text:
Vargas shuts down Royals
Kansas City, MO – Jason Vargas tossed 7 1/3 solid innings and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim held off the Kansas City Royals, 5-2, in the second contest of a four-game series.
Vargas (4-3) gave up two runs on five hits while walking four for the Angels, who have won six in a row for the first time since Sept. 3-9, 2012.
"It ended up working out today that we came out on top," Vargas said. "I was able to get ahead early and I was able to use that to my advantage. We made some good plays out there. We were able to keep them from really putting a big inning together."
Chris Iannetta hit a solo homer for Los Angeles, which got an RBI apiece from Mark Trumbo, Howie Kendrick and Alberto Callaspo.
Kansas City starter Luis Mendoza allowed one run on seven hits while walking four over five innings. Luke Hochevar (0-1) gave up two runs on two hits over one-plus frames to take the loss.
Miguel Tejada hit a solo homer for the Royals, who have dropped three straight. Chris Getz had an RBI.
"I don't feel like we're pressing," Royals designated hitter Billy Butler said. "I just feel like we're not catching some breaks here or there. It's a tough night."
With the score tied 2-2, the Angels scored three runs in the seventh to take the lead. Mike Trout walked prior to Aaron Crow coming into the game for the Royals. Trout then stole second on a disputed call. Albert Pujols walked and Trumbo hit an RBI single to left. After Josh Hamilton flied out, Kendrick hit a sacrifice fly. Callaspo followed with an RBI double to left, making it 5-2.
Garrett Richards tossed 1 2/3 scoreless innings of relief to secure the victory.
The Angels loaded the bases with two outs in the first inning. Kendrick hit a grounder to shortstop Alcides Escobar, who made a great leaping throw to nail Kendrick and save a run.
Each team scored a run in the third. In the top half, Trout and Pujols hit consecutive singles. Trout moved to third when Trumbo grounded into a double play and raced home on a wild pitch.
Tejada homered to left in the bottom half.
The Royals took the lead in the fifth on Getz's RBI single to center that deflected off shortstop Erick Aybar. Kansas City went on to load the bases with two outs, but Alex Gordon lined out.
Iannetta's homer in the sixth tied the game at two.
Game Notes
Vargas picked up his fourth consecutive win and hasn't lost since April 28 at Seattle. The 30-year-old improved to 6-1 lifetime versus the Royals ... Trumbo extended his hitting streak to nine games ... The Angels had 11 hits ... Kansas City went 1-for-8 with runners in scoring position and stranded seven.


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(Reuters) - A Stanley Cup classic 86 years in the making hits the ice as Boston Bruins and Chicago Blackhawks, two of the National Hockey League's charter clubs, faceoff in a best-of-seven final dripping with nostalgia and mystery.
The first Original Six showdown for Lord Stanley's famous silver mug since 1979 may harken back to the days before expansion, but despite their rich histories when the series opens on Wednesday in Chicago it will mark the first time the two storied franchises have clashed in a Stanley Cup Final.
"The tradition of the Bruins and the Hawks is special," Blackhawks coach Joel Quenneville told reporters. "I'm sure, the rivalry could return instantly come Game One.
"I think it's good for the league. It's good for hockey. Two great hockey markets."
Two of America's great sporting cities, Boston and Chicago have rarely crossed paths at any championship.
In fact, Beantown and the Windy City have only twice before met to decide a title, the Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox in the 1918 World Series and the Bears and New England Patriots at the 1986 Super Bowl.
The Bruins and Blackhawks, however, are no strangers to Stanley Cup celebrations.
Chicago last hoisted the Cup in 2010 while the Bruins, winners in 2011, would like nothing more than to parade the treasured trophy trough the streets of Boston that were left silent and empty following the Boston Marathon bombings on April 15 that left three people dead and 264 injured.
The Final marks the finish line of a punishing two month playoff marathon and could provide a thrilling climax to a tumultuous season that nearly never was after a bitter labor dispute shortened the schedule to just 48 games.
Memories of the lockout now appear all but forgotten washed away by an intriguing playoff race that has left standing two teams that have not played each other in almost two years.
Both Boston and Chicago enter the Final on impressive rolls, the Blackhawks winners of seven of the last eight games and the Bruins winning nine-of-10, including a stunning sweep of the top seeded Pittsburgh Penguins in the Eastern Conference final.
But the road to the Cup does not come without a few bumps with each team surviving a seven-game scare, Boston against the Toronto Maple Leafs in the opening round and Chicago against the Detroit Red Wings in the Western Conference semi-finals.
Cornered by the Maple Leafs, down 4-2 with under 90 seconds to play in Game Seven, the Bruins showed their teeth in frightening fashion scoring two late goals and another in overtime to advance.
The Bruins remained in a snarly mood crushing the New York Rangers in five games then mauling Sidney Crosby and the Penguins to get back to the Final for the second time in three years.
Chicago spent the entire campaign atop the West standings setting a record by earning points in each of their first 24 games on way to claiming the Presidents' Trophy, as the NHL team with the best regular season record.
But like the Bruins, Chicago also needed to pull off a miraculous escape to keep their Cup dreams alive, going down 3-1 to the Red Wings before sweeping the last three games and capping the comeback with a Game Seven overtime winner from defenseman Brent Seabrook.
The Blackhawks then clinched a spot in the Final clinically dispatching the defending champion Los Angeles Kings in five games.
The Final also will be a fascinating clash of styles, with the 'Big, Bad Bruins' punishing, hit-anything-that-moves approach against the speedy Blackhawks finesse and puck possession game.
There is no lack of offensive creativity on the Chicago bench with snipers like captain Jonathan Toews and Patrick Kane, who were among the top five in league scoring during the regular season with 23 goals apiece.
Toews has been mired in a post-season slump with just one goal but Patrick Sharp and unheralded Bryan Bickell have picked up the slack with eight tallies apiece while Kane had a hat-trick in eliminating the Kings.
A solid Chicago defense is anchored by Duncan Keith and Seabrook while netminder Corey Crawford has the best goals-against-average in the playoffs.
For all their reputation as a surly team that relies on intimidation, the Bruins lineup also features the playoff's two leading scorers in David Krejci (nine goals, 21 points) and Nathan Horton (seven goals, 17 points).
But stopping goals, not scoring them, has been the foundation of Boston's playoff success.
The Bruins enter the Final with the post-season's top ranked defense led by the giant Slovak Zdeno Chara and Finnish netminder Tuukka Rask, who posted two shutouts against the Mighty Penguins.
While the Blackhawks have the marquee names, the Bruins view themselves as a Band of Brothers, typified by fourth liner Gregory Campbell who broke his leg throwing himself in front of a slap shot in Game Three against the Penguins but stayed on the ice to finish his shift.
"That's the way I feel a team should be, nobody should be on a pedestal," said Bruins coach Claude Julien. "There's a lot of guys in there that you could easily put on a pedestal.
"Not only are they not put on a pedestal, they don't want to be put on a pedestal."

subset: commoncrawl


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D. Theodore Brownworth, 79, of Chestnut Hill, a retired advertising executive and civil rights activist, died May 22 of complications of a stroke at the Chestnut Hill Lodge Health and Rehabilitation Center in Wyndmoor.
Mr. Brownworth had been vice president for advertising for the Philadelphia office of Big Brothers Big Sisters. Earlier he had been vice president for advertising at Lincoln and First Pennsylvania banks. In the 1960s he had been marketing director at N.W. Ayer & Son, the Philadelphia advertising firm, and later became a senior account executive there.
Mr. Brownworth and his wife, Elizabeth, had been active in the Philadelphia to Philadelphia Project, a program established in 1965 by the Unitarian-Universalist congregation in East Mt. Airy after three civil rights workers had been murdered near Philadelphia, Miss., a year earlier. The project brought African-American teenagers from Mississippi to spend the summer in the Philadelphia area.
Mr. Brownworth also was a member and organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Socialist Workers Party.
Born in East Falls, he received a bachelor's degree in architecture from the University of Pennsylvania and served in the Navy.
He is survived by daughters Victoria Brownworth and Jennie Goldenberg; three grandchildren, and his partner, Meredith Kane. His former wife, Elizabeth, died in 2004.
A funeral Mass will be celebrated at 10 a.m. Saturday, June 11, at St. Mark's Church, 1625 Locust St., in Philadelphia. – WF


text:
Mali campaign: French jets hit rebel bases near Kidal
French warplanes have bombed rebel bases and depots in remote parts of northern Mali to try to cut off supply routes, France's foreign minister says.
Laurent Fabius told France Inter radio that the rebels would not be able to stay long without fresh supplies.
Thirty jets struck on Sunday around Tessalit amid fears the rebels could re-group in the mountainous region.
In Paris, US Vice-President Joe Biden backed plans for an African-led force and eventual UN operation in Mali.
Speaking alongside French President Francois Hollande, who visited Mali at the weekend, Mr Biden said they had agreed that African troops should take over from French forces "as quickly as reasonably possible", before the UN assumes overall command.
Efforts must then be made "as quickly as is prudent [to] transition that mission to the United Nations," Mr Biden said.
Mr Hollande said the French-led mission would continue, with the aim of restoring Mali's "territorial integrity" before peacekeeping operations began.
Kidal talks
Speaking before his president's appearance at the Elysee Palance, Mr Fabius said that Sunday's air strikes had been aimed at "destroying the bases and fuel depots" of the rebels.
"If you look at the map, they have taken refuge in the north and in the north-east," Mr Fabius said.
"But they can stay there for long only if they have ways to get supplies. So, in a very efficient manner, the army is stopping that."
Mr Fabius would not say whether the air strikes were aimed at preparing for a new ground assault, but said transition to African forces - and withdrawal from Timbuktu - "could happen very fast".
The French launched their intervention in Mali on 11 January as Islamist militants moved south and threatened the capital, Bamako.
Since then, the militants have been driven from population centres in the north and east.
Kidal remains the only major town not in the control of French and Malian forces.
French troops are at the airport in Kidal, but rebels from a Tuareg group who want their own homeland in northern Mali - the MNLA - still control the town itself.
Malian Interim President Dioncounda Traore has offered to hold talks with the MNLA in order to help secure Kidal.
Tessalit is about 200km (125 miles) north of Kidal and is a gateway to the Adrar des Ifoghas mountains, where rebels are believed to have sought refuge after being forced from the main population centres.
It is thought the mountainous areas could provide perfect hiding places for the militants.
It is believed that several French civilian hostages are being held by militants in the area, making the situation even more delicate.
On Saturday Mr Hollande said it would be wrong to assume the military operation was over, while Mr Traore said it would be difficult to completely rid the country of Islamists.
French withdrawal
Meanwhile, aid agency Oxfam has warned that food and fuel supplies to some parts of northern Mali are starting to dry up as many predominantly Arab and Tuareg traders have fled fearing reprisal attacks.
Oxfam said prices in Gao had risen by more than 20% since the French military intervention.
Philippe Conraud, Oxfam country director in Mali, said if the traders did not return soon, it could become "very difficult for people to get enough food to feed their families".
Reports have also emerged that a senior figure in the main militant Islamist movement - Ansar Dine - has been captured near the Algerian border by a rival separatist group.
Malian security sources quoted by AFP news agency named the man as Mohamed Moussa Ag Mouhamed, third in command of the group. The report cannot be verified.
Mr Hollande received a warm welcome on Saturday as he visited the northern desert city of Timbuktu, recaptured by French and Malian troops a week ago.
A total of 3,500 French troops are currently in Mali.
Nearly 2,000 army personnel from Chad and Niger are helping consolidate the recent gains. A further 6,000 troops will be deployed as part of the UN-backed African-led International Support Mission to Mali (Afisma).


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Genesis 7
From LOLCat Bible Translation Project
m (Minor wording changes)
Anshkakashi (Talk | contribs)
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[[Category:Genesis|Genesis 7]]{{Old Testament}}
[[Category:Genesis|Genesis 7]]{{Old Testament}}
|1= Ceiling Cat den said
|1= Ceiling Cat den said
Revision as of 19:20, 24 October 2007
1 Ceiling Cat den said
2 Noah, "Liek goes into teh ark, joo and joo kittens, cuz joo coolz an' righteous an' stuff. In dis generashun. 2 taek wif u 7 of evry kind ov clean moo cow, male an' its wife, an 2 ov evry kind of unclean moo cow, male an' its mate.
3 An' also 7 ov evry kind ov bird, male an' female cuz teh birds are scaredz of teh commitments, an' also 7 ov evry kind ov bird, male an' female (for teh saem reason) 2 keep their various kindz livin throughout teh earthz. 4 7 daiz and frum nao I;m gonna send teh wetness on teh earthz. A little advize, probabliez a gud idea to keep 'em seperatez so teh moo cows don't haev an episode of "PENIS GOES WHERE?" until joo get der.
4 For 4ty daiz and 4ty nites, it gon b wet and I gun pwn some noobs.."
5 An' Noah did what Ceiling Cat told him to, and installed dry wall between teh moo cows and his sons and his dawters so dey would not do nething liek to maek cowz go "penis goes where!?" during teh 4ty daiz.
6 Noah was liek rlyz old when teh wetness came.
7 An' noah and his kittens enterd teh ark so tehy wouldn't get teh wetness in their furz.
8 All teh moo cows and teh other stuff Ceiling Cat (who talkz forever 'bout nutin) saidz
9 male an' female, came 2 Noah and he dun put them in teh ark, as Ceiling Cat commandd him.
10 An' after teh seven daiz teh wetness came.
11 In da liek 6 hunderd year of Noah's lief, on teh sevententh dai ov teh second munth-on dat dai all teh spreengs ov teh great deepz liek spewed teh waterz on teh urf and teh floodgatez ov teh heavenz wuz opend.
12 An' teh wetnessez came to teh urf an' it was all wet.
13 On dat der dai, teh sons of Noahz, Shem teh Jew, Japheth teh white guy, and Ham teh blak guy wif der wivez.
14 Tehy had every kind of animal two 'cordin to it's kind, all moo cows 'cordin to it's kind, evry creachur dat mooves on teh grawnd 'cordin 2 its kind an' evry bird 'cordin 2 it's kind, evrythin wif wings too.
15 pairs ov all creaturez dat has teh breath ov life in them came 2 noah an' enterd teh ark.
16 teh animals goin in wuz male an' femail ov evry livin ting, as Ceiling Cat had commandd Noah. den teh lord shut him in.
17 4 forty dais teh flood kept comin on teh urthz, an' as teh waters increasd they liftd teh ark high aboov teh urthz.
18 teh watahs rose an' increasd graitly on teh urthz, an' teh ark floatd on teh surface ov teh watr.
19 thei rised greatlee on teh urthz, an' all teh high mowntins undr teh entir heavens wuz covrd.
20 teh watrs rose an' coverd teh mowntinz 2 depth ov moar dan twenty feetz OMGWTFBBQ!!1!
21 evry livin thin dat movd on teh urthz perishd — birdz, livestok, wild animalz, all teh creeturz dat swarm ovah teh urthz, an' all pplz. not catz doh. Ceiling Cat luv catz. Plus catz hates getting wet. DO NOT WANT! <3
22 evryting on dri land dat had teh breth ov life in itz nostrilz did.
23 evry livin thin on teh face ov teh urthz wuz wipd out; d00dz an' animalz an' teh creeturz dat moov along teh ground an' teh birdz ov teh air wuz wipd frum teh urthz. only Noah wuz left, an' dose wif him in da ark.
24 teh watrz floodd teh urthz 4 hundrd an' fifty dais.
|"Genesis 7"
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text:
Rihanna Shares Picture of Her Hooked Up to IV
Rihanna's well-documented lifestyle of living fast and partying hard is catching up with her. She tweeted a photo of her arm hooked up to an IV, causing fans to worry about the overall state of her health.
You also see the singer's black-painted, talon-like nails which caused her to be fashionably late to the Meta Gala on Monday (May 7) in the shot.
Speculation is that she partied hard with fellow celebs after the event.
She also reportedly missed her 'SNL' dress rehearsal over the weekend because she was sick, which miffed the producers and powers-that-be. Her performance itself was entertaining, despite all that drama and the report that she was not 100 percent.
That news, combined with this IV shot, certainly have us concerned that RiRi isn't taking care of herself.
Below is her tweet and photo of her arm hooked up to the IV. We hope she gets better soon.
Don't those nails look like they could puncture something? How does she write? Or put on lip gloss? Or put on a necklace? Or open a can? Let's hope she doesn't wear contacts.
@YewMadCunt twitter.com/rihanna/status…
— Rihanna (@rihanna) May 9, 2012


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Extreme Cleaners Expert Tips
It is important to keep your carpets cleaned professionally on a quarterly basis with the best state of the art machinery. Regular cleaning and maintenance of floors and machinery saves big money in the long run on your most expensive investments. In addition, there are numerous health and safety benefits to regular cleaning and maintenance of office, workplace and home.
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In FP Tech Desk's Startup Roundup series, we take a look at Canadian startup news from the past week.
Jostle's creative $3.1M series A
Vancouver's Jostle raised an unconventional series A round last week, attracting $3.1-million in backing not from venture capital funds but all from private investors.
The cloud-based engagement platform billed as a competitor to Yammer, said last Friday that it now has 52 shareholders, including most of its employees and directors.
As startup communities around North America watch to see whether securities regulators will implement rules permitting equity crowdfunding (the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is still working out the regulations under the JOBS Act) this funding round is an example of some of the creative approaches to raising capital companies are taking in the meantime.
Broadly speaking private companies can raise money from family and friends or from accredited investors, that is those whose net worth or annual income hit certain minimums.
As lobbying efforts to loosen those restrictions continue, some are turning to high-net worth investors who did not previously consider investing in such ventures.
Quoted in a blog post on Jostle's funding, Gary Yurkovich, managing partner of Espresso Capital, noted that conventional angel investors weren't part of the round while the majority of investors came from a "risk profession such as property development, medicine, or oil and gas."
"The success of this investment round was due to the targeting of qualified investors who understood risk," he said.
"It foreshadows the growing importance of crowd-sourced funding — create something truly innovative and directly target individuals that will resonate with the unique value it provides."
The latest funding brings Jostle's total capital raised to $4.6-million.
Fixmo's strategic investment from Samsung Ventures
Mobile risk management company Fixmo announced this week that it received a strategic investment from Samsung Venture Investment Corporation.
The terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Toronto's Fixmo has already raised more than $30-million in venture backing and accepted another strategic investment from Motorola Solutions Venture Capital last August.
In the past year, Samsung Ventures, the venture capital arm of Samsung Group, also made a $2-million investment in much earlier-stage startup Waterloo's Maluuba, which makes a personal voice assistant to rival Siri.
Other news from the week
Some other Canadian startup stories we covered this week:
Startup visa program to launch April 1 with participation of CVCA and NACO
Desire2Learn acquires technology to predict how students will perform
Montreal's Neuralitic Systems acquired by California-based Guavus
500px pulled from App Store over easy access to nude content


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Wyoming Business Tips for April 21-27
A weekly look at Wyoming business questions from the Wyoming Small Business Development Center (WSBDC), part of WyomingEntrepreneur.Biz, a collection of business assistance programs at the University of Wyoming.
By Greg Jordan, Wyoming Entrepreneur, Small Business Development Center associate state director
"I see the Steamboat symbol on all sorts of products around the state. Can I put it on my merchandise for sale?" Robert, Rawlins
Steamboat officially is the bucking horse and rider (BH&R) and is indeed on products all across the state and nation.
You can find it on everything from T-shirts to hitch covers. It's even on the state quarter. What many people do not know is that the BH&R is trademarked by the state of Wyoming and has been since 1936. It was originally worn by World War I soldiers from the Wyoming National Guard in France and Germany.
Just because it is licensed doesn't mean that you can't use the BH&R. The University of Wyoming Trademark Licensing office administers the BH&R licensing for the state. The staff can help retailers find suppliers, and even help with merchandising ideas.
For manufacturers, the UW office can help with the licensing process and share information about products to retailers. A charge for using the BH&R is administered, but compared to licensing fees for other logos around the country, it is reasonable. Besides, there is a reason you see the BH&R on everything.
As one retailer was heard to say, "If you put the bucking horse and rider on just about anything, it will sell."
Many organizations around the state want to show their Wyoming pride on signs, letterhead and business cards. They only need to fill out a business use agreement. If the request is approved, no charge will be assessed.
The people at the UW Trademark Licensing office are a great resource to help get products licensed to sell with the BH&R symbol. For more information, visit the website at www.uwyo.edu/uwlicensing.
Wyoming Entrepreneur advisers also can help get a business ready for growth in sales when officially licensed Wyoming merchandise is being sold.
A blog version of this article and an opportunity to post comments is available at http://www.wyomingentrepreneur.typepad.com/blog/.
The WSBDC is a partnership of the U.S. Small Business Administration, the Wyoming Business Council and the University of Wyoming. To ask a question, call 1-800-348-5194, email firstname.lastname@example.com or write 1000 E. University Ave., Dept. 3922, Laramie, WY, 82071-3922.


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What is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?
Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn developed the Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Since its inception, MBSR has evolved into a common form of complementary medicine addressing a variety of health problems. The National Institutes of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine has provided a number of grants to research the efficacy of the MBSR program in promoting healing (see "Studies" below for information on this research). Completed studies have found that pain-related drug utilization was decreased, and activity levels and feelings of self esteem increased, for a majority of participants. More information on these studies can be found on the University of Massachusetts Medical School website: Center for Mindfulness
Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction brings together mindfulness meditation and yoga. Although MBSR is a training with potential benefits for all types of participants, historically, students have suffered from a wide range of chronic disorders and diseases. MBSR is an 8-week intensive training in mindfulness meditation, based on ancient healing practices, which meets on a weekly basis. Mindfulness practice is ideal for cultivating greater awareness of the unity of mind and body, as well as of the ways the unconscious thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can undermine emotional, physical, and spiritual health. The mind is known to be a factor in stress and stress-related disorders, and meditation has been shown to positively effect a range of autonomic physiological processes, such as lowering blood pressure and reducing overall arousal and emotional reactivity. In addition to mindfulness practices, MBSR uses yoga to help reverse the prevalence of disuse atrophy from our culture's largely sedentary lifestyle, especially for those with pain and chronic illnesses. The program brings meditation and yoga together so that the virtues of both can be experienced simultaneously .
The MBSR program started in the Stress Reduction Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in 1979 and is now offered in over 200 medical centers, hospitals, and clinics around the world, including some of the leading integrative medical centers such as the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine, the Duke Center for Integrative Medicine, and the Jefferson-Myrna Brind Center for Integrative Medicine. Many of the MBSR classes are taught by physicians, nurses, social workers, and psychologists, as well as other health professionals who are seeking to reclaim and deepen some of the sacred reciprocity inherent in the doctor-caregiver/patient-client relationship. Their work is based on a need for an active partnership in a participatory medicine, one in which patient/clients take on significant responsibility for doing a certain kind of interior work in order to tap into their own deepest inner resources for learning, growing, healing, and transformation.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a form of MBSR that includes information about depression as well as cognitive therapy-based exercises linking thinking and its resulting impact on feeling. MBCT demonstrates how participants can best work with these thoughts and feelings when depression threatens to overwhelm them and how to recognize depressive moods that can bring on negative thought patterns .
Mindfulness is a lifetime engagement--not to get somewhere else, but to be where and as we actually are in this very moment, whether the experience is pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral.
Other Resource Links
Center for Mindfulness A history of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program Studies
Staying Well: A Clinical Trial of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Education Groups for HIV
A Mindfulness Based Approach to HIV Treatment Side Effects
Massage, Meditation, and Tai Chi for Chronic Lower Back Pain
Meditation-Based Stress Reduction in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy for Cancer Patients
Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction for Hot Flashes
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The Anti-Chinese Massacre in Los Angeles as a Reconstruction-Era Event
Victor Jew
Long regarded as a violent outburst significant mainly for California history, the 1871 Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre raises themes central to America's Civil War Reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877, namely, the resort to threats and violence to preserve traditionally conceived social and political authority and power. Although the Los Angeles events occurred far from the American South, the Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre paralleled the anti-black violence that rose in the South during Reconstruction. Although the immediate causes of the violence in the post–Civil War South and California were far different, they shared one key characteristic: they employed racial disciplining to preserve traditional social orders that old elites saw as threatened by changing times and circumstances.
Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers Movement
Matt Garcia
In September 1962, the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) held its first convention in Fresno, California, initiating a multiracial movement that would result in the creation of United Farm Workers (UFW) and the first contracts for farm workers in the state of California. Led by Cesar Chavez, the union contributed a number of innovations to the art of social protest, including the most successful consumer boycott in the history of the United States. Chavez welcomed contributions from numerous ethnic and racial groups, men and women, young and old. For a time, the UFW was the realization of Martin Luther King Jr.'s beloved community—people from different backgrounds coming together to create a socially just world. During the 1970s, Chavez struggled to maintain the momentum created by the boycott as the state of California became more involved in adjudicating labor disputes under the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA). Although Chavez and the UFW ultimately failed to establish a permanent, national union, their successes and strategies continue to influence movements for farm worker justice today.
Chinese Herbalists in the United States
Haiming Liu
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Please check back later for the full article.
Chinese herb medicine in the United States is an important part of Chinese American history. As an interesting case of cultural migration, it illustrates how people, work skills, and cultural traditions were transplanted from one place to another. It is both a medical and social history. Chinese herbalists provided a vital medical service to both Chinese and Caucasian patients from the mid-19th century to the first half of the 20th century. This article documents when, how, and why Chinese herbal medicine spread and became popular in America, who the herbalists were, how they operated their businesses, how they served both Chinese and non-Chinese patients, what kinds of challenges they faced, and why herbal medicine became a much needed yet also controversial profession. Its significance and theoretical implications are manifold. Cultural traditions, medical knowledge, medical license laws, racial environment, and ethnic resilience were all important themes in Chinese herbalists' history.
Excavating Asian America in the Sacramento Delta
Kelly N. Fong
The Sacramento Delta is an agricultural region in northern California with deep historic significance for Asian Americans. Asian American laborers were instrumental to the development of Sacramento Delta, transforming the swampy peat bog into one of the richest agricultural areas in California. Beginning in the mid-19th century, Chinese laborers constructed levees, dikes, and ditches along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers before breaking the fertile soil to grow fruit and vegetables including pears and asparagus. Asian Americans continued a permanent and transient presence in the Sacramento Delta on farms as migrant farm laborers, permanent farmworkers, and overseers, and in the small delta towns such as Isleton that emerged as merchants, restaurant operators, boardinghouse operators, and other business owners catering to the local community.
The National Parks
Donald Worster
The national parks of the United States have been one of the country's most popular federal initiatives, and popular not only within the nation but across the globe. The first park was Yellowstone, established in 1872, and since then almost sixty national parks have been added, along with hundreds of monuments, protected rivers and seashores, and important historical sites as well as natural preserves. In 1916 the parks were put under the National Park Service, which has managed them primarily as scenic treasures for growing numbers of tourists. Ecologically minded scientists, however, have challenged that stewardship and called for restoration of parks to their natural conditions, defined as their ecological integrity before white Europeans intervened. The most influential voice in the history of park philosophy remains John Muir, the California naturalist and Yosemite enthusiast and himself a proto-ecologist, who saw the parks as sacred places for a modern nation, where reverence for nature and respect for science might coexist and where tourists could be educated in environmental values. As other nations have created their own park systems, similar debates have occurred. While parks may seem like a great modern idea, this idea has always been embedded in cultural and social change—and subject to struggles over what that "idea" should be.
U.S. Imperialism, 1898–1914
Robert McGreevey
U.S. imperialism took a variety of forms in the early 20th century, ranging from colonies in Puerto Rico and the Philippines to protectorates in Cuba, Panama, and other countries in Latin America, and open door policies such as that in China. Formal colonies would be ruled with U.S.-appointed colonial governors and supported by U.S. troops. Protectorates and open door policies promoted business expansion overseas through American oversight of foreign governments and, in the case of threats to economic and strategic interests, the deployment of U.S. marines. In all of these imperial forms, U.S. empire-building both reflected and shaped complex social, cultural, and political histories with ramifications for both foreign nations and America itself.
The U.S.–Mexico War
Omar Valerio-Jiménez
The United States–Mexico War was the first war in which the United States engaged in a conflict with a foreign nation for the purpose of conquest. It was also the first conflict in which trained soldiers (from West Point) played a large role. The war's end transformed the United States into a continental nation as it acquired a vast portion of Mexico's northern territories. In addition to shaping U.S.–Mexico relations into the present, the conflict also led to the forcible incorporation of Mexicans (who became Mexican Americans) as the nation's first Latinos. Yet, the war has been identified as the nation's "forgotten war" because few Americans know the causes and consequences of this conflict. Within fifteen years of the war's end, the conflict faded from popular memory, but it did not disappear, due to the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War. By contrast, the U.S.–Mexico War is prominently remembered in Mexico as having caused the loss of half of the nation's territory, and as an event that continues to shape Mexico's relationship with the United States. Official memories (or national histories) of war affect international relations, and also shape how each nation's population views citizens of other countries. Not surprisingly, there is a stark difference in the ways that American citizens and Mexican citizens remember and forget the war (e.g., Americans refer to the "Mexican American War" or the "U.S.–Mexican War," for example, while Mexicans identify the conflict as the "War of North American Intervention").


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Nutrition Journal BioMed Central Open Access Review Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention Mahshid Dehghan1, Noori Akhtar-Danesh*2 and Anwar T Merchant3 Address: 1Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, 2School of Nursing and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada and 3Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Email: Mahshid Dehghan - [email protected]; Noori Akhtar-Danesh* - [email protected]; Anwar T Merchant - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 02 September 2005 Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-24 Received: 06 June 2005 Accepted: 02 September 2005 This article is available from: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 © 2005 Dehghan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Consequently, both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are involved in childhood obesity. Almost all researchers agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity, secondary prevention or prevention of weight regains following weight loss, and avoidance of more weight increase in obese persons unable to lose weight. Until now, most approaches have focused on changing the behaviour of individuals in diet and exercise. It seems, however, that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity epidemic. While about 50% of the adults are overweight and obese in many countries, it is difficult to reduce excessive weight once it becomes established. Children should therefore be considered the priority population for intervention strategies. Prevention may be achieved through a variety of interventions targeting built environment, physical activity, and diet. Some of these potential strategies for intervention in children can be implemented by targeting preschool institutions, schools or after-school care services as natural setting for influencing the diet and physical activity. All in all, there is an urgent need to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity in children. Introduction Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. About 70% of obese adolescents grow up to become obese adults [1-3]. The prevalence of childhood obesity is in increasing since 1971 in developed countries (Table 1). In some European countries such as the Scandinavian countries the Page 1 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 Table 1: Changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in some developed countries Country/Year USA 1973–1994 1971–1974 1976–1980 1988–1994 1999–2000 Japan 1974–1993 UK 1984–98 Spain 1985/6 to 1995/6 France 1992–1996 Greece 1984–2000 Age/yr Study (author) Change in obesity 5–24 6–19 6–19 6–19 6–19 Bogalusa [67] NHANES I [68] NHANES II [68] NHANES III [68] NHANES IV [68] Mean level increased 0.2 kg/yr, twofold increase in prevalence of obesity Relatively stable Relatively stable Doubled to 11% Increased by 4% 6–14 Kotani [69] Doubled (5% to 10%) 7–11 Lobstein [70] Changed from 8% to 20% 6–7 Moreno [71] Changed from 23% to 35% 5–12 Rolland-Cachera [72] Changed from 10% to 14% 6–12 Krassas [73] Increased by 7% prevalence of childhood obesity is lower as compared with Mediterranean countries, nonetheless, the proportion of obese children is rising in both cases [4]. The highest prevalence rates of childhood obesity have been observed in developed countries, however, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries as well. The prevalence of childhood obesity is high in the Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe [5]. For instance, in 1998, The World Health Organization project monitoring of cardiovascular diseases (MONICA) reported Iran as one of the seven countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity. The prevalence of BMI (in percentage) between 85th and 95th percentile in girls was significantly higher than that in boys (10.7, SD = 1.1 vs. 7.4, SD = 0.9). The same pattern was seen for the prevalence of BMI > 95th percentile (2.9, SD = 0.1 vs. 1.9, SD = 0.1) [6]. In Saudi Arabia, one in every six children aged 6 to 18 years old is obese [7]. Furthermore, in both developed and developing countries there are proportionately more girls overweight than boys, particularly among adolescent [6,8,9]. Overweight and obesity in childhood have significant impact on both physical and psychological health; for example, overweight and obesity are associated with Hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance, and infertility. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression occur with increased frequency in obese children [10]. Overweight children followed up for 40 [11] and 55 years [12] were more likely to have cardiovascular and digestive diseases, and die from any cause as compared with those who were lean. Definition of childhood obesity Although definition of obesity and overweight has changed over time [13,14], it can be defined as an excess of Body Fat (BF). There is no consensus on a cutoff point for excess fatness of overweight or obesity in children and adolescents. Williams et al. [15] measured skin fold thickness of 3320 children aged 5–18 years and classified children as fat if their percentage of body fat was at least 25% and 30%, respectively, for males and females. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention defined overweight as at or above the 95th percentile of BMI for age and "at risk for overweight" as between 85th to 95th percentile of BMI for age [16,17]. European researchers classified overweight as at or above 85th percentile and obesity as at or above 95th percentile of BMI [18]. There are also several methods to measure the percentage of body fat. In research, techniques include underwater weighing (densitometry), multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the clinical environment, techniques such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skin fold thickness have been used extensively. Although, these methods are less accurate than research methods, they are satisfactory to identify risk. While BMI seems appropriate for differentiating adults, it may not be as useful in children because of their changing body shape as they progress through normal growth. In addition, BMI fails to distinguish between fat and fat-free mass (muscle and bone) and may exaggerate obesity in large muscular children. Furthermore, maturation pattern differs between genders and different ethnic groups. Studies that used BMI to identify overweight and obese children based on percentage of body fat have found high specificity (95– 100%), but low sensitivity (36–66%) for this system of classification [19]. While health consequences of obesity are related to excess fatness, the ideal method of classification should be based on direct measurement of fatness. Although methods such as densitometry can be used in research practice, they are not feasible for clinical settings. For large population-based studies and clinical situations, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is widely used. Page 2 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 Cross-sectional studies have shown that BIA predicts total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass or percentage of body fat (%BF) among children [20-23]. Also, it has been shown that BIA provides accurate estimation of changes on %BF and FFM over time [24]. Waist circumference, as a surrogate marker of visceral obesity, has been added to refine the measure of obesity related risks [25]. Waist circumference seems to be more accurate for children because it targets central obesity, which is a risk factor for type II diabetes and coronary heart disease. To the best of our knowledge there is no publication on specific cut off points for waist circumference, but there are some ongoing studies. Causes of obesity Although the mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood, it is confirmed that obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. There are multiple etiologies for this imbalance, hence, and the rising prevalence of obesity cannot be addressed by a single etiology. Genetic factors influence the susceptibility of a given child to an obesity-conducive environment. However, environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment seem to play major roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide [26-29]. In a small number of cases, childhood obesity is due to genes such as leptin deficiency or medical causes such as hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency or side effects due to drugs (e.g. – steroids) [30]. Most of the time, however, personal lifestyle choices and cultural environment significantly influence obesity. Behavioral and social factors I. Diet Over the last decades, food has become more affordable to larger numbers of people as the price of food has decreased substantially relative to income and the concept of 'food' has changed from a means of nourishment to a marker of lifestyle and a source of pleasure. Clearly, increases in physical activity are not likely to offset an energy rich, poor nutritive diet. It takes between 1–2 hours of extremely vigorous activity to counteract a single large-sized (i.e., >=785 kcal) children's meal at a fast food restaurant. Frequent consumption of such a diet can hardly be counteracted by the average child or adult [31]. Calorie intake although overweight and obesity are mostly assumed to be results of increase in caloric intake, there is not enough supporting evidence for such phenomenon. Food frequency methods measure usual diet, but estimate caloric intake poorly [32]. Other methods such as 24-hour recall or food diaries evaluate caloric intakes more accurately, however, estimate short-term not long-term intake [32]. Total energy intake is difficult to measure accurately at a http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 population level. However, a small caloric imbalance (within the margin of error of estimation methods) is sufficient over a long period of time to lead to obesity. With concurrent rise in childhood obesity prevalence in the USA, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) noted only subtle change in calorie intake among US children from the 1970s to 1988–1994. For this period, NHANES III found an increase calorie intake only among white and black adolescent females. The same pattern was observed by the latest NHANES (1999– 2000). The Bogalusa study which has been following the health and nutrition of children since 1973 in Bogalusa (Louisiana), reported that total calorie intake of 10-year old children remained unchanged during 1973–1988 and a slight but significant decrease was observed when energy intake was expressed per kilogram body weight [33]. The result of a survey carried out during the past few decades in the UK suggested that average energy intakes, for all age groups, are lower than they used to be [34]. Some small studies also found similar energy intake among obese children and their lean counterparts [6,35-37]. Fat intake while for many years it has been claimed that the increase in pediatric obesity has happened because of an increase in high fat intake, contradictory results have been obtained by cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Result of NHANES has shown that fat consumption of American children has fallen over the last three decades. For instance; mean dietary fat consumption in males aged 12–19 years fell from 37.0% (SD = 0.29%) of total caloric intake in 1971–1974 to 32.0% (SD = 0.42%) in 1999– 2000. The pattern was the same for females, whose fat consumption fell from 36.7% (SD = 0.27%) to 32.1% (SD = 0.61%) [38,39]. Gregory et al. [40] reported that the average fat intake of children aged 4–18 years in the UK is close to the government recommendation of 35% energy. On the other hand, some cross-sectional studies have found a positive relationship between fat intake and adiposity in children even after controlling for confounding factors [41,42]. The main objection to the notion that dietary fat is responsible for the accelerated pediatric obesity epidemic is the fact that at the same time the prevalence of childhood obesity was increasing, the consumption of dietary fat in different populations was decreasing. Although fat eaten in excess leads to obesity, there is not strong enough evidence that fat intake is the chief reason for the ascending trend of childhood obesity. Other dietary factors there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that increasing dairy intake by about two servings per day could reduce the risk of overweight by up to 70% [43]. In addition, calcium intake was associated with 21% reduced risk of development of insulin resistance among over- Page 3 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 weight younger adults and may reduce diabetes risk [44]. Higher calcium intake and more dairy servings per day were associated with reduced adiposity in children studied longitudinally [45,46]. There are few data reporting the relation between calcium or dairy intake and obesity among children. Between 1970 and 1997, the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) surveys indicated an increase of 118% of per capita consumption of carbonated drinks, and a decline of 23% for beverage milk [47]. Soft drink intake has been associated with the epidemic of obesity [48] and type II diabetes [49] among children. While it is possible that drinking soda instead of milk would result in higher intake of total energy, it cannot be concluded definitively that sugar containing soft drinks promote weight gain because they displace dairy products. II. Physical Activity It has been hypothesized that a steady decline in physical activity among all age groups has heavily contributed to rising rates of obesity all around the world. Physical activity strongly influenced weight gain in a study of monozygotic twins [50]. Numerous studies have shown that sedentary behaviors like watching television and playing computer games are associated with increased prevalence of obesity [51,52]. Furthermore, parents report that they prefer having their children watch television at home rather than play outside unattended because parents are then able to complete their chores while keeping an eye on their children [53]. In addition, increased proportions of children who are being driven to school and low participation rates in sports and physical education, particularly among adolescent girls [51], are also associated with increased obesity prevalence. Since both parental and children's choices fashion these behaviors, it is not surprising that overweight children tend to have overweight parents and are themselves more likely to grow into overweight adults than normal weight children [54]. In response to the significant impact that the cultural environment of a child has on his/her daily choices, promoting a more active lifestyle has wide ranging health benefits and minimal risk, making it a promising public health recommendation. Prevention Almost all public health researchers and clinicians agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity [55]. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity itself, secondary prevention or avoidance of weight regains following weight loss, and prevention of further weight increases in obese individuals unable to lose weight. Until now, most approaches have focused on changing the behavior of individuals on diet and exercise and it seems http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity epidemic. What age group is the priority for starting prevention? Children are often considered the priority population for intervention strategies because, firstly, weight loss in adulthood is difficult and there are a greater number of potential interventions for children than for adults. Schools are a natural setting for influencing the food and physical activity environments of children. Other settings such as preschool institutions and after-school care services will have similar opportunities for action. Secondly, it is difficult to reduce excessive weight in adults once it becomes established. Therefore it would be more sensible to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity during childhood. Prevention may be achieved through a variety of interventions targeting built environment, physical activity and diet. Built Environment The challenge ahead is to identify obesogenic environments and influence them so that healthier choices are more available, easier to access, and widely promoted to a large proportion of the community (Table 2). The neighborhood is a key setting that can be used for intervention. It encompasses the walking network (footpaths and trails, etc.), the cycling network (roads and cycle paths), public open spaces (parks) and recreation facilities (recreation centers, etc.). While increasing the amount of public open space might be difficult within an existing built environment, protecting the loss of such spaces requires strong support within the community. Although the local environment, both school and the wider community, plays an important role in shaping children's physical activity, the smaller scale of the home environment is also very important in relation to shaping children's eating behaviors and physical activity patterns. Surprisingly, we know very little about specific home influences and as a setting, it is difficult to influence because of the total numbers and heterogeneity of homes and the limited options for access [56]. Of all aspects of behavior in the home environment, however, television viewing has been researched in greatest detail [57-59]. Physical activity Stone et al. [60] reviewed the impact of 14 school-based interventions on physical activity knowledge and behavior. Most of the outcome variables showed significant improvements for the intervention. One interdisciplinary intervention program in the USA featured a curriculumbased approach to influence eating patterns, reduce sedentary behaviors (with a strong emphasis on television viewing), and promote higher activity levels among children of school grades 6 to 8. Evaluation at two years showed a reduction in obesity prevalence in girls (OR = Page 4 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 Table 2: Some interventions strategies that could be considered for prevention of childhood obesity I. Built environment 1. Walking network a. Footpaths (designated safe walking path) b. Trails (increasing safety in trails) 2. The cycling network a. Roads (designated cycling routes) b. Cycle paths 3. Public open spaces (parks) 4. Recreation facilities (providing safe and inexpensive recreation centers) II. Physical activity 1. Increasing sports participation 2. Improving and increasing physical education time 3. Use school report cards to make the parents aware of their children's weight problem 4. Enhancing active modes of transport to and from school a. Walking e.g. walking bus b. Cycling c. Public transport III. TV watching 1. Restricting television viewing 2. Reducing eating in front of the television 3. Ban or restriction on television advertising to children IV. Food sector 1. Applying a small tax on high-volume foods of low nutritional value (e.g. soft drinks, confectionery, and snack foods) 2. Food labeling and nutrition 'signposts' (e.g. logos for nutritious foods) 3. Implementing standards for product formulation 0.47; 95%CI: 0.24 – 0.93), but not in boys (OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.52 – 1.39) compared to controls. The reduction in television viewing (by approximately 30 min/day) was highly significant for both boys and girls. Increases in sports participation and/or physical education time would need policy-based changes at both school and education sector levels [61]. Similarly, increases in active modes of transport to and from school (walking, cycling, and public transport) would require policy changes at the school and local government levels, as well as support from parents and the community. In some communities a variety of such programs have been implemented e.g. road crossings, 'walking bus', and designated safe walking and cycling routes [51]. Effects of dietary pattern and TV watching It appears that gains can be made in obesity prevention through restricting television viewing. Although, it seems that reduced eating in front of the television is at least as important as increasing activity [58]. Fast foods are one of the most advertised products on television and children are often the targeted market. Reducing the huge volume of marketing of energy-dense foods and drinks and fastfood restaurants to young children, particularly through the powerful media of television, is a potential strategy that has been advocated. Television advertising to chil- dren under 12 years of age has not been permitted in Sweden since commercial television began over a decade ago, although children's television programs from other countries, and through satellite television, probably dilute the impact of the ban in Sweden. Norway, Denmark, Austria, Ireland, Australia, and Greece also have some restrictions on television advertising to young children [51]. The fact that children would still be seeing some television advertisements during adult programs or other types of marketing, such as billboards, does not contradict the rationale for the control on the television watching of young children. Food Sector Food prices have a marked influence on food-buying behaviour and, consequently, on nutrient intake [62]. A small tax (but large enough to affect sales) on high-volume foods of low nutritional value, such as soft drinks, confectionery, and snack foods, may discourage their use. Such taxes currently applied in some parts of the USA and Canada [63]. In addition, food labeling and nutrition 'signposts' such as logos that indicate that a food meets certain nutrition standards might help consumers make choices of healthy foods. An example is the 'Pick the Tick' symbol program run by the National Heart Foundations in Australia and New Zealand [64]. The 'Pick the Tick' Page 5 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes) Nutrition Journal 2005, 4:24 http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 symbols made it easier for consumers to identify healthier food choices and are frequently used by shoppers. In addition, the nutrition criteria for the products serve as 'de facto' standards for product formulation, and many manufacturers will formulate or reformulate products to meet those standards. Abbreviations Effectiveness of the prevention methods It has been shown that focusing on reducing sedentary behaviour and encouraging free play has been more effective than focusing on forced exercise or reducing food intake in preventing already obese children from gaining more weight [65]. Recent efforts in preventing obesity include the initiative of using school report cards to make the parents aware of their children's weight problem. Health report cards are believed to aid prevention of obesity. In a study in the Boston area, parents who received health and fitness report cards were almost twice as likely to know or acknowledge that their child was actually overweight than those parents who did not get a report card [66]. They also were over twice as likely to plan weightcontrol activities for their overweight children. BF Body Fat A summary of prevention and intervention strategies is presented in Table 2. NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey MONICA Multinational Monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease BMI Body Mass Index BIA Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging TBW Total Body Water FFM Fat-Free Mass USDA United State Department of Agriculture Authors' contributions All authors had equal contribution in writing this manuscript. Acknowledgements Conclusion Obesity is a chronic disorder that has multiple causes. Overweight and obesity in childhood have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression occur with increased frequency in obese children. Overweight children are more likely to have cardiovascular and digestive diseases in adulthood as compared with those who are lean. It is believed that both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are mainly involved in childhood obesity. Apparently, primary or secondary prevention could be the key plan for controlling the current epidemic of obesity and these strategies seem to be more effective in children than in adults. A number of potential effective plans can be implemented to target built environment, physical activity, and diet. These strategies can be initiated at home and in preschool institutions, schools or after-school care services as natural setting for influencing the diet and physical activity and at home and work for adults. Both groups can benefit from an appropriate built environment. However, further research needs to examine the most effective strategies of intervention, prevention, and treatment of obesity. 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J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005, 14:1319-1365. Publish with Bio Med Central and every scientist can read your work free of charge "BioMed Central will be the most significant development for disseminating the results of biomedical researc h in our lifetime." Sir Paul Nurse, Cancer Research UK Your research papers will be: available free of charge to the entire biomedical community peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance cited in PubMed and archived on PubMed Central yours — you keep the copyright BioMedcentral Submit your manuscript here: http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/publishing_adv.asp Page 8 of 8 (page number not for citation purposes)
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SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - After splitting the doubleheader yesterday, UC Santa Barbara was able to edge out a 6-5 victory to take the series from Cal State Northridge on Sunday afternoon at Campus Diamond. UCSB improves to 28-21 and evens up there conference record at 9-9, while CSUN falls to 21-29 and 7-11 in conference.
Lauren Boser led the offensive attack for the Gauchos going 3-for-3 with two RBI's, falling a single shy of the cycle. Keilani Jennings and Jessica Soria each added two hits on the day.
UCSB got off to a quick start in the bottom of the first inning when leadoff hitter Soria hit an infield single then promptly stole second for her 22nd swipe of the year. Arianna Palomares then singled up the middle and an error by the centerfielder allowed Soria to come around and score giving the Gauchos a 1-0 early lead. After a sac bunt by Shelby Wisdom to move Palomares into scoring position, Jennings singled up the middle advancing Palomares to third. With runners on the corners, Kathyrn Pilpil singled to left bringing home Palomares to make it 2-0.
In the bottom of the second inning, Boser led off with a triple and scored on a infield groundout by Soria giving UCSB a 3-0 lead.
The Gauchos continued their torrid hitting into the third inning with Jennings leading off with a single to center. She advanced to second on a sac bunt from Pilpil and later moved to third on an error allowing Jessica Reichner to reach base. Sami Stark came up to the plate and singled to left field bringing in Jennings from third. Boser then doubled to centerfield scoring Reichner and bringing the score to 5-0.
Alex Pingree was cruising along in the circle for the Gauchos having only allowed two hits through four innings. She was relieved in the fifth inning by Andriana Collins and the CSUN bats came alive. After three hits and an error, the Matadors had three runs cross home plate. Pingree reentered the game in the circle, yet CSUN's Crystal Maas hit a two-run homerun to tie the score 5-5. Pingree got the next batter to pop up to end the inning.
After squandering a five run lead, the Gauchos would look to answer right back in the bottom of the fifth. With two outs, Boser answered back with a homerun of her own taking a 2-1 count over the center field fence. It was the only run UCSB would need and they would hang on for a 6-5 victory.
Pingree picked up the win to improve her record to 7-4.
Wisdom pitched the sixth and seventh innings earning the save, her second of the season.
The Gauchos will travel to Hawaii for a three game series starting on Friday, May 3.


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|Birth Date:
|La Jolla, Calif.
|High School:
|La Jolla
Finished with a 20-9 overall record, the most singles wins on the team...Was 15-6 at No. 5 singles and 17-7 in dual matches...Paired with Jill Katzenberger at No. 2 doubles, finishing with a 5-9 record...Was an undefeated 5-0 at No. 3 singles.
Played No. 5 singles, finishing with a 15-6 record at No. 5...Finished the year with an 18-9 overall record...Paired with Jill Katzenberger at No. 3 doubles, finishing with a 13-2 record.
A walk-on to the UCSB team...After recovering from injuries, Andrade played No. 6 singles and had the best overall team record, finishing at 11-8...Teamed with Shannon Wilkins in No. 2 doubles and had a 2-3 record.
High School
Prepped at La Jolla High School...Lettered in tennis and lacrosse...Won the city and league championship all four years in high school...Also selected to the all-league team in lacrosse her senior season.
Parents are Laura Arias and Carlos Andrade...Major is Marine Biology...Lists Steffi Graf as her favorite athlete...Born December 15, 1978, in Guadalajara, Mexico.