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Back to United States: The Constitution
This guide is intended to serve as an introduction to research on official pronouncements issued by the President of the United States at or near the time a bill is signed into law. Such pronouncements are called signing statements. They have been published in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (discontinued in January 2009) and the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Signing statements have also been published in U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News (West Group) since 1986.
The Executive Branch, which is headed by the President, is tasked by the Constitution with the duty "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed." (Article II, Section 3 (external link)). This language is often referred to as the "Take Care Clause." Congress passes laws and the President enforces them.
If the President feels a law is unconstitutional or otherwise ill-advised, the President can veto the law instead of signing it. At this point Congress can respond in various ways. It is also argued that the President has a duty not to sign a law which in a given circumstance would be unconstitutional, because the President takes an oath to "preserve, protect and defend" the Constitution. (Article II, Section 1 (external link)). The U.S. Supreme Court is the ultimate arbiter of whether a law is constitutional or not (Marbury v. Madison (external link), 5 U.S. 137 (1803) (external link).
Unlike vetoes, signing statements are not part of the legislative process as set forth in the Constitution, and have no legal effect. A signed law is still a law regardless of what the President says in an accompanying signing statement. In 1972, after President Nixon in a signing statement indicated that a provision in a bill submitted to him did not "represent the policies of this Administration" and was "without binding force or effect," a federal district court held that no executive statement, even by a President, "denying efficacy to the legislation could have either validity or effect." DaCosta v. Nixon, 55 F.R.D. 145, 146 (E.D.N.Y. 1972).
Signing statements have been used since the early 19th century by Presidents to comment on the law being signed. Such comments can include giving the President's interpretation of the meaning of the law's language; asserting objections to certain provisions of the law on constitutional grounds; and stating the President's intent regarding how the President intends to execute, or carry out, the law, including giving guidance to executive branch personnel.
Signing statements have played a role in conflicts between the Executive and Legislative branches in the past. For example, President Franklin Roosevelt indicated in a signing statement in 1943, during World War II, that he felt Section 304 of the Urgent Deficiency Appropriations Act of 1943 (ch. 218, 57 Stat. 431, 450 (1943)) was unconstitutional, but that he had no choice but to sign the bill "to avoid delaying our conduct of the war." He indicated that he would enforce the law, but if the law was attacked in court, the Attorney General was to side with the plaintiff and attack the statute rather than defend it. When such a lawsuit did occur, Congress had to appoint a special counsel to defend the statute in court. The matter ultimately went to the Supreme Court, which agreed with President Roosevelt and struck down the provision, citing his signing statement in the Court's opinion (United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946) (external link).
The use of signing statements by Presidents, originally a rare occurrence, has increased gradually over time, becoming increasingly prevalent starting with the Reagan Administration. The Reagan Administration actively sought to encourage courts to consider signing statements when interpreting statutory law; one key step was an agreement with West Publishing Company to include signing statements in West's U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News publication, a commonly used source of legislative history. And in fact, two Supreme Court cases decided during the Reagan Administration did make reference to signing statements, although the general trend has continued to be that signing statements are rarely used by courts when interpreting federal statutes.
All four Presidents since President Reagan have issued signing statements, and increasingly these statements have contained one or more challenges or objections to the laws being signed. President George W. Bush objected to over 700 provisions of law, usually on the grounds that they infringe on the authority granted to the Executive Branch by the Constitution. Some of these objections may imply that the President does not intend to execute these provisions of law.
Commentators and journalists, including the American Bar Association (external link), have taken issue with the increasing use of signing statements by Presidents to object to provisions of law, arguing that in effect such statements constitute a veto to which Congress cannot respond, and therefore represent a line item veto. Line item vetoes were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998) (external link).
The growing use of signing statements has attracted the attention of Congress: the 110th Congress witnessed the introduction of a House Bill (H.R. 264) intended to restrain the President's use of signing statements in general, as well as a Senate Resolution (S. Res. 22) explicitly rejecting particular interpretations of the President's signing statement for Public Law 109-435.
The Law Library of Congress has compiled the following selective bibliography of resources relating to presidential signing statements. The bibliography includes examples of recent laws with signing statements, Congressional Hearings, court cases where the signing statements were discussed, law journal articles, selective press releases, news articles and other secondary materials. New documents and sources will be added to keep the bibliography up to date.
Constitutional Provisions
1. The President has power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Constitution of the United States, Article I, section 7. Available online (external link).
2. Presidential authority to confirm that the laws are faithfully executed, and "shall Commission all the officers of the United States." Constitution of the United States, Article II, section 3. Available online (external link).
Legislative Material
Recent laws with Presidential Signing Statements:
John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, Public Law No. 109-364 (PDF), 120 Stat. 2083, October 17, 2006. Signing Statement (PDF).
Northern California Coastal Wild Heritage Wilderness Act of 2006, Public Law No. 109-362 (PDF), 120 Stat. 2064, October 17, 2006. Signing Statement (PDF).
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2007, Public Law No. 109-295 (PDF), 120 Stat. 1355, October 4, 2006. Signing Statement (PDF).
Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act of 2006, Public Law No. 109-148 (PDF), 119 Stat. 2680, December 30, 2005.Signing Statement (PDF).
Introduced Bills in the 110th Congress:
H.R. 264: To prevent the President from encroaching upon the Congressional prerogative to make laws, and for other purposes. Available online.
S.Res.22: A resolution reaffirming the constitutional and statutory protections accorded sealed domestic mail, and for other purposes. Available online.
Introduced Bills in the 109th Congress:
S. 3731: A bill to regulate the judicial use of presidential signing statements in the interpretation of Acts of Congress. Available online.
H.R. 5486: A bill to prevent the Executive from encroaching upon the Congressional prerogative to make laws, and for other purposes. Available online.
H.J. Res. 87: A bill requiring the President to notify Congress if the President makes a determination at the time of signing a bill into law to ignore a duly enacted provision of such newly enacted law, establishing expedited procedures for the consideration of legislation in the House of Representatives in response to such a determination, and for other purposes. Available online.
H.J. Res. 89: A bill requiring the President to notify Congress if the President makes a determination to ignore a duly enacted provision of law, establishing expedited procedures for the consideration of legislation in the House of Representatives in response to such a determination, and for other purposes. Available online.
Congressional Hearings:
United States. Congress. House. Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process of the Committee on Rules, Executive Orders : hearing before the Subcommittee on Legislative and Budget Process of the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, on the impact of executive orders on the legislative process, executive lawmaking? 106th Congress, 1st. Session. October 27, 1999, Washington: U.S. GPO, 1999. Available online (PDF).
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Judiciary, The Use of Presidential Signing Statements. 109th Congress, 2nd Session. June 27, 2006. No transcript available at this time. Witness list and written statements available online.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary, Presidential Signing Statements under the Bush Administration: Hearing before the House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. 1st Session. January 31, 2007. No transcript available at this time. Witness list and written statements available online.
Executive Branch Material
Memorandum from Samuel A. Alito, Jr., Deputy Assistant Attorney General, to the Litigation Strategy Working Group, U.S. Department of Justice, Using Presidential Signing Statement to Make Fuller Use of the President's Constitutionally Assigned Role in the Process of Enacting Law (1986). Available online (PDF).
Memorandum from William P. Barr, Assistant Attorney General, to General Counsel's Consultative Group, Common Legislative Encroachments on Executive Branch Authority, 13 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel, 248 (1989).
Memorandum from Walter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, to Bernard N. Nussbaum, Counsel to the President, The Legal Significance of Presidential Signing Statements, 17 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 131 (1993). Available online.
Memorandum from Walter Dellinger, Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, to Honorable Abner J. Mikva, Counsel to the President Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes, 18 U.S. Op. Off. Legal Counsel 199 (1994). Available online.
Recent Judicial Branch Material
Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998): Only Congress may repeal legislation and the President may not. There is no constitutional authorization for the President to amend or repeal. Available online (external link).
DaCosta v. Nixon, 55 F.R.D. 145, 146 (E.D.N.Y. 1972): In 1972, after President Nixon in a signing statement indicated that a provision in a bill submitted to him did not "represent the policies of this Administration" and was "without binding force or effect," a federal district court held that no executive statement, even by a President, "denying efficacy to the legislation could have either validity or effect."
United States v. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303 (1946): President Franklin Roosevelt indicated in a signing statement in 1943, during World War II, that he regarded Section 304 of the Urgent Deficiency Appropriations Act of 1943 (Ch. 218, 57 Stat. 431, 450 (1943)) to be unconstitutional, but that he had no choice but to sign the bill "to avoid delaying our conduct of the war." The matter went to the United States Supreme Court. The Court, agreed with President Roosevelt and struck down the statutory provision, citing his signing statement in its opinion. Available online (external link).
Phillip J. Cooper, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.
Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President, 5th Ed., Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Journal And News Articles
Journal Articles:
Curties A. Bradley & Eric A. Posner, Presidential Signing Statements and Executive Power, Duke Law School Legal Studies Paper No. 121 (2006). Available online (external link) (PDF).
Christine E. Burgess, When May a President Refuse to Enforce the Law? 72 Tex. L. Rev. 631(1994).
Steven G. Calabresi and Daniel Lev, The Legal Significance of Presidential Signing Statements, 4 The Forum, no. 8 (2006).
Kristy L. Carroll, Whose Statute Is It Anyway - Why and How Courts Should Use Presidential Signing Statements When Interpreting Federal Statutes, 46 Cath. U. L. Rev. 475 (1997).
Philip J. Cooper, George W. Bush, Edgar Allen Poe and the Use and Abuse of Presidential Signing Statements, 35 Presidential Studies Quarterly 517 (2005).
Frank B. Cross, The Constitutional Legitimacy and Significance of Presidential Signing Statements, 40 Admin. L. Rev. 209 (1988).
Louis Fisher, Signing Statements: Constitutional and Practical Limits (PDF, 179KB), 16 William & Mary Bill of Rights J. 183 (2007).
Louis Fisher, Signing Statements: What to Do? 4 The Forum, no.2 (2006).
Marc N. Garber & Kurt A. Wimmer, Presidential Signing Statements as Interpretations of Legislative Intent: An Executive Aggrandizement of Power, 24 Harv. J. on Legis. 363. (1987).
Nelson Lund, Lawyers and the Defense of the Presidency, 1995 B.Y.U.L. Rev. 17 (1995).
Christopher N. May, Presidential Defiance of 'Unconstitutional' Laws: Reviving the Royal Prerogative, 21 Hastings Const. L.Q. 865 (1994).
Trevor W. Morrison, Constitutional Avoidance in the Executive Branch, 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1189 (2006).
Morton Rosenberg, Congress's Prerogative Over Agencies and Agency Decision Makers: The Rise and Demise of the Reagan Administration's Theory of the Unitary Executive, 57 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 627 (1989).
Brad Waites, Note, Let Me Tell You What You Mean: An Analysis of Presidential Signing Statements,
21 Ga. L. Rev. 755 (1987).
Christopher S. Yoo et al., The Unitary Executive in the Modern Era, 90 Iowa L. Rev. 601(2005).
News Articles and Blog Postings:
Michael Abramowitz, Bush's Tactic of Refusing Laws Is Probed, Washington Post, July 24, 2006, at A05. Available online (external link).
Elisabeth Bumiller, White House Letter; For President, Final Say on a Bill Sometimes Comes After the Signing, New York Times, January 16, 2006, at A11.
Robert Pear, Legal Group Says Bush Undermines Law by Ignoring Select Parts of Bills, New York Times, July 24, 2006, at A12. Available online (external link).
Charlie Savage, Bush Challenges Hundreds of Laws; President Cites Powers of His Office, Boston Globe, April 30, 2006, at A1. Available online (external link).
Charlie Savage, Scalia's Dissent Gives 'Signing Statements' More Heft, Boston Globe, July 15, 2006, at A3. Available online (external link).
Christopher Lee, Alito Once Made Case for Presidential Power, Washington Post, January 2, 2006, at A11. Available online (external link).
Randy Picker, Presidential Signing Statements and the Tricameral Legislature, The Faculty Blog, University of Chicago, School of Law, January 14, 2006. Available online (external link).
Reports And Papers
American Bar Association, Report of the Task Force on Presidential Signing Statements and the Separation of Powers Doctrine (2006). Available online (external link).
T.J. Halstead, Congressional Research Service, Presidential Signing Statements: Constitutional and Institutional Implications, CRS Report RL-33667 (2006). Available online (external link) (PDF).
David H. Remes, et al., Covington & Burling, Presidential Singing Statements: Will Congress Pick up the Gauntlet (2006). Available online (external link) (PDF).
Coalition to Defend Checks and Balances, The Constitution Project, Statement on Presidential Signing Statements: An Initiative of The Constitution Project (2006). Available online (external link) (PDF).
Web Resources
- American Presidency Project, Presidential Signing Statements, Hoover - G.W. Bush. (external link)
- Presidential Signing Statements Research Guide, Georgetown Law Library (external link)
- Presidential Signing Statements, George W. Bush 2001-2007 (external link)
Last Updated: 06/09/2015


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George Michael Cancels Tour Due to Pneumonia
The singer was hospitalized earlier this week in Vienna, Austria from the illness.
LONDON — George Michael has postponed all his remaining 2011 tour dates as he recovers from pneumonia, the singer's publicist said Friday.
Michael was hospitalized in Vienna, Austria earlier this week. A statement from publicist Connie Filippello said the 48-year-old former Wham! singer "is responding to treatment and slowly improving."
Michael "is ill with pneumonia and any other speculation regarding his illness is unfounded and untrue," the statement said.
Two Austrian doctors treating Michael said he had "severe community acquired pneumonia," but "his condition has stabilized and he is responding to treatment." They said he needed time to regain his strength.
"From the current point of view, the time until recovery cannot be estimated, but he will not be able to perform the rest of the tour," Dr. Christoph Zielinski and Dr. Thomas Staudinger said in a statement. "Besides medical treatment, complete rest, and peace and quiet are mandatory."
The singer has postponed dates in Liverpool, Sheffield, Newcastle, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester and London. The statement said the concerts would be rescheduled.
Michael gained mega-stardom in his early 20s as half of Wham! and went on to a successful solo career. His first solo album, 1987's "Faith," sold 20 million copies.
Michael had played 45 dates on his Symphonica European tour before falling ill.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Nordic Light Hotel is a design boutique hotel in the center of Stockholm. Our Hotel's concept is all about light therapy. It starts in your room, continues in the Light Bar and Lounge, goes deeper to our Hotel's cellar and ends your stay with a treatment given by a professional light therapeutist. Are you curious how all of this will influence your mood? Book your Mood room now!
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Dirección: - Nordic Light Hotel Estocolmo Map


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Amos House is a nonprofit social services agency that provides hospitality and direct services to the homeless and poor of Rhode Island. We work in collaboration with other agencies and groups to address issues of hunger, homelessness and poverty.
Amos House 460 Pine Street| P.O. Box 72873| Providence, RI 02907


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Marilyn Manson Refutes Report That He's Engaged to Marry Filmmaker Seraphim Ward
Despite numerous Internet reports, Marilyn Manson is not engaged to marry occult filmmaker Seraphim Ward. Manson's publicist has just issued a statement, claiming that not only is Manson not engaged to Ward, he has never even met her.
Usually known for shocking fans with his stage show, music and videos, but today it's Marilyn Manson's personal life providing the excitement. Reports from Life & Style and E! Online had the 43-year old shock rocker — also known as Brian Warner — engaged to wed 27-year old independent occult filmmaker Seraphim Ward. "Seraphim has recently made a life commitment to her partner and couldn't be happier!" Ward's manager reportedly said of the upcoming union. Now we know that these reports are completely false.
Here's the full statement from Manson's publicist: "Marilyn Manson is not engaged as reported erroneously by Life & Style. Manson has never met Seraphim Ward and does not know who she is."
As for his actual romantic life, Manson was previously married to model Dita Von Teese and was involved in an on-again, off-again relationship with actress Evan Rachel Wood.
Onto the real news: Manson recently told Loudwire that his upcoming release 'Born Villain' was his "comeback" album. He also recently performed with Johnny Depp and Taylor Momsen at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards. Check out our exclusive photos from that gig here.


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Advance Care Planning
Meredith Stensland, Sara Sanders, and Marla Berg-Weger
Advance care planning (ACP) is the process of determining and documenting desired wishes for the end of one's life. Referred to by such terms as end-of-life planning, advance (health) directives, and living wills, ACP is a relatively new concept within our society, having emerged as a social, political, and ethical issue in the United States only since the 1960s. Researchers and legislators have been challenged in their efforts to examine healthcare decision-making and design appropriate policy to guide practice. This article will define ACP, provide an overview of the history and evolution of the process and the associated legal and ethical issues, and describe the process with three specific populations. In addition, it examines the role of the social work profession in working with individuals and families on planning for the end of one's life.
Affordable Care Act
Stephen H. Gorin, Julie S. Darnell, and Heidi L. Allen
This entry describes the development and key provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), which instituted a major overhaul of the U.S. health system, much of which took effect in 2014. The key provisions of the ACA included an individual mandate to purchase insurance, an employer mandate to offer coverage to most workers, an expansion of Medicaid to all persons below 138 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL), minimum benefit standards, elimination of preexisting condition exclusions, and reforms to improve health-care quality and lower costs. This historic legislation has deep roots in U.S. history and represents the culmination of a century-long effort to expand health care and mental health coverage to all citizens.
Aging: Public Policy
Jeanette C. Takamura
Public policy advances in the field of aging in the United States have lagged compared to the growth of the older adult population. Policy adjustments have been driven by ideological perspectives and have been largely incremental. In recent years, conservative policy makers have sought through various legislative vehicles to eliminate or curb entitlement programs, proposing private sector solutions and touting the importance of an "ownership society" in which individual citizens assume personal responsibility for their economic and health security. The election of a Democratic majority in the U.S. House and the slim margin of votes held by Democrats in the U.S. Senate may mean a shift in aging policy directions that strengthens Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, if the newly elected members are able to maintain their seats over time. The results of the 2008 presidential election will also determine how the social, economic, and other policy concerns will be addressed as the baby boomers join the ranks of older Americans.
Food (In)Security
Maryah Stella Fram
This entry provides an overview of current knowledge and thinking about the nature, causes, and consequences of food insecurity as well as information about the major policies and programs aimed at alleviating food insecurity in the United States. Food insecurity is considered at the nexus of person and environment, with discussion focusing on the biological, psychological, social, and economic factors that are interwoven with people's access to and utilization of food. The diversity of experiences of food insecurity is addressed, with attention to issues of age, gender, culture, and community context. Finally, implications for social work professionals are suggested.
Global Health
Toba Schwaber Kerson and Jessica Euna Lee
Within its 150-year history, public health has grown from a focus on local communities to include countrywide, then international, and now global perspectives. Using the United Nations' Millennium Goals as its primary framework, this entry provides an overview of global public health within the broadest possible context of the world and all of its peoples. Also provided are the global burden of disease as measured in disability-adjusted life years, global health statistics, current health priorities, and recommendations for action by social workers and other health professionals.
Health Care Reform
Stephen H. Gorin and Terry Mizrahi
This entry presents an overview of national health-care reform in the United States, from its introduction into the public policy agenda at the turn of the 20th century through policy debates and legislative proposals more than a century later. Specifically, it concentrates on the programs and strategies to obtain universal coverage for health and mental-health services for all Americans at the national level, with limited success. It ends with a discussion of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Special emphasis is laid on the roles of social workers and their professional organizations during this period.
HIV/AIDS and People of Color
Michele Rountree and Courtney McElhaney Peebles
Communities of color are disproportionately burdened by the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Research has shown that race and ethnicity in the United States are population characteristics that correlate with other fundamental determinants of health outcomes. This entry will chronicle the history of the epidemic, report the disparate impact of the disease affecting communities of color, and acknowledge the social determinants of health that contribute to the vulnerability of risk. A call to address the imbalance of health inequities, with a complement of individual-level interventions and new approaches that address the interpersonal, network, community, and societal influences of disease transmission, is discussed.
Managed Care
Vikki L. Vandiver
Since the mid-1980s, managed care has been one approach used to address the economic crisis in the American health-care system. This entry overviews managed care from the perspective of policy, procedure, practice, and system. Specifically, emphasis is given to understanding the emergence and history of managed care, multiple definitions, how it works, and examples of managed care plans, key legislation, existing research, its future, and implications for social-work practitioners.
Medicaid and Medicare
Victoria M. Rizzo and Rebekah Kukowski
In 1965, Titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act were passed, creating Medicare and Medicaid and laying the foundation for US healthcare policy. Medicare was originally created to meet the specific medical needs of adults age 65 and older. Currently, individuals with end-stage renal disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other disabilities may also receive Medicare, regardless of age. Medicaid was established to provide a basic level of medical care to specific categories of people who are poor, including pregnant women, children, and the aged. As part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), states are provided with the opportunity to expand Medicaid to close the coverage gap for public health insurance. This entry provides explanations of Medicaid and Medicare and associated social healthcare programs in the United States. An overview of significant programming developments and current issues of legislative consideration are also provided.
Military Social Work
Jesse J. Harris, Col. USA Ret. and Kyle L. Pehrson, Col. USA Ret.
The history of military social work in the United States is rooted in the civilian professional social work community and is a microcosm of that sector. Military social work has a rich history of providing services to military men and women and their families during periods of peace, conflict, and national crises. They have been involved in humanitarian operations and have participated in multinational peace-keeping operations. Social work in the Army, Navy, and Air Force is tailored to the mission of their particular service. However, joint operations between the services are becoming more frequent. Military social workers adhere to the NASW code of ethics while providing service to an institution with its own unique culture, standards, and values.
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Have a Glass of Bordeaux With Your 'Downton Abbey'
The folks who developed Wines That Rock have partnered with the producers of "Downton Abbey" to produce a white Bordeaux, which is featured prominently on the hit TV show. Charles Passy has more. Photo: PBS.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... the wine taste like ... you can have some it's time fall weekends said ... MarketWatch's tells Passi House visit he joins us now ... Downton Abbey this is the awesome at the Y and write exactly you know ... use all the show now drink the wine um ... you know ... the full sense of what I told her I ... owe no denial of its young Bordeaux um you know the idea behind this is on two things one this ... one plays a role in the show on that mean obviously disagree with that attitude with Sprint ... exactly it is a great English passion for Bordeaux which I guess the call cleric was elected caught fire because the color and this is this one thinking that some rival read what ... with ... all the other thing is that you know this is not the first time we've had a kids who call him lifestyle one branded wine there been once before ... on the tech company that makes this makes a series of ones connected to rock band is on the ad the call once the drop ... service that lets license I lived ... in Korea one around that which which button and this is it that is of the white Bordeaux and a ... iCloud and Mezcal pitiful right now and then his with interesting things here ... aam what it is cocktail time someone at the site is ... that it's over ... at the current normally wouldn't be ... as cheap as this fifteen ... it's been amazing I mean you know what's interesting is that they wanted to do with sports tickets and stuff like that and and I gotta tell you that that ... that that that that that had heavy in many ways but this time of the Frank Act's of a forty five in the morning I loaded up ... on ... me whats interesting is that they want even though ... they wanted to ... know the show obviously has an out its ... aristocratic sort of element to it ... but they wanted Korea wanted people could buy it so this is ... probably not the one that they would actually be drinking on the show this kind of a lower level table wines ... such a break if you can see the light Simon never come to stabilize the book coming down the collapse in the not so great ... I would be more interested in talking about that and if this does well to talk about adding to was doing the reserve ... down the wind which would probably be more reflective of the cup that we're going to see on the market other than full breakfast would you drink the ... from fifteen dollars The not so


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Miiverse Support Coming to Smart Phones
Today's special Nintendo Direct featured a lot of news about new games coming down the line, updates for services, and some of Nintendo's plans for 2013. One tidbit was about a smartphone app that will allow you take the Miiverse anywhere.
Satoru Iwata, President of Nintendo, let loose with a bunch of details about how Nintendo will be improving their Miiverse social network. The update and web-based expansion is set for some time later this year and will feature the ability for users to create their own community, multiple official communities for titles, improved usability, and the addition of a filtering function.
They're also planning to improve the way you can view the Miiverse on smartphone browsers, which we'll see in the spring. But perhaps the biggest news concerning Miiverse functionality is the development of a Miiverse app for smartphones. You'll need to plug in your Nintendo ID and password to access the Miiverse, but it should allow for better socialization when you're away from your Wii U.
Let us know what you think about this feature and tell us if you'll use it!


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The most important decision in Holdem
Game selection is the most important decision in holdem. Written by Jim Green
Mike, right?
Well, normally, he would.
But, what if Mike really wants to be the best player in the world, and only plays with #1-9? And Joe is a clever monkey and makes sure he only plays with #1,999,991-2,000,000?
Article continued on: Best Poker Offers
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Education is a social process – always. It involves social institutions, culture, and social resources. These are central themes of sociology. Education always involves values and dilemmas, both in making curricula and in designing methods of teaching. It involves science, art and ways of being in the world. These are major themes of philosophy. Education continues over time, linking our society to its past and to its future. It creates capacities for practice that transform the social arrangements that have come to us from the past. These are central issues in history. Education is, therefore, a field that links to, and draws from, knowledge across the disciplines of the social sciences and humanities.
Areas of Concentration:


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Free online movies guide: trailers, reviews & upcoming movies.
MOVIE SYNOPSIS: You can watch Thirsty the Movie, full movie on FULLTV - Starred by Judi Blair, this film directed by Michael Tappler was premiered in TV or cinema in 2015. The film "Thirsty the Movie" had an original production of USA. You are able to watch Thirsty the Movie online, download or rent it as well on video-on-demand services (Netflix, HBO Now), pay-TV or movie theaters with original audio in English. This film has been premiered in theaters in 2015 (Movies 2015). The official release in theaters may differ from the year of production.
Film classification: General Audiences
Runtime: 75 minutes the full movie online HD (uncut)
The 75-minute film (full movie) was directed by Michael Tappler.
Good, meet its target to entertain. The story is interesting.
The original audio of Thirsty the Movie has dialogues in Dolby Digital. The film was produced in USA.
It was premiered in cinemas or television in 2015.
Screenplay written by Michael Tappler, Vernon F. Clarke, Robert Roundtree and Shelia Goss.
Darryl Boyer.
Vernon F. Clarke, Robert Roundtree and Michael Tappler.
This film was produced and / or financed by CRT Film, CRT Film Corporation and Booker Brothers Productions.
As usual, the director filmed the scenes of this film in HD video (High Definition or 4K) with Dolby Digital audio. Without commercial breaks, the full movie Thirsty the Movie has a duration of 75 minutes. Possibly, its official trailer stream is on the Internet. You can watch this full movie free with Dolby Digital or English subtitles on movie TV channels, renting the DVD or with VoD services (Video On Demand player, Hulu) and PPV (Pay Per View, Netflix Movies, Amazon Prime Video).
In this movie guide, you can find the most important information about TV films and premieres in USA 3D theaters and cinemas. Every day we add the best movies for you, so you can decide what you want to buy, rent or watch on TV. Visit IMDb data sheet for more information.
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|The Untitled Smurfs Movie


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Kelly needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 20 designs submitted by 7 freelance designers.
Think the US government needs all the help it can get? Then help this elite Washington, DC-based management consulting firm create a website to attract, engage and impress government buyers.
TurningPointe, LLC
We need a clean, professional, compelling, exciting way for government buyers to quickly see that our firm is a highly-qualified, experienced solution to their communications problems. We help government leaders more effectively reach and engage their internal staff and external stakeholders.
This is a complete redo of our current (old, cluttered, outdated) site, which is geared to small business and professional service firms.
- designs for homepage, plus 1 level down for subpages that link from homepage
- content will include text, case studies (text + images), blog, services, contact us page, free resources (white paper download, links to useful articles)
- use our logo (recently refreshed) to guide branding look and feel
- look: clean, simple, uncluttered, professional
- feel: exciting, innovative, we understand your needs and challenges, competence+caring,
- to emphasize that our clients experience a real turning point when we help them
- colors (approximately 50/40/10 ratio): white, red, brown
- use of stock photography of people encouraged
- click here for more style guidelines, logo, etc.
- anything cutesy, cluttered or hard to navigate
- for this to feel cold or arm's-length
- clutter, confusion, complexity


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Ensuring your Mazda is well cared for is key to preserving the performance of your Mazda. But at RRG Mazda we believe it's about more than a good service, it's about finding the right products and accessories for your lifestyle.
Our range of offers covers interim services that can help improve the reliability of your vehicle, including battery, brake and tyre checks. Mazda health checks are also helpful between MOTs and services as they can give you an indication if any of your Mazda's Genuine Parts are in need of replacement, allowing you to better manage your costs at next service.
Browse our range of aftersales offers today and click to book your next service, MOT or maintenance work online.
At participating dealers only. Models shown may not be to UK specification. Colours and some exterior and/or interior elements may differ on screen from the actual model.
*Prices include VAT. Retail sales at participating dealers only, subject to availability on Short Type Ski and Snowboard attachments and Mazda Roof Bars sold between 01.10.17 and 31.03.18. T&Cs apply. Excludes all Mazda2, Mazda MX-5 and All-new Mazda MX-5 RF models. Not available for Mazda6 Tourer SE.


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Congress Eyes Milk Prices, Politics in Farm Talks
WASHINGTON (AP) — The fight over renewing the nation's farm bill has centered on cuts to the $80 billion-a-year food stamp program. But there could be unintended consequences if no agreement is reached: higher milk prices.
Members of the House and Senate are scheduled to begin long-awaited negotiations on the five-year, roughly $500 billion bill this week. If they don't finish it, dairy supports could expire at the end of the year and send the price of milk skyward.
There could be political ramifications, too. The House and Senate are far apart on the sensitive issue of how much money to cut from food stamps, and lawmakers are hoping to resolve that debate before election-year politics set in.
The farm bill sets policy for farm subsidies, food stamps and other rural development projects.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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In the middle of Covent Garden, the Radisson Blu Edwardian Mercer Street (formally the Mountbatten) is perfect for those wanting to be in the heart of the action. Fresh from a £15 million makeover, the Mercer Street hotel is an elegantly designed retreat right on the doorstep of one of London's most celebrated and cultural areas. Surrounded by bars, theatres, shops and bustling streets, inside the hotel exudes an air of calm and comfort. 137 air conditioned rooms are adorned by muted shades, tactile fabrics and original art. And if you're looking for somewhere good to eat, the hotel restaurant, Scoff & Banter celebrates classic British ingredients, in classic British flavour combinations, cooked with classic British finesse
Rating: 94% of LondonTown customers would recommend to a friend - 1128 recent customers surveyed out of 5 based on
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|Your staff and hotel are superb.
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|Fabulous stay at the hotel. Staff were extremely friendly and polite and can see them going out of their way to help. I was really appreciated and delighted by not charging me for the extended check out time! Thank you so much for the memorable stay.
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|Great staff and lovely room
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MIDDLEBURY — One can certainly say that Dr. Mike Kiernan faces many challenges as a physician with Porter Hospital's Emergency Department. Each day can bring different maladies and injuries for him to diagnose and treat, including patients with stomach viruses, compound fractures and heart attacks.
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CORNWALL — Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu once said, "A journey of 1,000 miles begins with a single step."
Japan is still taking baby steps in recovering from last March's devastating earthquake and tsunami, but volunteers — like Cornwall's Paul Viko — are helping the Asian island nation complete the journey.
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So this isn't physics*, but if you squint hard enough, you can probably make a connection. The hot topic today is Ken Ono's latest work on the partition function:
Ken Ono, Amanda Folsom, & Zach Kent (2011). l-adic properties of the partition function American Institute of Mathematics.
Ken Ono & Jan Bruinier (2011). AN ALGEBRAIC FORMULA FOR THE PARTITION FUNCTION American Institute of Mathematics.
A EurekAlert press release appeared today, entitled: New math theories reveal the nature of numbers and people are already whispering "Fields Medal". Now, I haven't thoroughly read the paper yet, but, since I'm not a number theorist, my commentary probably won't change very much anyway. Obviously, like most press releases, this one is full of hyperbole and ridiculous sentences like, "the team was determined go beyond mere theories", but the actual work being discussed is fascinating.
Now, when we talk about a partition function in the context of Ono's work, we don't mean the partition function that is familiar to most physicists, we mean what number theorists call a partition function.
In this setting, a partition is a way of representing a natural number [latex]n[/latex] as the sum of natural numbers (ie. for [latex]n = 3[/latex], we have three partitions, [latex]3[/latex], [latex]2 + 1[/latex], and [latex]1 + 1 + 1[/latex], independent of order). Thus, the partition function, [latex]p(n)[/latex], represents the number of possible partitions of [latex]n[/latex]. So, [latex]p(3) = 3[/latex], [latex]p(4) = 5[/latex] (for [latex]n = 4[/latex], we have: [latex]4[/latex], [latex]3 + 1[/latex], [latex]2 + 2[/latex], [latex]2 + 1 + 1[/latex], [latex]1 + 1 + 1 + 1[/latex]) , etc..
To be slightly more technical, from Ken Ono and Kathrin Bringman [1],
A partition of a non-negative integer n is a non-increasing sequence of positive integers whose sum is [latex]n[/latex].
The concept is straight forward, but how to obtain these partition numbers, in general, is actually no trivial matter.
The master of series, Leonhard Euler, worked on solving this problem, to less than fully satisfying results. Using the reciprocal of what is now called Euler's function, we get the generator for [latex]p(n)[/latex] by this infinite product,
[latex]\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} p(n)q^n= \prod_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{1-q^n}[/latex].
Here, [latex]q^n[/latex] counts the number of ways to write, [latex]n = a_1 + 2a_2 + 3a_3 +\ldots[/latex], for [latex]a_i \in \mathbb{N}[/latex], where each number [latex]i[/latex] appears [latex]a_i[/latex] times.
Obviously, for large [latex]n[/latex], this can be unwieldy, and it doesn't lead to an explicit formula, but as long as you didn't need more than 200~ partition numbers, it was okay.
Mathematics had to wait until the early 1900s before anyone was to expand on Euler's partition number generator, when Srinivasa Ramanujan made contact with G.H. Hardy. Ken Ono actually has a beautiful historical, and mathematical, account of the Ramanujan and Hardy story, called "The Last Words of a Genius" [pdf].
Ramanujan famously proved an unusual and surprising result that [2],
[latex]p(5n + 4) = 0 (mod 5)[/latex],
[latex]p(7n + 5) = 0 (mod 7)[/latex],
[latex]p(11n + 6) = 0 (mod 11)[/latex].
He was also responsible for the first attempt at an explicit, although not exact, formula for [latex]p(n)[/latex] with Hardy,
[latex]p(n)\sim\frac{exp(\pi\sqrt{2n/3})}{4n\sqrt{3}}[/latex] as [latex]n \rightarrow \infty[/latex].
A decade later, Hans Rademacher came up with an exact formula, involving a convergent series, Dedekind eta functions, and Farey sequences; it was computationally unpleasant, to say the least (and not worth TeXing in here, but see Wikipedia if interested). It was also not substantially more useful than Euler's initial work (although more direct).
In 2007, Ono was an author of a paper [1] that provided an arithmetic reformulation of Rademacher's formula, using a Maass–Poincaré series. Based on some discussion, it wasn't a giant improvement over Rademacher work.
It seems that since Euler initially came up with his generating function, there haven't been major leaps in our understanding of partition numbers.
Apparently that all changes tomorrow. Ken Ono and colleagues, Jan Bruinier, Amanda Folsom and Zach Kent, will be announcing results that include a finite, algebraic formula for partition numbers thanks to the discovering that partitions are fractal. Well, so what does this mean, for partition numbers to be fractal?
Ken Ono, in the press release:
The sequences are all eventually periodic, and they repeat themselves over and over at precise intervals.
Alright, so obviously without going deeply into paper we can't go further here (check out the pdf), but one can see how this insight could make the generation of partitions simple and explicit. This also, apparently, explains, and is linked to, Ramanujan's congruences above. How? Well, they're part of this pattern.
Ken Ono, in the press release:
I can take any number, plug it into P, and instantly calculate the partitions of that number. P does not return gruesome numbers with infinitely many decimal places. It's the finite, algebraic formula that we have all been looking for.
There is already an extension on the Ono-Folsom-Kent fractal issue by John Webb called, "An improved "zoom rate" for the Folsom-Kent-Ono l-adic fractal behavior of partition values" [pdf here].
*The physics tie in? Alright, so this is reaching, but here we go. Partitions are visualized using Young tableaus, and anyone in particle physics (see pdf for relevant introduction) has probably come across this, as well as other forms of group representation theory. Could an ability to always explicitly write down partition numbers translate to physics? I couldn't ever imagine using groups so large that this could at all come into play… but, one could possibly draw some conclusions about the fractal nature of… ah, I give up.
Update: Comments on connections to actual physics can be found here.
Related Literature:
[1] KATHRIN BRINGMANN, & KEN ONO (2007). An arithmetic formula for the partition function Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 135, 3507-3514
[2]Ken Ono (2010). The Last Words of a Genius Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 57, 1410-1419
[3] Folsom A, & Ono K (2008). The spt-function of Andrews. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 (51), 20152-6 PMID: 19091951
[4]Ken Ono, & Jan H. Bruinier (2009). Identities and congruences for the coefficients of Ramanujan's omega(q) Ramanujan Journal


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Is this your first visit to Essex?
Culturally vibrant, redolent with over 2,000 years of history, Essex is a fascinating place to explore. So, ignore the received wisdoms and come and enjoy one of Britain's most surprising and rewarding counties. We have also put together some quirky facts you might not know.
Here are our top suggested attractions for you to visit for a great day out. You could even stay a while longer and explore more of our county.
Featured attraction
Whether people come for the great mix of over shops, lunch overlooking Alexandra Lake on The Boardwalk or an evening at the state-of-the-art cinema, they always find just that little more than they expect at intu Lakeside
Anchored by Debenhams, House of Fraser, Marks and Spencer and Primark, the centre is south east England's favourite shopping destination. Since it opened in 1990 it has always been ahead of trends in shopping. It was the first to welcome now well-known brands such as Five Guys, Boux Avenue and Taco Bell.
But it doesn't stop there. With the new £150 million leisure extension that starts this year, we're planning on giving our customers even more to enjoy.
Late night shopping on weekdays until 2200, and Saturdays until 2100. Special events during the year.
Must see attractions for your first visit
With glorious gardens and stunning countryside views, it's not only the grounds at Audley End that are unmissable. The authentic Victorian Service Wing, impressive 17th century stable block, intricate interiors and wonderful works of art are all waiting to be discovered.
A family-friendly, free admission theme park surrounding the entrance of the world's longest pleasure pier. With over 50 rides and attractions, Adventure Island has plenty of fun-filled things to do for the whole family!
Magnificent Tudor building with the tallest Gatehouse in Britain and 16th century Italianate terracotta. Henry VIII was so impressed by the building he came to stay in 1522. Climb the tower and marvel at the views of the Blackwater estuary and beyond.
With sweeping panoramas, big open skies and far reaching views over the countryside, this Essex garden provides somewhere to watch the changing seasons and get closer to nature.
Beth Chatto is one of the most influential living gardeners in Britain, best known for her pioneering, ecological approach to gardening. Her gardens are internationally acclaimed.
The spectacular Rafael Viñoly-designed building, in the heart of the cultural quarter, is a modern art gallery in Britain's oldest recorded town. Regular new exhibitions run all year round.
The zoo features in the top 20 zoos in the world according to The TripAdvisor Travellers' Choice Attractions Awards. With more than 270 wildlife species, over 50 daily displays, beautiful parkland and lakes, everyone will be entertained.
Discover the thrill of white water rafting at Lee Valley White Water Centre, the London 2012 venue where the rapids challenged the world's best athletes. Book your own white water adventure now.
The biggest Norman Keep in Europe, Colchester Castle Museum, voted the Best Large Attraction in the 2015 Essex Tourism and Hospitality Awards delights thousands of families with its exciting new displays and hands-on activities.
Explore our county
Explore our 350 miles of coastline, the longest shoreline of any county in England, a place of surprising wild beauty, rich in wildlife and sprinkled with history and hidden cultural gems.


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alexgilberg necesitaba un nuevo diseño de tema de wordpress y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 42 diseños de 4 diseñadores freelance.
Top Position - 1 Click Ahead Of The Competition.
We are a brand new Pay-Per-Click (PPC) agency. For those that don't know, PPC is paid advertising on search networks. The most popular PPC network is Google Adwords.
What we do is create and manage PPC campaigns for small-med sized businesses.
We are up to date on all the cutting edge techniques and have over 3 years of experience in this field.
We have a young team that is up to date with how the internet and business works TODAY, not 2 3years ago. We want this 'cutting edge', 'we get it', 'best processes of 2010' attitude to shine through in our design. It's even summarized in our subtitle as '1 Click Ahead Of The Competition'.
Our CULTURE is a hybrid of the following organizations below:
Virgin - cheeky, fun, customer service oriented
99designs - clean design, easy to follow
Apple - pleasure to use their products
Nike - best quality products in their industry
Digg - authentic; say it how it is; up to date with TODAY's consumers needs and wants
Our market is small-medium sized businesses who want to take their business to the next level by reaching more prospects.
We have 2 main prospects:
1. Businesses who don't have a PPC campaign yet.
2. Businesses who made their own PPC campaign or got a PPC agency to create one for them - but aren't satisfied with the results they're getting.
We work with businesses who are willing to invest money and have an abundance mindset and positive attitude. We don't work with penny pinches and people who only want to allocate a tiny bit of marketing funds to 'try this PPC thing and get out quickly if it doesn't get amazing results right away'.
We want people who are ready for PPC management services and are simply looking for the best provider (at the same time, we charge very competitive prices).
Our target market is comfortable paying $2-5K for a PPC setup fee with $500-$2000/monthly maintenance.
When prospects visit our site, I want them to instantly feel like we're the company with the best quality because we have the most cutting edge PPC processes available.
I also want them to feel that by working with us they will receive the best PPC campaign creation and management service in the industry. So although they'll be paying more than with other companies, they will feel like it's worth it because we're the best! (like Apple).
I attached my current site logo as 'final 2.gif'. If you need a bigger size and more flexible file formats, use the logo from http://internetmarketingstreetsmart…ogoPackage for now.
I made a mindmap with a general site outline I would like at http://www.mindmeister.com/40138445…on-website
Password: 99designs
If you feel you have a better website navigation system I'm flexible to see your ideas.
Here are some websites in my niche I like the look and style of from most favourite at the top:
These are my top competitors. I want TopPosition.com.au to be better than all of them... Can You Do It?
Good work for getting all the way through this proposal and good luck!
PS: I will respond multiple times daily to every ones design.


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Gatorade has put out the first post-Wimbledon win ad featuring Serena Williams, and we're liking it okay. We wish she would've kept a little bit more of a retro look in costuming, but the girl can smile, twirl, swing (and serve!) and we gotta give her props for smashing 89 aces in seven matches, a tournament record on her way to the title. Click the image above to watch the commercial!
(screen grab via youtube)


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Justice Crew equals 31-year chart record
Western Sydney pop/dance crew Justice Crew have equalled a long-held record for the most successful Australian single since the ARIA charts began.
The 2010 Australia's Got Talent winners topped the singles chart for the eighth consecutive week with Que Sera, equalling the record set by Austen Tayshus nearly 31 years ago with Australiana.
It has been equalled three times since, by Savage Garden in 1997 (Truly Madly Deeply), Gotye in 2012 (Somebody That I Used To Know) and now Justice Crew.
Coldplay's song A Sky Full of Stars leapt up the charts from number 24 last week to come second, presumably thanks to the attention the band gained by shooting the video in Newtown a fortnight ago.
The Madden Brothers' song We Are Done jumped to number four but the real threats to Justice Crew getting the record in their own right next week come from two songs that made their debut: Amnesia by 5 Seconds of Summer (which came in at No.7) and Don't by Ed Sheeran.
Sheeran also had the top album, X, which beat Coldplay's Ghost Stories to the top spot.
5SOS also had singles debut at number 11 (Everything I Didn't Say) and 14 (Kiss Me Kiss Me). The teen band's self-titled debut album is favourite to top the album chart next week.
Que Sera, which is credited as having nine songwriters (led by Canadian duo the Messengers) is an ode to friendship and was released on May 2. It went to number one two weeks later.
It was Justice Crew's second chart-topping single after its song Boom Boom made it to number one in 2012, when the song went six times platinum.
Justice Crew is made up of Lukas "Wildrok" Bellesini, Samson Smith, Solo Tohi, Len Pearce, John Pearce and Paul Merciadez.


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A Master of Business Administration, or MBA, provides a broad business education covering many areas, including management, accounting, finance, economics and entrepreneurship. Earning an MBA can lead to opportunities for career advancement, as graduates of this program gain leadership and managerial skills. Depending on a school's academic programs, students can choose either a general MBA or a specialized degree, which focuses on a specific area of study. Some business schools may require students to have several years of work experience for entry into a full-time MBA program, which typically take two years to complete.
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A Public Agenda for Illinois Higher Education: Planning for College and Career Success
What it is: The Public Agenda for Illinois Higher Education is a planning blueprint for the State of Illinois to direct state policies and resources to the higher education and career needs of Illinois residents and to address the current and future economic needs of the state.
What it is not: The Public Agenda is not a plan for higher education institutions or the various sectors within the higher education system, including community colleges, public universities, and nonprofit and for-profit private institutions.
Background: The Illinois Board of Higher Education has the statutory responsibility for master planning, as stated in the IBHE enabling act:
In its spring 2007 session, the General Assembly approved House Joint Resolution 69, directing the Board of Higher Education to develop a Public Agenda for higher education through a broad-based task force "to study the challenges and opportunities facing higher education, the State's workforce needs, demographic trends, and higher education funding and student financial aid."
Purpose: The purpose of the planning initiative is to develop an action agenda, based on quantifiable evidence, for institutions, state education agencies, and the Governor and General Assembly to address the education, workforce, social, and economic needs of the State by setting priorities, developing policies, and allocating resources.
Read more about the Background Paper: The Who, What, When, Why, and How


text: The Design family includes modern cooker hoods for all tastes. From the simplest to the most complex and intricate, from the most minimalist to the boldest, from standard cooker hoods to the most unique and sought after. The Design family really contains many products, all of which are characterised by the use of the best materials, the best manufacturing technologies and technical solutions, and our customary attention and care in manufacturing.


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Is The Newsroom's Aaron Sorkin Done With TV? He's Got An Answer
Nov 10, 2014 5:40 PM EST
Not everyone knows Aaron Sorkin's name, but they've almost certainly heard his trademark rich and frenetic dialogue. The creator and writer of The West Wing, Sports Night, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, and The Newsroom … Read more


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OTTAWA — With her mother and younger sister as her guardian angels, Elena Grabari, 41, lived semi-independently for many years before learning, at age 34, that she had Asperger syndrome, a high-functioning form of autism.
People with Asperger's have average or above-average intelligence, but they lack the intuitive ability to read social cues. They find it difficult to make friends and form relationships. They don't adapt well to change. And they have a single-mindedness that can be odd and frustrating, but can also fuel creative genius.
Since her diagnosis, Elena has been in and out of hospitals, with her health and state of mind in steady decline, says her mother, Gabriela Grabari.
"She received wrong treatment and she still receives wrong treatment."
Elena's doctors say that in addition to having Asperger's, she also has schizophrenia, a mental disorder in which people may experience hallucinations or delusions, hear voices or have confused thinking and behaviour.
It's a diagnosis that Gabriela flatly rejects.
"She was asked, 'Do you hear voices?' And she asked me, 'How does it mean to hear voices?' She's not able to hear voices."
Gabriela has pushed unsuccessfully for her daughter to be taken off the powerful anti-psychotic drugs that, she says, are robbing Elena of her quality of life.
"She says, 'Mommy, I'm not able to concentrate. I'm tired.'"
A better option, her mother believes, would be for Elena to get behaviour therapy and access to day programs for adults with developmental disabilities, which Eastern Ontario sorely lacks.
"She has anxiety, not schizophrenia," says Gabriela. "Elena's anxiety is increased with anti-psychotic medication. And this is stressful for her. If there are side effects (to the drugs), yes, I accept it — if there's improvement. But she has no improvement."
The dispute has put Gabriela at odds, not only with the psychiatrists treating her daughter, but also with members of her own family. In 2011, Gabriela lost the right to make medical decisions on behalf of her daughter, who was deemed not mentally capable of deciding for herself.
Elena's sister now makes all of the care decisions, and Gabriela says she has been banned from visiting her daughter at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, where Elena is currently a patient in the schizophrenia unit, a place that her mother thinks is far from ideal.
Details of Elena Grabari's ordeal are documented in a report by psychiatrists at the Royal. The report, which was provided to the Citizen by her mother, chronicles a seven-year odyssey of hospitalizations, medication changes and disagreements over Elena's treatment.
Making the situation worse is the fact that Elena not only has difficulty verbalizing her thoughts because of Asperger's, she also lacks a strong command of English (she speaks Romanian and French). That means her words can easily get lost in translation and her actions misconstrued as psychotic behaviour, says her mother.
Experts say the case is an extreme example of an all-too-common situation faced by adults with a "dual diagnosis" of autism and a mental illness.
"This is a complex case of a woman, diagnosed later in life with a complex series of mental-health issues, that is being treated by an unprepared and fragmented system," says Kevin Stoddart, a clinical psychologist at Toronto's Redpath Centre, which specializes in counselling adults on the spectrum.
Few mental illnesses are as complex and confusing as schizophrenia. Weave that on top of an autism diagnosis and the result is a confounding knot of symptoms that are difficult for psychiatrists to tease apart, let alone treat effectively.
Indeed, while psychiatrists have been known to have difficulty distinguishing between Asperger's and schizophrenia, it's unusual for someone to have both diagnoses, says Stoddart.
"In our experience, true schizophrenia and psychotic symptoms are pretty rare and certainly occur no more frequently in folks on the spectrum than they do in the general population. But it's understandable that some institutions may misinterpret some of the symptoms that appear schizophrenic-like or psychotic-like."
Fewer than two per cent of people on the spectrum also have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, according to a U.S. study.
Other experts say the Grabari case highlights a gaping hole in the way psychiatrists in Canada are trained.
Currently, developmental disorders, such as autism, fall within the subspecialty of child psychiatry and are not part of a psychiatrist's general training. That has led to a shortage of psychiatrists who are trained to recognize and treat the mental illnesses that often accompany autism in adults, says Dr. Peter Szatmari, a specialist in autism and head of the child psychiatry division at McMaster University.
To make matters worse, many of the existing dual-diagnosis services are for adults with an intellectual disability, defined as an IQ below 70. That leaves people with high-functioning autism or Asperger's ineligible for many specialized services.
"You bounce back and forth between developmental disability services and mental-health services," says Szatmari. "And you sort of fall between the cracks of those."
Ontario has an estimated 100,000 adults on the spectrum, and nearly half of them have a mental illness as well. The most common are depression, anxiety and attention disorders, according to a study by Toronto's Redpath Centre.
"It's the anxiety and depression that they experience as adolescents and young adults that make it difficult for them to be socially engaged and to find independent living," says Szatmari.
Despite a steady rise in autism rates among children, the government has done little to provide a well-organized and adequately funded range of services for the day they become adults, critics say. That has created a generation of people who have been institutionalized or misdiagnosed as mentally ill.
Many, like Grabari, cycle in and out of emergency rooms and psychiatric wards without ever being treated by doctors who have a firm grasp of mental illness when it's entwined with autism, says Margaret Spoelstra, executive director of Autism Ontario, an advocacy group.
"The hospitals are ill-equipped to respond to them, and we do not have the capacity in our province to respond to the mental-health needs of people with autism — not even close."
According to a 2008 report by Autism Ontario, the situation is particularly bad for adults who get a late-in-life diagnosis. "Adults with (autism) who are not diagnosed in childhood run a higher risk of being streamed into forensic or psychiatric units and subjected to inappropriate and even dangerous consequences or treatments," says the report.
Officials at the Royal have declined to comment specifically on the Grabari case, citing patient confidentiality. However, they readily acknowledge that Eastern Ontario lacks the necessary resources to treat dual-diagnosis patients.
For example, among Ontario's six psychiatric hospitals, the Royal is the only one without an in-patient unit dedicated to dual diagnosis, says Susan Farrell, clinical director of the Royal's community mental-health program. That means patients with autism and a mental illness are assigned to beds according to their psychiatric diagnosis, such as schizophrenia or mood disorders.
"Not all people with a dual diagnosis must be served in a dual-diagnosis-specific service," says Farrell. "Sometimes, their mental-health needs are the primary reason that something should be addressed."
The Royal also lacks a community treatment team in the Ottawa area that specializes in treating only dual-diagnosis patients. Such a team would enable patients to be seen in an outpatient clinic by professionals who understand their complex symptoms, says Farrell. Currently, the only treatment team of that kind in the area is in Brockville and serves patients in the health region that covers Kingston and parts of Lanark County.
For patients in the health region encompassing Ottawa, the Royal's only dual-diagnosis service is a consultation outreach team that provides patients, families, physicians and hospital-based psychiatrists with advice on assessment, diagnosis, crisis planning, education and training.
Last year, Farrell participated in a provincewide review of dual-diagnosis services at Ontario's psychiatric hospitals. The review identified specific gaps in each of the province's 14 health regions, but the hospitals lack the means to fill them, says Farrell.
"We have an overall need for resources to address the growing needs that we've got," she says.
Although she couldn't pinpoint what set her apart, Elena Grabari started to grasp that she was different at age 12, when she and her family were still living in their native Romania.
"Why am I not like you others?" Elena asked her mother one day.
Gabriela didn't know how to answer. On the surface, Elena seemed like any other child her age. She was a decent student who could read and write at grade level, speak French fluently and had a near-perfect memory, according to a psychologist who assessed her. She had a particular gift for remembering everything she heard.
And yet, it was clear that other children viewed Elena as a quirky loner and kept their distance, leaving her feeling hurt and isolated.
"Why don't they play with me, too?" she asked her mother whenever Elena's younger sister enjoyed play dates with a friend.
Her behaviours early in life — a single-minded focus, an insensitivity to social pleasantries — led to bullying at school, her mother says. After Elena graduated from high school and finished secretary school, Gabriela, a nuclear physicist, found her daughter a job at the Romanian research institute where she worked.
Elena enjoyed typing manuscripts and doing office work, which were a nice fit for someone comforted by routine. Elena joined a yoga class and started following a strict diet. She also started developing rigid and obsessive behaviours, says her mother.
"Every day at 12 o'clock, she ate polenta. Three times in the morning, she ate apples. She had lots and lots of routines."
Then, at age 25, Elena lost her job and was unable to find a new one. Her sense of isolation and depression deepened, culminating in a mental-health crisis that led her to be hospitalized for the first time, says her mother.
In 2004, one year after the family moved to Ottawa, Elena had another breakdown, this time triggered by the departure of her mother for a trip back to Romania. "She was scared that I would not come back," says Gabriela.
Elena's fears of being abandoned led her to relive the childhood trauma of surviving an earthquake that killed thousands in Romania. Each time she had a breakdown, she would launch into screaming fits and start talking to herself, often repeating in Romanian snippets of conversation she remembered from years ago, says her mother.
Experts say major life changes — graduation from school, the loss of a job, the loss of a parent, or any sudden change — can be extremely traumatizing for someone with autism. But scientists are still trying to understand how autism unfolds over a lifetime, as hormones, medication and aging conspire to affect mood and brain function.
What's clear is that when life throws curveballs at people on the spectrum, they have difficulty adjusting. Many, however, can eventually adapt to their surroundings, especially if they find jobs that fit their strengths and people who understand them.
Szatmari of McMaster University says adults with autism need integrated care plans that address not only their mental-health needs over the course of their lives, but also their friendship, vocational and housing needs. "We need people to start working with them in the teenage years so there's continuity of care as they transition from adolescence into young adulthood."


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ReleasesBack to
Grant Green
This pair of 1963 studio sessions by Grant Green remained under wraps until issued as a part of Blue Note's limited edition Jazz Connoisseur series. The guitarist is in fine form, accompanied by organist John Patton and drummer Ben Dixon, starting with a brilliant bop rendition of the popular standard from the Broadway show Oklahoma!, "The Surrey with the Fringe on Top." The soft but intense "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying," and Ray Charles' gospel flavored "This Little Girl of Mine" (an obvious reworking of "This Little Light of Mine") are also highlights. Each member of the trio also contributed one original. The title track was written by the leader, a gritty blues originally recorded at the close of a Lou Donaldson session (which the saxophonist sat out). Patton's "Big John" is a gospel inspired blues, while Dixon's "Look at That Girl" is a strutting R&B number. While this session may not have met producer Alfred Lion's very high standards, it was worthy of release and definitely a worthwhile investment for fans of Grant Green. ~ Ken Dryden


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65% Have Read Reviews on Their Phone
It's critical that your website is just as up-to-date as the patients who are looking for it. With the number of people using mobile devices rising at an unprecedented rate, having a mobile-ready website is essential to connecting with the fast growing number of on-the-go patients who have adopted smartphones and tablets as their preferred method for accessing information on the Web.
What Is a Mobile-friendly Site?
Due to a mobile device's small size and slower speeds, many images, videos, and Flash content that would normally appear and perform properly on a PC need to be modified for clear viewing on a smartphone or tablet computer. This is a complex process that involves decreasing image size, improving performance speed and recreating the look and feel of your website to a mobile-compatible format that reflects the branding of your full site. Officite's mobile website solution optimizes your current site for mobile so that it will display and function optimally with the small screen dimensions on your patients' smartphones and tablets. Visitors to your mobile site will be able to easily and instantly navigate the content — convenient click-to-call, appointment requesting, door-to-door directions, your full dental library and more — so that your practice can connect, educate and communicate with patients in real-time.
Why Go Mobile?
- By 2013, more people will use their mobile phones than PCs to connect online
- Mobile searches have grown by 4X since 2010
- There will be one mobile device for every person on earth by 2015
- 95% of smartphone users have searched for local information
- 65% have read reviews on their phones
- 1 in 10 U.S. adults now owns a tablet computer, using it an average of 90 minutes a day
Officite Mobile: Benefits and Features
- Mobile website solution that optimizes your practice website for complete viewing on mobile devices including market-leading mobile platforms such as iPhone, Android, Blackberry and iPad
- Choice of mobile layout, multiple designs branded to reflect your full website
- Edits made to website via Site Editor simultaneously reflected on mobile devices
- Image animations on mobile home page
- Mobile-specific features including click-to-call, door-to-door directions and appointment requesting
- Social media channels integrated for full mobile access
- Email and new patient appointment tracking for mobile activity


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Parkmont Estates Subdivision
Parkmont Estates Subdivision is located in (North), St Louis County, Missouri.
The following school information for Parkmont Estates Subdivision may or may not be up to date. School districts and area assignments can often change. For current information make sure to contact the school. Also note not all area private schools may be listed here.
Real Estate For Sale in 63136.
Condos For Sale: 4
Commercial For Sale: 10
Multi-Family 5+ For Sale: 2
Multi-Family 2-4 For Sale: 2
Lots For Sale: 2
Total For Sale: 178


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Media 2006
|Statement: March 16, 2006
|View Printable PDF Version
|Docket Number: ER06-451-000
Commissioner Kelly's statement on Southwest Power Pool (SPP) Imbalance Market
"As staff's presentation summarized, this order addresses SPP's revised imbalance market proposal in part by suspending it for five months so that the effective date must move from the proposed date in May to October.
"As staff and the draft order note, this action is taken to give SPP and its stakeholders more time to fill in needed components of the proposal before the market goes live.
"I realize that there are many parties who wish to gain the benefits of this imbalance market as soon as possible and I want to stress that we absolutely share that goal.
"Once the details of this imbalance market proposal are fully fleshed out, I believe it will benefit the SPP region as its proponents argue, and I look forward to ultimately being able to vote for the launch of this SPP organized market.
"Nevertheless, setting up an organized market is a complex undertaking with potentially far-reaching implications for reliability and even for the economic health of the region involved.
"We want to make sure everything that can be done in advance, is done before we permit a new market structure to launch.
"Indeed, we delayed the launch date for the organized market in the Midwest ISO for very similar reasons.
"The people of the SPP region deserve the same careful and thorough review and I believe our emphasis on a reliable market launch will be in the best interests of all involved and I support this order on that basis."
|View Printable PDF Version