text:
Here are my powerpoint slides for my talk at the University of Queensland this morning.
Here are my powerpoint slides for my talk at the University of Queensland this morning.
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
Tidal Pumping can address the constraints of space, energy and nutrient that have stopped commercial expansion of algae production on land. Simple new methods could deliver big results.
The world oceans are our main frontier in efforts to achieve the <2° target through disruptive innovation for climate stability. Tidal powered algae production supports what we could call the PLANET Accord - Paris Leaders Agreement on Negative Emission Technology.
My conversations at UQ were excellent, recognising that Queensland has strong comparative advantage to lead in this work which addresses core emerging themes in climate innovation for biodiversity protection. The photo in my presentation which one wag called the "quadruple bottom line" includes my mother on the left, and Professor Don Nicklin next to her. Don went on to become UQ Professor of Chemical Engineering and had the building next door to where I was presenting named after him. They are looking out towards the Coral Sea from Eimeo Beach in 1940, little imagining the threats and changes to the world that lay just over their horizon.
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
I was wondering how the long term sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is going to be implemented under this kind of project, growing algae is a very efficient way of turning CO2 into biomass, but how is that going to be removed from the global carbon cycle?
One idea I was wondering about would be to grow large amounts of organic mass like algae, then convert it to light crude through processes like thermal depolymerization. Then pump that back into depleted oil reservoirs, places like the Gulf coast of the US would be good for this. Instead of pipelines coming from the oil fields carrying crude oil, you could have the converted biomass being sent back into the old oil fields. In landlocked places like Alberta you could have large plantations of fast growing trees like poplars or other similar species that could be chipped and run through a catalytic process to break the long chain organic molecules into shorter ones then pump that light crude back into the ground.
This would avoid some of the issues with trying to sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide directly into geological containment where it might migrate into ground water, seep to the surface where it become a deadly threat or react with water to create carbonic acid.
Last edited by starcanuck64; 2015-Dec-21 at 02:39 AM. Reason: punctuation & clarity
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
Well I think they would find the oil and use it before being able to work out where it came from, like we did. The question is technology versus science. In the meantime can technology save us and maybe put the oil back?
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
I think we should start thinking on that scale, since we have already added enough greenhouse gasses for a big overshoot in warming, even if that then goes to the other extreme like in the trend in the early Holocene with the Younger Dryas. Large scale algae production could be a way to help insulate and insure the earth climate against massive sudden swings, such as in this Greenland temperature record, damping the momentum that is already added to the system.
If algae is made into oil, it may be that geostorage is the safest option. I was thinking maybe the oil could be stored in the deep sea in submerged fabric spheres of diameter one kilometer, with about twenty such spheres sufficient for long term bankable storage of more carbon than we emit each year. While this would store carbon in a form that could later be used for energy, at a scale that would drive down the atmospheric carbon level while allowing the carbon based internal combustion economy to continue, it may not be safe and feasible.
If algae carbon is stored as bitumen, each tonne of carbon per metre of road would sequester a gigatonne for each million kilometres of seal. Bitumen could be as stable over the long term as deep burial of CO2. Use of carbon in housing and office construction is a similarly large scale medium term useful storage site. Use of algae oil to make plastic rope to build new ocean based algae farms could be a major sequestration method. Short term use for food, biochar fertilizer, fish feed and other products would not involve storage to the same extent, but would put the carbon into continual flow in useful commercial activity rather than CO2, to shift the economic paradigm to a new level of global abundance.
All these examples illustrate how the current language of decarbonisation of the world economy may need to change as we look at sustainable use of carbon, including from fossil sources. Recycling carbon with a profit driver of innovation depends on our ability to convert CO2 into useful products. Tidal pumping to grow algae at industrial scale at sea could be a breakthrough technology on that frontier. http://algae.illinois.edu/projects/Hydrothermal.html is heating a 30% algae slurry to 350° C and pressurizing it to 20 megapascals to break down the cell walls and convert into biocrude oil. HTL may prove the most promising path to large scale commercial biofuel, including at sea, but the technology looks only nascent.
Splitting the atom at scale may prove to have been something of a guide to the logistic challenge of splitting the excess CO2 molecules which infest our air, and then using the contained 12/44th carbon towards building a new stable world economy.
Wow twenty gigatons of carbon as algae, we had better invent algal concrete and make islands. Or floats, I guess the dried mass is lighter than water? Wrap bales with a baler using self amalgamating plastic and there are your floats for expansion.
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
The submersible storage of a liquid within a flexible balloon of any strength will have to deal with the enormous total lateral pressure of the presence
of any current existing in the immediate area of this container. Like a canoe which has been flooded completely with water and is carried down stream with amazing force . It's like a big water bed that wants to run away with the current. I think this will be a spectacular force to be reckoned with.
It deserves consideration.
Less a problem in a fresh water lake , more stability in the water column.
Baleen itself could be a good model for algae slurry concentration methods. Herman Melville tells a great story in Moby Dick of right whales cavorting in a golden sea of krill - http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/42/moby-di...apter-58-brit/
"Steering north-eastward from the Crozetts, we fell in with vast meadows of brit, the minute, yellow substance, upon which the Right Whale largely feeds. For leagues and leagues undulated round us, so that we seemed to be sailing through boundless fields of ripe and golden wheat.
On the second day, numbers of Right Whales were seen, who, secure from the attack of a Sperm-Whaler like the Pequod, with open jaws sluggishly swam through the brit, which, adhering to the fringing fibres of that wondrous Venetian blind in their mouths, was in that manner separated from the water that escaped at the lips.
As morning mowers, who side by side slowly and seethingly advance their scythes through the long wet grass of marshy meads; even so these monsters swam, making a strange, grassy, cutting sound; and leaving behind them endless swaths of blue upon the yellow sea.
That part of the sea known among whalemen as the "Brazil Banks" does not bear that name as the Banks of Newfoundland do, because of there being shallows and soundings there, but because of this remarkable meadow-like appearance, caused by the vast drifts of brit continually floating in those latitudes, where the Right Whale is often chased.
But it was only the sound they made as they parted the brit which at all reminded one of mowers. Seen from the mast-heads, especially when they paused and were stationary for a while, their vast black forms looked more like lifeless masses of rock than anything else. And as in the great hunting countries of India, the stranger at a distance will sometimes pass on the plains recumbent elephants without knowing them to be such, taking them for bare, blackened elevations of the soil; even so, often, with him, who for the first time beholds this species of the leviathans of the sea. And even when recognized at last, their immense magnitude renders it very hard really to believe that such bulky masses of overgrowth can possibly be instinct, in all parts, with the same sort of life that lives in a dog or a horse."
Wikipedia states "There is no significant land anywhere around the world at the latitudes of Drake Passage, which is important to the unimpeded flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which carries a huge volume of water (about 600 times the flow of the Amazon River) through the Passage and around Antarctica."
I have lost track of your proposal now. Where do the large underwater bags fit in? I understand surface production of algae. Plus surface processing in huge islands. What next?
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
My view is that storing carbon in very large bags floating in the sea is the best way to achieve a rapid removal of the excess carbon that threatens a sudden tipping point. I think it would be possible to grow algae in the tropics, on bags linked to ocean atolls especially in locations such as Kiribati and Tuvalu, and then store this carbon as oil in large fabric spheres floating in the current, positioned in such a way that they never come near any threats that could cause oil release to the environment.
Climate stability by this method alone would require algae production on several million square kilometres of ocean, as much as 1% of the planet sea. I don't know if this is possible. A long term good algae oil storage location may be a kilometre deep in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, floating around Antarctica. There is abundant space in this current, which is 600 times the size of the Amazon River, and if leakage risk can be removed the environmental and economic impacts would be entirely positive.
Thinking about building large fabric bags floating in the sea, it may be possible to achieve a hydrodynamic shape by copying marine mammals, in much the same way aviation has copied birds.
I just finished reading The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future Reprint Edition
by Richard B. Alley, http://www.amazon.com/The-Two-Mile-T.../dp/0691102961 The relevance to this thread is the excellent demonstration of how global climate oscillations have been very sudden, for example with the ocean current conveyor belt of the North Atlantic very sensitive to sudden shifts in fresh water flow, just like a spanner in the works in a factory. Fossil emissions have all the appearance of a spanner in the works of the global climate factory, as something we should be working immediately on large scale to remove before the gears come to a sudden grinding halt.
Past climate oscillations that produced counter-cyclical spikes such as the Younger Dryas have shifted the global temperature into different millennial phases. Imagining that Holocene stability can be sustained without rapid global scale technological intervention is foolish. Tax incentives for emission reduction alone are nowhere near enough to provide adequate damping of the likely climate change this century, which requires carbon mining of the type I have described, storing excess carbon in the best available economic location where it can later be used in a sustainable way.
Thanks for explaining that. I would think more permanent on land storage would be better because an oil spill is known to be a disaster at sea. I would think the oil could be cross linked or saponified or pumped underground as jokingly discussed above. The dried algae with its oil left in the bio matrix is surely a solid which can be stored in large bales ?
sicut vis videre esto
When we realize that patterns don't exist in the universe, they are a template that we hold to the universe to make sense of it, it all makes a lot more sense.
Originally Posted by Ken G
The large ocean currents are the circulation system of our planet, akin to the veins and arteries of blood circulation of a body. Fossil emissions are like cholesterol in the arteries of the world ocean, potentially causing disruption of the entire system. The immediate global climate challenge is to remove more carbon from the air and sea than we add, in order to restore climate stability and insure against massive sudden change.
The stable ocean currents can be used as transport and storage systems for algae, beginning at small scale to test safety and efficacy, possibly using bags containing fresh water, and building upon scientific knowledge of ocean current size and behavior https://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/ocean-circulation.
Growing algae in large bags in the Pacific Ocean at the equator can be a way to utilize the global ocean currents for energy, nutrient and space to contribute to climate stabilization. By sinking produced contained algae blooms to the ocean floor using tidal pumping or other methods, and applying heat and pressure, the algae can be concentrated and converted to useful commodities including oil and bioplastics. Products such as oil can then be transported in bags made of bioplastic on the deep ocean subsurface currents, if these bags can be proven to be safe and effective.
There are many problems which could prevent this idea from working. It is entirely new and innovative, a research concept rather than an active proposal. The scale of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, as the core of the stable planetary ocean circulation system combined with the other main oceans, gives potential for this method to be a major effective contribution to carbon removal, utilization and storage. Using the existing energy systems of planetary currents to mine carbon could be important to maintain the health and stability of the global ocean circulation system.
The current California methane leak http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2015-1...rophe-bp-spill illustrates the risks of geostorage, especially where other mining occurs nearby.
This Planet Accord is implied in Paris Agreement http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015...eng/l09r01.pdf Article 5 1. Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases The ocean is easily the largest carbon sink for the planet, dwarfing the scale of land based alternatives. Industrial systems could build carbon sinks in the ocean using algae manufacture and storage.
That sound like a major challenge to say the least. But then the consequences of not addressing this issue are profound, in economic terms the loss of most of the world's current coastal regions alone is going to be massive.
The ocean may the largest current carbon sink, but ocean ecology is crucial to life on the planet. From producing over half the breathable oxygen to creating the richest source of protein on the planet, something that several billion people currently rely on. Any large scale carbon sequestration project undertaken there is going to have to make very sure it doesn't upset the vital balance in the oceans. Something that is currently already being done in a variety of ways now by human activity.
Terry Spragg's Puget Sound waterbag voyage in 1996 is like the Kitty Hawk of ocean transport by bag. Although only achieving limited success and recognition, Spragg's work has blazed a pioneer trail, alongside other ocean innovators such as Jonathan Trent of NASA and Russ George of the Haida Salmon Iron Project. A group called Ocean Foresters was recently recognized by Dr Tim Flannery in An Atmosphere of Hope as proposing exciting work in climate protection for its ideas on seaweed forests.
To engage more intensively in ocean science and industry will make ocean management core to international cooperation. Managing the global currents of the world ocean is likely to prove a core stability and security task in reducing carbon levels to address threats to biodiversity and human conditions.
Not a subject I know that much about, thank you for presenting your work.
There's no doubt that oceans currents are very important for ocean mixing and transporting heat around the globe, I hadn't thought of them as storage corridors also. It's fascinating how they work, with deep water submergence off of Greenland powering the northern part of the conveyor and bottom water submergence off of Antarctica providing the southern component. There are multiple currents at multiple levels and due to the coriolis effect they travel in different directions as you descend. It's just a challenge mapping them out, utilizing them this way is going to take unparalleled technology and ingenuity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarc...mpolar_Current It flows at a rate of about a teralitre every seven seconds, or 150 gigalitres per second, at around four km/h or one metre per second. The site does not say how wide and deep the current is on average, but it has a minimum seafloor depth of several kilometres. By my calculation this speed and volume would equate to a diameter of seven kilometres if the current was a cylinder, for flow area about 37 square km, an extremely large size.
Current flows most strongly in the middle of the stream. To use the current as a storage corridor would require a submerged container able to automatically steer to remain in the fastest part of the current using sensors, monitoring to avoid icebergs and other possible hazards.
One way to imagine it is as like a railway train, with the locomotive a vast fabric whale shape and the freight cars a string of fabric pearls each one kilometer in diameter, with the whale flukes powered by capturing the energy of the current to steer and propel the train.
That scale is a goal which could be slowly approached over time through incremental expansion of design. If contents are stored as algae rather than as oil there would be no risk of environmental damage from breakage, although design should be able to prevent failure. The aim is a profitable business predicated on low operating and capital cost ratios against the value of its products, as a social enterprise model with the goal of protecting biodiversity through climate stability. http://rightbasicbuilding.com/earth-...s-polar-views/ provides an excellent pole-centred projection to illustrate main global currents at different depths.
Considering the role of ocean currents in climate stability, it becomes fairly easy to see how the Younger Dryas cool relapse at the start of the Holocene was caused by the sudden flood of the melting Lawrentide Ice Sheet covering the Atlantic with cold fresh water when the big Hudson Ice Dam broke. This massive global impact was like a spanner in the works for the ocean current circulation system, temporarily switching off the Gulf Stream like a global heart attack. We certainly don't want anything similar to happen this century.
The main ocean currents are so big that mapping them has largely been done, although of course that remains a work in progress, such as with floats and drifters - https://www.whoi.edu/main/instruments/floats-drifters.
Perhaps the ingenuity needed here is to get climate scientists to take an interest in this proposal, which involves something of a paradigm shift for world energy supply and climate management.
Last edited by Robert Tulip; 2015-Dec-31 at 02:37 AM.
I'm just starting to get a grasp of what's being proposed here, but the impression I'm getting is this is a really elegant solution to the current situation.
I was thinking that it wouldn't be effective because it wouldn't permanently remove the carbon from the natural cycle, but it can and will do that, it just delays the process from what I see. If you use bio-degradable plastic bags to contain the algae you have some control over when and where it's released and if delivered to the benthic zone over a long enough time period and over a broad enough region it won't overwhelm the natural systems and will permanently remove the carbon from the cycle. It's like putting billions of tons of carbon into a holding pattern inside timed release capsules. You can either send them to the deep ocean to be deposited along with the millions of tons of organic matter that rains down on the ocean floor each year where it's converted over millions of years into stone or petrochemicals or transfer the algae to somewhere it can be used for economic purposes as you say.
This really is an elegant solution if the engineering is worked out and the needed infrastructure built.
On thinking of my idea of using depleted oil, gas and coal fields to store carbon there are serious issues with doing that. Industrial activity has altered them in some cases to a great degree making long term or even short term integrity problematic as you point out with the leak in California.
Last edited by starcanuck64; 2016-Jan-02 at 05:27 AM. Reason: clarity
To help illustrate how storage of carbon in fabric bags in ocean currents is an elegant solution to the climate problem, I would like to make some comments on a recent article from Foreign Policy, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/12/17/...lobal-warming/, The Dirty Secret of the Paris Climate Deal, by Simon Lewis, published on December 17, 2015
This article argues "In order to hit the goal of warming "well below" 2 degrees Celsius, we're relying on a host of unproven, risky future technologies." That is true in terms of the current state of research into Negative Emission Technology.
The Paris climate change agreement involved what Lewis called "clever geopolitical maneuvering by vulnerable, low-lying states — buttressed by social movements, activist groups, and NGOs — for the world to agree to a deal stating that global temperature increases will be held well below 2°C" above pre-industrial levels, and that countries will go further, "pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C."
But then Lewis lobs in a howler, a claim that is manifestly absurd and simply should not appear in any rigorous publication, except that it has entered modern climate mythology as a supposed fact. Lewis says "to stabilize temperatures requires decreasing emissions of carbon dioxide to zero." Many readers would skate over this claim as a statement of the obvious. But the error in it is that if we decrease emissions to zero over the next decades then we will have built in further warming, and while temperatures will eventually stabilise as the system equilibrates to the forcing, it will be at a higher temperature than any that humans have lived under. Zero emissions would not stabilize temperature, contrary to Lewis' statement. The fact is that to stabilize temperatures requires removing more carbon from the air and sea than we add, achieving negative emissions. The myth that emission reduction could stabilise temperatures is possibly the most dangerous error in climate policy, because it defers the need to invest in research and development of negative emission technology.
Next Lewis notes that the current list of commitments by countries is nowhere near sufficient to deliver the Paris Leader's Agreement. He then opens another one of those simple clear explanations that are also wrong – the idea of a world carbon budget, a remaining amount of total possible emissions we think we can get away with. Carbon budget logic presumes that a 450ppm world would be safe. This is not true. The last time the world was at 450 ppm CO2 the seas were many metres higher than today. Stabilising at that level would build in the forcing for ice sheet collapse, over what time we could not say, but past climate change has often been sudden, a bit like plate tectonics with tension released in a massive phase shift.
Lewis correctly observes that "an immediate steep decline in global carbon dioxide emissions, down to essentially zero, by about 2050… still won't cut it. We would still probably overshoot 1.5 degrees."
This brings him to negative emission technologies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it somewhere else. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios all "assume that NETs will be successfully deployed in order to give a 50:50 chance of remaining below 2 degrees. For 1.5 degrees, negative emissions are essential."
His quick survey discusses carbon sinks such as forest restoration, using plant biomass to produce charcoal, spreading silicate rocks, carbon capture and storage underground in geological deposits, using biomass in power plants and artificial trees. I call these PLANET CRUST methods – Paris Leaders Agreement Negative Emission Technologies - Carbon Removal Use and Storage Tracks.
The critique Lewis makes of these ideas notes that none are yet proven as safe and effective means to deliver climate stability. I am interested to see how the concept of large scale ocean based algae production compares.
He says "the amount of land available for growing crops and trees for energy use is finite." The ocean is over twice as big as the total land area. Use of the ocean for algae production can enhance food, biodiversity, climate, energy and infrastructure goals, and unlike on land, we are nowhere near engaging with the finite boundaries of ocean energy potential.
CCS has failed in efforts to deliver what Lewis calls "a potential lifeline for the fossil fuel industry." "It is both more expensive and, technically, much more difficult than initially thought. During one industrial experiment in Algeria, for example, oil giant BP and others had to stop injecting CO2 underground in 2011 after concerns that the gas may begin leaking out; this, for a project whose total cost came to $2.7 billion."
All this leads to the policy trade-off argument, what Lewis calls the "danger that policymakers will not reduce emissions now and increasingly bet on NETs to come to the rescue." Pouring cold water on this prospect, Lewis says "We can expect to suck some carbon out of the atmosphere later this century, but the quantities will be limited. To keep to 1.5 degrees requires attaining zero emissions over the next 30 years, and then negative emissions… there is no magic negative emissions bullet." That is a truly dismal prognosis, and a recipe for catastrophe. The unstated implication is that we can put off a focus on NET because such a focus would take pressure away from emission reduction. Lewis then almost likens emissions reduction to a moral cause, citing the need to "confront complex social and political challenges" to achieve the needed agreements.
My preferred approach is that climate science should not try to confront complex social and political challenges, but should just focus on mobilising resources for research into negative emission technology. That way the only "challenges", apart from the scientific and practical ones, will come from people who don't want us to apply technical ingenuity but want us all to reduce our economic growth.
A focus on technology is a line of reasoning that many business leaders are now coming to, with the Breakthrough Energy Coalition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakt...ergy_Coalition and Mission Innovation Fund https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Innovation launched at Paris to accelerate public and private clean energy innovation to address climate change. There is also the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Apollo_Programme Global Apollo Programme which aims to make carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than electricity from coal.
These recent world initiatives have not yet formed policy on the whale in the room, the central role of the world oceans in achieving rapid climate stability. Lewis notes that a review of NET proposals found limited prospects. A review of aviation prospects in 1903 would have provided similar doubts. A better path is to look with optimism and enthusiasm to the world ocean as the new frontier for Negative Emission Technologies, as the best option to insure against sudden climate change.
Last edited by Robert Tulip; 2016-Jan-03 at 05:57 AM.
[posted at same time as post above.]
Given the choice of sinking hydrocarbons to the ocean floor or using them productively, especially in non-emitting form such as bitumen, economic solutions are likely to be the rule.
Retention of algae in surface waters for fish production would have many locations where it would be an immediately better option than raining carbon below the thermocline. Over fifty million square kilometres of the ocean surface (~15%) has no surface chlorophyll. One possible design to address this problem of large ocean deserts is to make fabric jellyfish, aiming for square kilometer scale, to float in the deep ocean and use wave energy to pump deep water to the surface to power the production of contained algae blooms.
Working out the engineering is the topic that I hope can be a next step.
Last edited by Robert Tulip; 2016-Jan-12 at 12:37 AM.
I think working with the natural systems to the greatest degree as possible while having the least negative impacts is the best way to proceed, which is why I think this is an elegant solution. From what I see, it's operating on multiple levels to have the greatest positive benefit, both ecologically and economically.
I've spent the last decade or so trying to educate myself as much as possible to the reality of human forced climate change and there's very little doubt in my mind that a negative carbon emissions regime is needed to avoid some pretty nasty tipping points such as the breakdown of the polar ice sheets which would in turn almost certainly result in other feedbacks that could take the global system effectively out of our control. I think I started with a book by Tim Flannery called "The Weather Makers" and went on from there to many other sources including a lot of the work from GISS and James Hansen. The situation was already stark when Flannery published his book in 2005, there's a lot less room to work and wait than many policy makers seem to understand or communicate I think.
I've also looked into some of the other technological solutions to this such as energy production from low carbon emitting sources like nuclear power. Nuclear waste will always be an issue, but with its high energy density and large reserves of fuel I think uranium and especially thorium provide an alternative to fossil fuels that should be implemented on a large scale globally.
The way to do this was largely worked out a half century ago by some very capable scientists but was ignored largely due to the politics of the day.
I think it is possible to maintain positive economic growth and not kill ourselves off from too much heat added to the global system and too many ecosystems and species being removed to allow an overall ecological integrity to be maintained.
But it's going to take the kind of paradigm shift you're describing here. The old ways are rapidly coming to an end, what replaces them is going to have to be both effective and sustainable which will mean using all the knowledge, technology and insight we have.
Best wishes on this, it's good to see some thinking in terms of a positive future that includes impressive opportunities for coming generations instead of programming us all for destruction due to institutional inertia.


text:
Wednesday, December 24, 2008
Something seasonal from Aretha Franklin
4 comments:
- Kellybelle said...
That was nice. I was in Borders yesterday and one of the cashiers said he didn't like Re Re's Christmas album and that it sounded like she had lost her voice. But she sounds okay to me.
Doesn't Aretha look like she is just mad all the time?
- December 25, 2008 at 8:06 AM
^ She need to get mad at the icebox.
I'm just sayin'...
- December 25, 2008 at 8:55 AM
I think it's sad that Aretha doesn't have anyone in her life that can tell her that spaghetti straps are not her friend.
You know that you are truly loved when your mother or your best friend would tell you - to your face - that you look like a doublewide in that outfit. They'd tell you not to hurt your feelings, but because they love you. Aretha needs somebody like that because she looks a hot mess.
- December 25, 2008 at 3:46 PM
- magic man said...
Aretha has a nice Christmas duet with her talented son Eddie. (He is being interviewed by Greg Dunmore of jazzjewels.tv as well.) Please access it and help circulate the following youtube link:
- January 1, 2009 at 7:33 AM

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'Contact' Collection
- How to Undertake Contact & Friction Analysis
- Why Do Non-linear Finite Element Analysis?
- Advanced Finite Element Contact Benchmarks
How to Undertake Contact & Friction Analysis
(Ref: HT15)
A. Konter
First Published - November 2000
Softback, 63 Pages
Linear finite element analysis has for many years been widely used in the civil and mechanicals engineering fields and, in particular,in the construction, automotive, aerospace, and offshore sectors. Finite element analysis is an integral part of the design cycle in many companies.
Finite element programs that have the capability to solve non-linear problems have also been available for many years but often have been considered for use only in specialised industries such as nuclear engineering and advanced gas turbine research. In fact, the application of non-linear finite element analysis to general engineering has been growing rapidly, using commercially available packages of high quality and reliability. This book deals specifically with the subset of non-linear problems involving contact or friction.
In this book the aim is to give sufficient background to the terminology and techniques specific to contact and friction analysis. In addition typical problems areas, which may arise, are highlighted and guidance as to how they can be resolved is provided. A number of examples are used throughout the text to illustrate the concepts and potential applications.
Why Do Non-linear Finite Element Analysis?
(Ref: HT11)
A. M. Prior
First Published - January 1998
Softback, 28 Page
In this book we aim to provide some background information about the principles of the finite element technique as applied to nonlinear problems. The benefits of using nonlinear finite element analysis are highlighted, and some general guidelines are given for efficient use of thetechnique. The term FE will be used throughout the booklet to mean finite element.
The book is aimed at decision-makers; those practising engineers and managers who may influence the design process within their organization. The objective of the booklet is to demonstrate to the engineers,in a clear and practical manner, he reasons why their organizations should be using nonlinear FE analysis.
The decision to use any tool or process should be driven by commercial factors. A company should consider the use of any available tools that may reduce its development costs, reduce its lead times, and enable it to develop products that are better than those produced by its competitors, or enable it to manufacture products using less material and less complex orcostly processes.
In many cases the use of nonlinear finite element analysis can provide these kinds of benefits. It is perhaps appropriate, therefore, that engineers should consider whether they can afford not to use nonlinear FEanalysis.
There are, of course, some negative aspects to this issue: any prospective user of nonlinear finite elements should consider the additional costs of the software and the computer on which to run it, the costs associated with training staff, and the additional work required to generate the material and structural data that a good analysis demands. In this booklet we endeavour to provide a balanced view of the benefits and costs of using nonlinear FE analysis.
Advanced Finite Element Contact Benchmarks
(Ref: R0094)
A. Konter
NAFEMS has published a survey on FE Analysis of contact andfriction and a booklet on how to undertake contact and friction analysis. Acontact benchmarks report on two-dimensional problems was published as step in establishing a set of FE Contact benchmarks. It was acknowledged that although the current published NAFEMS benchmarks were limited in scope, they were important as the first step in establishing contact benchmarks.
A small "FENET Working Group on Contact" has been assembledwith the collaboration of the NAFEMS CSM Working Group. Following discussionson the development of new advanced benchmarks, it was agreed to concentrate ononly 5 contact benchmarks, as follows
- 2D Contact of cylindrical roller
- 3D Punch (Rounded edges)
- 3D Sheet metal forming
- 3D Loaded pin
- 3D Steel roller on rubber
- 3D contact
- Frictional stick-slip in contact area2
- D/3D Linear versus quadratic elements
- Shell contact
- Large strain contact
- Metal forming
- Mesh dependency
- Compression of rubber
- Rolling contact
The current report presents the results of the FE analyses performed on 2D and 3D approximations of the proposed problems. Since all proposed benchmarks can be reasonably well approximated with 2D or an axisymmetric solution, all target results presented here have been obtained with 2D or an axisymmetric FE analysis. In addition, 3D analyses have been performed and the results have been compared with the initial 2D solutions (with the exception of Contact Benchmark 1).
Frequently, reports on results of benchmark analyses present numerical solutions for selected problems, generated by different users using different FE codes. Often the selection of different numerical input parameters by the analyst is not presented in the report and the analyst presents his"best choice" of the generated solutions for a particular problem.
As a result the effect of specific parameters, such as applied mesh density, element type, contact parameter settings, number of loading steps etc. is difficult to quantify and it is not clear whether obtained differences are caused by differences in the applied FE code or differences in user input. The results presented in this report not only compare results of different FE codes using as closely as possible identical input parameters, but also show the effect of variations in these parameters.
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Visiting Artist Reception and Public Programs at the UW Art Museum
University of Wyoming Eminent Artist in Residence Judy Pfaff will present a public art talk Monday, April 15, at 7 p.m. and an informal gallery walk-through Tuesday, April 16, at 10:30 a.m. at the UW Art Museum.
An opening reception for Pfaff's solo exhibition, "Judy Pfaff: Come What May," begins at 6 p.m., April 15, at the museum. All events are free and open to the public.
"Come What May" presents two-dimensional collages and three-dimensional assemblages that incorporate such materials as plastics, cardboard, and often times, lighting elements, into organic works. The exhibition is on view at the UW Art Museum through Saturday, May 4.
Pfaff is an internationally renowned artist who is recognized as a pioneer in installation art. She teaches classes in UW's Visual Arts Department this semester, and is a professor and department chair at New York's Bard College.
For more information, call the art museum at (307) 766-6622 or visit www.uwyo.edu/artmuseum and its blog at www.uwyoartmuseum.org. Follow the museum on Facebook at www.facebook.com/uwyoartmuseum.
"Imagine learning from the masters" is a guiding principle of the UW Art Museum's programs. Located in the Centennial Complex at 2111 Willett Drive in Laramie, the museum is open Monday through Saturday from 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Monday hours are extended to 9 p.m. February through April and September through November. Admission is free.


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Tutorial: Indentation Features
Since indentation is syntactically significant in Python, Wing provides a number of features to make working with indentation easier.
By now you will have noticed that Wing auto-indents lines as you type, according to context. This can be disabled with the Auto-Indent preference.
Wing also adjusts the indentation of blocks of code that are pasted into the editor. If the indentation change is not what you wanted, a single Undo removes the indentation adjustment, if there was one.
Block Indentation
In Wing's default keyboard personality, the HS T2 Kinabalu Red Scott Scott T2 Tab key is defined to indent the current line or blocks of lines, rather then entering a tab character (which can be done with Scott Red Scott T2 HS Kinabalu T2 Ctrl-T). As noted earlier, the Tab Key Action preference can be used to customize how the tab key behaves.
One or more selected lines can be increased or reduced in indentation, or adjusted to match indentation according to context, from the Indentation toolbar group:
Repeated presses of the Match Indent tool will move the selected lines among the possible correct indent levels for that context.
These indentation features are also available in the Source menu, where their key bindings are listed.
Converting Indentation Styles
In Wing Pro and Wing Personal, the Indentation tool can be used to analyze and convert the style of indentation found in source files. See Indentation Manager for details.
Unless the feature is disabled with the Enable Folding preference, Wing Pro and Wing Personal can fold editor code by indentation levels to hide areas that are not currently of interest or as a way to see a quick summary of the contents of a source file.Faux Fringe Waterproof Beige Lined CHFSO Snow Pull On Boots Fur Platform Women's Low Winter Heel Warm Stylish qIwSt
The folding operations are enumerated in the Folding sub-menu of the Source menu and in the fold margin context menu.
Folding acts in such a way that selecting across a fold and copying will copy the text, including its hidden portions. Take a look at the Folding sub-menu in the Scott HS Scott Red T2 Kinabalu T2 Source menu and refer to Folding for details.


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Now you see it, now you don't. The government on Thursday is expected to report that the U.S. economy actually grew in the 2012 fourth quarter instead of declining 0.1% as originally reported. The U.S. likely expanded at a 0.5% pace, according to economists polled by MarketWatch. The second of three releases on fourth-quarter GDP will be issued at 8:30 a.m. by the Commerce Department.
The switch to growth from contraction mainly stems from higher levels of U.S. exports and construction spending in the last three months of 2012 than the government originally thought.
How come the government didn't know that already? The "preliminary" report on GDP lacks complete data on key categories such as exports, construction spending and inventories. The government basically fills in the blanks, by making its own estimates, so it can release the GDP report within one month of a quarter ending.
After the government collects all the actual data, it refines and revises the GDP report two more times.
The news that the economy grew in the fourth quarter is more than welcome, of course, but the U.S. is still not coming close to reaching its economic potential. Still, the revised GDP report could hold some potentially positive surprises.
For one thing, the increase in fourth-quarter inventories is likely to be lowered again. Companies overstocked in the third quarter and put off some production in the fourth quarter so they could sell the goods they already had on hand. Slower inventory spending is a drag on economic growth.
Yet the dramatic slowdown in fourth-quarter inventory accumulation probably means companies ramped up production in the first quarter. That largely explains why economists surveyed by MarketWatch expect a snapback in first-quarter growth to around 2%.
Also at 8:30 a.m. the Labor Department is expected to report that jobless claims were likely unchanged in the latest week after a surprisingly large increase in the prior week, according to economists polled by MarketWatch.
For the week ended Feb. 23, economists expect that initial claims for regular state unemployment-insurance benefits remained at 362,000. While claims around that level signal ongoing job gains, economists note that recent readings may have been distorted by holidays and unusual weather, among other factors.
At 9:45 a.m., the February reading for the Chicago PMI will come out.


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Joined: 13 Aug 2008
Posts: 96
Posted: Sun Jan 10, 2010 4:37 am
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More guide! Also, I'll be going back to correct the previous post as I learn more about chapter 7; I know I at least forgot one enemy and may've made more mistakes. I'm really confused about how the Muegin works, and I'm not going to be able to give any better details without intervention from Mark.
Flittertop Canopy is next, and is probably one of the easier areas in this chapter. The global effect here, Hungry Earth, is again not harmful and if anything gives you an advantage against the area's new enemies; it makes anyone on either side take longer to revive when KO'd. It is painful if you die, so defense is a high priority, but aside from the Candessas any enemies you take down are staying down. In addition to the Opal Swarms and Muegins from before the area has two new enemies: Candessas and Burning Blossoms. Candessa's aren't very tough. They start with practically no armor and no resistances, but after giving you enough time for one round of attacks (possibly more on lower difficulties) he'll retreat into a cocoon, giving him some (but still not very much). They'll remain that way for a few rounds, after which they charge forward for a devastating attack. This deals damage in the thousands to the first person and half to the person behind them; it deals less the more wounded the Candessa is. For perspective, on absurd mode a Candessa with about 700 health did about 1700 damage before armor adjustments to the guy in front, a Candessa with about 1000 health dealt about 2600 damage before armor adjustments, and a Candessa at its full 1700 health did over 4000 damage. Obviously, damage is FAR lower in the lower difficulty levels. This sounds bad, but all it takes to thwart it is a single application of powder imps; failing that (either by having Grace as your sharpshooter or if the battle drags on long enough that the Candessa revives and your imps are far in the negative), brace and/or smokescreen will help; using mostly smokescreen in a party with no access to imps I had far less trouble in Flittertop Canopy than in Misty Marshes or Thorley's Thickey. Interestingly, trick seems to reduce the splash damage as well as the main impact (because it is delivered by a melee attack) and is NOT consumed because the user doesn't ever strike the foe; however, 75% of a Candessa's attack is still crippling. In a pinch, remember that just like the explosive shell used by the shamblers before, there is a maximum range on the splash effect; if he hits someone who is executing a melee attack or if the person in the middle party slot is unconscious only one person gets hurt. After attacking it'll take about 17 seconds to revive including the special level effect, and unlike most enemies it will revive with full health.
Burning Blossoms are worse. They start closed and with enough armor to be practically invincible. They attack very slowly, by opening up and launching a fireball which will hit the entire party for strong concussive damage. After that, they'll briefly remain open (long enough for one rounds of attacks from you, at least on absurd), a state in which they have almost no protection against piercing or concussive damage and only moderate protection from magic and ethereal damage. This is a good time to attack them, especially with moves like empowdered hack, so try to keep an action ready for both your sharpshooter and your knight when you think he's about to attack. Before attacking they'll briefly emit smoke as a warning. Don't use black bullet on him; poison damage applied while he's closed uses his closed resistance rather than his open resistance, which is just enough to cancel out natural enemy regeneration.
From the left (Maw side), the first battle is against a Burning Blossom in front of a Candessa, then there's a fight with one of each and one other random creature. After that you'll be rewarded with some money, a decent light armor and good handy priest talisman. There's two more fights before the end of the area.
The last area you'll have to traverse, in a sense, is the Beaten Path, which has no terrain effect and is slightly shorter than the other areas. This is also my favorite area in the whole chapter by far, and also the easiest. The main attraction here is Forest Mimics, who are simply a blast to fight. They will start out aligned with one of the tree damage types (ethereal they're always immune to for simplicity's sake) which defines their attack and gives them immunity to attacks of that damage type. Piercing-aligned mimics will use a melee attack (probably the nicest attack; it's easiest on brace and lets you use trick), concussive mimics will throw two rocks at the person in front (which is probably the most damaging attack overall, unless you use fortify or dedicated your knight to having high armor, and thwarts brace; it's relatively tame if your armor's high enough though) and magic types will hit someone at random with lightning (note that if you have Ferwin this attack is capable of one-shotting the guest party member, at least on absurd difficulty; however, even though the icon won't appear over her Aurora will affect her too, and a single application will let her survive this attack). That means that there's at least some use for every type of defense but none will keep you completely safe; since nothing except for magic-type mimics deal magic damage, however, aurora is ill-advised unless you're sure there will be several lightning attacks (such as if you have one or possibly two magic mimics in the back of the enemy ranks).
The mimics will switch types as they are damaged to try to match the attacks you use. Each mimic counts the damage dealt to itself from each damage type, and when that number gets high enough it'll switch types and reset all the counters. So hitting one with a single attack won't change it, but several attacks or one sufficiently powerful charged attack will. In order to kill mimics you need to vary your attacks greatly; ideally every party member should be able to deal good damage of two different types. Keep in mind which type you would prefer to deal with and try to convert them to that type; even a weak and unleveled attack can be useful if it changes them to a more useful type. The mimics have moderate armor (enough that charged attacks and damn are effective but not necessary) which is slightly weaker against magic.
The first battle is two mimics. Then there's one more battle that throws in a plated Garr before you reach a group of treasure chests containing gold, a magic-resistance ring and a good priest staff (though it won't do you much good until chapter
, then one more before the end.
Once you reach the end of the Beaten Path, you can finally enter Mama Saga's home and speak with her. NOT. Instead you are given a fetch quest which requires you to find and collect five blue flowers. To be fair to Mark, unless you count digging the key out of the crypt this is the only genuine fetch quest in the entire game. The first flower you'll encounter as you leave to make sure you know what they look like. The others are in the areas you just completed. I believe there's two per area, so you will need to reconquer two of those areas, more-or-less. Of course, you could go partway in, grab a flower, and retreat to a savepoint rather than traverse the entire area. There are more flowers than you need, so you can choose which areas you want to reconquer.
Last edited by Brickman on Fri Jan 22, 2010 1:57 am; edited 1 time in total
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Joined: 13 Aug 2008
Posts: 96
Posted: Wed Jan 13, 2010 1:05 am
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After finding five seeds and bringing them to Mama Saga (or more specifically, after the ensuing cutscene), you will be rewarded with about 2 levels' worth of experience and sent to the Maw. Stop by town first to sell any items you've got left to sell and buy any items you still want, and go there.
The Maw consists of one battle, which I'd say is only not considered a boss fight because there's nothing to hang a unique name on. There's three spiders, and while they're each rather standard enemies on their own, they hide a dark secret: Each one of them is actually three spiders. Whenever you kill one, it'll be gone for a second or so and immediately be replaced by a spider with marginally better stats and somewhat stronger attacks (going blue->green->red); after killing it three times, it'll stay down and a longer-than-usual-but-not-nearly-long-enough respawn countdown timer will appear. The trick, though, is that if you kill one but can't kill the others before its timer reaches zero, it'll respawn as a fresh blue spider with full health, starting you all over. The ONLY way to win this battle is to finish them off all in succession, and with three health bars each they've got about the health of a weak boss between them. Luckily they have extremely poor armor (but a good resistance to magic and ethereal; don't let that stop you from using poison though), so area attacks work great. A combination of empowdered thunderstrikes and black bullets (they attack extremely frequently so poisoning the one in back is easy) is probably the best offense, with other attacks being effective but mostly unnecessary. Just make sure to try to damage them roughly equally, or failing that when one gets to red try to play catchup on the other two.
Offensively the spiders attack very frequently but don't hit especially hard. Fortify and smokescreen are extremely effective, the latter especially if you're dealing most of your damage with poison. Brace is junk. The green spiders do some poison damage as well as their piercing and the red ones do a considerable amount of extra piercing damage; it's probably not worth renewing fortify once you get to the red ones. A combination of fortify, smokescreen and priest's heal, along with good armor, made the battle pretty easy on absurd, and much shorter than I remembered it.
Once you've killed them, save for the hell of it (or not) and proceed left for the end of the chapter.
Chapter 8:
Welcome to what is, in my opinion, the hardest chapter in the game! Enemies here are extremely tough, every last one of them, and you're operating under the enclosed space effect (no swordfaith or aimed shot) for most of it. Near the end you'll even get that nasty depressed status effect from back in chapter 5. Have fun with this.
The first area has a variety of nasty enemies and, yes, enclosed space. Thunderstrike and black bullet are the key to victory (hope you bought Juggernaut!), and you may want to break out the explosive shells as well, because everything here crumbles against concussive damage. The Martyr Fish is one to be careful about; you can think of him as a preview of things to come. He has very low armor against physical damage he reflects a percentage of all damage he's dealt back at the party member in front. Fortunately he does so in the form of magic damage; it can be dodged and is affected by armor and resistance. Also, as far as I can tell, he does not reflect the ethereal damage from black bullet, despite taking quite a bit of it; that attack is thus highly recommended. He'll always hit the guy in front so be careful about melee attackers and their health. He's also extremely resistant to magic (enough that you should, and has moderate protection from ethereal. In addition to reflecting, he'll also occasionally zap you with lightning of his own accord. This guy deals a relatively high ammount of damage on your timetable and it's all magic, so abusing aurora is a very good idea.
The Jester Fish is another enemy who's a pain to damage--he has crappy armor as well, but immunity to magic and a whopping 70% dodge. The only attacks which gets around this dodging defense are black bullet (against which he has a moderately good resistance--but with his low health total, that's not nearly enough) and the life-draining effect of the soul couple. With his cruddy armor, though, hack and thunderstrike aren't bad moves and if they all have the same chance of failure all other attacks are in a way equally effective (though trick at least ensures you don't waste the turn). Consider just throwing up smokescreen to let the poison do its work. The Jester uses a melee attack which chooses its damage type at random (from all four of the normal ones and absolute); the attack might be caught by a chi shield but might not. Note that since the guide says somewhere that absolute damage is undodgable 1/5 of his attacks may be as well, depending on when the type is chosen.
Sunken slaves are melee enemies (who walk VERY slowly when attacking for some reason). They have extremely high resistance to piercing and near-immunity to ethereal. Their magical resistance is moderate as well, but they've got neither resistance nor soak protecting them against concussive and the undead tag; the pirest's strike and the knight's thunderstrike will put a serious hurt on him, and the priest's wrath does bonus damage to counteract the resistance and is effective too. Like the vampires from chapter 6 his health is slowly but constantly draining, but he doesn't gain any back from hitting you. They do hit pretty hard though; brace isn't a bad idea when you see one coming. Like the shamblers from way back in chapter 5 they take only ten seconds to revive; put them down again with a solid attack before they have a chance to attack. Uncharged thunderstrike won't do it.
Misguiding Light is another magic attacker, so yes, keep going with aurora. He also has a chi shield. He's extremely resistant to piercing (again) but has low resistance to concussive (again) once you beat down the shield. His magic resistance is too high for attacking directly but low enough that if not for the fact that attacking magically here is impractical (with swordfaith gone) damn plus magic damage would be a good option; if you've got two priests or your magic bullet somehow does a lot of damage, you may want to go for it anyways. He's also immune to poison. His attack is to shoot three magic projectiles; they move slow but eventually hit whoever's in front. When low on health, he'll turn red and try to do a suicide attack; powder imps seem like a good match for this attack, or you could just finish him off quickly. Unlike Candessas, this attack inexplicably is
affected by trick; if you're keeping score at home that's Inconsistency: 3, Munchkining: 78. It also only hurts one person.
Note that unlike the previous chapter, where everyone had rapid natural regeneration, nobody in this chapter except the boss has regeneration or any form of self-healing (chi excluded), and one of them has natural degeneration.
After fighting two battles you'll find some treasure. Priest's hand is pretty good and quite timely with its bonus to aurora; ambassador's ring is great for a priest and decent for certain builds of tanking fighter, robes of state is good for sharpshooters or priests (though priests still wearing the preacher's vestments from Porto Vale may want to hold off switching until at least the end of this area for the aurora bonus) and redemption verse is good for anyone who uses their priest for offense (and in this concussive-weak area, you might want to consider that temporarily). There's two more battles until the end of the area. Somehow despite expectations I found this area pretty easy on my absurd run; I guess I just had my focus on the right skills.
Second area gets rid of that enclosed space effect, but it'll be back later. Sadly there's one battle vs two enemies inbetween you and a save point, because this is the endgame and the author's allowed to get mean. First of those enemies is the Void Blinker. He has pretty average armor, good against concussive, in contrast to the enemies from before; you can attack him as normal, though skills like damn and enpowder aren't wasted. He'll occasionally teleport over to your side and hit the person with the least health+chi for a good ammount of damage; this is probably your sharpshooter. Same rules as with the crone: equip her with any health restoring or boosting items and possibly equip the knight with something that lowers his health (cough Early Grave cough), and try if you can to get the knight's health below hers (but still in a range where he can survive the attack), though since this guy's not alone that won't win you the battle outright. Unlike with the crone you might actually be able to get her health above his at the start of the battle, depending on how heavily you've invested in each. As with the crone, be careful with the timing of your attacks, though he attacks rather infrequently so don't be too paranoid. I wouldn't hold on to them too long, though because of:
Avatar Athelloth. He has a chi shield too and deals some magic damage too (though it's not the majority); awful lot of those round here. Unlike the lights, though, he's quite vulnerable to black bullet. Otherwise, his magic resistance is pretty high but if you cast damn and then attack with nothing but magic it'll come out about the same as if you'd used pure physical attacks; pick one or the other. As with most chi-shielders, if you want to attack physically enpowdered hack is objectively better than any alternative. He has two attacks--he'll hit the whole party for what I think is absolute damage (not a lot, but enough to chip away at your priest) or he'll stick a rune on someone which will after a few seconds turn red and explode for magic damage. The more energy the victim has, the more damage he'll take; to some extent there's nothing you can do about this, but if you're holding an action you should execute it now. On absurd mode this did something 970 (before armor) to someone who had one attack's worth of energy almost immediately after it hit and it seems to be linear.
Last edited by Brickman on Mon Jan 25, 2010 2:55 am; edited 1 time in total
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Mark Pay
Site Admin
Joined: 09 Aug 2006
Posts: 626
Location: Margate, UK
Posted: Wed Jan 13, 2010 9:25 pm
Post subject:
It's great to see you back writing the guide Brickman!
I'll try and quickly help with some of the technical uncertainties ( not much time tonight, darn overtime )
- You're correct about Mimics - they count the amount of each damage type they receive and when it exceeds a set threshold, they change their resistace and the damage counters all reset to zero.
- The larger spiders do deal more damage. The green spiders inflict poison and the red spiders do more piercing damage. They have slightly more health and armour too.
- The Martyr Fish immediately deals back a percentage of the damage he was last hit with. It should be for all attacks not just melee, unless there's a bug ( though melee is the most dangerous because damage from other character's attacks may rebound onto your melee character )
- The Avatar Athelloth energy burn does indeed scale linearly with energy, with a set base value added on.
Thanks again for the brilliant guide.
I very much enjoy reading it.
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Joined: 13 Aug 2008
Posts: 96
Posted: Mon Jan 25, 2010 2:39 am
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There's now two ways to go; the Upper Levels are necessary to progress the plot and has a powerful armor at the end, and the Storage Room contains at its end a shopkeeper with some powerful (if double-edged) equipment that you'll definitely want. At least a little of that equipment would give you an advantage in the Upper Levels, while the main effect of the armor from the Upper Levels is a boost to charge which won't do you a ton of good in Storage Room, so you may want to do the lower path first. Besides, there's new enemies you may have trouble with in Upper Levels but nothing you haven't seen yet in Storage Room. It is possible to do either one first, but for the purpose of the guide I advanced the plot first, mostly because I felt like it.
After finishing Adjanti Heartroom, the next stop is the Upper Level. This level is not fun. That Dense Mist effect is back, meaning all attacks have a 10% chance of missing and single-target ranged attacks have an additional 20% (meaning most of your sharpshooter's fare and swordfaith, and of course none of what the enemies use). If you encounter a group of the earlier enemies that's yet another point in favor of enpowder, hack and thunderstrike. There's two new enemies as well. The Crystal Contagion has natural regeneration (ok, so I lied earlier), good resistances to everything but virtually no armor, and uses magic projectiles. The main thing that makes him interesting is that he has three forms depending on how much health he has; normally he makes two attacks at once, but when he's wounded beyond a certain point he'll curl up and trade one of those attacks for some extra damage resistance, and if you let him regenerate too much health while hiding behind his allies he'll become bloated and make three attacks at once in exchange for some of his resistance. So if you don't kill him first try to keep him about where he started; if he's in front black bullet should do the trick, if not send an occasional area attack or aim high his way.
The other enemy (and a great choice of people to hide behind) is the Principle Armor. This guy is, quite simply, the game's strongest tank. On normal he has 750 soak against piercing 700 against anything else; on absurd he makes it up to 832 soak vs piercing and 777 soak against concussive and magic. He also has 18% resistance against piercing (19 on abusrd) and 5/8% vs concussive and magic respectively. He also has about 90% ethereal resistance, so don't bother with poison. When he attacks he hits twice for a lot of melee damage. The only way of damaging Principle armor is with support skills; charge, damn, enpowder and/or bless are vital. His piercing resistance and armor is stronger than his others but since he is a large creature aimed shot and slay come out even anyways; however, since aimed shot has a 20% chance of being eaten by the Dense Mist effect, it still loses. My recommendation is charged slay, but if you can't do that for whatever reason you can try enpowdered trick, along with perhaps some blessing or damning. Don't forget the Early Grave sword you got from the crypt; an extra 25% bonus to charge along with a very high base damage is just what you need for this area. I was able to do, on absurd, At least when you bring one down he stays down for a long time. Also wear any equipment with "drain life" effects; that's absolute damage, so it'll work fine (though you can't rely on it to bring him down by itself).
After three random battles you'll find a powerful knight armor (which you should equip right now because it has a bonus to charge) and the controls to restore power to the ship; one more battle will greet you on the way back. The Engineering Breach will now be open; don't go there until after Storage Level though.
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butt latke
Joined: 22 Feb 2010
Posts: 2
Posted: Mon Feb 22, 2010 3:25 am
Post subject:
Brickman, thanks for the excellent walkthrough, but in spite of it I'm stuck at the beginning of Chapter 5
Brickman wrote:
The second battle has, in addition to the two shamblers, a mourmodon. [...] There's probably several "best" ways of handling him, but one I'd recommend is to use area of effect attacks right from the start of the battle. Empowdered thunderstrike is especially effective, as it will also do a better job of finishing off everyone who isn't a mourmodon than two separate attacks (which invoke armor twice) and almost everyone in this area is vulnerable to concussive. Even without points in enpowder this was enough to kill reviving shamblers in one round on absurd, while lucky shot and thunderstrike was not, and you'll be doing just enough damage that you'll have the mourmodon mad by the time you've finished off everyone behind him.
Has this been made obsolete due to a patch or what? On normal, with my dudes at lvl 46 and bless+charge+enpowder+thunderstrike maxed out, shamblers still take at least 2 strikes to take out -- by which time my guys have taken a lot of damage while busy buffing and the mourmodon is
. I've only gotten past this first mourmodon fight once, just to be creamed by the next.
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Joined: 28 Jan 2008
Posts: 49
Location: Australia
Posted: Mon Feb 22, 2010 8:41 am
Post subject:
Wats ur team all i do is thunder and lucky shot and heal with priest just attack together when the mourmodon about finish attacking, repeat. Thats how i cleared that level. shouldn't be ashamed we all hit these roadblocks i couldn't get pass start of world 3 lol
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butt latke
Joined: 22 Feb 2010
Posts: 2
Posted: Tue Feb 23, 2010 8:08 am
Post subject:
Thanks -- you're right, they go down easy with thunderstrike+lucky shot
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Joined: 28 Jan 2008
Posts: 49
Location: Australia
Posted: Tue Feb 23, 2010 11:45 am
Post subject:
gd to hear gd luck with the other lvls, if u hit another roadblock don't hesitate to post.
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Joined: 27 Feb 2010
Posts: 22
Location: Arizona, USA
Posted: Sat Feb 27, 2010 7:50 am
Post subject:
Just wanted to pop in and thank Brickman for an excellent guide. This really helped and offered some great tips for all the enemies and situations I had trouble with.
And a big thanks to Mark Pay for making such a great game. Really, this is a gem, especially the complicated history that each character has. That alone was such a great thing to see in a (now) freeware game.
The Game Maker Desert
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Joined: 27 Feb 2010
Posts: 22
Location: Arizona, USA
Posted: Tue Apr 06, 2010 6:49 am
Post subject:
Hate to double post but can I get verification for this?
The Jester uses a melee attack which chooses its damage type at random (from all four of the normal ones and absolute); the attack might be caught by a chi shield but might not. Note that since the guide says somewhere that absolute damage is undodgable 1/5 of his attacks may be as well, depending on when the type is chosen.
This makes it seem like the melee attack is chosen randomly each time. I'm playing on Absurd in Ch. 8, and doing quite well normally, but I got stuck on a set where I was met with two Jester Fish and an Avatar Alleloth thingy. I'm used to the Avatar using dealing nothing but Absolute damage, nothing a little healing from my two priests can't fix, but the Jester Fish were both just plain crazy, dealing seemingly nothing but absolute damage. Each time they went in for 700+ damage apiece stealing it directly with no dodging at all even with Grace at 60-something dodge percent (and I heard the dodge effect was weighted to make the first couple attacks follow what the trend should be and not be all hits or misses)
The two Jester Fish made at least 10 attacks total, and I quickly went from black bullet, double wrath attack mode to all out health and smokescreen against these devastating fish, but they still dealt absolute damage. I don't think I dodged once that time and quickly fell. (once the jester fish got onto my priests, they were goners)
So Mark can you explain what type of damage is dealt by the Jester Fish?
The Game Maker Desert
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Mark Pay
Site Admin
Joined: 09 Aug 2006
Posts: 626
Location: Margate, UK
Posted: Tue Apr 06, 2010 11:47 am
Post subject:
Hi DesertDweller,
It is random, so there's a 1/5 chance of each attack dealing Absolute damage. You must have just been very unlucky!
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During a big moment in a softball game, Sandra Dee Foster can eliminate all sound with the flip of a switch.
Alone on the pitcher's mound, one out away from victory, the East Meadow High School junior will often slide her hand to her right ear, and with the push of a button, the world goes silent. But before tossing a potentially game-deciding pitch, she'll throw a meaningful glance at a familiar face in the dugout.
"A couple of times she just smiled at me, and I'm like, 'I know what she just did,'" said Tom Foster, Sandra's father and former coach. "And then it's 'Strike three, you're out,' we win the game."
During those moments, Sandra, who pitches on the school's varsity softball team, said she pays extra attention with her eyes. It's something she's been doing since she was in first grade, when she lost the ability to hear.
But Sandra, 16, who can now hear thanks to a cochlear implant in her right ear, doesn't make any excuses. If anything, her disability has given her a work ethic that trumps the typical teenager. "She doesn't give up," said her mother, Denise. "She knows it's harder for herself. But she'll go give it that extra effort it needs, and then more."
For a starting varsity pitcher with high grades to boot, that extra effort has clearly paid off. "I'm kind of shy," Sandra said. "But I still do what I need to do."
Overcoming obstacles
Sandra's hearing began to deteriorate when she was 3. She was initially fitted with hearing aids, but they only helped for a while. "So by first grade, she lost all her hearing," Denise recalled.
Ironically, Denise had lost most of her hearing in one ear as an adult, from nerve damage that resulted from a fireworks show. But tests showed that Sandra's impairment was not genetic.
She still remembers her first day back at school at age 5, following her cochlear implant surgery. Her classmates excitedly surrounded her, she said, asking her where she had been. "And I was like, 'Oh my God,' and I can hear them really clearly," she recounted with a smile. "They were so surprised to see me."


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Public Act 295 of 1994 was amended on July 1, 2011 requiring all registered sex offenders to have palm prints and fingerprints on file with the Michigan State Police for forwarding to the FBI. Per statute, the fingerprints must be taken no later than September 12, 2011 if they are not already on file.
During normal business hours, all registered sex offenders must report to the Records window to check if fingerprints and/or palm prints are on file with the Michigan State Police. You must bring with you a drivers license or personal ID containing a photo.
There is no charge to you for this process.


text:
Dr. J. Stephen Kurtz, formerly of Mt. Airy, an obstetrician and gynecologist who had practiced in the northwest Philadelphia area for more than five decades, died Sept. 30 of dementia at his home in Ambler.
Dr. Kurtz, who had delivered more than 6,000 babies during his career, was one of the first obstetricians in Philadelphia to use the Leboyer method of natural childbirth, which required that the infant be born into a dark, warm and quiet environment and be placed on its mother for gentle stroking.
He had been affiliated with Germantown, Abington, Roxborough Memorial and Chestnut Hill hospitals, and had maintained offices in Germantown, Plymouth Meeting, Flourtown and Wyndmoor at different times.
Born in Reading, he was a graduate of Reading High School, Franklin and Marshall College and Temple University Medical School. He served in the Navy from 1946 to 1948.
Dr. Kurtz was an Eagle Scout and president of Sigma Pi Fraternity at Franklin and Marshall College. He was a member of the Phi Chi Medical Fraternity, the American Medical Association and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
An accomplished violinist, he played frequently with other musicians for his family and friends.
He is survived by his wife, the former Jane Grace; daughters Katrina Kurtz Shuptar of Philadelphia, Gretchen Kurtz Mertz of Fleetwood, and Laura Jane Kurtz Buckalew of Narberth, and two grandsons. Dr. Kurtz's first wife, Bessie Polk Kurtz; a sister, Jean Kurtz Esser, and a brother, Horace Frame Kurtz, preceded him in death.
Funeral services were held Oct. 5 at the Emil J. Ciavarelli Family Funeral Home in Ambler. Memorial donations may be sent to Dr. Joseph Bavaria, Cardio Aortic Program, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Suite 750, Philadelphia, PA 19104. – WF


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Industry News
Schwarzkopf Professional USA Appoints Fashion Director
Schwarzkopf Professional USA announced the appointment of Nicole Hartmann as their Fashion Director. In her new position, Hartmann will be guiding Schwarzkopf in a fashion forward direction, translating fashion trends into salon profits.
"Schwarzkopf is taking a different route to be more fashion driven," says Hartman, a Munich-native raised by stylist parents. "People will look to us to tell them how they can relate the runway looks to their in-salon stying." Using current trends as her inspiration, Hartmann will establish content for major shows, and create new educational programs and programs to develop stylists.
Hartmann received a Master's degree in Hairdressing in Germany. "When you decide to become a hairdresser there it takes you three years and you work at a salon at the same time. After each year, you do a big written exam and a practical hands-on exam. So, in Europe people getting into hairdressing take it seriously because it is a big commitment."
Favorite part of doing hair: I love the people. As a stylist, I can actually touch their lives—it's a super powerful thing.
Favorite hair colors: Chocolates are my favorite—specifically IGORA Royal 6-68 and 6-65. The look of warm dark chocolate with honey highlights is a gorgeous combination.
Favorite designers: Love the vibe from Alexander McQueen, Jenny Packham and Stella McCartney
If Schwarzkopf was a woman: She would be a combination of Jennifer Lopez, Marion Cotillard and Jessica Chastain. At the Golden Globes, I loved Jessica's hair; it was so sculpted and interesting. Styles have come back to obvious hairdressing. Your hair has to be "done."
For further information please visit www.schwarzkopf-professionalUSA.com.


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I was lucky my first child was a girl. Because after you give birth for the first time, you know everything. You do everything right! Your child will not be one of those babies that dares to disrupt people on an airplane, in a restaurant, or anywhere that doesn't have paintings of Elmo on the walls. And having one baby girl gave me the opportunity to do that whole "gender neutral" baby raising thing.
While I didn't ban pink, I chose baby clothes of all colors. I had no expectations regarding toys; instead I let her choose whether it was the Hess truck or a baby doll. We bought her a mini skateboard as toddler, and signed her up for soccer before she even really knew what it was.
Then we had a boy.
As my son aged into toddlerhood, we were surprised (but maybe not too surprised) about his obsession with his older sister's skateboard. His incredible physical stamina and coordination in tossing and catching a wiffle ball blew us away. He'll start swimming lessons a good two years before his sister did, and will be on the t-ball team starting next year (also two years before the girl in the family.) We decided our avoidance of stereotypes was perhaps wrongheaded, and thinking more traditionally was where it was at. So naturally a new book has come out saying we'd better go back to our original way of thinking, or we'll be hurting our kids. I'm so confused.
Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow Into Troublesome Gaps -- And What We Can Do About It by Lise Eliot calls out adults -- even well-meaning, pro-equality adults -- for falling for gender stereotypes, and in fact creating them in our own children. Because girl and boy brains are more alike than different, and studies that highlight differences are deeply flawed. Unfortunately, as adults, we look at baby boys and baby girls differently, and treat them differently, to their detriment.
For example, baby boys are seen as more irritable (I'm guilty of thinking/saying that about my own son), even though that's not the case. Boys are seen as more remote and detached, and so parents treat them differently than the "social" girl baby. Naturally, boys will become more detached if they're not on the receiving end of eye contact and physical affection to the same degree as their female counterparts. Thus, creating a stereotype that did not even exist before parents mucked it up.
And baby girls are underestimated in their physical abilities, even though there are no differences in what they can achieve; as seen in a crawling study of 11-month-olds. I admit to recently giving up on my daughter's skating ability and handing over her board to her little brother. Mostly this is because I was never into sports, and so I'm assuming my own daughter isn't either. Luckily, her father hasn't given up on her yet.
More importantly, this book highlights the way we treat our babies. Instead of talking to our girls more and letting our sons play independently, we should be equally engaged. Instead of only encouraging boy babies (or simply being more encouraging) to take physical risks when they're testing out their new walking legs, we should let our little girls go for it as well. And leave any male/female expectations at the door. Which is something a lot of us believe we do already, but even the most subtle difference in our demeanor can shape our boys and girls. Scary, right?
So I'm going to start checking myself a lot more often when I'm hanging with the kids. And perhaps not gasp the next time my daughter climbs a tree in a dress. Perhaps.
Do you treat your girl and boy babies differently?


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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
previous taxon |
next taxon
Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to tree
Leaves generally compound, alternate, stipuled; leaflets generally entire
Inflorescence: generally raceme, spike, umbel or head; flowers sometime 12 in axils
Flowers generally bisexual, generally bilateral; hypanthium generally flat or cup-like; sepals generally 5, fused; petals generally 5, free, or the 2 lower ± fused; stamens 1many, often 10 with 9 filaments at least partly fused, 1 (uppermost) free; pistil 1, ovary superior, generally 1-chambered, ovules 1many, style, stigma 1
Fruit: legume, sometimes including a stalk-like base above receptacle, dehiscent, or indehiscent and breaking into 1-seeded segments, or indehiscent, 1-seeded, and achene-like
Seeds 1several, often ± reniform, generally hard, smooth
Genera in family: ± 650 genera, 18,000 species: worldwide; with grasses, requisite in agriculture and most natural ecosystems. Many cultivated, most importantly Arachis , peanut; Glycine , soybean; Phaseolus , beans; Medicago ; Trifolium ; and many orns
Reference: [Polhill & Raven (eds) 1981 Advances in legume systematics; Allen & Allen 1981 Leguminosae]
Family description and key to genera by Duane Isely.
Annual or perennial herb from crown, glabrous to hairy; hairs sometimes forked at base, branches parallel with leaf surface, sometimes very unequal
Stem 0 or prostrate to erect
Leaves odd-1-pinnate; leaflets generally jointed to midrib; stipules membranous, sometimes fused around stem at stem base
Inflorescence: raceme, axillary, sometimes head- or umbel-like; flowers 2many
Flower bilateral; calyx 5-lobed; banner outside wings in bud, keel blades with small protrusion at base locking into pit on adjacent wing; 9 filaments fused, 1 free; ovary (and fruit) generally sessile, style slender, stigma minute
Fruit generally 1- or ± 2-chambered, often mottled, generally becoming ± dry; placenta on upper suture
Seeds 2many, smooth, compressed, ± notched at attachment scar
Species in genus: > 2000 species: ± worldwide (380 in North America, 94 in CA including many rare taxa)
Etymology: (Greek: ankle-bone or dice, perhaps from rattling of seeds within fruit)
Reference: [Barneby 1964 Mem NY Bot Gard 20:11188; Isely 1986 Iowa State J Res 61:157289]
Very difficult; both flower and fruit needed for identification; many good species appear similar; some species complexes need study. Taxa near province boundaries may appear in > 1 key. Varieties keyed under species for simplicity; species with vars. so identified in key. Fr length includes beak and any stalk-like base unless fruit body specified.
Perennial (sometimes flowering first year or annual), moderately leafy, ± glabrous to silvery-strigose
Leaf 115 cm; leaflets linear to widely ± ovate
Inflorescence: flowers 3± 50, ascending or spreading
Flower: petals purplish, cream, whitish, or mixed purplish and whitish, keel 0.650.8 X banner, banner recurved 3050°
Fruit ovoid or spheric, widely grooved above and below, generally ± bladdery, ± papery, deciduous; beak generally triangular, flat; chambers 2 below beak
Chromosomes: 2n=22
Ecology: Generally dry, open places
Elevation: -303600 m.
Bioregional distribution: n High Sierra Nevada, s Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountain Area, San Joaquin Valley, San Francisco Bay Area,Inner South Coast Ranges, Great Basin Floristic Province, Desert
Distribution outside California: to Washington, Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado, n Mexico
Highly variable; vars. often very distinct, yet intermediates common; flower, fruit both needed for identification.
Perennial, sparsely leafy, ± canescentSee the CNPS Inventory for information about endangerment and rarity.
Stem prostrate, < 1 m
Leaf 34 cm; leaflets 35, linear-oblanceolate, lateral 720 mm, terminal 1432 mm
Inflorescence: flowers 512; axis in fruit 1.54 cm
Flower: petals lavender, banner 13 mm, keel 9 mm
Fruit 2024 mm, 812 mm wide, strongly inflated, stiffly papery, densely strigose; beak 4.57 mm
Ecology: Wet soil
Elevation: 1300 m.
Bioregional distribution: c East of Sierra Nevada (Mono, Inyo cos., near Bishop).


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Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2002-05-16 02:00 UTC The ARISS (a joint effort of AMSAT, the ARRL, NASA, the ARISS international partners including Canada, Russia, the European Partners, and Japan) operations team wishes to announce the following very tentative schedule for ARISS school contacts. This schedule is very fluid and may change at the last minute. Remember that amateur radio use on the ISS is considered secondary. Please check the various AMSAT and ARISS webpages for the latest announcements. Changes from the last announcement are noted with (***). Also, please check MSNBC.com for possible live retransmissions (http://www.msnbc.com/m/lv/default.asp). Listen for the ISS on the downlink of 145.80 MHz. ISS Expedition 4 hams: Yuri Onufrienko RK3DUO Carl Walz KC5TIE Dan Bursch KD5PNU ARISS school contacts will be off-limits from 2002-5-26 to 2002-06-23 per NASA planners. Center for Educational Technologies, Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, WV direct via WK8T Week of 2002-06-24 or 2002-07-01 TBD Progymnasium Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld High School), D-72348, Rosenfeld, Germany, direct via DG3GBQ Week of 2002-07-01 TBD Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum, Chicago, Illinois direct via AJ9N Week of 2002-08-12 TBD or 2002-07-08 (***) KANSAI HAM FESTIVAL 2002, Hirakata, Japan direct via 8N3ISS TBD Whitson Crew Pick, Martensdale - St. Mary's School, Martensdale, IA (***) Week TBD (***) Whitson Crew Pick, Silver Hills Middle School, Fairplay, CO (***) Week TBD (***) Whitson Crew Pick, Spruce Hill Christian School (K-8), Philadelphia, PA (***) Week TBD (***) Whitson Crew Pick, Stanley Clark School, The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, Notre Dame, IN (***) Week TBD (***) Mikve Israel School, Israel 4XMIS (***) Week of 2002-08-12 TBD (***) Jamboree Station, The Netherlands, PA3HGQ (***) 1st choice 2002-08-24 or 2002-08-25 (***) 2nd choice 2002-08-17 or 2002-08-18 (***) Glen Waverley Secondary College, Melbourne Australia, VK3BPU (***) Weeks of 2002-07-22 to 2002-08-05 TBD (***) Euro Space Center space camp Weeks of 2002-07-22 to 2002-08-12 TBD (***) Travis Elementary, Greenville, Texas TBD The latest ARISS announcement and successful school list in now available on the ARISS web site. Several ways to get there. http://ariss.gsfc.nasa.gov click on English (sorry I don't know French) you are now at http://www.rac.ca/ariss.htm click on News Currently the ARISS operations team has a list of over 40 schools that we hope will be able to have a contact during 2002. As the schedule becomes more solidified, we will be letting everyone know. Current plans call for an average of one scheduled school contact per week. 73, Charlie Sufana AJ9N One of the ARISS operation team mentors ---- Via the sarex mailing list at AMSAT.ORG courtesy of AMSAT-NA. To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe sarex" to firstname.lastname@example.com
AMSAT Home


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Node.js® Enterprise Support
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January 23, 2013Joyent and Hadoop: Making Big Data Better by rachelbalik
What? You haven't? Well perhaps that's because it's not quite famous yet, but once word gets out about the new Apache Hadoop-based solution we launched today, we expect this phrase to be top-of-mind for companies who are looking for better performance from Hadoop and have ambitious goals when it comes to managing big data.
January 10, 2013MoonShadowMobile: Data Mapping for a New World by rachelbalik
If you watched the 2012 Presidential debates, you might have thought the entire election was centered on Big Bird and binders full of women. In reality, the election was about big data - the kind of data that could never be contained in a binder, no matter how many you had or how big they were.
November 15, 2012When Real Time Meets Web and Voice by Carl Ford
WebRTC Conference and Expo in South San Francisco, November 27 to 29 in South San Francisco, featuring Joyent's Jason Hoffman as a judge.
August 14, 2012DIY IaaS vs PaaS Approach Webinar and Meetup by joyentlindsay
January 26, 2012The Business Justification for Using Node.js by shogatwo
November 11, 2011A Cloud (and Then Some) for Every Service Provider by dangeiger1
October 25, 2011Quizlet Case Study: 60 Million Page Views, 6 Million Uniques, 3 Web Servers, 40 miliseconds by alexsalkever
October 21, 2011The Internet of Things and the Remaking of the Cloud by alexsalkever
May 5, 2011Cloud Cover TV's Interview with David Young by jacksonwest
February 17, 2011Top 10 Tips for Social Gaming Success by jacksonwest
January 27, 2011Joyent's Secret Sauce? by badnima
November 16, 2010Virtual Machines and Transactions by joyentjames


text: A long black polyester Gothic dress with beautiful black lace at the top. Front design includes eyelets & drawstring with black polyester mesh all around. The lower body is covered by black polyester mesh all around the back & on the sides. Zipper on back & adjustable straps provided for easy & comfortable wearing.


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Stephen King Weighs in on Gun Control
In a new essay, author and gun owner Stephen King shares his opinion on gun control.
In a new essay called 'Guns' distributed by Amazon.com, King reacts to the Sandy Hook shooting and other gun related massacres. He also shares his opinions of 'reasonable measures' that should be taken.
He calls for tougher penalties for those who lie about their past to obtain weapons. King also states that their should be a waiting period for those who wish to purchase a gun. In addition, King calls for a ban on semi-automatic weapons and magazines that can hold more than 10 rounds.
In a statement on Amazing.com King says:
"I think the issue of an America awash in guns is one every citizen has to think about. If this helps provoke constructive debate, I've done my job. Once I finished writing 'Guns' I wanted it published quickly."
'Guns' is available to Kindle users for 99 cents in the Kindle Singles Store.


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