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Three-dimensional printer
A three-dimensional printer uses inkjet-type printheads to rapidly prototype, or print, a three-dimensional model. A powder feeder includes a conveyor system and a metering system to deliver powder to a build area in measured quantities. The powder feeder also includes a vacuum system for loading powder into a feed reservoir or chamber. The vacuum system can also be used to cleanup excess powder. Other powder control features include powder gutters and magnetic powder plows. During printing, a cleaning system operates to remove powder from the printheads. In the event of a printhead or jet failure, the failure can be detected and corrective measures taken automatically. After printing, the model can be depowdered and infiltrated in an enclosure.
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This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/192,412, filed on Aug. 15, 2008, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/335,282, filed on Jan. 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,435,368, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/260,224, filed on Sep. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,382, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/325,310, filed Sep. 27, 2001, and which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/851,502, filed May 8, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,145, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/416,787, filed Oct. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,375,874, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/771,009, filed Dec. 20, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No 6,007,318. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.BACKGROUND
Rapid prototyping describes various techniques for fabricating a three-dimensional prototype of an object from a computer model of the object. One technique is three-dimensional printing whereby a special printer is used to fabricate the prototype from a plurality of two-dimensional layers. In particular, a digital representation of a 3-D object is stored in a computer memory. Computer software sections the representation of the object into a plurality of distinct 2-D layers. A 3-D printer then fabricates a layer of material for each layer sectioned by the software. Together, the various fabricated layers form the desired prototype.
An apparatus to build a three-dimensional part from powder typically includes a powder supply and a build surface. Powder is transferred from the powder supply to the build surface in incremental layers. In one method of three-dimensional printing, layers of a powder material are deposited in a confined area. A binder solution is selectively deposited on each layer to produce regions of bound powder. A typical apparatus to deposit the binder is an inkjet-type printhead. The unbound powder is then removed to yield a three-dimensional part.SUMMARY
The use of powder as a build material results in potential problems. Because the powder can easily become airborne, it can adversely affect the machinery, the final product, or human users. The powder can become airborne during various stages of the printing process: from loading the machine to cleanup. In addition, the accumulation of excess powder, whether airborne or not, can lead to maintenance problems within the printer. Prior 3-D printers have had problems controlling the powder.
In accordance with a particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include an apparatus that can comprise a feed reservoir, a vacuum system, a build chamber, and an overflow cavity. The feed reservoir stores a supply of build material for forming the object. The build chamber receives incremental layers of the build material from the feed reservoir. The overflow cavity receives an excess quantity of the build material transferred from the feed reservoir but not received by the build chamber.
The vacuum system can have its inlet plumbed to the feed reservoir. The vacuum system can then be used to transfer build material into the feed reservoir from various sources. More particularly, the vacuum system can be used to draw build material into the feed reservoir through a conduit attached to the inlet of the vacuum system.
For example, the vacuum system can be configured to fill the feed reservoir from a container of build material. This can further include a device for injecting air into the container of build material. The vacuum system can also be configured to remove loose powder from the build chamber after the object has been fabricated and to transfer the loose powder to the feed reservoir. The vacuum system can also be configured to empty the overflow cavity and transfer the build material to the feed reservoir. The vacuum system can also be configured to clean up powder deposited on or near the feed reservoir or the build chamber and return the cleaned-up powder to the feed reservoir. Any of the above examples can be automated or done manually by the user.
The apparatus can also include a system for removing relatively large particles from the powder and returning the powder to the feed reservoir. That system can induce a cyclonic action to a flow stream of powder and air. The flow stream can pass through a separator screen before entering the feed reservoir.
The apparatus can also include a filter disposed within the vacuum system and a system to clean the filter. In the case of a plurality of filters, a cleaning system can then be used to clean the filters. In particular, a reversed airflow can be delivered sequentially through each of the filters. In that case, the cleaning system could include valves to close the vacuum source to a single filter outlet and to then divert air at about atmospheric pressure into the same outlet, reversing flow direction and blowing off accumulated particles. Other filters in the system can be used to maintain airflow and vacuum inside the vacuum chamber while one or more of the filters are being cleaned by reverse airflow.
Not only is it difficult to control the dissipation of the powder, it can be difficult to transfer the powder from the powder supply to the build area. First, the powder becomes compacted in the powder supply and tends to clump into structures, such as bridges. Second, it can be difficult to deliver the powder in a smooth layer, which can lead to part defects. Finally, too much powder can be transferred, which leads to wastage and contributes to the buildup of excess powder and the amount of airborne powder.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include a chamber for storing build material below the plane of the build surface and a conveyor. The conveyor can be coupled to the chamber and then be used for moving the build material. In addition, the conveyor can stir the build material within the chamber toward inhibiting the formation of bridges of build material or stagnant areas.
More particularly, the conveyor can include a plurality of slats attached to two strands of a conveyor chain, each slat dimensioned to carry a quantity of build material. The slats can be shaped so as to be stiff without increasing the volume of build material deliverable by each slat. Specifically, the slats can be shaped so that the moment created when they are dragged through the volume of build material tends to wrap the conveyor chain onto a sprocket or a pulley. In addition, the slats can be shaped so that the moment created when the powder-carrying portion of the slat is dragged through the powder is cancelled by the moment created when the stiffener is dragged through the powder. The conveyor system can be configured to deposit build material in front of a spreader roller or a doctor blade, such as through alignment and orientation of the slats.
A metering system can be used regulate the quantity of build material deposited. In one embodiment, the conveyor system can be an augur in a tube or pipes. The augur can then be rotatable to lift powder from the bottom of the feed reservoir to the metering system.
In another embodiment, the metering system can comprise a cylinder inside a closely fitting tube. In this embodiment, the cylinder can have a cavity to hold a particular volume of build material and the tube can have a entrance slot and an exit slot. The cylinder can then be rotatable inside the tube so that build material enters the cavity and is carried to the exit slot. More specifically, a clearance between the cylinder and tube is sized to restrict unwanted powder flow between the inlet slot and the outlet slot. Furthermore, a flicker blade can be rotatable counter to the metering cylinder so that the flicker blade scrapes build material out of the cavity to prevent build material from sticking therein.
In another embodiment, various mechanisms can be used to break bridges and keep the build material flowing into the metering system. For example, a paddle wheel can be configured to agitate the build material above the metering system. As another example, a vibrating member can be used to agitate the build material and can be coupled to the chamber.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include a chamber for storing build material above the plane of the build surface and a metering system. The metering system can be used to regulate the quantity of build material delivered by the feed reservoir.
In particular, the metering can comprise a cylinder inside a closely fitting tube. In this embodiment, the cylinder can have a cavity to hold a particular volume of build material and the tube can have a entrance slot and an exit slot. The cylinder can then be rotatable inside the tube so that build material enters the cavity and is carried to the exit slot. More specifically, a clearance between the cylinder and tube is sized to restrict unwanted powder flow between the inlet slot and the outlet slot.
In another embodiment, various mechanisms can be used to break bridges and keep the build material flowing into the metering system. For example, a paddle wheel can be configured to agitate the build material above the metering system. As another example, a vibrating member can be used to agitate the build material and can be coupled to the chamber.
The chamber and metering system can be mounted to a gantry capable of moving across a build chamber. The powder can be metered onto the build chamber to form a smooth layer. Specifically, the powder can be metered in front of a roller or a doctor blade to create the smooth layer.
Once the three-dimensional part is done being printed, it is surrounded by unbound powder. That unbound powder must be removed to reveal the printed object. Again, a technique is needed to mitigate the spread of the lose powder. Because most of the powder may be unbound, instead of bound as the part, there is an economic incentive to recycle the unbound powder.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer includes an apparatus for removing loose powder from the surface of a three-dimensional printed object. A particular apparatus can include an enclosure for holding the object, a blower for creating an airflow, at least one filter for removing powder from the airflow, a system of ducts for channeling the airflow to the enclosure, and a tool for blowing compressed air onto the object.
More particularly, the ducts can direct at least one portion of the exhaust of the blower down across the opening of the enclosure to prevent powder from being ejected from the booth. Furthermore, the ducts can direct at least a portion of the exhaust of the blower downward throughout the enclosure to eliminate stagnant air pockets and create a generalized airflow from top to bottom of the enclosure. The airflow can be divided between the air curtain and the generalized downward flow by diverting the airflow through a duct in which there is very little pressure drop.
In addition, the enclosure can be an integral part of the 3-D printer and the removal of loose powder occurs in the enclosure that houses the 3-D printer. The apparatus can also include a back pulse cleaner to remove powder from the filter and a chamber for receiving the removed powder. The powder removed from the filter can be automatically recycled by an integral vacuum system.
Inkjet-type printheads are used to deliver binder to the layers of powder. Another problem with working with powder is that the powder tends to collect on the printheads. If the powder is left to accumulate for a significant period of time, it can clog the jets. There is therefore a need to keep the printheads clean. There is also a need to detect faulty jets or printheads and to compensate for the failures.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include a structural frame, a build chamber supported by the frame and suited to be filled with a build material, a gantry mounted for displacement across the build chamber, a printhead mounted on the gantry, a printhead cleaning element for cleaning the printhead, and a cleaning system for cleaning the printhead cleaning element.
In particular, the cleaning system can include a supply of a cleaning fluid and a mechanism for immersing the printhead cleaning element into the cleaning fluid. To promote cleaning, the cleaning fluid can be agitated by ultrasonic vibration or by circulating the cleaning fluid with a pump. Air can also be injected into the cleaning fluid to increase the agitation.
Structurally, the printhead cleaning element can be mounted to a moveable belt. The cleaning system can also include a mechanism for wiping the printhead cleaning element across a stationary surface. The stationary surface can be wetted with the cleaning fluid. The stationary surface can be immersable in the cleaning fluid.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include a structural frame, a build chamber supported by the frame and suited to be filled with a build material, a gantry mounted for displacement across the build chamber, a printhead mounted on the gantry, and a printhead failure detector for detecting if the printhead is functioning properly.
Various mechanisms can be used in the printhead failure detector. For example, the printhead failure detector can be an optical drop detector. As another example, the printhead failure detector can include a membrane at which drops are fired by the printhead, where the drops can be detectable by a microphone that detects the impact of the drops on the membrane. As yet another example, the printhead failure detector can include a piezo-electric element. Furthermore, in either case, the printhead failure detector can detect the firing of individual jets of the printhead or a group of jets being fired simultaneously.
When the printhead is an array of more than one printhead, the mode of operating the printer can be altered in response to a detected failure of a printhead. Specifically, the printing process can be changed so that more than one pass is made over each area of the object being printed. This can allow each area of the object to be printed by more than one area of the array of printheads.
When the printhead is an array of 4 or more printheads, in which at least one printhead is supplied with a binder containing a colorant for each of the primaries, the mode of operating the printer can be altered in response to a detected failure of a printhead. Specifically, printing can be changed from color to a multi-pass monochrome mode.
When the printhead is an array of more than one printhead, the mode of operating the printer can be altered in response to a detected failure of a printhead on one end of the array. Specifically, the printing process is changed so that the width of the printhead array is redefined.
After the part is removed from the mass of powder, it can be post-processed. One step in the post-processing stage is infiltration. Infiltration involves applying a resin to the porous part. The resins are typically adhesives that should be contained.
In accordance with another particular aspect of the invention, an embodiment of a three-dimensional printer can include an apparatus for infiltrating a liquid into a three-dimensional printed part. The infiltration apparatus can include an enclosure for holding the part, a filtration system to remove infiltrant aerosols, and a sprayer for spraying infiltrant on the part.
In particular, the enclosure can be disposable. A filter element can also be incorporated into the disposable enclosure.
The filtration system can include a system for creating airflow through a filter element. The system for creating airflow can be a booth and the enclosure can be a disposable liner that prevents the booth from becoming coated with infiltrant.
The sprayer can include a peristaltic pump, disposable tubing, and a disposable spray nozzle. The spray nozzle can create an aerosol spray of the infiltrant. The peristaltic pump can be a two-head pump and the infiltrant can be a two-component material. The two components can be mixed in a mixing chamber prior to entering the spray nozzle. The components can further be pumped through separate tubes, at the same rate by the pump. The two-component material, in particular, can have a fixed mixing ratio and the inside diameters of the separate tubes can be fixed in the same ratio so that the mixing ratio is maintained.
It should be understood that elements of the above embodiments can be combined in various ways and are not exclusive to the described embodiments.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the Three-Dimensional Printer will be apparent from the following more particular description of particular embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
The digital model 1 is a data representation of an object to be 3-D printed, that is, a digital object to be rendered into a tangible physical entity. Suitable digital models may be created using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software applications or 3-D scanning systems, both of which are available from many different suppliers. The digital models are stored in industry-standard file formats, which can be transmitted electronically and interpreted by application programs running on standard computer equipment.
The computer 10 can be a personal computer, such as a desktop computer or a portable computer. The computer can be a stand-alone computer or a part of a network.
The computer 10 runs a custom software application program 15, which reads digital model files, accepts parameter and preference input from the user, performs a series of detailed calculations and transmits to the 3-D printer assembly 30 the information needed to fabricate the desired physical model. In particular, the application program 15 allows the user to arrange one or more digital models in a virtual volume representing the actual fabrication space within the 3-D printer 30. The application program 15 then slices the array of digital models into a plurality of two-dimensional (2-D) layers, each of a predetermined thickness, which are transmitted to an electronic control circuitry 32 housed within the 3-D printer 30.
The 3-D printer 30 uses an array of ink jet type printheads 35 to deposit binder liquid 37 onto successive layers of a powdered build material 39, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,441 to Bredt, et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Where the binder liquid 37 combines with the powdered build material 39, the powder reacts and hardens. By controlling the placement of binder droplets from these printheads, the solid structure of the 2-D cross section can be physically reproduced. The 3-D printer fabricates a physical layer for each sectioned layer provided by the application program 15. When the complete set of 2-D cross sections has been processed, a 3-D physical model 3 has been formed. The model at this stage is termed "green" to indicate an as-printed condition, prior to post-processing. Further details of binding a powder to form an object are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,656 to Sachs et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,380 to Cima et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The post-processing system 50 may be used to produce completed physical models 5 by improving the appearance and the physical properties of green physical models 3. The post-processing system 50 may optionally a transport subsystem 52 for handling and transporting printed models, a drying subsystem 54 for completely drying physical models, a depowdering subsystem 56 for thoroughly removing the residual powdered build material from printed models, and an infiltration subsystem 58 for coating and infiltrating printed models with various substances.
The following description describes particular features of the 3-D printer assembly 30. The headings are meant as a guide to the reader and should not be considered limiting to the claimed invention.Powder Feeder
Vacuum System
Loading powder can be a messy process that can cause some of the powder to become airborne and allow the powder to deposit on the printer, the user, and the surrounding environment. Similar problems exist with recycling powder that has not been printed upon. There are two types of recyclable powder: 1) powder that was deposited in the build chamber but that was not used to form a part; and 2) excess powder used for the spreading process in order to ensure a complete layer is deposited; this excess powder ultimately drops into the overflow chamber. Both types of powder have the same difficulties in being recycled.
Air can also be injected into the container 9 (which could be the container in which the powder is shipped from its place of manufacture) through a compressed air hose 101. The compressed air aids in vacuuming the powder out of the container by making the powder flow more easily. This technique can be automated so that the feed reservoir 102 maintains a store of a sufficient quantity of build material.
A vacuum system having an outlet that empties into the feed reservoir of the 3-D printer, solves a variety of problems. By making the process cleaner, user satisfaction is increased and the machine is made more reliable because less airborne powder, which can contaminate machine components (e.g., bearing and electronics), is generated. By making the process more convenient (less time and interaction is required by the user) user satisfaction and productivity are increased.
Once a physical model has been formed by the 3-D printing process, it is necessary to separate the model from the unprinted powder (described below). It is also desirable to reuse the unprinted powder. To those ends, the vacuum system 110 can be used to remove most of the powder from the printed model 3 (
Further, when the user has removed the model 3 from the printer, the user can use the vacuum system 110 to transport into the feed reservoir 102 the remainder of the powder in the build chamber and any powder than has been deposited (by accident or design) elsewhere on the printer. In particular, in the process of printing a physical model, the 3-D printer 200 spreads successive layers of powdered build material in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,441 to Bredt, et al., depositing a quantity averaging approximately 20% of total amount spread into an overflow chamber. Another specific use for the vacuum system 110 is to return the powdered build material deposited in the overflow chamber to the feed reservoir 102.
If the inlet 112 of the vacuum system 110 is connected directly to the feed reservoir 102, foreign matter may enter the feed reservoir. If the foreign matter is similar in particle size to the powdered build material (e.g., dust) the foreign matter may have no detectable effect on the 3-D printer or the 3-D printing process. If large particles or chunks enter the feed reservoir, however, these chunks may damage the mechanism or, if they pass through the feed reservoir and are deposited in the build chamber, they may damage the physical model being printed.
A system of valves 119-A, 119B closes the vacuum source to a single filter outlet and diverts air at or near atmospheric pressure into the same outlet, reversing the flow direction and blowing off accumulated powder, which then falls into the feed reservoir 102. The other filter in the system maintains airflow and vacuum inside the feed reservoir 102 to induce this airflow. This purging cycle is periodically sequenced through each filter element. In this manner the filters can be cleaned without intervention by the user and without requiring the user to stop using the vacuum system while the filters are automatically cleaned.
Powder Feeding
The principal function of powder feeder 100 is to deliver powdered build material to the 3-D printer unit 200 in measured quantities as required by the printing process.
For a reservoir with a large amount of powder, the force on the slats 123 being dragged through the reservoir by the conveyor 122 may be very large. The slat geometry can be altered to stiffen them sufficiently to allow them to travel through the powdered build material without permanently deforming.
Powder Metering
The clearance between the metering roller 133 and the tube 134 is approximately 0.015 in., which has been determined to be large enough to allow the metering roller 133 to rotate freely but small enough to prevent unwanted radial powder flow between the inlet slot 136 and the outlet slot 137. The metering cavities 135 each hold approximately 3 in3 of powdered build material, which is equal to the material required for the smallest desirable increment of layer thickness. This allows an amount of powdered build material consistent with any desired layer thickness be delivered by causing the metering roller 133 to rotate until the appropriate number of metering cavities 135 have picked up and delivered powdered build material.
Also shown is a paddle wheel agitator 138, which disturbs the powdered build material above the metering roller 133 to break bridges and keep the powdered build material flowing into the metering cavities 135.
A flicker blade 139 rotates in the opposite direction from the metering roller 133. When a metering cavity 135 containing powdered build material enters the exit slot 137, the flicker blade 139 wipes the powdered build material out of the metering cavity 135. This technique prevents variation in the amount of powdered build material delivered, even when the materials are sticky or have a tendency to bridge.
Although the powder can be delivered to one side of the build chamber and then spread across the build chamber by a roller, the feed reservoir can be mounted to the gantry 210, which is capable of moving across the build chamber. Powder could be continuously metered out of the feed reservoir and deposited directly onto the build chamber 220 as the gantry is moved across. In one such embodiment, a roller or doctor blade could be used to smooth and level the surface after the feed reservoir passed over.Printhead
Printhead Cleaning
The 3-D printer unit 200 uses an array of inkjet printheads to selectively dispense a binder material onto successive layers of powdered build material, selectively hardening the build material and forming 3-D physical models. This technology is disclosed in detail in the incorporated patents, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,441 to Bredt, et al. An aspect of a successful inkjet printing device is a technique for keeping the face of the printhead clean. Keeping the printheads clean in a 3-D printing environment is particularly demanding because of the high concentration of airborne powdered build material in the vicinity of the printhead face. In most inkjet printers, the printhead face is routinely wiped with a squeegee-like wiper element.
As shown, the wiper element 305 is mounted on a belt 302. The belt 302 runs on pulleys 304-A, 304-B, which are rotatable by a motor 306. The wiper element 305 is stationary in position to wipe the face of the printhead 205. As shown in
Printhead Failure Detection
The service life of a printhead varies depending on use and other variables that may not be controlled. Sometimes printheads fail partially, with some jets not firing while others continue to fire normally. At other times an entire printhead fails, with all of its jets malfunctioning. Because there is a large variation in how printheads fail and in the overall life of a printhead and because the failure of a printhead can cause the failure of the 3-D printer to produce the desired physical model it is useful to be able to detect the condition of a printhead and to be able to determine whether some, most or all of its jets are firing.
A particular drop detector 400 can work by optical means. For example, an emitter can emit a frequency of light to which the binder is opaque (infrared, for instance). That light beam is interrupted when a drop fired by the printhead passes through the beam. Failure to detect the interruption indicates a malfunctioning jet. If the detection beam were sufficiently narrow, miss-aimed jets can also be detected.
Another particular drop detector 400 works by detecting drop impacts on a membrane attached to a microphone or a piezo-electric detector.
Printhead Failure Compensation Strategies
Being able to detect whether each printhead is functioning properly allows the design of different modes of operation for the 3-D printer. In the simplest mode of operation the print job is interrupted as soon as a malfunction is detected. The user may have a brief period to replace the faulty printhead or else the job is aborted. Alternatively, the print job can be aborted in any case. This would save time and reduce the amount of powder consumed. Without a drop detector, if the printhead fails partially, or if one printhead in a printer with several printheads fails totally or partially, a large quantity of powder could be printed on even though the resulting part would not be useful. By aborting the print job when a defect is detected the user saves the expense of the binder and powder that would have been wasted if the defect were not detected.
In another mode of operation, if some jets are determined to be non-functioning but others are still functioning (as, for instance, if one printhead in a multi-printhead array fails), the printing process is changed so that more than one pass is made over each area of the part. By advancing the x-axis, 1/n of the normal distance for each pass of the printheads in the y-axis each area will be printed by n different jets. The volume of binder printed in each pass would be reduced to 1/n the normal amount. N can be selected so that the weak areas of the part (which are printed by n−1 functioning jets) are still strong enough to provide a satisfactory part.
In still another mode of operation, if a printhead at one end or the other of a multi-printhead array fails the width of the array is redefined (as having n−1 printheads where n is the normal complement of printheads) and the print job could be completed.
In a color 3-D printer having 4 or more printheads where at least one printhead is supplied with binder with a colorant of one of the primaries (cyan, magenta, and yellow) another mode of operation is possible. In particular, if the detector determines that one of the printheads has failed the job is completed in a monochrome mode (or, to improve speed, a mode which uses all colors except the color of the faulty printhead) using the overlapping print mode mentioned above. In this way the user can get a useful part but not a color part or, in the alternative case, a part that has color but is not colorized per the design.Post Processing
Once a physical model has been printed and most of the unprinted powdered build material has been removed, for example by using the vacuum system 110 shown in
As air carrying powdered build material passes through the filters 524, powdered build material collects on the surfaces of the filters 524, eventually restricting the airflow and reducing the efficiency of the system. To maintain the filters 524 in an unobstructed state, a pulse of air is periodically introduced into the interior of the filters 524 from the clean air plenum 526. This causes the flow of air through the filters 524 to reverse momentarily, forcing the accumulated powdered build material to separate from the surfaces of the filters 524 and to fall into a drawer 528. The powder collection drawer 528 can be removed to be emptied.
One objective is to prevent airborne powdered build material from escaping from the aperture 503 of the depowdering booth 500 (
If all of the blower exhaust were channeled to flow along the face of the booth 500, a very effective air curtain could be created. In that case, however, most of the air in the booth would be stagnant and a region of slowly rotating air would be formed in the interior of the depowdering booth 500. When powdered build material is blown off the physical model 3, the slowly rotating air would quickly become opaque due to the powder particles suspended in it. This opaque powder cloud would be slow to dissipate, and would reduce the user's productivity. The secondary powder clearing flow 519, shown in
The optimum balance between the primary air curtain flow 517 and the secondary air clearing flow 519 varies somewhat with the characteristics of the powdered build material being removed and with the geometry of the physical model being depowdered. For this reason, the diverter 530 is adjustable.
If the depowdering booth 500 is separate from the printer unit 200′, a cart can be used to transfer large or heavy physical models to the depowdering booth 500. Physical models are printed on a pallet, which is placed on the 3-D printer build table before printing begins. When printing is complete, the cart is positioned adjacent to the printer unit 200′ and the gap between them is bridged by a set of transfer rails. These rails carry a multiplicity of rollers, which allow the pallet, carrying the printed physical model to slide smoothly onto the cart. The cart is then positioned adjacent to the depowdering booth 500, and transfer rails are used to slide the pallet, carrying the printed physical model into the depowdering booth 500.
The physical models created by the 3-D printing process are porous, making it possible to change their properties by infiltrating them with various resins. Resin can be applied to the physical model in many ways including immersion, brushing and pouring. Each of these methods is time consuming, wasteful of resin or both. The present invention applies resin to the physical model by a spraying process. Many of the infiltrants used on 3-D printed models are adhesives. Spraying adhesives creates a number of problems. First, it is necessary to contain any vapors created during the process (as for instance from overspray, or bounce back of atomized spray). If the vapors are not contained they may deposit on the user, the user's clothing, or other objects. For certain infiltrants the vapors may pose a health or environmental hazard. Another problem with spraying adhesives is that the spray equipment gets coated with the adhesive and must be cleaned thoroughly after each use. This is tedious and may create health or environmental problems if the solvent for the adhesive is hazardous.
Powder Control
Piston Seal
It is important to seal the build and feed pistons so that loose powder does not leak out through the sides and fall down below the machine, which can cause unwanted mess and potentially hurt the mechanisms below.
Powder Gutter
3-D printing involves a supply box, from which powder is fed, and a build box where part fabrication takes place. During the 3-D printing process, powder collects around these powder boxes on a surface (called the deck) until the powder can be vacuumed away. Powder that migrates during the printing process can be a nuisance and can cause performance problems with parts of the 3-D printer, in particular the printhead and the service station. For functional reasons, the printhead and the service station must be located close to the plane of the top edges of the powder boxes. If the deck is coplanar with these top edges, any powder that accumulates on the deck is potentially close to these sensitive components. Therefore, a more desirable embodiment has the surface of the deck depressed below the edges of the powder boxes, forming a gutter for the powder to fall into.
Plows can prevent migrating powder from flowing off the sides of the piston boxes. One method is to use plows that are fastened to the gantry with springs, causing the plows to exert a force downward onto the top deck of the 3-D printer. A particular printer includes a plow with a small magnet inside to exert a force. This is easier to assemble and disassemble than the plow with a spring. A further improvement involves the location of the plows.
Binder Supply
Gravity Feed Binder Supply
3-D printing typically utilizes commercially available printheads that were designed for 2-D printing. A special binder material that matches the powder being printed is substituted for the ink normally dispensed by the printhead. Since a typical 3-D printed part requires much more binder than can be contained inside a printhead, and since printheads cannot practically be replaced while a part is being built, it is necessary to continuously replenish the binder in the printhead while the printer is operating. This is typically accomplished by making a tubing connection between the moving printhead and a stationary supply of binder.
For a printhead to operate properly, the pressure inside the head at the entrance to the inkjet channels must be maintained at a small negative pressure, typically at a pressure between −3 and −6 inches of water. One prior art technique employs an ink supply whose free surface is maintained at a level approximately 4 inches below the printhead outlet. Printheads are available with built-in pressure regulators that maintain the required negative internal pressure while the printhead feed line pressure varies over a broad range of positive pressures. In general, enough pressure must be exerted on the binder at the supply end of the binder feed tubing to cause binder to flow through the tube at an adequate rate to keep the printhead full. The pressure required depends primarily on the restrictive characteristics of the feed tubing and the relative height of the supply with respect to the printhead. One prior art technique employs a pump that maintains the supply pressure at the inlet to the printhead. Because of its complexity, this solution is expensive and potentially unreliable.
While this Three-Dimensional Printer has been particularly shown and described with references to particular embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
1. An apparatus for a three-dimensional printer comprising:
- a storage chamber for storing build material; and
- a metering system to regulate the quantity of build material delivered from the storage chamber to an operating position,
- wherein the metering system comprises a cylinder having a plurality of grooves inside a closely fitting tube having an entrance slot and an exit slot.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each groove defines a cavity to hold a particular volume of build material, the cylinder being rotatable inside the tube so that build material enters the cavity and is carried to the exit slot.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a mechanism to break bridges and keep the build material flowing into the metering system.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the mechanism to break bridges includes a paddle wheel or a vibrating member.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the storage chamber and the metering system are mounted to a gantry capable of moving to the operating position.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the operating position is in front of a roller or a doctor blade to form a smooth layer.
7. A method of operating a three-dimensional printer, comprising:
- storing build material in a storage chamber; and
- regulating the quantity of build material delivered from the storage chamber to an operating position via a metering system,
- wherein the metering system comprises a cylinder having a plurality of grooves inside a closely fitting tube.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising breaking bridges to assist the flow of the build material into the metering system.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the operating position is in front of a roller or a doctor blade to form a smooth layer.
10. An apparatus for operating a three-dimensional printer, comprising:
- a means for storing build material in a storage chamber; and
- a means for regulating the quantity of build material delivered from the storage chamber to an operating position via a metering system,
- wherein the metering system comprises a cylinder having a plurality of grooves inside a closely fitting tube having an entrance slot and an exit slot.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a flicker blade disposed proximate the exit slot.
12. The method of claim 7, further comprising removing the quantity of build material from the metering system.
13. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a flicker blade disposed proximate the exit slot.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Feb 23, 2010
Date of Patent: Sep 13, 2011
Patent Publication Number: 20100151136
Assignee: Z Corporation (Burlington, MA)
Inventors: Thomas Davidson (Arlington, MA), Robert A. Phillips (Acton, MA), David B. Russell (Burlington, MA)
Primary Examiner: Mary Lynn F Theisen
Attorney: Goodwin Procter LLP
Application Number: 12/710,594
International Classification: B29C 31/04 (20060101);


text:
REAL ESTATE- ON THE BLOCK- Rock house: A river runs through it
ADDRESS: 805 Oak Avenue
NEIGHBORHOOD:Rose Cliff, Waynesboro
SIZE: 2,579 fin. sq. ft., 998 unfin.
LAND: 1.46 acres
CURB APPEAL: 9 out of 10
LISTED BY: Ellen Duerksen, Real Estate III, 800-327-3433
In a recent edition of a local real estate publication, properties are described, not unexpectedly, with glowing terms like "one-of-a-kind home," "downtown and extraordinary," "fantastic views!" "what a find!" and finally, "Why not Waynesboro?"
While only the last one is actually in an ad for this particular house, all of them apply. Known to locals as the oldest residence in Waynesboro, this two-story stone house is a copy-writer's dream. It's hard to think of something a discriminating buyer (as opposed to a subdivision-loving status seeker) would want that this property doesn't provide.
For starters, the setting is unlike any we've seen in our four years writing On the Block. Smack in the heart of the "tree streets" district of Waynesboro– which is to say, downtown– it's situated on the South River– literally. A tall person leaning out of a 1930s addition (once a garage, now a light-filled studio), could very nearly dip his fingers in the river. While the house is accessed via a shared driveway beside a brick manor house looming above it (and fronting on Oak Avenue), this house sits alone on the river, and views from any window show nothing but greensward and water. It's an extraordinary experience to drive through a bustling town, rumble over a narrow city-street driveway, enter a front door, and be transported to wilderness.
The 1.4 acres that accompany the house are divided– part of the acreage is around the house and part across the river, untended and uncultivated, providing a break from the surrounding manicured back lawns of properties higher up on the "tree streets" and a city park in the far distance. Also on the property is a new 15' x 19' slant-roof studio with skylights, interesting architectural elements (two old screen doors converted into windows), and electric baseboard heat.
The house itself isn't so unusual– for a house almost 300 years old. In some ways it's more appealing than the local equivalent we've reviewed– Cochran's Mill on Rio Road. For starters, as far as historical records indicate, despite its location right on the river, this house was not built as a mill and has always been a residence.
In the 19th century it was part of a famous Waynesboro enterprise, the 3,500-acre Rose Cliff Fruit Farm that grew apples for export. (In fact, the big house above this one was built in 1830 by owners of the orchard).
Also unlike the dark Cochran's Mill, the nine-over-nine windows, even though deeply recessed (with raised-panel window frames like those at Monticello, according to the owner), admit lots of light and seem to be part of the room.
Other wood includes an original mantel in the living room (now painted blaze orange by the artist owner), wainscoting everywhere, random-width pine floors, and American chestnut beams.
Three bedrooms and two full baths have been carved from what was originally an open dormitory-style second floor to which dormers have been added over the years. The agent says that space was originally accessed by a ladder, but now a graceful stairway leads from the entrance hall.
There's another bedroom (with a half bath) on the main level, in one of two 1930s additions. The other houses the kitchen, which is functional but in no way "gourmet," and a new owner may likely want to update it. Beyond the kitchen, the exterior wall of the 1930s addition has been bumped back to create a second addition with a laundry room complete with original in-the-wall ironing board.
A new copper roof makes the house glimmer beside the brown of the river and the deep green of enormous boxwoods. Gas warms radiators that provide the best kind of heat, although an original "Loth" woodstove– a famous Waynesboro product– conveys.
Yes, we can hear you saying, sounds great– historic rock house, streaming light, gorgeous irreplaceable chestnut and pine, huge stone basement, four bedrooms– yes, but... the river. What about flooding? To which we reply, yes, it gets water in the basement in the worst storms; otherwise, 256 years rock steady on its supporting ledge.
Okay, that's fine, say you, a house-hunter tempted by a stunning property no farther away from Charlottesville than Lake Monticello, fine, but... but... what about (quaking voice) Afton Mountain in the wintertime?
There's no property we know of with the advantages of this place: city amenities (walking distance to grocery stores, library, YWCA) and wilderness isolation. If we were writing the ad copy, we'd abandon our usual icy reserve and shout, "Grab it while you can!"

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Change the program used to open email links
Revision Information
- Revision id: 14645
- Created:
- Creator: AliceWyman
- Comment: added Fx4 images for win, mac and updated instructions to set default mail for Windoes 7 and Vista, added microsoft.com reference link under credits.
- Reviewed: No
- Ready for localization: No
Revision Source
Revision Content
Firefox normally uses your operating system's default mail program to send an e-mail message. This article explains how you can change the program that is launched when you click on
- Send link... from the menu
- Send link... from the context (right-clickCtrl+click) menu in Firefox
- A "mailto" or e-mail link on a web page (e.g., email@example.com)
Table of Contents
Setting Firefox's mail client
- Click the menu button and select . .
- Select the panel.
- Search for the Content-type: mailto and select it.
- Click on the Actions column in the mailto row, to change the action.
- Always ask will prompt you each time you use a mail function for which program or service to use.
- Use <Program> (default) will automatically launch your operating system's e-mail program (e.g. Thunderbird, Outlook, Entourage, Evolution) to its message composition window. For instructions on how to change your operating system's default e-mail program, see the next section of this article.
- Use <Webmail> will open your webmail service's (e.g. Yahoo! Mail, Gmail, Hotmail) message composition page inside Firefox. For more information about using webmail services, see the Using webmail services section of this article.
- Use other... will let you specify an external program for Firefox to launch.
- Application Details... will let you view information about or remove the webmail services that Firefox can use.
- Close the about:preferences page. Any changes you've made will automatically be saved.
Setting your operating system's default mail program
By default, Firefox will use your system's default mail client to send e-mail for the actions listed above. To change the default mail client using your operating system, follow the instructions below.
Windows 7 and Vista
- Click the Start button, then click the Default Programs item.
- Click on Set your default programs.
- Under Programs, click the e‑mail program you'd like to use (e.g. Outlook, Thunderbird, Eudora)
- Click Set this program as default.
- Click at the bottom of the window.
Windows XP
- Click the Start button, then click on the Control Panel icon to open the Windows Control Panel.
- Click the Add or Remove Programs icon to open the Add or Remove Programs applet.
- On the left side of the Window click the Set Program Access and Defaults icon.
- In the Access and Defaults window, click on the Custom radio button to expand the Custom category.
- Underneath Choose a default e-mail program, click the radio button next to the program you want to use (e.g. Outlook, Thunderbird, Eudora).
- Click at the bottom of the window.
- Open the Mail application from the Applications folder.
- Click on the menu and select .
- Click button.
- Select a new default mail program (e.g. Thunderbird, Entourage).
Distributions that use the Gnome Desktop Environment by default include Ubuntu, openSUSE, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and more.
- Open the Preferred Applications window. The Preferred Applications window can be opened by:
- (Ubuntu) Clicking on the menu, selecting , and then selecting .
- Clicking on the menu, selecting , then selecting , and then selecting .
- Underneath Mail Reader, use the dropdown menu to select a mail application (e.g. Evolution, Thunderbird).
- Click to close the Preferred Applications window.
Distributions that use the K Desktop Environment by default include Kubuntu, Mandriva Linux, PCLinuxOS, and more.
- Open the KDE Control Center by clicking on and selecting .
- In the Control Center window, click to expand KDE Components.
- Click to select Component Chooser.
- Click to select Email Client.
- Click to select the Use a different email client radio button.
- Type the full path to your e-mail client (e.g. /usr/bin/thunderbird).
- Click to close the Control Center window and save your changes.
Using webmail services
Firefox allows webmail services (such as Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, etc.) to enable you to use them for Firefox's mail functions. Use the instructions in the Setting Firefox's mail client section above to use a webmail service with this method.
If the webmail service you want to use is not available in the Applications panel of the Options window, you can use an extension to add support to your webmail services:
- This Addons.Mozilla.org search for mailto lists several extensions that may be suitable for different webmail services.
Based on information from Default mail client (mozillaZine KB), Change the default e-mail program (Microsoft.com Support) How to change the default web browser or email application (Apple.com Support), The KDE Control Center (KDE.org), and Select Preferred Applications in Ubuntu (DebianAdmin.com).


text:
Alexander Cocktail (No. 2)
1/3 Crème de Cacao. (generous 3/4 oz Crème de Cacao)
1/3 Brandy. (generous 3/4 oz Korbel VSOP Brandy)
1/3 Fresh Cream. (generous 3/4 oz Sweet Cream)
Shake well and strain into cocktail glass. (Even though I neglected it, a sprinkle of freshly grated nutmeg or cocoa is a nice addition to this cocktail.)
I guess I don't particularly think of this as a 1930s style cocktail, as by the time I grew up in the 1970s, it was a staple of bars all over the Midwest.
I do, however, have a vague memory of it being an ice cream blender drink when I was growing up, rather than a cocktail.
Like the Alexander (No. 1) it does need to be shaken well, and to me is rather more appealing.
Oddly, on Feist's new record "The Reminder" there is a song about a boy she calls her "Brandy Alexander." "Always gets me into trouble," but, "It goes down easy." A fine characterization of a Brandy Alexander, if there ever was one.
This post is one in a series documenting my ongoing effort to make all of the cocktails in the Savoy Cocktail Book, starting at the first, Abbey, and ending at the last, Zed.


text:
In just over a week Gal Gadot will make her big screen debut as Wonder Woman, and she's still reeling at the fact that she gets to play such a great superhero.
Gadot stops by "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" Tuesday for her first ever talk show appearance and tells the host all about how she came to land the top secret, but coveted role in "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice." After attending an audition with director Zack Snyder for an unidentified role, Snyder called Gadot and asked her if she had ever heard of Wonder Woman and whether she'd want to read with Ben Affleck.
"I went dead for like five seconds, came back to life and tried to pull off my coolest voice saying, 'Wonder Woman...yeah, I've heard of her,'" she says.
She flew back from her native Israel, completed her task and thought she would hear if she'd landed the part right away. It didn't turn out that way.
"I waited very patiently for two weeks, and I had a very positive feeling about that," she tells host Ellen DeGeneres. Upon landing on another flight, Gadot turned on her phone to 30 missed calls from her agents. Still sitting on the tarmac, Gadot freaked out.
Gadot has a 4-year-old daughter named Alma, who loves to play with dolls and talk princes and princesses, but she prefers princes.
"'They always fall asleep and then the prince is the one to wake them up and they do nothing,'" Gadot recalls her daughter explaining.
And that's precisely why Gadot feels like "the luckiest girl in the world." Playing Wonder Woman, Gadot has the opportunity to give her daughter a female role model.
"That made me feel really good," Gadot says.
The "Fast & the Furious" actress previously told Entertainment Weekly that she was relieved her daughter would have another superhero by which she can be motivated. "Most of the movies, the men are in charge, the men are the most powerful ones," Gado noted. "You've had Superman and Batman and everyone, but Wonder Woman was never there."
"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" hits theaters March 25.
PHOTOS: Batman through the years
READ: How Gal Gadot is just as tough as Wonder Woman


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MONTAUBAN, France (AP) — Former Tour de France sprint ace and Spanish Vuelta champion Laurent Jalabert has been taken to a French hospital after being hit by a car while riding his bike.
Police in the southern town of Montauban said the 44-year-old Jalabert was hit by a car traveling in the opposite direction and which refused to give priority, and then hit Jalabert in the side. The accident took place on a road near Montauban.
Police said Jalabert was taken to a hospital with several fractures, but his injuries are not life-threatening.
Jalabert was a successful sprinter during his Tour career, twice winning the green jersey for best sprinter and was world time trial champion in 1997.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Tonight's post comes from my older brother Justin who, in the past few months, has been spending more time in the kitchen then ever before. And talking about Gorden Ramsey. Like, excessively. I'll let him tell you about it… ;)
I've never been much of a cook (or a chef, for that matter). The extent of my culinary repertoire included toast, angel hair spaghetti, and Kool-Aid. If it was frozen or fried, I could probably make it. Outside of that? Well, you're taking your chances.
My interest in cooking laid dormant until I tried cooking my dad's famous gumbo. I asked him for the secret recipe. He agreed under the terms that if I shared it with anyone, I'd have to pay him with my firstborn child. I didn't squeal, and I found that I was actually pretty good at gumbo-making.
Fast forward to my baby sister starting this blog. It exploded in growth for a reason: she can cook! The tips and recipes that reside in these pages would keep any wannabe-chef busy for a fortnight (it's a real word. I looked it up). I started to see (and taste!) all the fun she was having and thought, I wonder what would happen if I gave cooking a shot for real? The cooking bug had bit.
I guess I shouldn't be surprised, really. Cooking, it seems, runs in our family. From my dad's gumbo recipe to mom's party potatoes, the Wises like to cook. Who am I to stand in the way of genetics?
The next dish I chose to master after Gumbo, was Gordon Ramsay's "Sublime Scrambled Eggs". You might be thinking, "how many different ways can you make scrambled eggs?" But I promise you, you've never had eggs like this. Here's a video of the man himself making the dish.
I have to tell you, Gordon Ramsay's become something of a cooking idol to me. Some might even call it a "man crush". I just like the food he cooks.
My latest foray is experimenting with herbs and seasonings. I read an article that said you can make a $5 steak taste like a $20 one simply by covering it with rock salt for 30 minutes. Sounds insane, but it worked. Couple that with a thyme, garlic, and basil olive oil marinade and you've got yourself a prime piece of seared sirloin.
Bottom line: Cooking is creative. It's fresh and unique. You get to take ingredients that meld together in new ways every time you use them. The best part? Watching people enjoy something you've just crafted.
If I can do it, anyone can do it. Trust me. What I've learned is that it takes a little bit of curiosity, a love for food, and the skillfull guidance of a few folks who've been down the road a little bit further. Like Kristin. Or Gordon. Or this guy.
What was the last thing you cooked? How'd it turn out? We're you nervous, scared, or a mix of the two? Talk to me. I'm all ears!


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With The Hunger Games and Dr. Seuss' The Lorax both significantly exceeding expectations, March 2012 easily claimed the all-time March record with over $940 million. That's an incredible 38 percent improvement over the same period last year, and it's also up 13 percent on the previous record holder (March 2010 with $832 million). Even when adjusting for inflation, March 2012 sold the second-highest number of tickets behind March 2002.The Hunger Games was the highest-grossing movie in March with $233.3 million after just nine days in theaters. The movie accounted for around a quarter of the month's overall tally, and it ranks second all-time for March earnings behind Alice in Wonderland, which made $299.5 million in its first 27 days. Based on its currently trajectory, though, The Hunger Games should ultimately beat Alice in Wonderland's $334.2 million total to become the top movie to ever open in March.In a not-so-distant second place, The Lorax earned an impressive $187.2 million. The movie is currently on its way to over $200 million, which will make it the first animated movie to reach that mark since 2010's Tangled. 21 Jump Street took third place with $88.9 million, and will become star Channing Tatum's second $100 million grosser over a two month period of time. Project X was also fairly successful with $53.2 million on a very modest found-footage budget.March also had a number of disappointments, none more obvious than Disney's mega-budget epic John Carter. Based off a century-old sci-fi series and green lit with the intention of becoming the first in a multi-film franchise, John Carter grossed just $65.6 million through its first 23 days in theaters. It has fared much better overseas ($188.3 million through April 1), but that barely softened the blow to Disney's bottom line. Aside from John Carter, there were a handful of other underperformers. Wrath of the Titans earned just $25 million over its first two days in theaters, which is a little over half of what predecessor Clash of the Titans made in its opening. A Thousand Words continued Eddie Murphy's cold-streak with a terrible $16.3 million, and Silent House was even worse with just $12.3 million. Finally, Mirror Mirror grossed $13.4 million through its first two days, which isn't an altogether impressive tally. 3D ticket sales accounted for roughly $170 million for the month, or 18 percent of total box office. That's about on par with February (17 percent), and it seems like 15-20 percent of ticket sales is going to be the new norm for 3D (though that could go higher in blockbuster-heavy Summer months). Overall box office wound up just under $2.6 billion through the first quarter of 2012. That's up a massive 23.6 percent from the same time in 2011, though it is still off from 2010 by two percent. With an upcoming lineup that includes The Avengers (May 4), The Amazing Spider-Man (July 2), The Dark Knight Rises (July 20), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 (Nov. 16) and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (Dec. 14), there's a very good chance that 2012 winds up topping 2009's record $10.6 billion overall gross.Related Stories• 'The Vow,' 'Safe House' Lead Record-Breaking February• January 2012 Improves on Atrocious Start to 2011• Sequels, 3D Can't Save 2011• November Box Office Down Slightly• Box Office Slows in October• 'Lion King' Leads Record-Breaking September• August Box Office Rises and Falls• July Breaks Box Office Record• June Sees Box Office Dip• May Posts Record Gross• April Sees Box Office Rebound Related Charts• March Calendar Grosses• 2012 Grosses (2012-only releases)• Year-to-Date Comparison
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New Zealand's Cash Handling & Money Counter Solutions Leaders
NEW BANKNOTES: The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) is releasing new banknotes later this year. The new banknotes (also called 'Brighter Money') are designed to reduce counterfeiting by using improved security features. There are thousands of money counter machines throughout New Zealand, many of which will not be able to count the new banknotes without an upgrade. Find out how the new banknotes will affect your money counter equipment. >> Call today or email us here to find more about the new banknotes.
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Our comprehensive product range covers almost every cash handling and money counter application and our service plans ensure all equipment is fully supported nationwide, including the upgrade or replacement of equipment to accept the new banknotes being released from October 2015.


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14k Yellow Gold bottom 6 hand set with 40 SI quality G Colour White Diamonds .
Displayed in 14 Karat yellow gold the " Single Wire Bar Stye Bottom 6 " is a very subtle approach to Flossing. This piece is very elegant. It is the right amount of flashy if you would like to have grillz and have people notice them..discreetly. These where made for @zachroher
Displayed in 14 karat yellow gold . Numbers hold significance to people and hold deep meaning. This particular " Dub Cap " was made for Russian DJ Cyber 69. @Cybr69 . This style works individually as well as paired with a group of other numbers.
Displayed in 14 karat yellow gold the " Holy Grail " is a favourite of mine. @omen416 gave me the freedom to experiment with the chain styles I had been working with and this style was born. The rope reminds me of the thick ship rope I recall seeing as a young boy in Scotland visiting my grandparents. The open windows showcase the natural white colour of the tooth. Very unique style, ornate and distinct.
Displayed in 18 karat yellow gold this " Dub Cap " was hand set with VS2 quality white diamonds. Because the dub cap is subtle adding the stones made this piece very classy.
Displayed in 18 karat below gold this style is achieved by hand engraving lines across the teeth, cross hatching them and creating small triangular intersections. This pattern is present in the pineapple as well as the palm tree . This style is unique because the areas cut by the graver hold a brighter lustre than the surface metal. Light dances within these crevices beautifully and gives the impression the teeth are covered with Diamonds.
Displayed in 14 karat yellow gold " The Drip " is a very abstract piece. The high polished finish gives the gold a liquid quality as if it where being poured over the teeth like honey.
Displayed in 14 Karat Yellow Gold here the " Holy Grail " is a combination of the first rope style Grill, The " Twisted Wire " bar style bottom 6 .The canine teeth are solid and laying across them, flat across the bottom row of six teeth lays a chain pattern generated by two different chain styles. this piece is loud, very in your face . definitely places in my top 5 .
Displayed in 14 karat yellow gold this full set was made for @kris.e 's album artwork. This grill is a statement piece. " QUEEN BITCH " in capitals was the name of her song being released. One letter per tooth this style gets the point across and does it quickly. What better place to advertise then inside your mouth right ? This style offers infinite variety. Very useful if the wearer wishes to Floss his or her personality and individual style, brand, movement or trademark.
The lettering and logos were laser engraved made for @asvpmelo of ASAP MOBB during my visit to NYC for Agenda Show .
This Grill is considered to be the classic. More of a subtle piece, not to loud yet still makes a statement. Perfect for wearing in formal occasions as a jewellery accessory.
The " Drip " is a more unconventional design. Very abstract and sculptural. The drip is very unique because each one is formed according to the naturally occuring placement of ones teeth. A playful, subtle yet exciting style .
The twisted wire design came about very experimentally. My client gave me some freedom to play around with an idea I had floating around . A more masculine design, yet still subtle . Works well paired with Rope Chains.
Made these for myself
Classic design. White gold has a fresh aesthetic . Works well with someone who wears allot of black and white. Adds a very cool twist to one's wardrobe.
Made for A$ap Ferg . Mold taken in Soho NYC. Delivered at Pigalle Mansion Art Basel 2014 on set of " Doe Active "
Made for Shane Gonzales of www.midnight-usa.com . MIDNIGHT STUDIOS . Mold taken at the home of Theophilus London and delivered in LA .
Made for Ming Bling Bling. Mold taken at V-Files / Soho NYC .
Bottom 6 Hand engraved with Ornate rose flowers . Mold taken in NYC at Up & Down, but unsuccessfull. Re taken at his crib in LA and delivered backstage at his Vibes tour LA stop in winter of 2015.
The drip is very artsy and sculptural. Making it is Rose Gold was a pleasure because it adds a new level of uniqueness to an already wild piece of jewellery.
Classic top for of six teeth. Loud grill, very flashy. The colour really does the talking on this particular piece.
Classic bottom six. Great for keeping it subtle.
Bottom 8 look amazing . They do not show the outer teeth like the bottom 6. 8's are better for individuals with large jaws and big smiles. This one was later shipped to Vancouver.
This is my personal grill I made for myself. 18k Rose has more of an orange colour to it due to the increase of pure gold in the equation. The roses were hand engraved later to give this piece a timeless, elegant victorian feel.
This piece is a classic with a fierce touch added. Fangz work great with women. Adds to the cat like thing they have going on. Looks good on men who have more of a Gothic / Dark Image.
Heres a close up of hand engravings done on a bottom 6 set of 18 karat Rose gold. I hope this illustrates the amount of detail I am able to achieve despite the limited space .
My client Carlo came to me and said, " I want to do something thats never been done " . He gave me a sketch and I told him to trust me and to run with what I had in mind. The outcome is a victorian style elegant bottom row . Very unique, handmade and certainly one of a kind.
Made for @herbalistj . Roses have since been engraved on the Canine teeth.
These Grillz are made of 10 Karat Yellow Gold . They where created and polished like any other grill then electroplated in Black Rhodium. A metal based solution which gives the metal the black appearance. Once plated and cleaned the arabic script from a KTZ T- Shirt was engraved on the surface to reveal the yellow gold beneath. One of a kind made to measure for my friend and Brother Junior Sealy . @juniorsealy
This style is dark. Very gothic in nature. works well with people who are very adventerous fashion wise as well with those who wear allot of dark clothing. Very loud and artsy style option.
Made for a client in NYC .
14 Karat White Gold Bottom 8 " Praying Hands "
Pure Gold Full set. 16 teeth in total, 1 candle on each tooth. " 16 Candles " . We made this grill and one other out of 1 & 1/2 ounces of pure gold Albert provided in the form of Royal Canadian Mint gold coins. the outcome..legendary.
I reached out to Sean through Facebook with the intent of possibly collaborating with his brand Needs & Wants. Our sit down turned into a grillz consultation and eventually a 10k Rose Gold Bottom 6 .
Unfortunately these suffered an ill fate and were sat on . R..I.P
Aurora was the very first person in toronto to get a drip and was the first client to ask me to make this design. This piece received allot of shine online via reposts on tumblr and instagram.
I ran into Tommy at " Dunbat " the local skatepark one nice summer day and hit it off immediately. Told him what I do, he told me was looking for grillz. I was already a fan so we worked out a deal and he popped into the shop next day to to the mold . He is missing his front left tooth so I covered it up for him and added an X on top .
I met Steph at Sean Brown's editorial shoot . Later payed her a visit at her office and took molds. Now she flossing.. oh wait, she lost these while eating Jerk Chicken.. R.I.P
6 needed some shine before he hit the stage alongside the Bootcamp Clique in NYC
Yes, A small door .


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At 1 p.m. on Friday, his 7th birthday, Wes Pak completed his seventh cycle of 3F8 monoclonal antibody treatment at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. At 6 p.m. his family greeted him on the tarmac at Rick's Aviation in Newport News, thanks to PALS (Patient Airlift Services) and volunteer pilot Larry Labriola.
Diagnosed with Stage 4 neuroblastoma in June 2011, Pak has been making the trek from his family's home in York County to New York City for treatments for over a year. "He's a frequent flyer with PALS (Patient Airlift Services)," said his mother, Krista. "They've never missed a flight." And there have been 24.
The volunteer medical flight organization has literally saved Wes' life, she said. Their association started last Thanksgiving, when Krista put out a plea on the group's Facebook page. Local surgeons had told her that they could only remove 80 percent of the 13 centimeter tumor in her oldest son's abdomen. Talking to other parents, Krista learned of the world-renowned specialists at Sloan-Kettering and the unique antibody treatment offered there.
After she and her husband, Myong, made contact with the surgeon in New York, they had only a few days to make travel arrangements for the scheduled operation. They looked into every option, from commercial flights to buses, and also tried other charity groups, but the holiday set up a roadblock at every turn. It took Eileen Minogue at PALS less than 24 hours to make contact and arrange for a flight and the trio was on their way. Wes spent 10 hours in the operating room where the surgeon successfully removed the whole tumor. "He got every bit of cancer out," said Krista. Wes has been cancer-free for nine months.
However, he has to return frequently for scans and the weeklong, painful antibody treatments that he started in March and will continue into March 2014. Heavy doses of Dilaudid see him through them. To date, according to his mother, he has undergone 17 weeks of inpatient care, eight cycles of chemotherapy, 14 cycles of radiation, four surgeries and six cycles of Accutane, an acne medication that's also used to kill neuroblastoma cells. "This came as quite a shock. It just happens. The doctors don't know why," she said. The couple also has a 2-year-old son and is expecting a third in March.
Greg Benson of Boonton, NJ, has been Pak's pilot on several occasions. He flies Wes and family members back and forth in his six-seater Cessna 210 from Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport to either Benson's home airport in Morristown, NJ, or to White Plains, NY. "He's a good-natured little kid. I'm glad I can do it," Benson said.
Since becoming a volunteer PALS pilot in October 2010, Benson has flown 23 flights for the group, or about one a month. He estimates each flight costs him around $700. A "semi-retired" businessman, who works around 50 hours a week, Benson has to watch the weather as his plane doesn't have de-icing capability. He has a range of between 400 and 500 miles and has flown patients up and down the East Coast and into Ohio. Each outing involves several hours of preparation and paperwork in addition to the flight time.
He's particularly impressed by Pak's support group. "Whenever I pick him up, there's always a party of 10 or 12 people," he said. The group typically includes his grandparents and several aunts and uncles. Usually Benson flies Wes and his dad, Myong, who was laid off from his construction job last year. Krista has used up all her time off from the Newport News shipyard, including "borrowed hours" that her colleagues donated to her, so she hasn't been able to accompany him for nine months.
The family are supremely grateful to PALS, which also provides ground transportation to the Ronald McDonald house where they stay during Wes' treatments. It's important not only for getting him the care he needs and the savings, said Krista, but also to protect him from exposure to others on commercial transit. "That's critical for a kid with a compromised immune system," she added.
Despite having health insurance, the family owes $63,000 in medical bills and their house went into foreclosure this week.
"Cancer affects everything," Krista said.
Want to know more?
For more information on Patient Airlift Services, PALS, go to http://www.palservices.org, or call 1-888-818-1231. To learn more about Wes, go to Facebook and search "Wes' fight against neuroblastoma."


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Creme De Menthe Brownies
1 cups (2 sticks) butter, softened
2 cups sugar
4 large eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
11/4 cup all-purpose flour
3/4 cup unsweetened cocoa
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
1 (10-ounce) package Crème de Menthe baking chips (recommended: Andes)
Shaved Crème de Menthe thins (recommended: Andes)
Chocolate frosting
1/2 cup (1 stick) butter, melted
1/3 cup cocoa
2 cups sifted confectioners' sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
2 tablespoons milk
Preheat oven to 350°F. Grease a 13 by 9 by 2-inch pan.
Using an electric mixer, combine butter and sugar in a large mixing bowl; beat at medium speed until creamy. Add eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each addition. Add vanilla, mixing well.
In a separate bowl, combine flour, cocoa, and baking powder. Gradually stir into butter mixture. Fold in mint chips.
Spoon into greased pan. Bake for 35 minutes.
While brownies are baking, prepare frosting. Combine butter, cocoa, confectioners' sugar, vanilla and milk in a large mixing bowl; beat at medium speed with an electric mixer until dry ingredients are moistened. Beat at high speed until spreading consistency.
Remove pan from the oven and allow brownies to cool in pan on wire rack.
Spread with chocolate frosting. Top with shaved mint thins.
Hamilton Beach 6-Speed Classic Stand Mixer


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For this article I wanted to look into the way that traditional games and gaming elements have been used to enter the mainstream space from a business standpoint to either incentivise consumers or engage them on a different level.
Games are primarily an entertainment medium, but that hasn't stopped companies from having games developed to reach a different demographic than perhaps represents their core market. An ad campaign may run for 2 weeks, 4 weeks or 2 months but branding within a game can have a much longer shelf life. The most common example of brand extension within the gaming arena focuses on movie tie-ins. Many Disney/Pixar films release a game based on the film around the same date. It helps consumers engage with the film on a deeper level and get to know the characters and brand better making it ultimately more likely that additional purchases of merchandise or DVDs are made. The main issue with game tie-ins however is often they are rushed to coincide with the film release and most end up being fairly average titles. The sheer fact that the majority are aimed at a very young audience means though that children tend not to worry too much about this and just enjoy controlling the characters.
Looking at something completely different from an engagement aspect. Papa John's pizza in the UK released a mobile gaming app which had you deal with pizza orders and create pizzas as perfectly and speedily as possible. App was priced at 69p with the hook being if you reached a certain score then you could earn a free pizza. It was a well made game and was quite a fun stand alone game as well as being challenging in the later levels. The only disappointing part was upon reaching your free pizza it was for collection only which limited me somewhat but was still a good prize.
Weight Watchers UK campaign last year focused on treating weight loss like a game thanks to the point system that was in use. It was an interesting take on things but it wasn't continued for the 2013 marketing campaign. Arguably, despite the fresh take on losing weight, it didn't engage the largely female audience of its membership base as even now, females are still in the minority when it comes to enjoying games. It perhaps didn't resonate as strongly as it should have.
When there is a natural gaming tie-in that fits organically such as in Wreck-It-Ralph you get the best of both worlds – a good film and a very relevant game. You even have in-game advertising which can be seen in many of the Need For Speed series of games. Rockstar also create such believable worlds with their Grand Theft Auto series that there are teams dedicated to creating fictional brands within this universe – they actually extend their own brands within the games and also into the real world. Rusty Brown Ring Donuts is one that always springs to mind.
I'd be interested to hear any other examples you may have experienced perhaps in countries other than the UK.


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Has the time come for you to get out of the dorm and move into an off campus BUP apartment? Perhaps the options available from the Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania housing office no longer meet your needs and you would like to find a cheap apartment close to the BUP campus. If so, you can search for off campus Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania apartments with MyNewPlace's college housing search.
Although Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania student housing may be very conveniently close to campus, moving to an off campus apartment can be a great way to save money, put some distance in between yourself and an RA, get accustomed to living in your own apartment and building up rental history.
BUP apartments for rent are available close to campus and in other neighborhoods around Bloomsburg , Pennsylvania. Using our map based university apartment finder, you can find off campus housing near campus to ensure you can still get to all the BUP Huskies games and make it to class on time.
We can help you find off campus BUP apartments that will best suit your collegiate lifestyle; search Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania apartments by the number of bedrooms, price, neighborhood or a range of other amenities.
Have more questions? Check out our articles with renter tips in our apartment guide and search through www.bloomu.edu.


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Many reasons exist to consider Basement Remodel Guys when it comes to Basement Remodeling in Sentinel, OK. We have the best customer service scores, the highest quality materials, and the most practical and successful cash saving solutions. Our company has the skills you will want to meet all of your goals and objectives. Dial 800-590-6364 to connect with Basement Remodel Guys and go over all your expectations about Basement Remodeling in Sentinel.


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We all know the Apple iPhone will arrive in June but we still haven't received official work on the specific day it will hit stores. But just yesterday the MyiPhone blog posted a letter that Apple allegedly sent to the FCC in October. The "leaked" memo, which could be a big hoax, asked the FCC to withhold the iPhone's antenna information, schematic diagram, block diagram, and theory of operation from public disclosure indefinitely. According to the letter, those details contain proprietary information that would give "competitors an unfair advantage."
Apple then goes on to ask that external photos, radiation testing information, and the iPhone's user manual be kept confidential until June 15, 2007. Normally, such information becomes publicly available as part of a phone's certification process. Since Apple hardly is the first manufacturer to try to protect trade secrets, the MyiPhone blog was more concerned with the June 15 date. Could that mean a release date around that time? In all seriousness, it doesn't seem to far-fetched since Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference ends that very day in San Francisco. Now there's food for thought.