text: Notice: Undefined index: HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE in /conf.php on line 647 Download Island Tribe 2 from NewGamesPrograms.com New games: Mozilla FireFox 25 Delta Force - Black Hawk Down Burn4Free 6.7 Settlers 2 Gold Edition (Veni, Vidi, Vici) Bigfoot 4X4 Challenge New games: Star Defender 4 Aladin and the Enchanted Lamp Extended Edition Tomb Raider: Survival Edition Crysis 3 Aliens Colonial Marines New games: SimCity Goodgame Empire Alex Gordon Brickshooter Egypt Jewel Match 3 NewGamesPrograms.com The best games to download Navigation » Games » Programs » Flash games » Free online games Computer games to download Games:Actions, Adventures, Arcade, Card & Boardgames, Casino, Children, Erotic, Sports, StrategiesAbandonware:3D Shooter, Actions, Adventures, Platforms, RPG, Sports, StrategiesFree games:Actions, Adventures, Browser, Sports, StrategiesRelated:Applications, Mods, Tips & Tricks Free programs to download Internet:Browsers, E-mail clients, Filesharing, Messengers, Online Privacy, Parental Control, Plug-Ins, Spam FiltersEntertainment:Science, ScreensaversWebmasters:Code Editors, FTP Clients, Webmaster toolsMultimedia:Codecs, Converters, Copy & Burn CD/DVD, Media Players, Mobile Devices, Organizers, Photo editing, Video & Music EditionSecurity:Anti-Spyware, Antivirus, Backup, Data Recovery, Encryption, Firewalls, SupervisionUtilities:Business, Compression, Lottery, Tweaks & Tunes, Updates Home - New games - Free games - Games Adventures - Island Tribe 2 Island Tribe 2 Purchase Download In Island Tribe 2 you take part in another exciting adventure in Island Tribe series. Again, you will meet the settlers from the previous games in the series who fled from a large volcanic eruption. Now you need to help the tribe find a new place to be where they can once again build a home. It sounds simple, but there are many little quirks that take into account. You will find materials, constructing buildings, overcome obstacles and solve certain problems in the entertaining Island Tribe second Play for free right now! Play the game for free and learn more about the best online games for mobile phones with Android, PC and MAC! Download Download other files from HQ sites: Free online games Play free games browsergames and MMO online Adult Sex Games Download sex games 3D new erotic games and adult games ConvertXtoDVD 4 Convert all kind of multimedia files to DVD format In Adventures category we recommend Shaiya Shaiya is a online role-playing game, giving the opportunity to play together or against a friend. Environment Shaiya is very similar to that of World of Warcraft. You play a hero and earn points by killing monsters and performing dangerous missions. The game has excellent three-dimensional... Island Tribe 2 In Island Tribe 2 you take part in another exciting adventure in Island Tribe series. Again, you will meet the settlers from the previous games in the series who fled from a large volcanic eruption. Now you need to help the tribe find a new place to be where they can once again build a home. It... Last Chaos Last Chaos is a great role-playing game that allows online gaming. Stand in the middle of the struggle between the forces of light and darkness. Last Chaos is very similar to World of Warcraft, you can create your own individual character, which then trekking and discover the world and... FreeCiv FreeCiv based on the popular game, Sid Meier 's, Civilization. FreeCiv is turn-based multiplayer game, players are becoming the leaders of civilization, their task is to dominate the competition and winning the title of the strongest group. Civilization fans without any major problems should... Treasure Island Treasure Island is a free arcade game placed in pirates world. Take part in a great journey to Caribbean island. Try to solve all the puzzles, match three objects, move them to build bigger groups. Island keeps the pirate mystery and you need to solve it. Try to win all the etaps and fight with... Aladin and the Enchanted Lamp Take part in a great arcade adventure Aladin and the Enchanted Lamp game. Aladin lives in Bagdad, he is in love in beautiful princess Jasmine, but she is out of his world. She is very rich and he has only one ring that he had inherited from his father. One day stranger sorcerer told him where to... Copyright 2010-2018 NewGamesPrograms.com - get new programs, play online games and download free PC games Play new free browser games Play here! Close


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Yep, Finished the bar Except for the lines. Still waiting for Q-line in the mail.
Mostly North components to keep the mating simple.
What I've done.
Used North 2011 CL & Bar, cleat, Stopper ball and depower handle.
Added North Microloop & Hook upgrade.
Used 4 mm Amsteel power line and pulled it through Teleflex Marine pilot tubing with an inside diameter of 3.6 mm (Semi hard plastic tubing) That was a PITA!
Filed the bar hole out and polished it to accommodate the new sheathed powerline. (Bar wouldn't spin properly before)
Added new Switch Bar line attachments.
Added Switch front line swivel.
Spliced 1.5 feet of 3 mm Amsteel back into the end of the depower line. (For better grab on the cleat. 4 mm was too small and I worried about it slipping)
Made a stopper ball out of 1/2" nylon stock
Made a front line leader from 4 mm Amsteel
Drilled out the bar stopper ball and drilled out the stopper ball lock to allow for the larger and stiffer powerline to operate in it.
Still waiting on the post office to deliver the Q-line. First package was lost in the mail. Next one on the way.
I think I'll try to feed the Q-line (single front line flag out) through the bar and CL but not through the bar stopper. Ill go outside that.
I intend to power the flag front line with the nylon stopper ball against the swivel..
It will have one small figure 8 or overhand knot at the nylon stopper. I imagine the knot will be 3 mm thick and should easily pass through the 5 mm hole in the CL when I release.
If that does not work flawlessly, then I'll go with my original plan of making a side leash mod on the CL.
I'll let you know how it works out.
I'm hoping to get 2 or 3 years or 500-600 sessions out of this setup before needing to replace anything. Seems bombproof anyway.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lions receiver Calvin Johnson has 1,428 receiving yards this season, putting him on pace to break Jerry Rice's single-season record of 1,848 yards, set in 1995. But the Lions are eyeing an even bigger number.
Detroit offensive coordinator Scott Linehan told the team's website that it's completely realistic that Johnson could become the first player in NFL history to reach 2,000 yards in a season.
"That receiving number . . . we're not about individuals, we're not trying to put a game plan around guys getting individual records, but certainly would love to see it," Linehan said of Johnson reaching 2,000 yards. "Nobody better than Calvin to be able to have an opportunity to help our team win while he's getting in position to maybe break history."
Johnson needs 572 yards over the final four games of the season to get to 2,000, and that's certainly not out of the question, considering that he has 661 yards in the Lions' last four games. Johnson will probably get even more passes than usual thrown his way over the final four games of the season, not because the Lions are trying to get him the record but because they're running out of options: The Lions' second, third and fourth receivers are all done for the season, with Nate Burleson suffering a broken leg, Ryan Broyles suffering a torn ACL and Titus Young suffering from being a pain in the butt whom the coaching staff has decided to send home for the rest of the year.
Of course, that also means opposing defenses can focus even more on stopping Johnson. And when the offensive coordinator is openly talking about getting Johnson record-breaking numbers, that provides that much more motivation for the other team's defense to stop it. But opposing defenses are already doing everything they can to stop Johnson, and in his last 16 games, he has 2,199 yards, including six 150-yard games. It's entirely reasonable to think Johnson could average 150 yards a game for the next four games, which would put him over 2,000. With room to spare.


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Lets Reinvent Conferences
Frankly I felt that BlogOn was a waste of time and money. While I was sitting in the afternoon session (Track B luckily, as from all reports Track A was just a series of advertisements from sponsors) and blogging, reading RSS feeds, and watching the IRC channel stream by I recalled a post from Supernova by Martin Tobias -- Supernova Thoughts in which he writes
Unfortunately, many of the sessions had an erie unproductive quality to them. The Gillmor Gang noted this as well. These days most conferences provide a wifi network and much of the audience is on their laptops during the sessions. But SuperNova, true to it's name, was OVER THE TOP in this regard. Nearly EVERYBODY was frantically typing away in e-mail, IM, or their blogs during all the sessions. Leaving the poor people on stage to wonder if anyone was listening! The CEO of Skype called in on a POTS line. It was erie to be in the audience looking up on stage at powerpoint slides being driven by an assistant with the dis-embodied voice coming over the PA. And of course he couldn't hear questions and the mikes didn't work well, so the Q&A was a disaster.I think that there are two challenges to the modern conference. Let me call these problems (1) Revenue Vs. Content and (2) Polyphonic Channels.
Revenue Vs. Content
Every conference organizer struggles with a balance between (a) providing content that attracts interesting paying attendees and (b) the value that this interesting paying attendee audience offers to potential sponsors. There are four ways that conference managers leverage the interesting paying audience in order to extract money from sponsors -- advertising (such as a logo on the conference bag); demonstration areas where sponsors have tables or booths to promote their company or product; special presentations in which companies have the opportunity to draw an audience to a demonstration of their product and talk by their representative; and (most insidiously) content participation, either in the form of keynote presentations or panel participation.
A particularly bad trend has been to present conferences, such as BlogOn, in which all of the sessions are panels. While this is a boon to conference organizers (more speaking slots to curry favor with sponsors) it is a disaster for attendees. Most panels are run as general investigations of a topic -- the moderator asks softball questions of each panelist, the conversation leaps from issue to issue, the result is a conversation that is a mile wide and an inch thick. This might work at a conference where the audience knows little about the topic. But at a conference like BlogOn the audience often knows MORE about the topics under discussion than the panelists.
Solution -- focused presentations by individuals that are in-depth and offer the opportunity for Q&A with a specific individual. Where a panel is scheduled, the topic should be specific (ideally divisive), panelists should represent opposing views (or at least a range of views), and the moderator's job should be to keep the conversation on topic, not dominate the conversation with his or her own questions.
Polyphonic Channels
At the modern conference we have wi-fi access allowing side bar conversations via IRC, wiki, blogs, IM, and email. Half the people in each session are typing away furiously on their laptops, more engaged in the blogosphere than in the meatspace. The challenge for conference organizers is how to bring these separate threads of conversation together, instead of allowing them to splinter. Can IRC, blogs, and wiki add value to the ongoing sessions in real time?
The suggestion was made at one point in the BlogOn general session to display the IRC channel on the main screen behind the panelists. Let everyone see the conversation amongst the attendees that was happening simultaneously with the panel discussion. For a variety of reasons this didn't happen, but the idea pointed in the right direction. For example, why should audience members go up to a microphone to introduce themselves and ask a question (which most often devolved into a statement... you know what I mean if you have been at one of these...) Why not have questions asked on the IRC channel and allow the moderator to sort out which of these really consitituted an on topic question?
Solution: This will require experimentation, but conferences such as BlogOn is the perfect place. Use technology to make these conferences a conversation amongst all attendees, not just a presentation by a minority.


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About .TAXI Domains
The .taxi domain extension is managed by the Donuts registry. To learn about the regulations and pre-registration information that apply to .taxi, see About Donuts Domain Names.
For information about Donuts' registration process, see Registering Donuts domains.
The following dates apply to the .taxi launch plan:
Launch: 6/18/15 at 18:00 UTC
Trademark Holder (Sunrise)
Start Date: 6/9/15 at 16:00 UTC
End Date: 8/8/15 at 16:00 UTC
Early Access (Landrush)
Launch: 8/12/15 at 16:00 UTC
General Availability
Launch: 8/19/15 at 16:00 UTC
For .taxi pricing, click here.


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Patient Center
Contact Us
Select a department to call.
April 1, 20194:15 PM
Thank you for choosing Dr. Hanna Mahase for your medical needs.
If you are unable to find a desired time, please contact the office at 407-483-3376 and the receptionist will be happy to accommodate you.If you are a new patient, please contact our office directly to schedule your appointment.
To reschedule an appointment, call us directly at 407-483-3376.
In order to expedite your visit, please bring the following items:
· A list of current medications. · Insurance card(s) and a Photo ID.
For questions about insurance and billing, call us directly at 407-483-3376.
Thank you again, and we look forward to seeing you!
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Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers! 2012 has been in many respects a disappointing year, in some an awful one. But there remains a great deal to be thankful for. Among many other things, we are grateful for our conservative friends and allies who keep alive the vision of a better nation and a better world.
About that holiday shopping: although I don't think we have ever mentioned it, we are an Amazon affiliate. That means that if you click on our book shelf, which takes you to Amazon, and then buy something, we get a small percentage of the purchase price, at no cost to you. It doesn't have to be a book either; anything you buy after accessing Amazon via this site, we get credit for. One time someone clicked on the book shelf, bought a book, continued shopping and bought a laptop, too. We got a percentage on the laptop. Yahoo! So to speak.
Now, we aren't going to distract our readers with links to knife sales and the like at Amazon–just kidding, Glenn–but we would sincerely appreciate it if, in the course of doing holiday shopping at Amazon, you go there via our book shelf, regardless of what you are shopping for. Thanks!
Finally–speaking of holidays–I have been somewhat on holiday from this site in recent days, due to work demands. But I should be back in business over the holiday weekend.
UPDATE: Michael Ramirez adds this topical Thanksgiving reference:


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We recently updated the VRC's Other Art Resources Online page with links to several Japanese image resources online. These include a link to the Tokyo National Museum's website, with a version in English organized by type, region, and what is currently on display at the museum.
Other new links include: Japanese cultural properties, Japanese national treasures in public museums, Kyoto National Museum's collections database, and Japanese modern art in Japanese public museums.
Questions, or suggestions of other websites to add to the list? Please contact the VRC.


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We employ some of the most experienced wine personnel in the area.
Warehouse Prices
We buy big and pass the savings on to you. We find the best values in liquor, wine and beer and price them the same low price whether you buy 1 bottle or several cases. Great EVERYDAY Prices. No Gimmicks!
Special Orders
If we do not carry it, we can order it for you. No order is too large or too small. We specialize in special orders and we want to be your ONLY source for adult beverages.


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GNAVille Taste of Country Music Festival Word of the Day for Tuesday
Haven't gotten your Taste of Country Music Festival tickets yet? You may be in luck.
WGNA is giving away a pair of tickets to the Taste of Country Music Festival at Hunter Mountain June 13-15 to 10 lucky listeners. Not only do these lucky listeners get to attend the country music festival, but they will have the exclusive opportunity to camp in GNAville, a special section where "The Sean & Richie Show" staff will be hanging out with games and an exclusive opportunity to meet and greet an artist.
Winners will also receive a Dierks Bentley CD and t-shirt.
All you have to do is listen to "The Sean & Richie Show" tomorrow morning and during the 7 a.m. hour, they will give a cue to call. Be the first caller at 476-1077 and say the word of the day (below) and you will win the tickets!
WORD OF THE DAY: Brad


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Chalkwell Coaches to Concerts
Sittingbourne-based coach operator Chalkwell has announced coach travel to forthcoming concerts at The 02 and Wembley Stadium.
They will be running coaches to The 02 for Take That on June 10 and 11 and to Wembley Stadium for the Adele concert on July 1 and 2.
Said Jenny Barham, Chalkwell Coach Hire and Tours: "This is coach only and ideal for those who have tickets, but are unsure as to how they might get to these concerts.
"The coach eliminates the expense of trains, tubes and parking and will arrive at the venue between 4.00-5.00 pm with the return immediately after the concert finishes.
"We will operate a number of pick ups throughout Swale, Medway and Gravesham, to the venues.
"The cost of travelling to the Take That concert will be £20 per person and £25 to the Wembley Stadium venue for Adele.
"We expect to be adding more artists, venues and dates very soon," said Jenny.
Bookings can be made online at www.chalkwell.co.uk or by calling 01795 423982


text:
- Home
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I have been testing USTREAM for only about 24 hours and have run into some issues.
I have been testing with a PC connected camera and it works fine. Then, I switch to a mobile test, using the same account, and my phone. When I "Go Live" with my phone, I lose the video from my PC camera, as my single channel now streams the video from my phone. This is expected.
But what I would like to do, is to have the PC streaming revert back, as the live video, when I'm done with my phone camera. Since I won't be at the PC, it needs to somehow restart itself (i.e. rebroadcast). In other words, I would like to
1) Start the video stream from my PC
2) Travel away from the PC and initiate another stream with my phone or other mobile camera
3) When the video stream in #2 is completed and stopped, have the video stream revert back to the video from my PC.
Is that possible? If so, how?
I tried the "schedule event" but apparently that is just a notice and doesn't actually "start broadcast".


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|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Horse Bar revisited
|Audio Days Paris
Vive la France
|AES New York
The return to NYC
|NAMM Moscow
Go East!
|Audio Days Paris
Encore une fois
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Lucky Number Sevin ;-)
|NAMM Anaheim
Visiting Mickey
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Old friends, new friends.
|Audio Days Paris
Meet the makers
|Fifth anniversary
Time to party!
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Less trouble, more fun.
|Unicorn or time travel?
The Joel Hamilton interview
|AES New York
Welcome back.
|Question upon question : )~
The pan60 interview
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Five already?
|Forward or backward
On compressor topologies
|AES San Francisco
Ghandi & the Giants
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Meet the family
|High-End Gear Hamburg
Small yet Ooh-La-Laah
|AES New York
Jazz, Viruses & Liberty
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
One, two, three...
|Demotour London
London calling elysia!
|AES San Francisco
|Direct Metal Mastering
On visit at Stockfisch-Records
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Second sighting, twice as good
|AES Vienna
Compressor Boys versus Kaiserschmarrn
|Chemical Brothers
The brothers gonna work it out!
|AES New York
We love New York!
|High-End Gear Cologne
Meeting of the pro audio freaks
|How everything started
The alpha compressor and how it entered ...
|Musikmesse Frankfurt
Premiere in Frankfurt/Main
|AES Paris
Baguette and class-A
|Emergency Compressor
First aid for dynamic disasters
|AES San Francisco
elysia tours the United States
Interview with Dominik of elysia
by pan60
So Dominik, tell me a bit about elysia, as well as yourself.
elysia, that's basically Ruben Tilgner and me. We started this company five years ago because we were pretty much fed up with what we were doing at the time... I still remember it well. The two of us were sitting outside of our famous small pub in the middle of summer and complaining about the job while drawing one great idea after the other on any beer mat available. I have kept quite a lot of these – you never know what idea they could spark in the future... Anyway, the combination of frustration and zest for action led to the inevitable. We resigned from our existing jobs and started our own company to make things better. But, our 'history' goes back even further than this. Years before we started elysia, we played in a 5.1 surround jam band together with two friends for quite some time. So, it was music which made us meet in the first place.
What instruments do you guys play?
Ruben plays keyboards and Rhodes, and he is an experienced front-of-house mixer as well. I play electric bass and a little bit of guitar. Sometimes I even sing, but I won't send you any samples of this ;-) Both of us have a lot of cool FX units. Ruben mainly builds them for himself, while I have a nice collection of rare and freaky stomp boxes and the like.
I remember the first time I saw one of your compressors. I thought – WOW! That looks so sweet. It has got to sound good. : )~
Then you are one of the good guys, hehe... No kidding! When we initially posted the first pictures of the alpha compressor on the internet, a lot of people thought we wanted to hide a 'maybe not so good' audio quality behind a well-designed faceplate. The truth was just the other way around. We found the sound quality of the first prototype to be so convincing that we felt the need to also show the 'inner values' of our first product on the outside, too. A lot of time and effort went into designing the housing and the knobs (all custom parts), while the audio electronics were further enhanced by Ruben, at the same time. In the end, these efforts gave the company its face, and we have kept this approach with every new product we have developed, so far. We want them to sound good, look good and feel good.
I love cool looking gear! It has a quality build and a great sound as well. When the looks and sound all come together, then it is just sexy! Your first compressor was the alpha compressor, a design for mastering applications. Since the release, it has won a number of awards, not limited to, but including: PAR Excellence Award and MIX Certified Hit Award in 2006. And the mpressor has been nominated for a TEC Award in 2008. By the way, are you and Ruben the owners of the company? Are you also the designers, managers and everything above?
In a small company like ours, you're always a little bit of everyone and everything. But, to be a little bit more specific, Ruben and I own 50 percent of the company, each. Right from the start, it was very important for us not to be dependent on external people. Ruben is taking care of the technical part - he is responsible for R&D as well as production. He has been doing this for more than 15 years now, and he is a well known and respected engineer in his field, especially when it comes to discrete designs. Among many other things, he has developed the Transient Designer many years ago. My part is everything else (management, communications, sales, etc.). All things which have to be done here at elysia are basically done by just two people – you can imagine that we don't get bored so easily.
Bored, LOL. Yep, it sounds like a handful, or two. : )~ It's cool to know that Ruben has been the developer of so many successful projects. Some include: the Transient Designer, the GainStation and the MixDream for SPL. The xpressor 500 is all discrete class A stereo, why not just a linkable mono unit?
That's mainly because of the features we wanted to implement into this product. We needed all eight knobs and four switches to create the compressor we had in mind... without functions like the gain reduction limiter, integrated sidechain filter, mix controller, auto fast and warm mode the xpressor 500 wouldn't have been much more than a 'me too' product, at least in terms of features. But, we really wanted to take the 'most wanted' specials of our flagship products and offer them on a product which is much more affordable. As a two slot configuration gives you two ins and two outs, the only question remaining was: Do we make it stereo or should it be mono with an external sidechain? We think the design works really well as a bus compressor, so the answer more or resolved itself.
You two are into plugins, as well. In 2009 you launched the mpressor plugin. Could you please tell us more about the plugins? Do you see more coming?
In the beginning, we were really skeptical about the whole thing. When you put so much effort into every little detail of your gear, you really keep wondering how all this could be translated into software. Luckily, we knew the guys from Brainworx ever since we started our own company. We finally decided to just give it a try. They eventually convinced us of their high quality of their work. Especially the emulation of the control behavior of the mpressor, which is absolutely stunning! Even if there are certain things in the analog realm that cannot be emulated by 100 % today, I still think that software is absolutely a worthwhile application. This becomes even more true if you are working exclusively in the box anyway or if your budget does not allow for the best converters and analog gear. And yes, at the very moment we are working on the next plugin for release this year.
Class A - why did you choose Class A? I know people see Class A and Class AB all the time and I have no clue just what it is. I read, the other day, someone commenting about the Class A as being better then Class B. Which is better, then, Class AB and C. LOL Do you care to touch on this topic?
So far, all of our hardware products are operating in permanent Class A mode. From the technical point of view, this means that the transistors are always conductive, resulting in the absence of crossover distortion. But, what is more important is the pristine sonic base this produces. The general sound character is always wide, open and transparent. It can really lift the curtain, and obviously we like this very much.
I always ask everyone to reassure me about using surface mount stuff. I never had an issue with it, but that stuff is just so freakin small! Sometimes I'll get a unit in and I have to find my glass just to make sure there is really something on the darn board. : )~
Let's have a look at two different things: The devices themselves and the fact that they are surface mounted. The latter is a no-brainer, if you ask me. The components are placed and soldered by machines, which is more precise and faster at the same time. It gives you a more reliable product, which can be sold cheaper because you can save money in production. The components are different, though. It's true, if you use the wrong stuff in the wrong place, you'll notice a degradation of the audio quality. When we designed the xpressor 500, we wanted to avoid this, by all means. One example is the resistors we selected. We do not place the super-tiny ones in the audio path, but only the larger, so-called MELF types which differ from standard components only by the lack of through-hole pins. Also, conventional caps have been placed where we found SMD types not to be appropriate. Finally, those thermally coupled transistor pairs are a true blessing for discrete designs, helping to keep the parameters stable. The bottom line is: SMD is not a problem. But, as with every other audio design, you have to know what you're doing to get the right results.
So, how long has the xpressor 500 been in the works?
I have just checked this -- my first sketch is dated April 2009. The active work on this project must have been something like twelve months. But, this does not only include the design and production of the product. It also includes writing the manual and website info, developing sound samples and creating a demo video. Of course, this has not been one complete year of continuous work – the other products and many other things require their time, too. The development of this product went very smoothly, as we were able to benefit from our earlier developments quite a lot.
You guys pulled this off nicely and in a very timely manner. What made elysia want to get into the 500 format?
We really like the idea that people can arrange their individual mixture of specific modules from the manufacturers they like best. Ok, this could also be done with 19" equipment, but here another pro of the 500 series comes into play-- the price. Not having to pay for an additional power supply and housing every time you want to add something to your studio is a cool idea. And, the different form factors made available by using 500 compatible racks adds to the flexibility of the format. For us, the xpressor 500 has been the first chance to offer a flexible discrete Class A product in a completely different price range. Of course, we'd like to see many people working with and benefiting from our products, but this is simply not possible with our top-of-the-line products. Our first module has just been released, and we're very curious to see how things will develop. I'm saying this because we have two or three concepts for really interesting follow-ups in the drawer. But hey, no chance – it's too early to reveal what this is all about yet...
I know this is covered in the manual, but let's chat about some of the very cool features on the xpressor here. I was very glad to see some of these features. Many of these are unique, found your flagship compressors:
- The auto fast attack mode.
- Switchable release characteristic.
- The warm mode switch for instant coloration of the signal.
- An integrated side-chain filter.
- elysia's special gain reduction limiter.
- Mix controller for onboard parallel compression.
Generally speaking, we like the idea that if someone is willing to spend serious cash on analog hardware these days, he should get a flexible tool that can be convincing in a variety of applications, instead of a one-trick pony. Of course, the challenge, here, lies in providing enhanced functionality without creating a nightmare in terms of usability. I feel that with the xpressor 500 we have found a good way to provide all the important functions everybody wants from a compressor, plus some additional useful goodies. In short, these are:
Auto Fast
Inspired by its big brothers-- the switchable semi automation for a perfect attack on the basis of the value set by the user.
Log Release
This alternative characteristic of the release curve follows a logarithmic course instead of the standard linear progress and results in a very gentle kind of compression.
Warm Mode
The xpressor 500 offers a second switchable sound flavor by altering its frequency spectrum, harmonics and transient response.
Sidechain Filter
A tunable low cut filter in the sidechain of the xpressor 500 avoids overcompression and pumping when there is a lot of low-end energy in the mix.
Gain Reduction Limiter
This novel limiter is not placed in the audio path as usual, but restricts the control voltage of the compressor instead.
Parallel Compression
Available directly on the unit-- the direct and the compressed signal can be blended in any desired relation by simply turning the mix controller.
To wrap up, here are my opinions: One, do I like these guys and the company? YES! These guys have been amazing to work with, and for me that is a must! Two, quality and service? I had no issues with elysia. This is a great company that truly cares about their product and reputation! Three, how does this bad boy sound? Well, here are my thoughts on the elysia xpressor 500. elysia has been a voice to be reckoned with since their debut when it comes to compression. The xpressor is no exception. A combination of modern assemble technology and high quality components in the audio path as now delivered by elysia, as well as making the 500 format just that much more appealing! This is not what I would call a MOJO compressor by any means, but that was not the target. The warm mode adds just the little bit to appease those wanting a bit of moxy. It is not too heavy handed. I would say it is just right. The xpressor is what I would label as a clean compressor, it has very little color. It has a clear and open sound with a good deal of punch. Aside from a sweet lay-out and being easy to use, this is a great sounding and performing compressor with some wicked features. The elysia xpressor drives it home with those modern stunning looks! This is not just a compressor for twisting dynamics. The xpressor is begging to be strapped on a two buss. Thumbs up from the Pan man! I'll be watching for more products from these guys! You will want to get your hands on one!


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junglesmacks wrote:Rain Man was pretty committed to his Hanes tighty whitey's, too. I guess both will still be sitting in a corner still trying to figure out who's on first for some time to come.Dr Helix wrote:I may not agree with you, but I respect somebody that's as committed to a subject as you seem to be.
See now that's funny! And....hopefuly..................we're done here.


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Sunday, January 29
at Playhouse Square – Ohio Theatre
1501 Euclid Ave., Cleveland
Special offer for friends and members of the Maltz Museum: purchase one ticket at the regular price, receive second ticket at 50% off for this matinee performance. Enter code MJH when you purchase tickets. Code can be used at the box office day of the performance.
From the innovative minds of Israeli choreographer Inbal Pinto and director Avshalom Pollak comes Oyster, a magical and mysterious work that combines the dreamlike qualities of Fellini and the keen intellect of Pina Bausch. Enter a fantastic circus-world of wandering street acrobats and oddly beautiful creatures. Performers and dancers in doll-like make-up, spiky blonde wigs, and tutus alternately become puppets or puppeteers. The unique movement combines ballet, contemporary, mime and acrobatics in an unforgettable, magical evening.


text:
Hack 9: Customize User Configurations
Now that you know how to set up a useful environment for yourself, it's time to share the wealth.
It's very easy for a system administrator to ensure that each newly created user starts out with the same configuration files. For example, every user can receive the same customized prompt, shell variables, or hotkeys.
Whenever you create a new user, several default (and hidden, or dot, files) are copied into the new user's home directory. In FreeBSD, the source of these files is /usr/share/skel/. Any customizations you make to these files will be seen by all subsequently created users. Do note that you'll have to manually copy over any modified files to existing users.
It's useful to understand these files, as they apply to every user you create. Depending upon your needs, you'll probably end up removing some of the defaults, customizing others, and even adding a few of your own.
Default Files
Let's take a quick tour of the default files:
% ls -l /usr/share/skel
total 24
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Jul 28 16:09 ./
drwxr-xr-x 27 root wheel 512 Jul 28 16:06 ../
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 921 Jul 28 16:09 dot.cshrc
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 248 Jul 28 16:09 dot.login
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 158 Jul 28 16:09 dot.login_conf
-rw——- 1 root wheel 371 Jul 28 16:09 dot.mail_aliases
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 331 Jul 28 16:09 dot.mailrc
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 797 Jul 28 16:09 dot.profile
-rw——- 1 root wheel 276 Jul 28 16:09 dot.rhosts
-rw-r–r– 1 root wheel 975 Jul 28 16:09 dot.shrc
Note that each starts with the word dot . However, when the files are copied into a user's home directory, the dot s turn into literal dots ( . ). Also, the files in this directory are owned by root , but when a new user is created, the cop ied over files will change ownership as they are placed in that user's home directory.
dot.cshrc. Let's examine each default file, starting with dot.cshrc. ("Useful tcsh Shell Configuration File Options" [Hack #2] introduced several .cshrc
hacks.) If you'd like new users to receive your customizations, simply replace /usr/share/skel/dot.cshrc with your hacked version of .cshrc. Don't forget to rename the file as you copy it:
# cp /root/.cshrc /usr/share/skel/dot. cshrc
Here, I overwrote the default dot.cshrc by copying over the superuser's customized version of .cshrc. Although you could edit /usr/share/skel/dot.cshrc directly, you may find it more convenient to have a customized copy stored elsewhere.
All isn't lost if you already have existing users whom you'd like to receive this file. First, find out what users already exist and have home directories. This is a quick way to do so:
# ls /usr/home
dru test
Since this system has only two existing users, it's an easy matter to copy over my customized .cshrc. I'm also a lazy typist, so I use ~ instead of typing out /usr/home . Also note that I have to remember to manually change ownership:
# cp /root/.cshrc ~dru/
# chown dru ~dru/.cshrc
# cp /root/.cshrc ~test/
# chown test ~test/.cshrc
If your system already contains many users, you'll probably prefer to write a script. Here is an example:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# copydotfiles.p l
# – copy default files to user directories
# – change ownership of those files
# You may wish to change these constants for your system:
use constant HOMEDIR => '/usr/home';
use constant SKELDIR => '/usr/share/skel';
use constant PREFIX => 'dot';
use strict;
use File::Copy;
use File::Spec::Functions;
die "Usage: $0 <files> <to> <copy>n" unless @ARGV;
for my $user ( get_users() )
for my $dotfile (@ARGV)
my $source = catfile( SKELDIR(), PREFIX() . $dotfile );
my $dest = catfile( $user->{homedir}, $dotfile );
if (-e $dest)
warn "Skipping existing dotfile $dest…n";
copy( $source, $dest )
or die "Cannot copy $source to $dest: $!n";
chown( $user->{uid}, $dest );
sub get_users
local *DIRHANDLE;
opendir( DIRHANDLE, HOMEDIR() )
or die "Cannot open home directory: $!n";
my @users;
while (my $directory = readdir( DIRHANDLE ))
next if $directory =~ /^./;
my $path = File::Spec->catdir( HOMEDIR(), $directory );
my $uid = getpwnam( $directory );
next unless -d $path;
next unless $uid;
push @users, { homedir => $path, uid => $uid };
return @users;
This script first examines all of the users with home directories, returning a list of those directories and the user IDs. It loops through that list, copying each dot file you provided on the command line to that user's home direc tory and changing the ownership to the user.
If you run it as:
# copydotfiles.pl .cshrc
all users will receive a new .cshrc file, unless one already exists.
dot.login. The next file, dot.login, is used only by the csh and tcsh shells. If your users don't plan on using these shells, you can safely remove this file from /usr/share/skel. If your users do use those shells, consider whether there are any commands you would like to run when users log in. Note that this file is read after .cshrc.
By default, the only uncommented line in this file is:
% grep -v '#' /usr/share/skel/dot.login
[ -x /usr/games/fortune ] && /usr/games/fortune freebsd-tips
Here, I used the reverse filter switch -v to the grep search utility to look for all the lines that do not begin with the # comment symbol.
The resulting line tells the shell to run the fortune program. If you chose to install the games distribution when you installed FreeBSD, your fortune appears just before the MOTD whenever you login. Have you ever noticed that you don't receive a fortune when you use su ? That's because .login is only read when you log in, and the default invocation of su does not actually log you in.
Instead, it opens what is known as a nonlogin shell. You also get one of those every time you open an xterm . Basically, the only time you get a real login shell is when you type in your username and password at a login prompt.
Herein lies the difference between .cshrc and .login. Place what you would like to happen only when you log in into .login, and place what you would like to happen whenever you use the csh shell, even if it isn't a login shell, into .cshrc. If you don't see the need for a difference, you don't need /usr/share/skel/ dot.login.
dot.login_conf. Reading the default contents of dot.login_conf will give you an idea of its purpose and where to go for additional information:
% more /usr/share/skel/dot.login_conf
# $FreeBSD: src/share/skel/dot.login_conf,v 1.3 2001/06/10 17:08:53 ache Exp $
# see login.conf(5)
# :charset=iso-8859-1:
# :lang=de_DE.ISO8859-1:
Note that this file is commented by default, but shows the syntax a user can use to create a customized .login.conf. Usually such settings are set in the glo bally administrated /etc/login.conf file, and individual users can override only some of those settings. If your users don't have a need or the know-how to configure those settings, you can safely remove this file from /usr/share/skel.
dot.mail_aliases and dot.mailrc. The next two files work hand in hand and customize the behavior of man mail . Since it is quite rare to find users who still rely on the original mail program, you can safely remove those files.
dot.profile. The dot.profile file is read by the Bourne, bash , and Korn shells. It is the only file read when a user logs into a Bourne shell, the first file read when a user logs into the Korn shell, and is optional for bash users.
If your users don't use the Bourne or Korn shells, there's not much sense populating their home directories with this file. Depending upon your slant, you may wish to keep this file in order to place path statements and environment variables for use with Bourne shell scripts. However, most users tend to place those directly into the script itself to allow for portability.
If your users wish to use the bash shell, which isn't installed by default, keep in mind that .profile allows a user to override the settings found in the global /etc/profile file. You may find it easier to make your edits to the global file and then remove /usr/share/skel/dot.profile. More sophisticated users can always create their own ~/.profile. However, most bash users tend to make their modifications to ~/.bash_profile.
dot.rhosts. Did you happen to notice in the earlier long listing that this file has different permissions from most of the other files? If you read man rhosts , you'll see that this file is ignored if it is writable by any user other than the owner of the file.
So, when is this file used? It's used when a user types one of the r* commands: rsh , rcp , or rlogin . I won't show you how to set up this file or use those commands, as they were designed for use back in the days when networks were considered trusted. They've pretty well been replaced by ssh and scp , which provide a much safer way to log into remote systems and to transfer files. For this reason, I always remove /usr/share/skel/dot.rhosts from my systems.
dot.shrc. The last default file is dot.shrc. As you may have guessed, it is the rc file for sh , the Bourne shell. Again, if your users don't log into that shell, they won't miss this file.
Missing (but Useful) Dot Files
Now that we've had the opportunity to look at the default files, it's time to consider any useful missing files.
dot.logout. We've already seen that ~/.login is read when a user logs into the csh or tcsh shells. Not surprisingly, ~/.logout is read when a user logs out of their login shell. This is an excellent place to put commands you would like to execute as a user logs out. It could be something as simple as:
# more dot.logout
# this line clears your screen when you logout
# add your own commands or scripts, one line at a time,
# which you would like to execute
# whenever you logout and leave your terminal
This dot.logout will clear the user's terminal, making it much neater for the next person who logs in. Notice that I commented this file, so the user is aware of its use. When creating your own dot files, use lots of comments. If you intend for your users to customize their own dot files, use comments that explain the syntax they can use when they do their modifications.
dot.logout can run any command or script that suits a user's needs. Here are some ideas to get your imagination rolling:
- A script that backs up the user's home directory
- A script that shows how much time the user spent online
- A script that displays other statistics, such as available disk space
dot.xinitrc. I also find it very useful to create a custom dot.xinitrc. By default, users receive the extremely lightweight twm window manager. Since I usually install KDE, this line ensures that each user will receive that window man ager instead:
# more dot.xinitrc
exec startkde
You can also specify which programs you would like to launch when a user types startx and their ~/.xinitrc file kicks in. For example, this is a popular line to add:
# more dot.xinitrc
exec xterm &
exec startkde
This starts an xterm in the background. Notice the & at the end of its line—this is to ensure that once xterm loads, it doesn't interfere with any other programs that are still loading. When you're creating your own dot.xinitrc, you can start any program you like. However, start your window manager last. Start your other programs, one line at a time, putting an & at the end of each line. The only line that does not have an & will be the very last line, the one that loads your window manager.
Since I prefer to start my browser instead of an xterm , here is my customized dot.xinitrc:
#to start another program when you "startx", type:
#exec path_to_program &
#before these lines
exec /usr/X11R6/bin/mozilla &
exec startkde
There are dozens of possibilities for customized dot files. Take stock of your own systems, and ask yourself: "What programs do my users use?" For example, if your users use bash , vim , screen , procmail , or fetchmail , why not start them off with a customized configuration file that contains comments on how to add their own customizations and URLs of where to go for fur ther ideas? A little homework and creativity on your part can help your users get the most out of the utilities they use on a daily basis.
Editing /usr/src/share/skel/Makefile
Let's end this hack by examining where the default dot files in /usr/share/skel came from in the first place. You'll find the answer here:
% ls /usr/src/share/skel
./ dot.login dot.profile
../ dot.login_conf dot.rhosts
Makefile dot.mail_aliases dot.shrc
dot.cshrc dot.mailrc
That Makefile controls the installation of those files:
# more /usr/src/share/skel/Makefile
# @(#)Makefile 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
# $FreeBSD: src/share/skel/Makefile,v 1.8 2002/07/29 09:40:13 ru Exp $
FILES1= dot.cshrc dot.login dot.login_conf dot.mailrc dot.profile dot.shrc
FILES2= dot.mail_aliases dot.rhosts
NOOBJ= noobj
all clean cleandir depend lint tags:
${INSTALL} -o ${BINOWN} -g ${BINGRP} -m ${MODE1} ${FILES1}
${INSTALL} -o ${BINOWN} -g ${BINGRP} -m ${MODE2} ${FILES2}
.include <bsd.prog.mk>
Even if you've never read a Makefile before, you'll find it's not too hard to figure out what's going on if you already know which results to expect. In this Makefile, FILES=1 is simply a list of files to install. Take a look at MODE1 ; it tells the chmod command what permissions to set on those files.
Similarly, FILES=2 is another list of files. Those two files had different per missions, which were defined by MODE2 .
Move down to the install section. Don't worry so much about the syntax; rather, notice the pattern. The first set of files are installed and their mode is applied. Then the second set of files are installed with their mode.
It's an easy matter to customize this file to reflect the dot files you'd like to see installed. In this example, I only want to install my custom versions of dot.cshrc, dot.login, and dot.xinitrc. Since they all require the first mode, I'll remove any references to the second set of files:
# cd /usr/src/share/skel
# cp Makefile Makefile.orig
# vi Makefile
# @(#)Makefile 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
# my customized dot files to be installed into /usr/share/skel
FILES1= dot.cshrc dot.login dot.xinitrc
NOOBJ= noobj
all clean cleandir depend lint tags:
${INSTALL} -o ${BINOWN} -g ${BINGRP} -m ${MODE1} ${FILES1}
.include <bsd.prog.mk>
Now let's try a test run. I'll replace the default dot files found in /usr/src/share/skel with my customized versions. I'll then remove the contents of /usr/ share/skel and see what happens when I run my customized Makefile:
# cd /usr/src/share/skel
# rm dot.*
# cp ~/mystuff/dot.* .
# rm /usr/share/skel/*
# ls /usr/share/skel
# make install
install -o root -g wheel -m 0644 dot.cshrc dot.login dot.xinitrc
# ls /usr/share/skel
dot.cshrc dot.login dot.xinitr
I find it very handy to keep a copy of my customized Makefile and dot files in a separate directory, in this case ~/mystuff. This ensures they are backed up. It's easy for me to grab those files whenever I want to customize a partic ular system.
{mospagebreak title=Hack 10: Maintain Your Environment on Multiple Systems}
It's especially important to use a separate location if you use cvsup to keep your system up-to-date. Otherwise, your next update will notice your modified src and happily replace those missing original source files. But don't worry; it won't touch your new
Of course, sometimes this is a very useful trick in itself. If you ever mess up a file located somewhere within /usr/src , a quick cvsup will put everything back the way it was. See "Automate Updates" [Hack #80] for details on automating cvsup .
The Other BSDs
The preceding discussion is based on FreeBSD, but it also applies to NetBSD and OpenBSD systems, save for a few tiny differences outlined here.
NetBSD. NetBSD administrators will find the skeleton home directory in /etc/skel. Specify a different location by passing the -k option to useradd .
OpenBSD. OpenBSD systems store the skeleton home directory in /etc/skel. Specify a different skeleton directory location by passing the -dotdir option to adduser .
See Also
- man adduser
- The manpages returned by apropos user
The sign of a true Unix guru is the ability to perform a task quickly when confronted with an unfamiliar shell, keyboard, terminal, window manager, or operating system.
A large part of using Unix systems effectively involves configuring a comfortable environment using familiar tools available from the Unix shell prompt. It's much easier to perform a task quickly when all of the shortcuts your fingers have learned work on the first try.
Even something as simple as setting up your prompt the way you like it can steal significant time from your productivity if you need to do it on several hosts. If you're going to spend significant time in a Unix shell, it's worth getting organized. A bit of onetime effort will reward you later, every time you sit down at the keyboard.
Enter unison
unison is a tool for maintaining synchronized copies of directories. I've used it to maintain a central repository of all of my dot files, shell scripts, signatures file, SpamAssassin configuration—basically any file I'd like to have available, regardless of which host I happen to be logged into.
You can install unison from the NetBSD pkgsrc collection:
# cd /usr/pkgsrc/net/unison
# make install clean
FreeBSD and OpenBSD ports also include net/unison.
Even better, this utility is available for most Unix and Windows platforms. See the main unison web site for details.
Using unison
Whenever I configure a new Unix host or get a shell on another system, I install unison . Then, I create a directory to receive the files I've stored in the /usr/work/sync directory at host.example.com. I call the local directory ~/sync.
To synchronize those two directories:
% unison ~/sync ssh://firstname.lastname@example.com://usr/ work/sync
p = /home/david/.unison; bn = .unison
Contacting server…
p = /home/david/sync; bn = sync
email@example.com's password:
After ssh prompts for a password or pass phrase, the unison exchange begins. On a first-time synchronization, unison will ask only one question: whether you wish to copy the remote directory to the local host.
Looking for changes
Warning: No archive files were found for these roots. This can happen
either because this is the first time you have synchronized these roots,
or because you have upgraded Unison to a new version with a different
archive format.
Update detection may take a while on this run if the replicas are large.
unison will assume that the last synchronized state of both replicas was com pletely empty. This means that any files that are different will be reported as conflicts, and any files that exist only on one replica will be judged as new and propagated to the other replica. If the two replicas are identical, then unison will report no changes:
Press return to continue .
Waiting for changes from server
Reconciling changes
local host.example.com
<—- dir / [f]
Proceed with propagating updates? [] y
Propagating updates
UNISON started propagating changes at 11:44:39 on 02 Feb 2004
[BGN] Copying
from //host.example.com//usr/work/sync
to /home/david/sync
[END] Copying
UNISON finished propagating changes at 11:44:41 on 02 Feb 2004
Saving synchronizer state
Synchronization complete
I now have a populated ~/sync directory on the new system, organized into subdirectories. Each subdirectory contains the files I find useful to carry around with my various accounts on multiple Unix machines.
Notice also that although my preferred shell is tcsh , I maintain a .cshrc and .profile for use on systems where tcsh is not available.
Automating the Process
I've automated the process with a simple shell script called sy in my bin directory. sy runs the unison command to synchronize the ~/sync directory.
unison ~/sync ssh://username@host. example.com://usr/work/ sync
Creating Portable Files
Making good use of the sync directory requires some discipline. It's one thing to be able to copy files easily; it's another thing to be able to use them without modification on several hosts.
To take advantage of this hack, when you copy the dot files to your home directory and notice that something doesn't work exactly the way you like it to, make sure you don't simply change it for the local host.
Instead, update the dot files so that they use conditional if statements, shell backticks (e.g., `hostname` ), or environment variables, to make them behave correctly on the new hosts without breaking them on the systems where you already use them. Then, copy the dot file back into your ~/sync directory and run the sy script. unison will prompt for a password or passphrase for the ssh connection, then ask you to verify that you want to update your files back to the main server.
The first few times you do this, you may introduce breakage when the new dot file is used on another host. With a bit of practice you'll learn how to avoid that. The most important trick is to test. Open a shell to the host and update the dot file, and then open a second shell to the host without closing the first one. If you broke anything that affects your ability to log in, you can fix it with the first shell and test again.
There's no need to resynchronize every other host you use for each file you change. I generally wait until I'm logged onto a given host and need a newer script, or need to make some additional changes to the local copy of the dot file. Then I synchronize, make the changes in the sync directory, test them locally, and resync them back to the main host.
Using this approach means that I don't have to reinvent the wheel every time I want to perform a procedure I've done before. Any process useful enough to be done a couple of times becomes a script in my toolkit, and is conveniently available anywhere I have a shell. With unison , I don't have to keep track of which files were modified on which end of the connection since my last update.
Keep in mind that using a tool like unison can provide a mechanism for someone to attempt to feed updates into your central file repository. When you log into a host and run the update, be conscious of whether unison asks for approval to send back changes. If you don't remember making those changes, you might be helping an attacker feed a Trojan horse into your .login, which could end up giving the attacker access to every system you use that script on. unison will ask for confirmation for every file change. Presumably, your central host is secure, but you need to be partic ularly conscious when permitting file uploads.
See Also
- The unison home page (http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/ unison/)
{mospagebreak title=Hack 11: Use an Interactive Shell}
Save and share an entire login session.
How many times have you either struggled with or tried to troubleshoot another user through a thorny problem? Didn't you wish you had another set of eyes behind you so you could simply type your command set, point at the troublesome output, and say, "That's the problem." Well, if you can't bring another user to your output, you can still share that real-time output using an interactive shell.
Recording All Shell Input and Output
There are actually several ways to share what is happening on your screen. Let's start by recording all of your input and output to a file. Then we'll see how we can also allow another user to view that output from another terminal.
Your BSD system comes with the script command which, not surprisingly, allows you to script your session. This command is extremely simple to use. Simply type script :
% script
Script started, output file is typescript
By default, script will create an output file named typescript in your current directory. If you prefer, you can specify a more descriptive name for your script file:
% script configure.firewall.nov.11.2003
Script started, output file is configure.firewall.nov.11.2003
Regardless of how you invoke the command, a new shell will be created. This means that you will see the MOTD and possibly a fortune, and your .cshrc will be reread.
You can now carry on as usual and all input and output will be written to your script file. When you are finished, simply press Ctrl-d. You will see this message:
Script done, output file is configure.firewall.nov.11.2003
If you've ended a script and decide later to append some more work to a previous session, remember the -a (append) switch:
% script -a configure.firewall.nov.11.2003
This will append your current scripting session to the named file.
I find script extremely useful, especially when I'm learning how to config ure something for the first time. I can easily create a written record of which commands I used, which commands were successful, and which commands caused which error messages. It also comes in handy when I need to send an error message to a mailing list or a program's maintainer. I can simply copy or attach my script file into an email.
Cleaning Up script Files
The script utility is a very quick and dirty way to record a session, and it does have its limitations. One of its biggest is that it records everything, including escape characters. For example, here is the first line from one of my script files:
[1mdru@~ [m: cd /s [K/ysr/ [K [K [K [K [Kusr/ports/security/sn o rt
It's a bit hard to tell, but this is what script was recording:
cd /usr/ports/security/snort
This isn't really script 's fault; it's ugly for several reasons. One, my customized prompt contains control characters. Those display as [1m and [m around my username. Second, I had problems typing that day. Instead of /usr , I typed /s and had to backspace a character. Then I typed /ysr and had to backspace three characters. Finally, I used tab completion. You can see that I tried to tab at sn but received a beep; I then tried to tab at sno and had my input completed to snort .
Granted, if I had first used the file utility on my script file, I would have received a warning about this behavior:
% file configure.firewall.nov.11.2003
configure.firewall.nov.11.2003: ASCII English text, with CRLF, CR, LF line
terminators, with escape sequences
All is not lost, though. This command will get rid of most of the garbage characters:
% more configure.firewall.nov.11.2003 |
col -b > configure.firewall.nov.11.2003.clean
col is an interesting little utility. It silently filters out what it doesn't understand. Here's an example where this actually works to our advantage. col doesn't understand control characters and escape sequences, which is exactly what we wish to get rid of. Including
-b also asks col to remove backspaces.
The result is much more readable:
1mdlavigne6@~m: cd /usr/ports/security/snort
% file configure.firewall.nov.11.2003.clean
configure.firewall.nov.11.2003.clean: ASCII English text
I've found that using an editor during a script session also produces very messy output into my script file. The preceding col -b command will clean up most of the mess, but I still won't have a very good idea of exactly what I typed while I was in that editor. For this reason, I use the echo command to send little comments to myself:
% echo # once you open up /etc/rc.conf
% echo # change this line: linux_enable="NO"
% echo # to this: linux_enable="YES"
% echo # and add this line: sshd_enable="YES"
If you really want to get fancy, map one key to "start echo" and another to "end echo" as in "Use Terminal and X Bindings" [Hack #4].
Recording an Interactive Shell Session
Let's look at an alternate way of recording a session. This time I'll use the -i (or interactive) switch of my shell:
% csh -i | & tee test_session.nov.12.2003
tcsh is linked to csh in FreeBSD. It doesn't matter which one I type; I'll still end up with the tcsh shell.
In that command, I used -i to start an interactive tcsh shell. I then piped ( | ) both stdout and stderr ( & ) to the tee command. If you've ever looked at physical pipe plumbing, you'll recognize the job of a "tee" in a pipe: whatever is flowing will start going in both directions when it hits the "tee." In my case, all stdout and stderr generated by my shell will flow to both my monitor and to the test_session.nov.12.2003 file. When I'm finished recording my session, I can type Ctrl-c, Ctrl-d, or exit to quit.
Like the previous script command, an interactive csh shell will present me with a new shell. However, this method does not record escape characters, meaning I won't need to use the col -b command to clean up the resulting file.
But if I try to use vi during my session, the shell will refuse to open the editor and will instead present me with this interesting error message:
ex/vi: Vi's standard input and output must be a terminal.
If I try to use ee , it will open, but none of the commands will work. pico works nicely but still throws garbage into the session file. So, if I need to use an editor during my session, I'll still echo some comments to myself so I can remember what I did while I was in there.
Appending works almost exactly like it does for script , again with the -a (append) switch:
% csh -i | & tee -a test_session.nov.12.2003
Letting Other People Watch Your Live Shell Sessions
Regardless of which method you choose to record a session, another user can watch your session as it occurs. In order for this to work, that user must:
- Be logged into the same system
- Know the name and location of your script file
For example, I've created a test account on my system and configured sshd . I'll now see if I can ssh into my system as the user test and watch the results of dru 's test_session.nov.12.2003.
% ssh -l test 192.168.248.4
Once I successfully log in, my customized prompt indicates I'm the test user. I can now use the tail command to watch what is happening in dru 's session:
% tail -f ~dru/test_session.nov.12.2003
My prompt will appear to change to indicate I am the user dru . However, I'm not. I'm simply viewing dru 's session. In fact, I can see everything that the user dru is seeing on her terminal. This includes all of her input, output, and any error messages she is receiving.
While tail is running, I won't be able to use my prompt. If I try typing any thing, nothing will happen. I also can't interact with the user or change what is happening on her terminal. However, I do have a bird's eye view of what that user is experiencing on her terminal. When I'm ready to return to my own prompt, which will also end my view of the session, I simply need to press Ctrl-c.
See Also
- man script
- man file
- man col
- man tee
- man tail
{mospagebreak title=Hack 12: Use Multiple Screens on One Terminal}
Who says you can't run multiple sessions from one terminal?
Running a graphical environment is great. You can have numerous applications and utilities running, and you can interact with all of them at the same time. Many people who have grown up with a GUI environment look down upon those poor souls who continue to work in a terminal console environment. "After all," they say, "you can only do one thing at a time and don't get the same information and control that you have in a desktop environment."
It's true; they do say those things. (I am curious to know who they are, however.)
It's also true that the utility of a graphical environment diminishes when you need to administer machines remotely. Do you really want to squander network bandwidth just to maintain a GUI session?
Here are some more questions to ask yourself regarding remote administration:
- Are you worried about making your services vulnerable just so you can administer them across the Internet?
- Do you want a secure connection?
- Do you want to run multiple terminal sessions from a single login?
- Do you want to be able to password protect your session to prevent unauthorized access?
- Do you want multiple windows with labels and of different sizes?
- Do you want to copy and paste between the windows?
- Are you prepared to lose a connection to your remote machine in the middle of a critical operation?
- Would you like to be able keep the session active even after you've lost it or you've logged off the remote server?
- Do you want to take over a session that you launched from another machine?
- Would you like to keep a hardcopy log of your sessions?
You are indeed a poor soul if you've reconciled yourself to the standard ssh login without any hope of resolving these questions. But all is not lost—the solution is screen .
What Is screen?
screen is a terminal screen window manager. That means you can use a console and run multiple terminals at the same time. The fancy term for this ability is multiplexing.
Getting and installing screen is straightforward using the ports facility:
# cd /usr/ports/misc/screen
# make install clean
I'm working with Version 4.00.01 (FAU) 18-Sep-03.
Getting Started
screen has many options, settings, and commands. Although we'll attempt to address the major features, the definitive reference is, of course, the manpage.
There are three methods of command-line invocation:
screen [ –options ] [ cmd [ args ] ]
For invoking screen for the first time and running specific options and commands
screen -r [[pid.]tty[.host]]
For attaching to and detaching from running sessions
screen -r sessionowner/[[pid.]tty[.host]]
For attaching to and detaching from existing sessions being run by other users
Multitasking with screen
The best way to understand screen 's power is to give you an example of how you can take advantage of it.
Suppose you are sitting at workstation alpha . You want to access your machine, bravo , to download and compile the latest PostgreSQL source code. Log into host bravo as user charlie using SSH:
% ssh -l charlie bravo
Invoke screen . If you give it a session name, with the -s flag, you can address this session by name. This will pay off shortly.
% screen -s A
Go ahead and download the source code now:
% ftp ftp://ftp3.ca.postgresql.org/pub/source/v7.4/postgresql-
Using windows with screen. So far, this has no advantage over a normal SSH login. Yet suppose you need to send some email while you're downloading. Instead of putting the download into the background, create another screen window with the key sequence C-a c. This symbolizes that the Ctrl key is pressed with the lowercase letter a and then, after releasing them, you press a second key, in this case c.
At this point the console will go blank. You'll be presented with a second window. Use your favorite email client to compose your message.
Switching between windows. You'll probably want to switch between the download and mailer windows. Cycle forward in the window list with C-a n . Cycle backward with C-a p , although you'll likely see no difference with two windows.
Splitting windows. Being the efficient person that you are, you'd like to com pile the source code as soon as it has downloaded. Even though you haven't completed your email, go back to the original window and extract the tarball:
% tar -xzpvf postgresql-7.4.tar.gz
Wise administrators read the INSTALL file to make sure all the correct options are invoked. It'd be very handy to be able to read the instructions as you compose the configure command in the same console. screen comes to the rescue here, too: split the window horizontally, running configure in the top half and reading the documentation in the bottom half.
Type C-a S to split the screen, where the S is uppercase. You should see a wide horizontal bar in the middle of the screen. The top window will show whatever existed when you split the window. You'll also see the window's ID on the left side of the middle bar, along with the name of the shell.
The bottom window doesn't yet have a shell running. Set the focus to the other window with C-a Tab . Create a new window with C-a c , as usual. Notice that the window has the ID of 2 (shown in the bottom lefthand corner); that's because the email window that you created after starting the download has the ID of 1.
Better window switching. To list all windows associated with this session, use the command C-a " .
If cycling through windows is onerous, you can also switch between windows by ID. For example, C-a ' 1 will go to window 1.
Be prepared for a little confusion because the screen remains split and now shows the window of your choice in the currently focused window. You can quite easily show the same window in both the top and bottom halves.
Enter window 0 with C-a ' 0 , and extract the tarball into its own directory. Enter window 2 with C-a ' 2 , and navigate to the uppermost directory of the source code to read the INSTALL file.
Naming windows. ID numbers identify windows pretty well, but I prefer to use names of my own choosing. Change a window's name with the command C-a A . For example, C-a A email , C-a A source , and C-a A doc seem like a big improvement for the currently active windows.
Now, listing the active windows with C-a " will show the following:
0 source
1 email
2 doc
At this point, you have one screen session with three windows. Your terminal is split such that it shows two windows at the same time.
Attaching and Deattaching
Suppose you are called away from the workstation in the middle of a sensitive operation (that is, you haven't yet sent your email). Type C-a x to protect your session. Depending on your configuration, you will either input a password for the screen or use the default account password.
Now suppose you don't return to your workstation. What do you do? You can ssh into bravo from a new location and attach to your existing screen session with screen -dr A . Remember, A was the name of the screen session.
After finishing and sending your email, kill off that screen. Type the command C-a k in the email window.
With that business finished, scroll back through the INSTALL text file to find interesting configuration switches. You could retype them, but screen has a perfectly capable copy mode. Type C-a ESC .
Use the cursor keys to navigate to the portions of the document you want to copy. Hit the space bar to mark the beginning of the text to copy. Scroll around to the end of the text with the cursor keys. The current selection will display in reverse video. When you're satisfied, hit the space bar to copy the current selection into the buffer.
Switch to the source window and use C-a ] to paste the copied text.
You don't need the doc window anymore, so switch into it and either exit the shell or use the key sequence C-a k to kill it. You could also merge the split screens together with the key sequence C-a X .
Once you've started compiling, you can close the terminal but leave the session active by detaching it; just type C-a d . One of the nice features about detaching the screen is that it is done automatically if you lose connection with the server, so you won't lose your session. You can reattach to the session later from the same location or from another workstation altogether.
Additional Features
These are only the basics of what screen can do. Here's a quick listing of other features you might enjoy:
- Since the key bindings are not cast in stone, you change them as you see fit in the .screenrc resource file.
- It's possible to authorize other users access to your screen session via an access control list.
- More than one user can access the same screen session.
- You can create any number of windows in a given screen session.
- It's possible to hardcopy all activity in a screen session to a buffer and even a file.
- An extensive system of copy and paste features exist within the screen session.
You can control all of these features with the .screenrc resource file. See man screen for details.
See Also
- man screen
- The GNU Screen home page (http://www.gnu.org/software/screen)


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text:
October 27, 2010
Witness: My new blog at Psychology Today
has invited me to be a featured blogger at their website. The blog, "Witness," will feature posts oriented toward a more general readership. I hope you like the title; a friend came up with it for me. I've fired up the new blog with a couple of my most popular posts from this blog. One, "Delusional Campaign for a World without Risk," was selected for the "essential reading" section on the magazine's front page. Psychology Today offers a simple rss feed and other file-sharing software, so I am excited about the opportunity to increase my audience. I'll be adding more material as time allows, so feel free to check back there from time to time.
1 comment:
- FpsY said...
I like the name
- October 28, 2010
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text:
March 19, 2007
By CYRUS LEVESQUE
ADDISON COUNTY — After a winter that remained warm well into January, no one knew what to expect for Vermont's sugaring season. But now that the area has had a sustained cold period followed by a few thaws, those who feared what the unpredictable weather would mean for one of Vermont's iconic industries can breathe a sigh of relief.
So far, local sugarmakers say, the season is getting started only a few days later than average, and the sap is as sweet as ever.
"The flavor is wonderful," said Sam Cutting Sr. of Dakin Farms in Ferrisburgh. "Now we need the weather to get straightened out."
Barbara Rainville of Lincoln said that her family had expected to start earlier than usual until cold weather arrived around the middle of January. The recent sub-zero weather has delayed them a little, but she thinks it will have little or no overall effect.
March 15, 2007
By JOHN FLOWERS
MIDDLEBURY — Past and present Addison County school officials on Tuesday gave mixed reviews to Vermont Education Commissioner Richard Cate's proposal to reduce the number of school districts in the state from the current 280 to 58.
Around 45 people — most of them current or former school board members and supervisory union administrators — gathered at Middlebury Union High School to listen to, and critique, Cate's ideas, which could soon be incorporated into legislation being drafted by the House Education Committee.
Cate — who was not present at Tuesday's meeting — has suggested that whittling the state's school districts down to a smaller number could reduce administrative headaches and allow schools to better share equipment and personnel.
The current system, according to Cate, has become unwieldy — particularly for superintendents, who are often accountable to several school boards.
ADDISON — Three regional historic preservation groups are urging the New York Department of Transportation (NYDOT) to rehabilitate, rather than replace, the deteriorating Lake Champlain Bridge.
Representatives of the Preservation Trust of Vermont, the Preservation League of New York State (PLNYS) and Adirondack Architectural Heritage made their feelings known on Wednesday at a press conference at the Crown Point State Historic Site. At that meeting, PLNYS officials announced they were adding the Champlain Bridge — also known as the Crown Point Bridge — to the organization's "Seven to Save" list. The list annually features seven historic sites in New York that the organization has deemed "in danger of disappearing because of lack of funding and financial incentives, insensitive public policies, general neglect, disinvestment and … outright demolition."
The Addison Independent wants to hear from you and what is happening in your community. Expanding addisonindependent.com, the staff welcomes you to the area's own community journalism site.
Using the iReport link, you can now report on what is happening in your area and be published on addisonindependentl.com. Periodically, some of the posts also will be printed in the Addison Independent's print edition.
In order to use iReport, please login this site by using the "login/register" link at the top of the left navigation bar to create your user name. Because automated robots and the amount of spam received by this site, you must sign into the site in order to use the comment section and/or the iReport section of this site. All information is kept confidential and no e-mail accounts will be used other than for the initial login process.
March 12, 2007
MIDDLEBURY — State officials will be in Middlebury on Tuesday to get local feedback on a controversial proposal by Vermont Education Commissioner Richard Cate to dramatically reduce the number of supervisory unions in Vermont.
Cate and his staff are in the midst of a 30-town tour to promote new education governance ideas and solicit feedback from citizens, local school directors and administrators who would be affected if the commissioner's plans are put into motion by state lawmakers.
NEW HAVEN — A local family has stepped forward to express an interest in buying the Dana-King House, a historic home owned by the town and located next to New Haven's town offices. Raymond and Deborah Fortier of New Haven said that, if possible, they would like to buy the house and move it to their property at 216 North St., keeping it in the village but not on town property.
"I've always loved it. Every time I've gone to an event there, I thought it was so pretty," said Deborah Fortier. "I didn't want to see the house torn down or taken away."
March 8, 2007
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury voters on Monday slogged through a marathon town meeting during which they added $50,000 to their proposed municipal budget, appropriated $30,000 in seed money for a new teen center, and took local leaders to task for rejecting a petitioned Iraq War resolution that still made it to the floor and passed overwhelmingly.
By ANDY KIRKALDY
VERGENNES — Former alderman Michael Daniels unseated one-term Vergennes Mayor April Jin in balloting on Tuesday, 260-175.
Daniels, a 38-year member of the Vergennes Fire Department and a retired Vermont Army National Guard sergeant, said during his campaign he planned to tap volunteers to improve city services and keep city spending under control.
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At least it will help seperate the lines on the pegs for all us old foogies.
Fans and collectors will soon see a new packaging design across all Star Wars merchandise, courtesy of design agency Pilot as well as Lucasfilm's own Licensing team.
It's like TAC, but ********.
I think this new design looks like butt. It's too simple and doesn't scream Star Wars. It looks like a simple box.I never was a carded collector, and this new design doesn't make me want to start either.
How should it "scream" Star Wars more than having it say "Star Wars" and have a large picture of the character?
Now before it's asked, yes, I definitely feel I can design better than what this newest cardback looks like. Yes, I'm in Marketing and Advertising and have two different degrees (Industrial and Graphic design) to back that up. Yes, I'm an Art Director and utilize Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign (the industry standard, print design software programs) on a daily basis.
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