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Willem de Kooning (American, Rotterdam 1904 - 1997 New York)
Two Women, 1952
Signed lower left in red and blue pencil: de Kooning
Pastel, charcoal, and graphite on wove paper
17 3/4 x 22 3/32 in. (45.1 x 56.1 cm)
Friends of Art Fund, 1957
As in dozens of drawings related to de Kooning's Woman canvases of 1950-52, Two Women 1 presents the female figure as the object of the artist's procedures of abstraction. The emphatically gestural marks and apparent exchangeability of body parts and shapes intensify the work's provocative address as an image of woman.
In the summer of 1952, de Kooning temporarily abandoned the monumental Woman canvas (Woman I, 1950-52; New York, The Museum of Modern Art, inv. 487.53) that he had been working on for the past two years. In his summer house at Easthampton he executed dozens of pastel drawings, recapitulating in this medium the planar forms and interpenetrating environments that had characterized his work on the woman theme for the several years preceding.
Many of the pastel drawings of 1952, including the Oberlin sheet, depict two standing women and refer back to one of the earliest stages of the painting Woman I, a seven-foot high drawing of two women produced by de Kooning during the summer of 1950. 2 That drawing, which consisted of two sheets of paper that de Kooning had attached to his painting wall, was destroyed in the course of his work on the painting.
Drawing had always played a critical role in de Kooning's practice. The sustained analyses of planar form and increasingly gestural attack that characterize drawings from the late 1930s culminated in the Woman paintings of the late '40s to the mid '50s, when his drawing, both as a medium of investigation and a repertory of mark-making, became inseparable from the artist's concept and process of painting. 3
In the Woman drawings of 1950-52, the movements of the draftsman's wrist, the varied pressure of his application of medium, and the friability of charcoal and pastel--the medium's potential for smudging and erasure--were put to effective use. De Kooning employed smudges and particularly erasure to complicate figure-ground relationships, to register contrasting forms, to fragment dense areas of medium, and to make yet another kind of contact with medium and sheet. In addition, the artist's typical "jumps" or ellipses from one spatial incident to another appear fluid and even lyrical in many of these drawings, particularly the pastels of the summer of 1952.
Oberlin's Two Women is less elaborate than many of the 1952 pastels in its indication of body parts and environment, although its sense of movement and spontaneity is especially strong. In depicting one figure frontally and the other from the rear, the Oberlin work is "anatomically" closer to the large, initial drawing of two women of 1950 than most of the other standing woman images of 1952, in which both figures are frontal or are given ambiguous cues of orientation.
A. Kurlander
Work (C) 1998 Willem de Kooning Revocable Trust/ Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
Born in Rotterdam in 1902, Willem de Kooning studied at the city's Academie van Beelende Kunsten from 1916 to 1924, while working for a commercial art firm. He emigrated to the United States in 1926 and moved the following year to New York, where he earned a living as a sign-painter. By the 1930s he was involved with the New York avant-garde, and was particularly close to John Graham (1881-1961) and Arshile Gorky. Until the early 1940s de Kooning's work drew from the sources, including the work of Graham, Miró, and Picasso, that were of interest to so many younger painters in New York. He worked on various mural projects for the WPA in 1935-36. In 1938 he met the painter Elaine Fried, his future wife, and began his first series of Women. During the late 1930s and early '40s, de Kooning's painting became progressively vigorous, even violent in palette and execution. The figure underwent increasing fragmentation into irregular, planar shapes. The artist's resistance to terminating work on a canvas--the most famous example of which would be Woman I of 1950-52 (New York, The Museum of Modern Art)--was already an important aspect of his practice.
By the mid 1940s de Kooning's characteristic forms and complex interweaving of drawing and color, figure and ground, and plane and surface took shape in both figural works and abstractions. Between 1945 and 1950 he executed a series of Black and White Abstractions, which included the painter's largest canvas up to that time. Despite the formal and procedural equivalence of de Kooning's figural and abstract painting throughout this period, the series of Woman paintings from 1950-55, first shown at Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, in 1953, were initially greeted in the art press as a momentous reversion to figuration; for many, they were also shocking portrayals of the female body. The gendered character of de Kooning's Woman paintings of the 50s continue to be an important subject of art-historical inquiry. From the mid 1950s to the early 60s de Kooning produced many remarkable abstractions, which he called landscapes, and whose virtuosic execution, assured touch, and justness of pictorial relationships may still be unmatched in American abstract painting. Throughout the 1960s and 70s the themes of woman and landscape continually intersected in de Kooning's painting, while his palette and brushwork progressively softened. The artist continued to work into the 1980s (although suffering from Alzheimer's disease from around 1981); he produced a large number of sculptures between 1969 and 1974, and a group of luminous abstract paintings in the 1980s. He died in New York on 19 March 1997.
General References
Larson, Philip, and Peter Schjeldahl. Willem de Kooning: Drawings and Sculptures. Exh. cat., Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, 1974.
With Sidney Janis Gallery, New York, from whom purchased in 1957
The Arts Club of Chicago, 1966. Drawings 1916/1966. 28 February - 11 April. Cat. no. 54.
Minneapolis, Walker Art Center, 1974. Willem de Kooning: Drawings and Sculptures. 9 March - 21 April (also shown at Ottowa, The National Gallery of Canada; Washington, D.C., The Phillips Collection; Buffalo, Albright-Knox Art Gallery; Houston, The Museum of Fine Arts; St. Louis, Washington University Gallery of Art). Cat. no. 62.
Hess, Thomas B. Willem De Kooning: Drawings. Greenwich, Conn., 1972, pp. 46-47.
Larson, Philip, and Peter Schjeldahl. Willem de Kooning: Drawings and Sculptures. Exh. cat., Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; New York, 1974, cat. no. 62.
Stechow, Wolfgang. Catalogue of Drawings and Watercolors in the Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College. Oberlin, 1976, p. 16, fig. 25.
Goldstein, Nathan. Figure Drawing: The Structure, Anatomy and Expressive Design of Human Form. 3d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1987, pp. 26-28.
Hobhouse, Janet. The Bride Stripped Bare: The Artist and the Nude in the Twentieth Century. London, 1988, p. 250.
Technical Data
The colored medium has a translucent quality, rather like wax crayon in appearance, which was achieved by rubbing the surface. Much of the graphite and pastel was laid down with hard, abrupt strokes.
The sheet is in fair condition. The paper support is light-struck in the image or possibly discolored from a fixative. In addition to the intentional and chance smearing and smudging of media, there are numerous handling marks in the margins, including many fingerprints. The sheet has many pin holes in the margins and one in the image, which corresponds to de Kooning's usual practice of covering the walls of his workspace with drawings from the same period.
The sheet was rematted in 1973. Hinges and Kraft tape were removed manually from the sides, and masking tape was removed mechanically from the bottom edge. The back of the sheet was cleaned with an eraser to help de-acidify the stains from the tape.
1. The original label for the drawing from the Sidney Janis Gallery bears the title Two Women III; it is not clear if the ordinate "III" is valid. While de Kooning numbered many of his Women paintings of the 1950s, there seems to be no precedent for numbered Woman drawings.
2. Thomas B. Hess, Willem de Kooning: Drawings (Greenwich, Conn., 1972), pp. 38, 46, ill. p. 12.
3. For the interdependency of de Kooning's drawing and painting during the early 1950s in particular, see, for example, Thomas B. Hess, Willem de Kooning: Drawings (Greenwich, Conn., 1972), pp. 42-47; Paul Cummings, "The Drawings of Willem de Kooning," in Willem de Kooning: Drawings, Paintings, Sculpture (exh. cat., Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, 1983), pp. 17-19; and Thomas B. Hess, "De Kooning Paints a Picture," Art News 52 (March 1953), pp. 30-33, 64-67.

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Obama, leaders talk compromise
President Barack Obama and Congressional leaders Friday struck a conciliatory tone and appeared to point the way to compromise as they met face-to-face for the first time in the fiscal cliff negotiations.
But the debate remains over the details, which neither House Speaker John Boehner nor Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell got into as they declared themselves open to raising new revenues after their meeting at the White House.
Story Continued Below
Boehner told reporters he's willing to deal and sent a message to House Republicans that they must appear that they are willing to consider a compromise.
"To show our seriousness, we've put revenue on the table as long as its accompanied by significant spending cuts," Boehner said. "While we're going to continue to have revenue on the table, it's incumbent for my colleagues to show the American people that we're serious about cutting spending and solving our fiscal dilemma."
McConnell, who will be negotiating with more Republican senators in the lame duck than he'll have come January, issued a stronger caveat about forcing spending cuts.
"We're prepared to put revenue on the table provided that we fix the real problem," McConnell said, "even though most of my members without exception believe that we're in the dilemma we're in not because we tax too little but because we spend too much."
Increasing tax rates on the wealthy was a cornerstone of Obama's reelection campaign, and he's said several times since the election that he remains committed to allowing the Bush tax cuts to expire at year's end on income greater than $200,000 for individuals and $250,000 for couples. Republicans have resisted, with an argument that's taken shape around parsing the difference between raising rates and raising revenues.
The meeting included discussion of topic that so far has been absent from the debate: revenue targets. Top lawmakers on Capitol Hill have been hesitant to discuss how much money should be raised from reforming the tax code — a key question that will guide the contours of the upcoming negotiations.
To reach those targets, Boehner wants to "create simple mechanisms, in statute, that would achieve those revenue and spending goals. They would be in place unless or until more thoughtful policies replace them," an aide to the speaker said.
In essence, Boehner seems to be signaling he wants another legislative trigger to ensure Congress does its job. The last trigger Congress created was the dreaded sequester.
Aides to the president and congressional leaders are expected to work over the next week on a framework. In essence, what is the major ask for both parties? For Democrats, it's raising tax rates on wealthy families and renewing the breaks for couples earning less than $250,000 by the end of the year. For Republicans, it's making major changes to entitlement programs.
Obama indicated that he would meet with the leaders again after Thanksgiving, aides said. They should get a sense by that point whether a deal is even remotely possible, based on the work done over the next week and the opening bids put forward by all sides, aides said.
But for the Friday, at least, the signs were positive. Almost as if they were speaking from the same notes, Boehner, McConnell, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi all pronounced the meeting "constructive" — a word that also appeared in a statement from the White House press secretary released later in the day.
Almost as if they were speaking from the same notes, Boehner, McConnell, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi all pronounced the meeting "constructive" — a word that also appeared in a statement from the White House press secretary released later in the day.
Obama kicked off the Friday meeting with a pledge to finally make the progress that's been promised for months.


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The Eight Gates of Zen
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This accessible introduction to the philosophy and practice of Zen Buddhism includes a program of study that encompasses practically every aspect of life. The American Zen teacher John Daido Loori shows us that Zen practice should include not only meditation, the study of Zen literature and liturgy, and moral and ethical action, but should also manifest in work, artistic, and everyday activities. The Eight Gates are:
Zazen, a type of meditation described as "sitting Zen"
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Beautifully illustrated with Loori's own photographs, this edition also includes a new introduction and an updated reading list.News & Reviews
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After the holidays, a time to reflect on the state of food in Africa
As we gather in kitchens and dining rooms during this season of eating and charity, let us pause for a moment to review the state of food trade in Africa: how does cross-border commerce in key crops fare on a continent with pockets of harsh weather and unpredictable politics? How is the traffic in grains and tubers?
It's clear that prices are high, following the February 2011 peak worldwide. The price of maize in Nairobi has tripled this year alone, while the price of a 50 kg bag of rice in Dakar has risen from $36 to $43.50. These spikes can be blamed partly on increased demand for food crops – including for biofuel production in Europe and the United States. They are also due to supply-side factors, such as higher energy prices which impact transportation and fertilizer costs, and weak harvests in large exporting countries.
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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved.
Contact us for information about using this image.
William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) published the Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, from 1831 until 1865. He founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832. He was influenced by many of the women members of the Society who were leaders in the women's suffrage movement. After the Civil War ended in 1865, he campaigned for women's suffrage and temperance. In 1870, Garrison came to Greenfield, Massachusetts, to speak at Washington Hall on "Liberty in its Relations to Popular Government." The Gazette & Courier was the newspaper in Greenfield, Massachusetts, from July 20, 1841 until June 24, 1932. Before 1841 the newspaper's name changed quite frequently, with Gazette a frequent part of the title.
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by Wesley Ratko
The Chestnut Hill Community Association's Land Use Planning and Zoning Committee supported a variance for a home on McCallum Street and discussed what committee members felt was an out-of-date lighting system for parking lots owned by the Chestnut Hill Parking foundation at its June 18 meeting
Parking foundation representative and CHCA Board member Mark Keintz attended the meeting to discuss the state of the foundation's outdoor lighting for parking lots managed by the Chestnut Hill Parking Foundation.
McEwen described the light fixtures over the lots as "wildly noncompliant" with the zoning code. Improper shielding and direction of the lights, which are suspended on standard utility poles, allow light to fall past the limits of the lots themselves and onto neighboring residences.
"People can read by the light of it," McEwen said. "The lighting on these lots is state-of-the-art, circa 1970. It needs updating."
According to McEwen, world-renowned lighting designer Raymond Grenald has agreed to consult on the lighting design of the parking lots for a one hour fee of $250. Once complete, his report would be issued to the Parking Foundation and could serve as the basis for an upgrade. Mr. Grenald's local projects includes the Liberty Bell Pavilion, Locust Walk on the University of Pennsylvania campus and Boathouse Row.
"It's money well spent," said committee co-chair John Landis.
McEwen, however, expressed some skepticism about the intended audience for a consultant report on the matter.
"Would they read it?" McEwen asked Keintz, referring to Parking Foundation members. Keintz assured him that that they would.
"Many communities are relamping," McEwen said, referring to new energy-saving technologies, "and are discovering huge savings on their electric bills." He suggested that these savings could easily offset the cost of the consultant and any changes Grenald might suggest.
One of the major obstacles in implementing a solution is that the Parking Foundation, a nonprofit organization responsible only for the management of the lots, does not own any of them. Chestnut Hill's parking lots are instead aggregations of individual parcel fragments owned by adjacent property owners that exist to provide parking for the commercial businesses along the Avenue, which is of great benefit to the community.
McEwen said this ownership issue complicates matters in determining how to solve the problem of deficient overhead lighting.
"It's not clear who has responsibility for mitigation of the light bleed," said Landis.
Keintz reported that the Parking Foundation disputes the claim that the lighting of their lots does not comply with the zoning. He also said that the Parking Foundation is now operating in the black, though he didn't say whether this had anything to do with the recent installation of Philadelphia Parking Foundation kiosks.
The committee took no formal action on this but did end by agreeing to find the money to pay for the consultant review.
7516 McCallum Street
The DRC approved unanimously a motion to support a zoning variance to allow for the construction of an addition to a personal home at 7516 McCallum Street. Representatives for property owners James and Anne-Marie Corner returned to the DRC for final review before taking their application before the CHCA Board. The variance to build the addition is necessary to allow for construction on land that the city zoning code has determined to be too steep to build on.
The DRC heard comments from both the Land Use Planning and Zoning Committee and the Historic District Advisory Committee, which formally requested that several provisos be included on the motion to support the variance. These include the use of natural materials in the building façade, the preservation of an overlook easement (which protects against the construction of obstructions to a view of the Wissahickon Valley), the use of "sympathetic but not identical materials" on the side of the new building, and a reconfiguration of the driveway (not yet designed) with the goal of preventing a net increase in the amount of impervious or paved surface on the site.
The applicants will appear before the CHCA Board of Directors for final determination at their June meeting on June 28.


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Wednesday, 8th September, 2010, 08:44 PM #1
Review: Dark Sun Campaign Setting by Wizards of the Coast
There is nothing quite so inevitable as change! When the original Dark Sun was released back in 1991, I recall that I was not terribly interested in a new campaign setting. My Players and I were still trying to get a handle on how 2nd Edition was going to mess with our AD&D Greyhawk game, and I was thoroughly absorbed with trying to implement stuff from that new cool City of Greyhawk boxed set into my already ongoing campaign. Some of the other guys in our college gaming club had picked up this strange new desert world setting called Dark Sun, and were bragging about how powerful their new Characters were, and how they used psioncs (ooooh!) instead of magic.
I pretty much rolled my eyes at the whole mess once I heard the p-word mentioned. After all, psionically active Characters and wild talents had screwed up more than a few of my AD&D campaigns, and the thought of an entire world full of psionic blasts and id insiuations sounded like over-powered munchkin play at its finest. So, no thank you, Ill stick with my tried and true World of Greyhawk, where Iuz the Old and Mordenkainens Circle of Eight were gearing up for a big brawl!
But times have changed, and nowadays, given our own ecological crises on good old planet Earth, there is something perversely appealing about a fantasy campaign world which is set on a dangerous post-apocalyptic planet. Rising social awareness for the dangers of pollution and de-forestation, of green house gases, and toxic oil spills (Thanks BP!) have even lead Hollywood to produce films reflecting the current mind-set. Movies like Pandorum, The Book of Eli, and Avatar reflect concerns about our own abilities to cause catastrophic damage to planet Earth or even other worlds as well. Even Pixars family movie, WALL-E, carries a serious warning about the fate of those who show poor planetary stewardship.
And so now we have Wizards of the Coasts new and revised Dark Sun Campaign Setting for Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition. But just how good is this newly revised setting which revisits Troy Dennings original violent and savage world of Athas?
Dark Sun Campaign Setting
- Authors: Richard Baker, Robert J. Schwalb, Rodney Thompson
- Cover Illustrator: Wayne Reynolds (front), William OConnor (back)
- Publisher: Wizards of the Coast
- Year: 2010
- Media: Hardbound (224 pages)
- Retail Cost: $39.95 ($26.37 from Amazon)
The Production Quality of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting is exceptional. It is superbly written and really a pleasure to read, with material presented in a logical fashion for both Players and Dungeon Masters. And there are numerous sidebars containing useful information, such as the pronunciation of the word mul or the dreadful secret of the Sorcerer-King Dregoth, which contain both flavor and useful information for the reader. However, there are a couple sections where the lines become blurred between Player and DM information (see Chapter 5), which might be cause for some concern if you are DMing and want to play down Character knowledge.
The artwork is quite beautiful, with many new pieces done by artists daring to tread gently in the footsteps of the legendary Brom. Also included in the book is a poster sized map of Athas and the City of Tyr, which are fantastically rendered, particularly the city map, which shows the wide variety of structures and homes in The Free City.
As mentioned, the Dark Sun Campaign Setting is divided into six Chapters, with the first four dealing with Character creation and outfitting, and comprises a bit more than half of the book. The remainder of the book is broken into two chapters, the largest of which details the geographical areas of Athas and its city-states, while the smaller final chapter discusses Dungeon Mastering a Dark Sun campaign, and includes a short adventure.
This new setup, offering both the Player and Dungeon Master content in the same book is quite a change from how the Forgotten Realms and Eberron Campaign Settings were released, where the Player and Dungeon Master information was divided into two separate books. From my own experiences of running two Realms campaigns, I often find tidbits of information in the Players Guide that I wished would have been in the Campaign Guide, necessitating that I had to purchase both books. However, while more costly, splitting information into two books meant considerably greater page count about the setting over 450 pages in fact. So despite some overlap and cost, having two books offered more overall content than a single supplement would provide.
The First Chapter of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, entitled The World of Athas, is a short and concise description of general facts about the setting, including history, cosmology, and social structure. The information is broad enough so as not to give too many secrets away to Players, and gives a decent primer as to several facets of the campaign setting. Admittedly, some of the information in the Cosmology of Athas seemed more appropriate to Dungeon Masters, but not overly so, and Players should be able to decide how much knowledge of the planes their Character might know without feeling too overburdened. Examples of the information provided in this chapter were previewed on the Wizards of the Coasts official site.
The Second Chapter details the Races of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting and introduces two new playable races: the hulking half-dwarf Mul and the insectoid Thri-kreen. Each new race is given the same treatment as other races in the various Players Handbooks, including sample names and racial backgrounds to help more fully form a Character.
Nine other races, previously developed in various sourcebooks, have been re-envisioned for the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, and are very different than how they would normally appear in high fantasy worlds like the Forgotten Realms or the Core D&D (Nentir Vale) setting. For instance, Dragonborn on Athas are duplicitous sorcerers and slave-traders, while Goliaths fill the role of the brutal thugs called Half-Giants. In fact, an excerpt of the Half-Giant from this chapter was offered in this preview from the official WotC site. Each races new dispositions are discussed in detail, as well as how they fit into the social structure of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting. New Background options of an Athasian nature have been provided for each race, to assist in Character creation and development.
Chapter Three of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting explains all about the new game mechanic, Character Themes. There are ten themes in all, and each theme starts by offering a single encounter attack power which is added to the Characters normal compliment of 1st Level powers.
[Author's Note: As Rich Baker pointed out during the Dark Sun is Here Seminar at GenCon a few weeks ago, adding a theme basically gives a first level Athasian Character the same number of attack powers as a third level Character would normally have. Incidentally, D&D gamers who played the original Dark Sun Setting will recall that 3rd Level was the recommended starting level for a campaign on Athas! ]
Subsequently, a theme provides a set of Heroic Tier encounter powers, utilities, and daily powers which can be substituted for standard Character Class powers. The amount of substitution is entirely up to the Player, allowing for greater variety of builds. And most of a themes powers have scaled-up versions written into the effect text (at initial level +10 and +20), allowing these powers to be swapped with appropriate level Paragon and Epic Tier powers as well.
By the way, an example of one of the themes, the Athasian Minstrel, was previewed on the WotC official site in July and can be viewed here. The other themes include: Dune Trader, Elemental Priest, Gladiator, Noble Adept, Primal Guardian, Templar, Veiled Alliance, Wasteland Nomad, and Wilder. In addition, each Theme is accompanied by two Paragon Paths, most of which requires a particular theme in order to qualify for the abilities.
What I find most innovative about the design of the Theme Mechanic is how they can be applied to almost any Character Class. For instance, the Templar theme is used to represent a Character which is one of the official servants of a Sorcerer-King. But it could be applied to a Fighter to represent an elite guard, a Rogue to represent a spy or secret policeman, or a Warlord who would be a commander or administrator. In order to provide maximum adaptability, theme powers are written using the term Primary ability to determine the Hit and Effect modifiers, which means that even a Wizard could wield a weapon like a Gladiator, or a Warlock unleash a few psionic powers as a Wilder, without needing to have high off-stats.
I personally feel that Character Themes is one of the most brilliant new Character mechanics which has been created for D&D 4E. At the moment, however, the only traditional 4E Characters which can have themes are for Dark Sun Characters. Hopefully, we can expect to see themes released in Dragon Magazine for non-Dark Sun PCs as we get closer to the release date of Players Handbook: Champions of the Heroic Tier, scheduled for late 2011. It should be noted that a new Dark Sun Theme, Escaped Slave, has already appeared in Dragon #390 last week, so who knows what else might be in store for Character Themes in the coming months.
A wide variety of Character Options are discussed in Chapter Four of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, including some psionic Wild Talents, as well as powers for new builds of the Battlemind (Wild Battlemind), Fighter (Arena Fighter), Shaman (Animist Shaman), and Warlock (Sorcerer-King Pact). The Wild Talents are minor psionic powers (i.e. cantrips), which any Character can take at the Dungeon Masters discretion. These are non-attack powers, like the ability to move small objects (Telekinetic Grip) or to create a tool-shaped force to perform a skill (Mental Tools), and represent the wide-spread psionic endowment in the native Athasian population. The new builds provide a new set of powers and class features which is more in tune with the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, and WotC published an example of this, the Sorcerer-King Pact for Warlocks on the official site a few weeks ago.
And assuming that a Player-Character manages to somehow survive the brutality and savagery of the harsh world of Athas, there are five new Epic Destinies for use with the Dark Sun. These new Epic Destinies seem very appropriate to the setting, and most possess frightening abilities, such as the Dragon King and Hordemaster.
Chapter Four also has an extensive list new Feats to match up with the new Themes, and also has another selection of Feats to more fully develop the new Builds introduced in this chapter as well. There are also many new General Feats which apply to the new Races, and Weapon Expertise Feats for the new Athasian weapons. There are about a dozen new weapons native to Athas, as well as all manner of other equipment for the setting, such as armor, magic items, adventuring gear, rituals, and bizarre new mounts. Thankfully, the Dark Sun Campaign Setting does provide a nifty illustration of these new weapons and armor, so Players can now envision what a chatkcha and alhulak look like. But on the other hand, I was disappointed that we were not provided with illustrations of the new riding beasts, such as the crodlu, erdlu, and kank. So beyond a brief description and a stat block, I really am not sure if I would want my Athasian Character sitting on a crodlu or not.
There are also some very important sidebars presented in the Character Options chapter which are worth a note. There is a full page description on Arcane Magic and the difference between Defiling and Preserving, which are key elements to the story of the world of Athas, and important for Characters to understand. There are also Optional Rules which discuss wearing metal armor (and overheating) in the desert sun - in the profoundly rare circumstance one would find a suit of intact metal armor as well as rules for weapon breakage, since many weapons are made from stone, obsidian, and chitin. As many of the new Athasian weapons are double weapons, special notes are provided for handling these attacks and how the weapons are utilized.
Chapter Five of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting offers detailed information about the geography and society of the world. Entitled the Atlas of Athas, it offers detailed information about the various city-states, such as Draj (City of Moons), as well as descriptions of large regions like the Southern Wastes. The official Wizards of the Coast site provided excepts from this chapter, highlighting the city of Tyr and the region called the Sea of Silt. In addition to descriptions of the regions, additional Backgrounds were provided, to help further the development of a Character who may have come from the particular area.
Personally, I found this chapter of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting to be an absolutely fascinating read, learning a great deal about what makes this campaign setting so unique from the other high fantasy settings offered by WotC. The descriptions of the various cities and regions were evocative and, in many cases, both stunning and a little frightening, although I have no idea how much this new Atlas of Athas bears a resemblance to the original geography presented by Troy Denning. However, I did have a big problem with this chapter, in how there was no clear demarcation between Player content and Dungeon Master content. For instance, the local Character Backgrounds were tossed in with descriptions of the geography and the social structure. As a Dungeon Master, some of the information in those geographical descriptions I would want to reveal to my Player-Characters in-game as a surprise or as an adventure hook. There is simply some facts in the Atlas of Athas I would not want my Players to read before I began to DM for them, and there is no spoiler warning to avert a reader from learning too much about the setting.
The final chapter, Chapter Six, of the Dark Sun Campaign Setting is called "Running a Dark Sun Game", and it seems pretty clear that this section is meant for Dungeon Master eyes only. In this last section, the elements of Adventure Creation and how to build various Athasian Encounters (Arena, Wilderness, and Skill) are discussed, as well as how to impose the harshness of the native environment upon the Characters. Athas is a harsh and desolate world, and the points of light are clearly spread much farther apart. Further, the environments in the lands between the points are considerably more brutal than other typical fantasy worlds, and so special rules governing sun sickness, night travel, and a new gear mechanic called survival days are provided for DMs. There is a disappointingly short sidebar describing what is called the Secret History of Athas, and I have a feeling that more detailed information regarding the horrible events which nearly destroyed the world will be forthcoming in a product release in the future.
However, the discussion on Treasure and Rewards offers Dungeon Masters new rules for creating fixed enhancement bonuses for items as an alternative to having to hand out magic items in a world where magic is both scarce and harmful to the environment. These bonuses also explain why it is so hard to cleave that Barbarian Gladiator in her chitin bikini, by giving increased defensive bonuses with advancing levels without having to hand out ensorcelled D-cups. The section on Alternative Rewards was discussed, in part, on the WotC site here, and include a variety of interesting new boons, favors, and re-skinned potions to better match the magic poor campaign setting of Dark Sun.
Finally, Chapter Six offers a three-encounter 1st Level Adventure, complete with maps, monsters, and treasure, to help introduce Dark Sun to a new audience of Players. The adventure is nicely written, with interesting encounters, and the maps utilize various dungeon tiles, including the new tiles from the Dark Sun Tileset. However, there are no pictures of any Dark Sun critters, and only a stat block and a vague description are offered to suggest how horrible the Athasian monsters are. I assume that illustrations of the monsters in this starter adventure, as well as for the mounts of Athas will be found in the Creature Catalog, but I think it would have been awfully nice to print them here. While I appreciate Wizards of the Coast hoping to sell the Dark Sun Creature Catalog along with the main campaign book, would it have really destroyed the sales of that monster manual to include a couple monster pictures, not to mention images of the crodlu, erdlu, or kank from the previous section?
Overall Grade: B+
I definitely can say that having read the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, I have become a real fan, and look forward to finding a group of Players willing to face the challenges and terrors that is the world of Athas. The sourcebook contains solid writing, and is a pleasure to read (and even re-read in many parts). And the new game mechanic introduced, Themes, is strikingly innovative and offers a whole new set of Character building options to D&D 4E. Add to that some amazing art and a great map, and you have a book with a lot going for it.
But as much as I like the Dark Sun Campaign Setting, I cannot say that I love the sourcebook, because I cannot get over the way the book was executed. Two years ago, the Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide was released, with nearly 300 pages of content, for the same prices as the Dark Sun Campaign Setting. A Players Guide for Forgotten Realms was also released that month for just ten bucks less than the DM version, and contained another 160 pages of Realms lore, Character races and classes, and setting information geared specifically for Players to read. Flash-forward to 2010, and now we are being offered a campaign setting combining Player information and Dungeon Master information mixed together and packaged in a measly 224 pages of content. I just cannot get over the page shrinkage factor we are seeing in recent sourcebooks, and it feels like there could have been so much more Athas released if WotC had adopted the previous methods of having a Campaign (DM) book PLUS a Player book. Faced with the mixing of content information in Chapter 5, coupled with the lack of key illustrations (like that of Athasian monsters or mounts), and the Dark Sun Campaign Setting just feels a tad incomplete. It is a solid campaign setting, with a whole lot to offer, but I will always wonder how much content was edited out to make it fit in the smaller package.
Grade Card
- Presentation: A-
- - Design: A-
- - Illustrations: B+
- Content: A-
- - Crunch: A+
- - Fluff: B+
- Value: B-
Last edited by Morrus; Thursday, 9th September, 2010 at 02:22 AM.
Wednesday, 8th September, 2010, 11:20 PM #2
Myrmidon (Lvl 10)
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You are aware that the Creature Catalog covers tons of monsters, adds terrain and similar DM encounter effects, and has pictures of all the mounts?
I too can argue for more content, but as a Dark Sun fan I would always argue for that.
As a long-time fan what really impressed me was that they stuck to the vast majority of both the content and tone of the original campaign setting. With today's more family-friendly approach (I have kids, I get it), it would have been easy for them to tone down things such as slavery, how half elves are perceived, the brutal nature of most people, etc. They really stuck to the concept.
The only deviations that get sand under my salvaged armor is the decision to stick by the goliath name and look and the decision to make the thri-kreen more human. Neither seems a useful change. I am also surprised they skipped Rajaat and said so little about history. The primordial bent is to be expected given the 4E cosmology, but it would have really been nice to have a more robust treatment of elemental worship - including an actual class.
Thursday, 9th September, 2010, 02:21 AM #3
I have to say, in defense of the new format, that I liked it better than FR or Eberron. There's a lot of repeat information between a DM's guide and a Player's guide, or things just flat out missing from one (like Abeir in the player's guide), none of which is a problem here. I would have of course loved to have seen more, but mostly I was just happy that what we got was a much higher quality than the two previous attempts. Athas has been perfectly captured in a way that was sorely lacking with Faerun and even previous versions of Dark Sun - I've never found it so easy to approach the setting and its rich background. There is just the right amount of information to feel like you know a region or city, without making learning about it a homework assignment. Granted, I do feel that some of the new options lead more in the direction of railroading than sandbox in terms of character development (I am not excited to see them in the core rules), but with Athas being so different from any other setting, it's much less of an issue, since almost any character will feel like a change of pace anyway unless you play Dark Sun over and over again. I can't wait to get my hands on the Creature Catalog.
Thursday, 9th September, 2010, 01:34 PM #4
Isn't there a Creature Catalog coming out for Dark Sun too?
Thursday, 9th September, 2010, 04:39 PM #5
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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I felt as you do about the Campaign Setting being slightly lacking, until I got the Creature Catalog. It really is a necessary companion to the setting guide, and a must for DMs.
Thursday, 9th September, 2010, 05:24 PM #6
Friday, 10th September, 2010, 09:43 AM #7
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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The creature catalog is brilliant. The DS book not so much. Content is OK, but the art is mostly crap.
Tuesday, 14th September, 2010, 06:24 PM #8
Acolyte (Lvl 2)
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Dark Sun Playthrough
Great review by the way. I actually did a couple of articles on Dark Sun over at my site, Geek-Life.com. Here's the links:
Geek Life » Blog Archive » Wyrm's Turn: Dark Sun Playtest
and here: Geek Life » Blog Archive » WYRMâS TURN: Dark Sun .
I'm glad the reviewer liked the game, but I felt the review suffered a little bit because he was not familiar with the original material. The original game was fun, even if you didn't like psionics, and the new game draws a lot of stuff directly from the old. From NPC's, to history, to the posters included with the book. I dug out all of my old Dark Sun stuff and have been marveling at the inclusions that they made. Much better IMHO than their adaptations of Eberron or Forgotten Realms. I was disappointed by the FR setting because they had to change so much. With the Eberron setting revamp, so shortly after the great material presented in 3.5, felt hollow to me. Anyway, I'll keep an eye out for your reviews in future, hopefully you'll keep an eye out for mine.
AKA Stygian Jim
Thursday, 16th September, 2010, 01:28 AM #9
Review of Dark Sun Creature Catalog by Wizards of the Coast
But I stick by my original assessment, and still think that there could have been more content. When I do a review, I expect a book or ebook to stand on its own merits. And I don't think I should not have to go to another product to get a picture of a erdlu or crodlu, or of the other monsters in the sample adventure.
And honestly, would it really have killed WotC to include a little pic of the riding beasts of Athas in the book? We don't want every Player to go out and buy a Creature Catalog just to get an idea what their riding mounts looked like, do we?
That's the problem with a book that combines Player info and DM info, and then gives it far less pages of content than the other world settings that have been previously released (i.e. FR and Eberron). Things get left out when the Devs have to trim down material to cram it into a smaller package. And so far, by page count alone, Dark Sun looks the "poor cousin" when compared to the Realms and Eberron.
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A winner was selected from 58 designs submitted by 24 freelance designers.
A House DJ in Dublin/Ireland, playing Ibiza style house music
Clubbers and house music lovers. People who are into a good night of dancing and house music.
A poster for a Sunday night house music session
The DJ's name is funky politics. The website is funkypolitics.com but it not finished yet. The night is called "The State Of House", it could be "State of House" if it will better fit the design.
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I will provide the text that has to go on the poster when I pick the designer.
If you have your own Ideas, I am open to suggestions. Please note that the DJ spins the tunes and dances and has a very good and different dance style.


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Advent Calendars for dogs (also ones for cats) are available from the Royal Veterinary College Animal Care Trust (who did the recent clinical trial of SM medicines for Cavaliers). You can order them from their website www.rvc.ac.uk/act (code ANAC, if you need it), they cost £4.99 and UK postage is free. They also have Christmas cards, toys for dogs and cats and other things.
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text:
Judge Charles Ruggles has a special place in this writer's heart because he was at the center of an adventure that spurred my interest in the history of the Court of Appeals. Early in 1997, Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye was making preparations for the 150th anniversary of the court's history. An inventory revealed that the Court had oil paintings for every Chief Judge except for Judge Ruggles, who served on the Court's first bench in 1847 and as its second Chief Judge from 1851 to 1855.
Chief Judge Kaye called me and asked if I could help locate at least a likeness of the judge, who had ties to Dutchess County, where I live. With relish, I took on the job, believing it would fall easily within the province of anyone who, like myself, was a member of the Baker Street Irregulars-a society dedicated to the exploits of Sherlock Holmes, the world's first consulting detective.
I should have realized that if she and her capable researchers, led by the tireless Frances Murray, had not found Judge Ruggles, the task would not be easy. Investigators say of homicides that if the crime is not solved within the first few hours, it becomes increasingly harder, and I came to feel much the same about the quest for Judge Ruggles. Days turned into weeks; obituaries, school records, and historical societies turned up no likeness, and the scores of letters that I wrote produced barely a couple of false starts. My partner, Jack Gartland, a local attorney who shared my sense of history, and I were all but ready to conclude that no image existed until we received a call from Stuart W. Lehman, historic site assistant at the Senate House State Historic Site in Kingston. In response to one of my letters, Lehman had discovered a small photograph of Ruggles in the Roswell Randall Hoes collection1 at the Senate House. Judging by the correspondence in the file, someone else, years before me, had been looking for Judge Ruggles' picture. On September 5, 1918, Hoes had written to the Court, asking about a picture, and the Court's librarian, Edgar Murlin wrote back that the Court did not have one, nor did the State Library. We do not know how the enterprising Hoes located a picture, but he did, and from it, Lehman inferred, produced a small daguerreotype that had been quietly reposing for decades in a folder at the Senate House.
Jack Gartland, who headed Poughkeepsie's McCann Foundation, commissioned a Hudson Valley artist, Ron Costello, to paint an oil portrait from the daguerreotype, and we presented it to the Court on August 27, 1997, in time for the 150th anniversary.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
About six days after electors chose George Washington as the nation's first president, Charles Herman Ruggles was born in New Milford, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Ruggles (1757-?), a Revolutionary War soldier, and Mary Warner. He was a cousin of Samuel Bulkley Ruggles (1800-1881), who founded Gramercy Park in New York City. The Ruggles family has been traced back to Staffordshire in the 12th Century, during the reign of King Henry II.
Young Ruggles went to Kingston, New York, to study law with Samuel Hawkins, a relative. In 1817, he formed a partnership with Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck2 which lasted until about 1831. Hasbrouck later became president of Rutgers College.3 In 1828, Hasbrouck employed a domestic helper named Isabella, who later became known as Sojourner Truth. Her son had been taken from her and sold into slavery. Ruggles and Hasbrouck were among those who apparently, for no fee, helped Isabella get her son back from Alabama.4 That year Ruggles was appointed Ulster County district attorney.5
During the partnership, Ruggles served in the New York State Assembly in 1820, and in the 17th Congress from March 1821 to March 1823. In 1827, he married Gertrude Beekman, who died the following year. Ruggles began his judicial career when Governor Enos T. Throop named him to the Supreme Court for the old Second District (some writings refer to this as the Second Circuit) in 1831, where he also served as Vice-Chancellor. In 1845, he aged out of that position owing to the mandatory retirement for 60-year-olds. That "retirement" was good for Judge Ruggles, whose greatest accomplishments took place after he had reached three score.
In 1846, the State held its Constitutional Convention, which was particularly important to the judiciary, Judge Ruggles, by common consent, was named to head the committee appointed to create a new judicial system.6 He gained respect and admiration of his convention colleagues and made substantial contributions in several of the constitutional initiatives.7
As judiciary chairman, he was highly effective, as one commentator reported:
"Ruggles was a simple-hearted and wise man. He had been on the Supreme bench for fifteen years, becoming one of the distinguished jurists of the State. In the fierce conflicts between Clintonians and Bucktails he acted with the former, and then, in 1828, followed DeWitt Clinton to the support of Andrew Jackson. But Ruggles never offended anybody. His wise and moderate counsel had drawn the fire from many a wild and dangerous scheme, but it left no scars. Prudence and modesty had characterised his life, and his selection as chairman of the judiciary committee disarmed envy and jealousy. He was understood to favour an elective judiciary and moderation in all doubtful reforms."8
His success at the convention earned him the nomination for a seat on the newly formed 1847 Court of Appeals. He was elected and served for six years, became Chief Judge in 1851, and continued in that capacity until 1853. In May 1850, after having been widowed for over 20 years, he married Mary Crooke Broom Livingston (1804-1877), the widow of Edward Philip Livingston (1780-1843). In the Poughkeepsie Adriance Library, there is a file on the Ruggles family. Although it does not contain a likeness of the judge, it has one of Mary Crooke Broom Livingston. Years before she married Judge Ruggles, she happened to be seated in the gallery of the Senate Chamber of the Capitol when widower Edward Livingston, then Lt. Governor of New York, saw her and was struck by her beauty. She was "reckoned the most beautiful girl in all this region." They were married in 1832 and lived at "Clermont," the Livingston homestead in Columbia County, now a historic site. After Livingston's death, she married Judge Ruggles, and they lived at "Brookside" in Poughkeepsie. Her portrait is also at the Henry Luce III Center in Washington, D.C.
As an associate judge, he took ill in 1855 and after having missed the June and September terms, resigned in October 1855. He died ten years later on June 15, 1865, after a relatively inactive decade. The accounts of his passing leave no question that he was a revered figure in the community and the state judiciary. In 1940, Chief Judge John Loughran presented a paper at the Ulster County Historical Society at Winnisook Lodge, reviving the memory of Judge Ruggles, who had been dead for 75 years. He captured Judge Ruggles nicely, remarking that his "judgments abound in plain statements. There is no purple passage. There is much of logic and nothing in metaphor. What shines out is rare common sense and courage and independence."9
In Doty v. Brown (4 NY 71 [1850]), Judge Ruggles authored one of the Court's early expositions of the preclusive effect of an earlier determination between the parties. He said:
"The question of fraud was tried between these same parties in the former suit before Justice Tracy, and there determined against the validity of the bill of sale. . . .
"[T]he settled principle of law appears to be that the same point or question, when once litigated and settled by a verdict and judgment thereon, shall not again be contested in any subsequent controversy between the same parties depending on that point or question."10
In Silsbury & Calkins v. McCoon & Sherman (3 NY 379), Judge Ruggles revealed his scholarly side in reviewing the legal history of the trespass to chattels, which considered remodeling property altered its original character. He expressed the point lucidly at the outset of the decision:
"It is an elementary principle in the law of all civilized communities, that no man can be deprived of his property, except by his own voluntary act, or by operation of law. The thief who steals a chattel, or the trespasser who takes it by force, acquires no title by such wrongful taking. The subsequent possession by the thief or the trespasser is a continuing trespass; and if during its continuance, the wrongdoer enhances the value of the chattel by labor and skill bestowed upon it, as by sawing logs into boards, splitting timber into rails, making leather into shoes, or iron into bars, or into a tool, the manufactured article still belongs to the owners of the original material, and he may retake it or recover its improved value in an action for damages."11
The case involved the theft of plaintiff's corn, which was stolen and made into whiskey. In holding that the ownership of the whiskey remained in the plaintiff, Judge Ruggles drew on Justinian's digest and Puffendorf's Law of Nature and Nations. The United States Supreme Court cited Silsbury,12 as have legal commentators in law reviews.13
In another instance, Ruggles' teaching as to taxation was featured in the American Law Review.14 The article cited The People v. The Mayor of Brooklyn (4 NY 410), in which Judge Ruggles distinguished between the taking of property under the power of eminent domain and under the taxing power, said:
"Private property may be constitutionally taken for public use in two modes: that is to say, by taxation and by right of eminent domain. These are rights which the people collectively retain over the property of individuals to resume such portions as may be necessary for public use. The right of taxation and the right of eminent domain rest substantially on the same foundation."15
After declaring that both powers have essentially the same basis and that under each the taking is for public use, he stressed the distinction between them, saying:
"Taxation exacts money or service from individuals as, and for their respective shares of contribution to any public burden. Private property taken for public use by right of eminent domain is taken, not as the owner's share of contribution to a public burden, but as so much beyond his share."16
Judge Ruggles' other notable writings include DePuyster v. McMichael (6 NY 467 [1852]), involving the doctrine of tenures, and Barto v. Himrod (8 NY 483 [1853]), as to whether the law-making power that the Constitution had committed to the Legislature could be remitted by law to the electors at large.
The most momentous and surely the most publicized decision Judge Ruggles wrote related to the Erie Canal. The canal has been one of the world's most important waterways, propelling New York State into the center of the nation's commercial life. From its inception in 1825, canal traffic had become so great by 1835 that enlargement was called for. The Constitution of 1846, however, prohibited the Legislature from incurring a debt in excess of one million dollars. When the Legislature attempted to avoid the restriction by pledging the income of the canal in advance, claiming it would not incur a debt, litigation ensued, and Judge Ruggles authored the opinion for the Court. (It is worth remembering that he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1846.)
The case began after the Legislature, in 1851, passed a law directing the Comptroller to issue nine million dollars of six percent canal revenue certificates to enlarge the canal and complete the Genesee Valley and Black River canals. No referendum was held, and the State disclaimed any potential liability for the debt. Samuel Tilden attacked the Act, declaring it an evasion of the law. Writing for a majority of the Court of Appeals in Newell v. People (7 NY 9 [1852]), Chief Judge Ruggles cited the constitutional provisions requiring that the canal "remainder" be applied "in each fiscal year" to the Erie enlargement and the completion of the Genesee Valley and Black River canals. These provisions, he said, established a constitutional requirement that the canal work be financed on a "pay as you go" basis as revenues became available. Because nine million dollars was to be borrowed as the work progressed, Judge Ruggles ruled that the constitutional mandate requiring application of the canal remainders "in each fiscal year" had been violated. He made the point clearly: "[t]he chief object of the restraint imposed by the [referendum requirement] of the constitution, upon the contracting of public debt, was to protect the people against the exhausting burthen [sic] of paying interest."
Newell was a centerpiece of a 1921 Cornell Law Review article17 in which the authors observed that Judge Ruggles "was impressed with the argument that the debt was not debt within the meaning of the constitutional prohibition since it was not backed by the general credit of the state but was restricted to a special fund. . . . [He] was also unpersuaded that the disclaimer provision changed the tenor of the transaction." The disclaimer, he said, would eventually be undone.
As one might expect, the decision drew considerable news coverage and commentary.18 On February 15, 1854, the voters resoundingly voted to amend the Constitution to increase the debt limit and go forward with the canal enlargement. In New York City, the vote (early returns) was 10,141 for, 2,346 against. In Buffalo, the vote was 10,250 for, and five against.19
As with so many others of our early judges, we know little of their personalities and are relegated to the cold pages of biographical accounts, dates of office, and the like. In Judge Ruggles' case, we have a bit more by way of letters to and from him in the Ruggles family folder at the Poughkeepsie Adriance Library. One in particular, dated February 11, 1823, is revealing, written when he was a 34-year-old congressman. I infer that he was writing to his wife-to-be, Gertrude Beekman, describing the tiresome speech he was made to endure. His writing showed wit and charm. I wish I could have met him.
In the Ruggles folder at the Senate House, a one-page narrative accompanies the small picture. It was written by Duane E. Fox:20
"The head is of a type that indicates a well balanced combination of the vital and the intellectual qualities. The forehead, while ample, is not aggressively so but seems to spring like an arch from the eyebrows toward the top of the head. Although not visible in the picture, one is led to vizualize a strong development of the lower back head, indicating the driving power to carry the mental processes into effect. A vigorous growth of hair, somewhat disposed to curl, gives a further impression of abundant vitality.
"The eyes seem to require to be shown the reason of things. They are not unsympathetic but rather critical. If the face were that of a physician, I should expect him to excel as a diagnostician; if an engineer, he would look carefully to the qualities of his materials and the stresses and strains to which they were to be subjected; if a lawyer I should expect him to be of the conservative type but not hide-bound by precedent as against a clear showing of a reason contra; if a clergyman, I should expect him to stand by the ancient faith but not to be the last to cling to the doctrine of infant damnation.
"The nose is prominent and shapely, giving dignity, in connection with the eyes and brow, to the entire countenance. The features named contribute the most pleasing portion of the face.
"Below the nose the features do not seem altogether to belong to the same countenance. The chin is not prominent or strong and might indicate some weakness, were it not counterbalanced by the stronger features above. The mouth indicates to me a conscious or unconscious effort to over balance any such possible weakness. The lips are compressed, artificially so, it seems, and reveal an effort of repression that may be foreign to the native disposition but which, by the experiences of life and action, has been found necessary."
Quite an assessment, and from what we know of Judge Ruggles, close to the mark.
Judge Ruggles had no children.
This biography appears in The Judges of the New York Court of Appeals: A Biographical History, ed. Hon. Albert M. Rosenblatt (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007). It has not been updated since publication.
Sources Consulted
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, p. 1750.
Chester, Alden, Courts and Lawyers of New York, 1925, Vol. 2, pp. 679, 694, 806, 849.
Chester, Alden, Legal and Judicial History of New York, Vol. I, National Americana Society, New York, 1911, p. 358. Also, Vol. II, p. 116.
Clearwater, A. T., History of Ulster County, p. 485.
Code Relating to the Poor in the State of New York, Albany, 1870, State Inebriate Asylum, ' 1832.
Dutchess County Bar Newsletter (The Advocate), Oct./Dec. 1998.
Dutchess County Historical Society records.
Green Bag Vol. II, No. 7, July 1890, by Irving Browne, p. 280, very brief sketch.
Hammond, Jabez D., The History of Political Parties in the State of New York from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to December 1840, 4th Ed., Syracuse, 1852, pp. 290, 348.
Hughes, Larry, Elusive Judge Finally Gets Picture Nailed, Poughkeepsie Journal, Sept. 1, 1998, p. E1.
Lincoln, Charles Z., Vol. II.
Mabee, Carlton, Sojourner Truth, New York, 1993, pp. 18, 38, 251.
McAdam, David, History of the Bench and Bar of New York, Vol.1, New York History Co. (1897), p. 466, very short bio.
Minute Book of the Vestry of Saint Paul's Church in Poughkeepsie, New York, Aug. 22, 1835.
National Cyclopaedia, p. 335.
New York Public Library Rare Books and Manuscripts Division. Collection of Correspondence, Accounts, and land papers (one box).
New York Times, Aug. 20, 1855, p. 1 (resignation).
New York Times, Jan. 3, 1854, p. 6, election returns.
Obituary, Kingston Journal, June 21, 1865.
Platt, Edmund, History of Poughkeepsie, Poughkeepsie, New York, Dutchess County Historical Society, 1987, p. 123.
Poughkeepsie Daily Eagle, June 16, 1865; June 20, 1865.
Proceedings of the Ulster County Historical Society 1939-1940, speech by Judge John T. Loughran, "Life of Judge C. H. Ruggles," pp. 29-39.
Ruggles, Henry Stoddard, The Ruggles Family of England and America, privately printed, 1896.
Schoonmaker, Marius, The History of Kingston, New York, Burr Printing House, 1888, p. 449.
Smith, James H., History of Dutchess County, Interlaken, NY, pp. 122, 464.
Smith, R. B., History of the State of New York Political and Governmental, Vol. II, by Willis F. Johnson, Syracuse, NY, The Syracuse Press, 1922, p. 398.
Sylvester, N. B., History of Ulster County 1880, p. 105.
Who Was Who, History Volume, p. 528.
Published Writings
Opinions of the Judges of the Court of Appeals on the Constitutionality of the Canal Act, Albany, H. H. Van Dyck, 1852.
Address to the public by the Lackawaxen Coal Mine and Navigation Company, relative to the proposed canal from the Hudson to the headwaters of the Lackawaxen River, New York, Wm. Gratten, 1824.


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Elizabeth Williams had 16 points and 12 rebounds, and Duke rallied to beat Oklahoma State 68-59 on Tuesday night in the second round of the Norfolk Regional.
Haley Peters added 15 points and 13 rebounds while Tricia Liston scored eight of her 13 in the final 6-plus minutes and Chloe Wells also finished with 13 for the second-seeded Blue Devils (32-2). They advance to face sixth-seeded Nebraska in the regional semifinals on Sunday in Norfolk, Va.
Duke trailed by 15 points in the first minute of the second half before outscoring the seventh-seeded Cowgirls 47-23 during the final 19½ minutes to reach the tournament's second weekend for the 15th time in 16 years.
Liz Donohoe had 14 points to lead Oklahoma State (22-11).
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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My caramelised peach topping came out a little wet and squidgy – it was still beautiful but I think it was due to me spooning over the liquor that came out of the peaches when I tossed them in sugar. You can see the juices all gathering in the bottom of the tin before I've even added the cake:
Next time I would just line the peaches in the tin and abandon the sugary juicy liquor (although it did taste divine, really divine – oh, decisions, decisions!). I used fresh peaches and as they were very ripe and juicy found it difficult to cut them into perfect segments. While using tinned peach slices would give a more professional look, the intense peachy smell of the cake when cooked more than compensated for the lack of precision in the slices. The basic idea of the cake would work with lots of different fruits – plums and mangos are two that spring to mind.
I served this as a dessert but it would work equally well at teatime. It is a delightful taste and texture sensation: soft juicy peaches, moist golden sponge, whipped clotted cream. Contentment, thy name is cake.
Here's my arty close up to show the lovely texture of the sponge. The clotted cream filling is inspired and I will definitely be using it again in other cakes!
For the cake:
200g self raising flour
1 teaspoon baking powder
200g golden caster sugar
4 eggs
2 tablespoons milk (whole or semi skimmed)
For the peach topping:
3-4 ripe peaches (or 2 tins of peach slices)
85g light brown sugar
For the filling:
300g clotted cream (I used a tiny bit more)
2 tablespoons golden caster sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
How to make:
- Preheat the oven to 180°C/fan oven 160°C/350°F/Gas mark 4.
- Line two 20cm sandwich tins with baking paper.
- The sponge is an all-in-one recipe. This means you put all the cake ingredients into a bowl and beat together until smooth and well combined. Put to one side.
- If using fresh peaches halve and stone them then cut each half into four i.e. each peach will yield 8 slices. If using tinned peach slices, drain them and let the juice run off them a bit so they're not wet.
- Toss the peach slices in the sugar and arrange in a single layer in the bottom of one of the sandwich tins.
- Spoon half the cake mix over the peaches – be gentle so you don't disturb them. Spoon the other half into the empty sandwich tin. I wrapped the cake tin containing the peaches in foil in case any juice leaked out during cooking.
- Bake for 20-25 minutes or until a skewer comes out clean. Mine took 25 minutes. The half with the peaches will take slightly longer to bake: about 5-10 minutes more.
- Leave to cool in the tins on a wire rack. Be extra careful when removing the cake with the peaches from the tin. As the peaches make the sponge juicier it will be fragile.
- Whisk the clotted cream with the sugar and vanilla. Beat until stiff. Spread over the plain sponge and top with the peach sponge (be careful!). I made the sponges the day before I needed them and kept them overnight in air tight tins. I made the cream and assembled the finished cake on the morning of the day I wanted to serve it.
- Bask in glory at the wonderful thing you have made.
- Eat.


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From iconic species to iconic case studies
Iconic species – the panda, the tiger, the bald eagle, and even the small but spectacular corroboree frog – have been the vehicle for spreading the environment message. That message can change and become more subtle.
|Photo © Ryan Rayburn/World Bank
Mr Zoellick's message at the launch of the Tiger Initiative in 2008 focused on integrating "environmental concerns ... into the mainstream of development and operational plans". His statement in relation to the National Geographic's "Vanishing Icons" photo exhibit (in the World Bank headquarter's atrium in DC) advanced the discussion to the tiger's "largely untapped potential to spur balanced development". The conditions and actions needed to improve the habitat of the tiger are closely related to those needed to improve the livelihoods of local communities and vice versa.
Some plant communities are emerging as iconic ecosystems. The mangroves are the best example. Their role as a habitat and breeding ground for so many species, as a resource for local people and in coastal protection are listed again and again. They feature in the recent WRI publication "Banking on Nature's Assets" which forcefully makes the case that Multilateral Development Banks can strengthen development by using ecosystem services and describes some of the case studies and tools we have to help do this.
But we are also seeing the emergence of "iconic case studies" and this is a concern to me.


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fav comment:
I'm a bit confused, why in the HELL are we allowing a bunch of politicians decide what FUEL we put in our military? Don't we have General's, commanders, admirals, and scientists in the military that can make those decisions themselves???
Or wait, I forgot all these politicians are all scientists and know better than anyone else.....
Or is it..... They have stock in ExxonMobil? Don't want to see there stock prices go down....
Views: 274
I'm thinking that they don't like Obama's attempts to support alternative energy sources, which include bio-fuels, and this is just one more way they use to thumb their noses at him.
I mean, why be responsible when you stay with the OLD WAY and frustrate your political opponent's efforts to aid the military and the country with it, eh?
While this may well be politcally motivated, take a look at one of the articles linked at the bottom, that biofuels are costing 4X conventional fuels. In a time of tight budgets, that is not trivial.
Biofuels are not always wise, consider the ethanol fiasco, which actually saves little or no carbon, raises food prices, and fuel prices. The only reason it's still in business is corporate welfare to the agribusiness lobby. Biofuels are not an easy fit. The amount of extra processing required to make them suitable for many applications as well as the very large amount of raw plant material needed to produce fuel make this a non trival problem.
Maybe some day it might work, but it's not a magic bullet. The Navy use in planes was probably more a PR stunt than a practical move.
indeed... seems the only magic bullet is...
(solar and wind perhaps just learning how to ride motorcycles too... ; )
Conservation only goes so far. Civilization runs on energy. While biofuels aren't a magic bullet, we have to find some energy source that works without killing us all in a few decades. So far solar, wind, geothermal and tidal energy sources are the only ones that sound as if they won't come back to bite us in the end.
The latest data indicates most biofuels aren't green. While they produce less CO2, they still damage the environment. Using them just displaces the damage from one sector to another.
New Data On the Biofuel Ecobalance: Most Biofuels Are Not 'Green'
Regarding their chart, I don't understand how methane from sewage sludge could possibly cause ionizing radiation.
infectious crap that GOP i guess... weird
Other than nuclear, there is nothing that can practically power the grid and reduce carbon. Simple. Wind is extremely variable in most areas, and wide areas can unexpectedly go windless over the span of minutes or hours. (Japan is struggling with a 15% drop, wind faces 50,70, 100% drops.) Solar sounds nice but is unavailable at night, in bad weather or even in winter (especially as you go far from the equator and it needs to pass through miles of atmosphere for a very brief period of daylight). Storage is nowhere up to the job, and long hall power distribution is not currently practical. Even ignoring the technical problems, can you imagine a nation willingly getting into a situation where the majority of nighttime power comes from nations on the other side of the planet (over vulnerable pathways)?
For the forseeable future, aircraft and all heavy transport (except possibly railroads) must use chemical power. [Interesting side point: people often perceive the Europeans and Japanese as making better use of rail transport primarily because of the high visibility of passenger carriers. In fact, the US transports a far higher proportion of its goods by rail than either EU or Japan--and this is the area where rail can make a really significant impact, much more than shuttling people around the city]
What has happened to the Republican Party over the last few election cycles is in many ways a tragedy. The party has been taken over by ignorant extremists and it doesn't appear that it will be salvageable. The party is committed to claims that global warming is a hoax, that creationism should be taught in public schools, and that just cutting the size of government and reducing taxes will spur the economy to new heights. It turns out that a majority of GOP voters in Ohio think there actually were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. After all a Republican President told them there would be, so it must have turned out that way. As Goethe said, "There is nothing more frightening than ignorance in action."
There may be a practical reason for not using biofuels, but also to the Right green is the new pink. If you're trying to stop their using a Humvee, you must be a commie.
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Charleston Gazette
Oldest Greenbrier Church Loses Pastor
By Shirley Donnelly
September 18, 1972
Oldest Greenbrier Church Loses Pastor By Shirley Donnelly
Passing through Alderson the other day someone told me that the minister of Old Greenbrier Baptist Church had resigned the charge of that congregation and was moving to another pastorate.
This is the oldest church of any faith or denomination in Greenbrier County. It was organized by the Rev. John Alderson (March 5, 1738-March 5, 1821), a native of New Jersey. It was on Nov. 24, 1781 - six weeks after the surrender of Cornwallis and the end of the Revolutionary War - that this venerable church was formed with 12 members.
Two of them were Rev. and Mrs. Alderson. A third member was Thomas Alderson, brother of John, a Revolutionary War soldier, and a veteran of the Yorktown campaign which sealed the fate of the British there.
The lot on which the first Greenbrier County church was erected was donated to the newly created congregation by William Morris, brother-in-law of the minister. Morris and John Alderson married sisters, Nancy and Mary Carroll.
Those two sisters were distantly related to Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a Catholic. When he signed the Declaration of Independence, he was told if the King of England captured him as a traitor that he could say it was another Charles Carroll. Carroll also affixed his address so that there could be no mistake as to which Charles Carroll had signed.
When ground was broken in 1828 for the start of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Carroll, then 90, and the last surviving signee of the Declaration, turned the first shovelful of dirt. He said as he struck the spade into the ground with a firm hand, "I consider this among the most important acts of my life, second only to that of signing the Declaration of Independence, if second even to that."
John Alderson was the first Baptist minister to penetrate what is now Southern West Virginia. In 1774 and again in 1776 he made two trips to the Greenbrier Valley. It required 18 months to make the trip in a wagon. His was the first wagon to reach the spot where he was to found the Old Greenbrier Baptist Church, the crowning effort of his life.
On the trip disturbing intelligence reached the missionary pastor at Jackson's River. There the settlers told him that the Indians had attacked the home of Col. James Graham at present day Lowell. Reasoning that discretion is the better part of valor, Alderson waited on Jackson's River until he learned it was safe to continue.
That home of James Graham is still occupied at Lowell. It is a two-story log house and one of the few remaining structures in this area that dates back to the Revolutionary era.
The first Alderson church was a log structure. Following the organization of the church it was received into the Kecockton Baptist Association. In 1796, the church united with the New River Association, a group of 10 churches. In 1801 the Greenbrier Baptist Association was formed and the Old Greenbrier Church became and still is a constituent member.
Alderson was one to plant churches where ever he thought one might live. It is said he founded no less than nine churches. He was a leading church man of his day.
When he died he was laid to rest immediately back of the present beautiful house of worship, the fourth this old church has had in its 191 years. When the 175th year of the church was celebrated in 1956, it was my lot to deliver the address.
In the 1791 Register of the Baptist Denomination in America, John Asplund, who travelled 7,000 miles on horseback to collect the statistics, Greenbrier church reported 38 members on Feb. 8, 1791. One of the few known copies of Asplund's Register is in my library. It is signed by "John Asplund, a Sweed," and dated July 14, 1791, Southampton County, Va.


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ITW Rocol Expands Fluids-Mfg. Plant
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Sunday, February 1, 2009
After a recent move to a new, larger 43,000-sq.-ft. manufacturing plant in DeWitt, IA, ITW Rocol can expand production of metalworking fluids. The firm, based in Glenview, IL, manufactures under the brand names Accu-Lube, Rustlick, SafeTap, Metal Mates and Cedar Lubricants.
See also: ITW Fluids North America
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Strasburg tries to get off the schneid in opener with Padres
The downward spiral that is Stephen Strasburg takes center stage Thursday, as he looks to put a halt on his current winless streak when the Washington Nationals open a three-game series with the San Diego Padres.
Strasburg won his season debut April 1 versus Miami with seven shutout innings of three-hit ball. It appeared Strasburg was back on track after he was shut down at the end of 2012 and had to watch the playoffs from the dugout. Now it looks as if Strasburg could use a long siesta as evidenced by his 0-5 record and 3.61 earned run average in his last seven starts.
Washington is 1-6 in that stretch and dropped an 8-2 decision to the Chicago Cubs on Saturday in Strasburg's last start. The right-hander allowed four unearned runs and five hits in five innings to fall to 1-5 in eight outings to go along with a 3.10 ERA. Strasburg has pitched well in his starts, but just doesn't have the wins to show for it.
"It's frustrating. Stevie is throwing the ball well, he has a heck of a game going and it changed the momentum a little bit," said Nats third baseman Ryan Zimmerman, who didn't help the cause with throwing errors. "You feel bad. You don't want that to ever happen."
The Nationals have scored more than two runs just twice in Strasburg's appearances this season. He lost his only career start against San Diego last May 15 in a 6-1 loss, yielding four runs in four innings.
Edinson Volquez has been the opposite of Strasburg and is 3-0 with a 2.49 earned run average in his last four starts. The Padres are 3-1 in that time. Volquez did not record a decision in last Friday's 6-3 loss at Tampa Bay, but did pitch well and limited the Rays to a pair of runs in six innings.
"Volky hung in there ... it was a little maddening in that he was behind in the count a lot," Padres manager Bud Black said. "They didn't get many hits off him. They didn't hit many balls hard off him."
Volquez, a right-hander, started 0-3 in his first four outings -- all San Diego losses -- and is 1-1 with a 5.87 ERA in three career starts against the Nationals.
The Nationals have lost two straight and four of five games, and dropped the last two contests of a three-game set at Los Angeles.
In Wednesday's 3-1 loss, Dodgers starter Zack Greinke made an early return from a broken collarbone and held the Nationals to a run in 5 1/3 innings. Ross Detwiler drew the start for Washington and lasted only three innings, allowing two runs and six hits in a losing effort.
Detwiler was bothered by tightness in his lower back and was forced to leave the game. Nats catcher Wilson Ramos also departed the contest with a hamstring injury and is day-to-day.
"It's not all that great now. Hopefully, tomorrow morning it will feel a lot better," Detwiler said.
Adam LaRoche homered and Bryce Harper appeared in a pinch-hit role after missing Tuesday's game with side effects from running into the right-field wall Monday night. Harper is expected to be back in the starting lineup against the Padres.
The Nationals are currently on a 10-game road trip and will also visit San Francisco. They are still one game behind Atlanta for the NL East lead.
San Diego is only 4 1/2 games off the pace in the NL West and swept a two-game series from the Baltimore Orioles.
In an 8-4 win Wednesday at Camden Yards, Jason Marquis took the mound and fired five innings of two-run ball to improve to 5-2 on the season.
"They've got a great lineup, so you've got to make your pitches," Marquis said. "Some days you're not going to feel as good as others, but you've still got to make pitches in a big situation."
Alexi Amarista doubled twice and added a two-run homer and Everth Cabrera had four hits with an RBI for the Padres, who have posted back-to-back wins since losing three in a row and will play seven straight at Petco Park.
Kyle Blanks added a solo home run and John Baker drove in two for the Padres.
San Diego lost three of five matchups with Washington last season and have dropped six of the previous eight meetings between the clubs.


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The Diane Long 9/16 inch Cold Wave Rods, Orchid, 12 pack will give hair a great perm. This product is a traditional cold wave rod with rubber band. Features extra wide slots for even fluid distribution. They are also very easy to clean and maintain.
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