experienced SLR users just don't use it much..
As for overhead shooting, in the old days, and I mean old, we often took off the finder (pentaprism) to hold the camera upside down and use the ground glass..
Other times, you'd just stick a wide angle of say around 20 to 24mm and put the camera up use the hyperfocal distance, then crop in the darkroom. I think holding it up and trying to view an LCD might be nearly impossible for these tired old eyes...
Having been into photography for many years, I have an appreciation of the waist-level viewfinder found in medium-format TLR and SLR cameras..
When I got my first decent digital compact, the Olympus C5050, I was delighted to raise the LCD to 90 degrees and look down into it in the same way I used to with the Mamiya C220. (Well, there is a difference, the mirror in the TLR finder inverts everything left-to right, whereas the LCD has things the right way round)..
I find it most useful when the camera is on a tripod, it means I don't have to bend down to peer into the viewfinder. Especially useful for macro shots where I can adjust the subject while watching both the subject and the screen at the same time..
But even for landscape shots I'm happy to use the LCD screen. Though I always angle it towards my eyes. I think a screen permanently fixed flat on the back of the camera is poor for this purpose..
I enjoy the way this modern technology is bringing back the pleasure of the older technology in a new guise.Regards,Peter..
...since I have a P&S Leaving the funny part aside:.
I've used DSLR's(400D) and P&S(various brands) and I must say that LiveView is a great thing to have IF (big IF) it comes with a tiltable LCD..
Yes, the SLR part of the DSLR is very useful (great Manual focusing, instant changes, whole shebang), but I for one, don't like to roll in the mud for ground-level shots and I like to see clearly what is happening when my camera is on a tripod (being a little on the short side ) and it's nice to shoot above head at concerts and such!.
Yes, the classical viewfinder is great and it is at the core of photography. But if you can make your life simpler with the help of technology, why not?..
SorinC wrote:.
...since I have a P&S Yes, the classical viewfinder is great and it is at the core ofphotography. But if you can make your life simpler with the help oftechnology, why not?.
I would have agreed with you back before I bought me first DSLR. I was one of the last hold-outs still using film or a digital point and shoot. I almost didn't buy a D80 because I wanted Live View. I almost bought an Oly 510. The only reason I stayed Nikon was the fact I owned a lot of Nikon glass and because I'm a bit of a Nikon fanboy..
I used the D80 for almost a year and forgot about Live View until the D300 came out. Upgrading was partially because of Live View. I tried it a couple of times and quickly realized that for me, it was a pain in the behind. I still love the D300 and wouldn't go back, but Live View isn't the reason. Even if it had an articulating LCD..
It seems so cool. It seems like it would be great. For me, it just turned out to be a very non-useful feature..
I'm glad I'm getting various responses. Maybe I dismissed it too quickly. We'll see. I was going to do some macro tonight. Maybe I'll try Live View again...
I must be missing something I dont think live view has anything to do with wheather the screen tilts or not but rather showing the exposure on the screen..
For instance a 1/2 press will reveal if the subject will be under or over exposed and you can adjust before actually taking the picture..
Im a rank amatuer and I find it most usefull rather than having to take the picture then making exposure changes..
The problem with exposure via Live View is that it doesn't really tell you anything unless it's a very good screen and you can see it clearly..
Exposure is relatively simple to deal with using exposure compensation and a few rules of thumb. Guessing it from a Live View screen strikes me as a bigger act of faith. Matrix metering modes are getting even better at guess what to do better. You have to take your eye away from the optical viewfinder and recompose to use Live View and that's just no way to shoot..
The best way would simply be if there was a live-histogram on the optical viewfinder. Basically, yes, I want something like those nice fighter-pilot types get - info projected onto my optical system. Maye a mirror to flip an information window in view. I don't really care what the sensor or metering system sees - I'm only interested in what I see and ensuring the final image reflects what I want from that. One word - histogram..
Using an optical viewfinder is still the best way to do almost everything, and almost everything, for me, out-weighs the very few occasions where Live View would be useful..
I use an EVF in my S9600 and that's OK - it's quite a good EVF. It's where I formed this odd need to have a Live Histogram ! But it's not an OVF and a good OVF kicks ass for photography. I even use the alleged OVF on my A710 compact in preference to the LCD. That feels better to me than mucking around with an LCD. At the very least I know what I wanted to capture and what it looked like when it comes time to review and post process the images..
Maybe one day the EVF will be good enough to replace the OVF but until then the OVF is king ( or queen if you prefer - lets say monarch ). Improve the OVF, add projected information like a histogram, but leave it there. Bigger would be nice - manually focusing with some of those entry-level OVFs must be ghastly. Squint inducing..
And give us back our plain old informational LCD on the top of the camera. It's more natural to glance at this that have to twist the camera to get a look at the LCD ( and often to have to press buttons to do it )..
By a strange coincidence my Pentax has both a fairly good OVF and an informational LCD. You could probably guess that just from the rant..
Keep Live View and put the money where it would be useful - an augmented, larger and brighter OVF !.
And would someone please tell me why in heck I'm using Capitals for Live View ? Cripes ! I've developed Capitalitis. What next ? Blogitis ? .
Fuji S3 ProPentax K100DFuji S9600Fuji E900PCLinuxOS..
Sjgcit wrote:.
The best way would simply be if there was a live-histogram on theoptical viewfinder. Basically, yes, I want something like those nicefighter-pilot types get - info projected onto my optical system.Maye a mirror to flip an information window in view. I don't reallycare what the sensor or metering system sees - I'm only interested inwhat I see and ensuring the final image reflects what I want fromthat. One word - histogram..
I read somewhere that Nikon had patented a heads-up type display for the optical viewfinder. I don't know anything else about it..
I agree with you about a histograms. I use them most of the time... a great tool. I'm not sure I'd want one in my way in the OVF..
The reason I use caps in Live View is because I think it's a registered trademark, but I don't know. I don't really care...
I haven't experienced with Live View of DSLR. My opinion is that Live View is not much useful (or perhaps useless) without a swiveling LCD giving the fact the OVF of DSLR is more superb in many ways (clarity, no processing delay and etc.).
However, I have experienced with swiveling LCD of P&S and must say that it is useful when composing difficult angle shots like overhead shots, ground level shots or self-portraits (without tripod)..
I can't think of any usefulness of Live View without swiveling LCD for now and don't want to give any hypothesis without real experience...
For shooting tiny plants and other low-to-ground subjects from ground-level view easier and cleaner than doing a belly-crawl checking different compositions..
For shooting over a crowd more polite than trying to elbow through, assuming no special status; there's not always higher ground to stand on...


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Ten years ago, Lenore Alexander's 11-year-old daughter, Leah Coufal, underwent elective surgery to correct pectus carinatum at a prestigious Southern California hospital. Though the surgery went well, Lenore awoke at 2 a.m. on the second post-operative night to find Leah "dead in bed," a victim of undetected respiratory arrest, caused by the narcotics that were intended to ease her pain.
Lewis Blackman, a healthy, gifted 15-year-old, underwent elective surgery at MUSC. In one of the state's most modern hospitals, he bled to death over 30 hours while those caring for him missed signs that he was in grave peril.
John LaChance, served in the United States Navy, underwent his second routine rotator cuff repair surgery. John also had a condition called sleep apnea, which when mixed with opioids, puts a patient at a much higher risk of respiratory depression. This condition was dismissed by all attending medical staff.
Malinda is a certified case manager at a hospital in Oklahoma City. In 2006, her father tragically died of opioid-induced respiratory depression after a routine surgery. She share her experience and the impact that it has had on her and her family.

subset: commoncrawl


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SWON design is familiar with the avant-garde with a glass design in North America. Behind the company name Swon Design is a creative art work and stunning design hides with the material glass. We will draw your attention to two projects with green flat glass.
The first project is an interesting and creative design terrace with a small pond basin and an illuminated sculpture made of flat glass. An elegant glass Rock Sculpture formed from three decorative glass rocks. The simple composition of glass plates is positioned in a rectangular pond basin made of stainless steel and fixed by means of a metal frame. The term of the illuminated with warm yellow light glass plates, can be emphasized even more evident by the black river stones. A stunning scene follows in the night when the plastic forms of glass sculpture seem overflowing yellow-green. An elegant and modern lighting design that will liven up any patio. The Rock Sculpture of glass plates is a stunning idea for the roof terrace, as well as a special garden design.
Roof terrace design with flat glass sculpture &# 8211; in Toronto, Ontario
Water design for the terrace with a special glass sculpture
fantastic terrace design ideas with water and flat glass
make creative Terrace &# 8211; creative lighting design for the roof terrace
The second project is a Beautiful landscaping in the English city of Westonbirt. In June 2003, Swon Design presents his unique sculpture made of green sheet glass in a pond basin next three asymmetric fountain made of steel. At that time the first designer LED Garden "Westonbirt Festival of the Garden" finds there Festival. The transparent garden sculpture forms an ensemble of rocks of different height and size. In between two panels of aluminum are mounted with organic planting. The sculpture is united as good as she was always there with the surroundings. A beautiful landscaping idea that can bring beauty into your garden.
beautiful garden ideas with fountain and sculpture of flat roof
Gardening and landscaping design idea with water and garden sculptures
stunning design with Gartenspiltur of green flat glass


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Sheena Day of the Dead Danse Macabre
* This thin metal die is called Danse Macabre and matches up perfectly to the Danse Macabre A6 Rubber Stamp * Achieve perfect results in cutting out the stamped image to create stunning toppers and focal points Celebrate the Day of the Dead or simply add this popular Mexican-based style to your crafting projects with this fabulous range of dies and co-ordinating stamps designed by popular artist, Sheena Douglass. As well as the iconic Sugar Skull, there are lots of designs that celebrate this age-old tradition of remembering friends and family members who have passed on, helping them in the spiritual journey. These designs can also be used in alternative ways and for making papercrafting projects with a very distinct look and feel about them.This pack includes 2 individual dies. The largest die size is approximately 3.5"x3.3"
This product is out of stock


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What if you knew where all of your money was going each month?
What if you were debt-free, investing and making wise spending decisions?
With Dave Ramsey's class Financial Peace University, you CAN take control of your money and start planning for your future. If you're interested in learning more about the class, please review the following materials and get ready to join us at Parkland Church on January 23rd.
For a registration link – please use the following to sign-up for the Parkland Church sessions: www.FPUatParkland.com
Infographic – Financial State of America Impact_Overview_infographic (1)
Getting Out of Debt – Video …
Take Control of Your Money Video …


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PERONI Italy proudly presents DJ Sylvain Armand in Fratelli Lounge & Club!
Ladies and Gentlemen,
PERONI Italy proudly presents a sexy Frenchmen that will inspire a wonderful night!
This Friday, the 24th of February, we are turning Fratelli Lounge & Club into a "school" and our guest from Saint Tropez will teach us all about the "French Kiss" !!
Together with PERONI Italy we proudly present the one and only DJ Sylvain Armand, one of the world's biggest DJs! He'll show us more than music, he'll show us love!!
Don't miss his show on Friday the 24th, after 11.30pm!
See you on the dance floor for some hot action and a cold PERONI!
For reservation, please contact Fratelli Lounge & Club Constanta: firstname.lastname@example.com, mobile phone: 0725510000
Let's kiss & dance!
Fratelli & PERONI Italy
Access 18 +
Drink responsibly
- PERONI Italy proudly presents DJ Sylvain Armand in Fratelli Lounge & Club!
- Date Friday, 24 Feb 2012
LocationFratelli Lounge&Club Constanta4 RASCOALEI 1907 Street ⁄ Constanta ⁄ ROMANIAOpening hour23.30
004 0725 510 000


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Big Brother on TV
Posted by Chris @ 9:03 pm
With the latest round of Big Brother it could be quite easy to miss one of the many shows that are on daily. So to ensure you never miss a second, I've created a handy new feature for my site, Big Brother on TV.
Simply click on the link in the top nav labeled "Big Brother on TV", and a little screen will popup on the page you are on and tell you when Big Brother related programmes are on TV, today and tomorrow. It is designed to be as quick and easy as possible to access on my site.
In the background I've updated my script that gets TV data for my online TV guide from bleb.org/tv to now filter any programmes on Channel 4 and E4 with Big Brother in the title into a database, which I then pull out using a special page, which is loaded into the hidden div on demand via AJAX when you click on the link. Simple!
I hope it is of use, and who knows, I may extend it to some other programmes I and my readers regularly watch. It can break now and again if the data isn't up to scratch, which I have raised with bleb.org, but other than that all other comments welcome! Enjoy!


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Wholesale Login
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This all natural versatile salve quickly and effectively takes the itch out of insect bites, bee stings and poison ivy. It soothes and eases the discomforts of rashes, chapped and irritated skin. A must for every home! Motherlove's green salve is made with 100% certified organic ingredients. The USDA's national organic program does not permit the use of ingredients made with GMOs in certified organic products.
Size: 1 oz.
extra virgin olive oil*, beeswax*, plantain leaf*, comfrey leaf*, marshmallow root*, calendula flower*
*Certified Organic Ingredients
Apply to affected area several times daily to help relieve itch, rash, or chapped and irritated skin.
My son got a yellow jacket sting while hanging out at a friend's. She shared some of her Green Salve and by the morning, we couldn't even see where the sting was. He has no more pain or discomfort; it's like he...
My youngest son has had two bouts of eczema in his five years. Each time I've applied the green salve and it's cleared up within 48 hours. It's a miracle to watch the irritated red bumpy patches go to smooth healthy skin virtually...
I LOVE this stuff!! I have eczema and it's pretty bad. I have spent $100's on creams and the Dr put me on steroid pills and creams. But none if that worked for until my husband did some research and came across your product. After about a...
So I got a bottle of Green Salve as a giveaway from Green Grandma. I didn't get to use it until recently. I've been trying to get my family to use it but they haven't. Until my husband came home from work with a chemical burn on his...
A cloth diaper safe to provide quick and effective relief (formerly Motherlove Diaper Rash & Thrush)
A mild oil ideal for labor and infant massage


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Mazda Motor Corporation has announced today that it will introduce an iPod® connection adapter. This is the first of its kind for any volume-selling model and allows the driver to play their iPod through the car's audio system.
To be launched in Japan on August 22, 2006, the company will put the device on sale as a vehicle accessory available from Mazda dealers in countries throughout the world.
Mazda is the first to offer iPod adapters across their entire future product range, including the new cross over SUV the CX-7 and their new pick-up truck the BT-50. Owners of current Mazda passenger vehicles and Tribute SUV will also benefit from this technology as they too can fit the new iPod connection adaptor to their vehicle. This accessory can also be fitted to some previous Mazda models including 121, 323 and 626 released since 2000.
"This is a very exciting development for Mazda," Mazda Australia managing director, Mr Doug Dickson, said.
"Drivers can now listen to their iPod through the quality audio systems in Mazda vehicles. Not only does this technology provide better sound quality, it is also much safer as drivers do not have to look down at their iPod when changing the song."
The iPod connection adaptor will be on sale in early October and retail for $265 (excluding installation).
Monday, August 07, 2006
Mazda to Zoom-Zoom into the iPod® Revolution
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Please forward this to all Hawaiians and our supporters.
We have received an alarming notice from `Olelo Community Television on O`ahu informing us that Spectrum is planning to silence and essentially extinguish `Olelo television and all of itʻs community based programs as of February 6th.
If Spectrum is successful in doing so, all Hawaiian cultural programming on `Olelo will fall victim to their plan.
Spectrum is planning to accomplish this is by doing two things -
First, relocate all `Olelo channels into "digital Siberia," meaning high numbered channels that are hard to find and also hard to watch.
Second, to require viewers to acquire a special box to connect to your existing television.
Without this box (for which Spectrum may charge a monthly fee) you will be unable to watch `Olelo television at all.
`Olelo television is asking everyone to immediately protest this unethical and underhanded scheme to silence community programming voices.
We ask you to help stop Spectrum from implementing these changes which would be disastrous for community programming.
We have copied `Oleloʻs notice below.
Please take a few moments to read it and do your part by contacting Spectrum today to let them know you oppose these changes.
Spectrum is channel slamming 'Ōlelo – displacing channels 49, 53, 54, and 55, including Video On Demand channels 50 and 52, into digital Siberia, or high-numbered channels that are hard to find, hard to watch, and far from the main traffic lineup. Starting February 6, when you turn on your TV to view any of our public, education, and government programs, it won't be there. Instead, you'll find our channels in the 180s.
If you are unable to acquire a special box to connect to your existing TV, your access to the 'Ōlelo channels will cease to exist completely.
Spectrum's attempt to silence community media by displacing local programming channels and imposing barriers to access these channels discriminates against community access organizations like 'Ōlelo and community voices like YOU.
No other local programming channels will be forced to move. There is no legitimate reason to relocate these channels. Spectrum can and should leave community access channels where they are – like Hawaiian Telcom, O'ahu's other franchised cable operator, who keeps the 'Ōlelo channels on digital 49, 53, 54, and 55.
Let's protect OUR CHANNELS, OUR MEDIA, and OUR VOICES!
Write a letter asking Spectrum NOT to move 'Ōlelo. Spectrum (formerly Oceanic Time Warner Cable) is also known as Charter Communications. Go here for Spectrum's e-mail and U.S. mail addresses - http://olelo.org/write-a-letter-to-spectrum
Share your letter - To help ensure that all your voices and concerns are heard, please copy the State of Hawai'i Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) and 'Ōlelo Community Media in your e-mail and/or U.S. mail correspondence with Spectrum. Go here for addresses - http://olelo.org/share-your-letter
Spread the word - We encourage you to show your support by sharing this image on social media - http://olelo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/No-Channel-Slam-IG-with-hashtag2.jpg
Use it as your profile picture. Tag @spectrum on Twitter and @getspectrum on Instagram in your post. Invite your friends and family to help out, too. Let's rally together to protect our channels!
Severe Channel Confusion - Instead of happening all at once, Spectrum's channel change will be a piece-meal roll-out, neighborhood by neighborhood, one at a time.
So come February 6, 'Ōlelo channel 49 may be unchanged for Spectrum subscribers in Kaimukī, but it could be channel 182 for subscribers in Makiki. Furthermore, Spectrum's new channel designations are a huge shift from established 'Ōlelo channels that Hawaiian Telcom, the other franchised cable operator on O'ahu, continues to carry.
Forced Rebranding and Crisis Communications - Rebranding and thoroughly communicating 'Ōlelo channel changes by February 6 is unrealistic and impractical.
The creation of new promotional materials, video spots, ads, etc., will be cost and time prohibitive. In particular, 'Ōlelo's long-running Community Producers who continue to provide programming – many of whom are kūpuna – will face tremendous hardships to rebrand their programs to new channel numbers.
Spectrum's Channel Slamming Will Spread to All Hawai'i Community Access Organizations.
Should 'Ōlelo channels be forced to relocate, Spectrum's channel slamming will occur on the neighbor islands, affecting Nā Leo on Hawai'i County, Akakū on Maui County, and Ho'ike on Kaua'i County.
Your Right to Communicate is at Risk.
Channel Slamming is not just a community access issue, but a communication rights issue. Spectrum is trying to strip your access to a vital communication platform that is 100% non-commercial – a rare thing in today's world. Come February 6, instead of community voices at the forefront of 'Ōlelo channels 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, and 55, Spectrum will replace these channel locations with paid programming.
Local Community Voices Matter.
Like all other community access organizations, "localism" is a fundamental principle of 'Ōlelo Community Media, where thousands of hours of local content is being created by our local community media producers on a weekly basis. Because of Spectrum's slamming of the 'Ōlelo channels, all of these shows will be pushed from their current channel locations into inaccessible and unfamiliar 'wilderness' locations on short notice, and without consultation from impacted local community media producers.
Government Transparency Goes Dark.
'Ōlelo is a lifeline for the legislature, government agencies, and public officials, enabling them to communicate timely messages, air public hearings, and capture other government programs to inform and engage civic participation – no other local channel provides this dedicated service. Being an election year, there is more demand for programs that increase transparency in government. Spectrum's slamming of 'Ōlelo channels into digital Siberia will keep you in the dark about local issues, legislation, and policies that directly impact you and your communities.
Media Diversity is Weakened.
The more independent communication outlets a community has, the more diversity of viewpoints presented. The reverse is just as true. If we let Spectrum prioritize for-profit programming over 'Ōlelo channels, community members will no longer have a platform to amplify their voices that are within the same channel playing field as all other local and national cable networks. Instead, community viewpoints and perspectives will be sidelined and silenced to make way for a corporate controlled media landscape.
No Room for Cable Bullies in the Aloha State.
The removal of 'Ōlelo channels from established locations is an example of Spectrum's track record of cable bullying and discrimination against community media access in localities and states throughout the country. The negative impact of these changes have been devastating for local community access centers across the nation.
Here are a few examples -
For at least 31 of their Wisconsin systems, Charter (known as Spectrum in Hawai'i) pushed all community access channels from their decades-long locations, channels 1-19, to 982-994. Charter is also charging government buildings and schools a $70.00 monthly fee for cable service, plus a separate cable box fee.
In Los Angeles County, California, community access channels are not available to local subscribers because Charter requires the city to pay for transmitting the channels.
In Pasadena, California, community access programming is not on Charter's electronic program guide due to the exorbitant fees quoted by Charter to provide this service.
In Rochester, Massachusetts, Charter unilaterally decided to channel slam community access channels despite the local City Council's denial of Charter's request to do so.
In Montana, the existing local franchise agreement required Charter to provide a free connection to each school. Despite this, Charter informed local school districts that the switch from analog to digital would require new digital converter boxes for every TV, ultimately costing $60,000 to $100,000 a year.
Source: White Paper on "Charter Communications, PEG Access and Other Public Service Obligations", September 21, 2015, Alliance for Community Media.
Disclaimer: Information related to the availability, distribution, and costs of set-top boxes is based on information received from Charter's Customer Service Department.
For more information about #NoChannelSlam, call (808) 237-2106 or email 'Ōlelo's Community Relations department.
Monday, January 29, 2018
I'm reading: Tweet this! Posted by The Koani Foundation at 11:32 AM
Labels: Free Hawaii, Hawaiian Kingdom, Olelo Television, Spectrum


text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in ovine articular cartilage
© van Turnhout et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
- Received: 18 June 2010
- Accepted: 22 October 2010
- Published: 22 October 2010
Articular cartilage (AC) is the layer of tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Adult AC is characterised by a depth-dependent composition and structure of the extracellular matrix that results in depth-dependent mechanical properties, important for the functions of adult AC. Collagen is the most abundant solid component and it affects the mechanical behaviour of AC. The current objective is to quantify the postnatal development of depth-dependent collagen density in sheep (Ovis aries) AC between birth and maturity. We use Fourier transform infra-red micro-spectroscopy to investigate collagen density in 48 sheep divided over ten sample points between birth (stillborn) and maturity (72 weeks). In each animal, we investigate six anatomical sites (caudal, distal and rostral locations at the medial and lateral side of the joint) in the distal metacarpus of a fore leg and a hind leg.
Collagen density increases from birth to maturity up to our last sample point (72 weeks). Collagen density increases at the articular surface from 0.23 g/ml ± 0.06 g/ml (mean ± s.d., n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.51 g/ml ± 0.10 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Maximum collagen density in the deeper cartilage increases from 0.39 g/ml ± 0.08 g/ml (n = 48) at 0 weeks to 0.91 g/ml ± 0.13 g/ml (n = 46) at 72 weeks. Most collagen density profiles at 0 weeks (85%) show a valley, indicating a minimum, in collagen density near the articular surface. At 72 weeks, only 17% of the collagen density profiles show a valley in collagen density near the articular surface. The fraction of profiles with this valley stabilises at 36 weeks.
Collagen density in articular cartilage increases in postnatal life with depth-dependent variation, and does not stabilize up to 72 weeks, the last sample point in our study. We find strong evidence for a valley in collagen densities near the articular surface that is present in the youngest animals, but that has disappeared in the oldest animals. We discuss that the retardance valley (as seen with polarised light microscopy) in perinatal animals reflects a decrease in collagen density, as well as a decrease in collagen fibril anisotropy.
- Articular Cartilage
- Articular Surface
- Chondroitin Sulphate
- Cartilage Thickness
- Collagen Orientation
Articular cartilage (AC) is the thin layer of soft tissue that covers the articulating ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Healthy adult AC is characterised by a depth-dependent composition [1–3] and structure [4–7]. These characteristics result in depth-dependent mechanical properties [8–11] that are important for the functions of adult AC, specifically load distribution and the establishment of a low friction environment [11–13].
AC consists of a number of cells (chondrocytes, ≈ 2% to 5% of the wet volume, [14]) embedded in a porous extracellular matrix (ECM) that is saturated with fluid (≈ 80% wet weight). The ECM consists of collagen and negatively charged proteoglycan molecules. Collagen is the most abundant ECM component (≈ 75% of dry weight, e.g. [3]). Both the predominant orientation in the collagen network and the amount of collagen in the network affect the mechanical behaviour, and thus the functioning, of AC [15–18]. The collagen network remodels between birth and maturity: the adult depth-dependent structure is absent at birth [19–23], collagen type I is replaced by collagen type II [24–26], and collagen densities increase [27–29] with depth-dependent variation [21].
Our knowledge on the depth-dependent development of collagen densities is limited. Most studies that investigate postnatal collagen density measure total collagen content as opposed to depth-dependent collagen density profiles [27–29]. Rieppo et al. [21] measured depth-dependent collagen density profiles in porcine AC in three sample points (4 months, 11 months and 21 months) that did not include perinatal animals. Their results [21] are presented with a 80 μm resolution over the depth of the tissue.
The ECM is produced and maintained by chondrocytes that are affected by their local mechanical environment [30, 31]. During postnatal development, AC develops a functional depth-dependent composition and structure. Postnatal collagen density profiles are important for our understanding of postnatal AC development. To unravel the (depth-dependent) mechanobiology of the development of ECM structure and composition, we need better time- and space-resolved collagen density profiles. Information on collagen densities is also essential for the interpretation of optical retardation results from polarised microscopy studies (PLM) [32]. The cited studies into postnatal development of collagen orientation [19–23] all use PLM.
We aim to quantify depth-dependent collagen densities in AC between birth and maturity, and with better spatial resolution than previously reported over the depth of the tissue in a model animal. Recently, we measured postnatal collagen orientation remodelling in a group of 48 sheep (Ovis aries) divided in ten age groups between birth and maturity [23]. We use the same animals and anatomical sites for the current study. Second, we aim to assess differences in (the development of) collagen density between different anatomical sites of this single joint surface. In our previous PLM study [23] we found a retardance valley between ≈ 30 μm and ≈ 80 μm from the articular surface for all age categories. Since such a valley can be caused by a minimum in collagen densities, or by a decrease in collagen fibre anisotropy [32], we wish to examine whether a valley in collagen density is present at that location.
with the (constant) absorption coefficient at wavenumber , b the optical path length and c the concentration of the absorbing material. With a constant thickness (optical path length b) of histological sections, equation 1 relates absorption directly to concentrations: . With FTIRμS an absorption spectrum in the infra-red regime is obtained using a polychromatic light source and Fourier transforms of interferograms, as opposed to measuring absorption at individual wavenumbers with monochromatic light sources.
The animal experiment was described previously [23]. Briefly, we obtained five female sheep for each of nine sample points from a local sheep farm. Sample points occurred at ages 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, 28, 36, 52 and 72 weeks. An additional four stillborn lambs were used (labelled age = 0 weeks). Animals were kept at the farm with their mother until sacrifice or the age of 12 weeks. Animals that were older than 12 weeks were collected at the farm and housed at the universities laboratory animal facility 'Ossekampen' until sacrifice. The total number of animals at the end of the experiment was 48. The number of animals for the first sample point (0 weeks, stillborn) and the last sample point (72 weeks) was four, and the number of animals for the other sample points was five. The experiment was approved by the Wageningen University Animal Experiments Committee.
Sample preparation
FTIRμS system
Two successive FOVs partly overlap to achieve a certain number of scans (> 10) over the depth of the tissue. As a result, we have an a priori smoothing effect for our profiles that uses actual measurements (as opposed to moving averages or linear interpolation). Measurements were performed with a BrukerTensor 27 IR spectrometer, connected to a Bruker Hyperion 2000 IR-microscope (Bruker Optics). This microscope has a liquid nitrogen-cooled MCT-detector - such a detector enables the detection of small amounts of material, ultimately down to monomolecular layers [36]. Both machines are controlled by Bruker's OPUS software. All spectra were baseline corrected with a so-called rubber baseline correction before further processing. This rubber baseline correction consists of finding a convex envelope of the spectrum and subtracting the convex part of the envelope lying below the spectrum from the spectrum [37].
FTIRμS calibration
With ssample the sample spectrum, sNaN3 the spectrum of the internal reference, and scol the spectrum of the collagen standard.
With â estimated with equation 2.
with D f the cartilage thickness in μm and t the age in weeks.
Statistical analysis
Data were analysed with generalized linear mixed models because some of the variables analysed are not normally distributed. Also, measurements on the same animal and position within an animal are dependent. This excludes conventional analyses such as analysis of variance or regression that are intended for normally distributed and independent data. We therefore used the penalized quasi-likelihood methodology described by Schall [40], Breslow & Clayton [41] and Engel & Keen [42]. Calculations were performed with GenStat [43]. The models comprised random effects with associated components of variance, that allowed for dependence between observations of the same animals and the same anatomical sites. Thus, we used a nested structure within animal for hind leg/fore leg, lateral/medial and caudal/distal/rostral sites. In particular, this allowed for additional dependence within animals between duplicate observations on the same site. We are interested in the development of differences between the different anatomical sites with age. Therefore, fixed effects (systematic effects) comprised main effects and all second order interactions for factors age, hind leg/fore leg, lateral/medial site, and caudal/distal/rostral site in the initial models.
Models were fitted separately to three response variables: collagen density at the surface ρs, maximum collagen density ρmax, and the presence of a collagen density valley near the articular surface ν. For the variable ρmax we used an identity link and normal distribution. For the variable ρmax, we used a log link and gamma variance function, with a multiplicative dispersion parameter. For v we obtained the position of the minimum collagen density in the first 5 samples points over the depth. We then scored each collagen density profile with 0 (the minimum is found in the first sample point, i.e. does not results in a valley) or 1 (the minimum occurs after the first sample point and results in a valley). We tested these scores with a logit link (logit q = log q/(1 - q)) and binomial variance function. For each model, random effects on the link scale were assumed to follow normal distributions. Tests were based on an approximate F -test [44] applied to the adjusted dependent variate from the last iteration step of the iterative re-weighted restricted maximum likelihood algorithm [42] that we used. The link functions provide the relationship between the linear predictor and the mean of the distribution function and the chosen link and variance functions were needed to achieve satisfactory (normally distributed) residuals for the models. Non-significant (p > 0.05) higher order fixed factor interactions were dropped from the initial models.
We used the following symbols in the models: μ: intercept; A j , j = 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, 28, 36, 52, 72: age in weeks; B k , k = 1, 2: fixed factor hind leg/fore leg; C l , l = 1, 2: fixed factor lateral site/medial site; D m , m = 1, 2, 3: fixed factor caudal site/distal site/rostral site; L i : random factor individual animal; and (LB) ik , (LBC) ikl and (LBCD) iklm nested random factors within animal. The final model that we fitted for each covariate, is presented in the results section. We aimed for analysis of two samples for each of six sites (figure 1), for each of two legs, for each of 48 animals, i.e. 1152 samples. Due to the loss of two fore legs and a few missing values, the total number of samples was 1132. In the text, we quantify significant differences as mean ± standard error as predicted by the model. In the figures and text, we use raw means and associated standard deviations, and not model predictions, to present the results.
Results for the statistical model for the collagen density at the surface
fixed term
A j
B k
C l
D m
(AD) jm
< 0.001
Mean collagen density at the surface for the caudal site, distal site, and rostral site
age [weeks]
ρs [g/ml] caudal
ρs [g/ml] distal
ρs [g/ml] rostral
Results for the statistical model for the maximum collagen density
fixed term
A j
B k
C l
D m
< 0.001
Results for the statistical model for the presence of a collagen density valley
fixed term
A j
B k
C l
D m
As expected [21, 27–29], we find that collagen content increases with age between birth and maturity: both ρ s (figure 5a) and ρmax (figure 5b) show a positive correlation with age. Contrary to the cartilage thickness and collagen orientation parameters that we measured in the same animals [23], collagen density does not appear to stabilise between 36 weeks and 72 weeks. It thus appears that the potential for collagen remodelling is different between collagen orientation and collagen density. The potential for collagen reorientation appears to be correlated to changes in cartilage thickness [23], whereas collagen density in the current study still increases after cartilage thickness has stabilised in these animals (36 weeks, [23]). Both an increase in the number of collagen fibrils and an increase in collagen fibril thickness results in increased collagen densities. Neither polarised light microscopy, which we used in our previous study [23], nor FTIRμS in the current study is capable of measuring collagen fibril thickness. Additional measurements, e.g. with electron microscopy, will be necessary to elucidate to what degree collagen fibril thickness contributes to the observed collagen density.
Hunziker et al. [47] showed that AC grows appositionally. The superficial zone supplies the stem cells for AC growth. Daughter cells that are displaced horizontally, remain confined to the superficial zone and replenish the stem-cell pool and affect lateral growth. Daughter cells that move vertically downwards form a zone with a rapidly dividing and proliferating pool of cells for rapid clonal expansion. This zone affects longitudinal growth and is located at the transitional and upper deep layer of AC [47]. The location (distance from the articular surface) of the collagen density valley in our study appears to coincide with the zone of rapidly dividing daughter cells in the study by Hunziker et al. [47]. Hunziker et al. further showed that the proliferation activity of this pool of cells decreased with age and had ceased when AC thickness stabilised. The valley in collagen density that we observe in our study also gradually disappears with age, and also stabilises when cartilage thickness stabilises (36 weeks, figure 5c). These similarities in the spatial and temporal patterns of cell proliferation and the presence of a collagen density valley, suggest a relationship between the cell activity and collagen production in this zone. Dedicated investigations will be required to show whether or not such a relationship exists.
FTIRμS is a technique that has gained popularity for the investigation of the collagen network of AC in the last decade [48]. FTIRμS was first applied to biological tissues when it became possible to use a microscope in the light path [49]. The first applications of FTIRμS for AC were investigated at the start of the current century [50, 51]. Biochemical analysis of hydroxyproline content is an alternative and well-established technique to quantify collagen density in AC. However, this technique has a limited spatial resolution and is used to measure total collagen content as opposed to depth-dependent profiles, e.g. [27–29]. The main benefit of FTIRμS is the high spatial resolution that can be achieved [39]. With histological slices as in our study, FTIRμS is a relatively easy and fast technique to obtain depth-dependent collagen density profiles in AC. Apart from the overlapping spectra of the AC components (figure 3a), quantitative FTIRμS is challenging because small changes in peak shape and position may occur as a result of the local composition or structure of the proteins [39]. The baseline correction finally, lacks a theoretical or physical background and its implementation is to a certain degree arbitrary. In our experience, the choice of baseline correction hardly influences the quantitative results, as long as the same baseline correction is applied to all samples and calibration sequences.
We treated the samples with sucrose and this hinders analysis of GAG densities because the FTIRμS signal of sucrose interferes with the signal of the sugar groups in the GAGs. When we attempted GAG quantification on samples that were not treated with sucrose, we found similar to Rieppo et al. [39] that GAG densities can not be reliably obtained from FTIRμS spectra. This is probably because collagen is much more abundant in AC than the GAGs [3], and because the absorption for collagen is higher than for chondroitin sulphate for equal amounts of pure components (figure 3a).
Several approaches have been used for quantitative analysis of AC FTIRμS spectra, e.g. integrated peak areas [50], (partial) least square fits [52], Euclidean distance analysis [51] and deconvolution approaches [39]. Analysis with integrated peak areas is the most straightforward, and with our calibration sequence we estimated an error of 5% for collagen densities for a 4:1 ratio of collagen to chondroitin sulphate [1, 3]. However, since the development of the ratio of collagen to chondroitin sulphate is unknown, we selected a different approach to analyse our spectra because we could show that chondroitin sulphate density does not affect the parameter â (r2 = 2.2 · 10-3, equation 5).
The spatial and temporal collagen density profiles in the current study are similar to those in a previous FTIRμS study into postnatal AC development by Rieppo et al. [21]. Rieppo et al. [21] looked at domestic pig AC from the femoral groove at 4 months, 11 months and 21 months of age. As in our study, they found that collagen density shows a maximum between the superficial and deep zone in the youngest age group, and that collagen density increases monotonically between the superficial and the deep zone for the oldest animals [21, figure 4a]. Also, the order of magnitude of collagen density in the adult animals in our study is in line with previous reports on total AC density, e.g. ≈ 1.4 g/ml for bovine [2] and human AC [17].
In our previous study on collagen orientation [23], we observed that the caudal site developed differently from the distal and rostral sites. We can not show such a difference in the current study. We do find significant but small (2.7%) differences in ρmax between lateral sites and medial sites (medial sites higher). In our previous study [23], we found an effect for the lateral sites and medial sites for the collagen orientation pattern (superficial zone thicker at lateral site). Whether or not these effects are related cannot be resolved from these studies. Dedicated finite element models can be an aid for a functional analysis of these effects, e.g. [10, 18]. In our previous study [23] we found that differences during development had disappeared in the last sample point (72 weeks). In that study, we explained the lack of differences in the mature animals by the near congruent joint that we investigated. Our current results support that explanation: we observe very little differences in collagen density over this near congruent joint surface. It thus appears that the expected different loading regimes for the different sites (more static at the distal site, intermittent at the caudal and rostral sites) have little influence in the joint and animal that we investigated.
Finite element models can also assist in a functional analysis of the depth-dependent collagen density development in postnatal life, e.g. [10, 29, 53]. We performed such a functional analysis [18] with our earlier data on collagen orientation remodelling [23]. In that functional analysis [18] we found a marked increase in AC stiffness near the bone, but not at the articular surface. Thus, the effect of postnatal collagen reorientation is the (further) development of depth-dependent mechanical properties in AC. These depth-dependent mechanical properties of AC are thought to be important for the adult functions of AC [8, 12, 54, 55]. In the current study, collagen density increases most in the deep cartilage. Because cartilage stiffness correlates positively with collagen density [16, 56] we hypothesise that this depth-dependent distribution of collagen density also contributes to the development of a depth-dependent gradient in mechanical properties of AC in postnatal life.
With this paper, we complement our earlier data on postnatal collagen reorientation in the same animals [23]. The combination of the two data sets provides better tools for functional analysis of the role of the collagen fibre network during development, e.g. by composition based finite element models [10, 18, 53]. Also, the combination of retardance results and collagen density results (figure 6) enabled us to further illustrate the peculiar nature of the transitional zone in the perinatal animals [20, 23]. We thus contribute to a better understanding of the mechanobiology of articular cartilage development. With additional information on the development of GAG concentrations and fixed charge densities in the AC, it becomes possible to estimate the mechanical environment that drives the depth-dependent AC development in general, and depth-dependent collagen remodelling in particular.
Collagen densities in articular cartilage increase in postnatal life with depth-dependent variation: the increase in collagen density at the articular surface is smaller than the increase in maximum collagen density in the deep cartilage. Collagen density does not stabilise by 72 weeks, the last sample point in this study. Because cartilage stiffness correlates positively with collagen density [16, 56], we predict that the depth-dependent pattern of collagen density remodelling contributes to the functional depth-dependent gradient in the mechanical properties of AC.
We find strong evidence for a valley in collagen densities near the articular surface (d < 100 μm) that is present in the youngest animals, but that has disappeared in the oldest animals. A valley in retardance near the articular surface is traditionally interpreted as the result of a decrease in collagen anisotropy. Our current results show that the retardance valley in perinatal animals also reflects a decrease in collagen density.
We kindly thank Wim van de Laan for providing the sheep. From Wageningen University, we thank the people at De Haar/Ossekampen laboratory animal facility for taking care of the sheep, and we thank Dr. Bas Engel from the Biometris group for his support with the statistics.
Authors' Affiliations
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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The fascination of being a pirate and setting sails in search of treasured gold doesn't seem to be getting over any soon. And the World Disney's famous, billion dollars earning franchise: Pirates of the Caribbean hasn't been of any help too. Rather, it has catapulted the craze of piracy to an all new high with the costumes becoming as popular as they have never been. Whether it's men, women, teens, or children; the pirate look is the hot look of the season and seems that it will be for many more seasons to come. So, come Halloween and you'll see a lot of people clad in pirate outfits, enacting sword fighting, treasure hunting, but drinking real rum right from the bottles. Purchase a pirate costume for Halloween if you too want to have a piece of piracy. The costumes are available in all sizes with a number of accessories too on the demand. Read the part that follows to get a few ideas on what all pirate costumes are available.
Pirate Halloween Costume Ideas
Blackbeard Costume
Ahoy! How about donning the notorious look of a famous pirate, Blackbeard, from the early 18th century? The costume includes a long pirate costume coat with button detail, fake beard and moustache set, shoulder strap, pirate belt with two buckles, and matching Black Beard pirate hat. Also, Ian McShane playing this character in the recent Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides movie left the fans wanting for more. So, what say you?
Ghost Pirate Costume
If a living pirate isn't just too halloweeny then the dead one will definitely do it for you and freak the bejesus out of people. This ghost pirate costume is made just for the purpose and includes a skeleton bone shirt front with vest, long ragged pirate captain jacket, matching scuffed pants with elastic waist, belt with skull details, skeleton bone arms and gloves, skull faced mask, and pirate hat. A pirate sword prop will pep up the whole look.
Peg Leg Pirate Costume
Aaarrrgh! Turn into an ominous looking pirate with one leg. The costume includes brown faux leather pirate hat, long pirate coat with gold button detail, white buttoned shirt, brown sash with skull & cross bone, striped costume pants with elastic waist, one regular boot cover, and one boot cover that gives out an illusion of a peg leg. Tok! Tok! Tok! What y'al lookin at eh?
Pirate Angelica Costume
Women too can join in the piracy with panache and sexiness with this Pirate Angelica Costume, designed in likeness of the one worn by Penelope Cruz in the famous movie Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. The costume includes a pirate vest with paisley print, off-shoulder pirate costume shirt, matching corset, belt with ornate buckle, black leggings, pirate boot covers, and angelica pirate costume hat. Hold a pirate sword for added effect!
Female Zombie Pirate Costume
Rise from the dead and send the living ones to where you came from! This zombie pirate costume for females will add just the right dosage of creepiness to your look. It includes zombie in rags pirate costume dress, zombie pirate head wrap, arm sleeves, neck chain accessory, and matching boot cuffs. Hold a bone sword, use the zombie make up kit, and wear a zombie wig for extra effect.
Buccaneer Beauty Pirate Costume
The buccaneer beauty pirate costume is an exciting costume to wear on Halloween. It's neither too piratey nor too simplistic but is perfect balance, providing the wearer a charmingly attractive aura. The costume includes sexy pirate top with corset styling, puffy pirate sleeves, stripe point bottom pirate skirt, burgundy hip wrap, and a matching head tie. Knee length pirate boots, purchased separately, will complete the look.
Read this article on Pirate Halloween Costumes and step into the swashbuckling, sword fighting, and rum gulping crazy world of the pirates.


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LARAMIE, Wyo. (AP) — Wyoming coach Craig Bohl says linebacker Cassh Maluia (mahl-uh-WEE'-uh) will serve a one-game suspension this fall after his recent arrest for driving under the influence.
In addition, Bohl says Maluia must also go through mandatory counseling, complete the AWARE training program on campus and complete 50 hours of community service.
The coach says this is a learning opportunity for Maluia as well as the rest of the team.
He declined any further comment.


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(Updates closing numbers, adds details, quotes)
* TSX slips as resource sectors falter
* Energy shares pulled down by sagging oil prices
* Nexen falls after disappointing quarterly profit
TORONTO, July 17 (Reuters) - The Toronto Stock Exchange's main index slipped lower on Thursday as a strong showing from financials was offset by resource shares that were hit by another sharp drop in oil prices.
Oil fell by $5.31 to below $129.29 a barrel amid worries over dampening demand in the United States, as well as easing tensions between Iran and the West.
The drop in oil — which is still up nearly 30 percent for the year — battered Bay Street's heavyweight energy group, sending it down 3.2 percent.
"It's apparent that the U.S. is really responding pretty negatively to what's going on," said Brian Pow, vice-president of research and equity analyst at Acumen Capital Partners in Calgary, referring to the still-high energy prices.
"People are really tightening their belts."
Nexen Inc NXY.TO slumped after the oil producer posted a disappointing quarterly profit, as one-time charges and trading losses nearly wiped out its gains from record high oil prices. Nexen's shares closed down C$4.01, or 10.9 percent, at C$32.95.
The S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE closed down 43.55 points, or 0.32 percent, at 13,460.25, with just three of its 10 main sectors in the negative.
Also in he energy group, Canadian Natural Resources (CNQ.TO) fell C$3.01, or 3.4 percent, to C$86.64, while Suncor Energy (SU.TO) slid C$2.10, or 3.7 percent, to C$54.50.
The materials sector fell 2.8 percent, while its gold producers were trimmed by the lower price of bullion, which followed oil's descent.
The lion's share of the losses came from the two resource sectors, with energy producers, miners and fertilizer firms among the biggest laggards by weight.
Agnico-Eagle Mines (AEM.TO) was down C$2.95, or 4 percent, at C$70.28, while fertilizer company Potash Corp of Saskatchewan POT.TO lost C$8.75, or 3.9 percent, to C$215.31.
The financial sector led the upside, as it took heart from stronger than expected results from U.S. banks.
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CM.TO) rose C$3.91, or 7.4 percent, to C$57.10, and Bank of Montreal (BMO.TO) was up C$3.05, or 7.3 percent, at C$44.98, while the sector overall climbed 3.3 percent. ($1=$1.01 Canadian) (Reporting by Leah Schnurr; editing by Rob Wilson)


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DC Fun Pages
DC Links
NYC Fun Pages
NYC Links
Join the Kool Kids and get your Marley Tee.
Want a back pack just like Izzy's. Marley is already attached to the Marley Bag!
Next to be released!!
(Marley is working on it as we speak.)
Marley is an adventurous pup who voyages around the world in a backpack. To date, Marley has been to several U.S. states and territories, as well as other countries.
Izzy is an adventurous, creative and caring girl who loves visiting new places. She received Marley as a gift from her Grandmother - MiMi, and she takes him everywhere she goes.
Dad is an Environmental Scientist who travels the world studying the effects of various materials on the ecosystem. He also helps find ways to save the Earth.
Mom is an Environmental Journalist. This means she writes articles and books about things that are happening to the environment, and ways to protect it.
Cameron T, Wilson produces the lively images of Marley and Izzy's travels. He has been drawing since he was a kid and now has a clothing line called Soulsimplicity.
Irie Press was created specifically to bring Marley and Izzy's adventures to life in the Where To Next? book series. Email to the publisher at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Kelly Nance is a long-time public relations professional and avid traveler. She received Marley as a present, and during a visit to a friend's farm, the idea was born to make Marley a travel partner.
She combines her passions for writing, photography and travel to share her and Marley's amazing excursions around the world.
Kelly is originally from Michigan and currently resides in Southwest Georgia. She and Marley are always
looking for the next exciting journey.


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Director of Special Services
Friday, July 13, 2018
Hudsonville Public Schools
Position Details:
Director of Special Services
- Consult with staff, parents, and outside agencies regarding Special Education students and programs offered. Respond to parents regarding the evaluation and placement of their children.
- Discuss Special Education programs, personnel, and students with building administrators.
- Ensure compliance with local, state and federal guidelines.
- Monitor staff caseloads and student progress.
- Assist in recruitment, selection, and recommendation for hiring special education personnel.
- Ensure that the district is in compliance with Section 504, Americans with Disabilities Act.
- Assist building administration in developing Section 504 plans when appropriate.
- Develop and maintain complete and cumulative individual records of all children receiving special services or enrolled in special classes.
- Assist in the adaptation of school policies to include special education needs.
- Assist with the placement of students in special programs outside the district.
- Keep informed of all legal requirements governing special education.
- Review special education staffing patterns on a yearly basis, and, when appropriate, make recommendations for change.
- Supervise and evaluate school psychologists, school social workers, and speech and language pathologists.
- Work with the business office to develop the annual special education budget.
- Complete all state and federal special education reports required.
- Assist in the evaluation of special education classroom teachers.
- Review special education programs and services on a yearly basis, and when appropriate, make recommendations for change.
- Conduct department meetings on a regular basis and, when appropriate, conduct meetings with smaller groups within the department, such as speech and language pathologists and the HRS staff.
- Monitor and approve requests from special education staff for conference/inservice attendance.
- Maintain a close working relationship with ISD administrative and consultant staff.
- Work closely with building principals to ensure appropriate pre-referral and referral process within each building.
- Complete other duties in support of school district goals as assigned by the Superintendent.
- Master's degree from an accredited college or university.
- Three years of successful administrative experience.
- Must hold or be eligible for the Central Office Administrative Certificate with Special Education Endorsement.
Job Type:


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Oh dear, Medusa is running amok tormenting the kingdom's citizens (I think she is cranky because there isn't a salon in the land willing to style her serpentine locks.) Whatever shall we do? I know, let's hire a mighty knight (Hero) and a sorceress who likes pointy hats (Witch) to smack some sense into her. That was the plan anyway, but alas things didn't quite work out. Witch was transformed into a statue during the skirmish and Hero only just managed to escape from the battle, after being beaten to a pulp. It was the biggest hammering since Rousey clashed with Holm. Ah well, never mind – time for a rematch! Eager to annul the stone curse on his companion (and claim the bounty on Medusa's petrifying head) Hero sets off in this retro styled 3DS adventure.
Witch and Hero is a Nintendo eshop title that has players controlling the titular pair across twenty action packed levels. The objective of each stage is to survive against waves of hostile mythical creatures (including slimes, skeletal undead and flying sharks) until the boss monster you need to subjugate appears onscreen. Due to her granite condition, Witch cannot defend herself against Medusa's minions – so Hero is tasked with protecting his partner from harm. If too many fiends strike the female spell caster she will be reduced to rubble, signalling a Game Over.
If memorizing complex combos is the bane of your existence then Witch and Hero is the game for you. The simplistic combat system only asks that Hero bump into an opponent in order to damage them (akin to the early Ys games.) Whacking a foe in this manner also harms Hero so whenever possible it is encouraged that you strike enemies from behind, as doing so negates your target's counter attack. Hmmm, hitting someone whilst their back is turned doesn't sound very heroic Mr Hero. Underhanded tactics must however be employed because whenever Hero's health depletes to zero he will collapse on the ground for a few seconds, leaving the hapless Witch completely exposed.
A solitary warrior versus a legion of monsters doesn't seem fair, so be sure to pick up the spoils of war to even up the odds. Defeated enemies drop potions that restore health in addition to experience orbs and gold. Accumulate enough experience and Hero will level up, making him a sturdier chap via a modest increase to his health points. On the flip side, coinage harvested from corpses can be spent on beefing up your attack, defence and movement speed. Another thing worth mentioning is that slain enemies will discharge blood. Collecting sufficient quantities of this bodily fluid will cause Witch to reanimate briefly, allowing her to pelt assailants with fireballs and enchanted tornadoes. Thanks for the assist Witch, but what's the deal with this fondness for blood? I thought you were a magician not a vampire.
My rating for Witch and Knight is three stars. Although I enjoyed this game, it may be advisable to try out the demo before making a purchase. Based on other reviews I have read this is one of those titles you will either love or hate. Some critics have been harsh on how repetitive the gameplay is and how the difficulty ramps up, forcing you to grind on earlier stages to level up your character. It wasn't an issue for me though; especially when you consider that the game is designed for play in short bursts. Perhaps the disparate opinions can be attributed to a player's age? Young whippersnappers may find the primitive 8-bit graphics to be hideous, whilst an old fogey such as myself finds them to be charming.
In terms of value Witch and Knight can easily be beaten in a day. Not an issue though, when you consider that the asking price is less than £4.00. There's some replay value too as besting the story unlocks a harder campaign, time trial and survival mode. The combat may be shallow, but it isn't without strategy. Deciding when to chug a potion, what order to tackle enemies and when to activate Holy Blade (a late game skill that makes Hero momentarily invulnerable) will determine your success or failure. The only frustrating thing about Witch and Hero was how many times it took me to vanquish the final boss. Here's a tip – don't go into the encounter if you are inebriated. You stand no chance of beating Medusa if you are "stoned."


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Illinois Rural HealthNet
Illinois Rural Health
(IRHN) is a high-speed, 3,100-mile, fiber-optic network.
is revolutionizing healthcare in rural areas by creating a fiber-optic network linking hospitals and clinics to a statewide Health IT network.
The IRHN allows healthcare providers to connect to the fiber backbone and exchange vital information over a dedicated healthcare network, at speeds up to 1 Gig.
If you want your hospital or clinic to be connected, please contact us to learn more about IRHN. Call Dave Lunemann - Fiberutilities Group - (866) 342-3742 or e-mail
Illinois Rural HealthNet © 2018 • (319) 297-6903 •


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Marijuana Modesto California – it's an area which more people are looking into the possibility of legalizing the drug. Now, for the most part, it's not legal to use marijuana in the US or indeed the UK and many other parts of the world. However, there does seem to be this push to get the drug legalized. It's a scary thought certainly because you wouldn't think such a dangerous drug would be legal and yet people are pushing for it and maybe one day it'll come to pass.
The Impact on the Body Can Be Devastating
You don't think marijuana is bad for you? You want it to be legal? OK, have your say in the argument but what about the other side of it? Let's say you use medical marijuana for an old injury – your leg hurts once in a while – and you use it but doesn't that impact on your body? Well, in truth, when you use a small amount of the drug your body goes on a high and your adrenaline is rushing so much you can't sit still (in others, you can be very sedate, it depends how your body reacts) but it can make you do things you wouldn't normally do. The impact on the body can be devastating and in time, it'll get worse. It can make you forget what you were meant to do as well as potentially make you violent. It's not worth thinking about.
Addiction Is So Easily Accomplished
People thinking about using marijuana Modesto California probably have good intentions (or at least some genuine people do) but those can quickly drift away. When someone uses marijuana to help deal with pain, they can get used to the drug and their system wants and craves it more. When this happens, they use the drug more so than when they apparently need it and then they are soon addicted. It's so easily done and when drugs take hold, they don't let go! That is one of the major reasons why making marijuana legal is so wrong. You cannot honestly hope to use the drug and for it to have no impact or effect on your day to day life. It's going to cause a lot of problems and it'll be hard to avoid them.
Legalization Needs To Be Scrapped
To be honest, there will be thousands screaming at the top of their lungs at the thought of the right for legalizing marijuana to be scrapped but its hard luck! You have to remember, marijuana is a drug and while there will be a few who use it for medical purposes alone, millions of others will not. Do you really think someone who is addicted to marijuana to use it solely when they have a headache or have a pain? For more information read here https://vaporizersreallybetter393.wordpress.com/2012/09/07/legalizing-marijuana-where-does-a-person-stand-stagger-and-eventually-fall-down-about-them/.No, far from it! People who want to use marijuana Stanislaus County or indeed in any county will whenever they want to. If it's made legal there will be a greater problem and today's it's already at a bad state. If people are allowed to freely use a drug that is absolutely bad for them, there will be more deaths and more addiction.
Where Do You Stand?
In all honesty, while you might think legalizing marijuana is great on the surface, deep down you will have your reserves. You should think about the long-term impact it has on the body as well as what it'll do to society. If people can obtain legal drugs that are highly addictive, it could spell disaster. Yes, any drug can be addictive but legalizing a dangerous drug can have far more devastating consequences on the world. Even medical marijuana must be given some caution. For more details read here http://www.thegenezenproject.com/


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Duncan & Sevin's admiralty and maritime attorneys represent extensive and varied marine interests throughout the Gulf South. The firm represents owners of lift boats; crew, supply and push boats; utility … Read More »
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Duncan & Sevin litigators are privileged to represent general contractors, subcontractors and their underwriters in construction defect litigation. We have defended cases relating to residential and commercial realty, insurance coverage, … Read More »
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Duncan & Sevin is proud to represent hotels, nightclubs, restaurants, arenas, venues and other commercial establishments and their insurers. Our attorneys have the experience and knowledge to litigate personal injury … Read More »
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Duncan & Sevin attorneys are set apart in premise liability claims through both our experience and our proactive approach, which we have applied to commercial establishments as well as private … Read More »
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