text:
"I think it's totally illegitimate to take kids' data without parental consent," said Leonie Haimson, a parent activist and executive director of Class Size Matters, a nonprofit organization that wants smaller classes in New York City's public schools and the nation as a whole. "If these exact same records were in a doctor's office or hospital, it would be illegal to collect them without parental consent," she told InformationWeek in a phone interview.
Haimson has taken special aim at inBloom, a nonprofit startup funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York that seeks to be a vendor-neutral data service to collect student data gathered in many different software systems and services.
Haimson and others worry inBloom and other efforts using student data -- such as the Ed-Fi Alliance, the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation-funded education data integration initiative -- may ultimately feed sensitive, personally identifiable information to for-profit companies. They also worry about accidental release of the data through, for example, hacking.
For its part, inBloom states in its FAQ that the company "has no ownership of student records." It continues: "Neither inBloom nor any other participating agency or vendor may sell or share confidential student data" unless "authorized by a state or district with legal authority over those student records."
[ For another take on student data issues, read Hope Battles Fear Over Student Data Integration. ]
Vendors of data collection, analysis and sharing platforms in education routinely say they are sensitive to privacy concerns. Personally identifiable information (PII) is programmatically anonymized for this very reason, they say.
But the critics aren't convinced.
"You can always put it back together, nothing is really ever anonymized," said Sheila Kaplan, who has been monitoring regulations around student directory information for years. Kaplan's website, Educationnewyork.com has become a clearinghouse for news and information about the topic.
Suspicions also involve the specific types of data being collected.
For example, Haimson wonders why inBloom needs to collect so much "incredibly individualized data," including a student's address, disciplinary history and special-needs status.
In April, InformationWeek asked inBloom about reports that its data set would include social security numbers. An inBloom spokesperson responded:
inBloom discourages districts and states from storing social security numbers in our data service; instead we agree with the industry-wide best practice many school districts and states have of assigning a unique student ID number that is separate from the student's social security number. That said, it's ultimately up to each school district or state to decide whether or not they track and store student social security numbers.
"That's a cop-out," Joel R. Reidenberg, a law professor and founding academic director of the Fordham Center on Law and Information Policy at Fordham University School of Law, told InformationWeek in a phone interview. "InBloom includes [the social security number] as a data field, and if they didn't include it, schools would have to use something else. The choice of data fields is a policy decision."
Separately, inBloom has said its data privacy and security protections exceed Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) requirements. FERPA is a decades-old federal law that protects the privacy of student education records and provides parents certain rights to their children's education records.
But FERPA itself has been the target of privacy activists.


text:
- Feb 26:
- Controversial 50-year U.S. 36 operating agreement between CDOT and Plenary a done deal
- Feb 19:
- Protesters tossed from U.S. 36 contract hearing before panel OKs pact
- Feb 17:
- Strange political alliances form in U.S. 36 contract debacle
- Lawsuit, protest planned this week against 50-year U.S. 36 management deal
- Feb 14:
- CDOT releases 600-page U.S. 36 management contract for public review
- Feb 13:
- CDOT beaten up in Round 2 of U.S. 36 public meetings
- CDOT director says U.S. 36 contract with Plenary will close within two weeks
- Feb 10:
- Contentious public-private U.S. 36 deal to get public airing this week
If You Go
What: Meetings on proposed 50-year agreement between CDOT and Plenary Roads Denver on maintenance and operation of U.S. 36
When: 6:30 p.m. Thursday
Where: Louisville Recreation Center Crown Room, 900 W. Via Appia
WESTMINSTER — Colorado Department of Transportation officials took a verbal beating Wednesday night from a crowd of hundreds who blasted the agency for partnering with a private firm to maintain and operate U.S. 36 between Boulder and Denver for the next 50 years.
Many of those speaking out said CDOT effectively signed a "secret" deal last year with Plenary Roads Denver, a multinational six-company consortium, that allows the firm to collect revenues from toll lanes being built in both directions of the highway in exchange for operating the road and providing ice and snow removal services on U.S. 36 and parts of Interstate 25 until 2063.
The U.S. 36 Managed Lanes project, a $425 million endeavor that will add a toll/transit/high-occupancy vehicle lane in each direction of the highway, has been under construction since the summer of 2012.
Many who showed up at Wednesday's meeting at City Park Recreation Center in Westminster claimed the deal with Plenary amounts to privatization of the Boulder Turnpike without the consent of the taxpayers who use it. Many others were incensed that they were only hearing about the deal days before it's due to be finalized.
"But you've already signed this," protested Jim Hoffmeister, of Boulder. "This meeting should have been held 18 months ago."
CDOT has only released a summary version of the contract with Plenary, prompting many in the crowd to demand that the full 600-page legal document be made public before it is finalized. Others urged CDOT to jettison the contract altogether.
"We obviously don't want this — that's what this is all about," yelled one man, as the meeting devolved into periodic bouts of jeering and heckling.
Mike Skirpan, of Boulder, said the length of the contract is "an insane amount of time" that essentially locks the state into a contract with Plenary that leaves little flexibility for it to incorporate future transportation technologies into the highway or deal with unforeseen circumstances.
"I'd like to not see something given up until I'm almost 80," Skirpan said.
Others reserved their anger at the plan to increase the threshold for high-occupancy — and thus toll-free vehicles — from one passenger to two.
CDOT is hosting a second meeting on the topic at 6:30 p.m. Thursday at the Louisville Recreation Center.
Deal accelerates U.S. 36 improvements
CDOT spokeswoman Amy Ford defended the deal with Plenary as a good deal for Colorado. She said with her agency's declining budget — it was at $1.2 billion for this fiscal year, down from $1.5 billion in 2007 — CDOT has to be creative in how it approaches the construction of road projects.
Public-private partnerships is one way to get the private sector to put up money for a project and assume the risk if toll revenues come up short, she said.
"What is the best deal for Colorado and what is the right approach to deliver a project?" Ford said. "(This partnership) allowed us to accelerate this project by 20 years."
Without congestion relief in the form of the added lanes to handle bus rapid transit, high-occupancy vehicles and motorists willing to pay a toll to save time, Ford said traffic volumes on U.S. 36 over the next couple of decades would become unbearable.
Mike Cheroutes, director of CDOT's High-Performance Transportation Enterprise, said the arrangement with Plenary amounts to a "lease" of the project to the firm, not a giveaway. He said excess toll revenues won't go into Plenary's pockets but will be redirected to future road improvements in the northwest corridor.
"We're not giving away the revenue for 50 years — there's a share agreement for 50 years," he said.
And he said if circumstances change that require changes to the contract, adjustments can be made.
"Contracts can always be amended," Cheroutes said.
Ford said that because the contract with Plenary — which is part of the multinational Plenary Group — contains proprietary financial information, it can't be publicized until it is finalized.
'Tough questions' to come from lawmakers
That didn't sit well with Travis Smith, of Denver, who said taxpayers shouldn't take CDOT at its word that all is well with the contract.
"I've been in business for 20 years as a CEO, and I never sign anything without reading the entire contract," he said to robust applause.
State Rep. Tracy Kraft-Tharp, who represents parts of Westminster and Arvada, said after the meeting that she is frustrated that CDOT has not responded to a request late last month from 14 state lawmakers to have 60 days to review the contract.
Kraft-Tharp will be part of the House and Senate joint transportation committee scheduled to meet with CDOT officials Thursday morning to discuss the contract.
"Tomorrow is our opportunity to ask them tough questions," she said. "What we can do is put pressure on them that we want transparency and public scrutiny."
Contact Camera Staff Writer John Aguilar at 303-473-1389 or firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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"I wanted to play at home with this team," Lowery said. BUY XANAX OVER THE COUNTER, Lowery passed up the usual exempt tournaments over Thanksgiving weekend. The Salukis play in the Las Vegas Holiday Hoops Classic Dec. 19-20.
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Iowa's last two leading scorers — Freeman and Jake Kelly — transferred into the Valley. Freeman was a preseason all-conference pick, while Kelly, who is at Indiana State, was an honorable mention choice.
That prompted someone in the hallway outside the press conference rooms to say, "Is Coach Lickliter coming here today?".
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affaction needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
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We are a high school alumni web site targeting each high school in the United States. We need a logo that symbolizes the high school years.
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The letters A.H.S in a diagonal with a letterman font. Like something you would see on a letterman jack or embroidered hat/shirt for that high school. Since we can't target an individual high school like Jackson High School - J.H.S, we would like to use our acronym - A.H.S.
The images of people in the header will most likely be removed, so don't design towards them.
This is wide open at this point, nothing too bright though. We will most likely take the colors and integrate them into the site if we like it.
Use AllHighSchools.com as a reference for any other ideas.
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Must have AllHighSchools.com in the image or A.H.S.
Logo should be designed with a white or transparent background.
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Ideal size of logo sized-down would be 300x75.
Logo should have a cutting-edge, web 2.0ish style.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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Adele Plans to Take Five Years Off to Focus on Relationship
In her chat with '60 Minutes,' music's favorite diva Adele gushed that she is madly in love with her new beau Simon Konecki and nothing, not even scooping up two armfuls of Grammys (going six-for-six in a sweep), can get in the way of Adele's romantic happiness moving forward. Even if that means giving fans the silent treatment for several years. Adele? Going silent? Again? Say it ain't so!
In her interview with Vogue for the March 2012 cover story, Adele dropped a bombshell that matches the va-va-voom nature of the photos. She is planning to take five years off in order to focus on her relationship and her happiness outside of her career.
Whoa! Adele, don't deprive us of that lovely voice again. Didn't your management tell you to strike while the iron is hot? We're guessing they did — but then again, you're not like every other pop star and you probably can take a half-decade off and be just as beloved since you rely on those pipes and not an image.
"I am f—ing off for four or five years," Adele told the fashion bible. "If I am constantly working, my relationships fail. So at least now I can have enough time to write a happy record. And be in love and be happy."
No one needs to remind Adele that the failure of what she dubbed a "rubbish relationship" in her Grammy acceptance speech was the source material for her best-selling-album-since-2004 smash '21.' We don't know what a happy Adele is like on record, but we're of course interested in it.
So what the hell will Adele do while taking five years off? She suggested, "Get married. Have some kids. Plant a nice vegetable patch." Anyone else out there think Adele is being sarcastic, in the typical dry British humor way?
Adele also addressed the nature of her relationships and her personality in the feature, saying,
"I am not bipolar, but I go from, 'Oh, my God, I love you' to, 'Get the f— out of my house!' really quickly," she said. "And I never sit there and talk about it. I give them the silent treatment." Note to self: Don't piss off Adele.
Is there anything we can do to convince Adele not to give fans the silent treatment?


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Students Involved with Technology Conference 2017: Level Up!
The Students Involved with Technology Conference is an annual conference for 3rd through 12th grade students, occurring at several sites throughout Illinois. It originated in Bloomington-Normal and has since expanded. So what makes the SIT Conference stand out? It is also completely presented by 3rd-12th grade students. While adult volunteers from local schools and the community help the day run smoothly, all presentations are prepared and presented by the students!


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Jeremy Shockey Saves Carolina Panthers Teammate's Life
Even though the NFL regular season hasn't started yet, Jeremy Shockey has already proven himself an invaluable off-season free agent signing for the Carolina Pathers.
According to the agent for Shockey's new teammate and fellow tight end Ben Harstock, Shockey saved Harstock's life after a chunk of pork tenderloin became lodged in Hartsock's throat during lunch in the Panthers' team facility.
"(Hartsock) started to go to the bathroom and I don't know if he collapsed, but he couldn't breathe," agent Mike McCartney told the National Football Post. "Some new guy came and tried to give him the Heimlich. It didn't work. Then, Shockey hit him in the back pretty hard and out came the meat. The Panthers told me it was really scary.
"Ben told me Shockey came over and gave me the Heimlich maneuver and saved my life. He was in good spirits and he's real thankful for Shockey."


text: Hi Folks, I set up Ubuntu 10.04 LTS on an EC2 Server Instance. I can't send mail from Thunderbird, it's retrieves it, just can't send any. I was successful otherwise, the squirrelmail web client works fine, so debugging is focused on how to get in authenticated. I followed the ISPConfig 3 on Lucid tutorial. Any ideas would be appreciated, -Jon


text:
|Send News. Want a reply? Read this. More in the FAQ. News Forum - All Forums - Mobile - PDA - RSS Headlines Twitter
The Brad Wardell interview on PCWorld grabs a burger with the President and CEO of Stardock, discussing games and GameStop's recent acquisition of Impulse. He explains that while Impulse was very successful last year, nearly tripling its revenue and showing a gross profit margin between 20 and 30 percent, the service would require ever-more resources to keep up with the competition. He also implies that Impulse is superior to Steam technologically: "If Impulse isn't best of breed technology, then what is, Steam?" says Wardell. "Steam is the most popular, to be sure, but technologically? Let me put it this way. The technology difference between Impulse and Steam is such that any objective developer who looked at the two would overwhelmingly...let's just say the gulf is significant enough that it's not really a 'depends on your point of view' thing." He concludes his assessment of the situation with his subjective view that GameStop is the favorite to win its battle with Steam: "I don't want there to be only one," says Wardell. "But frankly I'd be surprised if Steam is still... I mean, you look at the technology Impulse adds and the resources GameStop has--well beyond Valve's--and it's really GameStop's fight to lose."
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the Dead Milkmen's riffs are totally underrated. Some of their licks are totally unlike anything recorded by anyone else, and Joe Jack Talcum is one of the most underrecognized guitarists of his generation. listen to "Blood Orgy of the Atomic Fern", "Ringo Buys a Rifle", "Stuart," "I Against Osbourne," "Smoking Banana Peels," or "City of Mud." They sound nothing like the work of any other guitarist I can think of. Easy to overlook because of their funny lyrics, but this was an innovative band in many ways. Dave Blood was a damn good bassist too.
― Pantheism F. Mohair (res), Tuesday, 27 January 2009 01:40 (ten years ago) Permalink
I love how he sneeringly says "dey-peshy MODE" as well.
He says Depeche Comode, actually.
― Pantheism F. Mohair (res), Tuesday, 27 January 2009 01:41 (ten years ago) Permalink
Results 1 - 10 of about 6,470 for depeche commode. (0.07 seconds)
― Cooking From A Stovetop (electricsound), Tuesday, 27 January 2009 01:48 (ten years ago) Permalink
Alex in NYC otm re: Metaphysical Graffitti
― some dude, Tuesday, 27 January 2009 01:58 (ten years ago) Permalink
Gary and Melissa also got to me. That one is also killer.
I will say those bands from the late 80s into the 90s had a particular kind of comedic flare when you also include They Might Be Giants, Mojo Nixon, and The Butthole Surfers (who were not always funny, but god some of their music and lyrics are pretty funny).
― earlnash, Tuesday, 27 January 2009 02:19 (ten years ago) Permalink
I was at Sophie's Bar on Fifth StreetThis woman was trying to impress me or somethingShe told me she had done it all sexuallyShe had heard it allShe had seen it allAnd she had done it all sexuallyShe said she was jadedSo I asked her if she hadever been double fucked bytwo black studsAnd she didn't tell meShe just got up and leftSo I figured she probably hadn't
― President Keyes, Tuesday, 27 January 2009 02:20 (ten years ago) Permalink
Your father fucked your mother.
At least once, your father and your mother were in bed, and your father got a hard-on, and he stuck it inside your mother and they fucked. Sometimes maybe your father fucked your mother in the ass, and maybe on the night that you were conceived maybe they did that, before or after, or maybe they didn't, maybe your father never fucked your mother's ass, but on the night that you were conceived, one thing is certain: your father fucked your mother in her cunt.
Maybe your mother sucked your father's dick first, and maybe your father ate your mother's pussy. Maybe your father sucked your mother's clit while sticking a finger or two up your mother's slit until she got really wet. Maybe he got his whole hand up there. If you have older brothers or sisters, then your father probably could have gotten his whole hand up there. If not, then maybe not. But at some point, your mother was wet and loose enough to accommodate your father, and they fucked.
Maybe they did it doggy-style. Maybe your mother got on top of your father. Maybe your parents liked to talk dirty to each other when they were fucking.
Maybe your mother screamed, "Oh daddy. Oh daddy. Fuck me, daddy, fuck me, fuck me, fuck me," and then maybe your daddy shouted, "Here it comes! Here it comes! Get ready, bitch, here I come," and then maybe your mother said, "Come in me, come in me, come in me! Oh yeah, baby, fuck your mommy, fuck your momma's sweet pussy, oh yeah, daddy, oh yeah, oh yeah, oh yeah."
Or maybe they were very quiet.
But at any rate, eventually your father came and his sperm shot out of his dick and it went up your mother's cunt and it fertilized her egg and that was you. That was you in your mother's womb, growing like a virus for nine months, making your mother fatter and fatter, making her sick, making her vomit, making her hate your father for doing this to her, making her hate you, this thing inside of her, like a virus, growing and sucking, like a leech attached to her, sucking her blood, drinking her like a vampire fetus, growing and sucking and growing and sucking until one day you want out, and you burst through the snotty membrane and you pop out of your mother's cunt all covered with blood, and a bloody umbilical cord still attaches you to the inside of your mother somewhere 'til someone snips it off and you are severed. You are a separate being.
This is the miracle of childbirth. To some, it is proof that there is a God.
Now after you were born, maybe you sucked milk out of your mother's tit. Maybe your father wiped the shit off your shitty ass. I don't know. You'll have to ask them. But that is basically the way people are born. In a nutshell, that is it. Unless you were a test tube baby, which you weren't, so just face it: your father fucked your mother, and the next time you're fucking somebody, just try to keep that in mind.
― Mr. Snrub, Tuesday, 27 January 2009 03:13 (ten years ago) Permalink
I never did have that Nelson Reilly orgy I planned lo those many years ago.
― EZ Snappin, Wednesday, 3 November 2010 00:35 (eight years ago) Permalink
John S. Hall was the first famous person I ever encountered on the internet, as he was very active on the King Missile forum on AOL back in the day. I really like their Dog Fly Religion years.
Cherry on the top like a nuclear warheadNuclear bomb gonna lick the triggerI had a dog fly religion Neutron on a chocolate sundaeLook mom, fallout is stuck between my teethAtomic toothpick picks the tartarClean it out like a yum yum yumThen blow out my brains with a shotgun gunI had a smile like old Jim DandyRadio, radioactive candyYum yum yum cherry on the topBob and beep and boop and bopGonna eat tons of snotThen blow out my brains with a shotgun gunFun fun fun in the sun sun sunPotato dog, dogs and fliesReal dull spoon will PLUCK OUT MY EYES!Pluck out my eyes on SundayBlow out my brains on Tuesday!
Look mom, fallout is stuck between my teethAtomic toothpick picks the tartarClean it out like a yum yum yumThen blow out my brains with a shotgun gunI had a smile like old Jim DandyRadio, radioactive candy
Yum yum yum cherry on the topBob and beep and boop and bopGonna eat tons of snotThen blow out my brains with a shotgun gunFun fun fun in the sun sun sun
Potato dog, dogs and fliesReal dull spoon will
Pluck out my eyes on SundayBlow out my brains on Tuesday!
― kkvgz, Wednesday, 3 November 2010 01:25 (eight years ago) Permalink
This is amazing
― Ned Raggett, Wednesday, 30 May 2012 05:41 (six years ago) Permalink
Bumping this because trust me on that link.
― Ned Raggett, Wednesday, 30 May 2012 13:52 (six years ago) Permalink
Can't watch this yet because I'm at work, but Rodney Anonymous is one of the most hilarious people in music. The guy should have had another platform for his comedy after the Dead Milkmen.
― Poliopolice, Wednesday, 30 May 2012 13:57 (six years ago) Permalink
Here's an unexpected cover: an NPR-friendly version of King Missile's "Hemophiliac of Love" (written by Dogbowl a.k.a Stephen Tunney) by Adrien Reju with guest artist Carl Newman (of the New Pornographers, AC Newman, etc.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3V3JjvjejQ
I was curious about this, so a little Googling revealed this article: https://glidemagazine.com/145570/album-premiereinterview-adrien-reju-strange-love-secret-language/
"When I began searching for cover songs for the album (I was looking in particular for songs under the theme of unconventional love) I immediately thought to ask Carl for a recommendation. He has such an immense library of obscure music that I thought he would be able to pull some gem out of it for me. That's how 'Hemophiliac of Love' by King Missile ended up on the album. I thought it only appropriate to ask him to sing it with me as a duet and he reluctantly obliged (kidding)."
― ernestp, Sunday, 10 September 2017 23:17 (one year ago) Permalink
All this beauty/and all those wolves...
― how's life, Monday, 11 September 2017 10:50 (one year ago) Permalink


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MS10982: Supporting and Troubleshooting Windows 10 — November 30, 2018 — Instructor was really good and he was well prepared for every modules gave - real life examples during class too.
MS20761: Querying Data with Transact-SQL — May 15, 2018 — Instructor was very thorough and taught in a way that benefited all participants with various skill and experience levels with SQL.
Microsoft Visio — May 15, 2018 — Very good! Knows her stuff!
MS10961: Automating Administration with Windows PowerShell — June 22, 2018 — My instructor was AWESOME. He took the time to explain and was very patient with me.
Adobe InDesign — September 11, 2018 — This is the first course I have taken at LRS and my instructor absolutely made me hope that this isn't my last.
Read the Spring 2019 newsletter and course information. NIST Cyber Security Framework Assessment Program as well as Microsoft Power BI Training and much more!
Please call the LRS weather hotline at 217-793-3800 Ext. 1500.
On questionable weather days, the voicemail is updated prior to 6:15 AM as to whether classes are running.
In recognition of October as National Cybersecurity Awareness Month, the NICE Workforce Management has released a guidebook, "Cybersecurity is Everyone's Job."


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5.0 Mustang & Super FordsEvents
2015 Ford Mustang S550 Photos, Specs
Three Different Engine Options Available
Ford enthusiasts across the world have been anxiously anticipating this very moment – the unveiling of the 2015 Ford Mustang. With a sleek new design and brand-new platform dubbed the S550, the new Mustang is here and ready to throw down.
Whether fastback or convertible, three engine options are available for the new Mustang with an automatic or a standard six-speed manual transmission.
With all of the EcoBoost hype, it was rumored that this new fuel-efficient powertrain was in the works for the new 2015 Ford Mustang. The answer is yes, the EcoBoost is an option on the 2015 Ford Mustang – a turbocharged 2.3L capable of 305hp and lb-ft of torque. Named best in class, the EcoBoost delivers outstanding performance and has been chosen to represent the new Mustang.
"This EcoBoost engine delivers the healthy output that Mustang drivers expect regardless of the speed," said Scott Makowksi, EcoBoost powertrain engineering manager. "This EcoBoost engine might be small in displacement, but it delivers where a Mustang driver expects it with a broad, flat torque curve and great driveability under any conditions."
Why not add EcoBoost to the lineup? Great on fuel economy, it features twin independent variable camshaft timing paired with a turbo to produce big power and torque. With a low-inertia twin-scroll turbocharger and a much quicker boost response, the S550 Ford Mustang will provide that big power and torque with lower emissions.
The twin-scroll turbo separates the exhaust pulses from the next cylinder, maximizing pulse energy to the turbine wheel by getting rid of mixing losses. That means delivering quicker torque to the driver and is similar performance to a twin-turbo setup. Separated exhaust ports allow the exhaust valves to remain open for longer for reduced pumping losses with a near 1 percent increase to specific fuel consumption.
Durability was a priority with such a small engine capable of running with the big dogs. The EcoBoost features enhancements to eliminate stress with a forged-steel crankshaft, piston-cooling jets, steel piston ring carriers, premium bearing materials, upgraded valve seat materials, forged-steel connecting rods, high-pressure die-cast aluminum cylinder block with ladder-frame bearing caps, deep-sump and a die-cast aluminum oil pan.
The 2015 Ford Mustang wouldn't be American muscle if it didn't come with the almighty 5.0L V-8 engine. The Coyote V-8 comes with plenty of upgrades especially when getting on that open throttle. These changes came to life from development of the special edition Boss 302.
Upgrades for the V-8 engine include larger intake valves, larger exhaust valves, revised intake camshafts, revised exhaust camshafts, stiffer valve springs, new cylinder-head casting, sinter forged connecting rods, redesigned piston tops, and rebalanced forged crankshaft. The end result generates 420 horsepower and 396 lb-ft of torque.
The new intake manifold features charge motion control valves to partially close off the port flow when maintaining lower engine speeds. Air charge tumble and swirl increases improved air-fuel mixing by better fuel economy, idle stability, and lower emissions.
Variable camshaft timing on the intake includes a larger range of adjustment available from mid-lock phasers. This ensures optimal valve-timing over a broader range of engine speeds as well as better fuel economy and emissions.
Transmission includes a Getrag manual with new shift linkage designed for short throws and better precision. With the shift lever now positioned closer to the driver, it makes a clearer shifting path away from the cup holders.
The steering wheel features optional paddle shifters for the daily driving, but giving the driver control on those fun twisty roads. Rev-matching downshifts come standard when opting for the Select-Shift six-speed automatic transmission.
Weight was dropped from the automatic transmission with a freshly-redesigned case with cast-in-ribs, which also adds stiffness. Clutches have been improved internally with operating temperature increased to lower friction. Output shaft is now supported by a ball-bearing allowing the new Mustang GT to reach 155mph.
Last but not least, the four-valve 3.7L V-6 engine will also be in the Mustang lineup and is expected to generate 300hp and 270 lb-ft of torque.
Suspension has been a big topic with the new Mustang after spy shots surfaced showing the Mustang with an independent rear suspension. Yes, the '15 Mustang features integral-link independent rear suspension with coil springs, solid stabilizer bar, and twin- or mono- tube dampers. The front suspension is double-ball joint, independent MacPherson strut and tubular stabilizer bar setup.
Stopping power for the 3.7L V-6 features four-wheel power disc brakes with four-wheel sensor, four-channel and anti-locking braking system with AdvanceTrac electronic stability. The same goes for the 2.3L EcoBoost and 5.0L, but with added stability control.
The new Mustang's body utilizes welded steel with an aluminum hood and front fenders. Wheel options are 17x7.5-inches for the V-6 and EcoBoost, with 18x8.0 wheels standard on the 5.0L GT.


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text: Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - Posting a box from Mexico to the UK and USA Get TEFL Certified & Start Your Adventure Today! Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in Posting a box from Mexico to the UK and USA Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Mexico (off-topic) View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message Gary-KoreaJoined: 25 Apr 2011Posts: 8 Posted: Sat Jul 30, 2011 5:08 pm Post subject: Posting a box from Mexico to the UK and USA Hi guys I was wondering, does anyone know the best international postal service to use from Mexico? Is the regular postal trustworthy? I need something as cheap as possible. I've looked on a couple of sites and I have been quoted over $70 to the UK for a small light box, which is ridiculous! Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks Back to top BadBeagleBadJoined: 23 Aug 2010Posts: 1186Location: 24.18105,-103.25185 Posted: Sat Jul 30, 2011 6:25 pm Post subject: Re: Posting a box from Mexico to the UK and USA I have used the regular post with about the same rate of success as the postal system in the US. You can request a tracking number as well. I think the problem with the big companies is that they only offer super fast service, and that ends up being very expensive. The postal service does take longer, typically 10 days to 2 weeks from Mexico City to Chicago, so if you are not in a hurry that might be an option. However, if you are sending important papers, or something that can´t be replaced, I would suggest using UPS or FedEx. Back to top Gary-KoreaJoined: 25 Apr 2011Posts: 8 Posted: Sat Jul 30, 2011 11:19 pm Post subject: You have been so helpful BadBeagleBad! One last thing. Do you have any idea of the cost of the regular postal service? Back to top BadBeagleBadJoined: 23 Aug 2010Posts: 1186Location: 24.18105,-103.25185 Posted: Sun Jul 31, 2011 3:26 am Post subject: Gary-Korea wrote: You have been so helpful BadBeagleBad! One last thing. Do you have any idea of the cost of the regular postal service? Roughly 10 pesos per 1/2 ounce, but it goes down once you get past a certain weight. Back to top notamissJoined: 20 Jun 2007Posts: 907Location: El 5o pino del la CDMX Posted: Mon Aug 01, 2011 12:44 am Post subject: You can look it up at the Postal Service website http://www.correosdemexico.com.mx/ServiciosEntrega/Paginas/ServiciosEntrega.aspx. On this site, you can enter the destination and the weight and size of the parcel to get precise information about prices. Ive found tracking numbers to be next to useless for international letters and parcels. This has been my experience for both mail going to Mexico and sent from Mexico. In either direction, the tracking number only yielded information while the mail was within the sending country. Once it crossed the border, there was no update to the tracking information, and no way to know where the item was until it arrived at the destination. This being said, my experience with the mail service has been better than with any courier company. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Mexico (off-topic) All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Where to Begin----------------General DiscussionNewbie ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumOnline Teaching Forum Africa Forums----------------General Africa Forum Asia Forums----------------CambodiaChina (Job-related Posts Only)China (Off-Topic)Hong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandGeneral Asia ForumVietnam Caribbean Forums----------------General Caribbean Forum Europe Forums----------------Czech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceItalyMacedonia and the BalkansPolandRomaniaRussia & C.I.S.SpainTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomGeneral Europe Forum Latin America Forums----------------ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaMexicoMexico (off-topic)PeruGeneral Latin America Forum The Middle East Forums----------------BahrainEgyptIsraelKuwaitOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesGeneral Middle East Forum North America Forums----------------General North America Forum Oceania----------------Australia/New Zealand You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group Teaching Jobs in China


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Officer Michael Harris was on a fixed traffic post located at 700 Quaker Lane at the Met Life Insurance Company at approximately 1:09 a.m. on April 13 when he observed a vehicle operating southbound on Quaker Lane travel through a clearly red traffic signal at his location. Harris said he followed the vehicle and conducted a traffic stop on Quaker Lane in the area of the Route 95 South on-ramp. Harris said when he spoke to the driver, he detected the strong odor of an alcoholic beverage emanating throughout the vehicle. Harris said when a female passenger leaned over and dropped a debit card in the driver's lap, saying, "Here, take my license," it was apparent she, too, was heavily intoxicated. When asked why he didn't stop at the light, the man said, "I have no reason, I guess I'm ignorant," then said, "I'm guilty." Harris said he asked the driver if he had been drinking, to which the man said he left a wedding at approximately 11 p.m., where he had approximately five hard alcohol mixed drinks, then responded to his place of work at Smokey Bones Restaurant on Bald Hill Road, where he continued to drinking until closing time at 1 a.m. The man said he had approximately seven to eight alcoholic beverages throughout the evening. When Harris asked the man for his license, registration and proof of insurance, he said the man was able to produce an R.I. registration but the insurance card for the vehicle was expired. After calling for assistance, Harris had the man exit the vehicle and administered a field sobriety test, which had to be stopped for his safety, as he was swaying and unable to keep his balance. Roy J. Lautieri, 33, of 1 Arbor Dr., Coventry was arrested and transported to police headquarters, where he refused to submit to a chemical test and was placed in a cell. Lautieri was issued two citations pertaining to the incident: a summons for DUI/Drugs/Alcohol first offense and a summons for Refusal to Submit to Chemical Test first offense to appear in Third District Court, as well as a violation for Obedience to a Traffic Control Device for running the red light and a violation for Operating a Motor Vehicle Without Evidence of Insurance. Lautieri was later released to a sober adult. The female passenger in the vehicle, identified as Lautieri's wife, was transported to Kent Hospital for detox without incident and the vehicle was towed from the scene.
Officer Michael Harris was on routine patrol in a marked police cruiser operating southbound on Main Avenue in the area of Greeley Avenue at approximately 2:09 a.m. on April 9 when he observed a vehicle on Bedford Avenue that appeared to be stopped with its lights on in the roadway. Harris said he made his way behind the vehicle and observed that it was a pickup truck that was running with its lights on and exhaust coming from the exhaust pipe. He also observed a cracked left rear tail light, before putting his spotlight on the vehicle inside the cab area, and after several seconds of seeing no movement, then observed a white male pop up from the driver's side seat as if he had been slouched down.
According to the report, at this point, the driver began driving away, so Harris activated his overhead lights and began following the vehicle, which failed to stop and pull over for approximately 50 yards. Harris said he had to activate his siren to get the truck to pull over. When he made contact with the driver, Harris said he immediately observed the odor of an alcoholic beverage. When he asked the driver why his truck was in the roadway not moving, the man said he pulled over to text on his cell phone, and then grabbed his phone and stuck it out the window, saying, "See, this is what I was doing." Harris then asked the man if he had consumed any alcohol that evening, and he said he had one Coors Light at 11 p.m. after a softball game. He then picked up a Dunkin' Donuts Coffee Coolatta and said, "This is all I have been drinking since." He then took a sip and stuck the coffee toward the window area. Harris said he observed the man to be acting very nervous, shaking and avoiding eye contact. Harris then asked the man if he thought he was intoxicated, to which he replied, "If you think I am, I can get a ride." Harris then asked the man for his license, registration and proof of insurance but the man was only able to provide a valid license and registration; the insurance certificate was expired. After calling for assistance, Harris again asked the man how much he had to drink that day, and this time he said three to four Coors Lights. Harris asked him to exit the vehicle, but as he did so, he had to use the driver's door to brace himself and appeared unsteady on his feet. Harris then asked the man to submit to field sobriety tests but he refused all tests on scene. Based on observations, contact with the driver, and the circumstances, Harris said Daniel J. Matteson, 43, of 94 Stone Ave., Warwick was taken into custody for suspicion of driving under the influence. He was handcuffed, searched and placed in the back of Harris' cruiser. While detained in the cruiser, Harris said he and Officer Javier Cabreja conducted a motor vehicle inventory search of Matteson's vehicle, during which, several possible steroid and narcotic drugs were discovered in the center console of the vehicle, which were seized and brought back to police headquarters, along with Matteson. Officer Cabreja stayed at the scene to await a tow for Matteson's vehicle. Once at the station, Harris said Matteson refused a chemical test and was placed in a cell while he and Sergeant John Choquette worked to identify the suspicious narcotic type items that had been seized from Matteson's vehicle. Harris said one of the items taken from the vehicle was a white oval pill with the distinct marking M357 on the side, which, based on research through drugs.com, was identified as acetaminophen/hydrocodone, a Schedule III drug. Based on this item alone, Matteson was charged with possession of a Schedule III drug. Also seized were: a small glass bottle with the marking pronilon 100, which research showed was a steroid for veterinary use; a glass bottle with the marking purchase-peptides with the distinct marking on the bottom, "not for human consumption" (Harris said it was unclear what the item was at the time); another bottle taken was a Purity Solutions liothyronin sodium, a purple glass bottle, the contents of which were also unclear at the time; and finally a white pill-type bottle with an unknown white powder inside, with markings on the outside that say "For Dan" with a smiley face written in pen. Harris said all suspected drugs were placed in the evidence mailbox for toxicology. Based on the circumstances and charges, Harris said Matteson was processed and held for the next session of Third District Court. He was issued three violations pertaining to the event, including refusal to submit to a chemical test, tail lamps required and places where parking/stopping prohibited; operating a motor vehicle without evidence of insurance; and DUI drugs/alcohol second offense, as it was determined Matteson had been found guilty and fined of DUI first offense within the five-year allotment.


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West Michigan Remembers 9/11 [Videos]
It has been 11 years since 9/11 and West Michigan honors all those that lost their lives in the tragic events.
Boy Scouts Salute on September 11th
Schedule of events for the Boy Scout Salute in Remembrance of September 11
7:15am - The Scout Salute begins by loweing the flag from full to half mast.
8:46am - The Remembrance Program begins. The Boy Scouts will be accompanied by the Grand Rapids Police Department Honor Guards, the Grand Rapids Fire Department, and military units. Everyone will join together for a moment of silence to commemorate the civilians that died when the first plane hit the Northern tower. The moment of silence will be followed by remarks by Steven Ford, President Gerald R. Ford's son.
12:00pm - Grand Rapids Mayor George Heartwell will honor the men and women who serve the community as members of fire and police departments, EMS and the military.
7:45pm - Closing program, featuring bagpipe players and taps performed by veterans, will include remarks from Mike Sulgrove, CEO of the President Ford Council before the final salute and the flag being raised to full-staff.
Gerald R. Ford Museum
303 Pearl St NW
Grand Rapids, MI 49504
Cornerstone students display flags to remember 9-11
In a secluded spot on the campus of Cornerstone University in Grand Rapids there are 2,996 American flags in the ground, one for each person who was killed in the September 11, 2011 terrorist attacks.


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Until recently, the mainstream history of scientific ideas has failed to acknowledge numerous Islamic scientists and their great efforts and achievements throughout the centuries. This short article seeks to contribute in redressing this injustice by highlighting Muslim contributions and attitudes towards the progress of chemistry.
Salim T S Al-Hassani* and Mohammed Abattouy**
Figure 1: 15th-century European portrait of "Geber", the Latin name of Jabir ibn Hayyan: in Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence (image in the public domain).
Before addressing the main subject of this article, an important remark needs to be made. It concerns the etymology and the root of the word "alchemy". The use of this word is a representative big corruption of science on the part of scholars, including Muslim-Arabic speaking scholars. The source of the corruption is two fold: linguistic and anti Muslim bias.
As far as the linguistic source goes, alchemy is just a bastard traduction of the Arabic word kimmiyâ (meaning quantity, and from which was derived al-kîmiya used to designate the science of chemistry,) preceded by the article "al" (which means the article "the"), and which the Arabs always use (like the French and others for that matter). Only Barron Carra de Vaux had had the presence of mind to pointing to this, however briefly [1]. The article "al" does not exist with respect to other sciences because as an instance Al-Tib (Arabic for medicine) is not the word we call medicine today, or Al-Riyadhiyat the word we use for mathematics. Somehow al-kîmia should be translated literally as The Chemistry and not Alchemy; in French "la chimie" and not l'alchimie. The fact that only Westerners translated or dealt with the subject, followed by rather shy Muslim scholars, the bastardised word of alchemy has remained, and has become the norm.
Figure 2: Chemical apparatus depicted in two pages of the Alchemiae Gebri Arabis philosophi solertissimi libri (Bern, 1545). (Source).
The second reason, due to anti Muslim bias, explains why alchemy is still used instead of chemistry. The object of those with anti Muslim bias is to use scholarly methods, techniques and arguments, the open and the subtle. Here, the aim of these scholars is to avoid by all means making scientific and experimental chemistry a Muslim science. Chemistry is fundamentally based on experimentation with substances, turning one substance or matter into another by means of experimentation and laboratory work. This has been mainly the work of Muslims, and Muslims alone. Whilst the Greeks championed speculation and metaphysical analysis about chemical processes, the Muslims relied on experimentation. Such an approach was championed very early in particular by Al-Razi, who may be considered consequently the father of modern chemistry. And it is the Muslims who laid the foundations of this science as it will be shown in the following. Rather than admit that, or because of that, the scholars not familiar with Arabic scientific literature or holding prejudices in conceiving the progress of scientific ideas in history continue to use the word alchemy to refer to the Arabic chemical tradition, whilst it should be Chemistry. The consequence of both approaches leds, somehow, to lock the Muslim science into the corner of alchemy, which is mostly connected with cranks and frauds of all sorts and occult practices. In this context, only Western modern scientists such as Lavoisier, Berthelot and other scholars deserve to be called the chemists.
Figure 3: Front cover of the first volume of the Corpus Alchemicum Arabicum, the Book of the Explanation of the Symbols (Kitab Hall Ar-Rumuz) by Muhammad Ibn Umail (Living Human Heritage Publications, Daimon Verlag, 2002).
Thus, it is hoped that Muslims, first, honest scholars, second, and then, those hostile to Islam, maybe, should start using the real word: Chemistry in connection with the large corpus produced within the scientific tradition of Islam on chemical processes, practices and chemical industry.
Greek alchemy and Islamic chemistry
Whilst relying on the Greek works to acquire their early notions in this subject, Muslim scientists soon realised the shortcomings of the Greek heritage in the field of chemistry. Indeed, although the Greek contribution to science served as the foundation of so much to build upon, its major weakness for instance was the Greek's reliance on abstract speculation to deal with chemical phenomena. This exercise was stimulating intellectually and to philosophical argumentation, but it hardly led to a quantitative study of chemical transformations. Thus, in the field of chemistry, soon after coming across the Greek output, the scholars of the Islamic lands decided to build a new and experimental science. In doing so, some of them continued using the old terminology and pursued the ancient aims, such as the stone of wisdom which converts base metals into gold and the elixir of life that permits eternal health and youthfulness [2].'
Figure 4: European depiction of Al-Razi in the Latin version of one of his treatises translated by Gerard of Cremona in between 1250-60. (Image in the public domain).
To say that there were no Muslim cranks who used chemistry and experimentation to come out with rather crooked, fanciful ideas and results is wrong. Ibn Sina and Ibn Khaldun, both, the rigorous scientists they were, hit, and hard at them. This rejection of doubtful practices, in fact, pursues the early Muslim tradition of rejecting anything that was doubtful in terms of hadiths, and always making sure facts were backed by evidence. Hence both Ibn Sina and Ibn Khaldun attacked the experimentalists who, for instance, sought to turn ordinary metals into precious ones, gold in particular. Ibn Sina, for instance, in The Book of Minerals, denounces the artisans who dye metals in order to give them the outside resemblance of silver and gold. He asserts that fabrication of silver and gold from other metals is "practically impossible and unsustainable from a scientific and philosophical point of view" [3]. Ibn Khaldun, for his part, denounces the frauds of those who apply on top of silver jewellery a thin layer of gold, and make other manipulations of metals. To Ibn Khaldun, the divine wisdom wanted gold and silver to be rare metals to guarantee profits and wealth. Their disproportionate growth would make transactions useless and would `run contrary to divine wisdom [4].'
In the little known, easily readable and succinct book The Civilisation of Islam [5], Jean Mathe summarises well the achievements of Muslim chemists [6]. They discovered alcohol, nitric and sulphuric acids, silver nitrate and potassium. They also determined the weight of many bodies and mastered the technique of sublimation, crystallization and distillation. Muslim chemistry also took many industrial uses, including tinctures and their applications in tanning and textiles; distillation of plants and of flowers, the making of perfumes and therapeutic pharmacy. The works of one amongst them, Jabir ibn Hayyan, which Mathe says reaches 2000 (obviously an over-estimated figure, related to some of the controversies regarding the persona of Jabir) were the bible of European chemists until Lavoisier in the 18th century [7].'
Although scientists such as al-Kindi, especially in his criticism of Greek's `chemistry,' and Ibn Sina's, in his Kitab al-shifa (the book of healing), devote some interest to the subject, and although there were tens of other Muslims who were involved in the science, there were primarily three Muslim chemists, truly masters of their science. These were in the chronology of their lives: Jabir, Al-Razi and al-Majriti.
Figure 5: Arabic manuscript held in the British Library showing the distillation process in a treatise of chemistry. © The British Library, London.
Jabir ibn Hayyan
So much controversy surrounds the figure of Jabir ibn Hayyan (722-815). This controversy is well summarised by Dunlop [8]. It mainly evolves around the issue of whether Jabir and the Latin Geber are one and the same scholar. Surely, Geber was the Latin counterpart of Jabir. However, Dunlop considers that the 3000 thousand or so works attributed to Jabir by many, especially some Muslim scholars, are an exaggeration. It is very likely that someone other than him must have written a big part of such a large corpus, and in view of the rather dubious, even dangerous connections then between the so called science of alchemy and the mystic and even occult practices, the person(s) might have preferred to take some prudent steps, using the name of Jabir to cover themselves with his fame and authority. Moreover, that great encyclopaedia of Muslim scholarship up to the 10th century, al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim had its own doubts [9]. And al-Fihrist's record is absolutely impeccable. Still, even if Jabir is the author of only some hundreds of such treatises, it remains undoubtful that achievements would be considerable. Al-Faruqis [10] offer a very good account of some of such achievements. Some of Jabir's writings include Al Khawass al-kabir (the Great Book of Chemical properties), al-Mawazin (Weights and measures), Al-Mizaj (Chemical combination), and Al-Asbagh (Dyes). On top of that, he built a precise scale which weighed items 6, 480 times smaller than the ratl (approximately 0,5 kg). Before John Dalton by ten centuries, he defined chemical combinations as a union of the elements together, in too small particles for the naked eye to see, without loss of character. In addition, he invented a kind of paper that resisted fire and an ink that could be read at night. Jabir's other achievements, gathered from various sources [11], led him to perfect chemical processes such as sublimation, liquefaction, purification, amalgamation, oxidation, crystallization, distillation, evaporation, and filtration, which are described in detail. He also identified many new products, including alkalines, acids, salts, paints and greases. He prepared sulphuric acid, nitro-hydrochloric acid (used to dissolve some metals), caustic soda and a multitude of salts such as sulphates, nitrates and potassium and sodium carbonates. Jabir's works with metals and salts subsequently helped develop foundry techniques and glazing processes for tiles and other ceramics [12]. However, instead of focusing on his purely scientific contribution to chemistry, many non Muslim scholars dealing with the "alchemy" literature [13], prefer to dwell on the rather tedious, obscure, and un-scientific aspects of his work (or that of the other Geber) which involves celestial influences, mystical uses of figures and symbols, and other fanciful and folkloric matters of Greek and ancient origins (which were the very causes for Ibn Sina's and Ibn Khaldun's attacks on certain aspects of this science,) and which contribute to attach to the Muslims un-scientific practices.
Al-Razi the experimantal chemist
Someone these scholars do not refer to for very long is Al-Razi. He was a pure rationalist, no nonsense scientist, who only believed in experimentation and concrete evidence, and never refrained from demolishing all previous speculative and erroneous conclusions, and he did so in every science he touched upon. Al-Razi was born in Rayy in Iran (250-318 H/864-932). Before he left chemistry for medicine, where he became one of the leading authorities, and occupied eminent functions in Baghdad as physician, he was also the founding father of truly modern chemistry. Al-Razi eliminated the symbolic, occult aspects that plagued the so called alchemy, and set up the firm foundations of modern chemistry. He, most of all, set up the laboratory in the modern sense, designing, describing and using more than twenty instruments. Both Anawati and Hill provide a good account of Al-Razi's elaborate laboratory [14], the precursor of the modern laboratory, and of which many parts are still in use today (although Hill mentions that, Anawati, like many others, chooses to ignore this fact, however important it is) [15]. This crucial contribution to science had amongst other impacts the development of modern pharmacy. Hence, Abu al-Mansur al-Muwaffaq mentions for the first time some chemical facts to distinguish certain medicines [16].
Al-Razi himself was interested in the medical uses of chemical compounds [17]. In his work Secret of Secrets, he made the very useful classification of natural substances, dividing them into earthly, vegetable and animal substances, to which he also added a number of artificially obtained ones such as lead oxide, caustic soda, and various alloys. He went further in the cataloguing and description of his experiments, describing first the materials he used, then the apparatus, and methods and conditions of his experiments [18]. In the Secret of Secrets, he describes in great detail such chemical processes which he performed, and which have their modern equivalent form of distillation, calcination, crystallisation etc [19].
Figure 6: Cover of Journal of Chemical Education, September 1995, where H.S. El Khadem published an article on an ancient alchemy lost text reproduced in the Keys of Wisdom by Al-Tughra'i (12th century) [20].
The last Muslim chemist to deserve mention here is the Spanish Muslim court scientist al-Majriti (from Madrid) (950-1007). He was particularly noted for his work Rutbat Al-Hakim (The Rank of the Wise), which amongst other things gives formulae and instructions for purification of precious metals. It was collected and put together in the year 1009, two years after his death. In this work, Al-Majriti was also the first to prove the principle of conservation of mass, credited eight centuries later to the French Lavoisier [21].
Of course Muslim chemistry, like other sciences was heavily translated into Latin, and also into local languages, which explains its spread to Europe. Many of the manuscripts translated have anonymous authors, though. Robert of Chester, a 12th century scholar, translated Liber de compositione alchemise. At about the same time, Hugh of Santalla made the earliest Latin translation of lawh azzabarjad (the Emerald table). It is, as per usual, the Italian, Gerard of Cremona, who made the more valuable translations. Amongst others, he translated Al-Razi's study and classification of salts and alums (sulphates) and the related operations in De aluminibus et salibus, whose Arabic original is preserved [22]. Through its various versions, this work had a decisive influence on subsequent operations in the West, more generally on mineralogy [23]. Still, back to those earlier stages, Alfred of Sareshel translated the part of Ibn Sina's Kitab al-Shiffa (the Book of Healing) that deals with chemistry. It is, however, in fairly recent times that Muslim chemistry received the greater attention from more Western scholars, starting with Berthelot in the late 19th century, followed by Holmyard, Kraus, and above all Ruska, who give the best and most comprehensive account of Muslim chemistry, much of which unfortunately is inaccessible to non German speakers [24].
Chemistry at the service of pharmacology
In connection with chemistry, a large interest was devoted to pharmacology, which deserves to be fully and thoroughly addressed on its own merits, and to much deserved greater lengths. In recent studies, this subject was examined in the context of Arabic chemistry. It was with this intermediary that several works of Muslim scholars were published and analyzed, such as al-Kindi's and al-Zahrawi's chemical investigation aiming at the creation of drugs [25].
Figure 7: An illuminated opening from the alchemical treatise The Proof Regarding Secrets of the Science of the Balance (Kitab al-Burhan fi asrar 'ilm al-mizan) by 'Izz al-Din Aydamir al-Jildaki (d. 1342/743 H). Undated copy made in Morocco in the late 19th century. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, MS A7, part 1, fols. 1b-2a. © NLM. (Source).
The Muslims used in many ways the same methods, means and techniques in both chemistry and pharmacology to produce drugs. Through their experimental methods, they prepared products they used for healing including camphor, alum, ambergris etc. Under Islam, spread the profession of pharmacist, the first shops were opened in the early 9th century in Baghdad. Those shops had to abide by strict rules, regularly visited by a Muhtasib (inspector or market inspector) who applied corporal punishment on pharmacists who adulterated drugs.
Muslim pharmacists were the first to write regular pharmacopoeia, i.e. the cataloguing and the listing of drugs. The technical term used by Muslims was Aqrabadin, a word of Greek origin meaning list or register. According to Levey, the Muslims were excellent organisers of knowledge, and so their pharmacological texts were directed carefully along the many directions which were either promising or useful to the apothecary and medical practitioner. These treatises as a result generally are more or less within well delineated groups. Some of the major types of Muslim pharmacological literature are given by Levey as follows [26]:
1) Medical formularies which include many kinds of compound drugs, pills, pastilles, powders, syrups, oils, lotions, dentifrices, etc.
2) Books on poisons.
3) Synonymatic: treatises in which are found lists of simples usually in alphabetical order to help the reader to identify the drug in other languages.
4) Tabular, synoptic texts, whereby long texts are turned into tabular work for quick usage, and abstracts made of some treatises for the same purpose.
5) Lists of materia medica which include therapeutic considerations and opinions of various writers on the subject, preparations of the drugs and descriptions.
6) Substitute drugs in case one drug for whatever reason was not available, a substitute was provided.
7) Works on medical specialities available either as separate treatises or as sections of large encyclopaedias of medicine.
Figure 8: Pharmacist preparing drugs. From a MS of the Arabic translation of Dioscorides' Materia Medica. (Source).
There is a large collection of works on the subject legated by Muslim scholars. Sabur Ibn Sahl (d 869) was the first physician to initiate pharmacopoeia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies to ailments. In the 10th century, Abu Mansur Muwaffaq of Herat wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, where he described 585 drugs [27]. Al-Biruni (d. 1051) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydanah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Ibn Sina, too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in his Canon [28]. It would seem, however, that it is the works by Massawayh al-Maridini of Baghdad and Cairo, and Ibn al-Wafid of Spain, that had the largest impact. Both were printed in Latin more than fifty times, appearing as De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus by Mesue the younger, and the Medicamentis simplicibus by Abenguefit [29]. Peter of Abano (1250-1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title De Veneris, thus making the work of al-Maridini the standard reference work in the West for the next centuries [30]. Another later work to demonstrate the heavy dependence on Muslim pharmacology is by Jacques Sylvius (1487-1555) [31].
Concluding Remarks
In the following concluding remarks we summarise the salient points focused upon in the article. Alchemy and chemistry in Islam refer to the study of both traditional alchemy and early practical chemistry by Muslim scientists. The modern word alchemy itself was derived from the Arabic word al-kimia and it should be properly be applied to design chemistry in the modern sense.
The study of alchemy and chemistry often overlapped in the early Islamic world, but later there were disputes between the traditional alchemists and the practical chemists who discredited alchemy. Muslim chemists were the first to employ the experimental scientific method (as practised in modern chemistry). Chemists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized as Geber) and al-Razi (Latinized as Rhazes) contributed key chemical discoveries, including: invention of the distillation apparatus (such as the alembic, still, and retort) which were able to fully purify chemical substances; creation of the muriatic (hydrochloric), sulfuric, nitric and acetic acids; use of soda and potash; invention of procedures to produce distilled water and purified distilled alcohol; applying chemical transformation in the industry of perfumery; the discovery that aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, could dissolve the noblest metal.
Besides these outstanding inventions, many chemical substances and apparatus that shaped the history of chemical processes are of Islamic origin. The words elixir, alembic and alcohol are of Arabic origin. From the Arabic names of al-natrun and al-qaliy, Latinized into Natrium and Kalium, come the modern symbols for sodium and potassium.
An early experimental scientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists. Jabir Ibn Hayyan clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation. He said in substance that the first essential in chemistry is that one should perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain the least degree of mastery.
Muhammed Al-Razi was the first in his Al-Shukuk 'ala Jalinus (Doubts about Galen), was the first to prove both Aristotle's theory of classical elements and Galen's theory of humorism wrong using an experimental method. He carried out an experiment which would upset these theories by inserting a liquid with a different temperature into a body resulting in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid. Al-Razi noted particularly that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature, thus the drink would trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it. Al-Razi's chemical experiments further suggested other qualities of matter, such as "oiliness" and "sulfurousness", or inflammability and salinity, which were not readily explained by the traditional fire, water, earth and air division of elements. Al-Razi was also the first to distill petroleum, to invent kerosene and kerosene lamps, to invent soap bars and modern recipes for soap, to produce antiseptics, and to invent numerous chemical processes such as sublimation.
From the 12th century CE, the writings of chemical works of Jabir, al-Kindi, al-Razi and others became widely known in Europe during the Arabic-Latin translation movement and later through the Latin writings of a mysterious author known in the literature as "Pseudo-Geber", an anonymous alchemist born in 14th century Spain, who translated more of Jabir's books into Latin and wrote some of his own books under the pen name of "Geber".
The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the following colleagues in the production and providing documentation for this article: Ms Kathy Mathews, Dr Salah Zaimeche, Dr Salim Ayduz and the staff of Joules and John Rylands Libraries at Manchester University.
Bibliography and further reading
Al-Hassan, A. Y.: online articles at History of Science and Technology in Islam:
- A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part One: The Emergence of the Geber Problem: Berthelot's Assumptions; Part Two: Jabir (Geber)'s Standing in the Latin West And the Translator of the Liber fornacum;Part Three: Berthelot's Motives in Choosing the Wrong Arabic Alchemical Treatises and the Extant Arabic Works of Jabir on Theoretical and Practical Alchemy and Chemistry.
- Eighth century treatise on glass: Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna (The Book of the Hidden Pearl of Jabir ibn Hayyan (c. 721–c. 815) On Coloured Glass, On Lustre, On Gemstones And Pearls: Part 1: The Manufacture of Coloured Glass; Part 2: Lustre Glass; Part 3: The Colouring Of Gemstones, The Purifying and Making of Pearls and Other Useful Recipes; Part 4: Assessment of Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna.
- Al-Hassan, Ahmad Yusuf (1987). "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises. A Review of the Sources". In: From Deferent to Equant. Edited by D.A. King and G. Saliba. New York: New York Academy of Science, pp. 153-166.
- Anawati, Georges (1996). "Arabic Alchemy". In: Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science, edited by Roshdi Rashed. London: Routledge, pp. 853-885.
- Arberry, A. J. (1950). The spiritual physick of Rhazes. London: J. Murray.
- Berthelot, M. (1893). La Chimie au Moyen Age. Vol. 3: L'Alchimie Arabe. Une introduction historique et les traités de Cratès, d'El-Habib, d'Ostanès et de Djâber. Texts and translations. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. Reprinted Amsterdam, Philo Press. 1968.
- Berthelot, M. and Duval, R. (1967). La chimie au Moyen Âge : comprenant une introduction et plusieurs traités d'Alchimie syriaques et arabes d'aprés les manuscrits du British Museum et de Cambridge. Osnabrück: Otto Zeller.
- Braccesco, G. (1562). La espositione di Geber filosofo. Vinegia: Appresso Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari.
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- Carra de Vaux, Bernard (1984). Les penseurs de l'Islam. 5 vols. Paris: Geunther, 1921-26. Vol. 2: Les Penseurs de l'Islam. 2: Les Géographes. Les sciences mathématiques et naturelles. Lausanne: Roth-Hotz reprise.
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- Jabir ibn Hayyan (1983). Dix traités d'alchimie : les dix premiers traités du Livre des soixante-dix. French translation by Pierre Lory. Paris: Sindbad.
- Jabir ibn Hayyan (1986). Jabir ibn Hayyan (8th century): Kitab al-Sab'in. The Book of Seventy. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences.
- Ibn Umayl (2002). Ibn Umayl Abu `Abd Allah Muhammad (fl. c. 300/912) : texts and studies. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences.
- Jabir ibn Hayyan (1988). Tadbir al-iksir al-a'zam : arba' 'asharah risalah fi san'at al-kimiya. Edition of the Arabic text by Pierre Lory. Damascus: al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi al-Faransi li-'l-Dirasat al-'Arabiya.
- Jabir b, Hayyan (1986). Kitab al-Sab'in. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences.
- Jabir ibn Hayyan (2002). Jabir b. Hayyan : Texts and Studies. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences.
- Khalid, F. (1984). Khalid ibn Yazid, siratuhu wa-ihtimamatuhu al-'ilmiyya. Dirasa fi al-'ulum 'inda al-'arab. Baghdad: Wizarat al-thaqafa wa-al-I'i'lam.
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- Kraus, Paul (1935). Jabir Ibn Hayyan. Textes choisis. Paris and Cairo.
- Kraus, P., Brague, R. (1994). Alchemie, Ketzerei, Apokryphen im frühen Islam : gesammelte Aufsätze. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag.
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- Meyerhoff, Max (1935). "Esquisse d'histoire de la pharmacologie et de la botanique chez les Musulmans d'Espagne," Al-Andalus vol. 3: pp. 1-41.
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End Notes
[1] Barron Bernard Carra de Vaux, Les penseurs de l'Islam. 5 vols. Paris: Geunther, 1921-26. Vol. 2 is dedicated to sciences: Les Penseurs de l'Islam. 2: Les Géographes. Les sciences mathématiques et naturelles. Lausanne: Roth-Hotz reprise, 1984, p. 374.
[2] M. Ali Kettani. "Science and Technology in Islam: The underlying value system", in Z. Sardar ed., The Touch of Midas; Science, values, and environment in Islam and the West; Manchester University Press, 1984, pp 66-90; p. 77.
[3] Georges Anawati, "Arabic Alchemy", in Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science, edited by Roshdi Rashed, London: Routledge, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 853-85; at p. 877. One has to be careful of Anawati's article, though. Whilst Ibn Sina and Ibn Khaldun never attacked the science of chemistry and real scientists, but just the crooked versions of it, Anawati, like others, eagerly generalises and accuses them of attacking the science itself. There is absolutely in neither Ibn Sina's work, who was himself a chemist to large extent, and in Ibn Khaldun's, one single instance of attack on the science itself.
[4] Ibid, p. 881.
[5] It must be signalled that we find some regrettable errors in the book, most of all poor naming of the Muslim scientists, possibly due to print cookies; for example writing al-Birani (for al-Biruni, p. 120), Ibn Batoutah (for Ibn Batouah, p. 125).
[6] Jean Mathe, The Civilisation of Islam, tr. by David Macrae, Crescent Books, New York.
[7] Ibid, pp. 123-24.
[8] D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation 800-1500 A.D., Longman Group, 1971, pp. 209-11.
[9] Bayard Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadim. A Tenth Century Survey of Muslim Culture, Columbia Records of Civilisation: Sources and Studies, No. LXXXIII, 2 vols, New York and London, 1970. The Fihrist is an absolute must for anyone seeking to know about Muslim scholarship up to the 10th century. By then, already, Muslim scholars counted in the thousands. And this growth continued in subsequent centuries, until the 16th at least.
[10] Ismail R. and Lois Ibsen Al Faruqi, The Cultural Atlas of Islam. New York: Macmillan, 1986, p. 238.
[11] Most particularly from A. M. Kettani, "Science", op. cit., p. 78, and Carra de Vaux, Les Penseurs de l'Islam, op. cit.
[12] G.M. Wickens, "The Middle East as a world centre of science and medicine", in R. M. Savory, Introduction to Islamic Civilization, pp. 111-118, Cambridge University Press, 1976, pp. 111-118; p. 113.
[13] For instance, Georges Anawati, "Arabic alchemy", op. cit., at pp. 865-7; C. A. Ronan, "The Arabian Science", in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World's Science, Cambridge University press/Newness Books, 1983, pp. 201-244; pp. 237-38.
[14] G. Anawati, "Arabic Alchemy", op. cit, p. 868; D.R. Hill, Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993, p. 84.
[15] This fact is highly important, though, as it demonstrates how Muslim science is still valid in many respects today.
[16] E.J. Holmyard, Alchemy, London, 1957, p. 88, quoted in G. Anawati, "Arabic Alchemy", op. cit., p. 869.
[17] C. A. Ronan, "The Arabian", op. cit., p. 239.
[18] M. Ali Kettani, "science", op. cit., p. 79.
[19] S. Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 269-78. Nasr gives a good outline of some of Al-Razi's experiments on metals, preparation of caustic soda, use of Mercury Ammonium Chloride Solution as a dissolving reagent etc.
[20] H. S. El Khadem, "A Lost Text By Zosimos Reproduced in an Old Alchemy Book", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 72, Issue 9. In this article, the author presents an Arabic translation of a text entitled Keys of Wisdom by the famous 4th-century alchemist Zosimos, which has been found in an alchemy book written by a 12th century Arabic writer named Al-Tughra'i.
[21] M. Ali Kettani, "Science", op cit, p. 79.
[22] J. Ruska, Das Buch der Alaune and salze, Berlin, 1935, mentioned in R. Halleux, "The Reception of Arabic Alchemy in the West", in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, London, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 886-902, at p. 892.
[23] R. Halleux, "The Reception", op. cit., p. 892.
[24] See for instance: M. Berthelot: Les Origines de l'Alchimie, Paris 1885, reprinted Paris, 1938; M. Berthelot: La Chimie au Moyen Age, III: l'Alchimie Arabe', texts and translations in collaboration with O. Houdas, Paris, 1893, reprinted Amsterdam, 1968; E.J. Holmyard, Alchemy, London, 1957; P. Kraus, Jabir Ibn Hayyan. Textes choisis, Paris, Cairo, 1935; J. Ruska, "Al-Rasi (Rhases) als Chemiker", Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Chemie 35, 1912, pp. 719-24; J. Ruska, "Die Alchemie des Avicenna", Isis 21, 1933: pp. 14-51; J.Ruska, "Die Alchemie ar-Razi's", Der Islam 22, 1935: pp. 281-319; J. Ruska, Das Buch der Alaune und Salze, Berlin, 1935.
[25] For further details on the subject of pharmacology, see S.K. Hamarneh and G. Sonnedecker: A Pharmaceutical View of Abulcasis al-Zahrawi in Moorish Spain, with Special Reference to the Adhan, Leiden, coll. Janus, suppl. 5, 1963; M. Levey, Early Arabic Pharmacology, Leiden, 1973; Max Meyerhoff, "Esquisse d'histoire de la pharmacologie et de la botanique chez les Musulmans d'Espagne", Al-Andalus vol. 3, 1935, pp. 1-41.
[26] M. Levey, Early Arabic Pharmacology, op. cit., pp 68-70.
[27] Max Meyerhoff, "Science and Medicine", in The Legacy of Islam, edited by Thomas Arnold and A. Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1931, pp. 311-55, at p. 331.
[28] Volume 2 includes the names of simple drugs arranged in alphabetical order.
[29] Max Meyerhoff, "Science and Medicine", op. cit., pp. 331-32.
[30] A. Fonahn, Janus 14, 349-53, 1909; quoted in M. Levey, Early Arabic Pharmacology, op. cit., p. 74.
[31] M. Levey, Early Arabic, op. cit., pp 74-75.
Salim T S Al-Hassani: Hon. Chairman Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation, UK and Emeritus Professor at the University of Manchester, UK.
**Mohammed Abattouy: Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat. Senior Research Fellow, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), Manchester, UK. Chief Editor: MuslimHeritage.com.


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President and First Lady In Washingtonby Tom Runge • April 14, 2006 Share:
President Andy Ford and First Lady Anne Ford returned to Washington, DC for a gala event honoring their lasting contributions to the College. A large group of alumni and friends gathered at the Jones Day law firm for a reception and dinner in the Ford's honor.
Regional association president Bert Salinas '97 served as emcee for the evening. After dinner, Greg Castanias '87 talked of the Ford's many contributions to a much stronger Wabash and presented Andy Ford with a bottle of Johnnie Walker Blue Label Scotch.
The evening also served to highlight the immense success of the Jim Graham '65 Externship program - the first of its kind at Wabash. The late Jim Graham served as a founder of the National Capital Association and the program is named for him. The association hopes to create an endowment for the program large enough to make future externships self-sufficient.
Many thanks to Jane and Greg Castanias for hosting the entire reception and dinner and to all the members of the regional association for making the evening such a great success.
Photo: You can't beat the view from Jones Day!
For more photos, click here.


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The BBFC is not up to it
As the debacle over Manhunt 2 shows, the BBFC is not a suitable body for reviewing games. They showed that they were unable to stand up to the media pressure following the furore over the original Manhunt.
With free movement of goods and digital distribution, I would have to say that a European wide rating system makes much more sense than for the UK to stick with its own parochial and flawed classification body.


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Heather Hodges necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 69 diseños de 21 diseñadores freelance.
Fulcrum Community
We are a non-denominational community of faith gathered around the risen Jesus and committed to helping put the world back together again one life at a time. We chose the word "Fulcrum" in our name because of the powerful imagery associated with it. A fulcrum is an ancient tool that has a variety of uses. It provides balance. It magnifies force. It can be used to get something unstuck or elevated.
According to answers.com, a fulcrum is:
1. The point or support on which a lever pivots.
2. An anatomical structure that acts as a hinge or a point of support.
3. An agent through which vital powers are exercised.
We love the third definition. Archimedes said, "Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it and I shall move the world." We believe that the Gospel is God's lever for moving the world. Our hope is that the Fulcrum Community will be an agent through which the vital power of the gospel is exercised and magnified. We want our community to be a pivot point through which many will find the leverage they need to change their lives. Our hope is that God will use our community to both lift high the name of Jesus and elevate the broken out of the pit of despair.
We want to reach singles and young families in the North Austin area. The culture in Austin is very out-doorsy, active and artsy. We want our logo to reflect the edginess of our culture which is also the live music capital of the world. Our target audience may or may not have a church or faith background.
We want a logo that looks good in both black and white and color, very small or enlarged. It will be used in the future for letterhead, print graphics, media, and eventually signage.
We have three branding themes - provocative teaching, true sense of community and transformational lives. A "home run" design would find a way to incorporate those 3 branding themes into our new logo.
Please avoid the obvious see-saw lever illustrations/clip art.
Because of the nature of the word "fulcrum" the logo should be masculine not feminine.
The files we will require are:
Print file format - .ai (CMYK)
Web file format - .jpg and layered .psd (RGB)
For more information about us go to http://www.fulcrumcommunity.org.
We are looking forward to seeing your most creative work. Have fun!
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.