text:
Frequent Links
A whistleblower (whistle-blower or whistle blower)[1] is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, dishonest, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.[2] The information of alleged wrongdoing can be classified in many ways: violation of company policy/rules, law, regulation, or threat to public interest/national security, as well as fraud, and corruption.[3] Those who become whistleblowers can choose to bring information or allegations to surface either internally or externally. Internally, a whistleblower can bring his/her accusations to attention to other people within the accused organization. Externally, a whistleblower can bring allegations to light by contacting a third party outside of an accused organization. He/She can reach out to the media, government, law enforcement, or those who are concerned. whistleblowers also face stiff reprisal/retaliation from those whom are accused or alleged of wrongdoing. Third party groups like Wikileaks and others offer protection to whistleblowers, but that protection can only go so far. Whistleblowers face legal action, criminal charges, social stigma, and termination from any position, office, or job. Two other classifications of whistleblowing are private and public. The classifications relate to the type of organizations someone chooses to whistle-blow on: private sector, or public sector. Both can have different results that depend on many factors. However, whistleblowing in the public sector organization is more likely to result in federal felony charges and jail-time. A whistleblower who chooses to accuse a private sector organization or agency is more likely to face termination and legal and civil charges. Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so can be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is truly an entirely ethical decision, and action. In the case of many like, Edward Snowden, whistleblowing is seen as the last ethically right thing to do. Legal protection can also be granted to protect whistleblowers, but that protection is subject to many stipulations. Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but stipulations can easily cloud that protection and leave whistleblowers vulnerable to retaliation and legal trouble. Whistleblowing is not a new phenomenon. In fact it is thousands of years old. However, the decision and action has become far more complicated with recent advancements in technology and communication.[4]
Whistleblowers frequently face reprisal, sometimes at the hands of the organization or group which they have accused, sometimes from related organizations, and sometimes under law. Questions about the legitimacy of whistleblowing, the moral responsibility of whistleblowing, and the appraisal of the institutions of whistleblowing are part of the field of political ethics.
- 1 Overview
- 2 Common reactions
- 3 Ethics of whistleblowing
- 4 Legal protection
- 5 Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes and references
- 8 Bibliography
- 9 External links
Origin of term
The term whistle-blower comes from the whistle a referee uses to indicate an illegal or foul play.[5][6] US civic activist Ralph Nader coined the phrase in the early 1970s to avoid the negative connotations found in other words such as "informers" and "snitches".[7]
Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fellow employee or superior within their company. One of the most interesting questions with respect to internal whistleblowers is why and under what circumstances people will either act on the spot to stop illegal and otherwise unacceptable behavior or report it.[8] There are some reasons to believe that people are more likely to take action with respect to unacceptable behavior, within an organization, if there are complaint systems that offer not just options dictated by the planning and control organization, but a choice of options for absolute confidentiality.[9]
External whistblowers, however, report misconduct to outside persons or entities. In these cases, depending on the information's severity and nature, whistleblowers may report the misconduct to lawyers, the media, law enforcement or watchdog agencies, or other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary reward.
Third party
The third party service involves utilizing an external agency to inform the individuals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, without disclosing the identity of the whistleblower. This is a relatively new phenomenon and has been developed due to whistleblower discrimination. International Whistleblowers is an example of an organization involved in delivering a third party service for whistleblowers.
Private sector whistleblowing
Although not as high profile as public sector whistleblowing, whistleblowing in the private sector is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today.[10] Simply because private corporations usually have stricter regulations that suppress potential whistleblowers. Some examples of private sector whistleblowing are when an employee reports to someone in a higher position such as a manager, or a third that is isolated from the individual chapter, such as their lawyer or the police. In the private sector corporate groups can easily hide wrongdoings by individual branches. It isn't until these wrongdoings bleed into the top officials that corporate wrongdoings are seen by the public such is the case with Edward Snowden. Situations in which a person may blow the whistle are in cases of violated laws or company policy, such as sexual harassment or theft but these instances are small compared to money laundering or fraud charges on the stock market. Whistleblowing in the private sector is typically not as high profile or openly discussed in major news outlets, although occasionally third parties will expose human rights violations and exploitations of workers.[11] Private whistleblowing has grown in notoriety lately due in part to an increase in reports of suppressed sexual harassment and assaults, as well as corruption and discriminatory practices. While there are laws in place to protect whistleblowers, many employees fear for their jobs due to direct or indirect threats from their employers or the other parties involved. Whistleblowers also fear that their revealings of a company's ill practices may not sit well with the public thus another reason why individuals considering blowing the whistle choose not too. As a result, many potential whistleblowers either wait to inform someone in a position of power or just drop the issues all together. The employee must weigh their options, expose the company and stand the moral and ethical high ground, or expose the company, lose their job, their reputation and potentially the ability to be employed again. This fear makes it all that much harder to accurately track how prevalent whistleblowing is in the private sector.[12]
Public sector whistleblowing
Recognizing the public value of whistleblowing has been increasing over the last 50 years. State and Federal statutes have been put in place to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The United States Supreme Court ruled that public sector whistleblowers are protected under First Amendment rights from any job retaliation when they raise flags over alleged corruption.[13] Exposing misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity is a big fear for public employees because they feel they are going against their government and country. Private sector whistleblowing protection laws were in place long before ones for the public sector. After many federal whistleblowers were scrutinized in high profile media cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleblowers. These laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people to expose misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for the good of society.[14] People who choose to act as a whistleblower often suffer retaliation from their employer. They most likely are fired because they are an at-will employee, which means they can be fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for whistleblowers who are at-will employees. Even without a statute, numerous decisions encourage and protect whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes state that an employer shall not take any adverse employment actions any employee in retaliation for a good faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperating in anyway in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action.[13] Federal whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all government employees. In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee disclosed information that he or she reasonably believed showed a violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public safety or health. In order to prevail on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused official knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, and that there was a genuine connection between the retaliation and the employee's action.[13]
Common reactions
Whistleblowers are sometimes seen as selfless martyrs for public interest and organizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors." Some even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their behavior as motivated by greed in qui tam cases. Some academics (such as Thomas Alured Faunce) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems if it had a firmer academic basis in virtue ethics.[15][16]
It is probable that many people do not even consider blowing the whistle, not only because of fear of retaliation, but also because of fear of losing their relationships at work and outside work.[17]
Persecution of whistleblowers has become a serious issue in many parts of the world:
Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risks to health and the environment, but internal policies might pose threats of retaliation to those who report these early warnings. Private company employees in particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities. Government employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or the environment to public attention, although perhaps this is less likely.[18]
There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing inconvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and authorities. There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from entering controversial scientific fields for fear of harassment.[18]
Although whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, there have been many cases where punishment for whistleblowing has occurred, such as termination, suspension, demotion, wage garnishment, and/or harsh mistreatment by other employees. For example, in the United States, most whistleblower protection laws provide for limited "make whole" remedies or damages for employment losses if whistleblower retaliation is proven. However, many whistleblowers report there exists a widespread "shoot the messenger" mentality by corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases whistleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for reporting wrongdoing.
As a reaction to this many private organizations have formed whistleblower legal defense funds or support groups to assist whistleblowers; three such examples are the National Whistleblowers Center[19] in the United States, and Whistleblowers UK [20] and Public Concern at Work (PCaW)[21] in the United Kingdom. Depending on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their co-workers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from their organization. This campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of eliminating them from the organization is referred to as mobbing. It is an extreme form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targeted individual.[22]
Psychological impact
There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle blowing. However, poor experiences of whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assault upon staff well being. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often met with a wall of silence and hostility by management.[23] Some whistleblowers speak of overwhelming and persistent distress, drug and alcohol problems, paranoid behaviour at work, acute anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks and intrusive thoughts.[24] Depression is often reported by whistleblowers, and suicidal thoughts may occur in up to about 10%.[25][26] General deterioration in health and self care has been described.[27] The range of symptomatology shares many of the features of posttraumatic stress disorder, although there is debate about whether the trauma experienced by whistleblowers meets diagnostic thresholds.[28] Increased stress related physical illness has also been described in whistleblowers.[26][29]
The stresses involved in whistleblowing can be huge. As such, workers remain afraid to blow the whistle, in fear that they will not be believed or they have lost faith in believing that anything will happen if they do speak out.[30] This fear may indeed be justified, because an individual who feels threatened by whistleblowing, may plan the career destruction of the 'complainant' by reporting fictitious errors or rumours.[31] This technique, labelled as 'gaslighting' is a common, unconventional approach used by organizations to manage employees who cause difficulty by raising concerns.[32] In extreme cases, this technique involves the organization or manager proposing that the complainant's mental health is unstable.[33]
Organizations also often attempt to ostracise and isolate whistleblowers by undermining their concerns by suggesting that these are groundless, carrying out inadequate investigations or by ignoring them altogether. Whistleblowers may also be disciplined, suspended and reported to professional bodies upon manufactured pretexts.[34][35] Where whistleblowers persist in raising their concerns, they increasingly risk detriments such as dismissal.[36] Following dismissal, whistleblowers may struggle to find further employment due to damaged reputations, poor references and blacklisting. The social impact of whistleblowing through loss of livelihood (and sometimes pension), and family strain may also impact on whistleblowers' psychological well being. Whistleblowers may also experience immense stress as a result of litigation regarding detriments such as unfair dismissal, which they often face with imperfect support or no support at all from unions. Whistleblowers who continue to pursue their concerns may also face long battles with official bodies such as regulators and government departments.[34][35] Such bodies may reproduce the "institutional silence" by employers, adding to whistleblowers' stress and difficulties.[37] In all, some whistleblowers suffer great injustice, that may never be acknowledged or rectified.[33]
Such extreme experiences of threat and loss inevitably cause severe distress and sometimes mental illness, sometimes lasting for years afterwards. This mistreatment also deters others from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor practices remain hidden behind a wall of silence, and prevent any organization from experiencing the improvements that may be afforded by intelligent failure.[24][37]
Some whistleblowers who part ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as Adrian Schoolcraft, the NYPD veteran who alleged falsified crime statistics in his department and was forcibly committed to a mental institution.[38]
Ethics of whistleblowing
The definition of ethics is the moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. When it comes to whistleblowing most individuals perceive it as ethically wrong. Somewhat along the lines of tattle-telling or betraying loyalty, however what if by blowing the whistle a person saved the lives of multiple individuals? The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well as positive. However sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of revenge. Rosemary O'Leary explains this in her short volume on a topic called guerrilla government. "Rather than acting openly, guerrillas often choose to remain "in the closet," moving clandestinely behind the scenes, salmon swimming upstream against the current of power. Over the years, I have learned that the motivations driving guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the altruistic (doing the right thing) to the seemingly petty (I was passed over for that promotion). Taken as a whole, their acts are as awe inspiring as saving human lives out of a love of humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report out of spite or anger."[39] The negative results could be one being seen as a traitor. It is believed throughout the professional world that an individual is bound to secrecy within the sector in which they work. The discussions of whistleblowing and employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is irrelevant to the issue or, more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral choice in which the loyalty that an employee owes an employer comes to be pitted against the employee's responsibility to serve the public interest.[40] Robert A. Larmer describes the standard view of whistleblowing in the Journal of Business Ethics by explaining that an employee possesses prima facie (based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise) duties of loyalty and confidentiality to their employers and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis of a higher duty to the public good.[40] It is important to recognize that in any relationship which demands loyalty the relationship works both ways and involves mutual enrichment.[41] In the case of Edward Snowden many Americans perceive his actions to be ethically and morally right. Edward Snowden released classified intelligence to the American people in an attempt to allow Americans to see the inner workings of the government. Is it right to report the shady or suspect practices of the company one works for or perhaps even the government? A person is diligently tasked with the conundrum of choosing to be loyal to the company or to blow the whistle on the company's wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing generally revolve around three topics: attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely, debates about whether and when whistleblowing is permissible, and debates about whether and when one has an obligation to blow the whistle.[42] One must understand the definition of whistleblowing in order to logically determine if the act itself is wrong.
Legal protection
Legal protection for whistleblowing varies from country to country and may depend on any of the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed, and how they eventually became published or publicized. Over a dozen countries have now adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws which create mechanisms for reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections to the people who informed them. Over 50 countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corruption, freedom of information, or employment laws.[43] For purposes of the English Wikipedia, this section emphasizes the English-speaking world and covers other regimes only insofar as they represent exceptionally greater or lesser protections.
There are laws in a number of states.[44] The former NSW Police Commissioner Tony Lauer summed up official government and police attitudes as: "Nobody in Australia much likes whistleblowers, particularly in an organization like the police or the government." Mr Lauer's comments are clearly at odds with public support for WikiLeaks.
Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption or any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused.[45]
The Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner of Canada (PSIC) provides a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general public to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector. It also protects from reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have cooperated in investigations. The Office's goal is to enhance public confidence in Canada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants.[46]
Mandated by the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act (The Act), PSIC is a permanent and independent Agent of Parliament. The Act, which came into force on April 15, 2007, applies to most of the federal public sector, approximately 400,000 public servants.[47] This includes government departments and agencies, parent Crown corporations, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other federal public sector bodies.
Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the Act sets out the jurisdiction of the Commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no wrongdoing was committed, the Commissioner must report his findings to the discloser and to the organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded wrongdoing are presented before the House of Commons and the Senate in accordance with The Act. As of June 2014, a total of 9 reports have been tabled in Parliament.[48]
The Act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSDPT) to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. The Tribunal can grant remedies in favour of complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals.
PSIC's current Commissioner is Mr. Mario Dion. Previously, he has served in various senior roles in the public service, including as Associate Deputy Minister of Justice, Executive Director and Deputy Head of the Office of Indian Residential Schools Resolution of Canada, and as Chair of the National Parole Board.
In Jamaica, the Protected Disclosures Act, 2011[49] received assent in March 2011. It creates a comprehensive system for the protection of whistleblowers in the public and private sector. It is based on the UK's Public Interest Disclosure Act.
The Government of India has been considering adopting a whistleblower protection law for several years. In 2003, the Law Commission of India recommended the adoption of the Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Act, 2002.[50] In August 2010, the Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, 2010 was introduced into the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India.[51] The Bill was approved by the cabinet in June, 2011. The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, 2010 was renamed as The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 by the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.[52] The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28 December 2011.[53] and by the Rajyasabha on 21 February 2014. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 has received the Presidential assent on May 9, 2014 and the same has been subsequently published in the official gazette of the Government of India on May 9, 2014 by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.
The government of Ireland committed to adopting a comprehensive whistleblower protection law in January 2012. The bill will reportedly cover both the public and private sectors.[54]
The Netherlands has measures in place to mitigate the risks of whistleblowing: the whistleblower advice centre (Adviespunt Klokkenluiders) offers advice to whistleblowers, and the Parliament recently passed a proposal to establish a so-called house for whistleblowers, to protect them from the severe negative consequences that they might endure (Kamerstuk, 2013). Dutch media organizations also provide whistleblower support; on 9 September 2013 [55] a number of major Dutch media outlets supported the launch of Publeaks, which provides a secure website for people to leak documents to the media. Publeaks is designed to protect whistleblowers. It operates on the GlobaLeaks software developed by the Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights, which supports whistleblower-oriented technologies internationally.[56]
The Swiss Council of States agreed on a draft amendment of the Swiss Code of Obligations in September 2014. The draft introduces articles 321abis to 321asepties, 328(3), 336(2)(d).[57] An amendment of article 362(1) adds articles 321abis to 321asepties to the list of provisions that may not be overruled by labour and bargaining agreements.
Article 321ater introduces an obligation on employees to report irregularities to their employer before reporting to an authority. An employee will, however, not breach his duty of good faith if he reports an irregularity to an authority and
- a period set by the employer and no longer than 60 days has lapsed since the employee has reported the incident to his employer, and
- the employer has not addressed the irregularity or it is obvious that the employer has insufficiently addressed the irregularity.
Article 321aquarter provides that an employee may exceptionally directly report to an authority. Exceptions apply in cases
- where the employee is in a position to objectively demonstrate that a report to his employer will prove ineffective,
- where the employee has to anticipate dismissal,
- where the employee must assume that the competent authority will be hindered in investigating the irregularity, or
- where there is a direct and serious hazard to life, to health, to safety, or to the environment.
The draft does not improve on protection against dismissal for employees who report irregularities to their employer.[58] The amendment does not provide for employees anonymously filing their observations of irregularities.
United Kingdom
Whistleblowing in the United Kingdom is subject to the Public Interest Disclosure Act (PIDA) 1998.
The Freedom to Speak Up Review set out 20 principles to bring about improvements to help whistleblowers in the NHS, including:[59]
- Culture of raising concerns - to make raising issues a part of normal routine business of any well-led NHS organization.
- Culture free from bullying - freedom of staff to speak out relies on staff being able to work in a culture which is free from bullying.
- Training - every member of staff should receive training in their trust's approach to raising concerns and in receiving and acting on them.
- Support - all NHS trusts should ensure there is a dedicated person to whom concerns can be easily reported and without formality, a "speak up guardian" .
- Support to find alternative employment in the NHS - where a worker who has raised a concern cannot, as a result, continue their role, the NHS should help them seek an alternative job.
United States
Under most federal whistleblower statutes, in order to be considered a whistleblower in the United States, the federal employee must have reason to believe his or her employer has violated some law, rule or regulation; testify or commence a legal proceeding on the legally protected matter; or refuse to violate the law.
In cases where whistleblowing on a specified topic is protected by statute, U.S. courts have generally held that such whistleblowers are protected from retaliation.[60] However, a closely divided U.S. Supreme Court decision, Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) held that the First Amendment free speech guarantees for government employees do not protect disclosures made within the scope of the employees' duties.
In the United States, legal protections vary according to the subject matter of the whistleblowing, and sometimes the state in which the case arises.[61] In passing the 2002 Sarbanes–Oxley Act, the Senate Judiciary Committee found that whistleblower protections were dependent on the "patchwork and vagaries" of varying state statutes.[62] Still, a wide variety of federal and state laws protect employees who call attention to violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse to obey unlawful directions.
The first US law adopted specifically to protect whistleblowers was the 1863 United States False Claims Act (revised in 1986), which tried to combat fraud by suppliers of the United States government during the American Civil War. The Act encourages whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered by the government and by protecting them from employment retaliation.[63]
Another US law that specifically protects whistleblowers is the Lloyd–La Follette Act of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to the United States Congress. The first US environmental law to include an employee protection was the Clean Water Act of 1972. Similar protections were included in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (through 1978 amendment to protect nuclear whistleblowers), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or the Superfund Law) (1980), and the Clean Air Act (1990). Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act (1982) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act (PSIA) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century ("AIR 21"), and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, enacted on July 30, 2002 (for corporate fraud whistleblowers).
Investigation of retaliation against whistleblowers under 20 federal statutes falls under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program[64] of the United States Department of Labor's[65] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).[66] New whistleblower statutes enacted by Congress which are to be enforced by the Secretary of Labor are generally delegated by a Secretary's Order[67] to OSHA's Office of the Whistleblower Protection Program (OWPP).
The patchwork of laws means that victims of retaliation need to be aware of the laws at issue to determine the deadlines and means for making proper complaints. Some deadlines are as short as 10 days (Arizona State Employees have 10 days to file a "Prohibited Personnel Practice" Complaint before the Arizona State Personnel Board), while others are up to 300 days.
Those who report a false claim against the federal government, and suffer adverse employment actions as a result, may have up to six years (depending on state law) to file a civil suit for remedies under the US False Claims Act (FCA).[68] Under a qui tam provision, the "original source" for the report may be entitled to a percentage of what the government recovers from the offenders. However, the "original source" must also be the first to file a federal civil complaint for recovery of the federal funds fraudulently obtained, and must avoid publicizing the claim of fraud until the US Justice Department decides whether to prosecute the claim itself. Such qui tam lawsuits must be filed under seal, using special procedures to keep the claim from becoming public until the federal government makes its decision on direct prosecution.
Other countries
There are comprehensive laws in New Zealand and South Africa. A number of other countries have recently adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws including Ghana, South Korea, and Uganda. They are also being considered in Kenya and Rwanda. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2008 that whistleblowing was protected as freedom of expression.[69]
Advocacy for whistleblower rights and protections
Many NGOs advocate for stronger and more comprehensive legal rights and protections for whistleblowers. Among them are the Government Accountability Project (GAP), Blueprint for Free Speech, Public Concern at Work (PCaW) and the Open Democracy Advice Center (ODAC). Among the more publicly visible whistleblower activists are Thomas M. Devine of GAP, Cathy James of PCaW, Mark Worth of Blueprint for Free Speech.
|This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)
See also
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Portal/images/j' not found.
Notes and references
- ↑ "Yahoo Education". Education.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ Vandekerckhove, Wim (2006). Whistleblowing and Organizational Social Responsibility : A Global Assessment. Ashgate.
- ↑ Near, Janet P (Feb 1, 1985). "Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing". Journal of Business Ethics.
- ↑ Delmas, Candice (January 2015). "The Ethics of Government Whisltleblowing". Social Theory and Practice.
- ↑ "Etymonline.com". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Wordorigins.org". Wordorigins.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ Nader, Petkas, and Blackwell, Whistleblowing (1972).
- ↑ Dealing with—or reporting—"unacceptable" behavior (with additional thoughts about the "Bystander Effect") Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH (2009), Journal of the International Ombudsman Association 2(1), online at ombudsassociation.org
- ↑ Mary Rowe, "Options and choice for conflict resolution in the workplace" in Negotiation: Strategies for Mutual Gain, by Lavinia Hall (ed.), Sage Publications, Inc., 1993, pp. 105–119.
- ↑ Castagnera, James (Spring 2003). "The Rise of the Whistleblower and the Death of Privacy Impact of 9/11 and Enron". Labor Law Journal.
- ↑ Timmerman, Kelsey (2012). Where am I wearing?. California: Wiley.
- ↑ "Stop Post-Firing Harassment Suits By Tracking And Investigating Every Complaint". HR Specialist: Minnesota Employment Law 2.11. 2009.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Whistleblowing". Retrieved 2015-05-06.
- ↑ Lee, Katie (2011). "Whistleblower Retaliation in the Public Sector". Public Personnel Management.
- ↑ Faunce, T.A. "Developing and Teaching the Virtue-Ethics Foundations of Healthcare Whistle Blowing", Monash Bioethics Review. 2004; 23(4): 41–55
- ↑ Faunce, T.A. and Jefferys, S. "Whistleblowing and scientific misconduct: Renewing legal and virtue ethics foundations". Journal of Medicine and Law 2007, 26(3): 567–84.
- ↑ Rowe, Mary & Bendersky, Corinne, "Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems," in Negotiations and Change, From the Workplace to Society, Thomas Kochan and Richard Locke (eds), Cornell University Press, 2002. See also "Dealing with — or Reporting — 'Unacceptable' Behavior (With additional thoughts about the 'Bystander Effect')" ©2009Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH, Journal of the International Ombudsman Association 2(1), online at ombudsassociation.org
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 European Environment Agency) (Jan 23, 2013). "Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation: Full Report". p. 614.
- ↑ "whistleblowers.org". whistleblowers.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "whistleblowersUK.org". whistlebloweruk.org. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
- ↑ "pcaw.co.uk". pcaw.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ Matthiesen SB, Bjorkelo B, Burke RJ "Workplace Bullying as the Dark Side of Whistleblowing" in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (2012)
- ↑ Drew D (29 January 2015) Francis NHS whistleblower report: a new beginning? The Guardian
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Peters, K. et al. (2011). The emotional sequelae of whistleblowing: findings from a qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20: P2907-14.
- ↑ Farnsworth CH (22 February 1987) Survey of Whistleblowers finds retaliation, but few regrets The New York Times
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lennane J (11 September 1993) "Whistleblowing": a health issue. 307(6905): P667–670
- ↑ Greaves R, McGlone JK (2012) The Health Consequences of Speaking Out Social Medicine Vol 6, No 4 P259-263
- ↑ Bjørkelo, B. (2013). Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), P306-323
- ↑ Lennane J (17 November 1995) The canary down the mine: what whistleblowers' health tells us about their environment Paper given at Department of Criminology, Melbourne University, conference: "Whistleblowers: protecting the nation's conscience?"
- ↑ Sprinks J (2014) Survey highlights slow progress in increasing staff whistleblowing. Nursing Standard Feb 12-18;28(24) P14-5
- ↑ De Silva, P (2014) Tackling psychopathy: a necessary competency in leadership development? Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry September/October
- ↑ Lund CA, Gardiner AQ (1977) The gaslight phenomenon: An institutional variant. The British Journal of Psychiatry 131 P533–4
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lennane J (May 2012) What Happens to Whistleblowers and Why Classics in Social Medicine Vol6 No4 P249-258
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Bousfield A (9 December 2011) 21 Ways To Skin An NHS Whistleblower Medical Harm
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Patients First (23 Oct 2013) The Life Cycle of the Whistleblower)
- ↑ Public Concern at Work (2013) Whistleblowing: The Inside Story - A study of the experiences of 100 whistleblowers University of Greenwich research report
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Public Accounts Committee Report of Inquiry into Whistleblowing, Ninth Report of Session 2014–15)
- ↑ Cop hauled off to psych ward after alleging fake crime stats
- ↑ O'Leary, Rosemary (2006). The Ethics of Dissent: Managing Guerrilla Government. Washington D.C.: CQ.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Larmer, Robert A. (Feb 1992). "Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty". Journal of Business Ehtics.
- ↑ Duska, Ronald (Feb 1992). "Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty". Journal of Business Ethics.
- ↑ Issues in Business Ethics. Springer. 2007. pp. 139–147.
- ↑ Banisar, "Whistleblowing: International Standards and Developments", in CORRUPTION AND TRANSPARENCY: DEBATING THE FRONTIERS BETWEEN STATE, MARKET AND SOCIETY, I. Sandoval, ed., World Bank-Institute for Social Research, UNAM, Washington, D.C., 2011 available online at ssrn.com
- ↑ "Whistleblowers Australia". Whistleblowers.org.au.
- ↑ Whistleblowers Australia (2012-02-12). "Whistleblowers Australia". Whistleblowers.org.au. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ Government of Canada, PSIC. "Background, Objectives, Scope". Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ↑ Government of Canada, PSIC. "The Servants Disclosure Protection Act". Office of the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ↑ Government of Canada, PSIC. "Case Reports". Office fo the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
- ↑ http://www.japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_The%20Protected%20Disclosures%20Act,%202011.pdf
- ↑ "Publin Interest Disclosure Bill" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-13.
- ↑ The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, 2010 [1]
- ↑ "Legislative Brief" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-13.
- ↑ PTI (2011-12-28). "Whistle-blowers Bill passed". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Whistleblower Bill to cover public and private sectors". Irish Times. 30 January 2011.
- ↑ "Vanaf vandaag: anoniem lekken naar media via doorgeefluik Publeaks". volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
- ↑ "Handling ethical problems in counterterrorism An inventory of methods to support ethical decisionmaking" (PDF). RAND Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
- ↑ "Schutz bei Meldung von Unregelmässigkeiten am Arbeitsplatz" (PDF). Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ↑ "Botschaft über die Teilrevision des Obligationenrechts" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2014.
- ↑ Lizzie Parry Daily Mail 11 February 2015 Climate of fear leaves NHS whistleblowers 'on the brink of suicide' says report but campaigners warn new measures to protect workers 'don't go far enough'
- ↑ "DOL.gov". Oalj.dol.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Peer.org". Peer.org. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ Congressional Record p. S7412; S. Rep. No. 107–146, 107th Cong., 2d Session 19 (2002).
- ↑ "Answers.com". Answers.com. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Whistleblowers.gov". Whistleblowers.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "DOL.gov". DOL.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Osha.gov". Osha.gov. 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ "Osha.gov". Osha.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- ↑ 31 U.S.C. § 3730 (h)
- ↑ Guja v. Moldova, Application no. 14277/04 (2008)
- Engineering Ethics concepts and cases by Charles E. Harris, Jr. - Michael S. Pritchard- Michael J. Rabins.
- IRS.gov, Whistleblower – Informant Award
- Quentin Dempster, Whistleblowers, Sydney, ABC Books, 1997. ISBN 0-7333-0504-0 [See especially pp. 199–212: 'The Courage of the Whistleblowers']
- Frais, A "Whistleblowing heroes – boon or burden?", Bulletin of Medical Ethics, 2001 Aug:(170):13–19.
- Banisar, David "Whistleblowing: International Standards and Developments", in Corruption and Transparency: Debating the Frontiers between State, Market and Society, I. Sandoval, ed., World Bank-Institute for Social Research, UNAM, Washington, D.C., 2011 available online at ssrn.com
- Alford, C. Fred (2001). Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3841-1.
- Garrett, Allison, "Auditor Whistle Blowing: The Financial Fraud Detection and Disclosure Act," 17 Seton Hall Legis. J. 91 (1993).
- Hunt, Geoffrey (2006). "The Principle of Complementarity: Freedom of Information, Public Accountability and Whistleblowing in". Chapman, R & Hunt, M (eds) Freedom of Information: Perspectives on Open Government in a Theoretical and Practical Context. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK.
- Hesch, Joel (2009). Whistleblowing: A guide to government reward programs. Goshen Press. ISBN 978-0-9772602-0-1.
- Hunt, Geoffrey (2000). "Whistleblowing, Accountability & Ethical Accounting". Clinical Risk 6 (3): 115–16.
- Hunt, Geoffrey (1998). <span />'Whistleblowing', commissioned entry for Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, (8,000 words). Academic Press, California, USA.
- Hunt, Geoffrey (ed) (1998). Whistleblowing in the Social Services: Public Accountability & Professional Practice. Arnold.
- Hunt, G (ed) (1995). Whistleblowing in the Health Service: Accountability, Law & Professional Practice. Arnold.
- Johnson, Roberta Ann (2002). Whistleblowing: When It Works—And Why. L. Reinner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-114-4.
- Kohn, Stephen M (2000). Concepts and Procedures in Whistleblower Law. Quorum Books. ISBN 1-56720-354-X.
- Kohn, Stephen M; Kohn, Michael D; Colapinto, David K. (2004). Whistleblower Law A Guide to Legal Protections for Corporate Employees. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98127-4.
- Lauretano, Major Daniel A., "The Military Whistleblower Protection Act and the Military Mental Health Protection Act", Army Law, (Oct) 1998.
- Lipman, Frederick D., (2012). Whistleblowers: Incentives, Disincentives, and Protection Strategies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-09403-7.
- Martin, Brian. Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
- Martin, Brian with Wendy Varney. Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).
- Martin, Brian. Technology for Nonviolent Struggle, (London: War Resisters' International, 2001).
- Martin, Brian with Lyn Carson. Random Selection in Politics, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999).
- Martin, Brian. The Whistleblower's Handbook: How to Be an Effective Resister, (Charlbury, UK: Jon Carpenter; Sydney: Envirobook, 1999). Updated and republished 2013 as Whistleblowing: a practical guide, Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing.
- Miethe, Terance D (1991). Whistleblowing at work: tough choices in exposing fraud, waste, and abuse on the job. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3549-3.
- "Sarbanes-Oxley Criminal Whistleblower Provisions & the Workplace: More Than Just Securities Fraud", by Jay P. Lechner & Paul M. Sisco, 80 Florida B. J. 85 (June 2006)
- "Federal Whistleblower Protection: A Means to Enforcing Maximum Hour Legislation for Medical Residents", by Robert N. Wilkey Esq., William Mitchell Law Review, Vol. 30, Issue 1 (2003).
- Rowe, Mary & Bendersky, Corinne, "Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems," in Negotiations and Change, From the Workplace to Society, Thomas Kochan and Richard Locke (eds), Cornell University Press, 2002
- Robert J. McCarthy, "Blowing in the Wind: Answers for Federal Whistleblowers", 3 William & Mary Policy Review 184 (2012).
External links
|Look up whistle-blower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Look up whistleblower in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whistleblowers.
- Ed Yong (28 November 2013). "3 ways to blow the whistle" (PDF). Nature (journal) Vol 503.
- Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 from Her Majesty's Stationery Office
- National Security Whistleblowers, a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report
- Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws, a Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report
- Whistleblower Protection Program & information at U.S. Department of Labor
- Read v. Canada (Attorney General) Canadian legal framework regarding whistleblowing defence
- Patients First
- Whistleblowers UK
- Why be a whistleblower?
- Guardian US interactive team (24 June 2013). "A Guardian guide to US government whistleblowers". The Guardian (New York). Retrieved 14 July 2013.
- Author Eyal Press discusses whistleblowers and heroism on Conversations from Penn State
Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 346: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).


text: Development of oral communication skills to enhance human interaction, including nonverbal and verbal language usage, listening, conflict management and multicultural communication. (Honors version available.) Academic Level Undergraduate Level Subject Speech Department Communication and Theatre Credits 3 Prerequisites DVR-0061 : College Reading and Study Skills DVR-0071 : Accelerated College Reading andStudy Skills DVE-0012 : Foundations of Composition and Comprehension DVR-P006 : Reading Proficiency Satisfied ESL-1060 : English as a Second Language:Advanced Reading Skills ESL-0106 : English as a Second Language:Advanced Reading Skills SPH-0955 : Oral U.S. Communication Skills for the Non-Native Speaker SPH-P955 : SPH-0955 Waiver Corequisites None Return to Paramedic to Registered Nursing Transition Program Academic Calendar Catalog and Class Schedules Online Learning Bookstore Register For Classes Request Information

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Katy Perry Settles GHD Hair Lawsuit
Katy Perry is gonna wash those legal problems right outta her hair. The pop diva settled her lawsuit with British hair care line GHD. The two sides were embroiled in a dispute over the singer's claim that the company verbally agreed to extend her contract. It became a real "he said, she said" headache for both sides.
Perry demanded $2 million in payment, claiming that GHD verbally offered to extend their relationship. The company, whose name is an acronym for "good hair day," disputed that claim, saying that it did not have such an agreement in place, that it didn't want to renew its deal with Perry and that it planned to sever the relationship when the current deal expired. Therefore, GHD said it didn't owe Perry a dime.
GHD struck first and filed a lawsuit to try and block the singer from suing them for the $2 million.
We know, a mess.
The two sides dropped the case and gave up the right to re-file. It is not known if GHD paid up and gave Perry any cash, according to TMZ.
GHD had also said that market research indicated that Europeans were not as into the glossy-haired Perry as they once were and that is why they no longer wanted to have her be their spokesmodel.


text:
Fantastical 2, one of our favorite alternative Calendar apps for iPhone, has just been updated to version 2.0.2 and even though it's a point release that contains bug fixes, it also contains a few new features as well. Among them are new app icon badge options and better handling for location matching and search results when using geofences.
Concerning the app icon badge, Fantastical 2 now gives you another configuration to choose from. Choose the new All Overdue Reminders option if you'd like Fantastical 2 to behave the same way the default Reminders app does.
If you use geofences, you should hopefully get better search results with the 2.0.2 update as well. Other improvements in the update include tweaking the invitees section so it doesn't appear so small on the iPhone, particularly the smaller screened models.
For those of you that already purchased Fantastical 2, the update is free. If you haven't tried Fantastical 2 yet, you can hit the link to purchase it. You won't be sorry you did.
- $2.99 - Download Now
This post may contain affiliate links. See our disclosure policy for more details.


text:
Kempisty and her husband John were a regular sight at many community meetings over the past three decades, but the United Veterans and Fraternal Organizations of Maspeth was her passion. Kempisty helped the organization run the Maspeth Memorial Day Parade for the past 29 years.
"Ruth was the leading lady of our organization," said Kenneth Rudzewick, president of Maspeth Federal Savings and chairman of the group's Parade Committee. "She was a constant face of support for us."
Kempisty, a veteran of World War II, also volunteered with Women in Military Service to America, Kowalinski Post, and the State Senate Veterans Advisory Council. She was a member of the Community Board 5 Parks Committee and was involved with the civic group COMET.
"Ruth and her husband John really looked after Frontera Park," said CB5 district manager Gary Giordano. "They fostered the stability of what is now a beautiful park in Maspeth. We will miss her at our meetings."
Kempisty and her husband were featured in a 1993 Queens Ledger "Minutes of the Military" piece written by Jane Sullivan Crowley.
"She and her husband John are some of the most warm and wonderful people we have met," said Cathy O'Leary, associate at the community board office. "She was like an angel."
Kempisty is survived by her husband, daughters Katherine Torti and Barbara Batini, son John, and in-laws Kenneth Batini and Theresa Kempisty. She was the sister of George, James and Frank, and sister-in-law of Helen and Harvey Heim.
She was the grandmother of Marea Meyer, John and James Kempisty and the late Charles A. Garvey, and great-grandmother of Joseph, Philip, Alea and JJ.
She was buried at St. John's Cemetery.
The family requests that memorial donations be made to The American Cancer Society, Memorial Processing Center, PO Box 7, East Syracuse, NY 13057.


text:
As covered by Government Technology, Chicago has upgraded the ChiTEXT component of its 311 system to allow citizens to complete most 311 tasks via text. Texts will prompt a series of scripted questions to better identify the problem: For a pot hole, for example, you may get asked if it's near a curb line or looks like a sinkhole.
Perhaps the most interesting feature is that 311ers can track online their ticket's progress as it moves through the city's internal departments. This service is unique to Chicago, says the city's CTO.
Best of all, use of the technology added no costs, because it was already included as a feature by Motorola, the city's customer-service vendor. Kudos to Chicago for making strides toward more open and efficient government!


text:
Login now to post your free ads.
Classifiedads4free makes sure its worth your time posting on our portal. From moble viewable ads to beautiful interfaces to make sure your ads leave a better impression to your readers.
Check out the latest ads put up by our users
Still thinking? You probably shouldn't. apple's Smartest phone ever!


text:
Radu Negulescu needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 131 designs submitted by 42 freelance designers.
A friendly logo made in skateboarding style containing a mushroom as a distinctive sign. The mushroom should be in front of the text: mush-room.ro. The logo should be very nice, very clean & easy to memorize.
We have an online shop and a retail store and we are starting to change the look of our site so we need a new logo and a new colour palette. We will use the logo mainly on web but the logo should also be fitted for offline (stationary, prints, t-shirts and the branding of our store).
- A logo with a stylized mushroom (but not a character meaning without face) in front of the text: "Mush-room.ro".\
- The mushroom must be unique & easy to memorize. The mushroom should be the base of the brand.
- Colours: Black/Red/Grey
- IMPORTANT: The mushroom must be a sketch, cartoon look, not a real one ( clipart or something like that )
- A web 2.0 approach for this design
- The logo should be clean and professional
- Designed in the skateboarding market style
- Designed for the following target: age 16-30 extreme sports amateurs, professionals, fans, practicants, lovers.
- You can choose any kind of colour palette as long as it looks nice :).
- Cliparts, characters
- Unreadable and strange font faces
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Watch Charlie Free Online. Stream and Download The Full Movie Charlie For Free Online
|>>Watch Free: Link 1
|>>Watch Free: Link 2
|>>Watch Free: Link 3
|>>Watch Free: Link 4
Where Can I watch Charlie For Free? Now a days there are many sites available for free to watch Charlie online. Now a days we prefer to watch Charlie online because for offline first we have to download and then watch it, but for online we can see right now.
Charlie is a tramp on the road. A hobo manages to exchange Charlie's sandwich for a brick so Charlie must eat grass. The same hobo molests a farmer's daughter; Charlie comes to aid with the help of the brick. When two more hobos show up Charlie throws all three into a lake. The grateful girl takes Charlie home where he fails as a farmhand. He again helps drive off the hobos (who are now trying t
'I Am Me' tells the story of 24 year old Charlie, a young man with a learning disability and autism. Charlie loves gardening and books but hates shouting and graffiti. The story begins as Charlie is moving into his own flat. With Charlie's mum being ill and struggling with his care, Charlie's older brother Tom is keen that he takes steps towards living a more independent life. Over time though C
After years of being bullied and being an outcast, Charlie has accepted himself as a geek in high school. Though after one day when the most popular girl in school, Meggie, actually gave Charlie and chance and talked to him her boyfriend Chad made a note to let Charlie feel it with a sucker punch to the face. Heartbroken and hurt Charlie watches a Jackie Chan movie and is inspired. Charlie is mo
Eight-year-old Charlie begins to suspect that Ernie, the odd neighborhood handyman, might have super powers when he lifts a car off Charlie's mischievous buddy Billy - all by himself! Charlie spies on Ernie in order to prove he is a superhero. As his curiosity grows, Charlie forms a tenuous friendship with socially stunted Ernie that reinforces Charlie's belief that Ernie may have super human ab
Charlie and Billy are childhood friends...and rivals. Charlie has always had the upper hand but when a misunderstanding leads Billy to believe that Charlie has seduced his girlfriend, Billy decides to end the rivalry, and Charlie with it. With the help of assassin strippers and a stolen Mustang, Billy takes Charlie on a mad ride from San Francisco to the empty farm roads Tracy. Childhood rivalry
Charlie and his sister Iris have a troubled mother and a narcissistic father. Father Jaap drives his family insane with his high demands and pretentious stories. Charlie feels he needs to put on a mask whenever he faces other people. He can't be himself because he isn't perfect enough in his fathers eyes. Charlie tries to be someone else. When his parents are fighting again and Charlie is being
Satirizing the strange preponderance of "Charlies" in the 1970s, a tale which brings together Charlie's Angels, Revlon's Charlie perfume, Charles Manson, and even Charlie the Tuna in this drag queen free-for-all. The story follows three angelic crime-fighting beauties as they infiltrate a cosmetics company on a mission for their mysterious boss, Charlie.
College dropout Dennis arrives to stay over at his stepbrother Charlie's house. With Charlie and Sandy's marriage falling apart, Charlie prefers to visit his buxom nudist mistress Marie. As she wants Charlie for herself, Marie wants him to tape Sandy seducing Dennis. Meanwhile, bra-less Sandy really does invite Dennis to bed. Charlie finds a private detective who is preoccupied by his secretary
Charlie is a 'successful' Manhattan attorney, but still works in his grandfather's florist in College Point, Queens, where he will always be known as Martin's 'delivery boy'. Martin believes it is a privilege to work with the family, but Charlie fails to grasp the significance of it. Charlie's girlfriend, Katharine, is the source of much consternation between Charlie and his grandmother. Marion
After a rough breakup, Charlie Monahan dives headfirst into the world of online dating. Guided by his charismatic best friend, Rufus, Charlie meets the charmingly complicated Maggie Mae. Quickly learning the differences between expectations and reality, Charlie's forced to confront the challenges of maintaining a relationship in the digital age. In an era where everyone's connected, Charlie's ne
There are many Free and paid sites to watch Charlie online . And some of sites you have to login or signup but there is also some sites where login or signup is not required to watch Charlie for free.
Here's a list of free movies that are related to Charlie.
Here's a Random Selection Of Free Movies


text:
Diploma/ Degree Internship with Us
Fancy working together with one of the best team in the Singapore hostel industry? Hesitate no further!
The G4 Team is opening its door to diploma/ degree students who needs an internship sponsor. In this position, you will learn how to interact with an awesome globetrotter crowd, the ins and outs of our business as well as a chance to innovate your ideas to improve our backpackers stay with us.
Requirements are:-
- you are a student from the 5 local polytechnics or any relative-field degree courses
- drop us a note why do you want to work with us, along with your resume and a self attached photo
- your lecturer-in-charge contact so we could get in touch with them.
Feel free to e-mail us to arrange for an interview today.


text:
Functional and Fashionable
By Frank Radosevich II
December 3, 2012
For diabetic children who require an insulin pump, wardrobe options are often limited. Finding an item that is both stylish, comfortable and accommodates the portable device that manages their blood sugar levels is a challenge.
But thanks to a class of Bradley students, 12 individuals with juvenile diabetes have turned their medical machines into fashion statements.
A family and consumer sciences course had students design apparel items that comfortably held the external pumps and accessories while allowing the child to enjoy an active lifestyle. The Bradley students also tailored the items to match their clients' specific aesthetic style and needs.
"When we first started this project, we were making very simple little pouches for the insulin pumps. Now we've graduated up into making full apparel items and supply kits," said Kendra Brandes, associate professor for family and consumer science who teaches the class.
Raven Macon, a junior majoring in nutrition and wellness in the family and consumer science department, said she and her classmates learned how to measure, cut and sew the fabric by hand. The students also met with their clients to find out what they wanted and what their current clothes lacked.
"Learning about the kids and getting to know their family was so important to us because it allowed us to create something that they'll love," Macon said.
Some of the items the class created ranged from pants and sweatshirts that have concealed pouches with a clear vinyl screen so the wearer can quickly and easily read their blood sugar levels. Other items included handbags that can lug around supplies like extra insulin, hypodermic needles, juice boxes and test kits.
Deena Bishop, a freshman in marketing, sewed together a pair of athletic pants that have an inside pocket for the pump and its tubing her client wears. Before receiving the pants Bishop's client used a pencil case to carry around the device.
"They find anything they can to carry the pump," Bishop said. "I think getting a personalized item is a big deal for them."
Brandes said the idea for the course came from Bradley alumna Nicole Herron '00 who was working as a diabetic educator for an insulin pump manufacturer. Herron saw a lack of kid friendly insulin pump packs on the market and contacted the Department of Family and Consumer Science to ask if students would be interested in creating custom packs for children. Brandes said this is the fourth year the one-hour class has been offered.
Brandes said during the course students gain experience working with fabric and apparel as well as a better understanding of what juvenile diabetes is and how it affects the lives of families and children.
"There is a universal desire to help among the students," she said. "It's really gratifying to see how much they want to give of themselves.