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You're sure to increase your orders with our new Drupal Ecommerce Pro theme with the Commerce module. This theme takes the power of Commerce to the next level. The Ecommerce Pro has 5 theme colors to choose from including Red, Orange, Blue, Green, or Pink. Also included are customizations such as front page slider, "Featured Products" for category pages, social media tabs for sharing products within popular social sites, and a dropdown product image gallery for each product added.
The Ecommerce Pro theme is a truly exceptional shopping theme for Drupal. This theme is perfect for any website wanting to sell products online while taking advantage of an amazing open source CMS like Drupal.
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- Drupal 7.x Compatible Only
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Note: Our themes are updated about once every two months. Since we update our themes regularly you can be sure you get as close to the latest stable releases of Drupal core and the contributed modules used in our themes. Note: We often do not update our themes with "Beta" or "Dev" module releases, as these change more frequently and are often not as stable.
IMPORTANT: This theme comes with an installation profile which installs the theme using the MySQL database information that you see in our Drupal Ecommerce Pro Commerce theme demo. This means the theme needs to be installed on a new database and as a fresh Drupal installation unless you want to attempt to migrate the theme into your existing website (not supported by ThemeSnap.com). Read the easy setup instructions for the Ecommerce Pro theme using the included profile installer. Also, please read our Terms of Service agreement before purchasing this product. It's understood that you are agreeing to these terms if you choose to purchase and use this theme.
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Robert L. Schneider, Lori Lester, and Julia Ochieng
Social work advocacy is "the exclusive and mutual representation of a client(s) or a cause in a forum, attempting to systematically influence decision-making in an unjust or unresponsive system(s)." Advocacy was identified as a professional role as far back as 1887, and social workers consider client advocacy an ethical responsibility. Social workers are increasing the use of electronic advocacy to influence client issues and policy development. As client and societal needs evolve, universities should emphasize advocacy in their curricula, and the National Association of Social Workers should promote electoral and legislative initiatives that reflect an emphasis on social and economic injustices.
African Americans: Overview
Larry E. Davis, John M. Wallace Jr., and Trina R. Williams Shanks
African Americans have been a part of the nation's history for nearly four hundred years. Although their history includes the forced imposition of chattel slavery, the strict enforcement of legal segregation, and a tenuous acceptance as equal citizens, African Americans have been, and continue to be, major contributors, creators, investors, and builders of America. In this article we summarize briefly the history of African Americans, we examine racial disparities in key indicators of social, mental, and physical well-being, and we highlight persistent strengths that can be built upon and areas that provide hope for the future. The challenge for social work is to simultaneously celebrate the historical successes and ongoing contributions of African Americans to this country while also recognizing the vestiges of structural racism and fighting for greater civil rights and social and economic justice.
African American Social Welfare History
Iris Carlton-LaNey
This article discusses the African American social welfare system that began to develop during the early 20th century. This social welfare system, designed by African Americans to serve African Americans, addressed needs that were not being met by any other formal social services while the nascent social work profession was emerging. The myriad programs included settlement houses, boys and girls programs, training schools, and day nurseries. The women's club movement played a critical role in the development of this social welfare system and provided much of the impetus for change and inclusion. Through formal organizations, including the National Urban League (NUL) and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and an array of clubs and social groups, social services were extended to urban and rural communities throughout the United States.
Asset Building Toward Inclusive Policy
Michael Sherraden, Lissa Johnson, Margaret M. Clancy, Sondra G. Beverly, Margaret Sherrard Sherraden, Mark Schreiner, William Elliot III, Trina R. Williams Shanks, Deborah Adams, Jami Curley, Jin Huang, Michal Grinstein-Weiss, Yunju Nam, Min Zhan, and Chang-Keun Han
Since 1991, a new policy discussion has arisen in the United States and other countries, focusing on building assets as a complement to traditional social policy based on income. In fact, asset-based policy already existed (and still exists) in the United States, with large public subsidies. But the policy is regressive, benefiting the rich far more than the poor. The goal should be a universal, progressive, and lifelong asset-based policy. One promising pathway may be Child Development Accounts beginning at birth, with greater public deposits for the poorest children. If every child had an account, then eventually this could grow into a universal public policy across the life course.
Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and Immigrants in the United States
Miriam Potocky
This entry presents introductory information on asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants in the United States, including distinctions among them, major regions of origin, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, challenges in social and cultural adaptation, and best practices for social work with these populations.
Capital Punishment
Sondra J. Fogel, M. Dwayne Smith, and Beth Bjerregaard
Capital punishment, the administration of death as a legal sanction, is a criminal-justice response to a restricted class of criminal activities that involve the killing of another human being. As a legal process, capital punishment has been modified by several landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Yet, it remains a controversial penalty with factors of race, gender, socio-economic status, mental health status of the defendant, and other extra-legal factors often attributed to the sentencing decision. Social workers are increasingly used as mitigation experts or in similar types of roles for the defense team. As a profession, social work opposes the use of capital punishment. The purpose of this entry is to provide an overview of the death penalty as it is currently practiced in the United States and to review current issues and controversies surrounding its administration.
Child Labor
Usha Nayar, Priya Nayar, and Nidhi Mishra
The paper presents a global scenario of child labor by placing the issue in a historical context as well as comparing current work in the field. It specifically explains the psychosocial, political, and economic determinants of child labor and the prevalence of different forms as well as its magnitude in the different regions of the world. It features innovative programs and actions taken against child labor by local governments, civil societies, and United Nations bodies—mainly the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund. The paper also highlights multilateral collaborations among the UN and other international agencies that stand against child labor in general and the employment of children in hazardous conditions. It illustrates the cooperation among local governments, civic organizations, and child-rights movements that have brought gradual changes over the decades toward ending child labor. Further, it suggests that social work, relevant professional schools, and associations working in various disciplines should be engaged in research-based advocacy and find innovative solutions to control child labor.
Children and Armed Conflict
Susan Mapp
The United Nations has defined six grave violations that occur in war that impact children: killing or maiming of children, recruitment or use of children as soldiers, sexual violence against children, attacks against schools or hospitals, denial of humanitarian access for children, and abduction of children. These violations have a myriad of negative impacts on children, including biological, psychological, and social effects. Culturally appropriate support and care provided at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels can help alleviate these impacts and help children recover from these experiences.
Civic Engagement
Amanda Moore McBride
Civic engagement is the backbone of the social work profession. Through our civic mission, we have long organized and empowered citizens in common pursuits to address social, economic, and political conditions. In the United States, the status of social and political engagement is of heightened concern, particularly as emerging research demonstrates a range of effects. The challenge for social work is to increase the capacity of the nonprofit sector to promote and maximize engagement, especially among low-income and low-wealth individuals, through theory-driven, evidence-based interventions.
Civil Rights
William L. Pollard
Civil rights are rooted in the English laws that tried to protect citizens from abuses by the state. As the United States matured as a democracy, so did its citizens. Since World War II, there has been a virtual explosion in the awareness of citizens to the diverse needs and rights of individuals that require protection. Citizen awareness and actions have truly moved the civil rights struggle beyond a focus on color. Greater attention is being paid to fundamental protection and expanded understanding of human rights and responsibilities.


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The Highland Mint presents Major League Baseball signature fields featuring your favorite team's home field with the player's facsimile signatures! Each signature field is featured in a 12" x 20" wood frame with a glass panel front and each is individually numbered. Player roster and stadium photos may vary during the season. This has a limited edition of 2017 and is officially licensed by MLB and MLBPA. They are proudly made in the U.S.A. by The Highland Mint.
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NEW BEDFORD — During her seven years working at the Zeiterion Theatre in the 1980s and 1990s, Donna Fisher-Jackson often wondered if her grandparents ever attended a performance there.
NEW BEDFORD — During her seven years working at the Zeiterion Theatre in the 1980s and 1990s, Donna Fisher-Jackson often wondered if her grandparents ever attended a performance there.
The restored vaudeville theater where Fisher-Jackson worked in marketing and public relations seemed to be the perfect backdrop for the love story of Clara and Irving, her grandparents from Onset who married in 1921, during the Zeiterion's prime.
"I'm sure they must have gone to some theater in New Bedford because they were in the area," Fisher-Jackson said Saturday. "But I would have loved if it was the place where I ended up working."
Fisher-Jackson said she pressed her father and two uncles for details of the lives of Clara and Irving, who "lived short lives" and died before Fisher-Jackson was born.
In the absence of proof that Clara and Irving visited the Zeiterion, Fisher-Jackson decided to write a love story for them centered around the Zeiterion in a self-published novel titled "Clara & Irving: A Love Story of Past Lives."
The book is "a fictionalized version of their lives" intertwined with flashes forward to Clara and Irving's fictionalized granddaughter, Danielle, who is based on Fisher-Jackson.
The book chronicles the romances of Clara, Irving and Danielle, many of which take place at the Zeiterion.
"It's about 50 percent true and 50 percent from me," Fisher-Jackson said at a book-signing event at the Candleworks restaurant Saturday afternoon. "It's about true romantics."
Fisher-Jackson did not want to say specifically which of the novel's plot points took place in the theater, but said that they are crucial enough that she is donating 10 percent of her book sales from the signing to the theater.
Fisher-Jackson, who grew up in Wareham and now works as a hypnotherapist and astrologist in California, said the book took her three and a half years to write because "I had to wait until I finished living it until I could write it."
The most difficult part of the writing process, she said, was editing the story once it was finished.
"Every time I read over it, it was like reliving it," she said. "That was very difficult because some parts are about heartbreak and loss."
Going forward, Fisher-Jackson said she hopes the book will one day be turned into a movie.
"I've always loved love stories that take place in theaters, and there's a big market for them, like Moulin Rouge and Phantom of the Opera," she said.
Fisher-Jackson said the book has a universal appeal, and will help people forge a deeper connection throughout generations.
"There's something about love — it never dies. It lives on even after death, and it allows you to connect with a person in a future life," she said. "Our ancestors, even though they aren't around, they still have a lot to teach us about our own selves."


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HeatPressNation is proud to be a Siser Authorized Distributor. Add the sparkle of glitter effects to any logo with Siser's Glitter heat transfer film. Perfect for dance and cheer wear or anywhere you need some extra shine. Glass like fragments make this the ultimate in glitter transfer films. Glitter is CPSIA Certified so that even kids clothing can look amazing. You can also sublimate directly onto Siser Glitter!
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Silas Lamson (1776-1855) was an inventor who patented a new kind of scythe handle in 1834. Scythes are used to cut grass or grain. They have a long handle that generally was straight, but Lamson discovered that if the handle had a sharp angle in it, a worker could swing it more easily, using his body's momentum to bring a more directed force to the blade's edge. The beauty of Lamson's invention was that the handle was detachable and therefore adjustable to different body sizes and arm lengths. Lamson was quite successful with this invention, so successful he began diversifying from scythes to other blades. His original factory, in Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts, was diversified by the early 1850s into cutlery and other knife making. It operates in Shelburne Falls to this day.
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"Sharpening the Scythe"
Lamson, Goodnow and Company, Birds-Eye View
"Supplement to the New England Farmer, and Gardener's Journal"
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If you were cognizant during the War on Terror, you saw David Rees's comic strip Get Your War On. Rees used generic clip art of cubicle-dwellers talking to each other over the phone, peppered with expletive-laden and bizarre exchanges like "Oh yeah! Operation: Enduring Our Freedom is in the motherfucking house!" to tap into the despair, encroaching paranoia, and increasingly surreal atmosphere of life after 9/11.
While Rees is still heavily invested in political satire—he created the hilarious anti-SOPA site called Get Your Censor On and is back contributing to Rolling Stone with strips about the primary—another topic has grabbed Rees by the tweedy lapels and won't let go. Pencil sharpening. Artisanal pencil sharpening, no less, and he's written the book on it.
How to Sharpen Pencils is an exhaustive reference book for anyone interested in sharpening pencils in any manner, with a variety of tools, and in almost any circumstance. It's also an increasingly bizarre journey into the persona of the author, with subchapters like "Anxiety of the Unknown: The Unsharpened Pencil" and "The Importance of Maintaining a Healthy Attitude Towards One's Practice in the Face of Broken Pencil Points, Physical Exhaustion, Societal Disapproval, Sexual Impotence, and Financial Ruin." It's unclassifiable yet wholly enjoyable even if the word pencil eventually starts to resemble glossolalia after the first few chapters. It stands to follow that since Rees is absolutely earnest about How to Sharpen Pencils.
John Hodgman wrote a wonderful introduction to the book, and with it, you can order a pencil sharpened by Rees himself for a mere $15 from his website. You will receive its shavings and a "certificate of sharpening." It comes in a protective tube with a cap. You can use it or you can keep it as a good luck charm. Just be careful, because it will be very sharp, much like Rees himself.
GQ: You are very serious about artisanal pencil sharpening.
** David Rees: **Uh huh.
GQ: No joke. You are serious.
** David Rees: **Yeah. I try to do a good job of it. It's a real business, you know? And a lot of times people think it's a joke, but even though it has a whimsical element to it, if a client pays me, I'm going to sharpen a pencil for them and send it to them... They get their shavings, they get their pencil in a display tube. It's a thing. It's a real thing. It's a real business. And I'm not just cranking them out in electric pencil sharpeners. I'm really doing it, and I've learned a lot about pencil sharpening techniques in the last two years, because I started the business about two years ago. So yeah, I am serious about it.
GQ: How did you stumble upon this as a business?
** David Rees: **Well, what happened was I used to be a political cartoonist and I quit when Bush left office, when Obama was sworn in, and then I kind of just fumbled and stumbled for a long time figuring out what to do next. In the spring of 2010, I didn't have any money so I went and worked for the census as a door-knocker and we had staff training to learn how to do all that. And on the first day of staff training they gave us these bags that had all our supplies in them, like the forms we were going to need and our training manuals and paperclips and all this shit, and in the bag there was some pencils and a little pencil sharpener because you fill out the forms in pencil.
So the census trainer was like, "Okay, guys. Everyone needs to take a couple minutes and sharpen their pencils," and it was this really weird, nostalgic, whimsical thing that we all were doing first thing in the morning. It's staff training. We don't know each other, we don't know what the job is going to be like, and it's like, "Everybody sharpen their pencils." And it was kind of really funny and surreal, but while I was doing it, it's like, God, this is really satisfying. I haven't done this in a long time. I never use pencils, usually... So for me, it had been a while since I'd sharpened a pencil, and I had so much fun doing it, I thought, "I want to get paid to do this. Forget about working for the census. I'm going to figure out a way to sharpen pencils." And so that's when I decided I will literally start a pencil-sharpening business. And I did.
GQ: I have not sharpened an actual pencil in a while. I will admit I have sharpened an eyeliner pencil. Not the same, obviously.
** David Rees: **And you know the trick to sharpening eyeliner pencils, right? Freeze 'em first.
GQ: Where did you learn that?
** David Rees: **A woman I was dating who was in the beauty industry, she told me that.
GQ: What's your general client base?
** David Rees: **When I was getting ready to publish this book, I wanted to open the book with customer testimonials from people who had pencils sharpened by me, so I wrote to everybody who had ordered a pencil through my website, and I got back a really cool variety of professionals. A lot of writers and artists, parents who buy lucky pencils for their kids before they take an exam. I sharpened like 25 pencils for school kids before they took the state regions. Musicians, journalists. I got a nice note from a journalist in Canada who said he liked the pencil I sharpened for him because when it's really cold you can't take notes in pen. You need a pencil. And then other people who just like the pencil as a symbol of, you know, just thinking clearly and doing a good job and appreciating simple things.
For a lot of people, myself included, I think a yellow #2 pencil is pretty nostalgic, because I used them all the time growing up but I don't have occasion to use them much these days. So I think for some people—some people use the pencils, but then other people just keep them as tokens or artifacts or even little pieces of art. You know what I mean? So I think my clients are kind of a wide variety of people.
GQ: But weren't they first attracted to your pencils or heard about them through your stand-up and your presence with Get Your War On and My Filing Technique and all that?
** David Rees: **There's no overlap between my comics and this project. They feel really separate to me. Because the comics, especially Get Your War On, it's pretty angry, political, and it had bad language and stuff. That's almost kind of like supposed to be deliberately alienating to certain people, whereas this is for everybody, I feel... People always think that it's a huge goof on hipster culture. It's not really. It's just kind of a fun project that I feel like anybody should like. That's why it's so crazy that sometimes when I read the comments sections to articles that have been written about this project, some people are so mad. It makes them so enraged... It's hard to explain, but it's kind of surprising. It really, really rubs some people the wrong way, you know? It's kind of like Miranda July or something. You know how some people fucking hate Miranda July? It's kind of like that.
GQ: I've mentioned it to people, and they're like, "Really? This sounds like a Portlandia sketch."
** David Rees: **Yeah, I've heard that. I've heard that. But it's a real thing! I've sharpened like, getting up on 475 [pencils]. I've made money doing this. It's not just like a silly—it's not like I built the website and then didn't build up the business. I did it, and I invested in my tools, and I learned a shitload about pencils. And the thing that made me feel good is I did an event in Williamsburg a couple months ago, and [there was] a lot of media beforehand, like, "This is the ultimate Williamsburg hipster gone too far. Sharpening pencils." So I'm reading from my book and it's fun and there's jokes and stuff. Then when I asked if people had any questions, it was like 20 minutes of serious questions about pencils and the history of pencils and why are pencils like this, and I have to say, I was very pleased with myself. I could answer every single question because I did my research. I learned a lot about pencils. So it's not a goof. It's a real thing.
GQ: I guess because of your onstage persona—very dry, button-down shirts, a sensible sort of guy. It seems like it would be a play on that, so I could kind of see...
** David Rees: **Right, but I'm not a professional comedian. Nobody comes to my comedy shows. That's just a little hobby. To me, this feels separate from that. I feel like the business only works and is only interesting if I really do it. Do you understand what I mean? I wouldn't be satisfied if it was just like an online meme. It had to be a real actual pencil-sharpening business, which it is. And obviously, yeah, my personality is usually kind of serious, and there's humor in the pencil-sharpening book. I wanted it to be a how-to manual but also to be something fun that you could read, and it gets crazier and crazier as it goes along. It has humor in it, but it's not—I have to just keep telling journalists, it's not just a joke. I know what I'm doing.
Do you know what the equivalent is? The equivalent is like Amy Sedaris's books. Because they're really funny and crazy, but they actually like—the recipes are real recipes, and the crafts are real crafts. And so I feel like her books are an inspiration for me when I was trying to figure out how to do this book. It has to work on both levels. It has to be a fun book that you enjoy reading but also it has to do what it says it does, which is teach you pencil-sharpening techniques.
GQ: So, um, you seem a little defensive.
** David Rees: **Well, I don't mean to be defensive, but I do want people to respect my authority in the pencil world now. Because I do know more about pencils than most people now, and I am better at sharpening pencils than most people now. So I don't want people to think like, "Oh, he's just this guy. He made this silly website." Yeah, I did that, but also? I can fucking sharpen the shit out a pencil. It's true. 470 customers and no complaints so far. That's pretty good. One complaint right now about a guy in Germany who's wondering where his pencil is, and that's because I went on a tour to sharpen pencils and I got back up with my orders, but I'm doing it. You know, like, I'm doing it. And I do want people to enjoy this book, and I want them to be like, "Oh, I didn't know that about pencils" or "Oh, I didn't know that's the reason that a pencil is hexagonal instead of rectangular." "Oh, I didn't know you could sharpen a pencil this way."
GQ: And you were also on tour with the JoCo Cruise Crazy... Is that where you were?
** David Rees: **That was the Caribbean cruise I was on, yeah. I only go on one a year, and it's always JoCo Cruise Crazy.
GQ: Well, how many more cruises do you need, really?
** David Rees: **That's true.
GQ: I've heard wild tales of this cruise.
** David Rees: **Wild?
GQ: Some wild tales.
** David Rees: **I haven't, and I was on it. Something wild happened? Tell me.
GQ: It just seems like this kind of amazing explosion, I don't know, I wouldn't say nerd culture but this sort of hyper-intelligent...
** David Rees: **I will say this. JoCo Cruise Crazy is the one time in my life I've ever felt anything like a jock. 'Cause I always think of myself as a nerd, but compared to those people, I'm like fucking, I don't know what. Those people are nerds.
GQ: Who's the nerdiest?
** David Rees: **Who's the nerdiest? I mean, you can't... you can't rank something like that. It's just... I don't know who the nerdiest is. There's different types of nerds on that boat. I mean, they're all crazy about Jonathan Coulton. A lot of them are really into games and sci-fi and Dr. Who and all this stuff. It's interesting because I feel like they're all super nice and super smart, but it's such a foreign culture for me that it's like really cool to just hang out with them and learn about what they're into... I feel like an outsider, but it's also really fun because everybody's so chill. It's nice. Like, they're really friendly, you know? They'll tell you about all the games that they're playing in their game room, like all these weird board games and whatnot. Yeah, it's fun... And also, you're on a cruise ship in the Caribbean, and it's completely surreal and crazy, you know? It's like, all you can eat salad bars. It's good.
GQ: I've never been on a cruise. They seem scary.
** David Rees: **This is the thing. This was the great irony of it was we all agreed after the first one, I did not think I was going to enjoy the cruise, but I get it. It's like, you're on a floating hotel where food is free 24 hours a day. You can appreciate it ironically and sincerely simultaneously. Kind of like my pencil-sharpening business, you know? It works—whatever level you approach it at, it's there ready for you, like, "Oh, heyyy! I'm a cruise ship! What do you want? What do you say?!" So you can walk around and be like, "Oh, this is so disgusting, all this excess," and then wait until it's three in the morning and you're completely drunk and you're like, "I want a cheeseburger now!" And they'll bring it to you for free. It's crazy.
GQ: I think if I went on a cruise, I'd feel like the only weirdo there, whereas...
** David Rees: **Right, which is the other great thing for these people is, for them, they don't even care about the performers. It's really just about them having the fellowship of these people who might live in a town where there's no one else like them who shares their interests or they might work in an office where they're the only person who dresses up in weird Dr. Who T-shirts and then they get on this floating little neighborhood where everybody knows each other's references. Everybody's into the same stuff. That's a really powerful experience for those people.
GQ: It's like the moving Internet. It's like BoingBoing but on a cruise ship.
** David Rees: **That's a good analogy. So that is really cool. Even if you're not really of that world, it's really cool to see that fellowship and that community.
GQ: So, how's the Hudson Valley treating you?
** David Rees: **When I decided to start my pencil-sharpening business, it was very much informed by the vibe of the Hudson Valley, and I knew very quickly that if mine was to be a pencil-sharpening business, the way to get paid would be, people would pay a premium to have me sharpen a pencil, and if they're going to have me sharpen a pencil, it has to be, like, artisanal. Because in the Hudson Valley, we have that word everywhere. My friends own a wine shop called Artisan Wine Shop. There's a bakery called Artisan Bakery. And there's all of these farmers' markets and super expensive pickles and super expensive lamb burgers, and so I was kind of like, if I'm going to be able to charge money to sharpen a pencil, like over 50 cents, I'm going to have to bill it as artisanal. So that came out of the Hudson River Valley. And once I made that decision, that kind of informed how the photographs would look and how the website would look, and then from that, how the book would look, and so, to me, this project is a real product of my time in the Hudson River Valley over the last couple of years.
GQ: And are you ready to return from the Hudson Valley?
** David Rees: **Yeah, I'm going to, because the other thing about this book is it's kind of like this coded memoir of my marriage falling apart, because I moved up to the Hudson River Valley with my ex about six years ago. We were living in Brooklyn. We moved up there and bought a house, because we wanted a house and a garden and all that stuff, and then we got separated a couple years ago, and that's when I kind of ran out of money and hit bottom and started working for the census and started this pencil-sharpening business.
It's like just as Get Your War On was kind of my memoir of being alive during the War on Terror and George Bush and stuff, this is kind of like my memoir of like just being in this weird place in my life, so I feel like I'm going to move back down to the city because it's just more of my friends live in the city, you know? And also, I lived there for six years. That's a long time.
GQ: It's really interesting that you said this is a coded memoir because there are so many memoirs, and they're always just kind of like, "And this happened to me..." I think this is a much more interesting way to obliquely...
** David Rees: **I think obliquely is the right word, because it's not like [pause] I would say that personal stuff is there if you're looking for it, but again, first and foremost, the book functions as a how-to manual. Then it has some funny jokes in it for laughs. Then also... I've had journalists tell me this, who've read it, who don't know me, they say, "This book has a weird, sad undercurrent to it." And there is this kind of elegiac quality to it. I hope. Because I like things that do a lot of different things all at the same time, and so hopefully some people will get that. But it doesn't matter if they don't, you know? It's like, we'll see. I just sent a copy of my ex, and I told her, there's like—'cause we're friendly—and I said, there's a couple references to, you know, us ending our marriage. Nothing, no details about anything, like fights or whatever, so I wonder if she will pick up on any of that, or if she'll think it's interesting. We'll see.
GQ: If you're planning to move back to the city, what would be the creative project that will come out of that? More comics?
** David Rees: **I started doing comics again for Rolling Stone. I'm going to do them through the election, and that's been fun, getting back into that, because so much crazy stuff is going on. And then I have other ideas for projects—you know, I'm constantly pitching TV shows and movies and stuff, like so many other [people] who live in the city. But the pencil-sharpening thing, I think I will end the business at some point in the next couple of years and just be done with it. I like to do projects for a set amount of time and stop them and move onto something else. So I feel like I'll do that with pencil-sharpening after a while. Once the book gets out there and people learn how to do it on their own, you know, then I'll be able to shutter my business and move on to my next project.
GQ: Especially if it acted as—maybe not an emotional catharsis but a project to keep busy...
** David Rees: **Right, and that's the thing. I associate this project with a very specific period of my life, which I think is coming to a close, so it will be interesting to see—once the divorce is finalized and once I'm living back in the city, will I still feel this emotional connection to sharpening pencils and that kind of obsessive quality? Maybe not. Maybe I'll learn about some other project that I'll want to do. Does that make sense?
GQ: Let's talk about Lollygaggin'.
** David Rees: **I like hosting it. I like performing like that. It's taken me a long time to figure out how I want to talk to people onstage, but I feel like I'm getting the hang of it, which is just literally talking to people and not preparing at all, anything. It's really fun.
GQ: How is that fun?!
** David Rees: **It's just interesting. It's like, just talk about whatever you're feeling, whatever you're looking at... I just want to be this nice man standing onstage talking to people. It sounds really weird.
GQ: No, it sounds nice. The world needs a little bit more of that. Just a little bit more of niceness in the world. You're the kind of person—and this is such a blanket generalization, and just from what little I've seen of you onstage—there's this thing about you where you're maybe not jacked into the Internet all the time and maybe you go off and whittle by the fire.
** David Rees: **The sad fact of the matter is I'm on the Internet all the time and I should be whittling more, which is one of the appeals of the pencil-sharpening thing, like, I'm going to do something that's really real and physical in the real world and not abstract digital stuff in my head or—I like the idea of using the Internet to send people pencils, because pencils [are] the opposite of the Internet. But I'm glad I come across as this super-authentic craftsman onstage.
GQ: You have a—I don't want to say propriety about you, but like, this is the way to do things. Sort of old-fashioned but good, the way to be, but in a good-hearted kind of way.
** David Rees: **I'll take that. Yeah. I want to have some semblance of human dignity when I'm onstage, at least at Lollygaggin'... Talking about my personal life onstage, I've realized, is not—I'm not one of those comics who can do that. I can allude to it—maybe it's the same with the book. I can allude to it, but I don't want to be a confessional performer... I don't like it when performers rag on their ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend in absentia. If they're not there, it just feels rude... I'm never going to say anything personal about myself on stage. That's my new goal. Which is a shame because my personal life is fucking amazing. I'm just kidding.
GQ: Have you, in fact, ever successfully sharpened a pencil with your mind as shown in your book?
** David Rees: **Yes. The proof is hidden within the text of the book. I will not elaborate.
GQ: What is your preferred wine that tastes like pencils, among those listed in your index?
** David Rees: **I really liked the Caves Sao Joao 2007 Dao DOC. I like inexpensive wines that taste dusty and chalky like abandoned classrooms.
GQ: And do you often sharpen pencils without pants on, as per the Risky Business photo [in Chapter 17, "Mastering Celebrity-Impression Pencil Sharpening"]?
** David Rees: **NEVER! That would be unsanitary. And erotic—the workshop is not an appropriate venue for erotic expression.
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Protecting Yourself
Beware of False or Misleading Claims for Treating Autism
- Learn some ways to tell fact from fiction.
- Beware of False or Misleading Claims for Treating Autism
Health Fraud Scams - Be Smart, Be Aware, Be Careful
- Learn how to recognize and avoid health fraud scams.
- Health Fraud Scams - Be Smart, Be Aware, Be Careful
Beware of Illegal Web Pharmacies
- FDA cybercrimes unit shuts down hundreds of rogue pharmacy websites.
- Beware of Illegal Web Pharmacies
Protect yourself with these resources including information about health fraud scams and tips for buying medication, medical devices, and radiation-emitting products online. Learn about enforcement actions taken by the FDA to protect the public.
Health Fraud
FDA's MedWatch Safety Alerts
Buying Online
Other Organizations
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC: Counterfeit – Don't Buy Into Organized Crime
- NIH National Institute on Aging: Beware of Health Scams
- NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: How To Evaluate Health Information on the Internet
Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of Consumer Protection Drug Enforcement Administration: Report Suspicious Internet Pharmacies
- NABP - State Boards of Pharmacy
- U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Restrictions on Prescription Drugs


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New products arrive daily, many of which are exclusive to Marble of the World. Please speak to our sales department for the new arrival information and be sure to visit our showroom to view our extensive inventory of slabs, tiles, and accessory items.
Store Location
6001 Powerline Road, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33309 Local (954) 745-9700 Toll-Free (800) 537-6995 Fax (954) 745-9701
Business Hours:
Mon - Fri: 8am - 5pm Saturday: 9am - 3pm Sunday: Closed
4255 SW Martin Highway, Palm City, FL 34990 Local (772) 287-7667 Toll-Free (877) 240-7667 Fax (772) 320-0096
4185 N.W. 77th Avenue, Miami, FL 33166 Local: (305) 592-8850
Calacatta Lincoln marble features a white background accented with thin veins and blushes of light gray, available in a polished finish.
Please visit our showroom or call out sales department for pricing and availability. Reference item no. MAR869.


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Bringing Cisco's Network Virtualization (nV) Technology to Mobile Networks
The Cisco ASR 9000 edge routing system has gone mobile.
Cisco announced that it is bringing its nV (Network Virtualization) technology to mobile networks and unveiled three powerful new platforms for the ASR 9000 family:
- ASR 901 cell site router, a high-capacity, low-power router for 2G, 3G and 4G mobile cell sites;
- ASR 903 unified Ethernet access router, a compact Ethernet access device for business, residential, and mobile applications; and
- ASR 9901 small edge router, a smaller version of the ASR 9000 for low-capacity deployments.
Benefits include:
- Simplified Network Operations: The ASR 9000 system uses Cisco nV (network virtualization) technology to lower operating costs by up to 69% and capital expense costs by up to 67% (when compared with competing edge platforms).
- Simplified IPv6 Migrations: Cisco delivers on its strategy of building IPv6 next-generation networks to simplify the design, deployment and management of services.
- Simplified Service Management: Plug-and-play capabilities, singular point-of-service management using Cisco Prime, cost-effective configurations and ease of deployment reduce the need for costly on-site setup, support and maintenance, while providing hardware and software savings.
nV technology capabilities (unveiled June 7) now extend all the way to the access layer to help operators further optimize operations and maximize the cost benefits of virtualized infrastructures. nV technology also provides topology-, place- and capability-agnostic resource consolidation and virtualization for simplified operations, increased network capacity and accelerated IPv6 services. Operators can deploy nV technology with a simple software upgrade.
These innovative solutions deliver on the promise of the Cisco MOVE (Monetization, Optimization, Video Experience) strategic framework, which helps operators better manage, enhance and profit from the rapidly growing volume of Internet traffic and the proliferation of connected devices.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


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Ko Olina Resort & Marina is an active family resort community. Seven translucent lagoons and over a mile of seashore pathways ensure accessibility to an abundance of activities.
Plan your next vacation trip to the beautifull Ko Olina Resort & Marina. Navigate through the amenities, events, dining, and accommodations. No matter what your selection, it is all available at Ko Olina Resort.


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via Lifehacker http://ift.tt/1LpTclz
Chrome may be the best browser around, but it eats up your PC's RAM like turkey on Thanksgiving. If you've ever looked at your task manager, you've probably flipped out at the sheer number of Chrome processes and the memory they hog. Here's why Chrome uses so much RAM, and how to curb its gluttony.


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Framingham Girl Scouts will hold a registration/information night on Monday, Oct. 5 from 5 to 7 p.m. at the United Methodist Church, at the corner of Brook and Water streets, in Framingham.
The cost to register a girl for Scouts is $12.
Please note Each Scout Troop may charge an optional fee for annual or per meeting dues.
Daisy Scouts - K & first grade
Brownie - 2nd & 3rd grade
Junior - 4th & 5th grade
Cadette - 6-7-8 grade
Senior - 9th & 10th grade
Ambassador - 11th & 12th grade
Girls who can not be placed in a troop, for whatever reason, will be registered as a Juliette Scout. .
Leaders are needed at all levels!
If you can not make registration night in October and wish to register your daughter as a Girl Scout, at any level, please e-mail Framingham Service Unit's Membership Coordinator Lauren Fawell at email@example.com


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By Alex Caveda: With just two weeks to go before the biggest fight of the year, the Mayweather and Alvarez training camps are moving up through the gears. The September 14th showdown between Floyd "Money" Mayweather, and Saul "Canelo" Alvarez for the WBC light middleweight. Title in Las Vegas might just break all records as the highest grossing fight outside of the heavyweight division.
This would not be surprising, considering that it pits the biggest draw in American boxing, Mayweather, against Alvarez, the biggest draw in Mexican boxing. For Alvarez this is his first Pay-Per-View mega-event. At just 23 years old the unbeaten Mexican superstar has tasted plenty of success thus far, and is coming off his biggest win this past April,out-pointing Austin Trout. There is of course also the sub-plot of Alvarez being promoted by Oscar De La Hoya's "Golden Boy Promotions", and with De La Hoya a former Mayweather victim, Alvarez could avenge his promoter's honor.
Being that Alvarez has not fought at this level before, it is impossible to know exactly what he is thinking, although to his credit he seems composed, and eager for action come September 14th. On the other hand, Mayweather has been involved in major events for over a decade now. Since his 1998 win over Genaro "Chicanito" Hernandez for the WBC 130lb. title, Mayweather has seen nothing but big fights, and a long streak success in the ring. While it is remarkable that Mayweather has remained at the top level for 15 years, it is even more remarkable when you consider that save for two bouts (2002 with Jose Luis Castillo, and 2007 with De La Hoya, both decision wins for Mayweather), none of "Money's" bouts in that long stretch have even been all that competitive. It has been a rare event that Mayweather even loses a round during a fight, which adds to the aura of his unbeaten record.
Earlier this year Mayweather made a young, world-class boxer, Robert "The Ghost" Guerrero, look very ordinary . With his speed, and timing Mayweather makes boxing at the elite level look easy. Clearly, to maintain this level of success, Mayweather has to have a great degree of focus when entering the ring. This writer had the pleasure of watching Mayweather train at the Mayweather Boxing Club earlier this week.
As usual, the media circus surrounding a major boxing event, is already palpable for the Mayweather-Alvarez fight. In training Mayweather seemed almost nonchalant, as if he was oblivious to the many eyes, and cameras surrounding his workout this past Wednesday. As has become the pattern of late, Mayweather began his workout later in the day than expected, but when he did finally emerge, he was the picture of concentration. After working out on the pads, "Money" began to work out on the heavy bag. There was no public sparring during Wednesday's training camp. During his workout Mayweather appeared very relaxed, and even appeared to be chewing something (perhaps gum) during the workout.
Throughout "Money" was watched closely by his father and trainer Floyd Mayweather Snr. What struck me was the strong bond between Mayweather, and his father. It was an unspoken bond between two men that know the sport of boxing, and know that once again it is time to do the business. Both father, and son had facial expressions that showed focus, but absolutely no visible signs of worry ahead of the big event. The Mayweather heavy bag workout consisted of a marathon 10-minute "round" (rounds are normally 3 minutes), where Mayweather appeared to be working on his stamina, and body punching. While a heavy bag is not an opponent, there were three things that were impressive about Floyd's display. Firstly, his calm composure, and secondly, the fact that he was busy throughout the 10 minutes. However, the third, and most impressive thing to me was Mayweather's focus on digging body punches. As Alvarez is a noted body puncher, Mayweather appears to be refining his own body attack in these final weeks of preparation, and he mixed in the body shots well during this workout. While it is impossible to tell what will happen when the bell rings, I would not be surprised if the early rounds of Mayweather-Alvarez became a battle of body punches. After all, the man with the better body attack will have a major advantage should the bout go into the latter rounds.
The general idea I get is that Mayweather will be ready when September 14th arrives. At age 36, Mayweather has remained unbeaten to this point, and he has shown no signs of slowing down during his training camp. We are now just two weeks away from the biggest boxing event of 2013. The media circus rolls on, but both men know that they must be ready for battle. Fight fans will tune in to see if this is the dawn of a new era in boxing, or if Mayweather will add to his already remarkable ledger. When that first bell rings the questions boxing fans have about the man they call "Money", and the man they call "Canelo" will be answered.
September 1, 2013


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The Joyous Body: Part Three of "The Dangerous Old Woman"
"It is the nature of the saplings to quake in the winds; hesitant, learning to hold their own places. But, the older trees, with their years of testing and being tested, they are the ones who, whether in the long stern winds or misty gales, sway the most. Less a bouquet of tentative trembling first-time buds, now much more the leaf-perfumed hips of a hundred wide women dancing—these old ones, regardless of form, sway, by heart, to the music that thunders through them."
—Clarissa Pinkola Estés, PhD
Dr. Clarissa Pinkola Estés invites you to join her and the Dangerous Old Woman "at the fireside" once again for the third volume of her masterwork on the archetype of the wise woman. This six-session on-demand online program features original stories, poems, and psychological commentary on the challenges, remedies, and ancient knowings of the holy female body, "that which is not a dumb servant but a divine fellow traveler and consort."
Session One
Bones: Listening for the Creation Song
- The Ancient Bristlecone Pines
- Archetypal personification: La Anciana, The Midwife Exemplar
- On creating new life from old
- On the cycle of entropy, death, and vital return
- "The Scar Queen" prayer
Session Two
On the 10,000 Kinds of Beauty, on Ageless Beauty and True Self Love
- Tree Leitmotif: The Forest for the Trees
- Archetypal personification: Old Woman Truth, The Old Woman as "The Original"
- Storyteller's Story: The Beauty-teria
- Story of "The Deer"
- Decoration of the body
- Women's vicious competition
- Beatrice Woods' story
- Story of the old woman in the ladies' room
- "Blessings for Bodies"
Session Three
"Las Barbas Platas, The Great Silverbeards: Making Peace with the Body
- Tree Leitmotif: The Good Orcharder
- Archetypal personification: the consort
- Storyteller's Story: "The Such-Lovely" Woman's Tender Body
- The challenges of menses, perimenopause, and menopause
- Overcoming body shame
- "The Homely Girl"
- La panocha, the vulva
- The body as radiant being
Session Four
The Old Scar Washer, "Little Clay Pot"
- Tree Leitmotif: The Leaf Scar
- Archetypal personification: The wounded healer
- Storyteller's Story: Taking the Father Home Again
- On remarkable life emerging from the midst of the wound
- On healing from the inside out
- On finding meaning in the midst of the trauma
- You did not die
- Mercy for the body
- Not the time of the breast alone
- Add-on and removable parts
- On the twists of fate that occur in life
Session Five
Tongue-cut Sparrow: How to Silence a Woman
- Tree Leitmotif: The Scarlet and Vermillion Tree
- Archetypal Personification: La Alma; The Soul as Pilot; The Visionary
- Storyteller's Story: How the White-Throated Sparrow Came to the New World
- On regaining one's true voice
- On the still small voice
- Story of Mary "Wings," WWII cargo pilot
- Story of how a bird and the soul flies
- Women's dreams
- Story reference to truth-telling, caught talking to the birds
- Memoria, Sabiduria, and other concepts that allow a woman to sing despite bad injuries and still fly free
Session Six
Táncoló Nagymamák, The Dancing Grandmothers
- Tree Leitmotif: The Fairy-Ring Tree
- Archetypal personification: Las Abuelitas, The Little Grandmothers
- Storyteller's Story: The Child Dying to Dust
- On how when one is cruelly cut-down, one can grow back
- On the duty of the old to live on to test the young
- "Grandmother Snow in hospital wanting to go outside"
- Taking joy in teaching
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Customer Reviews
7 Review(s)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by josie cohen
I have found "the Joyous Body" very soothing. Partly its Dr E's voice plus the aproach is very personable and intelegent. Dr E"s capacity for the hard scientific facts suporting sort for loving of the body in need of recognition, attention and valueing has been most helpful. thank you Dr E and Sounds True (Posted on December 17, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Jasminka Muzinic Sabol
Beautiful! (Posted on December 12, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Gunhild Isachsen
I have some computer problems with downloads (Posted on September 7, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Barb Putnam
I found this to be wonderful and exhilarating. I can listen to CPE for hours. Her depth of knowledge, story-telling and applicability to our psyche is unparalelled. More, more....Thanks, Barb P. (Posted on May 17, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Jane Pahr
Listening from Italy so never get to be live on the scene but in the eternal now, CPE never ceases to delight and inspire. Amazing how she can take a simple story and weave together a lifetime of meaning with such sweet pungent spirit. (Posted on May 11, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Mary Friedel-Hunt
I think CPE could say just about anything and we who love her would find it perfect. I so enjoyed this. I do wish we could do it webinar form...i.e. where we could see her. (Posted on May 11, 2011)
Review for The Joyous Body Review by Donna McDaniel
Wonderful informative and inspiring session! I especially enjoyed the part on the wounded healer.
As always, Dr. E was superb! (Posted on April 30, 2011)
Self-Guided Course
|6 Audio downloads (12 hours)
|Date Published
|September 02, 2011
|Product Code


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Welcome to BumbleBee Lodge -
the perfect vacation spot for the whole family!
Located in the scenic Texas Hill Country, just 9 miles west of Kerrville on Hwy 39 between Ingram & Hunt, and less
than 8 miles from numerous summer camps - including Camps Stewart, Arrowhead, Mystic, Waldemar, Rio Vista, Heart o' the Hills,
La Junta.
Absorb the atmosphere of a 70 year old stone farmhouse, while enjoying its remodeled modern amenities.
Morning, Noon and Night -
Take advantage of the oversize pool to splash, swim, float, cool off, unwind and relax!


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New Batman: Arkham Knight Trailer Teases the Most Immersive Dark Knight Simulator Yet
The latest Batman: Arkham Knight trailer may lack the sheer dramatic oomph of the debut teaser, but it has something more important than impressive CG cutscenes: actual gameplay footage. Anyone can cut together a bunch of animated dramatic scenes and get people excited, but it takes inventive and fresh gameplay to make people actually fall in love with the finished product. So, how does the fourth game in the acclaimed "Arkham" series look now that we've actually seen it in action?
Well, it looks pretty good! After an extended introduction by an unseen baddie (who threatens to plunge Gotham City into chaos and what-not), the Caped Crusader leaps into the Batmobile and the actual game footage begins! From what we can see, it looks like a nice mixture of Batman: Arkham City and Grand Theft Auto, transferring Rocksteady's acclaimed-for-a-reason gameplay into an open world environment. If this is anything like the last few games, the story will be pretty good and the combat fantastic, but the real draw is definitely the chance to drive that hulking and badass Batmobile through, over and under Gotham. If that thing controls well and isn't a hindrance (as is the case in some games of this type), it may be a video game highlight of 2014.
Other than that, the trailer offers more of the same, but that's not always a bad thing. It all looks gorgeous (praise be the PS4 and Xbox One, huh?) and we can't imagine Rocksteady flubbing what they've promised is the final chapter of their involvement in the series. We'll reserve any final judgments until the game is out and we have a controller in our hands, but we'll say this much: we really, really can't wait for this to be out and to have a controller in our hands!


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Shop our selection of over 45,000 wholesale arts and crafts suppliest! Sign up today to start shopping.
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- Princeton™ Select™ Artiste Round Paintbrush - Synthetic - Size 6
Brushes & Sponges
The Princeton™ Select™ Artiste round paintbrush makes a handy addition to your painting kit. This synthetic paintbrush has a pointed tip with long bristles packed close together, so you can add detail to your artwork. You can also use it with thinned paint to fill small spaces on your canvas. For an artistic look, this short-handle brush has a silver ferrule and a light blue satiny handle.
- Size 6
- Blue, satin-finish short handle with silver ferrule
- Designed in association with Willow Wolfe


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your bag
Your bag is empty.
Sorry, this product has sold out!
If you would like ARCHFASHION to try to and find it for you complete the form below.
4 places to put your cards,2 places to put your notes ad one place to put your coins
The little go getter NEW FORGOTTEN WALLET from Roxy has sold out. We did have it inPeach/Brown, Black/Grey & Blue/Purple.
Start a "Find It For Me" to notify hundreds of Australian Boutiques that you're looking for it and then be notified if it comes back in stock.


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Final Resting Places: Stanley Park Stories
Saturday September 8, 2012 from 1pm – 3pm
Tickets: $12 cash
Departs & returns to Brockton Point Visitors Centre (at the totem poles)
This historical walking tour features sites & stories about those who "rest in peace" in Stanley Park. Presented by The Stanley Park History Group's Jolene Cumming and Lorraine Irving, president of the BC Genealogical Society. The tour visits the old historic Pioneer Cemetery, the monument to those who drowned in the 1913 Chehalis boating disaster, Deadman's Island's smallpox Pest House site and various other memorials honouring the dead in the park.
Please pre- register at 604 – 873 – 1866. Limited spaces.
More info: www.stanleyparkhistory.ca


text: James Henry Schmitz (October 15, 1911–April 18, 1981) was an American writer born in Hamburg, Germany of American parents. Aside from two years at business school in Chicago, Schmitz lived in Germany until 1938, leaving before World War II broke out in Europe in 1939. During World War II, Schmitz served as an aerial photographer in the Pacific for the United States Army Air Corps. After the war,… (more)


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Tarawa will long be remembered for the valor of the Americans and Japanese who fought there, but the battle was by no means a textbook example of modern amphibious assault. Tarawa was a costly, error-prone experiment for the U.S. Fifth Fleet, a campaign whose principal value remains as an exceptional repository of lessons learned the hard way.
There has never been a flawless amphibious assault against a well-defended shore. The 1944 seizure of Tinian probably comes closest to that distinction, but Tarawa ranks far lower—largely due to the campaign's inflexible operational schedule, woeful communications, and well-built Japanese defenses. The daylight frontal assault against an objective whose fortifications were barely damaged by ineffectual air and naval bombardment represented attrition warfare at its worst. Upon reflection, there are haunting similarities between the Marines wading ashore at Betio against Japanese machine-gun fire and the 1918 Leathernecks advancing through the wheatfields against German machine-gun fire at Belleau Wood.
Yet Tarawa, despite all of its tragic costs, was a major victory. The battle validated the doctrine of amphibious warfare in its first true trial by fire, the underlying principles proving sound despite the ragged application. In less than two weeks, Admiral Raymond Spruance's Fifth Fleet had forcibly seized Tarawa, Makin, and Apamama atolls and swept the Gilberts clean of Japanese outposts. The Marshall Islands were now fully within range of bombers, photoreconnaissance planes, and fighter escorts. The rapidly executed campaign to seize the far-flung Marshalls, codenamed Operation Flintlock, would owe much of its resounding success to the sacrifices, brutally honest assessments, and invaluable lessons learned from the battle for Tarawa.
Front-page Headlines
Many outstanding correspondents had covered the war from the start, including Robert Sherrod of Time magazine in the Pacific theater. During the conflict's first 23 months, however, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration tightly censored news reports from the front lines. Photographs of dead Americans were expressly forbidden until two months before Tarawa, when the President relented, likely in order to inspire public support of sagging war bond drives. Life magazine's issue of 20 September 1943 featured a photograph of three dead soldiers, killed on a beach near Buna, New Guinea, with the editorial comment, "these are our boys, born of our women, reared in our schools, bred to our horizons." The stark photograph elicited a storm of letters to the editor. One New York woman charged Life with "morbid sensationalism."1
People were still buzzing about the groundbreaking photograph when hundreds of even more graphic photographs of Tarawa began flooding the newspapers. Under pressure by newspaper editors and publishers for greater front-line access and fewer restrictions on their reporters, President Roosevelt had agreed to remove most of the barriers. Tarawa became the first battle waged under this so-called "open-door" policy and was covered by every element of the media.
Graphic reports of the fighting became front-page headlines in American newspapers. "Grim Tarawa Defense a Surprise, Eyewitness of Battle Reveals," reported the New York Times, adding an imaginary tagline, "Marines Went in Chuckling, to Find Swift Death Instead of Easy Conquest." Many asked if tiny Tarawa—barely a pinhead dot in the middle of nowhere on peoples' Pacific atlases—had been worth the 3,400 U.S. Marine casualties.2
A Legion of Correspondents
Scores of accredited reporters, photographers, and artists had descended on the 2d Marine Division's headquarters in Wellington, New Zealand. They sailed with the convoy to the Gilberts and landed with the Marines on Betio. Several became casualties; two died. Combat artist Gil Bundy was the only survivor in a Higgins boat filled with troops that suffered a direct hit from a Japanese howitzer. Before being rescued, Bundy spent a horrifying night buried under the bodies of his shipmates as the smoking hulk—his living coffin—drifted aimlessly in the lagoon.
Some members of the press corps were Marines, like Staff Sergeant Norman Hatch, a rifleman turned motion-picture photographer (see story, page 38). Hatch and his team recorded outstanding footage of the ship-to-shore assault and the point-blank fighting ashore, including a remarkable up-close sequence of armed Japanese dashing from a sand-covered bunker at the climax of the assault on day three. Hatch shipped the reels back to the States, where another team edited the raw footage into a 26-minute documentary entitled With the Marines at Tarawa. The closing, full-color scene of dead Marines floating in the lagoon was so powerful that President Roosevelt hesitated several days before releasing it. The film was sensational, and it won the 1944 Academy Award for best short-subject documentary. War bond sales soared; Marine recruiting dropped 35 percent.
Major Norman Hatch's footage and retelling of events in
the Naval Institute's Americans at War Series
The lurid stateside headlines aside, the reporting from the beachhead was on the dead level. Most war correspondents, like Sherrod, boarded Higgins boats in the fourth assault wave. When their boats ran afoul of the reef, they waded ashore under fire with the Marines. The traumatic passage unnerved the veteran Sherrod. "I was scared, as I had never been scared before," he said. "Those who were not hit would always remember how the machine-gun bullets hissed into the water, inches to the right, inches to the left." His terse observations of the battle from a sand dune near Colonel David Shoup's bunker on Red Two became a bestselling book, Tarawa: A Story of a Battle, in 1944.3
Associated Press photographer Frankie Filan ruined both his cameras while struggling to assist a wounded Marine in the fire-swept lagoon. "There I was," he said, "a photographer in the middle of a battle without a camera." Filan continued to rescue wounded men from the turbid waters, earning a Navy commendation for his heroism. Later he borrowed a camera from a Coast Guard photographer and took a riveting, wide-angle photo of the ungodly death and devastation on Betio, a shot that would win a 1944 Pulitzer Prize.4
Artist Kerr Eby, at age 53 the oldest man on either side at Betio, had sketched Marines in French battlefields in World War I. On Betio, his charcoal renderings captured the desperation of the waterborne assault and the vicious fighting beyond the seawall. Asked by young Marines to compare the Great War battles with Tarawa, Eby admitted that Tarawa was by far the worst, calling the assault "a time of utmost savagery."5
The Human Toll
Japanese Combined Fleet commander Admiral Mineichi Koga, having heard nothing further from the Tarawa garrison after the second day of the battle, dispatched a search plane to the atoll from the Marshalls on 24 November. The plane reported "no evidence of Japanese forces left on Tarawa, but great activity by enemy on building of airstrip." It was a tough message for Imperial General Headquarters to swallow. Tokyo waited until 20 December to tell the public that the entire garrison in the Gilberts had been killed in action.6 The 2,571 rikusentai had fought virtually to the last man. None surrendered—the only eight fighters to be captured by the Marines had all been severely wounded. The "Imperial Marines" had sustained a fatality rate of 99.7 percent. Tarawa, in effect, was their Alamo.
This was a harbinger that the Americans did not immediately perceive. In previous campaigns at Guadalcanal and Kiska, the Imperial Navy had skillfully evacuated the last of the Japanese troops to fight again. In the Central Pacific, with the U.S. Fifth Fleet maintaining command of the sea, it now appeared that every amphibious assault would encounter defenders who were prepared to fight to the last man. The long road to Tokyo was going to exact an ever greater toll on both attackers and defenders.
Reports of 3,400 U.S. Marines killed, wounded, or missing at Tarawa roiled the nation, but the public had little knowledge that the Navy had sustained nearly similar losses in Operation Galvanic. The most catastrophic naval loss occurred when the Japanese submarine I-175 torpedoed the escort carrier USS Liscome Bay (CVE-56) off Makin Atoll on the morning of 24 November. The torpedo penetrated the ship's bomb magazine and blew up. So terrible was the explosion that Rear Admiral Harry Hill saw the flash from Tarawa, 93 miles away. The ship sank like a stone, taking 644 men to their deaths, a grim coda to the seizure of the Gilberts. Other Sailors died when a Japanese torpedo bomber damaged the light carrier USS Independence (CVL-22), and a turret exploded on the battleship USS Mississippi (BB-41). Eighty-nine surgeons and hospital corpsmen attached to the 2d Marine Division became casualties ashore, in addition to a number of Navy coxswains, many of whom died at the exposed helm of their landing boats.
Navy surgeon Lieutenant Herman Brukhardt and three corpsmen established an aid station in a captured Japanese bunker strewn with corpses. Clearing a narrow space, the team began tending the wounded, twice having to drop their instruments and draw their pistols when one of the "dead" Japanese abruptly opened fire. Operating with flashlights amid the most primitive conditions imaginable, Brukhardt and the corpsmen treated 126 casualties in the ensuing day and a half. Only four of their patients died.7
Honoring Leatherneck Heroism
One of the patients that Dr. Brukhardt could not save was First Lieutenant William Deane Hawkins, commanding the 2d Marines' elite Scout-Sniper Platoon-the unit that had stormed the pierhead on D-day. On the second day, with his platoon guarding Shoup's command post on Red Two, Hawkins watched in outrage as nearby Japanese gunners began shooting down men of Major Larry Hays' 1st Battalion, 8th Marines as they waded in from their stranded boats.
Hawkins roared an oath and dashed toward the nearest enemy bunkers. His startled men scrambled to keep up with him. In a wild half-hour, Hawkins diverted much of the Japanese fire toward himself—sustaining several wounds—and personally knocked out three enemy positions. A Japanese gunner shot him through the chest. His stricken men snaked him out of the fire and carried him to Brukhardt's aid station. The surgeon did everything he could, but Hawkins had lost too much blood, and the medical team had no plasma. Hawkins opened his eyes one last time, said, "Boys, I hate to leave you like this," and died. His men—and the medical team—wept.
Deane Hawkins would receive the Medal of Honor for his bold attacks on D+1, and the Marines named the captured Betio bomber strip Hawkins Field in his honor.
Posthumous Medals of Honor were also awarded to two combat engineers, Staff Sergeant William Bordelon and First Lieutenant Alexander Bonnyman, for their sacrificial heroism along Red Beach. Ironically, both men and Hawkins shared the distinction of having been rejected by the recruiters of other services before being accepted by the Marines. Hawkins' unsightly burns, the result of a childhood kitchen accident, disqualified him in the eyes of the Army. Bonnyman had been too exuberant an aviation cadet, and the Army Air Forces cashiered him for buzzing the control tower on his first solo flight. The Navy had rejected Bordelon when they found webbing between his toes, a "defect" the Marines considered an advantage.
All three had earned their spurs as enlisted Marines in the Guadalcanal campaign, where Hawkins and Bonnyman received battlefield commissions and Bordelon a meritorious promotion to staff sergeant. All three gave their lives in three successive days during pivotal moments along Betio's beachfront when other Marine lives hung in the balance.
The fourth Medal of Honor to be awarded to Marines at Tarawa went to Colonel David Shoup, the only recipient to live through the experience. Shoup's indomitable leadership throughout the battle had inspired his men to surpass themselves and prevail. Sixteen years later, President Dwight Eisenhower would select Shoup to be the 22d Commandant of the Marine Corps.
Lifesaving Innovations and Improvisations
The old adage "No plan survives the first contact with the enemy" readily applied to Tarawa. The battle swung on the ability of small groups of Marines to adapt to the new reality and quickly devise alternate paths to the objective. Some of this versatility became evident even before D-day. The warrant officers and NCOs of the 2d Marine Division became masters at using unofficial field expedients and off-the-cuff acquisitions to augment a sluggish supply system.
Such a foraging spirit was especially evident in Major Henry Drewes' 2d Amphibian Tractor Battalion. No higher headquarters provided guidance or kits to convert their logistic-support LVT-1 Alligators into assault landing craft. Drewes and his salty staff scrounged whatever they needed from New Zealand sources in order to upgrade each vehicle with improved bilge pumps, armor plating around the cab, rail-mounted heavy machine guns on the bow, and grappling hooks astern to rip barbed wire from its roots. Drewes would die in the assault. His battalion would lose 60 percent of their number and 90 of their 125 LVTs in the fighting. But their innovative field modifications helped deliver the first three assault waves safely ashore at the most critical moment of the battle.
Freshly promoted Major Mike Ryan was a reserve officer, still regarded skeptically by some of the rigid prewar regulars. But no one adapted more effectively to the chaos of Betio than Ryan and his rifle company. Wading ashore from the reef in the fourth wave, Ryan saw the killing zones created by Japanese gunners along the Pocket and led his men out of their assigned lanes and well around to Green Beach, landing relatively unscathed. For the next 24 hours, Ryan—with scant experience in combined-arms operations—forged a provisional battalion of stragglers, learned on the spot how to coordinate naval gunfire and tanks, and swept the entire west face of the island.
Other officers also seemed to thrive in the chaos. Lieutenant Sandy Bonnyman, the doomed engineer officer who would receive a posthumous Medal of Honor, showed up uninvited at Red Beach Three because he was out of a job-a shore-party logistician with no combat cargo to offload and distribute. He watched the 8th Marines struggle to overcome a large, sand-covered bunker that had proven unassailable for three days. After briefly studying the objective, Bonnyman assembled a 12-man storming party of flamethrower operators, demolitionists, and riflemen; rehearsed each Marine's role; and then led them in a charge up the steep slope.
Japanese gunners shot down half of the men; the others flamed the external machinegun nests, dropped thermite grenades down the ventilation pipes, and forced the hundred occupants to bolt out the rear into a fusillade of bullets from the 8th Marines. Bonnyman died on the crest, still unknown. The riflemen had to read his dogtags to identify the man who had, on his own initiative, neutralized the vexing strongpoint.
Tarawa taught other painful lessons. Too many Sherman tanks were lost in the transit from the reef to the beach—they sank in underwater bomb craters, undetectable in the turbid water, and their crews drowned. The supply system had delivered the tanks in time, but not their fording kits, whose hatch seals and exhaust pipe extensions could have saved tanks and crews. Likewise, many of the tank commanders who made it ashore became casualties when they had to dismount to confer with the infantry. The ingenious tank-infantry phone, mounted on the rear of some tanks in the South Pacific, was not available at Tarawa.
Logistical mismanagement almost brought the operation to a standstill. Admiral Chester Nimitz had emphasized speed of offloading to avoid the anticipated Japanese counterattacks. Transport captains readily complied, filling every available boat with cargo, regardless of its priority or the needs of the landing force ashore. Gridlock occurred on the third day as hundreds of loaded boats circled helter-skelter in the lagoon. Colonel Shoup had no idea which boats held the supplies he most needed, nor did he have boats available to evacuate wounded or to transport Major Ray Murray's 2d Battalion, 6th Marines in their assault against the remaining Japanese in the atoll. In this area, as well, Tarawa proved instructive to the campaigns that followed. The V Amphibious Corps at Iwo Jima, for example, with three times the landing force and an equally difficult and contested beach, would never have been able to sustain the month-long assault without the benefit of the painful logistical lessons learned at Tarawa.
An Abiding Legacy
"No More Tarawas" became a mantra for future amphibious planners. The battle's tactical and logistical lessons markedly influenced the landings at Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, as well as the complex plans for Operation Olympic, the planned assault on the Japanese home islands. General Douglas MacArthur's amphibious masterpiece at Inchon in 1950 was a direct reflection of Tarawa's impact. The need to avoid such costly frontal assaults as Tarawa led the Marines and Navy to acquire faster means of forcible entry, such as helicopters and high-speed, air-cushioned landing craft.
For the U.S. Marines, Tarawa was the only amphibious battle that the landing force came close to losing, especially during the vulnerable first night ashore. Many veteran commanders, troop leaders, and war correspondents shared the conviction that the issue remained very much in doubt until daybreak on the second day. Thereafter, despite the setbacks and misfortunes to come, the Marines were ashore to stay. Their costly triumph after 76 hours of close combat reflected an intangible resilience and creative adaptability that salvaged both the battle and the Central Pacific drive to Tokyo.
Aftermath of War: Tarawa Today
By Donald K. Allen
The sands of Betio's beaches are a light beige, and the equatorial sun's reflection off the tiny crystals causes Westerners not wearing sunglasses to squint from sunup to sundown. Washed clean of blood, Red Beaches One, Two, and Three are still hallowed ground for the dwindling number of Marine veterans who landed and waded ashore there in late November 1943. Comrades are still buried in lost graves on Betio, perhaps hundreds.
Time has not been kind to this once-idyllic string of islands that form the Tarawa Atoll. The peaceful, ecologically balanced pre–World War II lives of the Gilbertese people may never be known again. The war brought with it many wonders of Western civilization, amazing things like ice cream, motion pictures, and all sorts of modern machines. The food and drinks were all in packages—cans, boxes, and bottles—that did not decay and decompose as readily as pandanus leaves, coconuts, and fish remains. Then came plastic containers and bags, and trash began to accumulate and blow about the islands.
Word of all the things that could be seen on Tarawa, and especially Betio, traveled to the out islands via monthly supply ships, and the atoll became a magnet, like Disneyland is to Americans. The islanders had to see these things for themselves. Part of the culture of the Gilbertese, now known as the I-Kiribati, is the right of visitation. If you had a distant relative on Betio, you could go there to visit and would be welcomed like the prodigal son. The problem arose when the visitors decided to stay; telling relatives to go back home is not acceptable. Consequently, the atoll's population rose from 1,671 in 1947 to well over 35,000 today. It is estimated that Betio, whose area is only one-half square mile, is home to between 12,000 and 20,000 people. One in four households has at least 10 residents.
Then there is the problem of human waste. The Australians tried installing toilet blocks on Betio, but these soon became plugged with the leaves that were used when toilet paper ran out. Traditionally the beach at low tide or the ocean itself served as the islanders' toilet. Anywhere on the beach below the high tide mark is now used, and because of causeways built between the islands after the war, the flushing effect of the tides is not as efficient. The lagoon side of Tarawa is notoriously polluted. With a 90 percent prevalence of hepatitis A on Tarawa, due partly to the sewage contamination of lagoon sea life used for food, life expectancy is well below average. Diabetes is now a problem from the effects of a Western diet, and alcoholism is also a concern.
At least one U.S. veteran, Leon Cooper, a Navy ensig at Tarawa, is leading a drive to clean up the island. Also, in early October an expedition organized by History Flight, of Marathon, Florida, set out for Tarawa with ground-penetrating radar to search for the remains of the missing in action from the assault force that wrested this atoll from the Japanese. The graves are scattered all over the western three-fourths of Betio, and with buildings, homes, and huts covering much of the island, the task will be challenging.
Dr. Allen, a Youngstown, Ohio, veterinarian, is the author of Tarawa—the Aftermath (www.tarawatheaftermath.com, 2001).
ER, Navy Style
By Nick Cariello
The rough rocking of the waves pushed the Higgins boat against the troopship. I tried to keep my eyes open, but shafts of reflected sunlight bouncing off the transport forced me keep them tightly closed. I then heard the deep baritone voice of the ship's loudspeaker bellow: "Stand by to take aboard wounded! Stand by to take aboard wounded!"
A private first class in F Company, 2d Battalion, 2d Marines, I'd manned an amtrac's .50-caliber machine gun in the first wave ashore on Tarawa Atoll's Betio Island. I'd raked the shoreline the best I could in the bouncy surf on the ride in, and then jumped out onto Red Beach Two. Around twilight, three other Marines and I were evacuating a badly wounded comrade on a stretcher when a Japanese soldier threw a grenade at us. He was quickly killed, but I was wounded by shrapnel. Evacuated the morning of D+1, I never found out what happened to the other Marines.
Now, the relentless Central Pacific sun beat down on me, causing sweat to flow across my body in rivulets. I felt a cool rough cloth on my forehead, and I heard the familiar voice of the corpsman in the Higgins boat. "Want another shot of morphine, buddy?"
I mumbled no, afraid that I might be overdosed. The day before I had been given much of the drug, all I wanted. Thirst, however, came on suddenly, and I asked for water. The corpsman propped me up and poured warm water slowly into my mouth.
I fell into a pain-interrupted semi-doze and then awoke to find myself being winched aboard the troopship and swinging high through the air on my stretcher like a giant pendulum. Anxious voices shouted directions, and I felt eager hands grasping both ends of the stretcher. The phantom hands gently moved me across the ship's hot deck. Then I felt myself being carried down a hatch. The hands finally put me down outside an emergency room loaded with shiny medical apparatus.
Looking up, I saw a very young corpsman, probably 18 or 19, kneeling over me. He was shirtless and had deep blue eyes, almost purple. It was humid and oppressively hot, and the corpsman took a cool rag and wiped my face and neck.
"Got a smoke, doc?" I pleaded.
""Sure," he answered.
I pulled the nicotine-laden smoke deep into my lungs, but then pain started to mount again and I moaned.
"You want some morphine?" the corpsman asked. I nodded and said, "Just a little." He quickly injected the drug into my arm, and I marveled at how soon it worked. I felt blissful, like I was floating. I told the young corpsman how and where I had been wounded. He nodded sympathetically and soon dashed off to find me a cold drink.
Glancing over my shoulder, I saw other wounded Marines on stretchers waiting their turn to be treated. A number of corpsmen hovered over them solicitously as they attended their wounds and needs and dispensing invaluable pain relief with the point of a morphine syringe.
As I waited on my sweat-stained stretcher, I thought about the smells, sounds, and sights of battle. My recollections were jumbled and overlapped. But standing out was the memory of the unbelievable and overwhelming sound of battle. The noise was ear-piercing, relentless, paralyzing, and staggering. It was an unending cacophony of aerial bombing, naval shelling, artillery pounding, mortar blasting, and machine-gun and small-arms fire that blended into seemingly continuous explosions—for hour after hour after hour after hour.
Soon I noticed three lifeless forms off in a corner next to a bulkhead, each carefully wrapped in bright new U.S. flags. Our company had taken a brutal pounding, and I wondered if I knew any of the flag-draped dead.
I was surreptitiously wiping away a few tears on my sleeve when the corpsman returned with a triumphant look on his face as he held a tall glass that had a tiny fringe of frost on its edge. "Lemonade," he said with youthful enthusiasm, adding that he snitched it from the officers' mess.
He held my head gently while I eagerly drank. The cold fluid slid down my throat, lifting my spirits. My thoughts drifted home, and I remembered the great summer drinks my mother concocted, mainly lemonade but with an added slice of orange or lime and sometimes pitted cherries.
Suddenly, the corpsman leaped to attention as a Navy surgeon in a white smock spotted with blood strode toward us. He wore a two-day stubble, and I judged him to be in his mid 50s. "Where'd he catch it?" the doctor asked.
"Both buttocks and especially the upper thighs, sir," was the reply. "He has a lot of shrapnel from a grenade."
When the doctor bent over me and asked me how I felt, I noticed that he had deep brown eyes, like my older brother Joe's. I was worried that I might lose part of my legs but said with bravado, "Ready to go back, sir."
Then the corpsman and a helper carried me into the emergency room, where the acrid smell of numerous antiseptics was stifling. Hands lifted me off the stretcher and were carefully rolling me over onto my stomach on a small white table when a live grenade I had forgotten about fell out of my dungaree pocket and rolled under the table.
Panic resulted as the young corpsman yelled, "Grenade, watch out, grenade!"
I shouted: "No, no, it's OK, it's OK! It's harmless until the pin is pulled!"
After the young corpsman gingerly picked up the yellow-colored grenade and carefully put it on a shelf, he slashed off my dungarees. He then cleaned my arm with a piece of cotton saturated with alcohol and jabbed me with a needle. I soon had that most welcome and comfortable floating feeling provided by the incredible morphine.
As the surgeon skillfully but slowly pulled off the bandages that had been applied on the beach, I gasped in pain. After examining my legs, he handed me a small wad of gauze to bite on and warned, "It's going to hurt."
At first I felt nothing. Then, despite the morphine, scattered pain became one searing hurt throughout my legs. I chewed hard on the gauze until I couldn't stand the pain any more. I moaned loudly at intervals.
"That's OK, son," said the doctor soothingly. "I'm almost finished."
Again I bit down on the gauze as I heard the clink, clink, clink, clink of grenade fragments being dropped into a metal tray. These pieces were at or near the surface; I would need several major surgeries to remove those lodged deeper in my legs.
Finally it was over, and I could hear the surgeon breathing hard as he quickly wrapped my legs in heavy bandages. Then he said quietly, "Thank you for your service, son." I was flattered and replied loudly, almost shouting, "And thank you for your service, sir!" He gently squeezed my shoulder, and I saw his surgical mask crinkle into an apparent smile.
After receiving a medical discharge from the Marine Corps, Mr. Cariello earned a journalism degree from the University of Wisconsin. He worked in journalism for 30 years, including 25 as the news editor of his hometown newspaper, the Racine, Wisconsin, Journal Times.
1. Life magazine, 20 Oct. 1943 (George Strock photograph, editorial), 11 Oct. 1943 (letters).
2. New York Times, 4 Dec. 1943, p. 1. The account, posted by SGT James Lucas, USMC, was authentic; the newspaper's staff conceived the headlines.
3. Robert Sherrod, "One Square Mile of Hell," Time, 6 Dec. 1943. Sherrod, Tarawa: A Story of the Battle (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1944).
4. Frank Filan quoted by Hal Buell, "Why Not a Camera?" in Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else (Princeton Architectural Press: 2007), p. 320.
5. Kerr Eby's comment first appeared in "What's New," a publication of Abbott Laboratories, Eby's workplace, in May 1944; Robert Sherrod later reported it in "Kerr Eby: Combat Artist," Leatherneck, November 1992, p. 67.
6. Sensi Sosho (Japanese War History Series) # 6, Chubu Taiheyo homen rikugen sakusen (1), (Army Operations in the Central Pacific, volume 1), pp. 184 and 191.
7. Interview with former corpsman Robert Costello, 2d Marines, 1994; LT Peter Zurlinden, USMCR, "Pillbox is Used as a Hospital for Tarawa Wounded," Honolulu Advertiser, 4 Dec. 1943, p. 1.


text:
Support for the Rule of Law is a central theme running horizontally throughout all activities of the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. It is also an important tool for achieving the goals of the Ministry.
In Finnish development policy and cooperation, support for the Rule of Law emphasises the creation of democratic and responsible societies which promote human rights. Under the Rule of Law, people can participate in their own development and decision making which affects their own lives.
The United Nations defines the Rule of Law as a principle of governance in which everyone is accountable to and equal before the law. This means the law is the same for everyone, and equal and effective access to justice must be safeguarded for all. The guiding principle of the Rule of Law is that all human rights must be respected and guaranteed for everyone.
Currently, the Foreign Ministry is involved in supporting the Rule of Law in such sectors as: Women, peace, and security; Access to justice in particular for easily marginalized or vulnerable groups; Post-conflict development with particular attention to victims of conflict and Rule of Law aspects in security sector reforms; Ending impunity for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community; and strengthening International Courts and justice.
Finland will organize a side-event on women's access to justice during the High Level Segment of the 67th UN General Assembly in New York in September.
Finland cooperates with the UN, EU, Council of Europe, OSCE, and the World Bank to support Rule of Law. In addition, Finland supports Rule of Law programmes in various countries, such as Afghanistan, Kenya, Laos and Nepal.
Gender Perspective in the Rule of Law
Concerning women, peace, and security, Finland supports the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 which calls for the inclusion of a gender perspective when dealing with the special needs of women and girls during repatriation and resettlement, rehabilitation, reintegration, and post-conflict reconstruction.
Finland also provides financial support to the UN Team of Experts on the Rule of Law and Sexual Violence in Conflict, which has experts from UNDP (UN Development Programme), DPKO (UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations), and OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights).
Finland supports activities which seek to provide individuals and groups that are in easily marginalized or vulnerable situations with access to justice and better information about their rights. Finland also emphasises the situation of victims during peace talks and wants to make sure that human rights and the Rule of Law are respected.
In 2011, the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs launched a program "Equal before the Law: Access to Justice", which aims both at strengthening links between international norms and national law and improving the way national laws are experienced by vulnerable citizens in Central Asia. In line with the Finnish development policy, the program is focused on promoting the rights and equality of women and girls and the rights of people who are easily excluded, particularly children at risk and persons with disabilities. Targeting interventions simultaneously at the state and citizen levels will ensure that the program delivers concrete results in the lives of vulnerable people while assisting governments in the region to meet the needs of citizens and fulfil obligations under international conventions. At the grassroots level, it aims to reach more than 100.000 people through legal consultations, outreach activities and community-based trainings.
The Venice Commission experts are providing training of best practices related to the implementation of the international conventions. The Conference of Central Asian Ombudsmen arranged in Helsinki in March 2012 is a part of the regional activities within the program, which has a budget of 5 million Euros for 30 months.
Security and Justice Sector reforms in fragile states and states recovering from conflict include a broader Rule of Law support approach. This kind of reforms are not just about strengthening the effectiveness of key security sector actors and institutions, such as the army, police, justice system, prisons, and border guards. They are also concerned with ensuring the capability of the security sector to carry out its responsibilities, and they contain the promotion of good governance as part of the foundation of a strong, secure society.
The principles of preventing impunity for the most serious international crimes, such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and ensuring that all perpetrators of such crimes are punished form the core of the Finnish support for the Rule of Law. Ending impunity and prosecuting those responsible, including for crimes of sexual and other violence against women and girls, is one of the main elements of UNSCR 1325. This is what Finland emphasises in its foreign policy, including development policy.
One of the primary channels for the Finnish Foreign Ministry support for the Rule of Law at the international level is through the International Criminal Court (ICC), which is an independent international tribunal funded primarily by its States Parties. This Court is governed by the Rome Statute. Its seat is at The Hague in the Netherlands.
The jurisdiction of the ICC is complementary: the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute for the Rome Statute crimes lies with states themselves. It is however not always possible to investigate and prosecute for such crimes at the national level. In these situations the ICC has an important role in fulfilling the gap at the international level. It is also consistent with the Statute that the international community recognizes the role of national proceedings. To this end, states should provide assistance to strengthen the rule of law structures at the national level, which would support the national implementation of the Rule of Law. Finland also promotes the ratification of the Rome Statute worldwide.
Finland gives as well support to the activities of other international tribunals such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the completion of the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Finland's financial contribution for ending impunity for the most serious international crimes reaches some 500 000 Euros every year.
In fighting impunity, Finland emphasises the rights and status of victims of the ICC crimes. It is important to ensure that the voices of the victims are heard in the Court proceedings. Finland also supports the work of the Victims' Trust Fund of the ICC, which has a central role in efforts to bring justice to the victims.
A strong international justice system is an important component in maintaining peace and security. In the fight against terrorism, Finland underlines that all measures against terrorism must comply with international law, including human rights law, humanitarian law and refugee law.