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Undergraduate Catalog
2012 – 2013
Office of Admissions
Emil H. Messikomer Hall
100 W. Rosedale Avenue
West Chester, PA 19383
Phone: 610-436-3411
Fax: 610-436-2907
Revised June 2018
201 Recitation Hall
West Chester University
West Chester, PA 19383
Dr. Elmore, Chairperson
Dr. Haggard, Graduate Coordinator
Deborah S. Brown, Ph.D., University of Delaware
Kimberlee S. Brown, Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania
Yi-Ming Hsu, Ed.D., University of Georgia
Thomas Mastrilli, Ed.D., University of Pittsburgh
Lesley A. Welsh, Ph.D., University of Connecticut
David L. Bolton, Ph.D., Florida State University
John Elmore, Ph.D., Kansas State University
Cynthia Haggard, Ed.D., Indiana University
Stephanie L. Hinson, Ed.D., University of Virginia
Paul A. Morgan, Ph.D., Teachers College, Columbia University
Christian V. Penny, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
Jane L. Kenney, Ph.D., Temple University
Curry S. Malott, Ph.D., New Mexico State University
Larysa Nadolny, Ed.D., University of Delaware
The Department of Professional and Secondary Education offers the master of education, as well as graduate programs leading to teacher certification.
Dr. Haggard, Program Coordinator
This program is designed primarily to strengthen the professional knowledge, skills, and understanding of the graduate student. Practicing teachers will increase their knowledge base of effective teaching. In addition to the education courses offered, the 15 semester-hour elective area allows students to increase their knowledge in the academic content area.
In addition to meeting admission requirements of the University, the student must:
Applicants whose certification is not in secondary education may, at the department chairperson's discretion, be required to take course work beyond the minimum semester-hour requirements for the degree.
Upon admission, students will be assigned advisers who will help them to outline the appropriate program. All work for the program must be approved by the program coordinator.
During the precandidacy period, the student must:
Students must perform satisfactorily on a written comprehensive examination.
To be eligible, students must have
Students who fail the comprehensive examination are allowed a second attempt. A second failure terminates candidacy.
The Department of Professional and Secondary Education offers a nondegree program for post-baccalaureate students seeking secondary teaching certification. Students must apply through the Office of Graduate Studies and Extended Education for the certification program and meet admission requirements specified by the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) for the University. (See "Formal Admission to Teacher Education for Certification," page 22-23.) The program consists of six education courses, including a methods course offered by the academic area, plus a full semester of student teaching. Students must have academic course work in their subject area discipline(s) equivalent to an undergraduate B.S.Ed. from West Chester University. Undergraduate transcripts will be evaluated by the content area department to assess any additional course work that may be needed in the academic discipline.
Courses required for certification include EDA 511 and 541, EDF 589, EDP 531 and 550, EDS 505, EDR 545, EDT 500, LAN/ENG 586, and a subject area methods course. (Note: Some course work taken for certification may count for the M.Ed. in secondary education.)
Candidates must show evidence of completion of required ETS Praxis I and II tests to student teach. They must pass all Praxis tests to become program completers and qualify for Pennsylvania certification. See the department for current requirements.
The PDE has recently issued new program guidelines for secondary education. Candidates must meet with an adviser to ascertain new requirements.
The master of education program has concentrations in chemistry, French, history, and Spanish, offered cooperatively by the College of Education and the College of Arts and Sciences. The academic requirements for each concentration are found under the respective department listing.
With this degree, students can strengthen their knowledge in the major subject area, as well as their professional knowledge and competence.
Students earning degrees in this program are advised primarily by their academic department representative but also must consult with a professional and secondary education adviser concerning the education portion of their program. Note: This program does not lead to teacher certification without additional course work.
The student must perform satisfactorily on the final comprehensive examination covering the subject matter concentration and the professional education requirements.
Dr. Morgan, Coordinator
The graduate certificate program in education for sustainability (EFS) is designed for professionals who want to help others (students, co-workers, citizens) better understand the challenge of sustainability and become active participants in solutions. The EFS program consists of six courses that provide the perspective, experiences, and practical methods needed to integrate sustainability into the school, workplace, or community.
Required: EDO 500, 510, 520, 550, and two elective courses selected in consultation with the program's director.
Important information about the educational debt, earnings, and completion rates of students who attended the Certificate in Education for Sustainability program.
Dr. Penny, Coordinator
The educational technology certificate is designed to support professional educators with technology that connects them to data, content, resources, expertise, and learning experiences that empower and inspire them to provide more effective learning for all students. Effective teaching in the 21st century requires innovation, problem solving, creativity, continuous improvement, research, diagnostic use of data, and flexible and personalized approaches to meeting students' diverse needs and strengths.
Since the department believes the best way to prepare teachers for connected teaching is to have them experience it, this program provides technology-supported learning experiences that promote and enable the use of technology to improve learning, assessment, and instructional practices. The certificate in educational technology supports and develops educator identities as fluent users of advanced technology, creative and collaborative problem solvers, and adaptive, socially aware experts.
Important information about the educational debt, earnings, and completion rates of students who attended the Certificate in Education Technology program.
Important information about the educational debt, earnings, and completion rates of students who attended the Certificate in Entrepreneurial Education program.
540 Assessment Methods in Guidance (3) Emphasis is on the test and nontest assessment of intelligence, achievement, special abilities, and aptitudes, including concepts such as reliability, validity, and standardization.
500 Methods and Materials of Research in Education (3) Historical, descriptive, and experimental methods of research. Methods for locating, evaluating, interpreting, and reporting research data. Each student prepares a research prospectus.
501 Research Methods for Teachers (3) Designed to offer a practical and accurate introduction to various research methods that can be applied to a classroom setting for improving teaching practices. PREREQ: EDT 500.
502 Methods and Materials of Research for Counselor Education (3) Designed to enable the counselor to read experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, and correlational research reported in the professional journals. Both univariate and multivariate designs are emphasized. PREREQ: EDC 540.
503 The Emerging Curriculum (3) Curriculum trends in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on various reform efforts and including issues of race, gender, class, and ethnicity.
504 An Introduction to Middle Schools (3) Philosophy, administration, curriculum, staff, and facilities necessary for the most efficient educational experience in the intermediate levels of school.
505 Individually Prescribed Instruction (3) Individually prescribed instructional techniques as applied in the classroom and intensive learning centers. Techniques of academic diagnosis, prescription production, and electronic learning. Students will have an opportunity to work directly with hardware and software components of an intensive learning center. (May be arranged as a workshop.)
506 Design and Use of Individualized Learning Packages (3) A review of commercially available individualized learning activity packages that permit students to progress through a learning continuum at their own pace. Students will be required to design and construct individualized learning packages in their teaching areas.
507 Values Clarification in Human Relations (3) Knowledge of the theories of the values clarification processes as defined by Simon and others. Skills in application of the values clarification processes in personal decisions, in the classroom, and in society. (May be arranged as a workshop or as modularized independent study.)
509 Contemporary Teaching Trends (3) Team teaching, programmed instruction, and various media of communication in the elementary and secondary schools are evaluated. Effective adaptation to newer practices is emphasized.
510 Educational Foundations (3) History of education, integrated with educational philosophy and thought; the long evolution of education theory and issues.
515 Federal and State Role in Education (2) The past, current, and future role of the federal and state governments in education in the United States. Emphasis on applications to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Impact of federal legislation since 1958.
516 Resource Allocation in the Schools (3) The relationship between the American economy and the efficient allocation of resources within school systems will be examined. Designed for teachers, administrators, school board members, and parents.
520 Comparative Education (3) Major problems of education in a number of other countries are related to similar problems in the United States. Contrasting purposes and philosophies, and differences in organization and administration are analyzed.
570 The Community/Junior College (3) An analysis of the programs, problems, and students of a two-year college. Emphasis on the development, special philosophies, and current issues relating to the community or junior college. Designed for students preparing to be teachers and/or administrators in these colleges.
580 History of American Education (3) Nature and direction of American education, studied through individual and group research.
581 Philosophy of Education (3) Selected philosophies and their influence on educational principles and practices in a democratic social order.
583 The American School as Social Narrative (3) An integrated exploration of the philosophical culture, social, and physical foundations of schooling and education in the United States.
589 Sociological Foundations of Education (3) Study of the socio-cultural influences on the structure of American educational institutions.
590 School Law (3) Legal structure for educational organization on state, intermediate, and local levels. Legal status of the board of education; legal responsibilities of the teacher; legal responsibilities of the board of education to the student.
598 Workshop in Secondary Education (3)
599 Workshop in Professional Education (3)
500 Environmental and Sustainability Education: History, Theory, and Practice (3) Advanced overview of the development of environmental and sustainability education with emphasis on theoretical perspectives and professional applications.
510 Systems and Sustainability (3) Examination of how "systems thinking" applies to learning for sustainability in schools and other institutions. Topics include curriculum, grounds, facilities, and missions.
511 Environmental Education Workshop (3) A field-centered learning experience. Designed to integrate the wide range of backgrounds and interests among the participants. Based on West Chester campus and/or the campuses of other universities.
520 Outdoor and Place-Based Education (3) School and organization-based applications of outdoor and place-based education, with emphases on experiential and authentic learning.
525 Independent Studies in Environmental Education (3) Special research projects, reports, and readings in conservation and outdoor education. PREREQ: Permission of coordinator.
550 Education for Sustainability: Methods and Projects (3) Methods for integrating education for sustainability into schools and nonformal settings, using authentic projects to demonstrate and apply learning.
598 Workshop in Environmental Education (3)
501 Young Adolescent/Adolescent Cognition, Development, and Learning Theories (3) This course is a study of the physical, personal, social, and emotional development of early through late adolescence in the context of classroom teaching; it also examines selected learning theories. There is a field component.
531 Principles of Educational Testing (3) Designed to develop in teachers the skills important in the three areas of educational testing: teacher-made tests (objective and essay); computerized programs for grading and reporting results, and for improving the test quality through item-analysis procedure; and the evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of standardized tests.
550 Advanced Educational Psychology (3) Processes by which skills, understanding, concepts, and ideals are acquired; teaching practices in relation to basic research concerning learning; similarities and differences in theories of learning.
553 Assessment for Learning - Early Grades (3) This course is designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills to use multiple developmentally appropriate assessments (authentic, screening, disgnostic, formative, and summative) to guide instruction related to standards, monitor results of intervention and their instructional implications for all students, and report assessment results. PREREQ: EGP 520.
554 Assessment for Learning - Middle Grades (3) This course provides middle grade candidates the knowledge and skills to use multiple developmentally appropriate assessments (authentic, screening, diagnostic, formative, and summative) to guide instruction related to standards, monitor results of interventions and their implications for instruction for all students, and report assessment results. This course has a 25-hour field experience. PREREQ: MGP 520, field clearances.
557 Essentials of Learning (3) Study of the applications of learning theory to classroom teaching, with emphasis on those principles derived from classical and operant conditioning. Retention and transfer of learning also considered.
560 Behavior Modification (3) Study of principles of classical and operant conditioning as they relate to the modification of student behavior in residential and educational settings. Emphasis on such areas as classroom discipline, student values, and student study habits.
569 Adolescent Development and Learning (3) Mental, physical, emotional, and social development and behavior of the adolescent with emphasis on various types of learning. Case studies are used.
598 Workshop in Educational Psychology (3)
502 Secondary School Curriculum (3) Current practices and trends in reorganizing the secondary school curriculum in the major academic areas. The various integrating techniques. Curriculum development.
505 General Methods and Field Experience for Secondary Teachers (3) Students develop strategies that will increase the probability of their becoming successful classroom teachers. Topics include planning, instructional strategies, learning styles, motivation, and classroom management. Students will observe in area schools.
524 Supervision of Student Teaching (3) Designed for teachers who cooperate, or expect to cooperate, in West Chester University's student teaching program. Basic principles, practices, materials, and resources for an effective student teaching program. PREREQ: Certification for teaching.
590 Independent Study (1-3) Enrollment by permission only; number of credits determined by department.
599 Workshop Secondary Education (3)
500 Integrating Educational Technologies for Effective Instruction (3) This course covers the breadth of the conceptual foundation needed to integrate technology into teaching. In this survey course, the focus is on learning a process for determining which electronic tools and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for classroom situations.
501 Using Internet Resources for Curriculum Development and Assessment (3) An in-depth course utilizing Internet resources for curriculum design, development, and assessment. Particular attention will be paid to the process of moving theory into practice to improve student learning. Extensive exposure to Web-based technologies and on-line resources, including professional journals, will be required in order to enhance familiarity with current educational issues and best practices. PREREQ: EDT 500.
502 Seminar and Field Experience in Educational Technology (3) Supervised use of educational technology integration in the field: clinical application of knowledge balancing the dynamic relationship of learning, teaching, and technology. Portfolio documentation of internship is required, as well as demonstration of professional skills and competencies, and pedagogical knowledge. PREREQ: EDT 500 and 501.
503 Learning and Leading with Technology (3) Participants will design comprehensive technology plans to create enhanced learning environments for all students to succeed. This course develops an informed leader involved with the change process in educational organization. The participants will analyze the impact of technology in the learning environment and identify key elements of professional development and support for change. In addition, educators will become familiar with technology funding sources and the grantwriting process.
510 Instructional Design with Emerging Technology (3) In this course students will apply their understanding of educational technology to the curriculum design process. Students will follow content area and pedagogical best practices in the design process. Special attention will be given to national standards, emerging technologies, and professional development. In addition, students will be required to research current methods and techniques in the application of educational emerging technologies.
529 Video Production for Researchers (3) Principles of video camera use and digital video editing techniques for teachers.
530 Digital Media Production and Storytelling (3) This course offers an introduction to methods and strategies for the design and production of digital media and digital stories. Participants get hands-on experience with multimedia tools, produce their own new media and digital stories, learn to integrate digital stories in a school setting, and develop lessons that involve students in creating and sharing digital stories. Topics include digital storytelling as an educational tool, assessing digital stories, the art and practice of storytelling, the media production process, copyright, and fair use in education.
540 Teaching and Learning Online (3) This course, about teaching and engaging the online learner, is for teachers and teacher candidates to develop strategies that help learners be successful in an online environment. The primary objectives are to understand the emerging field of teaching K-12 students online and the essential differences from traditional face-to-face teaching; perceive the challenges offered by online resources, technologies, and online teaching; integrate various Web 2.0 tools to enhance online teaching and learning; develop strategies to foster student collaboration and communication within an online environment; and comprehend the broad concept of digital citizenship and its implications including ethical and legal issues.
500 Entrepreneurial Education (3) Course offers information and practical tools for innovative educators to transform creative ideas into classroom practice.
501 Emerging Science and Technology (3) Course demonstrates problem-based learning and the use of technology to inform education.
503 Applied Learning Seminar (3) Participants will learn and demonstrate the application of problem-based learning appropriate to classroom curriculum.
504 The 21st Century Educator Externship (3) Educators have discussions with leaders in business, industry, and research, as well as spend 35 hours "job shadowing" with professionals.


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Mascarpone Cream Frosting Recipes
Frangipane Petit Four with Raspberry Mascarpone Frosting
We hosted another tea party yesterday and I made some polenta tartlets and individual apricot pies. I had some leftover dough and almond cream from each, so I combined the two and baked them until they became dry. The result was similar to a "petit four sec". I had made eggplant rollups for dinner as well, so I used the leftover mascarpone to make a butter cream frosting which I then smeared onto each petit four. It worked like magic.
If an almond cream tart and a polenta tartlet had a baby, my frangipane petit four would probably be the result. Improvising with leftovers is a lot of fun. Sometimes it doesn't work out, but when it does, the result is true culinary innovation. If you have no other use for the leftovers, it's the perfect time to experiment and be creative.
Full Recipe...

subset: commoncrawl


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On this date in 1931 in Boston, the boy who would become the most famous pointy-eared scientist in the Federation was born. Yes, Leonard Nimoy, who no matter how many movies Zachary Quinto makes in the role will forever be the true Mr. Spock, turns 80 years old today.
via geekdad


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text: The day we shot this video, Citi Field was very quiet. It was a decent size crowd, but there was not a lot of enthusiasm. Instead, I saw lots of fans just holding a beer, staring at the field, sort of in a trance. As a result, I didn't encounter a lot of angry, overly emotional fans ranting and raving about payroll and immediate success. Instead, I got a lot of people talking about the long view (most of which didn't get on camera). I expected more vitriol, like I hear on WFAN. My hunch is that this was a result of that specific crowd on that specific night, where I got only a true read of those die-hard fans still going out to the ballpark - as opposed to people who may just call talk radio to complain. In either case, it was nice to hear people being mostly pragmatic, despite wanting to see things get better sooner than later.


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Tom Seaver had many moments as a Met, including on this date in 1970 when he threw a one-hit shutout with 15 strikeouts to beat Philadelphia, 4-0. It was one of five one-hitters during his Hall of Fame career.
It was one of Seaver's 61 career shutouts, five of which were against the Phillies. Lifetime, Seaver was 27-14 with a 3.00 ERA against Philadelphia, averaging eight strikeouts per nine innings.
Seaver was 18-12 with a 2.82 ERA in 1970. Seaver worked 290.2 innings that season with 283 strikeouts and only 83 walks. He did all this for the bargain basement price of $80,000.
The most Seaver made in any season was $1,136,262 with the 1986 Chicago White Sox.


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Two of the top Democrats on the Senate Agriculture Committee are praising President Obama's new "honesty in budgeting" approach. But they strongly disagree on the president's fiscal 2010 budget cuts for farm subsidies.
While Agriculture Committee Chairman Tom Harkin said he welcomed the president's subsidy proposals, Arkansas Sen. Blanche Lincoln said they "threaten the safety net that enables producers to provide a safe and abundant supply of food and fiber."
Their comments came as more farm organization leaders criticized the Obama administration's budget recommendations with some saying growers were being called on to make sacrifices that go far beyond the one-half of 1 percent of the federal budget that is spent on farm program subsidies.
Lincoln, a member of a seventh-generation Arkansas farm family, said she appreciated the president's efforts to craft a budget that "reduces the deficit while addressing the needs of working families across the country.
"However, the president's budget would break the contract our federal government made with rural communities in the 2008 farm bill, which was fully paid for," said Lincoln, chairman of the Production, Income Protection and Price Support Subcommittee of the Agriculture Committee.
"The president has called for shared sacrifice from all sectors of our nation. I believe that production agriculture has already paid that price and then some. We should not threaten the safety net that enables our producers to provide a safe and abundant supply of food and fiber by reopening the farm bill, which was completed less than a year ago."
The farm bill, Lincoln also noted, is a multi-year contract with growers, which they have been relying upon in making future decisions. "It is unfair and unwise to change the rules before the bill has even been implemented."
Harkin said the Obama budget proposals call for "tough choices," but should make wise investments that restore the country's fiscal health and cut the deficit in half over the first five years.
"President Obama's budget outline recognizes we need every federal dollar to go where it can do the most good," he said. "In scrubbing the budget, he has focused on reforming large commodity program payments and the direct Freedom to Farm payments. I welcome his engagement on both of these issues, where I have long sought further reforms."
Harkin, who hails from the same state — Iowa — as Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and Republican Sen. Charles Grassley, said he would have to analyze the other ag budget proposals as they are unveiled.
"The savings from crop insurance appear large based on all the analysis and work during the farm bill debate on the crop insurance program's budget, premium subsidies to farmers, and compensation to companies and local agents."
One of the farm groups urging the president to rethink his farm subsidy proposal was the USA Rice Federation, which represents many of the nation's rice producers. USA Rice called on the government to stand by the promises it made in the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008.
"The farm bill is less than a year old and not even fully implemented, and already contains cuts in direct payments," USA Rice leaders said. "Moreover, the regulations to carry out the law's strict new payment limitations and rules for eligibility, just published on Dec. 29, radically exceed statutory requirements and congressional intent."
They said the proposals add to a feeling of uncertainty among producers who are already anxious about the economic crisis, the turbulence in commodity prices and production costs, weather-related production losses from the previous year, the ongoing unfair trading practices of foreign competitors, and the threat of a new multilateral trade agreement that threatens to export U.S. agricultural production and jobs to other countries."
In the fiscal 2010 budget proposal the president announced Feb. 26, Obama is asking Congress to phase out direct payments to farmers with sales revenues of more than $500,000 annually over three years.
The budget language says direct payments currently are "made to even large producers regardless of crop prices, losses or whether the land is still under production. The program was introduced in the 1996 farm bill as a temporary payment scheduled to expire, but was included in the 2002 and 2008 farm bills.
"Large farmers are well-positioned to replace those payments with alternative sources of income from emerging markets for environmental services, such as carbon sequestration, renewable energy production, and providing clean air, clean water, and wildlife habitat," the proposal said.
Farms with annual sales over $500,000 represented nearly 75 percent of all agricultural production in the United States in the latest Census of Agriculture, the USA Rice leaders said in a statement.
"Proposing to eliminate those farms from the direct payment program effectively puts at risk a majority the food, feed and fiber supply in this country by exposing them to the uncertainties of weather, market swings and financial instability without the safety net that direct payments provide."
The group said a farm with $500,000 in annual sales could be, on average, a 750-acre rice farm — not a "large agribusiness" by any stretch of the imagination, but rather a typical family farm in the rice-growing regions of the United States. It should also be noted that $500,000 in sales does not translate into $500,000 in farm income, it said.
Leaders of the four organizations representing wheat, corn, sorghum and soybean growers also issued a statement criticizing the administration budget proposals during the Commodity Classic in Grapevine, Texas.
"As the leaders of participant organizations at the 2009 Commodity Classic, which represent almost 90 percent of our nation's crop area planted, we would like to take this opportunity to reiterate the importance of the farm safety net as written in the 2008 farm bill," they said.
"Production agriculture is a volatile business, and a workable farm safety net is vital to the security of our industry. The continued production of an abundant, affordable and safe food and feed supply for Americans and all those we export to around the world will be affected if this safety net is changed."
The groups' chief executives, all producers, said the small investment in agricultural programs by the federal government provides an "excellent return. The 2008 farm bill also includes many other reforms that will assist farmers in becoming more financially sound. Our organizations look forward to continued work with the Obama administration and Congress to ensure farm program monies are spent wisely."
The statement was drafted by David Cleavinger, president of the National Association of Wheat Growers; Bob Dickey, president of the National Corn Growers Association; Toby Bostwick, chairman of the National Sorghum Producers; and Johnny Dodson, president of the American Soybean Association.
Besides phasing out direct payments, the administration budget:
• Reduces funding for the Market Access Program.
• Reduces funding for the payment of storage costs of cotton that is put under the Commodity Credit Corp. loan program by the USDA.
• Provides $1.3 billion in loans and grants to increase rural broadband capacity and improve rural telecommunication service.
• Boosts funding for "food safety inspection and assessment and the ability to determine food safety risks."
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I am using a db link to connect to a different database.
My problem is when I try to query an object database b using
select column from objectname@dblinkname
I get this error ORA-12638 Credential Retrieval failed.
But I am able to query connecting the session seperately.
So, only when using the dblink i get the above error.
Can anybody help me in this regard.
I checked TNSNAMES.ORA also i tried changing the SQLNET.ORA authentication parameter from NTS to NONE.It doesn't work.


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Every racing fan of any real experience knows that the prices their winners pay is of vital importance to their financial success. However, various handicapping writers have caused some confusion on this subject. A few authors have suggested that one should confine their wagers to horses that go postward at no less than 8-1; others have argued that the smart player never backs a horse that is held at odds of more than 4-1. Therefore, some racing fans are confused as to just what they should do about price.
The perfect selection method, of course, is one that produces a good percentage of winners at moderate prices, but which also points out a winner now and then at really high odds. It isn"t easy to find this happy combination.
It"s obvious that every horseplayer needs a high-priced winner now and then in order to help offset the losses incurred during a given period. The need for an occasional longshot winner is obvious because no matter how good their selection method is, or how efficient they may be as a selector, nearly all horseplayers will always back more losers than winners.
So it is clear that you can"t earn a steady profit if all of your winners are low-odds horsesóat least on a flat bet basis, and progression wagering can prove highly dangerous in the hands of an inexperienced operator.
The advice that one should stick to selections that go postward at 8-1 or more is mathematically sound, but such a demand limits a player"s wagering action severely. Further, such a requirement will usually result in a long string of consecutive losses, two facts which the average racing fan dislikes.
So is there a truly satisfactory answer to the price problem? We believe there is, but it involves the use of two methods for making a selection.
A brief example will serve to make this point clear. Suppose that your present method had been found to be entirely sound, but the prices paid by the winners are a bit on the low side as compared to the winning percentage.
Under such circumstances, the method will show a small profit. However, in order to earn an adequate return for your effort it is necessary to increase the amount of each wager to a level which may demand more capital than you have available. For instance, if the method shows a yearly net profit of $3,500 on a flat $10.00 wager, one would have to back each selection with a $30.00 wager in order to bring the yearly net up to a worthwhile figure.
The alternative to this scenario is to employ a longshot method in conjunction with one"s regular method of making selections. We"ll be emphasizing two criteria: 1) Make the odds demand for the longshot method 14-1 or more, which will rule out many of the plays the method would normally point out; 2) Find a system, if possible, that will point only a few plays each week at any one track. The latter will prove difficult to accomplish. Hence the odds demand of 14-1 or more is the more logical choice. The angle we"ll examine this month has served us nicely and should prove of help to you.
Several years ago, we noted that some horses that won and paid $30.00 and more followed a distinct odds pattern. We also noticed that most of these horses had moved up in class or claiming price last time out. On the day when we first noticed these factors, there were three high-priced winners at two different tracks. In every instance, the three horses won and paid $30.00 or more. This triggered our curiosity to the point where we could not resist checking back to see whether the same situation have prevailed in the past.
We soon discovered that the same thing had been happening with reasonable frequency in the recent past. But we noticed that when the odds today were less than 10-1, most of the qualified horses finished up the track.
This called for an examination of results charts and past performances for the previous year, and again we found the same pattern repeating itself. This convinced us that some trainers make a practice of raising a horse in class or claiming price one race before they intended to crack down.
We are not prepared to say why trainers sometimes do this; however, it appears to be done in the interest of improving the horse"s odds in its next start. This assumption is based on the fact that too frequently when such horses were held at moderate odds they failed to run in a successful or impressive race.
During the survey period, we watched the class factor to the extent of noting whether or not the horse was dropping in class or claiming price today. We found that in most instances the horse dropped in class or claiming price today. However, in some instances the horse went back for its trying effort at the same price for which it was entered last start, and in a few instances and under peculiar conditions a few of the winners went up in class again today.
This latter situation occurred usually in starter allowance and starter handicap races, where the events were conditioned for horses that had previously been entered for a claiming price. Technically, such horses were moving up from a claiming event into either an allowance or handicap race. In reality, the field was made up of nothing but claiming platers of a given grade.
However, we decided to confine our selections to qualified horses that were not moving up in class again today, accepting only those horses that were re-entered for a price identical to their last entered price and those that were dropping down today. This has caused us to miss some good longshots. Therefore, it is a question you should decide for yourself after making a check of no less than three months.
We have never set an exact rule about the odds between the next-to-last race and the most recent race. It is next to impossible to do so effectively, because when one compares the odds at which a horse was held in its next-to-last race with the odds at which it was held last time out, the figures are relative. For example a horse that was held at even money in its next-to-last race and at odds of 10-1 last time out represents an increase in odds of nine points.
Another horse that went off at 14-1 in its next-to-last race and 28-1 last time out represents and increase of 14 points. In the first example the horse"s odds last time out were 10 times as great as the odds in its next-to-last race, while in the latter example the odds were only twice as much.
Since we demand odds of 14-1 or more today, we do not believe that the exact ratio of the odds in the next-to-last and most recent races should be restricted to any specific figure.
Following are the selection rules to qualify a longshot selection.
1. The horse must have moved up in claiming price $1,000 or more last start if entered in a claiming race, or one full grade or more if it was entered in a non-claiming race in its next-to-last race.
2. The horse must have started at a major track within the past 30 days, and its last race must have been run over a major track if it is running today over a major course.
3. The horse must have finished in the money in its next-to-last race, or it must have been running first, second or third at the stretch call in its next-to-last race, being no more than 3 lengths off the leader at that point.
4. The horse"s odds in its most recent race must have been 10-1 or more and they must be at least two times higher than the horse"s odds in its next-to-last race.
5. The horse must not be moving up in class or claiming price today. It must be entered for the same class or at a lower class than its entered class last time out.
The odds today must be 14-1 or higher.


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Unavoidable Global Realities: Christian Martyrs
February 5, 2013
"Who is a Christian martyr?" "How many Christians have been martyred since the time of Christ?" "Which single century contains over half of all Christian martyrs?" "What are the most dangerous places for Christians in the early 21st century?" Dr. Todd Johnson, esteemed demographer and researcher, will respond to these questions and provide a global demographic assessment of Christian martyrdom in a lunch forum presentation on Thursday, February 14 at 12:15 p.m. in Kerr 418.
Find out more.


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This lovely centerpiece arrangement features lilies, hydrangea, and roses, with stock and statice, and situated in a clear glass cube. Copyrighted content provided by FlowerShopNetwork.com.
Occasionally, we may have to make substitutions of flowers or containers due to weather, seasonality, market conditions, and/or inventory, which may affect availability. Therefore, although the actual arrangement may not precisely match the photo, we guarantee that its temperament will. If substitution of flowers and/or containers is required we will ensure that the style, theme, and color scheme of your arrangement is preserved, and will only substitute items of equal or higher value.
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text: The party season can get underway thanks to the arrival of the fabulous lace Henham Maternity Dress. The softened V–neck design features ruched detailing over the bump for maximum comfort. It has a fully lined jersey body and unlined sleeves with scalloped edges to perfectly highlight the beauty of the lace. Team with heels and jewels for classic evening elegance.


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Jennifer Aniston may be starring in "The Switch," a movie about a single woman who uses a sperm bank to get pregnant, but the actress admitted she has no idea how such facilities even work.
"I don't know," Jennifer told Jay Leno when he asked her how it's done during a visit to "The Tonight Show" on Thursday. "You go to a bank, and you have a card, I honestly don't know exactly."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Lovely Looks Of Jennifer Aniston!
Jay asked Jennifer if she's ever considered doing something like visit a sperm bank to have a child, something she laughed away.
"Geez! That question's never been asked to me," she said.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Gerry & Jen: Hot Shots Of Gerard Butler & Jennifer Aniston
During her visit to Jay's couch – her first since he returned to "The Tonight Show," the actress also talked about her new perfume, named after the actress. She said, however, that a number of other names were suggested.
"There was stuff like 'Clean,' 'Air,'" she laughed.
The perfume, which is only available at London department store Harrods, almost had another name, "Lolavie," before Jen chose to use her own, but Jennifer suggested it was snapped up while she was getting her product to market.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Angelina! Cameron! Jen! Smokin' Hot Ladies Of The Big Screen
"We worked forever… That was the hardest part," she said of the name. "I sort of knew what I wanted the name to be… I don't know how or what or who… things happen and I couldn't take the name that I was gonna use."
"The Switch," also starring Jason Batemen, hits theaters on August 20, 2010.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: The Many Men of Jennifer Aniston
Copyright 2010 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Trailer: Jennifer Aniston In 'The Switch'
PLAY IT NOW: AH Nation: Should Jennifer Aniston & Gerard Butler Get Together? (April 9, 2010)
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Event Coverage
Matthew Mulhall for V76 Leads Rag and Bone F/W 2014 Collection
Although New York Fashion Week officially begins next week, some of the mens shows are kicking off early. The Rag and Bone mens Fall/Winter 2014 collection was presented yesterday, featuring fresh, wearable silhouettes. "The inspiration was taken from British workers' unions of the late 70's/early 80's and improvised on 50s' Americana," says lead stylist Matthew Mulhall, who used V76 by Vaughn to create the looks. "The hair is kept somewhat neat but slightly disheveled to show movement."
Here he offers the HOW TO:
STEP 1: Spritz a grooming spray onto dry hair to dampen it ever so slightly. (Mulhall used V76 by Vaughn Ultralight Grooming Spray)
STEP 2: Apply a nickel size of lightweight gel into the palms of your hands and work into hair starting at the crown and working down and around the face. Using a blow-dryer on a low setting, allow the gel to dry into the hair. (Mulhall used V76 Conditioning Gel).
STEP 3: Work in a wax that that will create natural movement and light shine. (Mulhall used V76 by Vaughn V-Rated Natural Wax). Next, use your fingertips to pull small sections up and out, creating piecey texture throughout.
STEP 4: To complete the look, spray a dry hold hairspray all over. (Mulhall used V76 by Vaughn Holding Spray).


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a colour enhancing conditioner that provides aninstant hair colour combined with a nourishing treatment to condition, repair, add shine, instantly tone and intensify hair colour. all within just 3 minutes
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lanolin, lanolin wax, beeswax*.
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amazing product, tones really well and leaves hair feeling soft. does not over tone. would def recommend
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The Hair Reviving Diet for Lustrous Locks
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January 27, 2010
MEMORANDUM TO FEDERAL AGENCY RECORDS CONTACTS: Bimonthly Records and Information Discussion Group (BRIDG) Meeting on Wednesday, February 10, 2010.
Please mark your calendars for the next BRIDG meeting that is scheduled for Wednesday, February 10, 2010. The meeting will be at the National Archives and Records Administration downtown building, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (Metrorail's Yellow or Green lines to the Archives/Navy Memorial station). The meeting will begin at 11:00 a.m. and last approximately until noon.
Agenda topics will include:
- FY 2009 Records Management Self-Assessment Update
- Final FY 2009 E-Records Reporting
- RACO 2010, Washington, D.C. and Chicago
- FY 2010 Electronic Records Guidance
The Federal Records Center Program will hold a FRC Forum from 9:30 AM until 10:45 a.m. The Forum will discuss the Office of Personnel Management's proposed rule clarifying agency responsibility for the maintenance, disposition, and costs for servicing Official Personnel Folders (OPFs). FRCP management will discuss its understanding of the rule (regulation), milestones to implementation, and possible customer agency impact. The full text of this proposed rule is available online at http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-809.pdf
To reserve a place for the meetings, please provide your name, telephone number, and agency via email to email@example.com, no later than Monday February 8, 2010. You may reserve places for several staff in the same email, but for security purposes we must have each individual's name and telephone number. Please note that you no longer need to register separately for the FRC Forum and BRIDG meetings, but please indicate if you are planning to attend the FORUM in the morning or afternoon. Please contact Shannon Olsen at 301-837-0603 if you need assistance.
NARA reserves the right to postpone or cancel a meeting at any time. We will make every effort to contact registrants by e-mail and telephone if that occurs, so complete information at the time of registration is very important. Meetings WILL BE
CANCELLED if the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announces a "closed,"
"unscheduled leave," "liberal leave," or "delayed arrival" policy for Federal employees for that day or if there has been an elevation to threat level RED in the Homeland Security status. Official Government closing and leave information is located on the OPM web site at www.opm.gov.
Modern Records Programs


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If this has not been posted before....perhaps a moderator could sticky this. The links below offers an invaluable source of parts for a huge range of synths etc. Now you dont have to worry so much about sourcing 'rare' parts.
http://www.vintageplanet.nl/ (New Old Stock parts. Huge catelog. All the main manufacturers)
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http://www.synthrestore.co.uk/ (Email Adrian for help with servicing/restoring analog and digital synths + sourcing parts)
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http://www.rlmusic.co.uk/service_01.html (Contact Richard or Kent Spong for help with servicing/restoring analog and digital synths)


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Worn-out carpet could require prompt repairs under agreement
Q: When I moved my family into our apartment five years ago, the carpets were in very poor shape. They had obviously been installed there several years earlier. During the time we have lived there, the carpets have begun to show signs of wear in every room. In some spots, there is almost no carpet left.
I have written to my property manager several times to ask that the carpets be repaired or replaced, but all I get in response are vague promises to "get to it" at some time in the future.
My sister, who used to work as a resident manager, has suggested that I stop paying rent as a protest over this condition, but I thought I should get a second opinion first. What is your advice?
A: Landlords are legally required to promptly repair defects in a rental property that violate their duty to provide habitable premises.
These habitability requirements apply to the basic components of livability in a property such as adequate plumbing, safe electrical service, sufficient heat and hot water, and prevention of vermin. Other aspects of a rental unit, such as parking, are considered amenities and are not required unless specified in a rental agreement.
Generally, carpeting is considered an amenity, not a required element of habitability. However, if the damage to the carpet is sufficient to raise safety concerns, for example because someone might trip or fall, the landlord would be obligated to take action based on the duty to avoid negligence.
If your rental agreement does refer to the presence of carpeting, you have an argument that adequate carpeting is required under your rental agreement.
We do not recommend withholding rent or deducting the cost of repairing the carpet from your rent. You would be in danger of receiving a three-day notice to pay rent or quit, and then be subject to defending an unlawful detainer eviction case if you did not bring the rent current during the three day notice period.
Rent withholding or deduction for repairs that do not violate the habitability requirements almost always results in a judgment against the tenant who engaged in the withholding.
These tactics should be reserved for the most serious habitability violations, which constitute a serious health and safety threat, and where a government agency such as code enforcement has issued a citation for the violation(s).
Rent Watch is produced by Project Sentinel.
To submit a question, e-mail email@example.com.


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This week's episode is a veritable all-you-can-eat buffet of entertainment, with filling dishes that include the latest movie news, a bad-ass trailer for an upcoming smaller film, a dissection of Ryan Gosling's accent, a look into Paul Giamatti's hairpiece, and two dark confessions alongside a haiku tray for dessert. EAT UP and meet me on the other side for all the trailers we talk about this week.
On Your Radar: Flying Swords of Dragon Gate
Seriously, yo: This movie has swords that fly and gates either made by, for, or out of dragons. Wire-fu is back, snitches!
Netflix Roulette: The Wild Hunt
Matt is weird. He loves LARPing, which is "live-action role playing." Oh, he doesn't like to DO it, he likes to watch movies that have LARP as a plot point. Don't look at me, I'm not the one with the cinematic LARP fetish. I will, however, be watching THIS:
That's it for this week. Thanks again for all your support! Please sign up for our RSS feed HERE, download our podcasts and rave about us in the comments section of iTunes HERE, follow us on Twitter HERE, and become a fan of us on Facebook HERE! You can also listen to our bit we do for KVNO radio HERE.
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with diverse health risks, including death. However, the role of OSA as a risk factor for death has never been studied in Asians. This study is aimed at evaluating the influence of OSA on the mortality in Korean sleep clinic population.
A total of 2,240 patients who underwent in-laboratory full-night polysomnography due to snoring or sleep apnea were included. The patients were categorized based on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)/hour. Death records were provided from the Statistics Korea. A Cox-proportional hazard regression model and Kaplan-Meier survival curve were used for analysis and demonstration of the all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.
The all-cause mortality risk adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and previous history of stroke was significantly associated with the increased severity of OSA. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in the severe OSA group (AHI ≥ 30) vs. reference group (5 < AHI) was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-5.57) and the adjusted HR for cardiovascular mortality was 4.66 (CI 1.03-21.08). After adjusting for whether the patients were treated or untreated, the HR for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the severe OSA group vs. reference group were 2.14 (p = 0.079) and 4.19 (p = 0.076), respectively.
The present study showed that the increased mortality was also associated with the increased severity of OSA in Koreans as shown in the studies performed in the Western countries.
Lee JE; Lee CH; Lee SJ; Ryu Y; Lee WH; Yoon IY; Rhee CS; Kim JW. Mortality of patients with obstructive sleep apnea in Korea. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(10):997-1002.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. To date, epidemiologic studies have estimated that the prevalence of adults with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 is 17% to 26%.1–4 A population-based cohort study performed in the U.S. showed that the prevalence of mild (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) in middle-aged adults was around 14%, 5%, and 4%, respectively. After the high prevalence of OSA was uncovered in adults, more attention was turned to its clinical significance in health2,5,6; there have been population-based and longitudinal studies to show its natural history and adverse health effects.2–5,7–9 OSA has been shown to be an important risk factor for many clinically important conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and even death.10–14 Moreover, if left untreated, it may lead to excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired congnitive function, depression, impaired work performance contributing to motor vehicle crashes and job-related accidents, and decrements in health-related quality of life.15
While most of the epidemiologic studies have been performed in Western countries, there have been just a few epidemiologic studies in Asians. Although there was no significant difference between Asians and Caucasians in regard to prevalence, ethnicity might be a factor affecting comorbidities of OSA because there are differences, such as craniofacial morphology and body mass index (BMI).5,16,17 Furthermore, though the significance of OSA as an important risk factor for several diseases is widely accepted, the evidence supporting the association between OSA and mortality is not enough, even in the studies of Western countries.18–22 In the present study, we conducted an observational cohort study to evaluate mortality in the Korean sleep clinic population.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: There is a need to identify the relationship between OSA and mortality in Asians. Evidence supporting the influence of severe OSA on increased death risk is not sufficient, even in Western population-based studies. Furthermore, Asians are different from Caucasians in several aspects such as body fat composition and skeletal structure.
Study Impact: In our Korean cohort, we identified that all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was significantly correlated with OSA severity. This study suggests that more attention should be paid to Asians with OSA and emphasizes the need for early detection of OSA and its efficient treatment.
An observational cohort in the Sleep Center of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital consisted of patients who visited the center due to snoring or witnessed sleep apnea from January 2003 through January 2009, underwent a full-night in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG), and were ≥ 40 years old. Subjects with total sleep time < 4 h were excluded from the present study. Data regarding demographic parameters, daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and medical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, previous stroke history, and prescribed treatment were collected. Patients with AHI ≥ 5 underwent one of the following specific treatments: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP); mandibular advancement device (MAD); upper airway surgery; or combination therapy of CPAP, MAD, or surgery. This study has been approved by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Institutional Review Board.
All the subjects underwent a full-night in-laboratory PSG using an Embla N7000 recording system (Embla; Medcare, Reykjavik, Iceland) and standard electrodes and sensors with the supervision of an experienced technician at the sleep center as previously described.23–25 PSG included the following parameters: electroencephalography, electrooculography, submental electromyography, lower leg electromyography, electrocardiography, leg movement, chest and abdominal movement, nasal airflow, mouth airflow (thermistor), pulse oximetry, and body position. Based on the standard criteria, sleep stages were scored in 30-sec epochs. Apnea was defined as absence of the airflow ≥ 10 seconds. Hypopnea was defined as a recognizable reduction of the airflow with reduction of oxygen saturation ≥ 4% from the baseline or an arousal. Patients were categorized into 4 severity groups based on AHI: no OSA (reference, AHI < 5), mild OSA (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate OSA (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30).
Deaths in the cohort having occurred up to December 31, 2011, were identified by matching each subject's Korean Identification Number and name with death records from the Statistics Korea, a national organization for statistics. The date of death and primary cause of death were collected from the national death statistics. The causes of death were categorized into 4 groups described in a previous report26: (1) cardiovascular diseases and stroke, including acute myocardial infarction, acute ischemic heart disease, sudden cardiac arrest, and cardiac dysrhythmias; (2) fatal events including accidents, injuries and falls; (3) cancer; (4) others, including pneumonia, gastrointestinal bleeding, end-stage renal disease, amyloidosis, and so forth.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods were used to compare survival rates according to the severity category with a log-rank test to assess statistical differences. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, previous history of stroke, and treatment for OSA. All significance tests were two-sided, and a value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software was used.
A total of 2,240 subjects (1,669 males and 571 females) were included in the present cohort. The average observation period was 61.4 months (range, 34.0-106.0 months). Of 2,240 subjects, 1,800 patients had AHI ≥ 5/h on PSG. The average age was 55 years (range 40-87 years). Baseline characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. BMI increased as OSA severity increased. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in those without OSA (p < 0.001). The initial status of subjects in terms of cardiovascular diseases was not significantly different according to the severity of OSA (p = 0.780).
General characteristics of the patients with OSA and controls
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Among 1,800 patients with OSA, 735 patients were treated with CPAP (n = 227), MAD (n = 242), surgery (n = 203), or combined treatment (n = 63). The other 1,065 patients were not specifically treated because they were lost to follow-up, refused such treatments, wanted to reduce body weight, and/or to try to sleep in the lateral decubitus position.
A total of 69 deaths (3.08%) were identified. The median age at death was 66.8 years (range, 42-86 years). All-cause mortality and cause-specific deaths are shown in Table 2. The mortality rate was 1.81%, 2.18%, 3.54%, and 4.20% in no OSA, mild, moderate, and severe OSA groups, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases or stroke accounted for 37.7% (26/69) of all deaths. Death from cardiovascular disease or stroke accounted for 25.0% (2/8), 16.7% (2/12), 42.1% (8/19), and 46.7.0% (14/30) of deaths in no OSA, mild, moderate, and severe OSA groups, respectively.
Cause-specific mortality
There was no significant difference between males and females in the overall survival (p = 0.725). The increased OSA severity was likely to be associated with a reduction in survival probabilities (p = 0.054; Figure 1), and the difference was significant when patients with AHI < 30 were compared to those with AHI ≥ 30 (p = 0.030; Figure 2).
When the patients were classified into 4 groups—none (AHI < 5), mild (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe (AHI ≥ 30)—the increased OSA severity was likely to be associated with a reduction in survival (p = 0.054). AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for all-cause deathsWhen the patients were classified into 4 groups—none (AHI
When the patients were classified into 2 groups, there was a significant difference in survival between the patients with AHI < 30 and those with AHI ≥ 30 (p = 0.030). AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for all-cause deathsWhen the patients were classified into 2 groups, there was a significant difference in survival between the patients with AHI
After adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, the trend analysis revealed that OSA retained a statistically significant association with death in a stepwise increasing pattern (Table 3). The adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in the severe OSA group vs. reference group was 2.47 (95% CI 1.01-5.55; p = 0.028). After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and previous history of stroke, the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in the severe OSA group vs. reference group was 2.47 (95% CI 1.09-5.57; p = 0.030). After adjusting for whether the patients were treated or untreated, the HR for all-cause mortality in the severe OSA group vs. reference group was 2.14 (95% CI 0.91-5.03; p = 0.079).
Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality
The cardiovascular mortality adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and previous history of stroke was significantly elevated in the severe OSA group vs. reference group (HR 4.66; 95% CI 1.03-21.08; p = 0.046; Table 4). After prescription of treatment was added as a covariate to the hazard model, the adjusted HR for cardiovascular mortality was 4.19 (95% CI 0.85-20.4; p = 0.076) in severe OSA group vs. reference group.
Hazard ratios for cardiovascular mortality
The HR for all-cause death in OSA patients who did not have cardiovascular diseases other than hypertension at enrollment was analyzed. A total of 156 patients had cardiovascular disease at baseline. The HR for mortality adjusted by age, sex, and BMI was 2.17 (95% CI 0.95-4.96; p = 0.066) in the severe OSA group vs. reference group (Table 5).
Hazard ratios for all-cause death in subjects without cardiovascular diseases or history of stroke at baseline
This is an observational cohort study conducted in a large Korean sleep clinic population to investigate the influence of OSA on mortality. To our best knowledge, the present study showed a significant association between OSA and mortality in Asians for the first time. The present study demonstrated that OSA may be a significant risk factor for death in Asians as previously shown in the Western population.22,26 Asians are different from Caucasians in some aspects important for OSA. Firstly, Asians are generally known to have a higher percentage of body fat than the Western population at the same BMI level.27 Previous comparative studies of Asian and Caucasian male patients with OSA demonstrated that Asians were less obese despite the presence of severe OSA,28,29 even when matched for risk factors such as age, gender, and BMI. The higher central fat distribution was found at a lower level of BMI in Asians than in Caucasians.30,31 Secondly, Asians have smaller mandibles; therefore, the upper airway may be more collapsible and have propensity for more severe OSA. Cephalometric analysis revealed that the Asians have maxillomandibular protrusion, narrower cranial base angle, larger posterior airway space, and more superiorly positioned hyoid bone compared with Caucasians.29,31 The narrower cranial base in the Asian population may have an important implication in the pathogenesis of OSA because it affects particularly the airway in the nasopharygneal and retropalatal regions. Thus, epidemiologic data of OSA acquired from the Western population cannot be directly applied to Asians, and independent investigations for Asians are mandatory.16,28,30,32
Our study indicated that the all-cause mortality risk was 2.47 times higher in subjects with OSA with AHI ≥ 30 compared to those with AHI < 5, independent of age, sex, BMI, and other chronic diseases. After excluding patients diagnosed as having cardiovascular disease at the time of enrollment, severe OSA tended to be associated with increased all-cause mortality compared to the reference group. In a large population-based study performed in the U.S., the adjusted HR for all-cause mortality in subjects with AHI ≥ 30 in comparison to those with AHI < 5 was 3.0, and it increased to 3.8 when the persons under treatment with continuous positive airway pressure were excluded.26 An observational cohort study of a large population of the U.S. also showed a significant association of OSA with stroke or death.22 In the above study, both OSA patients and controls were recruited from the population referred to sleep centers. In another observational cohort study conducted in Spain, patients with OSA enrolled from a sleep clinic were compared to the general population. It was shown that mortality was significantly higher in subjects with untreated severe OSA than in healthy controls.33,34
Our study also investigated the influences of cardiovascular disease on the association between OSA and cardiovascular mortality by including or excluding the initial status of cardiovascular diseases at baseline. Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the group with severe OSA compared to the reference group. When the initial presence of cardiovascular diseases was adjusted, the severe OSA group tended to be associated with increased all-cause mortality compared to the reference group. This finding suggests that severe OSA may be an independent risk factor increasing cardiovascular mortality in Asians. In addition, an analysis in subjects without cardiovascular diseases or stroke at baseline showed that OSA with AHI ≥ 30 was likely to be a risk factor for death in the above condition.
We also investigated the effect of OSA therapy on mortality irrespective of therapeutic modalities as in the previous studies,11,19,35–38 by evaluating mortality according to whether the patients were treated. Although the risk of death was significantly higher in the severe OSA group, there was no significant difference in mortality between the severe OSA group and reference group after adjusting for the treatment factor. These may indicate the potential beneficial effects of treatment for OSA on mortality associated with severe OSA. This finding is consistent with the results of several other studies, revealing a greater mortality in patients with untreated OSA.21,26,39
Our study has some limitations. Firstly, as our study is not population based, there could be a selection bias resulting in overestimation of the mortality. Secondly, since our public health insurance program does not reimburse the cost of PSG, it is likely that the cohort consisted of patients with somewhat greater income and access to medical service; thus our finding might underestimate the real mortality risk of OSA. Thirdly, the average follow-up period of 61.4 months may not be sufficient to determine the association between OSA severity and mortality. This could lead to underestimation of the risk. Fourthly, we could not exactly assess the effects of treatment on the risk of death according to the therapeutic modality because the adherence and compliance for the treatment were not fully evaluated for all the patients.
The present study has a clinical implication that increased mortality, shown in studies in Western countries, is also associated with increased severity of OSA in Asians. In particular, severe OSA (AHI ≥ 30) was an independent risk factor for death. These findings emphasize the need for early detection of OSA and its efficient treatment and follow-up. Since this study has a limitation of an observational cohort study, a longitudinal randomized controlled study is necessary to show the association between OSA and mortality in Asians in the future.
This was not an industry supported study. The authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
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text:
Assault minigames (aka Spamfinger! for mobile)
Share your best kept space secrets!
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- GeneticsLuke
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Assault minigames (aka Spamfinger! for mobile)
If you find that you tap things faster via use of your non dominant one than your normal writing hand, secure the tablet or smartphone with your dominant hand and spam the living crud out of the hit detection areas blinking at you in friendly bright colors as they light up using the fingers of that opposite hand. It takes awhile to get a nice rhythm going but once you get in the zone, there are way less accidental missing a strike/hit s than just randomly pewpew-ing! <- unless you are bored and want to further randomize it. Have fun!
Re: Assault minigames (aka Spamfinger! for mobile)
Or place the device down and use both hands!
I am a volunteer player and do not work for War Balloon
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Here is another way to do it just within the post you are making. If you have your post in the Advanced format and if you scroll down below the typing area for your post you see the Additional Options you can add pictures from there.
Click on the Manage Attachments button and the following will appear:
Click on the Browse button and search on your computer for the picture file you are looking for.
Once you select it and then click "Upload" it should then upload to the website and it should show up in your post like this:


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Current Obituaries and service information are
regularly posted online.
Click here to view the current obituaries.
is important during a time of loss. You can submit your condolences
for a loved one and we will give them to the family of the deceased.
here to send condolences.
Funeral Home is located at the corner of Highways 23 & 283 in Elwood,
Nebraska. Established in 2004 as a branch of Wenburg Funeral Homes,
Elwood Funeral Home is a full service funeral
home working to serve the community by offering personable local service.
director Dallas Garey, licensed in Nebraska and Kansas,
is able to
work directly with you to meet your funeral needs
in Elwood and the surrounding area. The funeral home is newly remodeled
with complete services including a large casket display room and local
the funeral
home. We accept Visa and Mastercard.
prepared... is peace of mind.
There are many advantages to making pre-arrangements for your funeral
service. Making pre-arrangements allows planning of the funeral in
a relaxed setting so that less stress is placed upon your family at
time of death. Pre-arrangements are also important to anyone considering
public aid. Making pre-arrangements allows you to pay today's price
for tomorrow's funeral - regardless of inflation.
We have posted
an online form that will walk you through the collection of information needed
to make pre-arrangements for a funeral service.
here to complete the online pre-planning information collection


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(CMT Offstage keeps a 24/7 watch on everything that's happening with country music artists behind the scenes and out of the spotlight.)
If Kree Harrison wins American Idol, I think I know who will be founding members of her fan club — Keith Urban and Ashley Monroe. They've both been outspoken about her talent all season. And this week was no exception. During the "Rock Week" theme, Harrison did a well-received cover of "Piece of My Heart," a song that was a hit for both Janis Joplin and Faith Hill. Urban seemed concerned about her, though, asking her what it was like performing in some very high-heeled boots. "It looks like you were struggling a bit to move around. I'm trying to find out if there was something holding you back tonight from performing," he asked her, and she explained she had a pinched nerve. "Your voice is so good that you can just coast through it, and you're such a professional. Ten out of 10 for your professionalism, Kree." And earlier, the Pistol Annies' Monroe told CMT Radio she was pushing for Harrison, too. "Kree Harrison should win American Idol — the end of it! Y'all have heard me talk about her," Monroe raved. "My God, Kree is blowing my mind on Idol. So good. So proud!"


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In its earliest days, Saint Michael's College got water from a private company founded just after the Civil War to bring Colchester Pond water to Winooski Falls (now Winooski), since Colchester never wanted to have municipal water service, and surprisingly, still doesn't. In that regard, St. Mike's and neighbors have long been on their own in providing ample water.
When Winooski seceded from Colchester in the 1920s, Winooski officials wanted the existing line to run right into Gilbrook Reservoir, west and downhill from campus, "which would have left St Mike's high and dry," explains local water official, historian and Edmundite priest Fr. Joe McLaughlin. In response, Colchester Fire District No. 1 formed in 1938 with strong leadership from Saint Michael's officials, who have had a prominent role in its success since. "Fire District" is a wide-encompassing term from early U.S. history referring to municipalities created for very specific practical purposes, including utilities. Thus CFD No. 1 has nothing to do with fire protection, though some fire districts do.
The newly formed district first took over some pipes from the old private supplier before trying an arrangement with the federal government to get water through Fort Ethan Allen right after World War II. But the fort's decommissioning made alternatives urgent. "They had to go to the City of Winooski, hat in hand, and ask if they could get it from them," McLaughlin explains. "Winooski got their water at the time from Burlington and the pipe ran across the Winooski bridge - alumni will recall you could see it - continuing up here. But it was hard since we're kind of high up on this hill, with just pressure from the water tower at UVM to push it uphill."
That was the college's water setup until about 1970. Then the Champlain Water District (CWD) was formed as greater Burlington's first truly regional water utility. IBM's new plant in Essex Junction served as a catalyst. CWD undertook to extract and purify water from Lake Champlain, and then transmit this very high quality drinking water over a number of miles from Bartlett's Bay in South Burlington to Essex. So, CWD's water started flowing west from Essex through St. Mike's and on to Winooski rather than up from Winooski. "It meant lots of pipes in the ground on or near campus going in more directions than they knew what to do with, and lots of them were dead ends," McLaughlin says.
By spring of 2012 and in the wake of all the costly recent line breaks, McLaughlin says, district officials were amazed "by how crazy a problem it seemed to be" with such an unintuitive, quirk-of-history tangle of pipes – but they were just as amazed at how neatly it was solved by a Saint Michael's College master's graduate, Jim Fay, general manager of CWD. "We were looking at drawings of the existing Saint Michael's and CFD No. 1 waterlines at a meeting in Pomerleau Alumni Center," McLaughlin recalls, and then Fay's creative imagination envisioned how pieces of both could be reconfigured with some additional new lines to design two far better water systems. That was genuinely a "wow" moment for everyone in the room. The district's new 'core' system also fixes all kind of design problems in the St. Michael's system, replaces old pipes with new ones, and all at a price cheaper than if we'd just replaced the old line, which would have had no impact on design problems. So this is a systemic fix for the college and the district," he says.
McLaughlin and Jerry Flanagan, the college's longtime admissions chief and also a veteran water district official, prepared a fact sheet on the upgrade. It notes that at least five breaks in recent years on an old, fragile main line located in the wrong place (alongside a busy major highway) is the best reason for the project. The new main going through campus is the solution, they say, as an "integrated route combining existing elements of the college's water system with new elements built by the district for a core distribution system with multiple loops" to keep water flowing. Costs of the project will be about $1.2 million for the District, covered by ratepayer assessments after a bond passed last year. Roughly 50 percent of the water sold by the Fire District goes to the College, with the rest to Fletcher Allen Healthcare's Fanny Allen Campus and other nearby smaller businesses and residences.