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Speech-Language Pathology Assistant Certificate
Certified speech-language pathology assistants (SLPA) work with speech-language pathologists in a variety of environments including schools, hospitals and rehabilitation centers, and with a diverse group of clients.
Fontbonne University's SLPA certificate program, now fully online, can enhance the careers of speech implementers who currently work in the field under the supervision of a speech-language pathologist and who now need to meet the new Missouri SLPA guidelines.
This certificate is also an excellent option for students seeking to augment their degrees in other programs or for individuals looking to make an exciting career change.
Speech-Language Pathology Assistant Program Highlights
- Program incorporates requirements needed to apply for licensure as a speech-language pathology assistant with the State of Missouri Board of Healing Arts
- Maintain career and responsibilities while earning your certificate
- Designed to be completed in 16 months
- Enjoy small class sizes that are offered exclusively and conveniently online
Admission Requirements
To be admitted to the SLPA Certificate Program, you must meet the following criteria:
- You have earned a Bachelor's Degree (BA or BS) in a discipline other than communication disorders/speech-language pathology
- Or you will have completed a Bachelor's Degree by the time you complete this certificate program
- You have a cumulative GPA of 2.75 or higher
To complete the application procedure, you must have the following forwarded to Carmen Russell, Chair, CDDE, Fontbonne University, 6800 Wydown Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63105:
- Official transcripts from every college or university attended; if currently attending college, most recently completed semester grades must be included
- Two letters of recommendation: faculty or employer who can attest to your ability to successfully complete this program
- A self-statement addressing your reasons for seeking the certificate and examples of your ability to work collaboratively (300-400 words in length)
Required Courses
Fundamentals of Language Development for the SLPA3 credits
A study of the fundamentals of the development of speech and language in the normal and exceptional child useful to the speech-language pathology assistant. Factors that contribute to or impair development as well as multicultural issues will be covered.
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism for the SLPA3 credits
A study of the fundamentals of the structure and function of those parts of the skeletal, muscular, respiratory, and nervous systems as they pertain to the process of communication.
Fundamentals of Phonetics for the SLPA3 credits
The fundamentals of clinical phonetics when applying the IPA to the English language and dialectical variations useful to the SLPA.
Pediatric Speech and LanguageDisorders for the SLPA3 credits
This course will be an introduction to both congenital and acquired disorders in children in the areas of phonology, articulation, language, fluency, voice and deafness. It will include information on implementing basic treatment for each disorder under the supervision of a licensed speech-language pathologist. Supervised observation of clinic sessions will be required. Prerequisites: CDS105, CDS201, CDS220.
Adult Speech and Language Disorders for the SLPA3 credits
This course will be a survey of the acquired
communicative disorders in adults. It will include
information on aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, voice, right
hemisphere syndrome, and dementia. Emphasis will be
placed on implementing treatment under the supervision
of a licensed speech-language pathologist. Supervised
observation of clinic sessions will be required.
Prerequisites: CDS105, CDS201, CDS220.
Audiology and Aural Rehabilitation for the SLPA3 credits
An overview of the anatomy & physiology of the ear,
causes and types of hearing impairments, and the
habilitative and rehabilitative services offered to children
and adults with hearing loss. Emphasis will be placed on
the role of the speech-language pathology assistant in
implementing treatment under the guidance of a licensed
speech-language pathologist. Prerequisites: CDS105,
Clinical Methods for the SLPA3 credits
This course will be an overview of the roles and
responsibilities of the Speech-Language Pathology
Assistant. Emphasis will be placed on intervention
models and techniques, behavior management principles,
data collection, and documentation. Supervised
observation will be included. Prerequisites: CDS105,
CDS201, CDS220, CDS331, CDS332, CDS334, or
NOTE: The Fontbonne SLPA certificate meets the Missouri requirements for coursework. Fontbonne University cannot confirm whether this certificate program or a particular course in this certificate program meets requirements for SLPA licensure in another state. You are responsible for determining the requirements needed for your state. Current contact information for all the applicable licensing boards can be located here: http://www.asha.org/advocacy/state/
Contact Us
Questions? Contact our Office of Admission: 314-889-1400 or 1-800-205-5862 | firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text: The GoPro I have is the GoPro Hero 4 Silver. This GoPro is very helpful to beginners because it has a touch screen display on the camera. This is very useful because you can go back and watch your footage without having to connect your GoPro to your device. All GoPros come with a waterproof case and some screws that allows you to be connected to a mount. The GoPro Hero 4 Silver has very similar features as the GoPro Hero 4 Black. The big difference is that the Hero Black has 4k video and it more expensive for that matter. Another big difference is the Black does not have a built in touch screen so you do have to connect your camera to blue tooth.


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What Is Seo: Myth Or Reality? Some Thoughts On Search Engine Optimization
Exactly what is SEO? Have you ever before though regarding just what you are aiming to accomplish with seo, as well as exactly what you were making with your site to accomplish it? Have you never ever asked yourself if there were far better means to obtain to where you wish to be as an outcome of SEO?
It is not your site that your have to maximize, yet each private internet page. I have actually come to the final thought that as Google, in specific, make adjustments to their demands in order that you obtain a high listing– or detailed at all for that issue– the much less I have to do to enhance my web site.
When I look very closely, exactly what I do in SEO these days is merely usual feeling, as well as just what I must be doing is to create my website to the benefit of my consumers. I have actually had individuals compose to me declaring to be SEO professionals as well as slamming my poor HTML.
We are informed that Meta tags are no much longer essential. Guaranteeing that each web page's title is the exact same as the keyword phrase it is composed round– well, that is simply usual feeling. That is just what I would certainly do anyhow, so that my site visitors would certainly recognize just what the web page was around.
Shock, shock, the perfect is to have your search phrase as soon as in the very first 100 personalities and also once again in the last paragraph of a web page with 400– 500 words. That implies 5– 15 search phrases in a 500 word web page! That's old hat and also a quick method to browse engine oblivion.
The 2 majors that I have actually left to think about are outside and also inner connecting techniques. There are reports that back-links are going to end up being much less vital considering that material is currently taking 2nd location to unnaturally created web links.
At once, Google considered web links back to your website from an additional as an indicator that your website was thought about to be an authority on the topic. I will certainly make use of words 'website', yet it must truly be 'web page' considering that the Google term is PageRank, and also describes private website, not total website. As well as appropriately so, due to the fact that if a site believed that your web content would certainly work to their visitors after that they would certainly offer them with a connect to your pertinent websites.
Currently, nevertheless, web links are unnaturally created, in some cases software program produced, and also are properly ineffective given that, although they show up on a site, they do so from a supposed 'web links' web page that is complete of absolutely nothing however masses of web links. Currently, the extremely internet sites that web links as well as excellent search phrase thickness were implied to push off the internet are currently showing up back at the top of the listings.
Interior connecting is a different topic, as well as one on which I specialize. The setup of your internet pages, and also style of your inner connecting, are crucial to accomplishing excellent listings on search engines. Not just your interior connecting technique, yet likewise the style of each specific web page.
That obtained me to assuming once again. Why should I trouble a lot with SEO if all I require do is to develop my internet site rationally as well as make certain that my inner web links offer the most effective feasible solution to my site visitors, without puzzling them with lots of alternatives on each web page?
Why should I trouble with all these synthetic web links if I can obtain great web links as well as great deals of web traffic via short article advertising? And afterwards I recognized that I had no demand of the web links totally as an outside SEO device; i.e. to supply me with far better Google PageRank, due to the fact that I was obtaining a lot of web traffic anyhow via individuals clicking my web links in my short articles, or source boxes.
I am currently going to run a couple of projects with no SEO at all various other compared to the apparent methods of giving my site visitors with an excellent solution when they see my web site. Exactly what is SEO: misconception or truth?
As well as appropriately so, due to the fact that if a site assumed that your material would certainly be helpful to their visitors after that they would certainly offer them with a web link to your appropriate internet page.
Currently, nonetheless, web links are synthetically created, in some cases software application created, and also are efficiently pointless considering that, although they show up on a site, they do so from a supposed 'web links' web page that is complete of absolutely nothing yet masses of web links. Currently, the extremely sites that web links as well as great search phrase thickness were indicated to push off the internet are currently showing up back at the top of the listings. The plan of your internet pages, as well as layout of your inner connecting, are essential to accomplishing excellent listings on search engines. Not just your inner connecting approach, however additionally the style of each specific web page.


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Serviced Apartment for Rent at Quan Thanh, Truc Bach
Quan Thanh Buiding is positioned at Quan Thanh street, Ba Dinh dist., Hanoi, boasting only 10 self-contained apartments with all facilities including: internet, phone connection, kitchen utensils and more. it is only short walks to Truc Bach Lake and West Lake, around 15 minutes' drive to Downtown.
Booking hotline: +84 91 644 3239
Quan Thanh Apartment Overview
This small private tower gently located just few steps from Truc Bach region, Ba Dinh Hanoi, provides some apartments with 2 bedrooms 2 bathrooms vacant for rent. Motorbike parking; 24/7 secure. Want a home at this building, check more info.
Rent starts at $ 700. (Short lease is accepted)
Rent starts at $ 700. (Short lease is accepted)
Truc Bach Equipped Apartment Rental, 134 Quan Thanh
Positioned on third floor, this modern well-equipped 2 bedroom 2 bathroom apartment for rent features big open living-zone with terrace leading to separate kitchen with full cooking facilities, fully-fitted wooden-floor attached bathtubs. Living in this place will give you a feeling of home away from home.
Price: $ 1000/mon.
Price: $ 1000/mon.
Truc Bach Luxury Apartment for Rent
Hunt for individual apartments at Truc Bach area for rent? Check out this listing. This deluxe 2 bedroom residence, baths, boasts big open plan living room with terrace leading to gourment kitchen with full cooking facilities, warm laminate flooring sleeping rooms.
Monthly price: $1100.
Monthly price: $1100.
High Floor Apartment at Quan Thanh HN
With an area of about 90 sqm, situated on the high-level, this newly renovated and furnished residence offers wide airy living space with terrace leading to gourment kitchen with full cooking facilities, proficiently designed timber-storey beds plus bathtubs. Uncover it now!
Landlord: $1200.
Landlord: $1200.
Quan Thanh Budget 2 Bedroom Apartment Immediately Available - Direct landlady
Readily vacant
Skillfully appointed recently maintaintained 2 bed 1 bath apartment ready to move in anytime you need, which is very suitable for young couples or families. Near restaurants, tourist destinations, within walking distance to Westlake with fresh air and friendly environment - Fast responsive hospitable owner. Never miss your Good choice. See photos & details.
Offering price: $400 each month.
Offering price: $400 each month.
Serviced Apartments Truc Bach
Search Apartments Ba Dinh
If you are searching for Quan Thanh building serviced accommodation, you can be interested in other Ba Dinh rentals Hanoi:
- Skyline Tower Hanoi
- Hoa Binh Green Apartment
- Hanoi Lakes Residences
- LakeFront Residence Hanoi
- Trich Sai Lake View Apartments
- Rose Garden Hanoi
Strongly Recommended serviced apartments
Find rental serviced apartments Hanoi? Browse the following listing which is classified by types of locations for rent:
- Serviced Apartments in Ba Dinh
- Serviced Apartments in Cau Giay
- Serviced Apartments in Dong Da
- Serviced Apartments in Hai Ba Trung
- Serviced Apartments in Hoan Kiem
- Serviced Apartments in Tay Ho
- Serviced Apartments in Thanh Xuan
- Serviced Apartments in Tu Liem
Today 18th, February 2019


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The New York Times and Washington Post lead with, and the Wall Street Journal tops its world-wide newsbox with, word that President Bush held a press conference yesterday and among other things defended his past actions as an executive at Harken Energy. Explaining the late filing of his sale of Harken stock about 12 years ago, the president said, "I still haven't figured it out completely." In years past, as everybody notes, Bush had blamed the SEC for the tardiness. Bush also said that controversy over the accounting practices of Harken while he was a director there is "recycled stuff." The Los Angeles Times leads with news that the Israeli Cabinet endorsed a proposed law that would bar Israeli Arabs from living in Jewish communities built on state land. The government owns about 90 percent of the land in Israel. The LAT says that the decision has "triggered a firestorm." The center-left Labor Party opposes the bill and the NYT says that means the proposal probably won't become law. USA Today leads with news, which the NYT also fronts, that the government has halted a major study of hormone therapy three years early because researchers noted a slightly increased risk of breast cancer (eight more cases per 10,000 every year). Officials said that the increased risk was only found in women who still have their uteruses. Researchers said that the conclusion is further evidence that women should use hormone therapy only to treat menopause-related conditions, such as hot flashes.
As everybody mentions, back in the early 1990s the SEC investigated Harken for essentially selling a unit of the company to itself and then using the "profits" from the sale to offset losses. After what the WSJ calls "months of back and forth with the SEC," Harken eventually fixed its ledgers.
"There was an honest difference of opinion as to how to account for a complicated transaction," Bush explained yesterday at his press conference. "In the corporate world, sometimes things aren't exactly black and white when it comes to accounting procedures." (The Post says that the president "glared at reporters when he heard titters after that answer.")
The Journal reiterates that Bush in his long-anticipated speech today will call for execs who cook the books to be put in the slammer. The goal of the speech, says the Journal, is to increase investor confidence while trying to "head off sweeping legislative fixes." As Bush said yesterday, "I'll call for a stronger SEC, more investigators, and more budget." (Yesterday's WP pointed out that earlier this year the White House proposed a "zero growth" budget for the SEC, which is widely considered to be underfunded.)
Everybody notes up high that WorldCom's former CEO and its former CFO both appeared before a congressional committee yesterday and refused to testify.
The papers note that WorldCom's former CEO Bernie Ebbers did actually have something to say during the hearings yesterday:"I believe that no one will conclude that I engaged in any criminal or fraudulent conduct during my tenure at WorldCom." One congressman argued that Ebbers waived his Fifth Amendment rights by defending himself like that. Legal scholars quoted in the Journal say the congressman may have a case.
The papers note that other folks caught up in the WorldCom con also testified yesterday, including the company's former chief auditor Melvin Dick, who said he wasn't sure that WorldCom execs had actually committed a crime. "Oh, stop giving us these happy horsefeathers!" responded Rep. Gary Ackerman, D-N.Y.
The WSJ says that WorldCom memos recently filed with the SEC show that the company's CFO "planned to bury" the now-infamous $3.8 billion accounting "misstatement."
Everybody notes new developments in the investigation of last week's midair collision over Germany between a Russian airliner and a cargo plane: Data from the planes' flight recorders show that a Swiss air controller ordered the Russian jet to descend, while the airliner's own anti-collision device gave the opposite advice. The Russian pilots followed the controller's advice, and the two planes descended into each other.
The papers also mention that German air controllers noticed that the two planes were on a collision course a few minutes before impact and tried to call the Swiss air-control center that was in charge of that sector. But they repeatedly got a busy signal.
The WP off-leads a piece saying that it's found the latest trend in campaign donations: With the coming ban on big-time direct contributions, "a growing number of corporations" are asking "employees" to cough up dough to company-created PACs, which then redistribute the cash to candidates. The article's 15th paragraph, though, suggests that there's a built-in limit to this plan: Companies seem to basically only be allowed to ask for contributions from "white-collar senior executives."
Everybody notes that Israel's foreign minister met with the Palestinian finance minister yesterday, the first high-level talks in months. According to an Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman, the talks were basically just a short chat about economic issues, but they will be the first "in a series" of discussions.
The papers note inside that Pakistani authorities announced that they arrested three members of a banned Islamic group for allegedly setting off a car bomb last month outside the U.S. consulate in Karachi. Two of the men publicly confessed. The Post adds that Pakistani investigators haven't offered to work with FBI investigators who are also on the case. "There is no doubt, and I can say it without any hesitation, that we did not share any information with U.S. officials," said a top Pakistani official. (The article doesn't say what might be causing Pakistan's non-sharing attitude.)
USAT's sports section notes that the Charleston Riverdogs, a minor-league baseball team, set an attendance record yesterday of zero. The team worked hard to set that lowly record: They didn't sell tickets, locked the stadium, and sold discounted food and beer to fans in the parking lot. Not that fans objected to being a part of history. "We come to the games when we can, but this was an extra draw," said one parking lot attendee. "It's pretty unique."


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Celebrating the life of Carl Mills Jr.
Be the first to share your favorite memory, photo or story of Carl. This memorial page is dedicated for family, friends and future generations to celebrate the life of their loved one.
We ask on behalf of the family that you keep your comments uplifting and appropriate to help all who come here to find comfort and healing.
Carl Mills Jr., 71, of Panama City, went to be with the Lord on Tuesday, September 18, 2018. He was born June 23, 1947 in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Carl was preceded in death by his son, Timothy Wayne Mills; parents, Carl Sr. and Rose Mills; sisters, Donna Marie Mills and Linda Sue Smolenski; and brothers, David and Steve Mills.
Those left to cherish his memory include his wife of 50 years, Sandra ; son, Richard Mills (KiKi); grandchildren, William and Suzanne Mills, and Samantha Vanlew; great grandchildren, Kimberlyn, Zoey, Elijah, Devin, Braylen and Kaley; brother, Gary Mills (Teresa); special aunt, Louise Hicks; special cousins, Gail Andrews and Rikki Hogberg; numerous nieces, nephews and other cousins, as well as his loyal dog, Banditt.
A visitation will be held 6:00 to 8:00 P.M., Thursday, September 20, 2018 at Heritage Funeral Home. A celebration of Carl's life will take place 2:00 P.M., Friday, September 21, 2018 at the funeral home, with Rev. Phil Edwards officiating. Interment will follow in Garden of Memories.
To plant a tree in memory of Carl Mills Jr., please visit our Tribute Store.
Previous Events
247 N. Tyndall Parkway
Panama City, FL 32404
Celebration of Life
247 N. Tyndall Parkway
Panama City, FL 32404
Cemetery Details
Panama City
Panama City, Florida 32404


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Discover why our Silicone Dairy Tubing stands out from the herd
The dairy industry demands a very specific type of tubing. As well as being highly flexible, resilient and reliable, it must also have the hygiene properties to satisfy international food standards. With more than 55 years experience in manufacturing silicone rubber products and 25 years experience producing silicone products for the dairy industry, we've perfected our silicone dairy tubing that is easy to install, maintain and replace. Most importantly, its superior performance helps improve the productivity of milking parlours. suraSil™DS dairy tubing provides the high tear resistance and rebound properties it takes to withstand the rough treatment by cattle. It can also withstand temperatures as high as 230°C and can go as low as -60°C performing for sustained periods without becoming brittle.
We manufacture our silicone dairy tubing using highly polished tooling. this creates an extremely smooth inner bore and surface which prevents the build-up of produce solids and bacteria. Also the surface doesn't crack or develop perished areas and is therefore easy to clean and sterilise, helping to reduce total bacterial counts when the milk's bactoscan is performed. We formulate and mix all our silicone on site following strict processing guidelines, using materials tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Water Regulatory Advisory Service (WRAS).
If you're still contemplating using conventional rubber over silicone, you will be interested to know that silicone is over 9 times more hygienic after 12 months use than conventional black rubber and PVC tubing. With tighter dairy regulations, black rubber has a much shorter operational life, meaning frequent replacement. Our silicone dairy tubing is 4 times more durable than black rubber or PVC, so despite higher initial costs, its longevity along with all the other hygiene benefits makes silicone highly efficient and cost effective.
Our on-site laboratory is one of the best equipped in the industry. Here we develop and formulate, mix and test all our silicone compound. We maintain this specialist approach on the production line where we have processing equipment dedicated to dairy tubing. We can make all our dairy tubing to order usually within 10 working days.
In conclusion, there are many reasons to choose Silicone Engineering's suraSil™DS dairy tubing. Silicone is seen across the dairy industry as the industry standard and with our experience, buying power, technological and manufacturing resources we can ensure the highest quality, at attractive prices.


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Joy Friend is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and a member of the National Association of Social Workers.
Joy attended Oklahoma State University where she earned a Bachelor's Degree in Family Relations and Child Development. She went on to the University of Oklahoma to earn a Master's in Social Work. She has training in Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TFCBT), Play Therapy, and Psychological First Aid.
She provides individual, family and group therapy working with children, adolescents, and adults. Joy has experience working with children, especially children who have experienced trauma, neglect, abuse, foster care placement and adoption.
Joy has taught Play Therapy, Stress Management, and Dream Analysis classes at a local Community College and incorporates these teachings in her practice. She has a special interest in women's issues and has facilitated girl empowerment groups with teenagers, as well as women addressing self-esteem, body image and relationships.


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Trump and family sued by New York attorney general over alleged charity violations
News | 14.06.2018
Suit brought by Barbara Underwood says Trump Foundation is 'little more than an empty shell' and seeks $2.8m in restitution
The attorney general of New York state sued the Donald J Trump charitable foundation, President Trump and three of his children on Thursday for violating state charity laws, alleging that the Trumps used charitable assets as "little more than a checkbook for payments to not-for-profits from Mr Trump" and his companies.
Foundation assets, acquired through tax-deductible donations, were used to settle legal claims against one of Trump's golf clubs and to buy a painting of Trump to be displayed at another club, the suit alleges.
Continue reading…


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Music and Nightlife: Friday night of the living Dead
GRATEFUL DEAD songs have a life of their own, as evidenced by the many bands who play the Dead's music. One of the favorite Dead "experience" bands in the Northeast is Dead Sessions, coming to town this week.
WHEN: 9 p.m. Friday
WHERE: Port City Music Hall, 504 Congress St., Portland
HOW MUCH: $7 in advance; $12 day of show
INFO: Portcitymusichall.com
Art and Theater: Care for a little arsenic with your old lace?
HEARTWOOD THEATER, which performs at Lincoln Academy in Newcastle, stages the classic Joseph Kesselring comedy "Arsenic & Old Lace." The play blends intellectual, verbal and physical humor at a madcap pace.
WHEN: 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday, 3 p.m. Sunday; and 7:30 p.m. May 8,9 and 10.
WHERE: Parker Poe Theater at Lincoln Academy, 81 Academy Hill Road, Newcastle
HOW MUCH: $22 adults, $8 students
Dining and Drink: 'Star Wars' fans: Chewbacca on this
GRAB A "STAR WARS" GEEK and feast on a four-course dinner inspired by the "Star Wars" movies and "National Star Wars Day" (May the Fourth be with you.) Bazinga!
WHEN: 6 p.m. Sunday
WHERE: Piccolo, 111 Middle St., Portland
HOW MUCH: $45 plus tax and tip. Includes your first beverage.
INFO: 747-5307 or [email protected]
Et Cetera: Wheel food, and tunes to eat it by
"STREET EATS AND BEATS" combines food trucks, cold beer and live music on the ocean. What's not to like? The event is organized by Portland radio station WJBQ, and bands will include Wild Adriatic and Paranoid Social Club.
WHEN: Noon to 5 p.m. Saturday
WHERE: Ocean Gateway, 14 Ocean Gateway Pier, Portland
HOW MUCH: $10 in advance; $15 day of event; food and beer sold separately
INFO: Wjbq.com
Music and Nightlife: Swing in South Portland with the Bellamy Jazz Band
THE SOUTH PORTLAND Public Library won't be quiet Saturday night, not with the Bellamy Jazz Band playing its New Orleans and Chicago-style jazz and swing. The free show is part of the library's After Hours Concert series.
WHEN: 7-8:30 p.m. Saturday
WHERE: South Portland Public Library, 482 Broadway, South Portland
HOW MUCH: Free
INFO: Southportlandlibrary.com
Edwige Charlot solos at 3 Fish Gallery
PORTLAND ARTIST EDWIGE CHARLOT opens her spring exhibition, "N.O.W (New Old World)." This is her first solo exhibition in Portland, and it features intaglio, woodcut and monotype prints, drawings and collages inspired by her blended Haitian Catholic and French heritage.
WHEN: On view Fridays through May 31; 5 to 8 p.m.; gallery talk at 2 p.m. May 10
WHERE: 3 Fish Gallery, 377 Cumberland Ave., Portland
HOW MUCH: Free
INFO: 773-4774 or 3fishgallery.com
Dining and Drink: Have some tea. Have more tea.
TASTE FIVE TEAS at this monthly tasting in an elegant, girly tearoom.
WHEN: 6 to 7 p.m. Thursday
WHERE: Jacqueline's Tea Room, 201 Main St., Freeport
HOW MUCH: Free
INFO: 865-2123 or jacquelinestearoom.com
Et Cetera: Celebrate spring in downtown Bath
IS IT REALLY SPRING? Pinch yourself to be sure. Or better yet, attend the Bath Mayfair, where the rites of spring will be celebrated. There'll be Maypole dancing and a city-wide yard sale as well.
WHEN: 8:30 a.m. to late afternoon, Saturday
WHERE: Downtown Bath
HOW MUCH: Free
INFO: Visitbath.com/events/mayfair
Local & State
Maine DHHS adds $3 million to heating assistance
Nation & World
Video: Gunman apprehended after shooting multiple people at Illinois industrial park, sources report
Nation & World
Trump plans to get wall funding by scrapping some military projects
Historic Maine church-turned-condos now in bankruptcy
Kaepernick, Reid settle collusion lawsuits with NFL


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Joey from "Raging Bull" has a few choice words for Trump.
Category Archives: Donald Trump
Cher Insults Trump (Sort Of.)
Obama Vs. Trump Regarding NFL Player Protests
At one time, a mere 10 months ago or so, America had an intelligent, articulate, thoughtful and decent man in the White House.
Now we have a white supremacist buffoon. Lord, what have we done? When you contrast the viewpoints of Barack Obama and Donald Trump regarding Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players' refusal to stand for the national anthem as a protest against police brutality, the reality hits home like a brick.
If You're Latino And Still Support Trump…What The Fuck Is Wrong With You?
Trump's recent pardon of racist asshole Joe Arpaio crossed a line for me, in terms of how I look at the fact that there are Latinos who inexplicably continue to support him. Up to this point, Trump's racism, xenophobia and general-assholery has been obvious to anyone without blinders on, but I could always see how self-hating, ignorant Latinos could find a way to look around all of that and think "Trump's my guy."
When I think of what goes through the mind of Latinos who are pro-Trump, I think about, of course, the familiar escape mechanisms. When Trump called Mexican immigrants "rapists," he was talking about illegals, don't you know? If you're an American citizen, he's not targeting you. When he degrades disabled people, women or Muslims – well, if you're not one of those people, and completely lack empathy and decency, I can see how you wouldn't care. I can understand how some conservative Latinos might think that when Trump says "Make America Great Again," he's talking about an America that fully includes them. Which isn't true, but I get how a person can be deluded into thinking so.
But, unless a person is completely ignorant of what exactly landed former Sheriff Joe Arpaio in violation of the law, I don't understand how certain Latinos can not only silently accept the brazen racism-acceptance of Trump's pardon, let alone continue to wear their dumbass MAGA hats and vocally support it.
The list of egregious human rights violations and affronts to decency that Arpaio committed is a long one, but for most of them, if you weren't an inmate in one of his jails or an illegal immigrant, I can see how you might not particularly care. After all, Arpaio was only being a monumental dick to incarcerated criminals or people who weren't American citizens, right? I guess in some people's fucked up mindsets, those people deserve to be treated as shittily as possible, so who cares?
But Arpaio was also guilty of targeting and detaining people who were merely "suspected" of being in the country illegally. If you're Latino, THAT POTENTIALLY MEANS YOU, ASSHOLE. I suppose if you have features that allow you to pass for a Caucasian, which many Latinos do, you might not think it's you. But ultimately – yes, it still is. Because as much as you might not want to think so – at the end of the day, after all of the darker people have been harassed – they will come for you next, once they realize that you are of Latin heritage. You will never, ever fully "fit in" with the racist, conservative white people you want so badly to be. As much as you might hope, you're not one of them. You are only fooling yourself into thinking so.
Of course, you could simply be a glutton for punishment, and actually enjoy being treated like a second-class citizen. In which case, hey good luck. But if not, ask yourself, what the hell happened to you in the course of your life, that made you such a self-hating sellout who wants so badly to be accepted, that you would continue to support racist assholes like Trump and Arpaio? One thing that the age of Trump has really exposed is the degree to which people can delude themselves – into thinking they aren't racist, for example. But it also includes people who fool themselves into thinking that Trump really gives half a shit about them, which couldn't be further from the truth. This is no better exemplified than by Latinos who think Trump and his supporters view them as equals.
Photo credit: Gage Skidmore [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Yes, Anyone Can Be Racist. But It's More Damaging When White People Do It.
The terror attack in Charlottesville last Saturday, in which Heather Heyer was killed while protesting against racism, and Trump's subsequent blaming of "many sides" and apparent sympathizing with white supremacists, has spurred a spirited back-and-forth about the topic of racism in America. And, you know what that means. Lotta bullshit making the rounds on social media.
One thing I see being said whenever a topic like this is brought up, often by racism deniers, is that there are racists in minority groups as well as among white people. The point being that it sort of "cancels out" the racism of Neo-Nazis and other assorted tiki-torch wielding assholes, since minorities can hate too. As a rebuttal to that flawed argument (which I will get to in a moment,) there are also some people who say things like "black people can't be racist." Which, while I understand what they mean when those people say that, I disagree with. At least in a literal sense of the word, in a hypothetical, neutral universe (and not the current American reality in which we live.)
The sad truth about racism is that yes, anyone can be racist. Anyone can be a bigot. Anyone can view and treat others differently (often worse) based on their skin color. As a Latino, some of the most racist stuff I have heard has been said by Latinos about other races, including about other Latinos. I remember when I worked as a waiter, talking to one of my co-workers and hearing her refer to "wetties," and thinking that it was kind of weird to hear a Latino disparaging other Latinos in such a manner. That kind of self-hate helps to explain the fact that there are some minorities who embrace and defend racists like Trump. That fact is often pointed to by Trump apologists as a means of demonstrating "see, he's not racist, minorities like him too." But that's bullshit too.
However, while everybody can be racist, it carries much more weight when white people do it. And that is due to the fact that our society is still dominated by a white patriarchy. We often have the illusion of diversity, on television and in the corporate world, but at the core, America has a long way to go when it comes to different races being represented equally and having comparable influence. For example, you can look at professional sports. The NFL and NBA in particular are dominated by players of color. But the situation is much different when it comes to the makeup of the mega-wealthy owners. Same with corporate America. Yes, the workforce might be made up of seemingly diverse assortment of races, religions, genders and sexual orientations. But take a look at the profile of the upper levels of management and CEO's. Different story there. Progress is being made, but we're not there yet.
When white people are racist, it potentially resonates with a far greater number of people, including people in power or of influence, who can set policy that affects millions of lives. Keep in mind, this is not simply a "white people thing" in the abstract sense. It's simply because numerically, America is still dominated by whites. When black people or other minorities are racist towards white people, it might be repugnant and offensive, but the difference is, they're "punching up," not down. And that's the key distinction. The ironic thing is, white supremacists like the ones in Charlottesville often indirectly make this argument. Because one of their fears and grievances is that they're becoming outnumbered. As if that's somehow a bad thing (it is.) The truth is, they know that they are privileged and they're pissed off because they see minorities making gains, and see it as a threat to their dominance.
Racism is an ugly thing, and people often don't like to talk about it. But I think it's critical that we not only talk about it, but do so with honesty and without fear of saying stuff that makes people uncomfortable. So yes, in the abstract, anyone can be racist. But in the actual American society we live in, not all racism is of equal weight. Far from it, in fact.
Photo credit: Pixabay.com/OpenClipart-Vectors
The Two Faces Of Anthony Scaramucci
Compilation Of Trump Encouraging Violence, Along With The White House Lying About Him Encouraging Violence
One of the things that really chaps my hide is how brazen the Trump White House has been with their lying straight to the face of the American people. The administration has absolutely no credibility on anything at this point. And what's more disturbing is the sheer number of Trump cultists that are willing to go along with the lies with nary a second thought.
It struck me a few weeks ago when White House liar Sarah Huckabee-Sanders claimed that Trump had never encouraged violence. My bullshit meters went off the charts, so I decided to compile times when Trump has blatantly promoted and encouraged violence, either against protesters or his 2016 opponent, Hillary Clinton, along with the White House press conference in which it is emphatically denied. Enjoy.
Why Are Republicans Still Silent On Trump?
When You Fully Realize How Complicit The GOP Is With Trump And His Fascism
Admittedly, I have probably watched way too many movies over the course of my life, especially my earlier years. Many of them, over and over to the point where I had scenes, shots and lines memorized verbatim.
Whenever I have a moment of realization, the scene in Pulp Fiction where Bruce Willis' character (Butch Coolidge) meets John Travolta (as Vincent Vega) in a bar always comes to mind. His expression is perfect, and it's a great panning shot that really emphasizes a sense of realization for the character.
So I always think of this shot when it occurs to me how deeply complicit the Republican party is with Trump, his fascism, and the many possible connections he has with Russia, and all that they may entail. Whether or not Trump bears any consequences for colluding with Russia depends more on how many people help him, how many do nothing, and how many let him slide, than on whether he actually is guilty of something or not, in my opinion. There is way too much smoke there, for the situation to be free of wrongdoing.
The most recent example that points to a GOP cover up is the vote on Tuesday of the House Judiciary Committee to keep information on Trump's possible ties to Russia, as well as potential ethics violations, a secret. Every chance they get, Republicans continue to place party before country, even when the implications of the Trump presidency involving Russia are massive.
Donald Trump Seems To Think All Black People Might Be Friends With Each Other
Donald Trump's casual racism was revealed recently at a press conference in which he asked reporter April Ryan if members of the Congressional Black Caucus are her friends.
Remember, this is coming from a man who says he is the "least racist person you have ever encountered." Yes, he actually said that.
The exchange also revealed further Trump's status as one of planet's biggest douchebags. Apparently, he thinks it's suitable to ask a professional journalist to set up meetings for him. What else do you need Trump? Should Ryan sweep and mop the floors, too?


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President's Message
Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishment toward organizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results.
Greetings Members and Potential Future Members,
As acting President of the Humane Society, I want to welcome you to our new and improved website. We hope you take a few moments to review and learn about the Humane Society.
Our organization was started seven years ago on April 13, 2005. At that time, founding member, Mike Schenk, who was employed by Levy County Animal Services as Assistant Director, took on a hoarding case that later evolved into the foundation of the Humane Society of Levy County, Inc.
Since that time, we have placed numerous animals into homes, held successful fundraising events, and continue to educate the community on spay and neuter.
Recently, the greatest achievement to date is that the Humane Society has obtained property within the city limits of Bronson. The location is ideal as it sets off US Hwy Alt 27. Currently, two old homes sit on the property and the Society plans to reclaim wood, windows, and doors to be utilized in the new facility. The facility will encompass a cat and dog adoption area, educational rooms, storage, and thrift store. Plans for the facility has being rendered as will be posted in the future.For land announcement, click here.
Everyone on the board is excited and pumped for the future and have numerous events planned so bookmark our website www.humanesocietyoflevycounty.com to keep up-to-date on events.
The Humane Society board sincerely thanks you for visiting our site and hopes that you will get involved with our organization or become a member for only $5.00. The $5.00 membership helps pay for rabies vaccines in our Low-Cost Spay/Neuter Program. The program is designed for residents of Levy County. For more information, click here.
Michelle Hagan, President


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Kenneth F. Wallis, FBA
Recent Publications and Presentations
Journal articles, etc.
The measurement and characteristics of professional forecasters' uncertainty (with Gianna Boero and Jeremy Smith). Journal of Applied Econometrics, 30 (2015), 1029-1046. Article (PDF)
Revisiting Francis Galton's forecasting competition. Statistical Science, 29 (2014), 420-424. Article (PDF)
Data: the 787 estimates of the dressed weight of the ox collected by Galton are out of copyright, and the author's transcription is available here as an Excel spreadsheet. Users of these data are kindly requested to inform the author of any further analyses of interest.
A recent reference to the result that the mean forecast equalled the outcome is here (from The Times, 7 November 2016).
The two-piece normal, binormal, or double Gaussian distribution: its origin and rediscoveries. Statistical Science, 29 (2014), 106-112. Article (PDF)
A more recent rediscovery of the distribution is acknowledged as such by its authors: de Roon, F. and Karehnke, P., Addendum: A simple skewed distribution with asset pricing applications, Review of Finance, 21 (2017), 2401.
Evaluating density forecasts: forecast combinations, model mixtures, calibration and sharpness (with James Mitchell). Journal of Applied Econometrics, 26 (2011), 1023-1040. Article (PDF)
Scoring rules and survey density forecasts (with Gianna Boero and Jeremy Smith). International Journal of Forecasting, 27 (2011), 379-393. Article (PDF)
Combining forecasts - forty years later. Applied Financial Economics, 21 (2011), 33-41. Article (PDF)
Cointegration, long-run structural modelling and weak exogeneity: two models of the UK economy (with Jan P.A.M. Jacobs). Journal of Econometrics, 158 (2010), 108-116. Article (PDF)
Modeling UK inflation uncertainty, 1958-2006 (with Gianna Boero and Jeremy Smith). In Volatility and Time Series Econometrics: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Engle (T. Bollerslev, J.R. Russell and M.W. Watson, eds), pp.62-78. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Paper (PDF)
A simple explanation of the forecast combination puzzle (with Jeremy Smith). Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71 (2009), 331-355. Article (PDF)
Uncertainty and disagreement in economic prediction: the Bank of England Survey of External Forecasters (with Gianna Boero and Jeremy Smith). Economic Journal, 118 (2008), 1107-1127. Article (PDF) Also available here is the note of amendments to the dataset mentioned at the end of Section 1 of the article.
Evaluating a three-dimensional panel of point forecasts: the Bank of England Survey of External Forecasters (with Gianna Boero and Jeremy Smith). International Journal of Forecasting, 24 (2008), 354-367. Article (PDF)
Lecture notes
Forecast uncertainty, its representation and evaluation. In Econometric Forecasting and High-Frequency Data Analysis (R.S. Mariano and Y.K. Tse, eds), Volume 13 of the Lecture Notes Series of the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore, pp.1-51. Singapore: World Scientific, 2008. Typescript (PDF)
Note These lectures formed part of the program on Econometric Forecasting and High-Frequency Data Analysis at the IMS, jointly organised by the School of Economics and Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, in May 2004. They were first written up for publication in August 2004. The notes first survey the different ways in which economic forecasters measure and report uncertainty, with discussion of some of the technical issues that arise, and then survey recent research on statistical methods for the evaluation of interval and density forecasts, including methods of comparing and combining such forecasts. Subsequently some of the material formed the basis of lectures given, under the same general title, as the Sir Richard Stone Lectures in London in October 2005. Taking advantage of the publication delay, some of the additional material was updated and incorporated into the 2008 publication. There is no separate publication of the Stone lectures.


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Language as a Key Gameplay Element
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Core System
III. How It World
IV. Benefits of Language Mastery
V. Additional Systems
Using Language to Restrict Class Access or Progression
Language-Based Skills
Minor Passive Bonuses
Language Conversion for Non-Speakers
Ancient / Dead Language Inclusion
Language Development
Language Mastery Parameter Weighting
Mastery Decay from Non-Use
Each Mastered Language Increases Learning Speed
Language Immersion Learning Momentum
Real-world Language Learning Terminology and Application
I. Introduction
Languages from the different races and cultures be used to further advance character development and improvement of solo and group gameplay. Star Wars Galaxies had the beginning of a great idea with its language system, and I believe there are ways to improve the inclusion of racial or cultural / regional languages into new games to enhance gameplay as a whole.
Below I shall explain the core elements of the proposed language system and how it works, followed by a series of additional systems that can be used to further enhance the functionality or specificity of the language system. Each different language will represent the race or culture or region from which it originates, including the functional and aesthetic differences.
II. Core system
The core of the language system is that players only start with a common language and a racial / regional / cultural language, and they must slowly learn other languages in order to improve their ability to interact with native speakers or read text from those languages. When speaking and understanding another language is possible, it can change the paradigm by which the character thinks, making some tasks potentially easier or more difficult. For the scope of this document, I'll be sticking to racial languages, but other options are definitely possible to fit the lore of the game where this is used.
A team where everyone has Mousqueak language mastery will likely be better at stealth and generating less aggro when desired, while a team speaking the language of the Amphibors may have improved poison damage and leaping ability. Different languages may help groups of crafters, such as Gnome language helping with gadgets, or Dwarf language helping with brewing beer or mining or metalworking.
Using language as a gameplay element is great for everyone, from casual players that want to have something for their character to do passively in their long stretches of offline downtime, to hardcore players focused on stat-maximization, to players role-playing a "nationalist" group is only willing to recruit an off-race into their ranks by forcing them to master a language they may not yet know at all through total immersion. (I think of the earlier parts of the film "The 13th Warrior" with the last example.)
Languages could also be used to unlock things that aren't available to most players. Learning and speaking the language of non-player races can allow players the opportunity to surrender, negotiate, or even accept quests from non-player races or factions. Being able to communicate with dragons may lead to precarious alliances, or simply get a player snatched up and dropped from the clouds by a dragon who dislikes their pronunciation. Entire teams who speak the language of dragons could potentially get special bonuses to elemental damage and resistances that may not be otherwise available.
III. How it works
The player starts with two languages, a Common language so they can communicate on neutral ground with everyone else, and a Racial (or cultural, or regional) language which they can speak freely with anyone else who speaks it. Languages other than Common matter when interacting with NPCs and in a party, as NPCs may be restricted to or prefer a certain language, while a party leader can assign the language which they speak while adventuring (and change it on the fly as needed). Lacking a basic level of mastery in a language means communications in that language may be garbled or have words randomly translocated to represent the inability to understand it, and the ability to use it effectively in a party is brought to the point of penalty.
Mastery of a language has four parts: Literacy, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Synthesis.
Literacy is the ability to parse the grammar and punctuation properly, as well as recognizing all the letters and symbols used, in order to interpret the written language. This is also helpful for reading notes written with poor handwriting.
Fluency is the ability to vocalize and pronounce the words in the proper pattern and rhythm, as well as being able to keep up when a native speaker is speaking the language at a comfortable or fast pace.
Vocabulary is the understanding of the words themselves and their meanings, and the volume of words readily available when thinking or communicating.
Synthesis is the ability to put words together in a meaningful way. Technical explanation, comedy and poetry, issuing orders during combat, and potentially other things get better as synthesis improves.
Total 100% mastery of each language is built on the 25% provided by each of the four categories, and as each one is used, the character slowly develops them further. Reading more and logging off with a book will help fill in literacy and vocabulary. Fighting or working alongside another player in that language will improve fluency, vocabulary. Everything helps build synthesis, and it builds much faster when the player is actively engaged with the language (speaking or writing in that language) than passively engaged (reading a book or eavesdropping on a conversation).
Not every language may be as challenging to learn as the rest. Some languages may be easier to pick up, but the trade-off is that they don't provide the same kinds of benefits and bonuses which more difficult languages may provide. Some ancient languages may contain great power when a team with mastery in that language works together, but it could be very tough to learn as a trade-off. Likewise, an invented languages based on Common might be very easy to learn, but provide little extra benefits.
IV. Benefits of Language Mastery
As the player advances their character's language mastery, they gain more personal bonuses, as well as contributing more to party bonuses when spoken with a party. There are individual benefits which affect the individual's ability to perform certain actions, or to communicate with language-specific NPCs. There are also group bonuses, such as things related to mobility or better exploiting an enemy's weak point.
Each language also has a unique set of penalties if the player or party is below the mastery threshold of 30, which generally counteract the bonuses and add some quirky penalties like getting confused when trying to heal an ally. The penalties are there to represent the character's inability to think and work in that language, as well as the difficulty of the entire party to communicate and coordinate when people are saying the wrong words or don't understand what they were told to do.
Below is the proposed progression for how language mastery applies bonuses and penalties:
Personal Bonuses and Penalties
When a character is below 30 mastery, they suffer a personal penalty of 3% of whatever the language's designated penalty is per point below 30.
When a character is up to 30 mastery in a language, they no longer face personal penalties.
Each point from 31 to 50 provides an increase of 1% personal language bonuses, totaling 20% at 50.
Each point from 51 to 80 provides an increase of 1.5%, totaling 65% at 80.
Each point from 81 to 100 provides an increase of 1.75%, totaling 100% at 100.
Party Bonuses and Penalties
When the average language mastery for a party is below 30, everyone in the party suffers a 0.33% group language penalty per point below 30.
When the average language mastery for a party is above 30, the party no longer suffers no group penalties.
Group mastery bonus progression follows the same value ranges as personal language bonuses. (+1% per point 31-50, +1.5% per point 51-80, +1.75% per point 81-100)
What bonuses are actually available, and the impact of those bonuses, varies from language to language based on the culture from which it originates. Without knowledge of the scale of attributes, variety of skills, and types of bonuses and penalties which the game could have, I can't really give much in the way of suggestions here.
One example I've thought of is a 10% increase to a certain industrial skill for having a language maximized. Surveying, mining, refining ore, scavenging materials in an area, scavenging materials from pieces of equipment, skinning animals, harvesting lumber or herbs, farming, cooking, brewing, metalworking, woodworking for weapons or for furniture, weaponsmithing for a certain style of weapon, armorsmithing for a certain type of armor, improvised crafting with salvaged parts, musical instrument crafting, bricklaying and masonry, architecture, and potentially many other things could be enhanced by knowing the language of the culture who is best at it.
The explanation is that understanding the language and its culture allows the character to think in the way of that culture and use instructions written in that language to improve understanding. Whether it is the way the language is spoken, the meanings of certain words or phrases, or the ability to describe something to a level of detail and specificity that other languages cannot, mastery in a language would provide improved communication and thinking that improves the quality of a specific task or role.
V. Additional Systems
Now that I've gone through the details of the core system, there are a series of robust options designed to further improve gameplay and immersion. These additional systems can be utilized to add any additional features or components that weren't included in the core system. The systems are organized into two categories, learning-related and gameplay-related. Gameplay-related systems are ways where language can be tied to things like skills, attributes, and group abilities. Learning-related systems involve different ways which the characters can learn different languages, or ways that learning languages will help with learning other languages.
Gameplay-Related Additional Systems
1) Additional System – Using Language to Restrict Class Access or Progression
Every race can potentially grow into every class in the game, though each individual character is not necessarily going to be able to access every single class. Some races may be more adept than others for certain classes, to the point where not speaking the language of one of these races can keep the character out of certain abilities or advancement, or even from learning the class altogether.
For example, every race may not have a Defender class as a starting option. Races who may start as a Defender can easily unlock the class through gameplay, when compared to the challenge presented to characters of other races. The player must start getting their character's language skills up in one of the languages of a race that accesses the class by default, and get that language to a proficient level of mastery, before they can either learn or be taught how to perform effectively as that class.
This could go even deeper, providing different versions of common class skills based on which language the character knows. For example, a Dwarf Defender who has learned Ogre language may be able to do the Ogre's style of shield bash attack instead of the classic Dwarf style shield bash. The Ogre could potentially be more of a slashing strike that uses the edge of the shield, while the Dwarf version could be more focused on knocking an enemy off-balance so a clean hit can be scored as a follow-up. A Mousqueak who learns Dwarf and Ogre languages would have access to both versions of the shield bash.
2) Additional System – Language-Based Skills
Some skills or abilities, or modifiers for those skills or abilities, could be made available when a certain language has reached full mastery. These may be skills or abilities that can only be effectively explained in a certain language, such as understanding Amphibor to know how they prepare their styles of food so that everyone can enjoy it. This could also be a way to enhance abilities that the player has already learned, such as increasing the ferocity of a roar-based radial debuff with an understanding of Dwarf pronunciation, or improving the range using Ogre war screams.
This opens the door for some natural racial skills and abilities to be available to other races, like their crafting style and culinary knowledge, or group abilities like Orc battle chants or Dwarf mining songs. There could still be some penalties to effectiveness for using language abilities of a different race, but these penalties would be mitigated in a group where everyone has that language mastered and has the skill or ability unlocked.
Having skills that cannot be fully utilized or accessed without certain languages being learned puts an emphasis on players to spend time learning new languages. This could add an extra layer of depth to the game, giving players another thing to do as they continue their questing. This would also promote role-playing and non-RP gameplay between characters of a similar race, as the racial language mastery will allow them to work well together.
3) Additional System – Minor Passive Bonuses
As the player learns and understands a language better, some aspects of the logic and culture and best practices become ingrained in the character's mind. Whether or not they must be speaking the language to get active bonuses, the character could be granted small passive bonuses for each and every language they have mastered.
Each language would have very small attribute boosts for different levels of mastery. Basic stat attributes, additional damage or defenses against certain types of creatures, innate negotiation bonuses with NPC who are not player-directed, and potentially other features. These features may be amplified when a group is actively speaking the language, or these could be separate from active language usage in a group or as an individual.
This would further encourage players to learn other languages, since it would provide minimal bonuses in a lot of different places, which would add up to a small increase in overall performance and ability for the character. Think of the DCUO weapon skill system, where players invest time and effort in mastering weapons they don't use in order to get access to raw attribute increases.
4) Additional System – Language Conversion for Non-Speakers
When a language is spoken (typed) in-game and players who don't understand it are nearby, the language will be mashed up and garbled in a way that makes it seem like it was legitimately spoken in that tongue. This does not have to be a very complex system, though it could be pushed very far to preserve the feeling of authenticity when exposed to a different language.
A simpler system would be merely swapping letters. A, E, I, O, U, and Y could be mixed up to keep vowels in the same positions, while replacing consonants for other consonants, and italicizing everything that is not translated. Letter replacements should be consistent with the language, so the same sentence will look the same way if spoken twice consecutively to someone lacking language mastery. As the player learns the language more, some letters in some words will be in their proper positions and without italics. The downside of this system is that experienced players will potentially be able to decipher something that their character doesn't understand after seeing a language enough times (possibly on other characters).
A more advanced system would be to take groups of letters in a word and replace them with a group of two to five letters that fit the style of the language being spoken. For example, the word "Attack" in Wood Elf could translate as "Leyanani," where "att" would be replaced with "leyan," and "ack" would be replaced with "ani." Likewise, Ogre might reduce "Attack" to "Uhx," replacing "at" for "u," "ta" for "h," and "ck" for "x." This system would allow for more of the diversity of languages to come out, as the letter group replacements would only contain letters that make sense for the language being spoken. This would be far less predictable than the letter swapping system above, since common words or phrases would look distinctly different in every language. As with the letter swapping system, untranslated text would be italicized, but it would make more sense if entire words are translated at a time rather than a few letters out of each word.
A very complex system would involve interpreting language or detecting and translocating certain words in a sentence, to represent languages having different grammar and parsing than other languages. After applying either letter replacement or letter group replacement, changing the positions of prepositions, adjectives, and adverbs based on their context can make it seem like an entirely different language. If possible, proper nouns and names would be detected and spoken in the Common language since the pronunciation of someone's name wouldn't really change much because of differences in language.
The next level of complexity beyond that is actually bringing linguistics scholars on the dev team and inventing languages for every race. For words that can't be translated because they don't exist in the language, one of the above systems could be used to obfuscate whatever is being said.
One further method that could be utilized is creating a different set of letters for each language, and characters who do not know the language will see and read the language in that language's letters / font characters. Levels of mastery will reduce the placement of language letters and show the translated text in the player's designated real-world language.
5) Additional System – Ancient / Dead Language Inclusion
Usually the game world wasn't created a day before the game begins. There are generations of history, civilizations have risen to power and faded into the sands of time, and we begin with a rich history behind us in any lore-heavy game. The remnants of those languages linger in the ruins and underdepths, and are there for players to discover and decipher.
Tomes or tablets from ancient civilizations may show up all across the world, in anything from an Orc treasure cache to the hoard of a dragon attempting to learn one such language. The occasional ancient malevolent spirit of a bygone age may be cursing the characters for their intrusion on sacred ground, meanwhile players are taking in the opportunity to attempt to link a spoken language to the written words revealed by ancient tomes and tablets so they can better understand it in their path to mastery.
Learning a dead or ancient language should be no easy goal to complete, but largely rewarding for anyone who can take the time or collect the resources to complete the task. Unique bonuses provided by these languages, as well as personal opportunities which may become available through NPCs with this language, are the reward for completing this difficult task. Opportunities to interact with certain types of NPCs may only manifest when an ancient language is spoken by that character. The player can choose to train other player's characters in that language (possibly charging a hefty fee for training) or whether they will keep it for themselves as a secret.
6) Additional System – Language Development
Languages don't have to be finite in number, and could actually be something players can create and maintain as a part of gameplay. There are many reasons why an invented language could be useful, both for the players and for the game as a whole.
Even knowing every language in the game, a group of players will not necessarily have everything they want from those languages, and seek to form a new language which empowers them for their particular purpose. Perhaps there is no language that talks deeply and precisely of the methods of slaying animate trees and plants, and the players seek to create a language that will aid them in the quest to purge the forests of malevolent plant creatures. The spoken and written language would be designed to allow all kinds of thinking and activities, but would be focused on the structure of phrases and wording related to their specific task. Bonuses to fighting plant creatures, bonuses to harvesting resources and crafting goods from slain plant creatures, and bonuses to detecting plant creatures from further away, could all be features of the new language.
Beyond the benefit of this new language, the players who develop it would be recognized as the creators. They would have exclusive control over the language, choosing individually who they teach it to, whether they will charge for training or sell translation or learning books, and would allow role-players to exclude another player from their typed conversations. NPCs hired to the town owned by those players could be taught the language and be instructed to speak it exclusively, in order to ward off non-speakers and set a tone of exclusivity for the town.
Finally, in the name of emergent gameplay, the ability to create new languages would allow for a very unique form of diversity across every server, as each language formed by players would only exist on that server. The terms of a server transfer may include locking out languages from other servers, unless the player returns to that server with another transfer, or that server is merged with the server which the player is on. This restriction might not apply to language inventors who transfer servers, which may give some players the impetus to transfer servers and spread their language around.
Language-Related Additional Systems
7) Additional System – Language Mastery Parameter Weighting
Not all languages are created with an even emphasis on literacy, fluency, vocabulary, and synthesis. Each aspect of language mastery is balanced differently for each language, to represent the characteristics and nuance of that language and the culture it comes from. The score of 100% mastery is broken down into four uneven portions, representing the emphasis on having more or less literacy, fluency, vocabulary, or synthesis to fully understand that language. A character-based language (ex. Chinese) would have a large vocabulary and literacy requirement, possibly causing fluency to be less emphasized in learning the language, or less synthesis to be needed to communicate complex ideas.
This impacts the ways in which players must approach learning each language. Some languages may be easier to learn with language-to-language translation books, vocabulary-building dictionaries, or even books on etiquette and mannerisms. Others may not be as easy to learn from books, but
For example, Ogre might be based on a series of complex grunts, snorts, and stomps, so the literacy and vocabulary requirements might be on the low side, but fluency and synthesis may be weighted more heavily. A book on etiquette and mannerisms may all that is offered for Ogre language scholars, to understand the history of why a left foot stomp and two snorts is a grave insult but a right foot stomp and two snorts is a compliment. Ogre might also be far easier to learn than other languages.
Likewise, Elf might be a very wordy language that is read and spoken in a very simple way. In that case, it would have high vocabulary while being weighted lower for synthesis, and books about vocabulary and use of different words to be expressive or brief may aid faster learning. It may also be easier to utilize language-to-language translation books.
8) Additional System – Mastery Decay from Non-Use
As other languages are learned and used, one language can start to experience mastery decay. It can never drop below a certain threshold below where it has been mastered, but the margin of decay is larger for players with a lower level of mastery in a language. Recovering mastery lost to decay goes at an increased rate compared to learning it the first time. Even being near a conversation in a language can help stave off decay or restore decayed mastery.
Below are examples of ranges for mastery decay:
Languages in which the character has not exceeded 50 mastery have a decay margin of 30 points. Re-learning a language is always much faster than the first time learning it, so getting back to 50 mastery from the maximum decay of 20 is not a terrible feat to accomplish.
Languages that have exceeded 50 mastery, but not 80 mastery, have a decay margin of 20. Even if the language mastery score only reaches 51 before decay sets in, the lowest it will decline from there is 31. The language is familiar at this point, but not known as well as a native speaker of that language.
Languages that have exceeded 80 mastery, but have not reached 100 mastery, will only suffer a decay of 10 at the most. This language is comfortable to the character, but there are still things which they might not understand or be able to effectively communicate.
Languages that have reached 100 mastery are only able to decay by 5 points at most. This language is second-nature to the character, but they may misspeak or forget an archaic word a few times if they have spent a long time in other languages.
9) Additional System – Each Mastered Language Increases Learning Speed
For each language that a character gets up to 100 mastery, aside from the default languages, will provide a benefit that adds an extra +1% to language learning speed. For the first few languages, the increase will be very minimal and difficult to notice, but accumulating knowledge of more languages will start to increase the pace of learning. It encourages players to get languages all the way to 100% when they can, rather than jumping around and getting a little bit here and there. It also helps reduce the difficulty of learning challenging or scarcely-used languages as the player discovers them.
This can be augmented by grouping languages into families. Languages that are similar in roots and origin are going to be easier to learn for someone who knows one of those languages, but someone with no exposure to those languages will have a tougher time. Races and cultures who share similar roots may have a lot of words and phrases in common, so the increased rate of learning for those languages may be higher while providing little to no benefit to learning languages that are not associated.
An alternate way for this system to work is for each language in a family to add a passive increase to other languages in that family. With some words and pronunciations in common, knowing one language in full will give a scant amount of understanding of a different language. A Wood Elf might have 5% mastery of Dark Elf language by default, for example. This could even be combined with the increased learning rate, making it easier to learn each new language in that language family.
10) Additional System – Language Immersion Learning Momentum
The longer a character spends with a language without having exposure to other languages, the more they are fully immersed in that language. While the penalties will not be negated in any way, being exposed to only one language at once can potentially increase the rate of learning that language by a high degree. For every hour the player is exposed to one language exclusively, they gain a compounding "momentum" bonus to the rate of language learning (somewhere in the range of +5% to +10% per hour) which helps to facilitate rapid learning of new languages for very dedicated players.
This is something a group of players must do by choice. Since every player will already have mastery of the Common language, it would require a group to all agree to speak one language, and never respond in the common language unless they want to risk negating the hour's bonus or even reducing the immersion bonus set from previous hours of work. The bonus for restricting players in this way is to provide accelerated learning for their allies.
11) Additional System – Real-world Language Learning Terminology and Application
The choice to use Literacy, Fluency, Vocabulary, and Synthesis, is done because those are simple terms which are easy for players to understand. In the science behind the study of how languages are learned, there are a few recognized elements that are considered the fundamental aspects of how languages are learned. Instead of these, language learning could be broken up into categories based on real-world research and understanding of the subject.
It would be possible to rework everything above to accommodate the change from the simpler parts of language which mastery is built on, in order to replace it with terminology that reflects real-world understanding of how language is actually learned.
The first link describes language as being made up of 4 parts: Phonology, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Syntax. Phonology is the character's ability to interpret sounds as communicable speech, and Semantics is the character's ability to recognize the meaning of what is being vocalized in a language. Pragmatics is how these sounds are being used. All three of these are important in speech and conversation, but not necessary for reading. Syntax is the placement and context of words being used in a sentence, and this is important to reading. While this applies to speech, the content in this link does not address the written language and how that may be understood, and doesn't provide any insight into how overall mastery of a language involves the written word.
The second link has the same four characteristics, as well as including Phonetics and Morphology to the discussion. Morphology addresses how the word is constructed, which would be more important for reading the written language. Phonetics is understanding how the sounds are actually produced, which is different from Phonology. Using the second link as a guide, the divisions of mastery described in the core document could be changed as follows (or something similar):
Vocabulary → Pragmatics
Synthesis → Syntax
Fluency → Phonetics
Literacy → Morphology


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Slumber Party night at our house means pulling Mama + Daddy's bed out of the back bedroom and out onto the living room floor. It also means lots of jumping on the bed in your superhero cape and lots of giggles.
We are a jump-on-the-bed kind of family. We are also a throw-the-couch-cushions-all-over-the-floor sort of family. We like it that way.
Our family slumber party night was great. Jumping on the bed, giggles for an hour, leftover peppermint stick ice cream, Ice Age with the kids, hours of family cuddles, and Star Wars for Mama + Daddy.
Another Bucket List adventure on the books. Boom, baby.
And MAJOR yeses to monkeys jumping on the bed.


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We have having such amazing weather lately (I LOVE autumn... my favourite time of year!) so I thought today I'd share a couple of outdoor Maths games that I like to play with my class.
Hopscotch is always a great one for numeral recognition, and is one that kids love. I find it works really well for skip counting too...we label the squares 2, 4, 6, 8 etc (you could use any multiple). A nice, fun and easy way to reinforce how to skip count.
Bean bag toss is another favourite. To play, I simply grab some hoops (or draw circles on the ground with chalk) and write a number in each one. This game is so easy to differentiate, so it's really handy to use when you've got a wide range of abilities in the class. For addition, I give the kids two (or three) bean bags which they throw into the hoops. they then add the numbers together and record the total. To appeal to the little competitors in my class, I get the kids to write the number 2-10on a sheet of paper (you could use any combo that you like) and tell them that the winner is the first person to have all of the numbers crossed off the sheet. For this, I usually get them to work in pairs or threes - they each take it in turns throwing the two bean bags, adding the total and crossing it off their list.
Lastly, and oldie but a goodie.. 'What's the Time Mr Wolf?'. No doubt you've all played this one... here's how we play it...
One student (Mr Wolf) stands at the end of the courtyard/grass area (wherever you're playing it!) with their back to the class. the class calls out 'What's the time Mr Wolf?', and Mr Wolf answers with a time (ie. 5 o'clock) then the class takes that number of steps (I always get them to count aloud to practice sequencing). this continues until someone reaches Mr Wolf and tags him, OR until Mr Wolf calls out 'Dinnertime!', when he turns around and tries to tag another students before they run back to the starting point. We also play it saying 'one more than.... o'clock' or 'one hour before ... o'clock' (its a good idea to have the teacher or older 'buddy' students as Mr Wolf for these ones!). Another way to play it is to get the kids to skip count their steps out loud (ie. 7 o'clock would be...2, 4, 6, 7).
Which outdoor games do your kids enjoy?


text: Business A microscope is used for examining various elements found in the environment. Before examining all of these specimens you need to be equipped with advanced microscopic stage for high end clarity. A microscope stage is the platform on which the specimen is kept for examination. Various types of stages are available which cater the requirements of school, colleges and professional laboratories. Internet is the best source through which you can buy these stages. Different angle capability is given when using high end stages. This gives the user cutting edge clarity to examine the specimen. Markings are provided that offer guidelines before examining the specimen. Images delivered through high end stages are simply outstanding; clarity is simply superb and phenomenal. Basic or Stock Microscope Stage A basic stage is one of the cheapest one to find and buy. It is already fixed to the device and has basic clarity support. Manual handling is required to adjust the stage according to requirements. You really need to stress your eyes in the view finder to look at the specimen closely. Circular Microscope Stage A circular stage is quite different and advanced from a basic stage. It has top end options like visibility and extra installation of accessories. Clarity delivered is different and crisp .pared to a basic one. Adjustable hooks are provided which help in wide angle visibility of the specimen. Dedicated Microscope Stage It is one of the advanced stages present in the body of the microscope. It is used by special type of researchers who need to conduct .plex examination of specimens. It has trendy options which help to increase the clarity of images. Such type of equipment is required to take measurement, examination and high quality observations of specimens. It is also involved with .plex understanding; the use is professional and requires specific experience. At times there are special trainings given on how to use this type of microscope stage. One of the drawbacks of this stage is that it requires regular maintenance, even if there is any kind of debris there are chances the lens can be damaged. Such tools are mostly used in air conditioned rooms with external vents and cooling systems. A microscope stage defines the type of equipment it is used for examining a specimen. Inter. is the preferred market for purchasing such type of microscope stage for day to day use. Inter. websites are present which give correct specifications of such equipment. About the Author: 相关的主题文章:


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Julie Jantz retires
October 5, 2017
The Odessa Community Ministerial Association wants to recognize Julie Jantz for her selfless efforts as the former director of the Odessa Food Bank. For 10 years, she helped hundreds of families meet their monthly grocery needs. She facilitated the ordering, delivery and organizing of items, as well as scheduling and other duties associated with the Food Bank. She served faithfully as a volunteer director, giving of her time and dedication in an effort to assist the people of Odessa.
This past winter, the transition to a new director, Merleen Smith, was completed. The Odessa Food Bank exists to serve residents of Odessa and the surrounding area by providing assistance with grocery items. Everything supplied by the Food Bank has been received by donation or obtained with donated funds. The Odessa Food Bank is generally open the third Thursday of every month and is housed in the Odessa Foursquare Church at 111 E. First Ave.