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It is every personâs dream to own a home one day and if you are serving in the US military, then perhaps fulfilling this dream may not be a difficult task for you. Now, why is that? Well, the Federal Government offers many benefits to veterans, active-duty servicemen, reservists and National Guard Members. And one of these benefits is the Veterans Affairs Home Loan Program. So, what is this program? In general, this program had been introduced to help people who serve in the US military fulfill their dream of home ownership.
Understanding VA Home Loans
So, how do you get this loan? In order to receive VA home loan, one has to meet certain service requirements and must have sufficient entitlement. Basically, veterans have must serve 90 consecutive days during wartime and 181 consecutive days during peacetime and National Guards and Reservists must complete 6 years of service. Spouses of military members who died on active duty or because of disabilities caused on active duty are also eligible for the loan.
Once you have met these service requirements, there are certain credit and income and property and entitlement requirements which have to be met in order to determine the amount you can receive and the funding fee which you have to pay. So, how can you calculate the funding fee and amount of loan? Well, this is where a VA loan calculator comes in handy. To understand more, continue reading.
How Is AÂ VA Loan Calculator Useful?
When it comes to applying for a VA home loan, you can take help from the VA lenderâs handbook to understand the eligibility requirements. But usually most applicants get rejected for VA home loan benefits because they are unable to meet the specific credit and income requirements and entitlement requirements. And this is what a VA loan calculator is used for.
They can determine if you are a good credit-risk and can meet the requirements to repay the loan before actually applying for a VA home loan. This makes it less likely for you to get rejected, because if the calculator shows you do not meet the eligibility requirements, you can follow a few steps to improve your financial situation.
How Can This Benefit You?
If you are in the market searching for houses in your area or going through the VA-approved list of properties, you can use the VA loan calculator to determine interest rates and projected monthly payments. Since itâs a VA loan, you donât have to worry about high rates, but it is better to be aware of the terms and conditions you are getting into.
Through the use of a VA Loan calculator, you can get a lot of additional information, including if you exceed the home loan limit, the amount of down payment you need to make, and the funding fee. And you can even use the calculator to see if you can pay off the loan early and to figure out the monthly payments and interest rates.
In addition, a VA loan calculator can also help determine how much money you will be saving monthly, yearly or all at one-time. Once you get to see the information on these calculators, you can find the right home that fits your budget. However, please note these calculators just give you a âsnapshotâ or a rough idea of what your monthly payments would be and the amount of loan you will be eligible for. In the end, it comes down to the decision of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
What Information Do VA Loan Calculators Show?
You can find many VA loan calculators online, each with their different options and information. But in almost all VA loan calculators, you will be asked to:
- Choose the type of Loan (Purchase, Cash-Out Refinance, and Interest Rate Reduction Refinance),
- Enter Your Military Experience (Veteran or Active-Servicemen, Reserves or National Guard, or Retired), and
- Choose the state and the city in which the home is located.
After choosing and ticking the right options, you will be given a bar starting from $0 to $100,000 where you have to determine the purchase price of the home. If the purchase price exceeds the loan limit, the amount of down payment you can make, and the term of the loan (15 Years or 30 Years) will determine eligibility. Then, you will be asked to enter you Estimated âCredit Scoreâ.
After filling out the information, you will be asked to enter your income and expenses in monthly figures, such as Salary/Wages, other income, property taxes (if any), hazard insurance (if any), credit card debt or other bills (if any). Additional information may include options such as if you have used a VA home loan before, or if you have VA Disability compensation.
Now that you have completed filling out the information, the VA loan calculator will show you an estimate of your Monthly Payments, Down Payment, Funding Fee, Taxes & Insurance, and Amt Finance. And this is how you can determine, if you can keep up with all the payments and successfully apply for a VA home loan. So which VA loan calculator is the best? We tend to favor ours!


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"Robin egg" is an americanism - only there do they lay blue eggs.
Hence, it is not an Americanism, but an accurate term applied to describe a color found on a North American bird egg. :thup:
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STREATOR — Peru Parkside thrived in the spoiler role Thursday in the Starved Rock Conference seventh-grade girls' basketball tournament at Streator.
Princeton Logan was undefeated, looking to cap its first undefeated season since the 2002 eighth-grade squad went 15-0 and send coach Brian Herron off into retirement as a champion. Peru, however, spoiled the festivities by defeating the Lionesses 27-26 in Thursday's title game.
At 14-1, Logan matched the record recorded by the 2002 seventh-grade squad, which then went 14-2 the next year in eighth grade.
Ottawa beat Mendota 29-28 in the eighth-grade finals.


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Anyone else pre-ordered? I haven't played a shooter since shortly after Battlefield 3 came out, but I have this pre-ordered simply because zombies kick ass!
Xbox Live gamertag: Galen96
Galen96 wrote:I'm liking it so far. I'm definitely not up to speed, but the graphics are outstanding. still in the process of grading the gameplay.


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Sue Kuhn enters her 25th season as an assistant coach for the York College women's basketball program. Kuhn previously served as former coach Donna Wise's assistant and remained on staff with Coach Witman as she has been the lead assistant for the last 20 years.
Kuhn came to York from Biglerville High School where she served as the head girls' basketball coach.
"Kuhnie" brings a wealth of experience to the Spartan program. In addition to her stint at Biglerville, she also served one year as an assistant coach at Gettysburg College.Kuhn's playing experience was extensive. She played at New Oxford High School and was a 1,000 point scorer before lettering at Lock Haven University where she earned her degree in Physical Education. She also helped lead the Lady Eagles to the PSAC championship.
In the winter of 2013, she was inducted into the New Oxford Athletic Hall of Fame.
Kuhn currently teaches in the Biglerville School System.
Updated: 4/4/2017


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It is early on a rainy weekday morning, but there is already a lot of activity at Brock's Collision Center in Apponaug. Each bay is filled with a vehicle in various stages of completion, and the place is buzzing with the sounds of drills and machinery. Working amongst the team here is technician and lifelong lover of cars, Mike Thoin. Mike joined the ranks of talented professionals here at Brock's nearly eight years ago, and has taken his true passion for cars to a whole new level at this busy auto body and repair shop on Post Road.
Mike Thoin has been tinkering with cars since he was a boy growing up in New Hampshire. Thoin shares his passion and keen knowledge of cars with his father who comes to Rhode Island often from New Hampshire on weekends, just to work alongside his son. It is a special tie that binds them, and a mutual language they speak – especially when they get talking about BMWs – a model of car that has captivated them both for decades. Thoin and his dad have owned and serviced BMWs their whole lives, especially E30 and E36 body types. Mike lights up when he talks about his newest project, a bright red, 1990 BMW 325is which he is in the process of restoring with the touch of an artist – no detail has been overlooked, it is a masterpiece.
Mike Thoin's passion for BMWs, the "ultimate driving machines", is something he brings with him to every vehicle he works on here at Brock's Collision Center, and is the very thing that caught owner Anthony Broccoli's eye seven years ago. Mike and his fellow technicians are hard working perfectionists and car enthusiasts. Their singular goal is to return your prized vehicle to you with the same professionalism, attention to detail and perfectionism that they devote to their own cars. You can depend on the same kind of quality workmanship at Brock's that you would do yourself – if you had the time, experience and expertise of this team of devoted mechanics.
Brock's Collision Center is a comprehensive, one-stop shop that is known for its fine work, efficiency, affordable pricing and integrity. It offers a full range of services for all automobile makes and models. In addition to their exterior body work, they also do major and minor repairs of all kinds – from simple tune-ups and oil changes to more complicated, computer diagnosed repairs.
As a small business owner, Anthony Broccoli is especially mindful of the need to protect his valued customers' privacy. It is his commitment to discard all personal information except a customer's name and phone number; everything else is securely disposed of.
For more information call 738-3440, or stop in at 3066 Post Road in the Apponaug section of Warwick.


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Tropic Of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence
Tropic Of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence
An investigative journalist's tough analysis of how some of the world's most vulnerable states—those with a history of economic and political disasters—are confronting the new crisis of climate change.
The Nation contributing editor Parenti (Lockdown America, 2008, etc.) focuses on the region of the planet that lies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. He expects nations in this area to face a catastrophic convergence of poverty, violence and climate change—hence the label "Tropic of Chaos."
The danger he foresees is that the reaction of the United States and other developed countries to this disaster may be to become "armed lifeboats" with militarized borders and aggressive anti-immigration policies. In Parenti's view, the militarism of the Cold War and America's economic policies of privatization and deregulation are to blame for pushing many developing countries into political and economic instability.
The social effects of climate change in a given country can be neither understood nor planned for, he writes, without knowledge of the country's history. To remedy this, he offers a grim account of the history of several countries in the Tropic of Chaos, including failed and semi-failed states in Africa, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Mexico, making specific connections between economic history, political violence and climate. Water, he argues, has long been a key driver of conflict, and with climate change bringing extreme weather with droughts and flooding, it will become an even greater issue. The chapter on South America leads directly to his discussion of immigration to the United States, where immigrants are met with "the calumny, hatred, and ideological spittle of rightwing demagogues" like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh. In the final chapter, Parenti offers his ideas for how the United States might respond otherwise.
A dark look at a looming world crisis in which the United States comes off as one of the worst villains.


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(c) Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, Deerfield MA. All rights reserved.
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These petroglyphs are carved into the rock at the Great Falls (Bellows Falls) located on the west side of the Connecticut River. Abenakis have used the Great Falls for gathering and fishing since ancient times. The carvings, heads with rays or horns projecting from the top, were possibly made in an effort to connect with the spirit world. Over the years, the numbers of carvings reported by observers has varied considerably as early carvings disappeared. In the twentieth century, the integrity of the original carvings have suffered from being recarved, enhanced, and or painted yellow.
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Can Linux Open-Xchange Replace Microsoft Exchange?
The Many Moods of Open-Xchange
Whether you're replacing Microsoft Exchange or just looking for a competent groupware suite, Open-Xchange is one of the leading contenders for Linux. How does it rate? Very well, with a few caveats.
This month I'll be looking at the administration side of Open-Xchange. Next month I'll report in on the actual end user experience and whether Open-Xchange is worth deploying.
So what is Open-Xchange? Basically it's a collaboration platform that can replace Microsoft Exchange, or simply serve as a groupware offering for small or large organizations. It can support integration with Microsoft Active Directory, if you need that, or provide LDAP services. It has all the groupware features you'd expect for a modern workplace — email/Webmail, calendaring, task management, contact management, document storage, and so on. OX has connectors or (prepare for a truly bad pun) "OXtenders" for synchronizing with Outlook, Mac OS X, and mobile devices.
Got all that? Now we need to select a version of Open-Xchange to deploy.
The Many Moods of Open-Xchange
Like many open source based solutions, Open-Xchange has several versions. You have the option of a hosted version through one of Open-Xchange's resellers, the Server Edition, Appliance, or the Community Edition. Confused? It's not really that bad:
The hosted edition is offered through providers like 1&1. They do the setup, you pay per month or per user. Or if you're a hosting provider, you might offer this yourself. That's way beyond the scope of what I'm looking at, though.
The Server and Appliance editions are for companies that want to host their own supported versions of Open-Xchange. If you want to install Open-Xchange on a server running other services or have support contracts with Red Hat or Novell, then you'd go with the Server edition. In other words, you're going to install the packages yourself. The Appliance version is for installation on a bare server or delivered as a VMware image that you can slap in and boot up.
Finally, there's the Community Edition. This is unsupported and as you might expect, is going to take a bit more elbow grease to install and configure. It is, however, free. This can be somewhat challenging to locate on the Open-Xchange site, at least if you're coming through the front page. To put it mildly, the site needs help. Let me take that back — the site needs an intervention, not just help. Finding anything, like a simple and straightforward explanation of what Open-Xchange is, can be difficult. Finding the downloads for the open source editions can be incredibly difficult.
But they can be found. To get a feel for Open-Xchange, I've looked at the Appliance version and Community Edition.
As you can see from the installation guide, installation and basic configuration of the Community Edition is going to take a while. I'd budget at least a half a day to get Open-Xchange installed and ready to handle users. Really, I'd budget a full day because you're also going to want to read through the docs and if anything is missed give it another go.
The Appliance edition is much simpler. You can get it installed and ready to configure for users in an hour or so. Figure in a bit more time for plowing through the documentation.
Speaking of the documentation, it's a case of good news and bad news.
- Skip Ahead
- 1. The Many Moods of Open-Xchange
- 2. The Many Moods of Open-Xchange


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Events for January 18th, 2019
Friday Men's Covenant Group
Time: 6:30am – 8:00am
The Men's Covenant Group is a small group of men that meet for accountability and prayer support.
Friday 8:30am Service
Time: 8:30am – 10:00am
Church services
Friday Adult Bible Study
Time: 8:30am – 9:45am
The Forge EXPERIENCE
Time: 8:30am – 9:45am
For teens ages 12-14 years
Friday Children's Classes
Time: 8:30am – 11:45am
Children's church classes
Friday FUEL
Time: 8:30am – 9:45am
A Bible Study where students come together in a small group for an open discussion on God's Word.
Friday 10:15am Service
Time: 10:15am – 11:45am
Church services
Time: 12:00pm – 2:30pm
A youth service that includes lunch, praise and worship led by a youth band, interactive Bible-based teaching and prayer. 14-18 year olds
Discovering ECC
Time: 12:30pm – 2:30pm
Get to know who ECC is as a church and learn about membership
Upcoming Events
Mar27ECC Prayer Meeting9:30am – 12:00pm
Mar29Friday Men's Covenant Group6:30am – 8:00am
Mar29Friday 8:30am Service8:30am – 10:00am


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OnBase data capture automatically classifies your important business documents, extracts and validates critical information and then updates your relevant systems, including OnBase itself.
Eliminating manual efforts around document processing can bring the following benefits:
Read about how a flooring company turns hours of processing into minutes with OnBase capture.
No matter what document you feed into the process, whether a typed correspondence or handwritten form, OnBase uses advanced technologies to ensure it accurately pulls all the important information you need to fuel your business, including
Embracing automated data capture increases efficiencies and accelerates processes across your organisation. OnBase data capture gives your company the competitive edge you want with the flexibility and scalability necessary to meet your business needs. Data capture software can be applied across a wide variety of business processes – wherever manual document sorting or data entry is occurring in your organisation.
And OnBase data capture is flexible enough to work with your current or planned content management strategy. Plug it into another content repository or take advantage of the additional capabilities available on the OnBase platform, such as award-winning content management and case management capabilities.


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Brajcich praised for work
When Mark Brajcich became Red Lodge Schools Superintendent 15 years ago the high school students were sharing a 37-year-old building with K-4 while the 5th-8th graders where housed in the 1920s Roosevelt School. And in keeping with the past, the school mascot was the very un-PC Redskins.
By the time Brajcich plans to retire this coming June he will leave behind a Red Lodge glowing with a new up-to-date, technology friendly high school; the K-8 sharing one school building; a very kid centric philosophy, and a mascot with the more PC name of the Rams.
All these changes were just part of a giant laundry list given to Brajcich when he first became superintendent, that included improving management, controlling budgets, and minding the store for the district's most precious commodity, the student's and their future.
"It's been a great ride, with a lot of work done on the curriculum and policy, and obviously the building projects," said Brajcich.
It is however seeing the students' graduate that Brajcich feels is the most rewarding.
"The highlights are getting kids' achievement levels higher than average statewide and national scores. It's all about student achievement. The best part of my job is graduation, those kids getting across the stage. Sometimes I don't know if they will but the commitment from the staff to help them do their personal best, that is my ultimate achievement," he said.
Keeping the school system and its staff kid centered is essential he feels.
"The most important thing is the environment the kids are learning in, over time we've done a fairly decent job," he said.
When Brajcich got here the board set a fair amount of goals for him, ranging from academic textbooks to facilities that hadn't been maintained, to extracurricular.
" I t was very muc h directed by the board and those goals, for years, and it is the solid direction we continued to follow," Brajcich added.
Brajcich, whose term of 15 years surpasses the average limits by most superintendents 3 to1, is wise to some of those original goals becoming "stale" over time.
"It is one reason we did the staff and parents survey this past fall to get input for more current goals to be defined. This is a huge opportunity for the person going to follow me to sit down with the current board and define the goals to take the district further along," he said.
Brajcich has always been an advocate that "you've got to have a fire in your belly and you've got to enjoy it and run hard while doing it."
"Once you've run as hard as you can and you see an opportunity for somebody else to do a different job, or approach it in a different way, an educator's obligation is to step back and let them carry that torch," he said.
Brajcich's efforts have also been amply rewarded in comments from others who have worked closely with him.
John Elsberry, one of the original board members who hired Brajcich, said his experience of working with Brajcich had been "incredibly rewarding."
"He ' l l b e ha r d t o replace, he put kids first, and never hid from a controversial issue or failed to address an issue," he said. "He is exceptional with management and money, kept us informed about everything including changes in law and conducted an exceptional management of the school building, going above and beyond with his knowledge of construction. He is as good as it gets."
Doug Mann, Red Lodge Elementary School principal, described Brajcich as a "great guy." "I've probably worked with 5-6 superintendents in my time and he is the best by far. He goes above and beyond. Mostly he is student centered and fair and straightforward. Another aspect is his sense of humor. We have Central Leadership meetings and they are always fun. It's rare to call your boss their friend," said Mann.
John Fitzgerald, Red Lodge middle school principal, talked of Brajcich's knowledge of administration and his ability to listen and to run a "tight ship" but give free rein and flexibility to his staff. "I don't think I've seen any body better with people than Mark. He's a tremendous boss to work for, very open to working with others and communicates extremely well with us as administration. I couldn't be happier to have him as a boss and mentor."
"He gives us the autonomy as long as it is in the best interests of the kids. And I think Mark has always been a kids' first super. We are going to miss him. There is not a better person to lead the district in the right direction," said Fitzgerald.
Steve Haman, Trustee Red Lodge School District, called Brajcich a "phenomenal leader who has been an outstanding asset to the district and our community."
"He will be greatly missed. We would like to thank him for his many years of exceptional service and his dedication to our students, teachers and staff and although we are sad to see him retire, we understand his desire to pursue other interests after such a long and distinguished career in our district."
"While he will be difficult to replace, Mark's leadership, dedication and hard work have established Red lodge School District as one of the finest school districts in the state with a very bright future."
Moving forward said Haman, the board would begin the process of finding Brajcich's replacement.
"The hiring of a school superintendent is one of, if not, the most important decision any board will make," he said.
"Having a superintendent who is student centered and is excited about taking a great school system, a phenomenal foundation built by Mark and his staff, and moving that forward in new and exciting ways, will be things, I think, what we're going to be looking for." While the board has not formalized the process nor established timelines yet, confirmed Haman, "we are committed to involving parents, students, teachers, staff and community members throughout the selection process and we look forward to and value their input."
"Where do I begin?' was Red Lodge High School principal Rex Ternan's immediate thought on the news of Brajcich retiring.
"It has been a privilege to work for someone like Mark. He has such a holistic view of education. He has a good pulse on the entire district from personnel to budget issues. School finance is very complicated and I've learnt so much from his knowledge and he has the ability to explain it to people; the mill levies and all the formulas," said Ternan.
"He always has your back, is always running to walk alongside you and not pass the buck. That is a rare commodity any more. In my 16 years, I've worked 15 with him. I can't believe where the district was. We were kind of a challenge, struggling with upgrades and things on the wayside for years," said Ternan. "I guess the commitment to recogni z ing that kids deserve better has been a journey: convincing the community that they did deserve better, creating that awareness and going into the facilities' needs surveys and assessments of our facilities and what are our options. We are now sitting in one of the nicest schools in the state, with beautiful athletic facilities and more opportunities for kids."
"What stands out the most is his absolute brutal honesty. It builds trust in the board and the community and that's hard to do that sometimes. You always know you'll get the straight line with him and it's unique how he can present it without getting people upset," he said.
Ternan alluded to the c o n t r o v e r s i a l ma s c o t change; suggesting the stress of altering a decades old name would have driven other superintendents out of town.
"He had an eloquent way of standing firm. A way of balancing that," recalls Ternan.
Ternan also talked of Brajcich's way of breaking down the wall between bosses and workers.
"It is unique to be a friend, a cohort and be involved in this thing called school administration. I admire him as a man, a leader and where we've come in this journey in Red Lodge. This business is always changing, when you think you've got it figured out, you have a whole set of different students, parents, issues and I guess having someone like him with knowledge, experience and wisdom keeps us navigating in the right direction," said Ternan.
"I'm going to miss the heck out of him," he said.
Brajcich with 29 years in education, 25 as a superintendent and 4 as a principal, feels he is leaving Red Lodge on a high.
"I'm a true believer that education needs to be competitive. You can't sit back, you have to put out a product that is very good and catches the eye of parents. I'm a believer that parents should be able to send kids wherever they want, and we've managed to keep the district enrollment up, maintain a good strong curriculum and have the technology resources at the new school, and that is a real cre
dit to the community. It takes money and the community has supported us," said Brajcich. Brajcich's June date is a "little daunting" to him. "I've no idea what I will do," he said. "I think it is the right thing to do, the district has been incredible to me and my family. It will pull at the heart strings this September when the students come back."
Upcoming Events
Tuesday, March 19, 2019 - 7:00pmNow Group meets at the Bridger United Methodist Church, 222 W. Broadway (west entrance of church) Tuesday at 7 p.m.
Thursday, March 21, 2019 - 7:00pmMeets every Thursday, 7 p.m. – 8 p.m. at the Red Lodge Area Community Foundation, 122 S. Hauser. It is open to all. 425- 1755.
Thursday, March 21, 2019 - 7:00pmClarks Fork Group meets at St. Joseph's Catholic Hall, north end of Montana Avenue, Thursday at 7 p.m.
Friday, March 22, 2019 - 7:00pmRock Creek Group meets Tuesdays and Saturdays at 8 a.m. and Wednesdays and Fridays at 7 p.m. at Calvary Church, 9 N Villard, Red Lodge.
Monday, March 25, 2019 - 7:00pmJoliet Group meets at the Community Center Monday at 7 p.m.
Tuesday, March 26, 2019 - 7:00pmNow Group meets at the Bridger United Methodist Church, 222 W. Broadway (west entrance of church) Tuesday at 7 p.m.
The Carbon County News
Street Address:
11 N. Broadway, Red Lodge, MT 59068
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 970, Red Lodge, MT 59068
Phone: 406-446-2222
Fax: 406-446-2225
Toll-Free: 800-735-8843
Open: Monday-Friday, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Yellowstone Newspapers
- Big Horn County News | Hardin, MT
- Big Timber Pioneer | Big Timber, MT
- Carbon County News | Red Lodge, MT
- Dillon Tribune | Dillon, MT
- Forsyth Independent Press | Forsyth, MT
- Glendive Ranger-Review | Glendive, MT
- Judith Basin Press | Stanford, MT
- Laurel Outlook | Laurel, MT
- Lewistown News-Argus | Lewistown, MT
- Livingston Enterprise | Livingston, MT
- Miles City Star | Miles City, MT
- Stillwater County News | Columbus, MT
- Terry Tribune | Terry, MT
- Welcome! Visitor's Guide


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Openness is one of the central values of science. Open scientific practices such as sharing data, materials and analysis scripts alongside published articles have many benefits, including easier replication and extension studies, increased availability of data for theory-building and meta-analysis, and increased possibility of review and collaboration even after a paper has been published. Although modern information technology makes sharing easier than ever before, uptake of open practices had been slow. We suggest this might be in part due to a social dilemma arising from misaligned incentives and propose a specific, concrete mechanism—reviewers withholding comprehensive review—to achieve the goal of creating the expectation of open practices as a matter of scientific principle.
1. Introduction
Openness and transparency are core values of science [Low Tie Derby Heel with City Black Side Classified up Bootie Women's qFSEAwt]. The American National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy [2, p. 9] says unambiguously that researchers have a 'fundamental obligation' to keep quality records of their research, and that once it is published, that other researchers 'must have access to the data and research materials'. This responsibility flows from several sources: our epistemic responsibility to substantiate our claims with evidence, our responsibility to the community of scientists from whom we obtained most of our knowledge, and our responsibility to society at large that supports our research. The Royal Society Science Policy Centre [3, p. 38] states that '[g]ood [scientific] communication is assessable communication, which allows those who follow it not only to understand what is claimed, but also to assess the reasoning and evidence behind the claim'.
The Committee on Responsibilities of Authorship in the Biological Sciences, National Research Council [4, p. 4] placed the responsibility for open standards on every member of the research community:
[T]he act of publishing is a quid pro quo in which authors receive credit and acknowledgment in exchange for disclosure of their scientific findings. An author's obligation is not only to release data and materials to enable others to verify or replicate published findings (as journals already implicitly or explicitly require) but also to provide them in a form on which other scientists can build with further research. All members of the scientific community—whether working in academia, government, or a commercial enterprise—have equal responsibility for upholding community standards as participants in the publication system, and all should be equally able to derive benefits from it.
For many decades, openness was frustrated by technological limitations. Physical, paper journals simply could not accommodate a more complete record of the methods and data presented in scientific articles. With the advent of digital information technologies and the Internet, these limitations have disappeared. Instead of being stored in dusty boxes in a laboratory, records of one's materials, data, and analyses can be made publicly available for anyone in the world to access indefinitely. For most research—particularly research in the behavioral and social sciences—it is possible to provide a nearly complete public record of the research from consent form templates, surveys, stimuli and experimental instructions and software, to the data and analysis scripts. Over the past few decades, valuable tools have been developed to facilitate open research: data journals (e.g. [5]) and data repositories (e.g. figshare, Data Dryad, Open Science Framework) allow easy storage and organization of research products; many statistical software packages allow complete records of analyses to be kept and shared; projects such as Sweave [6] and Rmarkdown [7] allow the entire process of data cleaning, analysis and document preparation to be combined in a single, reproducible document.
The possibilities allowed by new technological developments are exciting. Scientific progress is accelerated as more data are available for verification, theory-building and meta-analysis, and experimental materials are available for easier replications and extension studies. The availability of stimuli, questionnaires, programmed paradigms and data analysis scripts will make scientific research more efficient, as research can be more easily understood and replicated, mistakes can be found more readily, and needless duplication of effort across laboratories can be reduced. With open research, scientific articles become part of a collaborative effort to learn what is likely to be true, rather than static records of the results of specific analyses. The meaning of a scientific article is not limited to the interpretation that the original authors give it; with open data, the interpretation of experimental data can evolve as theories develop, or as researchers with varying perspectives analyse them. The open scientific future we glimpse on the horizon holds great promise.
And yet, despite the fact that openness in research is a core scientific value—and despite the fact that nearly complete openness in research has never been easier to achieve—open research practices are rare in many parts of the scientific literature. For decades, authors have found low rates of data sharing, across many scientific disciplines [8–15]. We know less about researchers' willingness to share other aspects of their research such as materials, but the practice seems to be relatively rare. Current research practices are not improving drastically, despite the strong arguments in favour of open practices [16].
Although openness is an ethical obligation of scientists that carries many demonstrable benefits, and despite it being easier than ever before due to the availability software and Internet resources, many areas of research are still largely not open. The current approach to advocating openness—a mixture of extolling the benefits of openness to researchers and pushing for policy change at journals and granting agencies—has proved to be insufficient to motivate the adoption of open research practices.
Perhaps the lack of success of this approach is no surprise. The way that the incentives in science are structured, the ability to publish is rewarded above all else. Learning open practices is not difficult, but implementing them does take time and may delay the publication process, even if only for a few days. Opening one's own data and methods could also be perceived as benefiting one's competitors with no guarantee of reciprocal openness, possibly placing one at a disadvantage within one's scientific field. This creates a social dilemma: individuals might value open research practices as being in the best interest of the scientific community, yet simultaneously avoid them because they do not believe that implementing open practices is in their individual best interest. Given this social dilemma, the current slow pace of change is perhaps not surprising.
We believe many researchers are excited by the promise of open scientific practice, and surveys have shown their agreement with open principles [17,1]. Researchers simply need an incentive, and may even welcome a strong incentive if it were offered. We thus believe a change of strategy is needed. The strategy we propose here uses the role of the reviewer as an instrument of change. As a group, reviewers share the power to ensure that articles meet minimum scientific quality standards. What is needed is an affirmation that those minimum scientific quality standards include open practices. By acknowledging that open practices should be considered by reviewers alongside other research norms, reviewers can collectively bring about a radical positive change in the culture of science.
2. The Peer Reviewers' Openness Initiative
Although some progress has been made towards open practices, actual behaviour in many scientific fields is far from the ideal of openness by default. We suggest a new strategy: a concrete statement of open-research requirements for publication, along with a plan for putting these into action. The Peer Reviewers' Openness Initiative (http://opennessinitiative.org) is a statement that researchers can sign that indicates that after a set, future date—1 January 2017—they will begin to apply certain minimal open research standards to the manuscripts they review. Central to the Initiative is the idea that reviewers can engage authors on issues of scientific openness during the review process.
2.1 Author-focused engagement
The reviewer/author relationship is at the heart of the peer-review process. At times, reviewers receive manuscripts for review that appear incomplete, such as missing a figure or missing statistical results. Before submitting a review on an incomplete manuscript, it is best to contact the authors through an appropriate channel for clarification on those incomplete aspects of the manuscript. Oversights can be easily corrected through constructive engagement with the authors.
We believe that a manuscript presenting work that is not sufficiently open should be treated as incomplete, warranting a similar strategy. We suggest that reviewers ask the authors through an appropriate channel whether their data and materials are open, and if not, for justification (see also [18]). Engagement with the authors should occur as soon as possible after the review assignment is accepted, in order to prevent unnecessary delays in the review process. This could be accomplished by the reviewer sending a simple email through the editor asking the authors about the openness of their manuscript.
The authors can respond in one of two ways to such a request: first, they can provide a link to the data and materials and agree to share a link in the published version of the manuscript. However, as we discuss later, there are valid reasons for incomplete openness. In the case that the authors will not open aspects of their research, the authors can respond with a justification for this lack of openness, and include their justification in the manuscript's author note so that reviewers and future readers can understand the Authors' reasons for not releasing some part of the data or materials. If a link to the data and materials or a justification for lack of openness is provided, and if these will be public, then the review process can continue as normal. If the authors will neither release their data and materials nor publicly justify their choice not to, then the reviewer should offer a short review that focuses only on the lack of openness and failure to justify it. We believe there is simply no argument for authors not justifying their data and material sharing practices; knowing why authors choose not to be open would be tremendously useful to the scientific community at large.
2.2 The initiative
Openness and transparency are core values of science. As a manifestation of those values, a minimum requirement for publication of any scientific results must be the public submission of materials used in generating those results. As reviewers, it is our responsibility to ensure that publications meet certain minimum quality standards. We therefore agree that as reviewers, starting 1 January 2017, we will not offer comprehensive review for, nor recommend the publication of, any manuscript that does not meet the following minimum requirements. Once such a manuscript has been certified by the authors to meet these minimum requirements, we will proceed with a more comprehensive review of the manuscript.
— Data should be made publicly available. All data needed for evaluation and reproduction of the published research should be made publicly available, online, hosted by a reliable third party.
— Stimuli and materials should be made publicly available. Stimulus materials, experimental instructions and programmes, survey questions and other similar materials should be made publicly available, hosted by a reliable third party.
— In case some data or materials are not open, clear reasons (e.g. legal, ethical constraints, or severe impracticality) should be given. These reasons should be outlined in the manuscript.
— Documents containing details for interpreting any files or code, and how to compile and run any software programs should be made available with the above items. In addition, licensing or other restrictions on their use should be made clear.
— The location of all of these files should be advertised in the manuscript, and all files should be hosted by a reliable third party. The choice of online file hosting should be made to maximize the probability that the files will be accessible for many years, and to minimize the probability that they will be lost for trivial reasons (e.g. accidental deletions, moving files).Massimo Cinnamon Massimo Matteo Womens Tatum Womens Matteo fwfTCvq
Authors of submitted articles wishing to signal to reviewers and readers their adherence should add a statement to the author note specifying the data and materials that are open and where they can be found, or their justification for not sharing some of their data and materials.
3. Discussion
The idea of open practices being a minimal standard for research is not new. Peng et al. [9] suggested that open practices be a minimum requirement for epidemiology research. The core principles of UPSIDE highlight the public availability of data and materials [19]. Nosek et al. [20] broadly suggested the use of checklists by authors, reviewers and editors to help assess the overall quality of manuscripts, and Aleksic et al. [21] offer a general 'open science peer reviewer's oath' that suggests general principles for reviewers to help improve the status quo. The journal Nature Genetics has specified that all articles submitted must make available materials to reviewers and future readers, via permanent, public repositories [22]. Nature Genetics makes the very strong statement that they 'see no reason to make exceptions or concessions to review or publish research articles—from any part of the world—that lack the most basic access to data'.
None of these other calls for more openness conflict with the Initiative, and we endorse them wholeheartedly. What is different about the Initiative is that it offers a specific, concrete mechanism—reviewers withholding comprehensive review—to achieve the goal of creating the expectation of open practices as a matter of scientific principle. The Initiative aims to solve the current dilemma facing researchers by taking advantage of the fact that openness is already valued by many in the scientific community [23]. Reviewers have several incentives to join the Initiative: it allows them to make their values manifest, without placing them at a disadvantage relative to one's peers and it temporarily eases their review load, because many papers will not meet the standards initially. Authors will obviously have the incentive to meet the requirements of the Initiative, because it will allow them to be published more quickly as reviewers will naturally allocate their limited time towards reviewing work that adheres to basic standards of scientific quality.
The Peer Reviewers' Openness Initiative website not only provides a way for researchers to voice their support for the Initiative and useful guidelines for signatories; it also provides links to resources that will help authors comply with the Initiative's guidelines. These resources are critical, because the intent of the Initiative is not to punish researchers who do not comply, but rather to increase the prevalence of open practices. The Initiative is not designed to be an onerous hurdle to publication, but is rather a gateway to a higher quality publication and a more efficient science.
4. Possible concerns
My current practices are not in line with the Initiative. Can I sign the Initiative? We suspect that there are many researchers who agree in principle with the goals of the Initiative, and wish that both their work, and the culture of science at large, were more open. Just because researchers are steeped in less-than-open traditions and practices that have been normative for many decades does not mean they cannot advocate for positive change for the field and for themselves. We suggest that those who resonate with the values of the Initiative sign it, with the dual intent of aiding the emergence of open practices through the peer review process and learning open practices.
The Initiative overrides journal policy. While some journals—for example, the Public Library of Science and the Royal Society journals1 —have policies requiring or encouraging open practices, most journals do not. It is our view that open research is not primarily a matter of policy; it is, rather, a matter of scientific values and the ultimate quality of the product. A policy merely reflects the values and the desire for quality. As with proper scientific attribution, openness is something that reviewers should address. If a scientific manuscript does not give credit where it is due, reviewers take a dim view of the quality of that manuscript. Even if a journal abandoned its attribution policies, reviewers would still have the right and responsibility to request proper attribution practices. Likewise, even in the absence of a journal policy of openness—or when a journal is not enforcing existing policy—reviewers have the right and responsibility to address open practices. We applaud journals and granting agencies that adopt open policies; obviously, science will work best when researchers' values and institutional policies are aligned. However, scientific quality is a question primarily for peers' consideration, and thus openness should be judged by peer reviewers.
Tahari Suede Dress Sandal Orange Blood Eloise Women's Open practices are not standardized. Currently, there are a wide range of practices that might be described as open, from releasing data in an article's supplemental material to complete transparency as data are collected (e.g. [26]). Consensus has yet to be reached on what sort of openness is best for most scientific situations, and a request to authors to open their research could be interpreted in a number of ways. Certainly standardized open practices are superior to non-standardized open practices, but if open practices are not widespread, there is no reason for standardization. The demand for standardization must be driven by practice, rather than by an abstract desire to standardize that which is now occurring only rarely.
Authors may lack training in open practices. Acquiring new skills and knowledge is part and parcel of being a scientist. Academic researchers are life-long learners; in fact, academic research is predicated on the idea that we, as researchers, are constantly learning and sharing what we learn with others. Surely researchers that have the capacity to work at the boundaries of human knowledge also have the capacity to learn basic open research practices. We offer numerous examples on the Initiative website to help get researchers started; many more examples and tutorials can be found on the Internet.
Broadly speaking, effortless openness is a matter of forming good habits (e.g. [27–29]). The effort that openness takes is greatly diminished when researchers deliberately prepare to share their data with colleagues during the research process itself. At present, formal education in good research data management habits is typically not a component of scientific training [30]. We believe that future methods training in both the classroom and the laboratory should be focused on creating these good habits from the very first time a student encounters data. Good habits ensure that when a paper is submitted, no additional effort needs to be expended in preparing the data to be shared.
One thing that senior researchers can do to help students is to ensure that their data and research materials are well curated. In particular, having a laboratory-wide plan based on good research management practices—and making sure students understand it—has the immediate benefit that others in the same laboratory easily make use of the materials after the student has left, and the side benefit that openness will be a simple matter of making the already well-curated materials publicly available.
Authors may be unable to share (some of their) data or materials. It is our goal to create the strong expectation that research practices be open. In some cases, it may not be possible for data or materials to be shared for a variety of reasons, such as legal or ethical considerations. These cases can be dealt with on an individual basis, and the reasons for exceptions to open research practices should be clearly explained. Certainly, if anyone understands the constraints on openness that researchers face in a particular field, it will be the peer reviewers; this is a major point in favour of peer reviewers taking the lead on this issue.
The Royal Society Science Policy Centre [3] notes that in some cases, publicly releasing data can be ethically problematic. For instance, the rarity of some genetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, makes the cases possibly identifiable. Research participants who consented to data release among qualified researchers may not consent to public data release. For some specialized research, secure data repositories accessible only by vetted researchers may be a better option than fully open data. Authors and reviewers should weigh the legal and ethical consequences of releasing data in the context of their research.2 Other problematic cases include issues of copyright: if scientists are using materials that are copyrighted by another organization, they may not have permission to release them publicly. The common thread in all examples of limited openness is that they should be thoughtful, justifiable in principle, and actually justified to readers and reviewers. For further discussion of the limits of openness, see [3, ch. 3].
Finally, some authors simply may not wish to share their materials publicly before acceptance of their paper. In such cases, some data repositories (e.g. Data Dryad and figshare) allow the embargoing of shared materials until publication, while still privately sharing the materials with reviewers. Such solutions remove from the authors the burden of remembering to share the materials after publication.
As a reviewer, I do not have time to check Authors' analyses. An important aspect of the Initiative is that it is not designed, by itself, as a fraud or mistake detection mechanism. It is designed, rather, to increase open practices. By joining the Initiative, you are not obligating yourself to check the analyses using the data provided. Reviewing remains as it always has been, except that you would have the option to check the analyses, if you chose to do so. We expect that once providing open data and materials becomes more common, norms will be established regarding how reviewers are expected to use these new resources, but until then reviewers should use their own judgment.
I am concerned that the Initiative may be used aggressively. The purpose of the Initiative is twofold: first, to alert reviewers to the fact that open practices are a legitimate target for peer review, and second, to give authors the incentive they need to begin implementing open research practices. The Initiative is thus intended entirely constructively. In some rare cases—for instance, in contentious areas of research—over-zealous application of the Initiative's standards might be used as a weapon by one's theoretical rivals. This would be undesirable, possibly causing researchers to resent requests for more openness instead of seeing them as opportunity to improve their practices. If any dispute arises over whether the points of the Initiative have been met, reviewers are encouraged to cede to the opinion of the authors and action editors.
Reviewers should assume good faith on the part of authors who have certified that they meet the points of the Initiative, and avoid aggressive, legalistic interpretations of the Initiative and making unreasonable demands. Signers of the Initiative should remember that the minimal requirement of the Initiative is mere public justification of lack of openness; even if one believes a particular justification is insufficient, if the justification is public it will become part of the broader conversation about openness among scientists. This broader conversation is substantially more valuable than openness in any single paper.
How do I apply the terms as an action editor? The application of the terms of the Initiative may complicate action editing if the Initiative is seen as too radical by journal senior editors. For this reason, the Initiative is targeted at reviewers and not action editors. Signatories of the Initiative are, of course, free to make reference to the Initiative as action editors, but signing does not obligate them to do so. As a signatory of the Initiative, your role as an action editor and your role as a reviewer are seen as separate. There is one important role that action editors have as a part of their typical responsibilities: judging whether authors have made a good-faith effort to meet a reviewer's request for open practices. As noted above, we believe that reviewers should defer to Authors' and action editors' opinions about whether an article has met the requirements of the Initiative. One of the main responsibilities in action editing is weighing the concerns of reviewers and authors. We expect that action editors will not find juggling demands for open research to be any more problematic than juggling other reviewer demands.
5. Conclusion
The Peer Reviewers' Openness Initiative provides the best possible chance for open research practices to become commonplace in the scientific literature. Now is the time for all of the sciences to be open; we hope that researchers who value open research practices—even ones who have not yet put them into action—will join us in signing the Initiative and help promote open research. We must let current and future researchers know that openness is not just a value we talk about, but one we make manifest.
Competing interests
We declare we have no competing interests.
We received no funding for this study.
Un Knot Leather Chestnut Clarks Unstructured 57ZBOO1 The Public Library of Science does not require, but 'strongly recommends' public deposit of data and materials [24], while the Royal Society requires public deposit of data but does not have requirements for materials [25]. We are not aware of any journals that require public justification where openness is lacking; we believe this is key.
↵2 For authors that would like to approach their organization's ethics review board about open data issues, the Initiative website contains a form letter that might be helpful: https://opennessinitiative.org/enlisting-help-from-your-institution/.
- Received October 10, 2015.
- Accepted December 1, 2015.
© 2016 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
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12th March 2005, 01:29 PM
Just FYI if Pat or LeighAnn are doing any FAQ work or others are wondering -- the sections are currently closed to posting as I wanted to lock them for the time being. I can give both of you permissions to post into those sections or you can send me the documents to post in.... as well as any suggestions on how to divide sections. I could do a separate 'health' category for example and we could put health FAQs there and also have the health questions section in there, for example. I will be doing more work on the site this evening. I can also transfer some of our cavalier connection info into the section later -- it goes pretty fast.


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Big Time Wrestling TV EP 7 (1960s)Click "PLAY ALL" to watch the entire program
Back to the Big Time Wrestling/IWA Full Programs Library
Viewing Sluggish? Click on the Pause buttom to allow the Video to Pre-Load for a few seconds, then click the Play button to continue.
back to Uncle Earl's Classic TV Channel


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When it comes to hardcore wrestling action, TNA Wrestling has outshone WWE in recent years. The new ECW has failed to live up to the expectations of the bloodthirsty fans of the original. TNA, on the other hand, has delivered many an extreme highlights, most often involving Abyss, the company's resident monster, and the subject of a new DVD release, Doomsday: The Best of Abyss.
Abyss has carved out a niche for himself as one of the leaders of the new generation of extreme thanks to his penchant for thumbtacks and tables, and an apparent willingness to endanger his own personal health and safety in the course of a match. This set showcases examples of this in the form of eight brutal and bloody matches from 2005 and 2006.
Personal highlights include his gruesome Barbed Wire Massacre match between he and Sabu from Turning Point 2005 and his Falls Count Anywhere battle against Rhino at Against All Odds 2006. The first of those is perhaps TNA's most gruesome match ever, as both men get carved and shredded in the barbed wire ropes. The second features one of TNA's most creative spots where a barrier wall in the stands is broken, leading to a super gore off of the bleachers and down through a stack of tables below.
Other matches shown are the Monsters Ball 2 and 3 -- featuring Jeff Hardy's swanton leap off of the entrance stage, and Abyss' giant elbow off the scaffolding onto Brother Runt, respectively -- and the monster's gimmick matches against AJ Styles (Lockdown 2005), Jeff Hardy (Destination X 2005), Christian Cage (Lockdown 2006) and Sting (Genesis 2006) where he won the NWA Heavyweight Championship in the infamous DQ finish. Depending on your tolerance for hardcore matches, you'll either really like the set or you won't.
The problem, though, is that if you do like them, chances are you already bought last year's Best of the Bloodiest Brawls set. Four of the matches on this set were released on that compilation, so you may not want to fork out the money again based on the matches alone.
In that case, one must also look at the special features offered. Doomsday includes a few of these, including Abyss' TNA debut, a match from the weekly pay-per-view days, a photo gallery, and a character history. The last of those is comprised of the promos and interviews from the end of 2006 through 2007 where Abyss' life story and the whole deal with his father's shooting were revealed on-screen during his feud with Sting. Unfortunately, nothing new is added to these segments; there are no behind-the-scenes comments from the participants are offered, and nothing beyond the character's storyline history is revealed.
This is kind of disappointing. Previous releases on Sting and AJ Styles included insightful interviews with those stars and a lot of personal details and reflections were a nice touch. Sure, there's something to be said for keeping a certain mystique around the Abyss character, but I would have really liked to see honest impressions about some of the people who he's worked with over the past couple of years. A lot of his opponents have been really giving of themselves, taking moves that they wouldn't normally (Sting, for example, getting slammed into an ocean of tacks), and it would have been interesting to hear their motivations for doing so.
If those types of extra features are your main motivation for buying the DVDs, then Doomsday: The Best of Abyss isn't a must-have. But if you're a fan of extreme matches, then this is a worthwhile addition to your collection.
MATCHES -- with comments from Father James Mitchell:


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Community Ditch (East)
Nearly any route through the Marshall Mesa area will likely include the some or all of this trail. It parallels the Community Ditch and is level, wide, but with a natural surface - so it can be a bit rocky at times.
Starting from where it crosses Highway 93, the trail also connects with the upper end of the Coal Seam Trail. Heading east, the trail meanders following the ditch, offering great views of Boulder and the Flatirons to the north, as well as a chance to see deer, coyotes, and more likely, some of the cows that frequent the area.
The first intersection you come to is on your right, with a bridge over the ditch. This trail climbs up to the Greenbelt Plateau, and the section you see from the intersection is the toughest part of the trail. The next intersection, to the north, is a hiking only trail. Finally, you'll come along to the end of the trail, and the intersections of Marshall Valley Trail and Cowdrey Draw Trail. One other bonus at this end of the trail is the overlook to Marshall Lake. While there's no access to this private lake, it's another great place to see wildlife and take in the views.
|Community Ditch (East) GPX File
|Community Ditch (East) Google Earth File


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The nuclear plant that ordinarily provides one-fifth of San Diego County's electricity no longer seems indispensable.
It's been a year since a radiation leak shut down the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. The power grid has held up against demands without blackouts or electricity rationing.
Some say the outage represents an opportunity to speed the transition to renewable power like wind and solar. Years of public investment in energy efficiency, rooftop solar and high-tech conservation programs have begun to chip away at electricity demands that underwrite the construction of new power plants.
But a year without nuclear power also has translated into more pollution in Southern California skies and higher utility bills, as natural gas plants fill in for San Onofre. The nuclear shutdown is being used to justify requests for new natural gas power plants in and around the city of San Diego.
Clean-energy technologies — though worthy investments — remain expensive and fraught with engineering difficulties, according to Clark Gellings, a Palo Alto-based fellow at the independent nonprofit Electric Power Research Institute.
The grid, he said, is more vulnerable, not less.
"If you don't want San Onofre, Southern California society, well, you better figure out what else you are going to build," said Gellings, an expert in energy-demand tools and controls.
The outage at San Onofre stems from the rapid degradation of four replacement steam generators that were brought online in 2010 and 2011.
Hydrant-shaped steel vessels, each generator stands 66 feet high and weighs 644 tons. They are the largest generators at any pressurized water reactor.
They're unique — as are their flaws.
That has made San Onofre a side note to the sweeping safety reassessment of America's atomic power industry related to the 2011 Japanese tsunami and partial nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
"Right now, my understanding is that it's an isolated technical issue," said Allison Macfarlane, chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, after a visit to the facility this month. "We are taking the time we need to, to work through it."
A plan is on the table to restart San Onofre's Unit 2 reactor at partial power for a short period, with a decision from nuclear safety regulators as soon as late April.
But no long-term fix has been put forward. Authorities are only beginning to consider whether utility customers should be expected to pay for an array of expenses.
Macfarlane and her colleagues have emphasized that there is no timetable in resolving the problems that afflict San Onofre.
View the Video San Onofre down for one year
Economic implications
Meanwhile, the initial sense of urgency has faded from efforts to restore the plant to meet peak summer electricity use, when air conditioners narrow the margin between supply and demand.
"The problem that caused the shutdown is a safety problem: that is, steam generators that leak could cause an accident," said Robert Budnitz, a nuclear safety expert at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. "The implications of a prolonged outage at San Onofre are mostly economic, as I see it — the ratepayer and the California economy would suffer."
Until a year ago, the plant delivered enough steady energy at full capacity to power as many as 1.4 million Southern California homes.
Reliability and cost-effectiveness were the plant's hallmark — attributes that are gradually diminished the longer San Onofre stays offline.
The uncertainty has been hardest perhaps on the plant's workers, already bracing for 700 planned layoffs that will leave 1,500 jobs. Plant operator Southern California Edison says the layoffs were planned before the generator mishap.
"We're hoping to make power. It's what we do up there," said David Smith, vice president of the United Workers Union of America Local 246 in Los Alamitos, which represents about 800 plant workers, from engineers to clerks to control room technicians. "It's coming up on a year. We've actually been a kind of a load (weighing) on the electrical system."
Power use ebbs
Wary neighbors of the plant have found solace in a year without the reactors — or related power disruptions.
"It's a major concern that the nuclear industry has held over us for all of these years, and it turns out that we can get by without them," said environmental activist Gary Headrick of San Clemente Green.
San Diego-area energy consultant Bill Powers believes the state was fortunate to have an overly robust slate of natural gas plants, including three large new and renovated generators coming online this summer in the Los Angeles area.
Meanwhile, California's overall electricity consumption has fallen to pre-2004 levels, according to the California Energy Commission's power almanac. Seasonal peaks in electricity demand have fallen off since 2006.
"We lose 2,000 megawatts overnight (at San Onofre) and we can indefinitely deal with it," Powers said.
Other experts see new vulnerabilities, though we may never experience them. The true test would be an uncommonly intense heat wave, an unlikely yet real threat in the era of climate change.
"There is no question that reliability has been compromised for that region," Gellings said. "There is no question in my mind that the citizens have paid more as a result."
At 3:05 p.m. on Jan. 31, 2012, alarms announced a small release of radiation into the atmosphere at San Onofre's Unit 3 reactor.
The leak was traced to a small but expanding rupture in a single steam generator tube — one tube among tens of thousands.
Further inspections uncovered something more troubling: rapid degradation of the generator tubing at both the plant's reactors. The wear from tubes rubbing against support structures and each other threatened to undermine a crucial barrier to radiation.
Edison and federal regulators have traced the most concerning damage to faulty computer modeling in the design phase that misstated steam velocities within the generators — allowing some tubes to rub against each other in an unprecedented fashion.
Consumer advocates are urging safety regulators to rewind the clock to 2004, to consider why design failings were never flagged by Southern California Edison or nuclear safety regulators.
That's the year the Rosemead-based utility signed its contract with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to manufacture four replacement steam generators. The contract specified that a host of design changes must not require prior approval by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Friends of the Earth, an international environmental and nuclear safety group, contends that changes to the generators warranted a quasi-judicial license amendment review, but that Edison decided against one in violation of regulations.
Public hearings and cross-examined evidence, the group contends, could have caught design flaws that now plague the generators.
Any restart plan, Friends says, should be subject to that review to assure mistakes are not repeated or compounded. That campaign has been endorsed by a growing list of local government entities — most recently the San Diego Unified School District.
Edison says it followed the rules in its evaluation of design changes, but has so far declined to share its evaluation with anyone but on-site government inspectors.
"The adverse condition that later resulted in a tube leak was a deficiency associated with the design and was not known at the time the evaluation was performed," Edison wrote in a filing with the nuclear commission this month.
To evaluate the plan's safety, nuclear safety regulators have assembled a special team of at least 20 technicians, based at a regional field office in Texas. Regulators have held discussions with Edison officials in a series of public forums.
As the nuclear outage drags on, utility owners of San Onofre (San Diego Gas & Electric has a 20 percent interest) are girding for a years-long confrontation over who will pay for costs associated with the sidelined plant.
Edison and SDG&E investors are paying hundreds of millions of dollars to devise and carry out repairs and pay for replacement power, expenses they will seek to pass on to ratepayers.
Utility customers continue paying at least $830 million a year to maintain and operate the idled plant, with some savings on nuclear fuel.
Claims already are pending against Mitsubishi, which manufactured the generators, and with the U.S. nuclear industry's mutual insurance company in Delaware, the Nuclear Electric Insurance Ltd.
An investigation has been launched by state utility regulators that could ultimately lead to utility-bill rebates. Consideration also may be given to suspending rate collection for the plant — a rare occurrence across the industry.
Edison is urging the California Public Utilities Commission to delay any ratepayer refund until its next general rate case in 2015.
As an example of a methodical, deliberative decision, Edison has hearkened back to San Onofre's original Unit 1 reactor, which was retired in 1992.
A steam generator leak discovered in 1980 was repaired at the expense of utility customers. A 75 percent rebate was approved, but not until six years later after hearings, investigations and then litigation between Edison and generator manufacturer Westinghouse, by Edison's account.Copyright © 2019, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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Among other things, the Ravens winning the Super Bowl after a sloppy finish to the regular season might kill the idea of the importance of being hot going into the playoffs.
If anything, the converse is true.
As pointed out by Sam Farmer of the Los Angeles Times, the Ravens lost four of their last five regular season games before getting on a hot streak in the playoffs, making seven of the last eight champions who have slouched to the finish of the regular season.
The 2011 Giants lost four games in a row in November and December. The 2010 Packers lost three of their last four. The 2009 Saints lost their final three. The 2007 Giants were 4-4 in November and December. The 2006 Colts lost four of their final seven. And the 2005 Steelers had a three-game December losing streak.
Among recent champs, only the 2008 Steelers finished with any kind of what is generally referred to as momentum, winning their final four regular season games and nine of their last 10.
"I think the adversity does help, it does callus you up," Ravens coach John Harbaugh said. "But through all that, we were improving. Even though we were losing, I felt like we were improving."
Since it's a copycat league, we now fully expect teams to pull all their starters for the final month of the season, just to give themselves a shot in the playoffs.


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Review Roundup: LEAP OF FAITH Opens on Broadway - All the Reviews!
Performances for LEAP OF FAITH began on Tuesday, April 3, and the show officially opened tonight at The St. James Theatre. Four-time Tony nominee Raúl Esparza leads the company along with Jessica Phillips, Kendra Kassebaum, Kecia Lewis-Evans, Leslie Odom, Jr., Krystal Joy Brown and Talon Ackerman.
Esparza stars as Jonas Nightingale, an electrifying performer and rabble-rouser who's planning to take the whole town for a ride. But when a small-town girl stops him in his tracks, this hustler may just discover something to believe in.
Let's see what the critics had to say...
Ben Brantley, The New York Times: Praise the Lord, and pass the amphetamines. "Leap of Faith," which opened on Thursday night at the St. James Theater, uses the religious revival meeting as both its subject and its form. Yet reviving (or revivifying or inspiriting) is hardly the right adjective for it. Starring Raúl Esparza and based on the 1992 movie of the same title, "Leap of Faith" is this season's black hole of musical comedy, sucking the energy out of anyone who gets near it.
Mark Kennedy, The Associated Press: The last musical of the official Broadway season comes into town like a huckster promising salvation. But it's the show itself that needs saving.There's a strong musical somewhere in "Leap of Faith," which stars a soulful Raul Esparza and has some of Alan Menken's best songs. But what opened Thursday at The St. James Theatre is sometimes confusing in its tone. Like its main character – the devious faith healer Rev. Jonas Nightingale, ready to scam residents of a down-and-out Kansas town – the musical is hard to pin down. There's too much misdirection.
Erik Haagensen, Backstage: You know you're in trouble at "Leap of Faith" even before the show starts, when actors pretending to be revivalists distribute what are supposed to be dollar bills to the audience, so we will have something to put in the collection basket when it's passed. How many phony preachers distribute money to the audiences they plan to fleece? It makes about as much sense as this ersatz musical does, which, like its cinematic source, is a compendium of formulaic characters and clichéd situations all too obviously cribbed from better and more original works. Bathed in composer Alan Menken and lyricist Glenn Slater's generic score and driven to an artificial frenzy by Christopher Ashley's desperately meta direction and Sergio Trujillo's repetitive choreography, the show is busy, empty, and, worst of all, boring.
Elysa Gardner, USA Today: Like many contemporary musicals, Faith ultimately works best as a showcase for its talented cast. The excellent players also include Kecia Lewis-Evans, who as one of Jonas' Angels brings dynamism and dignity to the stock supporting role of big-voiced earth mama. As her grown son and daughter, Leslie Odom, Jr. and Krystal Joy Brown both prove supple singers and fluid dancers. Their contributions help lift Faith above its uneven aspects and become, if not a rapturous experience, a compelling curiosity.
David Rooney, The Hollywood Reporter: The stage musical improves on the original simply by settling on a point of view. But despite Raul Esparza's hard-working lead performance and some rousing Gospel numbers from Alan Menken and Glenn Slater, the story remains stubbornly unappealing. Opening on Broadway the same week as the slavish screen-to-stage transplant of Ghost, the musical Leap of Faith earns points by at least rethinking its source for another medium, often in smart ways, too. Adapting her screenplay, Janus Cercone has collaborated with playwright Warren Leight (a Tony winner for Side Man, and showrunner on Law & Order: SVU) to clarify plot themes, redefining some characters while inventing or excising others. The resulting show has more heart than the movie, but still not enough.
David Cote, Time Out NY: Want to make a ton of money? Peddle God to fools. Want to lose a ton of money? Invest in a Broadway turkey. You can't have it both ways. It's perfectly fine—even desirable—if your religion is crude and nonsensical, but a show as bland and confused as Leap of Faith is not going to make rich men of its producers (among whom are actual church leaders). The fake cash distributed by actors to audience members—so we may place it in the offertory baskets at Jonas Nightingale's revivalist hoedowns—is all the green this wanly tacky production is likely to see.
Terry Teachout, The Wall Street Journal: What "Leap of Faith" lacks are sweat and heart, the absence of which will be bothersome only if you permit yourself to imagine how this well-oiled applause machine might have run had its creators taken the plot seriously. Real emotions, raw and hurtful, are at stake in "Leap of Faith," and on occasion they bob to the surface, as in the scene in which a frumpy, desperately unhappy woman (well played by Dierdre Friel) drops her wedding ring in the collection basket. Adam Guettel or Michael John LaChiusa would have made the whole show as gripping as that one short scene. Not so the makers of "Leap of Faith," who are, like Mr. Esparza, content to skate glamorously atop the surface of their characters' feelings. If that's good enough for you, then you won't be sorry you came.
Steven Suskin, Variety: "Here's the beauty part," brays charismatic evangelist Jonas Nightingale in "Leap of Faith." "If they don't get their miracle, it's their fault; they didn't believe enough." That sentiment handily describes the long-in-gestation musical -- first produced at the Ahmanson in 2010 -- that a motley clutch of producers has ushered into the St. James with a new director, book-writer, choreographer and leading lady in tow. Raul Esparza sizzles like a firecracker in this musicalization of the 1992 Steve Martin pic, but his wick is continually dampened by the pesky book, songs and staging.
Linda Winer, Newsday: The crisis of faith in Kansas is awkwardly framed with a revival meeting on Broadway a year later. In these scenes, Esparza jokes with the audience. There are live TV monitors and characters in choir robes running up the aisle amid much lapping of elbows. It's one thing for the plot to be about desperate, seedy people. But the show shouldn't feel that way, too.
Howard Shapiro, The Philadelphia Inquirer: People who see maybe two or three new Broadway shows a year — which is to say normal people, not necessarily critics who get to see everything — will like "Leap of Faith" for its playful energy, and because the formula will not be so well-worn for them. They'll admire its tunes by master songwriter Alan Menken (you always leave the theater humming his music), and its attractive and talented cast led by the superb Raúl Esparza as the preacher, Jonas Nightingale..."Leap of Faith" is about a phony who employs the cheap trick. If the show offers any real revelation, it's that the playwriting does, too.
Chris Jones, The Chicago Tribune: "Leap of Faith," which is believed to be on shaky fiscal footing on Broadway, is actually an interesting new American musical that, in its best moments, takes a look at a side of America that musicals usually fly right over. The title number (and several others) are quite complex Menken compositions — imagine the best of "Sister Act" suffused with a few notes and wails of the godless. And the show's main messenger delivers, with considerable flourish, the always-useful message that the more you think you know about life, the less the truth reveals itself.
Jonathan Mandell, The Faster Times: Does anybody believe that "Leap of Faith" is trying to convert all of us atheists and Jews in the audience? It's an ersatz experience, emotionally and musically. Menken's 17 appealing songs (Including three show-stoppers, "Step Into the Light," "Are You on the Bus?" and "Leap of Faith") are mostly good, ersatz gospel music. Sergio Trujillo's choreography is mostly energetic swaying in gospel robes, which mimic the movements of an actual gospel choir. (The set, mostly a rotating revival tent, is as fake as the story.)...Should lovers of gospel music pay $100+ to see "Leap of Faith?" Why not? But they could have the authentic gospel experience at one of the many churches in New York City with gospel choirs. And if they are not comfortable going to church, they can attend one of the city's many gospel brunches.
Scott Brown, Vulture (NY Mag): On its third director and its second book, the slightly road-worn Leap of Faith vaults over a chasm of skepticism—and stops precisely three quarters of the way across. It's not a terrible show—Elmer Gantry-meets-The Music Man is certainly a winning stage-musical conceit—but it's a persistently confused one, in tone, content, and mood. Ostensibly a straightforward inspirational dramedy (sporting a straightforward set of smoothly toothsome Alan Menken tunes, sprightly recyclings of his trademark pop yearnings and gospel pastiche), the show aims to be hiply clued-in and folksily naïve all at once. The result is a sermon in song that's rousing enough, but also instantly evanescent: Believers and unbelievers alike are welcomed (nay, bullied) to clap along, and they'll leave baptized in freshets of energetically manipulative pop-Broadway melody, but the effect evaporates fast. Leap feels like the not-awful, not-wonderful product of a long series of compromises.
Thom Geier, Entertainment Weekly: Competently directed by Christopher Ashley with some lively choreography by Sergio Trujillo, the show occasionally grapples with an interesting question: Can a seriously flawed man still be a vessel for God's will, even for the miraculous? But while Esparza has a confident, commanding stage presence, he doesn't seem oily enough in his early scenes to make his second-act moment of reckoning pay off...The show does brush on a thin veneer of documentary-style exposé — we see how a sham healer gathers telling details about his congregation to exploit during his revival service — but otherwise the story never strays from its highly conventional path. And for Broadway veterans, that path should seem especially familiar. Leap of Faith is The Music Man meets 110 in the Shade, with an overly pat ending that undercut's the plot's refreshing ambivalence about the path to salvation.
Jeremy Gerard, Bloomberg: Here we go again with oversize black singers belting their numbers to the rafters. (It's particularly unfortunate that this character in "Leap" is named Ida Mae, while that character in "Ghost" is called Oda Mae). Ida, Oda, let's call the whole thing off. [...] Christopher Ashley's staging is serviceable, as are Sergio Trujillo's dances. But there's not a moment's surprise in the show. Certainly not in the ending, which didn't make a believer of me and won't, I reckon, make one of you.
Joe Dziemianozicz, NY Daily News: Jeez, even the climactic thunderstorm is a letdown in "Leap of Faith." You can see the water jets — where's the fun in that? Sorry if that's a spoiler, but nothing happens in this frustrating and manipulative new Broadway musical based on a 1992 Steve Martin movie you don't see coming a mile away. What is surprising is how infrequently songs by Alan Menken (music) and Glenn Slater (lyrics) make you sit up and take notice.
Robert Feldberg, NorthJersey.com: Esparza is a dynamic musical-theater performer, but the allegedly charismatic Jonas remains unappealing from beginning to end. And by bringing in, and trivializing, the question of the power of faith, the show feels particularly smarmy. "Leap of Faith" attempts entertainment by manipulation, but you can see the wires all the way.
Elisabeth Vincentelli, NY Post: The only surprise in this predictable, mushy new Broadway musical is how ridiculously fun it is. [...] This isn't a Disney production, but it might as well be. If there's a lesson in "Leap of Faith," it's that high-energy entertainment is the perfect sweetener: It makes everything go down, whether it's a rascally preacher or a Broadway musical with a clunky book.


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NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman forced his way into the school and unleashed a rain of bullets from a semiautomatic rifle, striking each of his 6- and 7-year-old victims more than once, in an attack that lasted just a few minutes.
The six adults also killed Friday morning in the Sandy Hook Elementary School were also each shot multiple times in a massacre of innocents that has deeply shocked a nation sadly familiar with mass shootings.
President Obama will visit Newtown on Sunday to meet the families who lost loved ones and to thank first responders, the White House said in a statement. The president will speak at an interfaith vigil scheduled for 7 p.m.
Authorities on Saturday did not explain exactly how the heavily armed shooter, 20-year-old Adam Lanza, got into the school, and have not yet offered a possible motivation for the slaughter.
"I can't say that we know [the] motive," said State Police Lieutenant J. Paul Vance. "We haven't reached that determination, that culmination yet of the investigation."
State Police on Saturday released the names of the 26 victims slain in the attack, including the school's principal, Dawn Hochsprung. Each of the children, 12 girls and eight boys, was born in either 2005 or 2006, according to the police.
Dr. H. Wayne Carver II, state medical examiner, said at a briefing Saturday that he personally examined the bodies of seven first-graders, each dressed in "cute kids' stuff," and each of whom had been shot between three and 11 times.
"I've been at this for a third of a century," said Carver. "And my sensibilities may not be [that of] the average man. But this probably is the worst I have seen, or the worst that I know of any of my colleagues having seen."
Lanza's mother, Nancy, also was found shot dead Friday at her nearby home. News outlets originally reported that Nancy Lanza was a teacher at the Sandy Hook school, but police said Saturday that she had not worked there.
Though the shooter had at least two handguns with him during his attack, the primary weapon appears to have been a Bushmaster .223 semiautomatic rifle, according to multiple news reports.
Carver said the gun's bullets are designed to inflict a "very devastating set of injuries," suggesting that the victims died quickly.
Lanza apparently killed himself after the attack. Carver said that while he did not want to "belabor the obvious," he could not officially rule that Adam Lanza's wounds were self-inflicted until he examines the body on Sunday.
Adam Lanza remains something of a mystery, known well by few, if any, in the town where he is now infamous.
Mario De Vivo, who graduated from Newtown High School a year before Lanza, could not immediately recall the shooter when he first heard the name, he said. But then a friend reminded him: the "briefcase kid."
While his peers slung backpacks over their shoulder, Lanza carried a dark briefcase through his high school halls, a row of pens neatly lined up in the pocket of his button-down shirt. His oddly formal outfit varied so little, students had wondered if he wore the same shirt every day.
People knew him as smart, an honor roll regular, a computer whiz who loved video games. One classmate described him as a genius. But they also knew he was so reclusive and painfully awkward that even well-meaning students struggled to interact with him.
"He was a loner, for sure," said De Vivo.
Lanza was born in Kingston, N.H. Outside the Kingston home of Lanza's uncle, James Champion, on Saturday, two men identified themselves as family friends and said the family did not want to speak with reporters.
Later Saturday evening in Kingston, Michael Downing, the Rockingham County sheriff, gave a statement on behalf of the Lanza and Champion families, "who share the grief of a community and a nation as we struggle to comprehend the tremendous loss that we all share. . . . On behalf of Nancy's mother and siblings, we reach out to the community of Newtown and express our heartfelt sorrow for the incomprehensible and profound loss of innocence that has affected so many."
On Saturday, the community Adam Lanza so thoroughly devastated responded with its own messages of condolence, posted in storefronts, at churches, and at homes. They included: "Our hearts are broken," scrawled on a chalkboard; "Hug a teacher today," crudely printed on a sheet hung from a window; and "God bless the families," sprayed-painted on a piece of plywood.
A sign outside St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church said it would be open 24 hours. Families with young children visited the church Saturday morning, some stopping at candles set up outside. Mourners added a soccer ball, a doll, and flowers.
Around town, the expressions on most faces were grim. Some people cried quietly, others seemed to struggle not to. Stricken with grief and overwhelmed by the immense media presence, some declined to talk to reporters and shied away from cameras. Several people appeared upset as they told reporters and photographers to leave them and their community alone.
Due to the media presence, police investigators, and road closures to keep people away from the school, traffic backed up on most thoroughfares in town.
The sidewalks crawled with TV anchors in long coats and photographers with hands red from the cold.
State Police parked silver cruisers in driveways around Sandy Hook, turning reporters away from the homes of families.
Churches in Massachusetts will address the tragedy in Sunday services, and Cardinal Sean O'Malley will deliver a homily on the shootings at an 11:30 a.m. Mass at Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston's South End.
A fuller picture of some of the lives taken began to come into focus yesterday.
Lauren Gabrielle Rousseau, a 30-year-old permanent substitute teacher killed at Sandy Hook, had just celebrated one year dating her boyfriend, said her mother, Teresa Rousseau, a copy editor at the Danbury News-Times.
"She died at a really happy point in her life," she said in a phone interview Saturday. "I'm just happy I was able to enjoy her for as long as I did."
After working as an occasional substitute at Sandy Hook, Lauren had just recently been hired as one of the school's two permanent substitute teachers, filling in any time someone was out, according to her mother.
Lauren sent a text message at 8:45 a.m. — about 45 minutes before the rampage — to her boyfriend, making Friday night dinner plans. It was the last time she would be heard from.
Lauren loved to read, take photos, and go to Broadway plays, her mother said. "She was doing a whirlwind of fun things with her boyfriend."
The Associated Press, citing town officials, said Hochsprung, 47, was killed while lunging at the gunman in an attempt to overtake him.
Lori V. Quigley, dean of the Esteves School of Education at The Sage Colleges in Troy and Albany, NY., said Hochsprung had been accepted last spring in the school's doctorate in educational leadership program.
"The first time I met Dawn is when I welcomed the 15 new students into the program at a dinner this past summer," said Quigley, in a telephone interview Saturday. "The sad irony of this is that she is the one person of the group who I truly do remember.
"Right off the bat, her professors and her peers could see the reason she was pursuing her doctoral studies was to improve the way she and her staff . . . could make children's lives better," said Quigley. "It wasn't all about her. She was never that way. Ever. That's what stuck me and impressed me. That plus her smile. Her smile was genuine."
Amid all the suffering in Newtown, Robert Parker, the father of 6-year-old shooting victim Emilie Parker, responded with uncommon grace on Saturday, offering condolences to all the families devastated by the attack, including Lanza's.
In addressing reporters, Parker described his daughter as an exceptional artist who loved to draw a picture for anyone feeling sad or frustrated.
He asked Americans to hold on to the feelings of love for family, and compassion for strangers, that the tragedy has inspired.
"May we do this," he said, "so we can better all of our communities, and all of our cities, and all of our states so that we can make everyone everywhere in this country feel safe."Martine Powers and Peter Schworm of the Globe staff and Globe correspondents Matt Rocheleau, Jaclyn Reiss, Gal Tziperman Lotan, and Derek J. Anderson contributed to this report. Mark Arsenault can be reached at arsenault@
globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @bostonglobemark.


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MrGoodcents necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 80 diseños de 23 diseñadores freelance.
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Our top target market is small business owners that are interested in growing their business but not sure how to franchise. This is a roadmap to learn if your concept can work as a franchise and how to get it there. This will also be open to people who don't have a business but want a top of the line education in real business and how to succeed.
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The colors are open to your suggestions.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
The players put on a good front, but the truth is most don't like the Subway Series because it throws them out of their routines. There's nothing compelling about it anymore, and there's no such thing as bragging rights.
The Mets enter the weekend on a down note after losing two of three to Philadelphia. The Mets are hanging around with a minimum of offense because of the losses of Jose Reyes and Carlos Delgado.
A big reason why they are hanging around is tonight's starter, Livan Hernandez, who has provided the innings as a fifth starter. Hernandez is coming off a June 7 victory over the Washington Nationals in which he threw seven scoreless innings. Hernandez has a nifty 1.57 ERA over his last four starts, and has allowed three runs or less in seven of his last eight.
However, Hernandez is 0-3 with a 6.75 ERA in five career starts versus the Yankees. He goes against Joba Chamberlain.
Here's tonight's lineup:
Alex Cora, SS
Fernando Martinez, LF
Carlos Beltran, CF
David Wright, 3B
Ryan Church, RF
Gary Sheffield, DH
Daniel Murphy, 1B
Brian Schneider, C
Luis Castillo, 2B


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Species Profiles RSS
Showing results 71-80 on page 8 of 10
Acanthella cavernosa
This is a non-photosynthetic, filter-feeding animal, and it requires shaded areas receiving ...
Describer: (Topsent, 1892)
Porites cylindrica
Placement of this coral in the aquarium should be similar to the conditions where it is found ...
Describer: Dana, 1846
Goniopora stokesi
This is a commonly imported coral usually available in green or brown colors, but occasionally ...
Describer: Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851
Nassarius arcularius
These snails are extremely good scavengers and usually reside buried in the sand, which they ...
Describer: Linnaeus, 1758
Heniochus spp.
An elongated dorsal is characteristic. Each species is some variation on black and white ...
Describer: Cuvier, 1816
Cryptocentrus leptocephalus
A colorful goby with light and dark tan-to-pink banding with pink and blue dots overlaid on the ...
Describer: Bleeker 1876
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi
This hardy stony coral is common in the trade and easy to maintain in aquariums if placed in ...
Describer: (Audouin, 1826)
Stylissa cf. flabelliformis
Stylissa flabelliformis is a non-photosynthetic filter-feeding animal, and it requires shaded ...
Describer: Hentschel 1912
Cycloseris cf. hexagonalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) or Cycloseris cf. tenuis (Dana, 1846)
They should be placed on a sandy substrate in areas receiving bright light and moderate water ...
Describer: (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) or (Dana, 1846)
Protula magnifica
This large serpulid worm, which is probably the largest of calcareous tube worms, lives inside ...
Describer: (Straughan, 1967)
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