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Thursday, January 01, 2009
Science making progress in identifying cause of autism
By Anthony Policastro, M.D
We have long suspected that autism is not a single disorder. As our lab tests become more sophisticated that is becoming more likely. A few years ago, I wrote about a new chromosomal abnormality that was associated with autism. At that point, it brought the number of cases of autism due to a chromosomal abnormality up to 3%. Thus if children with autism have chromosome studies done, about 3% of them will have a genetic abnormality consistent with that. When I was in medical school, we could simply count the total number of chromosomes in the body. There were 46 of them. You either had 46 chromosomes or you did not. If you had 47, then you might have a disorder like Down's syndrome. If you had 45, you might have something called Turner's syndrome. However, over the years we have become much more precise. Now we can detect when an extra piece of chromosome present. We can also detect when a piece of chromosome is missing. We could not do that in the past. All we could tell if the total number was correct. For years we knew that autism rates in identical twins was much higher than in brothers and sisters. For that reason, there had to be some kind of genetic component. In most cases we figured it was a combination of something in the genes and something in the environment that set off the disorder. At a recent conference I attended, a geneticist talked about the various chromosomal problems that are found with autism. He is now able to find a chromosome problem in about 10-12% of the patients he evaluates. Much of the increase from the 3% level has to do with a new test that is able to detect more subtle changes. The name of the test is Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH). Given the newness of it, it is not readily available yet. Insurance companies also do not always pay for it. While it is useful to be able to give parents an answer as to the cause of their child's autism, it does not make a difference in the treatment of it. These genetic changes are permanent. They are not treatable. The current level of science is such that they will not be treatable for many, many years. The result is, regardless of the cause of autism, the treatment remains that same. It involves early diagnosis. It involves early childhood education programs when the diagnosis is made. It involves speech therapy. It involves occupational therapy. It involves physical therapy. With the intense interest in autism, it is likely that more causes will be found over the next few years. Some of them will be genetic in nature. Others may find an environmental contaminant as a player. While a lot of people are on the immunization bandwagon, it is not likely that immunizations play any role. Other things like pesticides in the environment are far more likely. However, we do not have any data to support anything in particular right now. The percentage for which we make a specific diagnosis is rising. It will likely continue to do so.
Nanticoke offers diabetes education
Nanticoke Memorial Hospital will hold a four-week diabetes educational program beginning Jan. 7, 2009 and continuing on Jan. 14, 21 and 28 from 5 to 7 p.m. at the hospital. Registration is required. Insurance may reimburse the cost of the program. This four-week program includes weekly education sessions and individualized meal planning for diabetes self-management. Our goal is to give you the self-management skills to control your diabetes. Family members are welcome to attend the weekly sessions. For more information and to register, contact Nanticoke Memorial Hospital's Diabetes Education department at 302-629-6611, ext. 2446.
Flu shots still available
It's not too late to get a flu shot. Influenza is a serious disease that affects many people, including the elderly and those with serious, long-term health problems. Nanticoke Memorial Hospital's Occupational Health will be offering flu shots to the public at Nanticoke Mears Health Campus (across from Seaford Post Office) through March 2009. The cost is $20. Medicare billing is available with proof of Medicare insurance. Pre-registration is required. Large outbreaks of influenza usually do not occur before December in the USA and reach a peak between late December and early March, and many continue into the spring. The duration of protection conferred by the influenza vaccine generally begins one to two weeks after injection and may last six months or longer. Pre-registration is required. Call Nanticoke Occupational Health at 629-6875 to schedule an appointment.
LDAF Autism Ball planned
The Lower Delaware Autism Foundation's Autism Ball and Auction for Hope is Saturday, March 7, 2009 at the Bay Center in Dewey Beach. The theme encourages guests to help make dreams come true for individuals with autism. The event begins with a silent auction from 6 to 8 p.m. and is followed by dinner, a live auction and dancing from 8 p.m. to midnight. There will be an open bar during the silent auction from 6 to 8 p.m. followed by a cash bar from 8 p.m. to midnight. Tickets are $125 and dress is cocktail attire. Table sponsorships are available for $2,500 and include a table for 12 guests, full page event program ad and more. Other sponsorship opportunities are also available. Entertainment will be provided by the Big City Band. Autism affects one in every 150 children born in the U.S. each year. More children will be diagnosed with autism this year than with AIDS, diabetes and cancer combined. Autism costs the nation over $90 billion annually, a figure that is expected to double in the next decade. For more information about sponsorship or volunteer opportunities, call Mary Landon Green, program and event coordinator, at 302-644-3410 or visit
Bereavement Support Group
Nanticoke Memorial Hospital is offering an eight-week Bereavement Support Group Wednesdays, beginning Jan. 7, at Nanticoke's Cancer Care Center second-floor library. The time the group meets will be based on the need of those who call to pre-register. Representatives from Delaware Hospice will provide grief education and support to individuals and families as they cope with the emotional, social, and financial stresses associated with life-limiting illness and the loss of a loved one. To pre-register for this free program contact Ms. Terri Clifton at 629-6611, ext. 2577.
Cancer Networking Support Group
The Wellness Community of Delaware offers a "General Cancer Networking" support group the third Monday of each month from 4:30- 6:30 p.m. held at Nanticoke Memorial Hospital's Cancer Care Center second-floor library, Seaford. The support group is a free program of hope, understanding, and caring for people with cancer and their loved ones. Professionally led cancer support programs offer hope, education, and emotional support for adults with cancer and their loved ones who want to fight for recovery and the quality of their lives. Learn how to feel less isolated and more in control. All programs offered through The Wellness Community of Delaware are free of charge to people affected by cancer. For further information, or to register, call 645-9150.
Nanticoke Prescription Fund
Nanticoke Memorial Hospital's Charity Endowment Prescription Fund is a fund that assists patients who cannot afford their medications when discharged from the hospital. In lieu of a gift to a colleague, business associate, family or friends, consider a donation to the Nanticoke Health Services Prescription Drug Fund in their name. Participants receive inserts for their holiday cards, which inform recipients that a donation has been made to the Prescription Drug Fund in their honor. Over 250 individuals from the community have already benefited from the fund, and Nanticoke Hospital wants to ensure many more will be able to benefit. Imagine a family member or friend, diagnosed with cancer, being told that it could possibly be three weeks before they receive prescription coverage for their pain and anti-nausea medications. With your donation to the Prescription Drug Fund, patients are able to receive immediate access to their medications. For further information and to participate in supporting Nanticoke's Prescription Drug Fund, contact Nanticoke's Corporate Development office at (302) 629-6611, ext. 2404. You may also contribute online at
Gijanto promoted to director
Nanticoke Health Services has promoted Ms. Barbara Jane Gijanto BA, RN, WCC, CWOCN, to the position of Wound Care & Vascular Services director. She will oversee wound care, ostomy, and incontinence issues at Nanticoke Memorial Hospital including assisting with Nanticoke Memorial's outpatient wound care and hyperbaric center. She will also oversee outpatient patients who are experiencing difficulties managing their ostomy care and will be responsible for staff education in wound and ostomy care. Gijanto is a registered nurse, is wound care certified and is a certified wound ostomy continence nurse. She holds a bachelor's degree in psychology and is working on her master's degree in healthcare administration at Bellevue University.
Landgraf selected to serve
Gov.-elect Jack Markell will nominate Rita Landgraf to be his administration's secretary of Health and Social Services. Landgraf will take over an agency that includes the Division of Public Health and state-run health care facilities, and is responsible for the administration of Medicaid, Medicare Part D and other social services to more than 100,000 Delawareans. Landgraf will bring a long history of working with Delawareans who receive state services. In addition to serving as the head of the 172,000-member AARP of Delaware organization, Landgraf is also the co-chair of the Governor's Commission on Community-Based Alternatives for Person with Disabilities. She has also served as the co-chair of the Governor's Task Force for Continued Improvement at the Delaware Psychiatric Center, director of The Arc of Delaware and director of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill in Delaware. Landgraf began her work with the Delawareans with disabilities in 1980, after graduating from the University of Delaware, as a client assistant at United Cerebral Palsy, which advocates for Delawareans with disabilities to secure gainful employment opportunities.
Nanticoke expands testing hours
Beginning Feb. 7, Nanticoke Memorial Hospital will expand Outpatient Laboratory and Radiology services testing hours to include Saturdays from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Patients will continue to register in the hospital lobby registration area before testing. Monday through Friday hours will remain from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Mears Campus hours will also remain unchanged, Monday through Friday from 7 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
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I think big change requires a big thought process. It deserves respect. Particularly as the older you get the more unlikely you are to be able to make snap decisions. Having a wife, a husband, kids means you have a responsibility that can't be ignored. I think it is this fact that makes change so scary and is the major reason why I buried my head in the sand for such a long time.
Eventually circumstances forced me to accept that change was required in some form. Once I had done that I was able to start thinking in greater detail about what that meant. I was able to provide some structure to the decision making process and devise a series of steps that I had to go through to develop my thinking and reach some sensible, thought out decisions.
The first step in the process is therefore accepting that some form of change is required. This will come easy to you if the level of your dissatisfaction is high. However, for me and many others who are plodding along, providing for themselves and their families, the need for change is harder to accept. The primary reason this is so difficult is fear. Fear of letting your family down, letting yourself down, fear of failure, to name just a few.
You potentially fall into this category if you find yourself thinking some of the following:
- I should be grateful for what I have.
- There are many other people far worse off than me.
- If I could start again I would try…
- I have to make the best of what I've got.
Now, there is nothing wrong with this thinking. For instance, understanding that there are people worse off than you is a very healthy thing. That is unless you are using such thoughts to supress the fact that you crave a better life; using the thoughts to talk yourself out of striving for something better. This then becomes an unhealthy situation, forcing you down a path that leads to regret, resentment and unfulfilled ambitions. You must overcome that fear and to do that you need to be honest with yourself.
So maybe the first step is honesty and the second step is acceptance. Only then can you start to move forward.
In my next post I'll follow up on this and talk you through how I got to where I am now. In the meantime, take a look at this blog for inspiration. It's certainly helped me. I particularly like the post entitled All you have is time.

subset: commoncrawl


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Featured bedtime read: The Silver Linings Playbook
Meet Pat Peoples. Pat has a theory: he believes his life is a movie produced by God, his mission is to become physically fit and emotionally supportive, and his happy ending will be the return of his estranged wife, Nikki.
When Pat goes to live with his parents, everything seems changed: no one will talk to him about Nikki; his old friends are saddled with families; the Philadelphia Eagles keep losing, making his father moody; and his new therapist seems to be recommending adultery as a form of therapy.
When Pat meets the tragically widowed and clinically depressed Tiffany, she offers to act as a liaison between him and his wife, if only he will give up watching football, agree to perform in this year's Dance Away Depression competition, and promise not to tell anyone about their "contract". All the while, Pat keeps searching for his silver lining.
The Silver Linings Playbook is the heartwarming debut novel by American author Matthew Quick, which helps us look at both depression and love in a wonderfully refreshing way.
An Infinite Amount of Days Until My Inevitable Reunion with Nikki
I don't have to look up to know Mom is making another surprise visit. Her toenails are always pink during the summer months, and I recognize the flower design imprinted on her leather sandals; it's what Mom purchased the last time she signed me out of the bad place and took me to the mall.
Once again, Mother has found me in my bathrobe, exercising unattended in the courtyard, and I smile because I know she will yell at Dr. Timbers, asking him why I need to be locked up if I'm only going to be left alone all day.


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This school year, we welcome a new teacher to our DL program here at the JDSS.
Graden Crittall has been teaching in the Bluewater board for nine years, and previously has talked both in the UK as well as spending one year teaching in Kenya. Graden first became interested in teaching special needs while in the UK while working in a co-located school. ( Two schools sharing one site, both operating independently of sharing some of the facilities. One was a"mainstream" school, and one was a "special education" school. During His prep time he would bring classes into the mainstream schools to teach them science, as well as spending time with them in their home classes.
Graden spent the last seven years running running the special education programs at Peninsula Shores and most recently Kincardine where he was working with our new principal Mr. DeKraker.
I'm sure you will join the staff in making him feel welcome at this his new school.
Graden Crittall
9/6/2015 04:29:05 pm
Woohoo, so pleased to be here.
9/8/2015 06:56:18 am
welcome to JDSS looking forward to a new school year!
Leave a Reply.
Room 131, We rock.
February 2017


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Jack Balkin:
jackbalkin at yahoo.com
Bruce Ackerman
bruce.ackerman at yale.edu
Ian Ayres
ian.ayres at yale.edu
Corey Brettschneider
corey_brettschneider at brown.edu
Mary Dudziak
mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu
Joey Fishkin
joey.fishkin at gmail.com
Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu
Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu
Mark Graber
mgraber at law.umaryland.edu
Stephen Griffin
sgriffin at tulane.edu
Jonathan Hafetz
jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu
Jeremy Kessler
jkessler at law.columbia.edu
Andrew Koppelman
akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu
Marty Lederman
msl46 at law.georgetown.edu
Sanford Levinson
slevinson at law.utexas.edu
David Luban
david.luban at gmail.com
Gerard Magliocca
gmaglioc at iupui.edu
Jason Mazzone
mazzonej at illinois.edu
Linda McClain
lmcclain at bu.edu
John Mikhail
mikhail at law.georgetown.edu
Frank Pasquale
pasquale.frank at gmail.com
Nate Persily
npersily at gmail.com
Michael Stokes Paulsen
michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com
Deborah Pearlstein
dpearlst at yu.edu
Rick Pildes
rick.pildes at nyu.edu
David Pozen
dpozen at law.columbia.edu
Richard Primus
raprimus at umich.edu
K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu
Alice Ristroph
alice.ristroph at shu.edu
Neil Siegel
siegel at law.duke.edu
David Super
david.super at law.georgetown.edu
Brian Tamanaha
btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu
Nelson Tebbe
nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu
Mark Tushnet
mtushnet at law.harvard.edu
Adam Winkler
winkler at ucla.edu
Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases
The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC
The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic)
Recent Posts
Will Congress fund the Census?
Wednesday, September 13, 2017
Will Congress fund the Census?
Sandy Levinson
The latest post that my wife Cynthia and I have put up on www.faultlinesintheconstitution.com concerns one of the few affirmative duties placed on Congress: to make sure that an adequate census is conducted every ten years in order to assure the fair representation of the states, at least taken as a whole, in the House of Representation (with consequences, of course, for the Electoral College). Needless to say, in the 21st century, the census itself has become a matter of partisan dispute, and the Republican Congress seems averse to funding the 2020 Census, which must start its organization now. And, just as needless to say, our administratively-challenged President seems uninterested in appointing a new Director to the Census, even though the modern census is crucial not only for purposes of representation but also for administering the modern welfare state that Steve Bannon wishes to deconstruct. The devil is in the details, and the Census is a really important detail, in every respect.
Pam Karlan has addressed how a failure to reapportion in the 1920s led to various modern era debates in voting and districting: http://lsolum.typepad.com/legaltheory/2017/08/karlan-on-congressional-failure-to-reapportion-after-the-1920-census.html
I won't include a link but at first thought this post might be related to another contributor of this blog who argues the current apportionment process violates the second section of the 14th Amendment. He also is working on an article on it.
The dispute is not whether to fund the census, but rather the GOP's desire to perform actual census head counts face-to-face, by mail or now online and the Democrats recent proposals to use statistical sampling methods to estimate the population.
The Democrats are justifiably concerned illegal aliens, criminals and folks suspicious of the government in general who are more likely to reside in their blue cities will avoid participating in an actual census.
The Republicans are justifiably concerned a bureaucracy dominated by Democrats is likely to game any statistical sampling to overcount Democrats much like Democrat media polls routinely do before elections.
Constitutionally, however, the GOP is on more solid ground. A census is a head count, not a polling sample.
"There's no way to know exactly how many Americans would be overlooked. But statisticians fear that if we do move to an electronic method of enumeration, many of them might be poor people who don't have easy access to computers. And undocumented immigrants, ..."
Technically, of course, undocumented immigrants are incapable of being Americans who are overlooked. But I get your meaning.
An online census wouldn't just be inaccurate because of people who didn't have access to computers, or justly feared being found. It would be terrifyingly subject to being hacked. It has to be a non-starter, and the fact that the head of the Census proposed doing is is a real red flag that there are internal issues at the Census bureau that need to be addressed, the same sort of issues that the previous proposal to replace "actual enumeration" with estimates implied.
We need a head of the Census who actually wants to do the job the Census is constitutionally assigned, and not something different, easier, and much more error prone.
Technically, of course, undocumented immigrants are incapable of being Americans who are overlooked.
In NYC, we have a city id, and you can obtain them without having the proper documentation necessary to enter the country. These people repeatedly have valid "documents" that show who they are.
They are also capable of "being Americans." As like police trying to investigate crimes without scaring off some possibly long term undocumented resident not bothering anyone, census counters can do their job there. The same with the other groups cited in the linked piece. This would require a certain mentality and care that might not be present in this administration.
The Supreme Court in 1999 said the law in place required actual enumeration for apportionment purposes and not sampling. Department of Commerce v. United States House. One dissenting opinion noted:
The words "actual Enumeration" require post-1787 apportionments to be based on actual population counts, rather than mere speculation or bare estimate, but they do not purport to limit the authority of Congress to direct the "Manner" in which such counts should be made.
Another cited history in which some sort of "form of statistical estimation to adjust or correct its actual headcount" was used at least for about 80 years. The word "enumeration" means some sort of "counting" and merely doing a head count of 320 million people is not the only way to do that.
The article explains how at some point MAIL was used, a questionnaire sent to be filled out and returned. There are limitations to that including for those with literary issues and so forth. But, it's a useful way to do much of the work. We use computers now to do what used to be done by mail. For instance, it is quite common now to do file you taxes electronically.
If taxes, with all the information there, can be done electronically, not sure why it is horrifying to think the census would be. But, the article didn't say it would merely be done, full stop. It was a new and was going to be test ran. And, like for taxes, computers wouldn't be the only way it was done.
I'm kind of with Brett in my skepticism of on line systems. They're too easy to hack, plus they have the access problems others have noted. It would take a lot to persuade me that the system was both accessible and secure, two inconsistent goals.
It seems to me that the dissent had much the better of the argument in Dept. of Commerce v. House (putting aside the partisan nature of the majority). Failure to account for people missed by the census takers means that we've failed to "enumerate" all the people. That's so important to republican government that it should be a mandate.
The Levinsons' post points out: "So preparations for the 2020 census are in limbo." There are many other matters "in limbo" as political dysfunction continues with the Trump Administration. What takes priority? How long can funding for the 2020 census be put off? The method for making the census will enter into this calculation. It's clear time is of the essence. The Levinsons' message is that Congress must act soon. Will Congress dither on political considerations of where the bar is set for this census in limbo? Political foresight is rarely 20-20.
The article notes that it was going to be test run etc. but I'm open to any concerns though again taxes are done online. As with absentee ballots, surely when they first were done, people were concerned about mail in this context too.
But, accessibility very well might go in the other direction, especially in populated areas with many places for accessibility. Libraries, e.g., are very accessible, including to the homeless. Also, computers are useful for language and disability issues. See, e.g., Shag's use of magnification.
I'm certainly in favor of test runs. I'm just skeptical that they'll prove to be both accessible and secure. And I still think we'll need estimation of the uncounted afterwards -- after Trump, lots of people won't be able to trust being identified by the government, much less providing personal data.
Joe, you can give them the key to the city, and if they're not here legally, they're not "Americans".
By current court precedent, they have to be counted, though.
Mark, feel free to estimate how much the Census fell short of counting everybody. Just understand that it's a count that the Constitution calls for, not an estimate.
An estimate is a count. In fact, sending census takers door-to-door is itself just an estimate with the error on the side of undercounting -- nobody thinks they do reach or ever have reached every single person. The only questions are, Which direction do the error bars run? and What is the range of error?
They're pretty good these days at estimating the census undercount. I'm pretty confident a good estimate would make the totals more accurate than the "count".
"I'm pretty confident a good estimate would make the totals more accurate than the "count"."
So am I. I'm merely not at all confident that, were an estimate permitted, we'd get a good estimate.
We are defining "American" different.
A person who came here when they were two without proper documentation, grew up, went to school, was as much a member of the community as everyone else in most respects etc. to many of us are "Americans." But, ymmv.
The word "enumerate" means "to count." There are various ways of counting. If a biologist wanted to "count" how many frogs were in a pond, they need not merely go one by one and count them. Anyway, current court precedent is duly noted. Like you do at times, we are disagreeing with the majority on a certain point.
(Mark Field's comment is telling. The traditional census taker to my understanding asked the head of the household for information, which as the article notes would include their count of slaves. They didn't require a head count of each specific person. I personally never had a census person do that to me. The specialized meaning given to "enumerate" by some is more wordplay than convincing.)
I'm merely not at all confident that, were an estimate permitted, we'd get a good estimate.
As Mark notes, the door-to-door method is an estimate. Any system in the real world is going to involve some sort of estimate. So, you are left with the best approach possible to count. "Estimate" itself doesn't mean a lack of a "count."
How's this variation:
"Being known to be inaccurate doesn't make an estimate into a count, Brett."
The Preamble refers to a "more perfect Union." Perhaps a "more perfect census" should be the effort to lessen inaccuracies. When has Congress ever been "prefect"? Whatever method Congress endorses now, even for supposed political positioning, the resulting 2020 census may have a different political result. Consider it a bipartisan political gamble.
I can understand the desire to estimate instead of count, Shag; Not only is it potentially cheaper, but the process for converting the count, (There has to be at least something of a count to base an estimate on.) into the estimate is sufficiently opaque as to allow for almost any amount of shading of the results that you want. One model for extrapolating the count into a complete population will give you one result, another will give you another result, and all so complicated as to make sure that nobody will ever be morally certain that you've got your thumb on the scale.
This is quite obvious, and why we also count, rather than estimate, votes. Even though vote counts are subject to errors, too.
No, every count beyond a small number is likely inaccurate. An "estimate" involves something beyond knowing that your count won't be accurate. You have to take the count you've gotten, and alter it. Add items you didn't actually find, or subtract items you did find.
Until you do that, you're still just counting.
An incomplete count is an incomplete count, an estimate is a guess of what a complete count would be.
And, just to be clear: Leaving aside that the Census IS constitutionally mandated to be a count, not estimate... I accept that using modern statistical methods, an estimate could likely be more accurate.
But it would be terrifyingly subject to being gamed, with no easy way to prove it, and with strong motives for shading the results to help one party or the other.
That alone would be reason enough to stick to just counting, even if it weren't constitutionally mandated.
A statistical estimate is not likely to be more accurate than an incomplete count. A good and objective poll has a margin of error of about +/- 3%.
The hazard of gamed polling is far worse. Democrat media polling during the 2016 campaign grossly overcounted Democrat leaning demographics and overstated Clinton's final margin over Trump by up to 10%.
As Joe has pointed out, the Constitution does not demand a "count". It demands an "enumeration", which means "to ascertain the number of". One can do that by sampling and statistical methods as well as by "counting".
Under current SCOTUS doctrine, of course, "counting" is required. That decision was wrong.
It's funny, I kept looking up defintions, and they kept coming up like this.
To count off one by one.
Yes, it's the process of ascertaining the number of something by counting it.
Brett, at 2:27 PM, with his closing:
"Even though vote counts are subject to errors, too."
seems to be channeling Trump's claims concerning the popular vote. Nice try, Hemlock!
By the Bybee [expletives deleted], has anyone else noted references to the phrase "popular vote losing President Trump" that should more accurately read "popular-vote losing President Trump." I've got to dash.
I did note the word is "enumeration" but not sure how much difference it makes.
Brett's dictionary:
1. To count off or name one by one; list: A spokesperson enumerated the strikers' demands.
2. To determine the number of; count.
So, 'count' is a basic aspect but "determine the number of" factors in as well. The word has somewhat more nuance. The first census act "authorized and required to cause the number of the inhabitants within their respective districts to be taken."
Regarding precedent, another one is Utah v. Evans (2002). The majority noted: "Utah argues that the words "actual Enumeration" require the Census Bureau to seek out each individual." But, " We do not believe the Constitution makes the distinction that Utah seeks to draw. The Constitution's text does not specify any such limitation. Rather the text uses a general word, "enumeration," that refers to a counting process without describing the count's methodological details."
A sort of "imputation" system was upheld. Those interested can read the opinion.
"And the marshals who implemented that Act did not try to contact each individual personally, as they were required only to report the names of all heads of households." Basically, this resulted in some sort of "estimate" though at some point it might go too far.
"My definition came from Merriam-Webster. OED gives the same."
Indeed, they do both mention counting, don't they...
They both give "count" as a synonym. The actual definition is the one I gave. If "count" is a synonym, I think that cuts against your argument.
And the definition of "synonym" is "a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language, for example shut is a synonym of close."
So, yeah, we're talking about counting when we say "enumeration".
But, I think this is one of those arguments where you're too invested in being able to replace the census with an estimate to care about the details.
"Technically, of course, undocumented immigrants are incapable of being Americans who are overlooked."
Technically, the Constitution doesn't say to enumerate Americans, but rather the "Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons."
Brett, one line of your argument seems to come down to: an estimate would be open to being gamed. Why wouldn't a count be the same? You'd think if anything would get your paranoid conspiracy antennae twitching it'd be the idea of all those inner Blue city populations being counted by federally paid and directed locals.
The fact that multiple definitions give enumeration both 'to count off' and 'to ascertain the number of' as main definitions combined with the 'in such Manner as they shall by Law direct' makes me conclude that either avenue is constitutionally open to Congress.
Mr. W: The fact that multiple definitions give enumeration both 'to count off' and 'to ascertain the number of' as main definitions combined with the 'in such Manner as they shall by Law direct' makes me conclude that either avenue is constitutionally open to Congress.
Count and "ascertain the number of" mean the same thing and neither are analogous with statistical sampling.
The former counts everyone they can find in a city.
The latter polls a tiny percentage of the city and then makes an estimate as to the total population. The optimum mathematical accuracy of an average poll has a random error of +/- 3%. Given that polling participation is wildly uneven between groups (and far worse than census participation), pollsters have to arbitrarily weight different demographics in a guesstimate of the population. This is where the mischief occurs.
I don't see any reason to elevate the synonym as definitive rather than the actual definition. In any case, as I said above, a "count" is merely an estimate anyway. We should be concerned about the accuracy of the population estimates. If that can be done by "counting", fine. If it can't, and some other method is more accurate, then the other method should be preferred.
It is, btw, silly to claim that census takers actually "counted" people. As Joe pointed out, they didn't go out and count the number of slaves. They asked the slaveowner "how many slaves do you have?" and wrote down his answer. The same was true for children and their ages. There's a good chance it was true for spouses.
Neither by word choice nor by practice has "enumeration" been interpreted to mean "line them up in a row and start counting".
A "synonym" is a word that is similar to another word without being that word. The English language is a complex one where different words that mean similar things are used to get certain shadings.
Utah v. Evans notes that "actual enumeration" is used, which was used to separate something like sampling (more a rougher estimate; not allowed) with the "hot deck imputation" (to help determine a fully "actual" number of inhabitants; allowed even though it along the margins was an estimate of some sort).
But, this wordplay really doesn't change the basic bottom line. Prof. Levinson is correct to be concerned about there being a full enumeration, both for purposes of apportionment and for purposes of all the other things (other than direct taxes, which never was much of a thing) population numbers are used for.
There are many ways to do that, and just going down the line, one by one, and counting over 300 million people is not going to be the way it is done. Some sort of "estimation" will be involved no matter how we "enumerate" or "count" if you like. And, computers will play some role, like eventually mail did over census takers going to the head of the household and asking them information.
Our dynamic dyslexic duo Bert and Brat reveal the influence of Sesame Street of their youth on "count" enumeration for census purposes:
Joe's last comment correctly brings us back to the purpose of the enumeration clause: it's to allocate the number of representatives fairly among the states. A census should "ascertain the number of people" in each state in the most accurate way possible in order to achieve this purpose. If that means "counting", then by all means "count". If it means "counting" as many as possible and sampling to account for the undercount, then that should be preferred. The purpose of the clause -- "the reason of the law", in Blackstone's phrase -- should control the way we interpret it.
""ascertain the number of" mean the same thing and neither are analogous with statistical sampling."
That's absurd. For example, biologists engaged in population estimates for starlings in a region are not trying to ascertain the number of starlings?
Mark: A census should "ascertain the number of people" in each state in the most accurate way possible in order to achieve this purpose. If that means "counting", then by all means "count". If it means "counting" as many as possible and sampling to account for the undercount, then that should be preferred. The purpose of the clause -- "the reason of the law", in Blackstone's phrase -- should control the way we interpret it.
Mathematically, sampling can never be as accurate as counting because its participation rate is lower and its extrapolation brings with it a margin of error.
This is the reason why we decide elections by counting ballots rather than using horse race polling.
The only reason Democrats favor sampling is to game the methodology.
Mr. W:
Do you understand difference between counting all the starlings in a tree and counting the starlings on one branch and then multiplying by the number if branches to guess the number of starlings in a tree?
The former you know for a fact, the latter is a guess.
And yet both are plainly attempts to 'ascertain the number' of starlings' in the tree.
In fact, if you can only see one branch clearly, then the latter is going to be a better ascertainment (the counter would know 'for a fact' only what was on the one branch where she could count and would not in anyway 'for a fact' know how many starlings there actually were in the tree).
Mr. W:
To ascertain means to determine a fact with certainty. See the word root "certain." To ascertain does not mean to guess.
Picture SPAM as "The Count" not on starlings but bats, as on the Sesame Street link I provided. What if it is determined after the census that certain people were not actually counted? Would the census be invalid for uncertainty? Trump's base might claim 3 million in remote rural areas were not counted, all of whom have assault rifles.
Anyways, nice to see Prof. Levinson's wife involved in the linked blog and she has politely engaged with the comments so far.
In the book "Wrestling with Diversity," their daughters also took part. One just tweeted regarding the disenfranchised inhabitants of the Virgin Islands. They are counted too if not for representative purposes. Finally, recently re-skimmed "Written in Stone," Prof. Levinson's book from some time back on public monuments. Timely yet again.
Have a nice Constitution Day on Sunday.
Shag: What if it is determined after the census that certain people were not actually counted?
Certain people?
Article I, 1, § 2, cl. 3 requires the government conduct an enumeration and 14A, § 2 requires the government to conduct this enumeration "counting the whole number of persons in each State."
In a nutshell, the government has to perform a head count, not an estimate, of all the persons in the United States.
If the government is refusing to count "certain people," the enumeration violates the foregoing provisions of the Constitution. However, any requirement to conduct a headcount has to assume some small group of people will refuse to participate. The former is under the control of the government, the latter is not.
"To ascertain means to determine a fact with certainty."
And in my last comment I gave you an example of a situation where a traditional count would not give you that.
According to your reasoning, if I came across a tree with twenty branches, and the view to 19 of them were obstructed and I saw (and traditionally counted) five birds on the one clearly viewed but could hear birds, but not see them, in the other branches, I'd have to report there five birds in the tree. That's not an accurate determination of the whole number of birds in the tree.
At 11:43 AM I asked:
" What if it is determined after the census that certain people were not actually counted?"
This question was not suggesting that "certain people" were intentionally not counted or that the government refused to count them. But that seems to be how SPAM read that question. So, if certain people through inadvertence and not intentionally were not actually counted, would the reported census count be invalid for uncertainty per SPAM's constitutional analysis?
SPAM is concerned that Democrats would game the system. But the method determined by Congress for the 2020 census, a Congress controlled by Republicans, could address avoiding gaming the system by either party. With over 300 million Persons in America, what are the chances that ALL Persons would actually be head counted? Why some Persons may be in outhouses on daily constitutionals when the census takers visit; perhaps outhouses should be included as part of the head count just in case. [No comments, please, concerning two- and three-holers.]
Mr. W: According to your reasoning, if I came across a tree with twenty branches, and the view to 19 of them were obstructed and I saw (and traditionally counted) five birds on the one clearly viewed but could hear birds, but not see them, in the other branches, I'd have to report there five birds in the tree. That's not an accurate determination of the whole number of birds in the tree.
Your hypo is also not in any way analogous to our national census. It is not that difficult to find people living in a modern society and only a tiny fraction of the citizenry is actively hiding from the government.
Shag: So, if certain people through inadvertence and not intentionally were not actually counted, would the reported census count be invalid for uncertainty per SPAM's constitutional analysis?
Inadvertence is a minuscule problem. Census takers make repeated visits to residences which do not answer and actively search for the homeless.
People actively seeking to avoid the census do not violate the Constitution because our basic law does not require anything of the people and does not require the government to compel people to perform civil duties like voting or participate in the census.
SPAM is concerned that Democrats would game the system.
No, I am certain Democrats in the bureaucracy would game any statistical sampling to gain a political advantage like they do registering more voters than exist in Democrat counties in CA, participation data for Obamacare, and playing games with raw temperature measurements to create fictional atmospheric warming. "Big data" is the source of the vast majority of modern propaganda posing as "science."
It's stupid/immoral to assume people would only be missed because the people are hiding. It's interesting that conservatives can spend so much time talking about the ineptitude of the federal government but then think that the only way it could miss people in a *count of the entire US population* (one of the most difficult social science projects one can imagine) is if the people willfully hide from them.
"only a tiny fraction"
A fraction almost certainly greater in number than, say, people whose votes are 'cancelled out' by illegally cast votes. Somehow the latter is an unmatched affront to our democracy but the former 'eh, just a fraction, who cares' for conservatives.
It's almost like there's no actual principle other than momentary perceived partisan advantage at work....
"civil duties like voting or participate in the census."
The Census is not a civic duty like voting, it's a charge to the federal government. The Constitution commands it to make a count, and an accurate one, so that representation can be made according to the actual numbers of the population.
It can choose the manner in which it fulfills this charge, and it need not engage in coercive measures to do so, but it has an affirmative duty to make as accurate of a census as it can.
Is SPAM (aka "Little Datum") looking for a job in the EPA? It would seem so with SPAM's:
" ... and playing games with raw temperature measurements to create fictional atmospheric warming. 'Big data' is the source of the vast majority of modern propaganda posing as 'science.'"
SPAM made a wise choice in leaving FL "Big Law" for the little mountaintop clime in CO which might be a landing spot for Noah's Ark II.
Mr. W: It's stupid/immoral to assume people would only be missed because the people are hiding.
What part of "only a tiny fraction" did you understand as meaning none?
The census makes redundant checks on residences. If the residents are not there for multiple checks, they speak to landlords and neighbors.
The estimated total error rates for the census, including intentional and inadvertent non-participation, are minuscule. Inadvertent non-participation is a fraction of miniscule.
When someone makes the statement that "counting will always be more accurate than estimation" it merely exposes an ignorance or bias.
There are many situations in science, especially where large numbers are involved, where it has been shown that statistical estimation produces more accurate results concerning the correct numbers than physically counting individuals.
Obviously Bart didn't pay attention to the case of a flock of starlings, which are constantly in motion. Which, if you think about it, is really an excellent analog for the situation of attempting to count the number of people in a large city.
I would suggest that Bart buy himself about a ton of wheat, and then, with as many people as he can hire, count the individual grains in his acquisition. Twice. Let's see if he gets the same result twice.
C2H5OH said...There are many situations in science, especially where large numbers are involved, where it has been shown that statistical estimation produces more accurate results concerning the correct numbers than physically counting individuals.
Such as?
Obviously Bart didn't pay attention to the case of a flock of starlings, which are constantly in motion. Which, if you think about it, is really an excellent analog for the situation of attempting to count the number of people in a large city.
A flock of birds flying in and out of a tree in a tree are not at all analogous to individuals or small social groups people living in fixed residences.
I would suggest that Bart buy himself about a ton of wheat, and then, with as many people as he can hire, count the individual grains in his acquisition. Twice. Let's see if he gets the same result twice.
If necessary, such a task would be easy.
Somehow banks and their employees have managed trillions of dollars in transactions over centuries by counting the transacted currency with only a minuscule error rate. No banker in her right mind would even consider using statistical sampling to determine the amount of currency in its possession. They count it down to the penny.
I apologize to Sandy for not having read his article. Let me offer the excuse that it is my intention only to discuss the mathematical, not the legal, issue here.
Bart, put up or shut up. You have no concept of what it means to count 300,000,000 plus items of any kind. As for the birds/people analogy, a simple mathematical analysis will demonstrate to anyone not suffering from innumeracy that the rate of motion relative to the time required to do the count is what matters. And that, over the course of weeks during which a count is to be done -- in a large city, there is going to be a not-insignificant amount of movement.
Statistically, the error of a poll or statistical sample can be shown to obey certain mathematical laws which are readily proven. The Central Limit Theorem, for example. 3 percent is an arbitrary number chosen by pollsters -- if higher accuracy were desired for some reason, they would simply have to increase the sample size to obtain it.
Philosophically, there is no means, whether estimation-based or enumeration-based that will obtain a perfect count, so the real question should be: how accurate does the census need to be? If it needs to be perfect, then give up now and make whatever choice of method you wish, but do not pretend it is for anything but political reasons.
Once you decide to settle on an accuracy, it can be achieved (and checked) by mathematical statistical methods. No legal issues required there.
Thank you for your patience, and, although I will almost never comment, Sandy -- I truly appreciate your articles, and will watch the future of this one (as it deals, ultimately, with issues related to mathematics, or at least should.)
SPAM's 7:09 PM closing paragraph on banks the their employees being down to the penny brings back memories of the Bush/Cheney Great Recession of 2007/8 that involved many banks and their employees. I wonder how that worked "down to the penny" for the many who suffered losses as a result of the Bush/Cheney Great Recession of 2007/8?
Perhaps SPAM's nit-pickling skills would permit SPAM to easily count the individual grains in a ton of wheat, which is fungible (my second favorite word). Of course it would be easy to separate SPAM from the more worthwhile chaff, something Mr. W accomplishes so readily.
Oh, and Bart? Counting money in large amounts is made possible by passing the cash through machines. Are you proposing to gather up everyone and pass them through a counter? Seems that would be a bit of a legal issue, but others will deal with that.
I will merely point out the infeasibility of something like that in any real circumstance with the number of people we're talking about.
Also -- money, unlike people, comes in fixed, easily separated and identified denominations. Please try not to be so ridiculous in your "examples".
Er, Bart, do you get how the Census in your link determined over and under counts?
They used a survey sample...The very thing you decry, you now cite.
More importantly, how to explain that Bart thinks the Census "Democrats in the bureaucracy" can't be trusted to engage in modern statistical modeling, but they can be trusted to traditionally 'count' and also to use modern statistical modeling to conclude that their traditional 'count' wasn't off by much! It's almost like he picks and chooses when they can be trusted...based on whether it's to his momentary, perceived, partisan advantage...
I cited a couple cases.Post a Comment
These things matter along the edges in part because in practice it can result in an extra representative going to one state over another, especially since the current practice is to use a set 435 denominator in the House of Representatives.
As Mark Field has argued in the past, a republican system very well might warrant an expansion of the number of representatives.
It also matters for funding purposes. Every little bit might help, especially when estimating something like homeless population.
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OK that series had one of the most random humour I have ever seen. It was also riduculously perverted, contained the biggest penis I have ever seen, and made me see mints under an entirely different light. It's been more than a year that we picked that one up, and it's finally over. Thanks to gachimaya who originally agreed to translate it, and then to PROzess who agreed to finish it. Have fun reading the last two chapters!
Category Archives: Yarisugi Companion to Atashi Monogatari
Thank you!! Massive Releases
Here as our present as thank you� for you donators. We like give you a massive release includes: 6 chapters of Baby Steps, Kimiiro Focus Volume 7 in better quality, 6 chapters Q and A, and lastly the forgotten project 8 chapters Yarisugi Companion.
I would like adds comments by staffs who work on Q and A:
Chaba-san: Q and A was a nice series. Actually I never ever read anything else from Adachi, so I can't compare it to other works of him, so I don't know if it's better or worse than them, (most people say it's not his best) but I liked this series. It was a bit short, volume 6 kinda escalated quickly, but I personally like the ending.
Originally Hei/stark nagged me on our staff channel to do this series, (more like, short after I joined ims, he asked if I would do it, and I said yes), but I wouldn't have done it if I wouldn't like it. There's a chance I will translate another Adachi series in the future, but I'm quite busy until about the end of January, so not before then.
Thanks for reading this series, and sorry if I left out some jokes or mistranslate something. And of course thanks for everyone who worked on it
icarus_wings: Even though I wasn't exactly a part of iMS, this series was fun. The jokes were interesting to figure out and working with Chaba-san was wonderful. Thanks to eveyone involved!
Wilcoxii: When Stark asked me to ts the last chs of Q&A i jumped at the chance. I am a fan of Adachi senseis' work and it was an honour to work on this series. I hope to get to work on more un-scanlated work of Adachi so that everyone can enjoy his masterpieces.
Georgi: I didn't do shit for this series, but I would like to congratulate all the staff for a job well done and for getting Imangascans involved with one of the greatest manga authors who ever lived.
Stark/Hei: Well, A good series comes to an end, I have always been Adachi fan but could never find tler for it, so special thanks to chaba-san for doing such an awesome job on it. His enthusiasm for it made doing this series worth it. Also thanks to icarus_wings and busaway for working on it even though they were busy beyond belief. And to wilcoxii whom i kidnapped halfway turned out to be another adachi fan. Anatakado kept complaining but didnt give up till the end xD
On the side note, A guy called Akito completed short program v1-3 which you can check on batoto(?). So we have decided to pick the final volume of the series to replace Q&A \o/
Busaway: woah…. check out that adsdachi lol <– pun for every ads that adachi put into this manga xP
Kajii: umm… stark dragged me into this even I don't want work on it :/
Yarisugi Companion Chapter 03-10� WARNING: This is MATURE content
PS: Baby Steps start release every Monday only.
Yarisugi Companion to Atashi Monogatari Ch02
NEW SERIES – Yarisugi Companion to Atashi Monogatari Ch01
Surprise! It's a new series!
This has been in the works for quite some time now. A bit of a perverted series about two girls working at a hot spring resort. A Gag manga, pretty much, some will like it, some will not. It's by the author of Ore to Akuma no Blues and Kangoku Gakuen, by the way.
Yarisugi feels a bit special to me; I think it's the first IMS release I've been involved with from the get-go. It's only one volume, so it shouldn't take too long for us to finish it. Hope you guys enjoy it ^^


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Último año
Arrieta Algarra, José María y Bruschi, Simone M. (2010) Very rapidly varying boundaries in equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. The case of a non uniformly Lipschitz deformation. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B. A Journal Bridging Mathematics and Sciences, 14 (2). 327-351. ISSN 1531-3492
URL Oficial: http://www.aimsciences.org/journals/home.jsp?journalID=2
We continue the analysis started in [3] and announced in [2], studying the behavior of solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations in ε with nonlinear boundary conditions of type , when the boundary of the domain varies very rapidly. We show that if the oscillations are very rapid, in the sense that, roughly speaking, its period is much smaller than its amplitude and the function is of a dissipative type, that is, it satisfies , then the boundary condition in the limit problem is , that is, we obtain a homogeneus Dirichlet boundary condition. We show the convergence of solutions in and norms and the convergence of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the linearizations around the solutions. Moreover, if a solution of the limit problem is hyperbolic (non degenerate) and some extra conditions in are satisfied, then we show that there exists one and only one solution of the perturbed problem nearby.
|Tipo de documento:
|Palabras clave:
|Varying boundary; Oscillations; Nonlinear boundary conditions; Elliptic equations; Oscillating boundary; Homogenization; Convergence; Dynamics; Domain
|Ciencias > Matemáticas > Ecuaciones diferenciales
|Código ID:
|14 Sep 2011 07:41
|Última Modificación:
|12 Dic 2018 15:07
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HI Africa (Ireland) Risk Analysis And Volatility
Our way in which we are determining volatility of a fund is to use all available market data together with fund specific technical indicators that cannot be diversified away. We have found twenty-one technical indicators for HI Africa which you can use to evaluate future volatility of the entity. Please check out HI Africa Opportunities DM USD to validate if risk estimate we provide are consistent with the epected return of 0.0%.
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HI Africa Opportunities Technical Analysis
We are not able to run technical analysis function on this symbol. We either do not have that equity or its historical data is not available at this time. Please try again later.
HI Africa Projected Return Density Against MarketAssuming 30 trading days horizon, HI Africa has beta of 0.0 . This indicates the returns on DOW and HI Africa do not appear to be highly-sensitive. Furthermore, It does not look like the company alpha can have any bearing on the equity current valuation.
|Alpha over DOW
|Beta against DOW
|Overall volatility
|Information ratio
HI Africa Return Volatilitythe entity accepts 0.0% volatility on return distribution over the 30 days horizon. the entity inherits 1.5467% risk (volatility on return distribution) over the 30 days horizon.
Market Risk Breakdown
HI Africa Volatility Factors
Investment Outlook
HI Africa Investment Opportunity
DOW has a standard deviation of returns of 1.55 and is 9.223372036854776E16 times more volatile than HI Africa Opportunities DM USD. 0% of all equities and portfolios are less risky than HI Africa. Compared to the overall equity markets, volatility of historical daily returns of HI Africa Opportunities DM USD is lower than 0 (%) of all global equities and portfolios over the last 30 days.
HI Africa Volatility Indicators
HI Africa Opportunities DM USD Current Risk Indicators
HI Africa Pair Correlation
HI Africa Suggested Diversification Pairs
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Accepting consideration in the home condition is a justifiably appealing suggestion for some when they get to a point where they can never again care for themselves without help. Home care administrations are likewise observed as a more financially savvy alternative. Private care homes can be a significant expensive alternative – all things considered they can cost upwards of £30,000 on a yearly premise. What's more, for individuals without huge individual reserve funds or saleable resources, it's a gigantic measure of cash. It's as yet a lot of trade out typical conditions.
To put it plainly, home care administrations can give an awesome number of advantages – and not only for the beneficiaries of care either. Obviously, the fundamental reason, as with all types of care, is to get a decent quality level of care amid a troublesome time. We've taken and point by point four of the primary advantages that home care administrations can give patients:
No Stressful Moves:
Being confronted with a totally new condition is intense; when experiencing an ailment it's made extensively more troublesome. The change of moving into a private care home can end up being unpleasant for somebody accepting consideration. It's not generally vital either. Home care empower patients to stay in a place they know – their own particular home. It additionally enables them to be encompassed by their belonging and recollections – which can turn out to be to be consoling amid a troublesome time. There may come a period when a private care office, with its pro care gear is a flat out need. In any case, amid the good 'ol days, it's well worth investigating home care administrations.
Stay Close To Friends and Family:
When experiencing a disease or life-restricting condition, a visit from loved ones can mean a horrendous part. Seeing these recognizable faces all the time can give an incredible lift to somebody when they're sick. These administrations empower them to keep going to all the time – whenever of the day. Private care homes, then again, have set going to hours, implying that masterminding an on-the-fly visit simply isn't conceivable.
Develop Camaraderie:
Yes, the suppliers of home care administrations are principally there to direct care, however they'll additionally hope to make a bond and develop a compatibility with the individual they're administering to. For individuals who've been left housebound by their ailment, this element could have a positive effect, furnishing them with somebody to converse with on a human level – rather than a perpetual slew of restorative language.


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Halo: The Master Chief Collection as confirmed by 343 Industries today.While PC hasn't seen a release for Halo in years, aside from Spartan Assault, it did have something going for it; PC-exclusive maps for Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2. Maps that many gamers enjoyed in computer labs and LAN parties are now coming back within
Maps that are returning from Halo: Combat Evolved will be Timberland, Death Island, Ice Fields, Infinity, and Gephyrophobia. Halo 2's Uplift and District will all be making it's return to the Xbox One. Maps weren't the only exclusive thing PC gamers got in the past though, weapons were also exclusive. Likewise, the Flamethrower and Fuel Rod Gun will return. Don't worry, if you weren't familiar with these weapons or just didn't like them, you have the option to filter them out with the "classic" weapon set option.
Halo: The Master Chief Collection will be released on November 11th.


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Our Core Beliefs
Keela was built on the foundation of IQT – Innovation, Quality, Technology and value for money.
We pride ourselves on our approach to design and research, and constantly work to improve according to our three core beliefs – Innovation (IQT) Sustainability and Community.
- Read about our IQT – Innovation, Quality, Technology – Our team uses experience built from decades of providing garments to Emergency Services and Mountain Rescue combined with cutting-edge technology to design the next generation of Keela garments.
- Read about our Sustainability – We are the first waterproof clothing manufacturer in the UK to sign up to the Sustainable Clothing Action Plan (SCAP) and together we are working to ensure our garments are as sustainable as possible.
- Read about our Community – We work in partnership with initiatives such as Britain on Foot, as well as rescue teams, to encourage people to get involved in the Great Outdoors.


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Europe's biggest holiday rip-offs (and how to avoid them)
From Venice's "music surcharges" to the world's most expensive club sandwich, we track down some of Europe's biggest holiday rip-offs.
The St Mark's Square surcharges
As one visitor to Venice discovered this week, the restaurants that line St Mark's Square weren't created with budget travellers in mind. He was charged £38 for two coffees and two bottles of water at Caffe Lavena. Why so pricey? Because he chose to sit at a table outside. Restaurants on the famous piazza add a hefty surcharge to the bill in you opt for alfresco; a coffee at the same establishment, enjoyed indoors, costs little more than £1.
He certainly wasn't the first to be shocked by Lavena's policy, if the angry reviews on its TripAdvisor listing page is anything to go by. Two weeks ago, for example, a family of five were hit with a £69 bill for coffees and water (plus an £8 glass of milk for a three-year-old).
It isn't alone. Caffe Florian, another St Mark's institution, carries a charge for table service, as well as a per person "music surcharge" when the orchestra is playing. Once added, it doubles the cost of that Aperol spritz. "Head to the bar area at the back instead, for velvet stools and no table surcharge," says Anne Hanley, our Venice expert. "You'll also get a ringside view of the barmens' Bellini-mixing skills."
The €22 Bellini
Prices in Venice don't fall once you've left St Mark's Square. Harry's Bar, one of the best known drinking holes in the city, is famous for its Bellinis. But they cost a pretty daunting €22.
Try one of Anne Hanley budget tips instead, including Vincent Bar in the eastern Sant'Elena district, Bar Puppa in Canareggio, or Bacareto Da Lele, where you can get a glass of chardonnay or prosecco for – incredibly – less than €1.
As for cheap restaurants, Hanley suggests Trattoria dai Tosi, near the Giardini Pubblici, or La Perla Ai Bisatei, over on the island of Murano.
€80 gondola rides
Through silken waters my gondola glides – and that'll be €80, please.
"A ride in a gondola (for up to six people) is all part of the Venice visitor ritual," says Anne Hanley. "So choose a gondola and gondolier you like the look of at one of the many stands around the city, make sure you know the going rates (which are set by regulatory body Ente Gondola; currently €80 for 40 minutes) and be aware that you're not obliged to go on the gondolier's standard circuit – you can actually use the service as a taxi to get from A to B. Try the popular starting point of Bacino Orseolo, just north of St Mark's Square; a ride from here will take you through some atmospheric smaller waterways before arriving in the Grand Canal. Don't forget, also, that you can get a gondola ride for just €2 a head by taking one of the large traghetto (ferry) gondolas with two oarsmen that cross the Grand Canal at strategic points – for example between Campo Santa Maria del Giglio (by the Hotel Gritti) and the church of La Salute (daily 9.30am-6pm), or San Samuele and Ca' Rezzonico (Mon-Sat 8.30am-1.30pm). It's de rigueur to do the crossing standing up, like the locals."
For more on seeing Venice on a budget, check out our guide.
Taxis in Switzerland
Many things in Switzerland cost a small fortune, and according to 2017 research Zurich and Geneva are the world's costliest cities for cab fares, charging as they do an average of £3.94 and £2.52 per km, respectively (London doesn't do much better, with average rates of £2.20 per km). The solution is simple, hire a bicycle or walk. Many popular cities – Paris, Vienna, Venice, Madrid, Amsterdam, Rome – are compact. Plan your sightseeing geographically and you can save on all your bus, tube and taxi fares.
Sunlounger hire in the Cote d'Azur
Europe's swankiest beach resorts charge extortionate sums to hire a lounger. Fees of €20 or more are de rigueur in the likes of Cannes and Sardinia's Costa Smeralda. Ignore the nonsense, pack a towel, and lie on the sand with the other savvy sunbathers.
Luxury hotel Wi-Fi
This must be the most irritating of all hotel fees. If virtually every modern pub and café, not to mention the majority of hotels both large and small, are able to offer free Wi-Fi, why do a handful still feel they can justify charging for it?
It's usually luxury hotels that are guilty, and the charges aren't small. London Hilton on Park Lane, for example, charges £20 a day (!) for in-room access unless you're a Hilton Honors member.
Many more hotels claim to offer free Wi-Fi, but then limit the bandwidth, leaving guests with the option of spending hours trying to view a single episode of The Sopranos, or paying extra for a "premium" service. Back in 2014, Telegraph Travel uncovered a hotel in Cannes (The Majestic Barriere) that was charging a staggering €300 for 24 hour's use of its high-speed 50mb per second Wi-Fi service.
Room service in Geneva
We return to Switzerland. The Club Sandwich Index, published annually by Hotels.com but discontinued in 2016, sought to illustrate typical city costs by comparing the price of a humble club sandwich in hotels around the world. In 2015, it found that hotels in Geneva charge, on average, almost $31 for the humble combination of chicken, bacon and salad, putting the Swiss city at the top of the table (just ahead of Paris).
In fact, hotels seem very adept at parting fools with their money. "The cost of drinks from hotel minibars seems to rise relentlessly," says Nick Trend, our Consumer Expert. "I've seen mineral water at €8 recently, and it is always higher than in the bar (or the cost of a bottle smuggled in from a local supermarket). Just don't open it. And skip breakfast in the hotel if it's not included in your rate. In more expensive hotels you can pay €40 or more just for a continental breakfast."
Needless to say if breakfast is included in your rate, then fill your boots at the buffet (and stuff a couple of bread rolls in your pocket for a mid-morning snack).
London's airport rail services
If you're in a hurry to get to a London airport, expect to pay through the nose. With on-the-day single fares from Paddington priced at £22-25 in economy class, the Heathrow Express is, pound-for-pound, Britain's most expensive above-ground rail journey, clocking in at £1.50 per mile. A return journey costs £37 – slightly cheaper, but still more than £1 for each of the 30 miles travelled.
The Gatwick Express from London Victoria is almost as costly, particularly given that First Capital Connect and Southern services from London Bridge actually get to the airport in the same time – and cost half as much.
And special mention must go to the so-called "Stansted Express". The service (from London Liverpool Street) is the ONLY TRAIN that goes to Stansted. To call something "express" would suggest that there is an alternative, slower, service. This isn't the Stansted Express, it's just the train to Stansted.
Spa treatments everywhere
You'll need another massage after forking out for spa treatments at the world's five-star hotels. At the Bulgari in London, to name just one (they are all as bad as each other), a 90-minute facial costs up to £210, and a one-hour massage costs £130. More intriguing is the two-hour "synchronised four-handed massage" – a snip at £570 – and the 90-minute "emotional healing with the modern day wizard" – £600 well spent.
The New York 'destination charge' – and 14 more outrageous hotel fees
Mobile phone use in Iceland, Turkey or Switzerland
The age of swingeing data roaming charges is over, right? Not necessarily. If you're travelling outside the EU, big charges may still apply. For Montenegro or Albania, for example, there's a daily £6 charge for Vodafone customers (that's up to £42 for a one-week holiday). Check before you browse.
Food on any mountain in the Alps
One of the most notoriously expensive extras on a ski holiday is buying lunch up the mountain – particularly if you're staying in a pricey Alpine resort. Rather than stumping up €20 for a burger and chips every day, buy sandwich ingredients and snacks in the local supermarket and do it yourself. However, eating a homemade baguette while sitting in the snow and shivering is a miserable experience, so look out for resorts that have picnic rooms designed for thrifty skiers to enjoy their lunch in the warm and dry. The French resort of Val d'Isère, which isn't known for having the cheapest on-slope dining options, installed one in 2016 – it even has microwaves.


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I have been waiting years for Going North to appear. I'm sorry that the publishing deal for it didn't work out, but I am glad that I'll be able to get my hands on it eventually. I already own most of Dean's books, including ex-library copies of the two now available as either e-books or paperbacks, but I'm wondering who, among my friends, might like copies of Juniper, Gentian and Rosemary and The Dubious Hills, because I would like to support the efforts of one of my favorite authors.
I recommend both books to people who like fantasy, especially fantasy with interesting, active teen-age girl heroes. Juniper, Gentian and Rosemary is about three sisters of those names, particularly the middle one and her group of friends. I like the first two-thirds or so of the book better than the climax and the ending, but to be fair, what's going on in the last chunk of the book is sort of hard to write about: weird psychological effects of a time-loop-y sort of thing (I'm trying to avoid spoilers, but also trying to be clear about what some people might not like about the book). It's definitely character-driven and has a lot of atmospheric set-up, which I like, but would drive a reader like Sir John, who needs Plot with a capital P (if not all-caps) out of his mind. JGR grew out of a short story, IIRC, which might help to account for the somewhat odd shape it has. I love it for the treatment of the group of friends; PD is very good on girls' interactions. The parents are interesting in their own right, which is fairly rare in YA fiction. They met at the same college that is the setting for PD's Tam Lin, but I never could make either of them correspond to any TL characters, and I think it's just the sort of recycling that Barbara Pym, for example, did with some of her characters.
The Dubious Hills has a more novelistic shape to it. It's the same world as the Secret Country trilogy, and even contemporary to SC's action, but there's no character overlap, and it takes place in a different part of that world. The characters are engaging and there's a real problem to tackle, but again, must-have-Plot readers might find it slow. It deals with a family of three children whose parents have disappeared, mysteriously. The kids are very self-sufficient (this is a world where small children have magic abilities, useful for household tasks, which disappear at a certain point in their development, so small people have a sense of responsibility that is not common in our own world), but they miss their parents and want to find them. It's a lovely book, which includes shape-shifting wolves (shades of Marie de France and William of Palerne, not werewolves as in Anita Blake or Harry Dresden books).
Going North is supposed to bring together the oldest girls from both The Dubious Hills and The Secret Country, in Heathwill Library. Since I love both characters and libraries are my native habitat, I can't wait to read it (but I've been saying that for a long time, so I guess I can, and do, and have, and will). I'm hoping that since Dean is now self-publishing, we'll get the long version, rather than the one that had to be substantially cut to meet the publisher's requirements. I mean, editors do have a function, I realize that, and the shorter version might make a better novel, but I want more of the world. Or maybe she could publish both versions! I'd buy them both.


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** Dallas paramedic in Texas upgraded to stable from critical condition following May 1st shooting
** Texas doctors in Dallas have upgraded the condition of a paramedic shot while responding to a call from critical to stable condition. That is the word from WBAP (May 8) which said Dallas Fire Rescue medic William An is apparently making steady improvement. According to the news service, An is now well enough to thank his colleagues for helping to save his life. An was treating a shooting victim May 1st in East Dallas when the gunman opened fire on him. A police officer risked his own safety to retrieve An from the scene. Medics then transported him to Baylor Hospital where he is now recovering. The gunman, meanwhile, committed suicide during a police stand-off.


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It's not every day a real-life prince walks into your life, but that's exactly what happened to a lucky group of high school students in London on Thursday.
Year 10 students at Burlington Academy in West London received a surprise visit from the Duke of Cambridge and British rapper Professor Green, with unlikely duo teaming up to talk about the impacts of cyberbullying and the "fakeness" of the online world.
Speaking to the class from the stage, William revealed his fears about cyberbullying and the online pressures facing young teenagers today. In the open discussion, the father-of-two gave advice on maintaining a healthy wellbeing in the face of photoshopped images and social media pressure.
"I worry for you girls. The touched up pictures are not real," William said, Daily Mail reports.
The prince spoke personally with students, Samara Hackett-Valton and Sophie Crowder, both 15, about the pressures of social media. "Don't try to recreate them or think that's what you've got to aim for. There's a lot of fakeness online so don't worry about that."
Incredible day at Burlington Danes Academy, where the Duke of Cambridge teamed up with @professorgreen @danielhowell and @thevamps to talk about the impact of cyberbullying on mental health.It was all part of the magnificent @stopspeaksupport campaign from @heads_together #stopspeaksupport #headstogether
The 36-year-old told students it's okay to be online, but said "it's important that you balance the time".
"For your mental health, get outside, come away from the screen," he said.
He sympathised with the challenges teenagers faced because of social media and the cyber world. "That's a lot," he said. "You must be aware of that, it's a lot of pressure. There's so many things going on. You're going to be bamboozled."
🎥Watch The Duke explain how @heads_together and The Royal Foundation's Cyberbullying Taskforce created Stop Speak Support to help tackle the issue of online abuse. pic.twitter.com/ScCD0VUt2B
— Kensington Palace (@KensingtonRoyal) February 8, 2018
He also had an important message for male students, saying, "we're not very good at talking about our emotions and how we feel", and that boys need to work on being able to talk about their emotions.
"Girls have got a little bit better, and boys, we've really got to work hard on being able to talk to friends, family, and trusted people about how we feel," he told the group.
After the assembly, William and Professor Green spoke to students who've taken part in workshops focused on mental wellbeing.
William, along with his wife the Duchess of Cambridge and brother Prince Harry, have made the mental health of young people a key campaigning issue, launching the Stop Speak Support campaign in 2016.
With Facebook removing news sites from your feeds we ask that you sign up for Starts at 60's emailers here. And to keep us on your wall, join some of our new Facebook groups and clubs:
See news on the change and links to all our other clubs and groups here.


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Part of the group. In the picture we can identify Alasdair Whittle, Niels Andersen and Alex Gibson. All with relevant work in European enclosures.
Perspective from the tower of observation of Santa Vitoria enclosure. That horizon was hiding a surprise.
At the time we did not suspected of the incredible complex of enclosures that was just behind that horizon line: Monte da Contenda.
Magnetogram of Monte da Contenda, just 3,5 km from Santa Vitória.
A paper about the preliminary data on this important complex of enclosures is in press in the Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras journal.


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I say "getting to ride," as in "fortunate enough to have the opportunity to ride" Mongolian horses. Less than an hour outside the city, and the countryside feels empty and wild. The terrain was grassy, rocky and bare, but with wildflowers underfoot. Yesterday:
The same area in late March:
I am not one to say that the only way to experience the real soul of a country is through its traditional activities and rural areas. All countries change over time, and contemporary urban life is just as "real" as village or nomadic life. We outsiders like to see how people live differently than we do, but let's not expect the old ways to be preserved for our tourist eyes.
That said, horses are a deeply cherished part of Mongolian history and culture. Besides contributing to Chinggis Khaan's conquests, horses are part of nomadic life, used for herding, milk, and meat. Songs and poems are written in cadences to match the rhythm of galloping. Horse racing is one of Mongolia's three traditional sports, along with archery and wrestling. These horses are small and tough, they can run for hours without stopping and are used to travelling for days.
For a lazy urbanite like me, riding is a way to engage with the part of Mongolia and its history that take place outside the city, and I'm very glad to have opportunities to ride. There are places where you can go out for a few hours with guides and have lunch — it's a fun way to spend a Saturday or Sunday. This young woman helped us get ready back in March and was one of our guides yesterday.
You can see how small the horses are.
The saddles and bridles are very basic, and the horses are guided with the reins rather than the legs, more like western/cowboy style. There's some trotting, but it's mostly walking or galloping, unless the horses are cantering to catch up with their friends. I learned to ride hunt-seat on an English saddle, so I prefer my stirrups shorter than is common here. Yesterday the man helping us used his pocket knife to make new holes in the straps for me, which will be appreciated the next time some ten year-old uses that saddle.
Here we are taking a short break:
Here's one of the guides with the horse I was riding:
And thank god for those guides, because once you're over the first hill it's easy to get lost in that vast open space. Though, of course, the horses know their way back, and if you head that direction, they'll gallop all the way.
For a much wilder equestrian story, check out the comments below: