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To Jane & Sarah for Their 30th Birthday
January, 2003
Enough people don't talk about abortion. Too many people don't listen to those who do. I'm not talking about conceptually or hypothetically. I'm not talking about discussing this woman or that who you knew that aborted or did not. I'm talking about talking about abortion; intimately, personally. In public, not in secrecy.
So, I'm going to pick up the mike here today -- despite feeling vulnerable and a little fearful about it -- as my way of saying thank you to Jane Roe and Sarah Weddington for what they did for all of us thirty years ago today. For what they did for me. Because I'm tired of hearing people talk about abortion for whom it is totally rhetorical on any personal level, for many of whom it is less than that, as it is a procedure they cannot even have performed on their own bodies in the first place by virtue of never having had a uterus -- who don't and can't even know what it feels like to be pregnant in the first place. Because we need to stop being afraid to talk about it in public in a personal way. Because I can talk about it.
In 1993, I had a surgical abortion. I have never had even a day of regret about that decision, and have had many, many thankful, grateful days about that decision, and about my ability to make that decision.
I didn't have an abortion because I was pregnant due to rape or incest. I didn't have an abortion solely because of finances. It would have been hard as hell, and I would have had to have dealt with welfare and the lot, so it was hardly ideal, and very questionable in my mind -- if my child gets ill and I can't afford quality medical treatment easily at any time, how can I parent well? -- but it wasn't impossible. I didn't have an abortion because I didn't want to ever have children. I didn't have an abortion because of medical reasons.
I had an abortion -- above and beyond all else -- because I did not want to bear or parent a child at that time. I have -- even if someone takes it away from me -- the right to make that choice, because it is something which occurs in my own body and my life, both of which I have inalienable rights to.
I was dastardly ill almost from day one. My usual hyperkinetic energy was totally sapped, I was puking left and right, I couldn't eat, I couldn't sleep. (Only years later did I find out I'm one of the folks who gets severe hyperemesis with pregnancies.) I couldn't even lie next to my partner after a couple of weeks because the smell of him -- even right after a shower -- made me angry and nauseated. When I took a pregnancy test, it was just for the sake of having that positive result visible: I already knew I was pregnant.
At the time, I ran an alternative kindergarten and preschool. I worked on my feet a minimum of 9 hours a day, and an average of about 12, with small children and their parents, all day. I loved my kids (I miss them all still, I miss having kids around me, period), I loved running my school, but it was terribly demanding work. I could barely work, feeling like I did physically. I became impatient and irritable with all my wee students.
I didn't have health insurance. My partner at the time was a good deal older than I was and I had questions about having a father for my children who was his age. Our relationship was starting to unravel a bit in places, and there were extenuating issues as far as the relationship and our joint physical health and background that are too private to discuss here, but which were a big factor. I myself was an "accident," and while I was sure I'd never hang that over my child's head the way it was often tossed at me during the worst parts of my childhood, I felt terribly uncomfortable about even having that as a possibility. I had doubts, being an abused child, about carrying patterns of abuse on: I wasn't confident I'd not do it myself at that point, even though given what I did for a living, it'd never even been a vague temptation. Working with small children all day, every day, often with no help, I knew what it required, more than I had a year or two before, and I did not feel I had what it took to be the kind of parent I wanted to be. I was 23 years old; I felt so young. I couldn't stand how I felt physically or emotionally.
I felt resolute in my knowledge that I did not want to bear or rear a child then because the plusses of my situation -- my partner was a wonderful man, I had a job where I could work and parent, a couple of the mothers I talked to about being pregnant assured me it is better to bear when you're younger -- didn't stack up to the strong feeling I had that it was simply not the right time; not what I wanted, not what was right for me or what I felt was right for that child-that-could-be.
I knew, most of all, that I did not want to carry or parent a child that I didn't want, and I did not want a child then.
I impatiently waited the requisite amount of time for the procedure -- a time period that feels SO terribly long to wait, even if you get in there the very first day you can. I didn't want my partner or anyone with me. It was something I wanted to do alone, but I needed a ride, so one of the mothers from my school came along, but gave me the space to sit alone, to be alone. I opted to terminate without general or intravenous anesthetic; only a local. It seemed to me that if it was something I was going to do, it was something I should be fully present for, in mind and in body. I discussed all of this in my consultation, and the nurse honored my choices very plainly and beautifully.
It wasn't very painful, the abortion: not physically, not emotionally. The pain was short, like an intense shot, and I chanted the alphabet while holding a nurse's hand. It took an incredibly short amount of time, far shorter than I thought it would, having heard my share of horror stories about how much abortion hurts and what a big mess it is. I was then wheeled into the recovery room, where everyone else had IVs from their anesthetics still in their arm. They were groggy. I was very alert.
A girl next to me in her teens came out of her grogginess weepy and confused. In talking to her, in hearing her story, what had her traumatized wasn't the abortion. What had her traumatized was everyone's nonsupport for her choice; evn though her boyfriend was an abusive drug-addict, and she had no familial or monetary support to be pregnant or to parent (as well as no support to abort or adopt, either -- one was left assume that the only acceptable answer for her apparently would have been to find a time machine and undo becoming pregnant at all). A choice made despite the fact that she said she would have loved to have a baby just to have someone to ease her feelings of loneliness and lack of love around her. A choice she didn't doubt at all, and one made far more for that potential child than for herself. A choice she had a legal and an ethical right to make just as she did. Her gratitude for my talking with her and supporting that choice was heartbreaking; I thought no one should have to be that grateful to a stranger for acknowledging that she knew what was best for her and her potential children.
I wasn't traumatized by my abortion. I healed up fast and easy, like most people do, some minor soreness only lasted a day or two. There were some issues to get through in my relationship, but we dealt with those, and my partner honored my choices. But I did have many nights of crying afterward, because of that girl next to me and all the girls like her who were made to feel horrible for making the best choices for themselves and for their offspring, those to be and not to be. I cried because I was angry as hell that women have to walk through hoards of people shouting misinformation and ugly taunts about choices that are not theirs to make, from people who withdraw any support they would give to pregnant women the minute they have their babies anyway. Saccharine pleas from people who beg women to bear and put up children to, so they say, adopt themselves -- children who, unless they are perfect lily-white infants, rarely get adopted, and certainly not by suburban white families who aren't about to walk around with an armload of chicano or biracial toddlers. I cried because women's bodies, women's minds, women's choices are not considered rightfully theirs, and because what we have is so tenuous and incomplete, at that. And more so right now than it was ten years ago when I aborted.
Not long after that, I learned, via the help of a few herbalists and midwives in my social circle and a lot of time with my nose pressed in books, how to perform a reasonably safe herbal abortion. They aren't as safe (nor as effective) as medical ones -- little is, and even childbirth poses more risks -- but they're safer than backalley surgical abortions, to be certain. They're certainly safer than coat hangers. I did not write these recipes down anywhere. I have never shared them publicly, and to date I still will not share them. They are locked in the safe of my head: I memorized them carefully, meticulously. If ever abortion becomes illegal again, I absolutely will break that law to help women who need or want to abort to do so in the safest ways I know how, without question. It is our right; not SHOULD be our right. It simply is. We have the right to control our reproduction. We have the right to own our own bodies.
I've used condoms alone flawlessly and gladly as my primary birth control for years now when I have had partners I needd contraception with. At this point in my life, should that method ever fail (and emergency contraception after it -- thankfully we have it now), it's possible I might want to bear a child. I don't make promises. I may change my mind. I am allowed to change my mind, thank goodness: parenting is not a decision I think anyone should enter into lightly or haphazardly, and certainly not one I want to enter into unless I want to.
I've noticed that it isn't really allowable to say that you are both pro-choice and pro-abortion. On some level that's sound, because in supporting choice, for real, you can't really be "pro" one choice or another for anyone but yourself. That said and that supported, I do not feel abortion is any more serious or weighty than the choice to parent or bear children and put them up for adoption. I don't care for, though, the idea that it isn't okay to support abortion as a positive; for the silent edict that you HAVE to say it's horribly painful (when it most often is not at all painful), that it is terribly traumatic (when it well may not be, and may even be a positive emotional experience) and that you'd never, ever, never want to have it done if you could avoid it (even if you just don't feel that way).
Physically and emotionally, abortion is not any more risky or taxing than either of those other choices: in most ways, it's usually far less so. While I have not carried a child to term or parented, I am close to enough parents, and have taught for long enough to know full well that neither pregnancy nor parenting is a walk in the park and feel pretty confident saying abortion is often the easier choice of the three. I'm not going to disagree with those who say that abortion is the "easy way out," fully. I wouldn't say it's easy at all, but from my vantage point, it is likely in most cases easier. I have been through many things in my life, physical and emotional, that were much, much more difficult, painful and traumatic for me, and I don't think that is because I am unfeeling, uncaring or inhuman. I think it is because I don't see, and have not experienced, abortion as anything to do with a lack of care or compassion, but as quite the opposite.
All of that said, I am both pro-choice and pro-abortion for myself, for others who make that decision. I have seen and experienced horrible and/or abusive parenting directly. I have had students and seen children with injuries and scars from abuses that have nearly incited me to direct physical violence myself (Ever seen a kids mouth that's had a lighter held to it? It isn't pretty). I have seen the effects of bad foster care all too often; I had a partner in life who was one of that systems' tragic victims when it fails. We have, here in the US, the highest child poverty rate of all the industrialized nations, and one of the highest infant and child mortality rates (and those have gone DOWN since abortion was legalized -- to boot, antiabortion states spend LESS money on child welfare and women's reproductive health than pro-choice states, almost as a rule -- Schroedel, Jean Reith, 2000). I have seen women whose lives, self-image, self-worth and families have been eaten nearly whole by her feeling obligated to bring children to term due to the dogma and wishes of others. These are not small things, and while I feel I understand the value of actual life, I do not think it can be separated from quality of life -- not for the women who might bear those children, not for those children. Is it guesswork? To a degree; to far less of one in some cases. Are there people who make all of these choices carelessly or thoughtlessly? Yes, there are. But there are people who make careless choices in driving their cars and take or injure fully realized lives daily. We don't talk about taking away the right to drive because of this; we don't even consider it, and being able to get to the mall in five minutes is far less an intrinsic and important right than reproductive choice is.
I feel confident saying that most people who do make these choices do so with both great thought and great compassion. I think we can be good parents to both our born and our never-born, and that in some cases, abortion is doing just that. I have no doubt it was in my case. I feel more able to someday be a good parent to any child who may be in my life because of my choice then; I know I can make hard choices for both of us if need be.
I'm not going to get into my political experiences or feelings with this subject today. I don't want to discuss, today, the entire academic argument about reproductive choice, the gender issues, the religious issues, et cetera. In my mind, all of that is secondary because abortion truly is something that cannot be discussed in any general way. Choice, yes. What those choices are or may be? No. Because each and every reproductive choice is different, is personal, is everything except general. I wanted to talk about one of my choices.
Especially today. Because I had my abortion, coincidentally, on the 20th anniversary year of Roe Vs. Wade, and now it's been ten years since. It's hard to say what things would be like if I had made a different choice, but really, it's not relevant. Our whole lives are those Choose Your Own Adventure books, and there are so many different ways any of our innumerable choices could have taken us had we made them differently. We'll never know.
I do know that I'm grateful as hell to Jane Roe and Sarah Weddington.
I'm grateful to the Supreme Court at the time who made choices themselves, landmark choices, to protect mine and that of all women in this country. For making a decision a terrifying number of young women in this country don't even know was made because they don't even know abortion was once -- and could still be again -- illegal.
I'm grateful to the doctors, clinicians and nurses working to provide abortion over the years who have put their lives at risk to do so, or worse, died due to "pro-life" and antichoice terrorism: all to give me full ownership of my body and my uterus, to save women's actual lives and to allow for a means to preserve the quality of those lives and the lives of children. (One in five clinics who perform abortion services experienced severe anti-abortion violence in 1999, including death threats, stalking, bombings, arsons, blockades, invasions, chemical attacks, bomb threats, and arson threats. Less of these cases have been prosecuted in the past few years than in years previous. - Feminist Majority Foundation, 1999 National Clinic Violence Survey Report)
I know I'm scared to death, given the way things have been going; given what has been getting chipped away in tiny but grave fragments when it comes to women's bodies, health and reproductive choices, all too quickly. I'm scared not just because of the potential loss of safe, legal medical abortion, but because of where that logically leads: to losing our right as women to choose, use and access various means of birth control, to losing sound reproductive health services, especially for those of us who are low-income, to losing our right to choose sexual partners of any gender as nonmarried women. I'm scared and I'm terribly angry that in this day and age, women are still seen by many, even by other women, as baby factories. I'm tremendously scared of losing my right to be a whole person, and at this point, I think that fear is more than valid.
I don't suspect that all our readers will feel the same way I do (nor do I expect them to), or that they have had identical experiences. Some may end up disliking me for things I've said today, or respect me less, or stop reading this publication altogether. I have every reason to believe we all have a great diversity of thought on this matter. I'm okay with all of that and I honor that, save that that diversity is on a personal level, rather than about taking away my right, and the right of all women, to own their own bodies. That I am not okay with. That I do not accept, I denounce. That I will fight and protest for as long as I have to, and I'll win. We'll win, no matter how hard it gets. I know that in my bones, these bones that are so inarguably mine. Ours.
Regardless of how everyone feels, I'd ask that you do your level best to read these personal stories when you find them, to listen to more than the academic or rhetorical. The absence of these stories does, in my mind, aid those who'd take our choices away; who feel we aren't strong enough, wise enough, thoughtful enough to make them.
Tell your stories. Listen to others. With your whole heart. Be brave. Jane and Sarah were. So can - so must -- we be.
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RIT's Global Village is the home of several learning environments on campus.
Constellation Commons for Global Learning
The Constellation Commons for Global Learning is intended to serve RIT students and faculty as a touch point and clearinghouse for all aspects of global education at RIT including study abroad support, faculty exchange opportunities, and multicultural programs. Central RIT offices that focus on global advancement are located in the commons and include Study Abroad & Fellowships, Global Initiatives & Programs, and Native American Future Stewards. All offices are located on the second level above the Cantina and Grille overlooking the Global Village plaza. The facility is funded by a $1 million commitment from Constellation Brands Inc., the world's leading wine company, and according to RIT President Bill Destler, will further enrich and expand the international and entrepreneurial experiences available to the university's students, faculty and staff.
|"Opportunities exist to broaden and creatively develop new study abroad programs, leverage our partnerships and campuses abroad, enhance international dimensions of our curriculum, foster international cooperative education programs and develop international service learning, research and outreach projects," explains Destler. "We are better positioned to exploit these opportunities as a result of Constellation Brands generous support."
Photo: Constellation President and CEO Rob Sands with RIT President Bill Destler
Study Abroad and Fellowships
Founded in 2008, the Study Abroad & Fellowships Office works closely with students, faculty, affiliates, and international institutions to provide RIT students with the opportunity to study abroad through over 250 programs in over 50 countries. Students have the option of studying abroad during any time of the year whether it is through a quarter program at one of our global campuses, an affiliated semester program, or one of our unique faculty led programs.
RIT Students and Faculty Croatia (left, photo by Kyle Marcotte) and Denmark (right, photo by Elizabeth Quilter).
Visit the RIT Study Abroad & Fellowships website for more information. The Study Abroad office is located on the second level above the Cantina and Grille overlooking the Global Village plaza.
|Find our office using the RIT Interactive Map!
Global Initiatives and Programs
RIT has more than 1,000 students enrolled in RIT undergraduate and graduate degree programs around the world! These RIT campuses and partner universities include:
- The American College of Management and Technology (ACMT) located in Dubrovnik, Croatia
- The American University in Kosovo located in Pristina, Kosovo
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM) located in the Dominican Republic
- RIT Dubai located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Students studying at these RIT partner universities earn an degree and diploma accredited by RIT. Our campuses abroad also enhance global learning outcomes as students studying in Rochester, NY and around the world are encouraged to participate in study abroad and international research experiences within the RIT global network. Learn more about each of our global partners and contact us today to find out more!
Students at RIT Kosovo, Croatia, and Dubai campuses.
Visit the RIT Global website for more information. The Global Initiatives and Programs office is located on the second level above the Cantina and Grille overlooking the Global Village plaza.
Native American Future Stewards
The Future Stewards Program was established as a result of RIT's commitment to increasing the success rate and number of Native scholars (Native American, Alaska Native, and First Nations) in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) along with other areas of need in Indian country. The department partners with students, Tribal nations, organizations, and corporations to create opportunities for Native scholars to develop professionally, personally, and culturally. RIT's Future Stewards Program is dedicated to helping Native scholars succeed with a mission to:
- Recruit Native scholars to RIT, easing their transition to a campus environment;
- Retain Native scholars at RIT, ensuring their academic, social and professional success and;
- Return Native scholars to the Tribal community when they graduate.
Left: Dance exhibitions at the 2009 Imagine RIT festival. Right: Biochar Research at Ganondagan.
Visit the RIT Future Stewards website for more information. The Future Stewards office is located on the second level above the Cantina and Grille overlooking the Global Village plaza.
Entrepreneur's Center and Prototype Lab
The RIT Entrepreneurs Hall is a new-to-the-world holistic entrepreneurship program that combines a residential community in Global Village, cohort entrepreneurship courses, mentoring, unique entrepreneurial coops, business mentoring, and 24/7 access to the student incubator. Students completing the program will receive a minor in entrepreneurship and have the opportunity to gain course credit for maturing a business concept. The program will include a roughly equal mix of technology, creative, and business students. This will allow students to develop effective teams to mature new businesses and commercialize technology concepts. As student projects mature, they will be assigned an alumni/business mentor to assist them with their projects.
Left to right: Cerion Advisory Board, Pancreas visualizaion, Melissa Molaire of Temporary Ink Sanity.
Visit the RIT Simone Center for Entrepreneurship website for more information. The Entrepreneur's Center is located on the second level above the Cantina and Grille overlooking the Global Village plaza.
Center for Student Innovation
The Center for Student Innovation (CSI) is a step in the road for multidisciplinary teams and is where students enter the ideation stage. The CSI helps innovators and multidisciplinary teams develop and advance their ideas by providing project space, project support, mentorship, camaraderie, and access to innovation resources all over campus.
Our Mission:
Our Vision:
Visit the RIT Center for Student Innovation website for more information.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Five Ruffled Petticoat is a full petticoat gathered into the waistband. It has five 10" ruffles. This petticoat can be worn in a variety of ways: as shown over the Hoop for a mid-19th century silhouette, with a bustle pad, or on its own.
Fabrics and colors: off-white, white, and black polished cotton or taffeta.
Sizes: S, M, L, XL, 2XL. [Sizing info] [Custom sizes]


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What is the most environmentally sound way for me to care for my lawn?
Get rid of it!
The "care" of American lawns is poisoning our bodies, land, and water with a deadly deluge of toxic emissions and chemicals. American lawns also waste mind-boggling amounts of money, energy, water and land that could otherwise be used to grow food and provide habitat.
With lawns covering almost 50 million acres in the United States, the impact on our health and environment is considerable. U.S. lawns are doused with about 270 billion gallons of water a week — enough to water 81 million acres of vegetables — all summer long. More chemicals per acre are used on lawns than in agriculture. With 100 million pounds of pesticides used by homeowners each year, that's up to 10 times as much pesticides as are used on farmland. Add in the 90 million pounds of herbicides applied on lawns every year, and you've got a deadly brew.
These fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides pollute water and air, devastating wildlife and greatly increasing our risk of cancer, birth defects and a myriad of other diseases. Some lawncare chemicals are neurotoxic, others are carcinogenic (cancer-causing), and others act like human hormones. Exposure is linked to miscarriage; suppression of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems; asthma; cancer; kidney or liver damage; genetic defects; and developmental and behavior disorders. Kids exposed to pesticides may be seven times more likely develop leukemia than other children.
Most of these chemicals are broad-spectrum biocides used to kill pests, but they are, in fact, indiscriminant killers. This means they are poisonous to a wide variety of living organisms, including garden plants, wildlife, pets, your neighbors, your family and you. Most likely, you are already being exposed. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found pesticides in 100 percent of the people they tested. (The average person carried 13 of 23 pesticides tested.)
The way we grow and maintain lawns is also responsible for consuming tremendous amounts of fossil fuels in the form of synthetic fertilizers, transportation, packaging and fuel for equipment — not to mention the CO2 emissions that go with them.
What to do?
Consider replacing that monotonous stretch of labor- and energy-intensive sod with a diverse mix of flora and fauna. Planting native and edible plants brings texture, color and biodiversity to the land, and it provides habitat and food for wildlife and humans alike. A deciduous tree planted to shade your home can keep your cooling bills down; make it a fruit or nut tree and you get food to boot.
There are several alternatives to the traditional lawn, alternatives that conserve water and help reduce pollution from mowing and chemicals. These alternatives are less expensive, and require less maintenance.
• Xeriscaping is a low- or no-water approach to landscaping. Droughts across North America — long and intense, and likely to only get worse in the coming years — are reason enough to abandon the water-greedy lawn.
• Natives: Plants, flowers and grasses that are native to your region are the most attuned to the soil, climate and water particularities. They are great water-savers and will thrive with less care than tropical and imported varieties.
• Let the moss grow! It is a natural, maintenance-free plant for shade.
• Grow food instead of turf! Growing your own food is one of the greatest things you can do for your health and that of the Earth. A lawn-to-garden movement is taking root across the country (and world) so you should be able to easily find resources, information and support. Food Not Lawns is a good place to start.
• Turn your yard into a habitat for beneficial insects, birds and other wildlife. Check out The National Wildlife Federation's backyard wildlife habitat program and suggestions from Audubon.
For the turf you keep:
• A cooperative extension agent can advise you on the best type of lawn seed for your region and soil conditions. Planting grass native to your soil cuts down on the need for water, fertilizer and chemical inputs.
• Mow, at most, only a third of the grass's height at a time, and leave it as tall as you can stand — three inches is a good minimum. This allows the grass blades to shade the ground and provides better habitat. The leftover cuttings act like mulch for your lawn, helping it retain moisture and giving it valuable nutrients.
• Don't weed out non-turf plants such as clover. A more diverse lawn is a healthier and more resilient lawn. Clover is a drought-tolerant, low-maintenance, cost-saving and environmentally sound lawn alternative. It is evergreen, and converts nitrogen into a substance that is usable by other plants. If clippings are left on the lawn, just a 5 percent clover mix can generate enough usable nitrogen to make fertilizing unnecessary.
• Be a water-miser. Water early in the day or in the evening, when there is less loss to evaporation. Keep in mind that most lawns and gardens are over-watered and therefore susceptible to fungus and disease.
• Power to the people! Leaf blowers and power mowers are as many as six times more polluting than cars. They are a source of global warming, responsible for up to 10 percent of air pollution in the summer months. Get a push-reel mower and trade the leaf blower for a broom.
• Feed the soil, not the plant. Chemical fertilizers — besides being fossil fuel-based and dangerous — only treat the symptoms. Organic conditioners, such as compost, nourish the soil and that is the foundation of a truly healthy yard or garden.
• Needless to say, don't use pesticides or herbicides on your lawn or garden, especially if you have children or pets.
For more information:
• National Coalition for Pesticide-Free Lawns, which has many links to help you go pesticide free, including this fact sheet on health and exposure risks.
• The same group has an informative list of the environmental effects of 30 commonly used lawn pesticides. [PDF]
Keep it Green — but always choose a safe shade of green,
(Photo: Jystyn/Flickr)


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It's Monday night already! If you're heading to Cincinnati for the National Genealogical Society Annual Conference, prepare yourself. Actually, I'm not sure that you can ever be completely ready for all the wonderful things that Cincinnati has to offer. For those of us with roots here, it's a bit of a home coming. And, you never know what kind of a reception you're going to get. Mine, mine has been just phenomenal.
I started to write a post last night and got interrupted in the best way (you'll see at the end); so here's the start...
[This is a very special Sunday for me. I'm in Cincinnati, Ohio sitting in the home of the woman who was my first contact with my Wersel family, way back in 1996. Nancy Baer Strubbe, otherwise known as Nan, was by all accounts a genuinely warm and wonderful woman. Even though her husband John was gravely ill, she took the time to not only reply to a letter of inquiry that I'd sent, but to connect with me on the phone as well. She was so excited that I was researching our Wersel roots; Nan's mother Virginia and my great grandfather Henry were brother and sister. She provided me with a number of great clues to our family history, and I enjoyed the time we spent conversing.
Last December I made my first trip to Cincinnati as an adult. At the generous invitation of Nan's son Bill Strubbe, I stayed with he and his wife Kim for a weekend. I came in on Friday, and because Bill and Kim had an event to attend, they arranged for Bill's brother and sister, Chuck and Mary, to take me to dinner and for a tour of the part of town our Wersel family has lived in since before the beginning of the 20th Century. We had a wonderful time, and I was absolutely thrilled to have had the opportunity to see the Cincinnati Observatory up close and personal. On Saturday, we visited Spring Grove Cemetery, made a quick trip to the Vine Street Hill Cemetery (the office was closed) and then went out to Maineville Cemetery, all so I could take pictures. That evening, we shared a lovely meal with our third cousin, Nancy Wersel Rybolt and her husband Bill. They brought with them incredible family documents that I've only started to glean for additional information on our shared history. I scanned everything during the evening, got up early the next morning to finish scanning and then hit the road to go home. It was a whirlwind.
And six months later, I'm back. It feels a bit like a dream, sitting here with Mary, who bought Nan's house from her estate, talking about the bits and pieces that she knows.]
At this point, I stopped, looked at Mary, and said, 'Hey. Didn't you mention some boxes you have?' She exclaims, jumps up, and brings out two large, archival storage boxes. My heart races; the last time someone in the family showed me documents they included material dating as far back as 1825! I opened the first box, and it is filled to the brim with photos and correspondence. Here's a picture I took of the contents this morning:
It took all my will power to close up that box so I could go do the things I knew I needed to today; and I didn't let myself down! I visited the Vine Street Hill Cemetery, and old German cemetery that I have to admit is not in the greatest shape. I believe I located my original immigrant ancestor, Nicolaas Jan Francois Wersel. However, neither the burial card, nor the very badly damaged headstone were able to provide any clues:
I then shot over to the pastoral Spring Grove Cemetery. If you are at NGS and have not been to Cincinnati, I can't recommend strongly enough that you either join the tour or get yourself over to the Cemetery. It is breathtaking.
After getting lots of pictures there, I headed downtown to the Library. It was already 2 pm so I didn't have as much time as I might have liked, but I was still able to pull microfilm from the Newpapers department to view. The best part is that they generously offered to let me take the film up to the 3rd floor where the Genealogy department is so I could you their brand new film scanners. The new machines are USB compatible and are very fancy, but easy to use. A word of warning to those planning on going to the Library: they know we're coming. They're doing everything in their power to be prepared for us. But, there is only so much space and so much time, so please be patient.
OK, that's all for now. Yup, I'm ending right here. I have things to scan!!
07 May 2012
Madness Monday - The Insanity that is NGS 2012
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Oregon Masters In School Counseling on Campus Programs and Degrees
Masters In School Counseling on Campus Programs and Degrees General Info
Masters In School Counseling on Campus programs teach students about nurturing academic development; managing group and individual counseling; and collaborating with parents, teachers, and other school staff. If you have a passion for counseling psychology, education, and enjoy working with children, adolescents, and college age populations, and are looking for a specialized education, enrolling in a campus School Counseling Masters Program might be a great fit for you.
School counselors are professionals who guide and assist students of different ages develop the social skills to succeed in school, and typically, must be credentialed, which most often requires a Master's degree[i]. School psychologists also need an advanced degree and certification or licensure to work.[ii]
If this path interests you, you can use the search tools on GradSchools.com to help you find a Masters In School Counseling on Campus Degree that matches your goals. You can begin with a location search to determine where the campuses offering masters degrees in school counseling are; use the city, state or country tabs, the browse the listings. Some of these options might include Master in School Counseling, M.A. in School Psychology, MA in Psychology: School Counseling/PPS, School Counseling – M.Ed., or Master in Counselor Education - Elementary or Secondary.
Studying for your school counseling degree on a college campus may be the right learning format for you if you enjoy face-to-face interactions with peers, classmates and faculty.
These years may be great ones to begin building networks, or getting involved in college activities. A nice potential advantage to a campus-based program is that you get to enjoy the college facilities such as libraries, laboratories, athletic
amenities and social services.
Potential Coursework in Masters In School Counseling on Campus Programs
School Counseling masters programs teach students about fostering academic development, conducting group and individual counseling sessions, how to collaborate and work with parents, teachers and administrative staff. Often they require students to grain practical experience through and internship or practicum.[iii] Some of the courses that students enrolled in School Counseling Masters Programs might explore may include subjects such as[iv]:
- Therapy and Counseling -Group counseling, individual counseling
- Special issues in school counseling: diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation
- Psychopathology and psychopharmacology as pertains to behavior disorders
- Child and adolescent counseling
- Human growth and development
- How to assess clients and provide good customer care
- English language communication
In addition this education, in order to be a School Counselor, one also needs to be skilled at[v]:
- Active listening to others in order to understand, make assessments, and suggest treatment.
- Conveying information effectively
- Reading Comprehension
- Social Perceptiveness
- Critical thinking to be able to identify strengths and weaknesses
Potential Career Paths To Explore With a Masters in School Counseling Degree
School counselors work in elementary and secondary schools colleges, universities, professional schools, Junior colleges, Vocational, Rehabilitation Services and Individual and family services[vi]: Some graduates who have earned a Master in School Counseling Degree go on to become:
School Psychologists: Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and human behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and their environments. This profession generally requires an advanced degree and certification or licensure to work. School psychologists are trained in education and psychology in order to address the education and mental health components of student development.[vii]
Educational, Guidance, School and Vocational Counselors counsel individuals to help them understand and overcome personal, social, or behavioral problems affecting their educational or vocational situations. This may include crisis intervention, conferring with parents, maintaining accurate records, and preparing students for later education.[viii]
Elementary School Counselors focus on helping younger school students develop skills, such as decision-making and study skills so they can be successful in their social and academic lives, and may offer guidance to prepare students for middle school or help them with behavioral issues.[ix]
Middle School Counselors assist students and parents in order to help students develop and achieve career and academic goals. They help students develop the skills and strategies necessary to succeed academically and socially and prepare for next levels of education[ix].
High School Counselors help students to make academic and career plans, and may assist them with personal problems that are interfering with their education. They may guide students to choose classes and plan for their lives after graduation. High School Counselors provide information about choosing and applying for colleges, training programs, financial aid, and apprenticeships.[ix]
Ready to pursue a Masters in School Counseling on Campus degree?
Perhaps you have benefitted from some counseling advice during your school years that have helped you determine that a career in school counseling is where you want your education to lead. Whatever your reason, a helping profession such as School Counseling requires advanced education, so start using the search tools on GradSchools.com to assist you in finding a School Counseling Masters program on an accredited campus now!
[i] bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/school-and-career-counselors.htm#tab-4 | [ii] bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-4 | [iii] bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/school-and-career-counselors.htm#tab-4 | [iv] onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1012.00 | [v] onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1012.00 | [vi] bls.gov/oes/current/oes211012.htm | [vii] bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm#tab-4 | [viii] onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1012.00 | [ix] bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/school-and-career-counselors.htm#tab-2
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Blog Stats
Thursday morning, a rain-wet morning in Brisbane. Sitting at home, waiting for my parents to contact me via Messenger, I find no better time to get on the Net and do a bit of surfing. I wonder if the term surfing the net is still in use. Things change so fast.
One thing I do on the Net is to check AMRcycling stats. It gives me a good idea of what is happening with the blog in terms of numbers and traffic and at the moment, it is looking great. According to Google Statistics, the numbers have grown by 95% this month. It sounds incredible, doesn't it? And it's not that the visitor's
count went from seven people visiting the site to 13.65 ... The number of Unique Visitors reached a total of 2,315 since March.
This month so far, AMRCycling was visited 897 times with 583 of the visitors been Returning Visitors. Another positive piece of information is the Average Time on the blog, which is now 2'56". It is nice to know that visitors are reading the posts and coming back.
Cycling in Rio - video
As this post is #100, it is the perfect time to send out a quick Thank You! to all visitors, from Toowoomba to Bogota, from Sarpsborg to Cape Town, and as this blog is about anything cycling, to share this video that I found in one of my favourite cycling blogs, Copenhagen Cycle Chick. It was produced by a car insurance company, of all businesses, in Rio de Janeiro . It is advertising but it promotes cycling, telling me that things do change and a lot of times for the better.Enjoy!
Keep in touch and Safe Riding!


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Discussion in 'Developers' Forum' started by xaver, Oct 31, 2011.
the system cant find the path.
Error always:
/php5-cgi/index.php not found
Do you use any rewrite rules in this aliasdomain? Scripts will only work if no rewrite rules are used (the aliasdomain is not forwarded to a subfolder). If a aliasdomain shall have its own folder, then better create a new website instead of using a aliasdomain.
With Fast-CGI and other php-modes it works.
Looks like your rule in vhost changed directory and cant find php-cgi anymore.
Separate names with a comma.


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It's now officially November, the month when Apple and Steve Jobs said iOS 4.2 for iPad and iPhone would arrive. But just exactly when in November will they get here? This week? Next week? Week after? November 30, 11:59pm Cupertino Time?
Should the take their time to get it right, or should they get it our right now? Vote in the poll above and give us your thoughts in the comments below!


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Faculty Handbook
Western Connecticut State University
University Senate Constitution
Effective July 1, 1980
The Western Connecticut State University Senate exists by the will of the Faculty. Its existence is based upon the principle that to institute new or change existing policies concerning matters over which local university autonomy exists, it is necessary to have the approval of the University Administration, i.e., the President and his designated representative(s); the University Senate, if it wishes to act; and, the Student Government Association Senate, if it wishes to act.
The University Senate also exists to act as a forum to discuss and, by resolution, to express its views on any topic of concern to the faculty.
I. Authority
Concerning policies over which local and University autonomy exists, the approval of the University Senate, if it wishes to act, is required. In the exercise of its authority over curriculum policy and curricular structure, requirements for degrees and granting of degrees, policies for recruitment, admission and retention of students, academic policies relating to students and other matters of campus community, and consistent with the principle of shared governance, the University Senate shall:
A. Vote on behalf of the General Faculty (The General Faculty of Western Connecticut State University consists of all unclassified personnel other than the President of the University.)
B. Institute new policies.
C. Change existing policies.
D. Review policy implementation.
E. Establish committees and determine committee structure.
F. Review committee structure.
G. Receive reports from all standing and ad hoc committees.
H. Conduct elections and referenda.
II. Responsibility
The University Senate has the responsibility to:
A. Meet regularly, and when necessary, in special session.
B. Represent the General Faculty.
C. Inform the General Faculty of its deliberations and actions.
D. Act upon reports from all standing and ad hoc committees.
E. Serve as a General Faculty forum to discuss and, by resolution, to express its views on any topic of concern to the General Faculty.
A. Senators representing all academic departments shall be elected according to the respective departmental bylaws by the following formula:
One Senator from each of the academic departments, one librarian, and one counselor. Any department that has fewer than four full-time members may join with another department to elect a Senate representative.
B. Two Senators shall be elected by and from Administrators I through VII.
C. Two Senators, one voting and one nonvoting, shall be elected by and from the group consisting of all Deans and Vice Presidents.
D. One Senator and one alternate shall be elected by the SGA.
E. Faculty Senators will be elected for a two-year term.
- One half the Senators will be elected each year.
- Terms will begin July 1 of each year.
F. Should a Faculty Senator be unable to complete his/her term, the next eligible person with the greatest number of votes without having been elected shall complete the term.
IV. Constitutional Amendments
A. Constitutional amendments may be proposed in either of two ways:
- By a report to the Senate President of a Senate Review Committee he/she has appointed;
- Twelve faculty members.
B. A proposed amendment shall be announced to the Senate meeting immediately following its proposal to the Senate President and then submitted in writing to the faculty.
C. A faculty meeting shall be called by the Senate President for the purpose of discussing any proposed amendment within one academic month of its announcement at a Senate meeting.
D. Within two weeks of the faculty meeting, a vote by paper ballot shall be conducted on any proposed amendment. A majority of those voting shall determine the outcome.


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by Tom Utescher
"Then they started to fly; they looked backward and said goodbye." Blue Oyster Cult
All's well that ends well. After a collision on the course in one race last Sunday and a sub-par performance by one of its premier crews in another, Mount St. Joseph Academy capped off its performance at the 2011 City Championships by winning a gold medal in the marquee event, the varsity eight.
The Mount varsity won their semifinal race early in the afternoon, although their time was not as fast as the figure put up in the other semi by Radnor High School. In the finals at the end of the day, the Magic triumphed by two seconds over Radnor (4:47.34/4:49.31), which had beaten the Mount in two of their three previous head-to-head meetings.
The three seniors in the Mount's relatively young and under-sized V-8 are Norwood Fontbonne Academy graduates Meredith Bracken (Drexel) and Maggie Rush (Georgetown) and Hill resident Kate Casebeer (Boston College). Rush is the coxswain and Bracken and Casebeer occupy the seven and two seats, respectively. The rest of the crew are all juniors: Dana Lerro (stroke), Katie O'Connell (six), Darian DiCianno (five), Rose Ehrlich (four), Julie McGlynn (three), and Emily Carbone (bow).
"Radnor's a very fast boat, and that made us faster," Rush explained, noting that the Magic also got a motivational push from racing against powerful club crews Connecticut Boat Club and Community Rowing Inc. (Boston) at the Saratoga (N.Y.) Invitational the previous weekend.
"They're both really big, strong crews, so when you race them, you have to try and take it to a whole other level," she said. "Losing can make you better, if you know how to learn from it. You want to win even more."
The Mount's journey through the City finals last Sunday began with a gold medal effort, as well. The novice eight "A" boat (Addie Jones (cox), Natalie Keane (stroke), Quinn Devore, Dana Zielinski, Frannie McDermott, Abigail Shreero, Lexi Meister, Bridget Fitzpatrick, Emily McHugh) finished second to Merion Mercy in the qualifying head races in the morning, but beat Merion by just over a second in the finals later on.
The Magic's novice "B" (Lauren Woodrow (cox), Caroline Carbone (stroke), Nadine Ghantous, Jennifer Lawlor, Marissa Mulligan, Katie Gresko, Christina Vosbikian, Hanna Leonard, Ellie McGlynn), third in the qualifier, won the bronze medal in the finals.
The freshman eight (Madi Kist (cox), Natalie Simms (stroke), Elizabeth McKernan, Michela Karrash, Lauren Matchett, Maddie Lawn, Jocelyn Ziemniak, Sarah Curcio, Leah Ramos) also displayed consistency in its two performances. The freshmen qualified with a fourth-place time (the top six from the head races advanced in each event in the regatta), and after challenging for the bronze medal down the stretch, they placed fourth in the finals as well.
Several older crews did not live up to expectations. In the lightweight eight category, the Magic had gone through the entire 2009 and 2010 seasons without losing to another high school crew, but on Sunday they had to settle for a bronze medal. They tried to mount a late sprint from an inside lane, but fell short of both Holy Spirit and Bishop Eustace. The MSJ lights (Erin McElroy (cox), Molly Tenzinger (stroke), Kait Loftus, Paige Flynn, Leah McGlynn, Meg Bresnahan, Katie McCormick, Kate Mirabella, Colette McNeela) had been fifth in the head racing.
After qualifying for the finals with a third-place time, Mount St. Joe's JV eight collided with a rival boat in the finals and was disqualified.
The second eight fared better, going straight to the finals since there were only six entries in their event. The Mounties (Mary Raggazino (cox), Steph Henrich (stroke), Cathleen Keene, Lauren Hamilton, Maddie Wescott, Sarah Krmpotich, Anna DelRicci, Katelyn Keane, Bobbie Sutton) captured the silver medal, coming in behind victorious Radnor.
The day ended with the V-8 final. Overall, the Magic certainly aren't the most physically imposing crew around, but the rowers all have a good idea of what's required of them when the medal races arrive.
"We've always been a technically sound crew," Rush said. "Recently we've been focusing on speed work and power, being fast at the start and at the sprint. That came into play today."
Near the lower tip of Peter's Island, Radnor made one last run at the Magic, getting their bowball amidships of the MSJ eight, then the Mount widened the gap a bit after that.
"I think we started our sprint a little after they did," Rush related. "They might have gotten a couple strokes in on us, but my crew saw that they were walking and we didn't want to back down."


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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
frac·ture (Fx),(frak'chūr),
fracture/frac·ture/ (frak´cher)
fractureA breaking of bone or other hard tissue. See Avulsion fracture, Axial-load teardrop fracture, Basal skull fracture, Bennett fracture, Blow-out fracture, Boxer's fracture, Bucket handle fracture, Bumper fracture, Cavalry fracture, Chauffeur's fracture, Chip fracture, Chisel fracture, Clay shoveler's fracture, Closed fracture, Colles' fracture, Comminuted fracture, Complete fracture, Compound fracture, Compression fracture, Dashboard fracture, DeQuervain's fracture, Direct fracture, Dislocation fracture, Don Juan fracture, Double fracture, Dupuytren fracture, Essex-Lopresti fracture, Fatigue fracture, Greenstick fracture, Hangman's fracture, Hip fracture, Hairline fracture, Impacted fracture, Incomplete fracture, Insufficiency fracture, Jefferson fracture, Jones fracture, LeFort fracture, Linear fracture, Linear skull fracture, Maisonneuve ankle fracture, March fracture, Microfracture fracture, Monteggia fracture, Nightstick fracture, Nonunion fracture, Oblique fracture, Odontoid fracture, Open fracture, Open book fracture, Pathologic fracture, Piedmont fracture, Ping pong fracture, Ring fracture, Rolando fracture, Skull fracture, Stellate fracture, Stress fracture, Teardrop fracture, Telescoping fracture, Torus fracture, Tripod fracture, Wagon wheel fracture, Wagstaffe fracture, Wedge fracture.
fracture(frak'chur) [L. fractura, a break]
Fractures may be due to pathology, direct violence, indirect violence, or muscular contraction. In a pathological fracture, bones break, spontaneously and without trauma, due to certain diseases and conditions like cancer, osteomalacia, syphilis, and osteomyelitis, In a fracture due to direct violence, the bone breaks at the spot where the force was applied, as in fracture of a crushed tibia. In a fracture due to indirect violence, the bone is fractured by a force applied at a distance from the site of fracture and transmitted to the fractured bone, as a fracture of the clavicle by a fall on an outstretched hand. In a fracture due to muscular contraction, the bone breaks from a sudden, violent contraction of the muscles.
Signs include loss of the power of movement, pain with acute tenderness over the site of fracture, swelling and bruising, deformity and possible shortening, unnatural mobility, and crepitus or grating heard when the ends of the bone rub together.
Immediate first aid includes splinting of the fracture site and joints above and below it to limit further movement and displacement. Applying a cold pack to the fracture site and elevating it above the level of the heart may limit pain and swelling. Radiography should be used to identify the fracture and the exact position of the bone fragments.
The physician reduces the fracture. The bone is kept in position by a cast or splint until union has taken place. Afterwards the limb is restored to complete function by physical therapy and exercise.
In open or compound fractures, bleeding must be arrested before the fracture is treated. Initially, the open fracture should be covered with a clean or sterile dressing and the fracture site immobilized. Open reduction may be required. The wound is then washed and cleaned with sterile saline. If the area is grossly contaminated, mild soap solution may be used provided it is thoroughly washed away with generous amounts of sterile saline. When the wound is clean, a sterile dressing is secured by a bandage. The bone may then be immobilized by external fixation until the wound heals.
Skeletal traction may be used instead of a cast or external fixator for certain fractures, such as femoral shaft fractures. Pins are placed in the bone, and the bone ends are held in place by pulleys and weights until union occurs.
If the bone does not heal, a weak electric current applied to the bone ends (bone stimulation) may promote healing. Hip fractures require gentle handling and immobilization to prevent displacement of the fracture, aggravation of bleeding, or disruption of a pelvic hematoma. Open reduction with internal fixation may be required and is performed when the patient is judged to be hemodynamically stable.
CAUTION!First aid for fractures of the spine requires extreme care in moving the patient. Unnecessary or improper movement may injure or even transect the spinal cord. Stabilizing the patient on a rigid board, with full spinal protection, is necessary until x-ray studies reveal the spine is stable.
Patient care
Vascular and neurological status of the limb distal to the fracture site are monitored before and after immobilization with traction, casting, or fixation devices. Pain is assessed and managed with prescribed analgesics and noninvasive measures. All procedures and related sensations are explained, and reassurance given.
The patient is evaluated for fat embolism after long bone fractures, for infection in open fractures, for excessive blood loss and hypovolemic shock, and for delayed union or nonunion during healing and follow-up. The patient should report signs of impaired circulation (skin coldness, numbness, tingling, discoloration, and changes in mobility) and is taught how to care for the cast or splint and the correct use of assistive devices (slings, crutches, walker). ; illustration
avulsion fracture
bend fracturePlastic deformation of bone.
Bennett fractureSee: Bennett fracture
bimalleolar fracture
blow-out fractureSee: orbital blow-out fracture
blow-up fracture
bowing fracture
boxer's fracture
buckle fractureTorus fracture.
burst fracture
chauffeur's fracture
childhood accidental spiral tibial fractureAbbreviation: CAST
Toddler's fracture.
fracture of clavicle
Symptoms include swelling, pain, and protuberance with a sharp depression over the injured bone. Palpable deformity and crepitus are commonly present.
If indicated, an emergency care physician or an orthopedist will reduce the fracture. This usually is done by elevating the arm and lateral fragment so they line up with the medial fragment. The position is maintained by a clavicle strap, spica cast, immobilizing sling, or figure-of-eight wrap between the shoulders and over the back. Healing takes from about 6 to 8 weeks.
First Aid
A ball of cloth or one or two handkerchiefs are tightly rolled and placed under the armpit. An arm sling is applied and the elbow bandaged to the side, with the hand and forearm extending across the chest. Alternatively, the patient may lie on his or her back on the floor with a rolled-up blanket under the shoulders until medical aid arrives. This position keeps the shoulders back and prevents the broken ends of the bone from rubbing.
clay shoveler's fracture
closed fracture
Colle fractureSee: Colles, Abraham
comminuted fracture
complete fracture
complicated fracture
compound fracture
compression fracture
curbstone fracture
depressed fracture
diastatic fracture
direct fracture
dislocation fracture
double fracture
Dupuytren fractureSee: Dupuytren, Baron Guillaume
Duverney fractureSee: Duverney, Joseph G.
epiphyseal fracture
fatigue fractureStress fracture.
fissured fracture
flexion-teardrop fracture
fragility fracture
greenstick fracture
hairline fracture
hangman's fracture
hip fracture
Osteoporosis predisposes an elderly person to hip fracture.
Pain in the knee or groin is the classic presenting sign of a hip fracture. If the femur is displaced, shortening and rotation of the leg may be present.
Preoperatively, Buck's traction may be used in the short term to alleviate muscle spasms. An open reduction is the preferred surgical treatment. A femoral prosthesis may be used for femoral neck or head fractures. The bone takes 6 to 12 weeks to heal in an elderly patient.
Patient care
During hospitalization, general patient care concerns apply. The patient is prepared physically and emotionally for surgery according to the orthopedic surgeon's protocol, and postsurgical care and pain control (epidural or intravenous patient-controlled analgesia [PCA]) is discussed. Neurovascular status of the affected limb is assessed according to protocol and compared to the unaffected limb. The patient is referred for physical and occupational therapy and uses a walker until the bone is completely healed. Prevention and relief of pain and monitoring of postoperative complications, including infection, hip dislocation, and deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, are primary concerns. Use of an incentive spirometer is encouraged to prevent atelectasis and respiratory complications. Prophylactic antibiotics and anticoagulants are administered as prescribed, and hip precautions are implemented to prevent dislocation. These precautions include having the patient avoid hip adduction (usually by an abductor wedge), rotation, and flexion greater than 90° during transfer and ambulation activities, and by using a raised toilet seat and semi-reclining chair. The patient is typically hospitalized for 2 to 4 days and then discharged to a nursing home, subacute unit, transitional care unit, rehabilitation center, or home for rehabilitation for several weeks.
fracture of humerus
In a fracture of the shaft and lower end of the humerus, the limb is put in a cast in a position midway between pronation and supination with the humerus at right angles to the forearm. Movement of the shoulder, wrist, and finger is allowed.
impacted fracture
incomplete fracture
indirect fracture
insufficiency fracture
intracapsular fracture
intrauterine fracture
Jefferson fractureSee: Jefferson fracture
Jones fractureSee: Jones fracture
lead pipe fracture
LeFort fracture
lover's fracture
march fracture
mid-face fractureLeFort fracture
Monteggia fractureSee: Monteggia fracture
nightstick fracture
nonunion of fractureSee: nonunion
occult fracture
open fractureCompound fracture.
orbital blow-out fracture
open-book fracture
overriding fractureOverriding.
pathological fracture
Patient care
The limbs and joints of at-risk patients are gently and carefully supported when repositioning, exercising, or mobilizing. If such patients fall or are injured, and report limb, pelvic, or back pain or inability to bear weight, the patient and the affected limb should be stabilized and - diagnostic imaging obtained.
pelvic fracture
penile fracture
ping-pong fracture
Pott fractureSee: Pott, John Percivall
pretrochanteric fracture
Rolando fractureSee: Rolando fracture
simple fracture
fracture of skull, fractured skull
sleeve fracture
Smith fractureSee: Smith fracture
snowboarder's fracture
fracture of the spine
The patient is carefully assessed for evidence of neuromuscular compromise and other internal injuries. To prevent complications and promote healing, vests, casts, or halo devices may be used, depending on the location of the fracture. A program of supervised physical therapy may be needed during recovery.
Prognosis depends on the type of spinal fracture and associated spinal cord involvement.
spiral fracture
sprain fracture
stellate fracture
straddle fracture
stress fracture
T fracture
toddler's fracture
torus fracture
transcervical fracture
transverse fracture
trimalleolar fracture
tripod fracture
vertebral fractureFracture of the spine.
Wagstaffe fractureSee: Wagstaffe fractureillustration
fractureA break, usually of a bone. This occurs when excessive force is applied to a healthy bone or when lesser force is applied to a bone generally weakened by a disease such as OSTEOPOROSIS, or locally weakened by a tumour or cyst. Such a fracture is called a pathological fracture. Fractures may be transverse, oblique or spiral, or the bone may be shattered into pieces (comminuted). Young bone, subjected to bending stress, often fractures on one side but bends on the other. This is called a 'greenstick' fracture. In simple fractures the overlying soft tissue is intact. In compound fractures, the fractured bone is exposed and infected. In complicated fractures there is also injury to other nearby structures such as major blood vessels and nerves. Fracture-dislocations pass across a joint and the normal relationship of the joint surfaces to one another is altered.
fracturebreach in continuity of a bone as a result of injury. Known as a closed fracture when there is no break in the skin or open (compound) when there is a wound linking the broken bone to the outside of the body; comminuted when a bone is broken into several pieces, splintered or crushed; complicated when there is injury to surrounding organs and structures; depressed when the broken bone presses on an underlying structure, e.g. brain or lung; impacted when one part of the broken bone is driven into the other; incomplete when the bone is only cracked or fissured, called a greenstick fracture in children. A pathological fracture can occur in abnormal bone (e.g. with a cancerous deposit) as a result of force which would not break a normal bone; also known as a spontaneous fracture when there is no appreciable violence.
fracturebreakage of bone or cartilage; all fractures are treated by the same principles of rest and immobilization (e.g. internal fixation and/or casting) and pain control (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) Table 1
avulsion fracture due to joint capsule, ligament or muscle pulling away from bone, e.g. as in sprain, dislocation or excess muscle contraction; pathological traction of involved soft tissues causes separation of a small area (flake or fleck) of cortical bone
closed fracture bone ends do not penetrate through overlying soft tissues or skin
Colles fracture fracture and dorsal displacement of distal radius
comminuted fracture bone is broken into more than two pieces
compound fracture open fracture
fatigue fracture march fracture
flake fracture avulsion fracture
fleck fracture avulsion fracture
greenstick fracture bending rather than bone breakage, with minimal fracture on outer curve of the bone; typical of a young bone
hairline fracture a very fine fracture line, without fragment separation
longitudinal fracture line of fracture is parallel to long axis of bone
march fracture; stress fracture fracture due to repeated low-grade trauma, classically affecting shaft of second, third or fourth metatarsal; usually begins as a hairline fracture from medial aspect of bone shaft, at a point one-third from head and two-thirds from base of affected metatarsal; tendency to stress fracture is exacerbated by existing bone pathology (e.g. Paget's disease) and/or osteopenia/osteoporosis (i.e. osteopenia of disuse, menopausal osteoporosis, Charcot neuropathy), unaccustomed or strenuous exercise, or subsequent to revascularization of an ischaemic limb (see stress; stress fracture hypothesis; stress fracture symptoms)
neuropathic fracture feature of foot with profound sensory neuropathy and loss of pain response; autonomic dysfunction causes opening of arteriovenous anastomoses (shunts) leading to osteopenia, and imbalance of osteoblast/osteoclast function; presents as a hairline, march/stress fracture; contributes to Charcot joint formation
open fracture bone ends perforate through overlying tissues and skin, creating an open wound, and almost certain subsequent osteomyelitis
osteoporotic fracture fracture of osteoporotic or osteopenic bone
simple fracture closed fracture without bone displacement
spiral fracture fracture line follows a spiral track across bone shaft; caused by longitudinal twist to bone
stress fracture see march fracture
transverse fracture fracture line is at right angles to longitudinal bone axis
|Fracture type
|The affected bone is broken into two (or occasionally more) segments by transverse breaks, e.g. metatarsal fracture
|The fracture line follows a spiral across the bone shaft, e.g. of the distal fibula, in association with a severe inversion injury of the ankle
|The affected bone is broken into several/many irregular segments, e.g. the calcaneum after a fall from a height
|The bone at the fracture site is compressed together by the jamming force of the impact, e.g. the neck of the fibula after a fall from a height
|The bone at the fracture site is so displaced as to penetrate through the overlying soft tissue and skin, so that the end of the bone is exposed
|Deep soft tissues/nerves/blood vessels are traumatized by the sharp end of the fractured bone
|The traumatic force causes local soft-tissue structures (muscle origins, tendon insertions, ligaments, joint capsule) to pull off a section of the cortex to which they are attached, e.g. avulsion fracture of the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
|The repeated application of low-level trauma causes eventual fracture of cortical bone, e.g. march fracture of the metatarsal (stress fractures may also affect the sesamoids, styloid process of the fifth metatarsal, calcaneum or tibia)
|The bone fractures due to an underlying pathology, e.g. Ewing's sarcoma, Paget's disease or von Recklinghausen's disease affecting the tibia
|Incomplete fracture through the affected bone; commonly affecting children
n.pr a LeFort I fracture of the facial bones in which there is a bilateral horizontal fracture of the maxillae.
Patient discussion about fracture
Q. what exactly is a tooth fracture?A broken tooth? there is a tremendous amount of pain with this tooth.
az cosmetic dentistry
Q. Has anyone fractured their pelvic bone?...and if so how long did it take until you could walk on side injured
if you want i'll send you the picture, you can say it's you :)
Q. I had sugery on a fractured heel what is the recovery process? Wanting to meet people who are going thru this now or have already recovered from this injury. What should I expect?


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"Despite incredible changes in the economy, small businesses still see vibrant opportunities. That eternal optimism and entrepreneurial spirit in the face of adversity is an asset that bodes well for the future of our economy." –Jim Beach, professor of entrepreneurship, University of Tennessee.
It's good to see that a positive mindset may be taking hold among a critical freight constituency for truckers – small businesses.
In the first UPS Business Monitor United States survey conducted for delivery giant United Parcel Service between September and October last year, 91 percent of small-business owners or managers said they expect their company to be in the same or better financial shape in a year than it is today.
OK, that's SO last year you say. Yet a follow-up survey, conducted in mid-December after U.S. and global economic conditions worsened considerably, showed only a small decline in the first survey's optimism, with 86 percent of small-businesses owners expecting their company to be in the same or better financial shape in one year. Those are some pretty good indicators that America's small business owners, at least, have tightened the chin straps and are ready to get back at it.
"Small businesses are the key to capitalism and to the job market," noted Professor Jeff Rosensweig at Emory University's Goizueta Business School. "[This survey] give us a great finger on the pulse of small business – and these latest surveys give us reason to lighten the prevailing mood of 'gloom and doom.'"
UPS's Business Monitor surveys, by the way, are currently conducted in the U.S., Canada, Latin America and Asia and are designed to tap into the thinking of small business decision-makers, monitoring their opinions on a range of business issues (hence the title of these reports).
Alan Gershenhorn, UPS senior vice president of worldwide sales and marketing noted another important trendline gleaned from this survey – the optimism out there is rooted in realism as small-business owners surveyed do not project a speedy economic recovery. In the first survey, almost half (47 percent) of small-business owners said they believe that the U.S. economy will begin to improve in 2010 or later. That number climbed to 67 percent in the December survey, he noted.
TNS conducted this study for UPS, contacting 600 small businesses for the first survey and 151 in the follow up conducted in mid-December last year. Not a lot, I know, but still – to get these many positive results after the steady drumbeat of negative news since the crash of Lehman Borthers last year is, to mind, very significant.
Small-business leaders also are optimistic about their workforce prospects, Gershenhorn said. Two-thirds (66 percent) of respondents in the first survey said they plan to keep the same size workforce for the next 12 months. Almost one-quarter (24 percent) said they will increase their workforce; only 10 percent said they plan to reduce it. A greater number of small-business owners in the second survey expect their workforces to remain the same. Almost three-quarters (74 percent) said they expect their workforce to remain the same this year, 13 percent expect to increase their workforce and 12 percent said they plan to cut staff, he noted.
Companies involved in international trade, Gershenhorn pointed out, are particularly optimistic: in fact they were more likely to project that their business would be in a better economic position 12 months from now compared to those who did not. In the first survey, 56 percent of small-business owners who engage in cross-border trade expect their company to be in a better economic position in one year, compared to 41 percent of companies that did not trade. This gap widened in the second survey, with 62 percent of small-businesses owners who trade internationally expressing optimism compared to 39 percent of non-traders.
Despite this trade-related optimism, the majority of small businesses surveyed aren't exporting. Almost three-quarters (73 percent) of respondents do not engage – and do not plan to engage – in international trade. Unfamiliarity with global markets, language barriers and apprehension about preparing customs and other documents were among the main reasons why small-business owners say they aren't trading across borders.
"This survey shows that the vast majority of small-business owners are missing out on the key opportunities offered by international trade," said Gershenhorn. "By expanding opportunities in new markets, cross-border trade can help small businesses diversify, buffering them against risk, and helping them stay strong in tough times."
Finally, a "no-brainer" statistics that's refreshing to say the least: the survey found that small-business owners may be particularly optimistic for a very important reason – they love what they do. When asked in the first survey what else they would do if money were no object, more than one-third (37 percent) said they would continue running their businesses and 12 percent said they would invest more money in their companies, while only 13 percent said they would retire.
In short, this kind of information gives me a lot of hope that things are going to turn around sooner rather than later at any rate.


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Race and Human Variation
To the Editor:
I write to commend Perspectives for the report (published in the December 2004 issue) on the recent conference on "Race and Human Variation." According to author Noralee Frankel, a group of leading scholars convened meetings to discuss the fascinating history of racial mixture and classification, but the report did not indicate if participants also discussed their curriculums. I ask this because my own experience is that teaching the construction of race challenges many students to reconsider their most basic assumptions about race—often in uncomfortable ways. Lecturing on the history of miscegenation or changing scientific taxonomies raises questions on the extent of homogeneity, and even political unity, that many automatically attribute to the so-called black community. This fall I taught a course at the University of Iowa that enrolled a diverse group of undergraduates, but when I introduced topics such as whiteness studies or the idea of an analogy between gayness and blackness, some students appeared visibly shaken, even angered to the point of a small-scale revolt. Colleagues at other schools report the same experience with a kind of disenchantment with the theme of social construction. In class discussions, I found that some students preferred to reference personal experiences, which they projected upon an unchanging past. At a time of crisis in minority access to higher education, all voices urgently need our recognition, but this does not dictate their scholarly legitimacy. The historian's objective must remain historical accuracy. The project of rethinking race sponsored by the Ford Foundation and taken up by leading scholars such as Thomas Holt at this conference demands not only more research, but also innovative and sensitive pedagogy, if we are successfully to enlighten our classrooms.
—Kevin Mumford
University of Iowa
Tags: Letters to the Editor
Please read our commenting and letters policy before submitting.


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One of the nation's largest and most respected hospital companies, Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS) has built an impressive record of achievement and performance. Steadily growing from a startup to an esteemed Fortune 500 corporation, UHS today has annual revenue nearing $10 billion. In 2017, UHS was recognized as one of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune; ranked #276 on the Fortune 500, and listed #275 in Forbes inaugural ranking of America's Top 500 Public Companies.
Our operating philosophy is as effective today as it was 40 years ago: Build or acquire high quality hospitals in rapidly growing markets, invest in the people and equipment needed to allow each facility to thrive, and become the leading healthcare provider in each community we serve. Headquartered in King of Prussia, PA, UHS has more than 81,000 employees and through its subsidiaries operates more than 320 acute care hospitals, behavioral health facilities and ambulatory centers in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the United Kingdom.
Millwood Hospital is seeking a Housekeeper to join the team!
Millwood Hospital, located in Arlington, Texas, is a 134-bed facility that provides inpatient and outpatient mental health and chemical dependency care. Since 1971, children, adolescents, adults and older adults have relied on Millwood Hospital's extensive and confidential services to help overcome emotional and chemical dependency problems. Millwood Hospital has been named Top Performer on Key Quality Measures® by The Joint Commission, the leading accreditor of health care organizations in America. Learn more about this award, recognizing Millwood Hospital for exemplary performance in using evidence-based clinical processes to improve patient care.


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For those who are skeptical of the new Knight Rider, and never managed to enjoy Team Knight Rider, may we suggest the original? The campy acting. The ridiculous plot twists. A talking Pontiac. The Hoff! It was a great time, before The Wire, when everything had to be resolved before an episode could end.
It's currently available at Amazon, for just $20.99, if you've got time to wait for the shipping. We bet you can also pick it up at your local Best Buy or independent movie retailer (if those still exist). It'll go great with a vintage Members Only jacket. [Amazon]


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James Crossman brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 112 Designs von 42 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
I communicate with words, images and data. I break the rules about having only one primary skill-set, I have several. I am a technologist, a naturalist, a photographer and a generalist.
And somehow I am creating a personal brand that encompasses all of what I do. I need something that will be used on a website and business cards, as well as with copyright statements on works of art or text I create. And it has to play well in the technical universe that consumes most of the hours of my day.
I want to create a single brand and point of presence on the web and in general for all of my endeavors. I have been a very successful technologist in data communications and security, a professional hacker, etc. And I still do all of this, but I also do much more.
I am also a professional photographer, a writer, a speaker, and a former entertainer. I am working on my Texas Master Naturalist accreditation as well. I want to do more of these activities without alienating my tech employment and customers. I debated whether I could unify all of this to keep some less important projects from dying on the vine, so to speak, and spilled my story to a guru of social media and personal branding.
He said, "Do it, James. You can pull it off - be quirky." Designing the logo for this endeavor and me is the challenge.
When asked to describe myself in three words I said, "Technologist. Naturalist. Generalist." When asked to expand and look for a unifying idea, I thought of this statement:
I communicate. I may use words or pictures or move data or test security, but always it is about getting the right communication - the right thought - to the right person in the right way at the right time.
Since I am the brand, you needed to know all of that.... Some more data that might be helpful are my LinkedIn profile and my Flickr account for my photography. If you can unite those ideas, I think the rest fall into place. My photograph is here so you can see the product itself.
In addition to the prize, I will also write about the contest and link to the winning designer.
I like ideas that are simple, bold and exciting. I really like the idea of a graphical element in the logo that can be used by itself, or possibly increased in size and serve as a backdrop of ideas and or services I offer.
The logo should be vector-based for the most flexibility and have some color options. I don't have a color scheme for where i am going with this, so am open for ideas. Nature meets Web 2.0 anyone?
When I sat down to determine what I liked and didn't like I went through a list of other personal brands and current tech identities and looked for what I liked and didn't like. Here is a list of the sites where I saw things i liked:
http://personalbrandingblog.wordpress.com/ (love the icon/graphic)
I don't want canned logos - I already looked through a huge variety of sites and such before deciding that I need to leave this in the hands of a trained designer. Thats why I am here. To find something just right....
I also don't want reflections or any other cliches. I don't want camera's or computers (but iconographic representations of communications or ideas might work) or any other specific service I offer as I wear too many hats to single out just one or two.
Also, as I went through the list of sites I found some real turn-offs too. To help you out, here they are:
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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Kathy Zola needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 58 designs submitted by 23 freelance designers.
The NACTP: A Respected Voice for the Tax and Payroll Software Industries
We are a nonprofit association that represents tax processing software and hardware developers, electronic filing processors, tax form publishers, tax processing service bureaus and payroll processors.
We promote standards in tax processing and work closely with the IRS and state governments to promote efficient and effective tax filing. We also advocate private sector solutions to government tax processing technology requirements.
A joint goal of the NACTP and government taxing agencies is to provide the best possible service to taxpayers. We are dedicated to achieving that goal by providing expertise in and knowledge of software systems to assist government agencies in implementing new technologies. By working together, this goal can be achieved.
Vendors of tax software and payroll processing software.
Government revenue agencies.
Electronic filing processors.
Tax form producers.
Needs to work both online and in print.
See our new tagline under Brand Name section above. This would need to be incorporated somehow.
Leaning towards blues and greens.
Needs to convey a sense that we are respected, trusted, knowledgeable, and collaborative partners.
We want to enhance our visual presence for current members and to attract new members.
Websites we like:
(Our current website - http://www.nactp.org - is being re-designed. This project is part of that effort)
Final delivery as layered .PS or .AI file. Also EPS.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


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The Revolutionary New Way to Find Your Best Foundation
We don't have to tell you that realising your new foundation, lipstick, or blush is the wrong shade for your skin is a drag. But thanks to new facial-recognition software and skintone-matching devices, this is a problem of the past.
At a recent tech convention in Las Vegas, the facial-recognition software company ModiFace launched their 3D Augmented-Reality Makeup and Anti-Ageing Mirror. Basically, it's a camera that allows you to "try on" different beauty products in real time. Similar to its 2D ancestors—software where you can upload a photo then add a new haircut, for example—you can see a variety of colours on your skin in real time, which means you can move and smile with the hue on, without actually testing it on your face. You'll start to see the technology soon: ModiFace says they'll be partnering with cosmetic brands later this year.
You don't have to wait, however. Sephora's Pantone Colour IQ technology has recently landed in every Sephora in the country. It's the same idea used at hardware stores to scan a colour swatch and create a gallon of perfectly-matched paint, only Sephora's version was created just for your face. The special gun captures three photos of your makeup-free skin—forehead, cheek, and chin, normally—then generates a custom number to find your exact matches from a database of dozens of brands and thousands of formulas. It even includes powder and mineral foundations.
Don't have a Sephora in your town? Prescriptives has taken foundation matching online with their Custom Blend service. All you need is a webcam, a recent photo, and a few minutes. You'll chat with an expert the same way you would at a department store, only via a Skype-like interface. Your expert selects your colour based on the photo you upload, and your formula based on a series of questions about your skin type and preferences. You can choose your finish—matte, dewy, or somewhere in-between—your coverage level, and more. Your unique recipe will be blended and sent to you to try at home.
Prefer the price of a drugstore formula? Until these new technologies hit your local CVS, try this trick that we learned from makeup artist Beau Nelson. Once you locate a shade of a prestige formula that suits your skin, like Nars or Make Up For Ever, plug it in a foundation matrix online to get the closest shades in a more-affordable brand, like Rimmel London or Maybelline New York. Thank you, technology.


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On December 08 2007, SisMorphine wrote:Awesome pics! Did you make your wrapping paper dress? I want one!!
On December 08 2007, airwalk wrote:Comfortable...comfortable.. they're stilts..I'd kill myself on them, but then agan..I'm a clutz so I can turn an ankle in tennis shoes too
On December 09 2007, Jenn wrote:Those are cute photos, still waiting on the Christmas tree pic!!!
On December 09 2007, cheekymunkee wrote:OMG!! I want to go to a show SO bad!!!! You guys look amazing!
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text:
Washington, DC -- 2005 – TourJet America,
a leading private aircraft broker specializing in the needs of
the entertainment industry, has announced they have become a Zero
Carbon partner of Carbonfund, reducing their global climate impact
to zero. TourJet offset their entire corporate carbon emissions,
from office energy use to jet fuel expenditures. At TourJet's
request, Carbonfund will offset the carbon by supporting much
needed reforestation projects in fire stricken areas of California.
Next year, Tourjet will look into expanded support of renewable
energy and energy efficiency projects.
"TourJet's Zero Carbon initiative is a significant
step for an industry member that must rely heavily upon carbon
fuels," said Carbonfund President Lesley Marcus Carlson.
"TourJet going Zero Carbon demonstrates what our foundation
has always maintained – incorporating carbon offsets is
simple and quite manageable within any successful business endeavor."
TourJet founder, Dave Davis, added "We've
built our business on excellent client care and we think customer
service in the new millennium includes making socially responsible
and ecologically sound choices."
TourJet has an unrivaled reputation of professionally managing
and delivering chartered flight services to discriminating clients.
TourJet offers executive jets, first class jets, turbo-prop aircraft,
and even the largest of passenger aircraft and associated charter
services. With a large segment of the music industry charter flight
industry, TourJet has successfully expanded into providing services
to film production crews, fortune 500 companies, professional
athletes and celebrities.
Carbonfund makes it easy and affordable for individuals and businesses
to reduce their climate impact to zero. With its easy-to-use
calculator, low offset cost per ton of CO2, and certified offset
projects, Carbonfund is proving that anyone can reduce their impact
on climate change quickly and efficiently. Carbonfund is
a 501(c)(3) charitable, nonprofit organization.
For information: www.carbonfund.org
Contact: Lesley Marcus Carlson (firstname.lastname@example.com)


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You will receive a 4% cash discount off our list price when you use a personal check, money order, cashiers check, or bank wire to pay for your order, and a 3% bitcoin discount off our list price when you pay for your order using Bitcoin. When you pay with your credit card or Paypal account you will receive our industry leading list price.
Orders of $99 or more ship FREE anywhere inside the domestic U.S. If your subtotal after discounts have been applied is less than $99, you'll pay just $5.95 for shipping, still the best rate in the industry!
For more information about shipping prices and policies, please visit the Provident Metals Help Center.
Purchase the 2007 Proof American Silver Eagle with Box & COA today.
These specially prepared 2007 US Mint Proof American Silver Eagles contain 1 troy ounce of 99.9% pure silver.
Each coin arrives in original mint packaging with a satin-lined velvet case and protective plastic capsule! A Certificate of Authenticity from the US Mint is Included as well.
The American Silver Eagle is the only silver bullion coin in the world whose purity is guaranteed by the government of the United States. It stands at the summit of a two hundred year history of American silver coinage. The American Silver Eagle program was authorized by Congress in late 1985 with the first coins appearing the following summer. Since their introduction, over seventy million American Silver Eagles have been sold to collectors and investors around the world. As stipulated by law, American Silver Eagles are composed of silver mined exclusively in the United States with a purity of .999, making them the purest silver bullion coins ever minted and offered to the public by the United States. All American Silver Eagles are struck in the one troy ounce denomination with a stated face value of $1. They are substantial coins, measuring 40.6mm in diameter and 2.98mm thick, and have a heft befitting their quality.
The American Silver Eagle is considered by many to be the most beautiful coin in production today. It takes its design directly from one of the most popular and iconic coins in U.S. history, Adolph A. Weinman's Walking Liberty half-dollar of 1916-1947. Lady Liberty is depicted striding confidently toward a rising sun, draped in the security of the American flag, and carrying laurel and oak branches that symbolize American civic and military power. The reverse of the coin features a new design created expressly for the American Silver Eagle by John Mercanti, the chief engraver at the U.S. Mint. It depicts a proud heraldic eagle placed directly beneath thirteen stars representing the original thirteen colonies. By combining the classic with the modern, the American Silver Eagle coins are able to capture the unique spirit of our country: proud of our history while moving toward our future with purpose.
From its very first year of issue, the American Silver Eagle has been produced by the United States Mint in both an investment-grade bullion version and a more collectible proof version. The American Silver Eagle Proof Coins are produced in West Point, New York, using a painstaking minting process that involves the manual feeding of polished coin blanks into specialized presses that strike each potential proof coin several times. The result of this incredible attention to detail is the creation of an American Silver Eagle with stunning, frosted devices atop a brilliantly mirrored field. The proof coins that emerge from the minting presses are thoroughly inspected, sealed in archival plastic, and packaged in satin-lined velvet boxes that are accompanied by official U.S. Mint certificates guaranteeing their purity and weight. American Silver Eagle Proof Coins are true collector's items and, as such, are only produced in exceedingly limited quantities each year.
Product Details
|Out of Stock
|.999 Fine Silver
|U.S. Mint- West Point