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I'm here with Brian Datcher, who does HIV education and prevention for gay men of color in Connecticut. Brian, tell me a little bit about your job. How long have you been doing it and what exactly do you do everyday?
I have been doing the prevention part of my job for over five years now. Basically I help educate gay men of color about HIV prevention and HIV. I tell them where to go get tested, what to do if they have unprotected sex, and where to go to get support for people who are positive or people who may be positive and not know that they are positive. I encourage them to get tested for HIV.
In your area of Connecticut, how are people getting HIV?
Mostly the mode of transmission seems to be drug use, but among gay men of color, MSM (i.e., men who have sex with men), it's basically unprotected sex.
Are these mostly younger men or older men or both age groups?
It's kind of funny. It's young men and then it jumps to older men, between 20 and 44 -- that's the range of people who are gay men of color who are getting infected with HIV.
What time do you go to work?
Well, it depends on the weather, but basically I go to work maybe from 5 p.m. until 10 p.m., maybe from 6 until 11 or sometimes from 12 until 5.
Where do you go?
I go around to neighborhoods in Connecticut, meeting places like the basketball court, the park, the block where some guys hang out or to what I call the peep show, which is the bookstore where men tend to have unprotected sex in the video booths back there.
This is a pornography book shop?
Yes, it is.
So what do you do? Do you hang out? Are you nosey? Do you say, "Excuse me. Hello." How do you enter into a conversation?
I come into the bookstores, usually at 8 or 9 at night. The store clerk will allow me to go into the back. What I'll do is walk around the booths in the back, and I'll put out some packets with condoms and information about HIV and where to get tested, things like that.
Most of the time people will stop me and ask things like, "What's in the packet? What are you doing? Is this your job?" So I explain that this is what I do. This is my job.
Sometimes they'll ask me questions about unprotected oral sex. They'll ask me whether you can get HIV from oral sex, and I'll tell them, "Yes." A lot of times they won't understand that, but I'll educate them about the ins and outs of unprotected sex.
Is the owner of the bookshop OK with you coming into his store and doing this?
Yes. It's against the law, what goes on there, but I tell the owner, "What goes on is your business and their business. I'm basically just here to save some lives."
I see. I imagine you see the same people all the time in the bookshops.
Sometimes I do and sometimes I don't.
And they don't mind you talking with them?
No, they really don't. They're looking forward to me coming sometimes, I think, just to get the package and to get the information. Sometimes they want to get tested. They ask a lot of questions about getting tested. I tell them there are different kinds of tests. I tell them that it's better to get tested than not knowing. Sometimes they say, "What you don't know won't hurt you."
I tell them, "No, what you don't know will hurt you."
Do you have addresses to give them where they can get tested?
Yes, I do. I have a card with my name on it, or the health department's name on it, and information about where to get tested there or other places around the county.
What's the age range you find in the bookshops?
Basically, their ages are between 30 and 60.
Are they men of color?
Yes, men of color. African Americans, Latinos, some white men. But later in the night it's mostly men of color.
Are these men married?
Most of them are. Yes, they are, and they don't necessarily identify as gay or bisexual. They are men who are married and they are men who have sex with men. That's the category.
Is it a gay porn bookstore?
No, it's pretty much straight, gay, whatever goes.
Do they have pictures of women in the window or men?
They have pictures of women. I'd say it's like this: It's an adult bookstore where they have gay videos, they have straight videos, and they have transgender videos. The whole thing, the whole shebang.
But most of the people who are going into the video ?
Yes. I'd say 95 percent of the people who are going into the booths in the back are basically having sex with other men.
I think that is kind of surprising. Is that well known?
Well, it's not well known to somebody in the mainstream who is not doing HIV prevention or working for the health department, but it's well known. I've known this for a long time, but outside of that community it's not well known at all. When I tell certain people that they are like, "No, I don't think so."
I'm like, "Yeah, it goes on."
But that's why I do what I do.
So all the women worried that their husbands are going to these bookshops and meeting women or looking at beautiful women have other things to be thinking about.
Yes, that is correct.
How knowledgeable do you find the people who you encounter there are about HIV? Do they know anything? A little bit? Are they willing to take any risk whatsoever?
Basically, they know the basics -- that if you have unprotected sex you can catch STDs [sexually transmitted diseases], also known as STIs [sexually transmitted infections], or HIV. But they feel that it's not true that you can get HIV through oral sex. I'm always saying, "If you look through that hole, what comes through that hole, don't mess with it."
They say, "No, you can't catch HIV like that."
I have to explain, "You can catch HIV like that." I have to break it down: "This is how you can catch it."
Then they say, "Oh, that's right." If you have brushed your teeth or done anything like that and have got blood in your mouth, that's a mode of transmission.
Tell me about the holes?
There are holes that are cut in the sides of the walls of the booths.
What are these holes called?
Glory holes.
And what happens?
A person will stick his penis through the hole, or his mouth or his butt, whatever the case may be, and have sex. Or sometimes they'll come into the booth with the person and just have unprotected sex.
Are these rooms busy? Are there lines to get into them?
[Laughs.] No, not really. You asked earlier if it's a known thing. It's not really known, but the people who go there regularly know that this goes on there.
This goes on around the country in these kinds of places?
In my experience, I would have to say as far as I know yes. Yes.
So it's good to have a prevention educator there.
That's correct. Yes, definitely. You could have the problem of scaring somebody away, and the proprietor might say something to you about that. I tell the proprietor, "Look, we can work together, because if I tell the health department they're going to come back here and they're going to tell the police department and the police are going to come back here and shut you down, so I think it's better if we work together."
What other spots do you visit?
I usually go down to some of the clubs, not necessarily the gay clubs, but some of the straight clubs in the city that I do outreach in, because in the African-American community there aren't very many gay clubs and the ones that there are are kind of far away. Most of the gay, black guys will go down to a local bar, just the bar down the street, most of the time a straight bar. I go and do my outreach there. Some people I do know, some people I don't know. Some people will see me coming, and I'll talk to people and they'll ask me questions. I'll tell somebody I know, "Here take this, I know what you're up to."
Sometimes guys will sit at the bar and have drinks and after a couple of rounds of drinks things start to happen. Last call for alcohol, lights start fluttering on and off and you start to look around to see who's available. Sometimes it's not a woman; it's a guy. That's what happens.
Don't the men think you're interfering? They're just sitting there having a drink, and you're there with condoms assuming all kinds of stuff. Don't they ever get angry?
Well, no. I make sure I don't go into a bar saying, "Hey, I'm here looking for gay men. Here are some condoms!" In the city I do outreach in, there's a close-knit community. Everybody knows everybody, so a lot of people already know me. I'm not perceived as a threat. I'm not exposing them. It's a routine. They see, here I come again with a bag full of condoms. If somebody sees me, I'll say, "Can I talk to you?" and I'll go outside or take them aside. I'll say, "You can get tested here, if you think you were exposed to HIV. Maybe you need to go get tested. When you get tested, make sure you talk to a counselor." Basically, I don't have a problem. Because I'm well known, I really don't have a problem.
So where else do you go?
I go to the park. At the park where I go there is a basketball court, a playground and just a little hangout. There are some guys I know there who may not be known to be gay, but I know that they do have sex with other men. They say, "Brian, where's my pack of information?"
I say, "Here. Here's your packet with condoms and information. If you need something else, let me know." Sometimes the health department will come down with a van and do HIV testing.
Another time when we talked, you mentioned doing outreach to transgendered people in parks.
Is that the same park?
No, it's a different park. I usually end up there last. It's a park that's close to the downtown area. The people over there are transgendered. I'm always giving them information. I give them condoms, but mostly I'm talking to them. Kind of talking to them about their issues, finding housing with their partners, getting a job. Most of the time all they do is pull tricks to make money, and a lot of them are young. The youngest one there is like 14 or 15.
And the oldest?
I don't know. Maybe in their late 30s.
And these people are all transgendered sex workers of color.
Are some of them Hispanic, or are they all African American?
There are some that are Hispanic, but most of them are African American.
And their clientele?
Basically older guys.
White or African American?
Mostly white. White and black, but I would say that 85 percent of them are white. Mostly white guys.
And they are mostly over what age?
I would say from the mid-40s to the mid-60s.
Are they coming in fancy cars or not so fancy cars?
Some fancy cars. [Laughs.]
So it's a range.
Yes, some are not so fancy. When I do my outreach on the outskirts of town, there are a lot of wealthy suburbs there, so a lot of them come there to do their dirt.
How many people are we talking about that work in this park?
A good six or seven.
Are they different people all the time or the same people?
There's like four of them that are the same ones. Sometimes they get arrested and then they go away and then they come back. It's basically the same four.
Do the police crack down on them?
Sometimes they do, sometimes they don't. Most of the time they crack down on them during the summertime. I don't know why. But most of the time the police don't bother them that much.
Do you know whether many of them are having unprotected sex?
Of the ones that I have talked to, of the seven, I would say that at least three of them may be having unprotected sex. They may tell me otherwise. I ask them, "Are you having unprotected sex?"
They'll tell me, "Oh, yeah. Yeah girl. I'm working it out."
I tell them, "OK, I'm just making sure. Here's your packet. Let me know if you want to get tested. You know where to go."
I know that at least two of them are HIV positive. As far as I know, they use protection. As far as I know. That's not a given. I know that they've been using protection, as far as I know, for at least two years, since I've known them, from them telling me that. I don't know if that's true. I don't know what was going on before that.
Do the people who are paying for the sex want to have protected sex or do they want to have unprotected sex? What are they willing to pay for?
What they tell me is that most of the guys want protected sex, but there are some guys that don't want to use condoms.
Would you say that most of the people in the park who are selling sex are pretty desperate?
Yes, some of them are young guys. They've been thrown out of their houses because of their sexual orientation. They've been picked on and went through the whole gamut as far as being picked on. They don't know where to go, and they don't have much of an income, because they want to dress as a woman and it's hard for them to get a job. So this is what they end up doing.
The people at the park are pre-op? They haven't had sex reassignment surgery yet?
None of them?
None of them.
So do you think it's getting better? If these young people have been rejected by their families, do you think it's getting better or worse for transgender youth and gay youth of color?
I want to say better. The reality is that it may be getting better little by little, but every two steps forward is four steps back, somehow. In the African-American community it's such a big thing. Being gay is one thing, but transgender, that's a total flip. It's not really acceptable. With education it's getting a little better.
You're optimistic?
Yes, I'm very optimistic.
But these kids, they are in a pretty high risk profession.
They are.
Are you really the only person who talks to them and treats them nicely? Do they have any support whatsoever?
There is a support group that some of them used to go to through the community health center. It's every other Wednesday, I think. They tell me they enjoy going there. They have somewhere to talk. They enjoy the person who facilitates it, but they say that's really the only place they have to go, and they can't be going there all the time. When they get a chance to go, they do. They say they wish they had a gay, lesbian and transgender center, so they had a place to go and talk like at the mall or McDonalds. They do have one other place to go, which is good, but it's not a place to stay. They talk for an hour or two and get something to eat, and then they are out.
Where are they living?
I think they are all staying in an apartment building or a two- or three-bedroom house up the street from the park. I think it's one or two who stay at the apartment and then the rest come in and out. They're there, they're not there, depending on what's going on. I know that at least two of them are homeless. They sleep here, they sleep there, wherever they can lay their head down.
How old are the homeless ones?
One is about 19 and the other one is 30.
So the park, the bookshop and the clubs, those are the places you frequent? The two kinds of park, the ones with the basketball courts and the ones with the ...? Are they different parks or the same?
They are different. One has a basketball court, a baseball field and things like that. The other park closer to the downtown in the city is just like a park you walk through or stroll through with just some trees or bushes and things like that.
So these are your regular haunts.
Yes. And then, when it's the summertime, when the weather gets warmer, I go to the park near the beach down there in Long Island Sound. I see people that I know are gay, that everyone else knows are gay. I talk to them, give them information about HIV. They all want to know who's got what. I tell them, "Don't worry about that. Take this so you won't get it." [Laughs.]
Do you think you have prevented any infections?
I believe I have. I believe I have. I know that people I know have gotten tested. I would say that at least 10 people that I know have gotten tested.
That's good. Well, we are going to be talking every few months. As you go out on your nightly walks, keep us in mind so that you can report back and tell us what you saw and what's going on. Hopefully, we'll hear good things, and some of those young people in the parks will find homes and get jobs and find some acceptance somewhere. So thank you very much.
Thank you.
To learn more about Brian Datcher, click here.
Click here to e-mail Brian Datcher.
|This podcast is a part of the series HIV Frontlines. To subscribe to this series, click here.
Brian Datcher


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This is the matching sheet set for the Jewel Patchwork Burgundy comforter
set. Sheet set is made of 250 thread count cotton percale with matching trim.
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-Customer Review

subset: commoncrawl


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Out of stock
Gold Triangle Living Locket Bolo Necklace with Lariat
Was $52.00
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With it's slim-line, contemporary design and stylish details, this Gold Triangle Living Locket® Bolo Necklace with Lariat will freshen up any jewelry collection. Change up your look when the mood strikes you by adjusting the Chain with its on-trend bolo feature and enjoy showing off the pair of gold studded "tails" when wearing your favorite low, scoop back dress. Tell your story and share what's in your heart by adding Charms inside the attached triangle Hinged Living Locket®.
Product Information
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- Approx. Locket Size: 23mm x 19mm


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any input would be greatly appreciated. Went to a job today. The water heater was leaking, that's when the home owner discovered the floor drain was backing up. Also the house has been sitting empty for the past 3 years. There is a mop sink (1 1/2") first then the floor drain (also 1 1/2" with no clean out plug). So I went through the clean out under the sink. got the cable in about 7 foot and it just stopped. black dusty looking water started coming out of the floor drain while i'm trying to cable through. I couldn't make any progress on the blockage. pull the cable out and it's clean but really hot. I was using 1/2" cable. I'm thinking maybe its sediment build up from not being used. My question is should I cut out the concrete and replace the pipe? thanks for your time.
No announcement yet.
floor drain blocked
new posts
Senior Member
- Aug 2004
- 20777
Re: floor drain blocked
ever since the invention of the sewer camera, blind cutting is not necessary anymore. i would attempt to vacuum the line dry and run a camera into the line to see it it's a real dig job or a job for a jetter or different cable and cutter combination.
of course with 3 years of sitting empty, it's hard to tell what went on. but with a camera it should help explain it.
rick.phoebe it is
Senior Member
- Nov 2004
- 5080
Middle of nowhere, some where in Colorado
construction & farm
Re: floor drain blocked
what is the drain pipe? (it is is old galvanized pipe, you many have hit an elbow) and will need to try to work your way about a very tight bend,Push sticks/blocks Save Fingers
"The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good."
attributed to Samuel Johnson
PUBLIC NOTICE: Due to recent budget cuts, the rising cost of electricity, gas, and oil...plus the current state of the economy............the light at the end of the tunnel, has been turned off.
Re: floor drain blocked
If the mop sink drains good, why not just go though the P-trap of the floor drain. I have used the K-50 with 5/8" cable many times though the P-trap. I would use a 3/4" "sharks tooth" as a head of choice running it in Rev. until it clears the trap. A Lot of times a vacuum would clear the collection of debris that sits in the bottom of the trap, then run your cable..
What you see as "rusty water" coming up is normal. That just means your cleaning the rust off the pipe walls..
Junior Member
- Sep 2012
- 5
Re: floor drain blocked
Please call professsional that help you to solve your problem..
Re: floor drain blocked
Originally posted by pathfinder12 View PostPlease call professsional that help you to solve your problem..
But before you do that, consider that the floor drain if galv/iron has rust scale that has closed the pipe, and your snake is breaking it loose and packing it into a trap or elbow. I have had success with supermagnets on the end of a snake or camera pulling out the large pieces, allowing a snake to go through and pulverize the rest.
Re: floor drain blocked
Thanks for the input, got it opened up. Thinking I jumped to conclusions to quick. I've done alot of plumbing but Drain cleaning I'm still fairly green.
Junior Member
- Oct 2012
- 1
Re: floor drain blocked
I think you should call a plumber, he can properly assess the problem.
Re: floor drain blocked
Originally posted by pathfinder12 View PostPlease call professsional that help you to solve your problem..
On the serious side gotta give it to rick, he's on the money. Maybe get one of Billy's little electric jetters, not as harsh but good enough for the small stuff. combine with a wet/dry vac to suck out as much nasty as you can and then go for the camera
Re: floor drain blocked
Today am here for asking something special which is that We had a leak from our 2nd floor bathroom through the ceiling below. The leak would happen when flushing the toilet. We had a plumber come and he cleared a blockage in the drain.what you would want to share your suggestion here
Re: floor drain blocked
At the very least replace the wax gasket on the closet flange. This is also a good time to check the flange itself.. Then Make sure there are no leaks at the tank to bowl gasket after removing and reinstalling the toilet.
Before replacing ceiling let it dry out real good and, have someone flush the toilet while you look to make sure the leak is solved....
When I pull a toilet I always install a new stainless braided supply hose. (cheap insurance)
Let us know how you are making out and what was causing the leak....


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Recruiting notebook: Ralston Valley's Dan Skipper down to five schools
Ralston Valley tackle Dan Skipper tweeted today that he's "down to my top 5." Those five schools: Michigan, Ohio State, Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee — "in no particular order," Skipper tweeted.
Skipper committed to Tennessee in June, but then coach Derek Dooley was fired and replaced by Butch Jones on Dec. 7.
In recent weeks, Skipper has stressed that he was keeping his options open as he wanted to get to know Tennessee's new coaching staff. Read more…


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Xbox 360 - Modding & Hacking
If you have questions related to modding or hacking Xbox 360 console, this is the right forum for you.
If you want to discuss about Xbox 360 games, services, etc please use Xbox 360 - Everything else forum instead.
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Church Tech Weekly Episode 126: Squeeze the Donkey/
It's call-in week! Our guest plans didn't work out, so we opened it up to you, the listeners (well at least 2 of you...). We ended up in a great discussion about budgets, leading up, the CL5 & Lincoln Brewster's tour and a lot more.


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Even now, the idea that white swing voters might pass on him because of his positions or campaign performance is considered a peculiar notion, likely from someone unhip to the gospel that America remains all about racism despite Colin Powell and Oprah. The money question is considered to be why our Great Black Hope isn't polling tens of points ahead of John McCain and his discredited party. But Obama has been a sure shot only with Blue America college-town sorts, animated not only by Obama's intellect, but also by his "diverseness" and its symbolic import for showing that our nasty past is truly past....He means this:
The Wisconsin chairman of the Republican Party notes, then, that for lunch pail whites, "I don't think race is an issue at all. A bigger problem is that Barack Obama has a sort of show pony style. The speeches and the classic double speak and being a great orator, that kind of thing doesn't play well in Wisconsin." That is, there are plenty of non-racist whites who need a candidate to show them something more than I.Q. and a poignant multicultural provenance. In not finding Obama's dreams of his father worthy of a vote, they are evaluating him as Dr. King would have counseled.
These are transitional times. In a recent Bloggingheads dialogue, Ta-Nehisi Coates admitted to me that Iowa had forced him to "reassess" his pessimism as to how far America has come on race.
Continuing the TNR piece:
If Obama loses, people like Coates will desist in their reassessments, and settle back into their cognitive comfort zone. Whites will cheer on the sidelines: Nothing would establish a Good White Person's bona fides on the race thing more than assenting that the racism "out there" is "still around" and has vanquished the audacity of hope.(Don't you just hate it when fetishization puts the kibosh on an upsurge? Note: McWhorter is a linguist.)
The grievous result of this fetishization of racism would be that it would put a kibosh on the upsurge in black voters' political engagement amidst the Obamenon.
Newspaper articles would quote blacks disillusioned from getting excited about any future black candidate--e.g. "I thought maybe America was finally getting past racism but it turned out not to be true." 2009 would be a year of countless panel discussions, quickie books, and celebrated rap couplets wallowing in the notion that the white man wouldn't let Obama into the Oval Office where he belonged, urgently reminding us that to be black is still to be a victim.A true vision?
Promising black politicians like Cory Booker, Deval Patrick, Adrian Fenty, and Harold Ford would find it harder than Obama did to attract support for presidential runs: No matter how stirring their speeches, the good word would be, "Look what happened to Obama!" And for years to come, professors would teach the 2008 election as a lesson about racism rather than about a heartening near-victory that no one could have imagined as recently as 15 years ago.
Weird analogy: If Obama loses, you can say it was racism the way you can say "pneumonia is often what kills AIDS patients."
No one would claim that this means that pneumonia... is a grievously urgent medical crisis in America. Yet black America's shorthand consensus will be founded upon just such a logical fallacy: that "Obama lost because America remains a deeply racist country."McWhorter asks: "Why would such an athletically pessimistic conclusion be so attractive to black people?"


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At the dawn of the 21st century, the idea of race - the belief that the peoples of the world can be organized into biologically distinctive groups, each with their own physical, social, and intellectual characteristics - is understood by most natural and social scientists to be an unsound concept. The way scientists think about race today, after all, is different than it was in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement when some promoted black genetic inferiority as an argument against egalitarian social and economic policy and certainly different than one or two centuries ago, when scientific justifications for slavery and later Jim Crow were articulated. In other words, race, its scientific meaning seemingly drawn from the visual and genetic cues of human diversity, is an idea with a measurable past, identifiable present, and uncertain future. These changes are influenced by a range of variables including geography, politics, culture, science, and economics.
Today, despite the growing consensus among scientists that race is not a useful classificatory tool, an understanding of human difference and diversity remains a hallmark of contemporary scientific practice. This presents a seeming contradiction: how can one study human difference without talking about race? On the one hand, beginning in the 1930s, advances in population genetics and evolutionary biology led many to conclude that the race concept was not a particularly useful or accurate marker of biological difference. By the 1970s, many prominent biologists, including Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, came to see the race concept as a deeply flawed way to organize human genetic diversity that is inseparable from the social prejudices about human difference that spawned the concept in the 18th century and have accompanied its meaning since.1 Historians and social scientists believe that race is socially constructed, meaning that the biological meaning of race has been constrained by the social context in which racial research has taken place.
'Race types," from Maury's New Complete Geography, 1906.
On the other hand, because studying genetic differences can improve our understanding of human evolution, disease, and development, the relationship between genetics and human diversity remains an ongoing area of scientific inquiry. The challenge has been to develop a new scientific terminology and methodology that finds meaning in the study of human difference without recapitulating outmoded and racist notions often associated with the concept of race itself. Some scientists have developed novel ways to measure difference between various human populations, including using ancestry, ethnicity, and population as replacements or surrogates for race. Others, however, remain steadfast in their belief that technological and methodological improvements now allow an examination of racial difference with increasing precision that is disconnected from any social prejudices.
Ever since Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal," America has struggled with the chasm between this Jeffersonian ideal and the realities of the American experience. Jefferson himself was the author of some of America's earliest ideas about race and science. In 1787, little more than a decade after he had penned the Declaration, Jefferson suggested in his work on the natural history of Virginia, Notes on the State of Virginia, that the difference between the races "is fixed in nature" and hypothesized that blacks were "originally a distinct race."2 The contradiction between the Declaration and Notes may be understood, however, by Jefferson's view of humanity itself. If blacks were of a separate creation, and set apart from the definition of "all men," then the equality set out in the Declaration did not apply to all.
Historian Frank Snowden, looking at black-white contact before the sixth century A.D. found that although there is an "association of blackness with ill omens, demons, the devil, and sin, there is in the extant record no stereotyped image of Ethiopians as the personification of demons or the devil."3 In ancient Greece and Rome "the major divisions between people were more clearly understood as being between the civic and the barbarous," between the political citizen and those outside of the polis, and not between bloodlines or skin color.4 Most scholars now accept the viewpoint that in the ancient world "no concept truly equivalent to that of 'race' can be detected in the thought of the Greeks, Romans, and early Christians."5 Rooting human variation in blood or in kinship was a relatively new way to categorize humans. The idea gained strength towards the end of the Middle Ages as anti-Jewish feelings, which were rooted in an antagonism towards Jewish religious beliefs, began to evolve into anti-Semitism. These blood kinship beliefs rationalized anti-Jewish hatred instead as the hatred of a people. For example, Marranos, Spanish Jews who had been baptized, were considered a threat to Christendom by virtue of their ancestry because they could not prove purity of blood to the Inquisition.
Beginning in the eighteenth century, at the height of the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, these ideas were applied to explaining the diversity of humankind. This was driven in part by the experiences with new peoples during colonial exploration, the need to rationalize the inferiority of certain peoples as slavery took hold in European colonies, and the development of a new science to assess and explain diversity in all species. The Swedish botanist and naturalist Carolus Linnaeus also made lasting contributions to the race concept at this time. Linnaeus's "natural system," which became the basis for the classification of all species, divided humanity into four groups: Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeaeus. But while the term race existed before the 18th century, mostly to describe domesticated animals, it was introduced into the sciences by the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1749. Buffon saw clearly demarcated distinctions between the human races that were caused by varying climates. Buffon's climatological theory of difference was infused with notions of European superiority. To Buffon, the natural state of humanity was derived from the European, a people he believed "produced the most handsome and beautiful men" and represented the "genuine color of mankind."
The Swedish botanist and naturalist Carolus Linnaeus also made lasting contributions to the race concept at this time. Linnaeus's "natural system," which became the basis for the classification of all species, divided humanity into four groups: Americanus, Asiaticus, Africanus, and Europeaeus.
If racial science is science employed for the purpose of degrading a people both intellectually and physically, then beginning in the 19th century, American scientists played an increasingly active role in its development. Scientists like Samuel Morton, Josiah Nott, and George Gliddon offered a variety of explanations for the nature of white racial superiority meant to address the nature of physical and intellectual differences between races, the "natural" positions of racial groups in American society, and the capacity for citizenship of non-whites.
At the core of this work, known as the American School of Anthropology, was the theory of polygeny, the belief that a hierarchy of human races had separate creations. Samuel Morton's experiments on cranial capacity and intelligence sought to demonstrate this theory. Morton collected hundreds of skulls from around the globe, measured their volume, and concluded that the Caucasian and Mongolian races had the highest cranial capacity and thus the highest levels of intelligence, while Africans had the lowest cranial capacity and thus the lowest levels of intelligence.
More than a century after Morton's death, the evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, using Morton's same experimental material and methods, could not replicate the earlier findings. Gould concluded that Morton's subjective ideas about race difference influenced his methods and conclusions, leading to the omission of contradictory data and to the conscious or unconscious stuffing or under-filling of certain skulls to match his pre-ordained conclusions.6 Indeed, the case of Samuel Morton illustrates how social conceptions of human difference shape the science of race.
At the dawn of the 20th century, explanations for racial difference based on measurable and observable physical traits such as cranial capacity and skin color gave way to a whole new way of thinking about the subject. Race instead came to be understood as a reflection of unseen differences that the scientists of the time attributed to the recently discovered factors of heredity. As ideas about racial differences became rooted in biology, genetics came to provide the formative language of modern racism.
This geneticization of race - the idea that racial differences in appearance and complex social behaviors can be understood as genetic distinctions between so-called racial groups - was shaped, in large part, by the eugenics movement. According to Francis Galton, the founder of the movement, eugenics promised to give "the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing over the less suitable."7 This could be done either through positive eugenics in which certain groups were encouraged to breed with one another; or through negative eugenics in which certain groups or individuals would be denied the right to reproduce - either through sterilization, as was the case in the United States, or through genocide, as was the case in Nazi Germany. Under the guise of this biological banner, eugenic racial science exerted a diverse and far-reaching influence. It became a powerful ideological force in Nazi Germany, influenced the creation of eugenic sterilization laws in the United States that resulted in at least 30,000 sterilizations, stoked racial hatred in early 20th century America, and became a scientific buttress of 20th century American racial ideology. For the first three decades of the 20th century, many geneticists advocated eugenic ideas and helped to shape the movement.
Beginning in the 1930s, an increasing number of geneticists, anthropologists, and social scientists began moving away from typological and eugenic descriptions of human difference to view races through the lens of population genetics and evolutionary biology. This approach rejected a eugenic notion of fixed genetic differences between so-called racial groups, and instead understood human races as dynamic populations distinguished by variations of the frequency of genes between populations. By rooting the meaning of race in genetic variation it became more difficult (though still possible) to argue that one race or another had particular traits specifically associated with it, or that one individual was typical of a race. Furthermore, the four or five racial groups identified by 18th and 19th century scientists now varied depending upon the genes and traits examined by geneticists. Theodosious Dobzhansky, the evolutionary biologist whose work between the 1930s and 1970s had a tremendous influence on the way that scientists thought about race, concluded that the number of human races was variable depending upon what traits were being examined. In fact, he believed that the concept of race in the context of population genetics and evolutionary biology was a scientific tool for making genetic diversity intelligible and manageable in scientific study. In other words, while human differences are real, the way we choose to organize those differences is a methodological decision and not one that reflects an underlying evolutionary hierarchy or the conservation of racialized traits through the admixture of populations. This new approach was brought about by new findings in genetics that demonstrated genetic variation was much more common within species than once thought and by the development of what is known as the evolutionary synthesis in biology, a "Darwinian fusion" of population genetics, experimental genetics, and natural history.8 Finally, changes in the concept of race were influenced by a growing cadre of scientists who were generally more liberal on matters of race than their predecessors.
At a June 2000 Rose Garden ceremony, President Bill Clinton, flanked by genome sequencers Francis Collins and Craig Venter, announced the completion of a draft sequence of the human genome. Collins, head of the National Human Genome Research Institute, and Venter, then President of Celera Genomics, offered their genomic data to the world - enhancing our understanding of human biology and holding the promise of to helping public health and medical professionals prevent, treat, and cure disease. On that day Venter and Collins emphasized that their work confirmed that human genetic diversity cannot be captured by the concept of race and demonstrated that all humans have genome sequences that are 99.9% identical. At the White House celebration Venter said "the concept of race has no genetic or scientific basis."9 A year later, Collins wrote: "those who wish to draw precise racial boundaries around certain groups will not be able to use science as a legitimate justification."10 Yet, since the White House announcement, there has been an increase in claims that race is a biologically meaningful classification.
The upsurge of claims that race is a useful taxonomic concept for humans seems to be driven by several factors. First, genomic technology has enhanced our ability to examine the 0.1% of nucleic acids in the human genome that, on average, vary between individuals. Some scientists are relying on the race concept to make sense of the genetic variation in this small sliver of our genomes. Second, the history of the biological race concept suggests that race is deeply embedded in scientific thought and that racialized thinking shaped genetics in the 20th century. This history continues to shape scientific thinking about human difference. Finally, the critical task of understanding and reducing known disparities in health has researchers looking at all possible explanations, including genetic ones, for disparities in health outcomes. Fueled by programs such as the National Institutes of Health's "Healthy People 2010" and CDC's "Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health," the search for the underlying causes of these disparities is a national healthcare priority. The renewed focus on race and genetics suggests that an analysis of the complex relationship between individuals, populations, the environment, and health may be surrendered to a racial worldview.
It would be silly to think that science will somehow extricate us from a racial quagmire. Despite advances in scientific thinking on race, racism and the belief in races persist. Racism is too complicated to be eradicated by science alone. Nonetheless, scientists do have much to offer to the debate over the nature of race and racial classification, and we would all be the better for listening to what they are saying. Geneticists Kelly Owens and Mary-Claire King recognize this, writing that: "Of course, prejudice does not require a rational basis, let alone an evolutionary one, but the myth of major genetic differences across 'races' is nonetheless worth dismissing with genetic evidence."11
Michael Yudell, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Community Health and Prevention at the Drexel University School of Public Health. Dr. Yudell is the author, with Rob DeSalle, of Welcome to the Genome: A User's Guide to the Genetic Past, Present, and Future (2004). He is currently completing the book Making Race: Biology and the Evolution of the Race Concept in 20th Century American Thought.
1. Histories of the race concept include: Bruce R. Dain, A Hideous Monster Of The Mind: American Race Theory In The Early Republic. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002); Audrey Smedley, Race In North America: Origin And Evolution Of A Worldview. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999); William Stanton, The Leopard's Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race In America, 1815-59. (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1960); Nancy Stepan, The Idea Of Race In Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960. (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1982); Elazar Barkan, Retreat Of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts Of Race In Britain And The United States Between The World Wars. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure Of Man. (New York: Norton, 1996).
2. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955) pp.138-140, 143.
3. Frank M. Snowden, Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983) p.107.
4. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996) pp.14, 17-60.
5. George M. Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002) p.17
6. Stephen J. Gould, Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 70.
7. Francis Galton, Inquires Into Human Faculty and Its Development (New York: MacMillan and Company, 1892) p.25.
8. Stephen Jay Gould, "Introduction," Genetics and the Origin of Species by Theodosius Dobzhanksy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982 ed.) p.xxi.
9. Rick Wiess and Justin Gillis, "Teams Finish Mapping Human DNA," Washington Post (June 27, 2000) p.A1.
10. F.S. Collins and M.K. Mansoura, "The Human Genome Project: Revealing the Shared Inheritance of All Humankind," Cancer 92(2001) pp.S221-S225.
11. N. Risch, E. Burchard, E. Ziv, and H. Tang, "Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Resaerch: Genes, Race, and Disease," Genome Biology. 3(2002) pp.2007.1-2007.12.


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RaboDirect PRO12
Blair confirms Edinburgh exit
ESPNscrum Staff
April 11, 2012
Mike Blair has confirmed that he will leave Edinburgh © Getty Images
Scotland scrum-half Mike Blair has confirmed that he will leave Edinburgh at the end of the season.
The 30-year-old is out of contract in the summer, having made 158 appearances for his hometown side since 2002, and has been heavily linked with a switch to Top 14 side Perpignan.
Capped 80 times by his country and a British & Irish Lions tourist in 2009, Blair marked his 50th Heineken Cup appearance with a try in Edinburgh's famous victory over Toulouse last weekend
"Being born and raised in Edinburgh, I've played all my rugby here and have been committed to Edinburgh my entire professional career," he said.
"It's been an honour to represent the club which, over the years, has helped me fulfil my ambitions of becoming a regular for my country and earning selection for the Lions.
"I've enjoyed myself so much here and feel I've achieved a lot, which has made this a very hard decision to make, but the time is right for me personally to throw myself at a whole new challenge.
"Rugby offers many opportunities and experiences and, while I believe that this may be one of the most exciting times to be an Edinburgh player, I don't want to regret not trying something different when I finally hang up my boots."
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
Communication error please reload the page.


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Michele Bachmann stood near her girlhood home in Waterloo, Iowa, on Monday and announced her presidential candidacy, saying she is a "bold choice" and that under her leadership the country could "secure the promise of the future for America."
Ms. Bachmann, a favorite of tea party voters and a three-term member of the US House representing Minnesota, stressed her tries to Iowa. The state is home to the February 2012 caucuses, which will be the first of the presidential nominating season. "Everything I need to know I learned in Iowa," she told the crowd.
A tax lawyer by training, Bachmann faces two political tests. First, she has to win her home state's influential caucus to be considered a viable contender. Second, she has to broaden her appeal beyond the tea party enthusiasts who have helped fuel her rise to prominence. Bachmann is the founder of the House of Representative's Tea Party Caucus.
At this early stage in the race, Bachmann is in a strong position in Iowa. A poll of likely Republican voters in the Iowa caucus, commissioned by The Des Moines Register and released over the weekend, shows her in a statistical dead heat with Republican front-runner Mitt Romney. Mr. Romney, who is making less of a push in the state than he did in 2008, had 23 percent support, followed by Bachmann at 22 percent. Former pizza chain executive Herman Cain, who also has tea party support, came in third with 10 percent.
Former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty, who has been traveling to Iowa for more than a year, fared poorly in the Register poll, pulling only 6 percent of voter support.
Polling experts caution that early snapshots of voter support for the Iowa caucus are not always a reliable indicator of the winner. As ABC News' "The Note" pointed out, in May 2007 the same poll showed Romney leading the pack in Iowa with 29 percent. The eventual winner was former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, but in early polling he posted only single digits.
As for increasing her appeal, Bachmann faced tough questions over the weekend about her credibility. In a pre-announcement appearance on "Fox News Sunday," host Chris Wallace asked her, "Are you a flake?" and alluded to inaccurate statements she had made in the past. A recent Associated Press story noted that Bachmann inaccurately claimed taxpayers would have to foot a $200-million-a-day tab for a trip President Obama made in India. She also accused the president of running a "gangster government."
Bachmann kept her poise when responding to Mr. Wallace, saying, "I think that would be insulting to say something like that because I'm a serious person." After the program, Wallace apologize for his choice of words. In an interview with ABC News' Jonathan Karl, Bachmann refused to accept the apology.
While Bachmann's appeal outside her home state remains to be proved, she has assembled a skilled political team. As CNN political reporter Peter Hamby recently noted, Bachmann's team is led by Ed Rollins, who managed Ronald Reagan's 1984 landslide reelection and Mike Huckabee's 2008 campaign. Her pollster is GOP veteran Ed Goeas, who had worked for the McCain campaign and was helping Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour before he decided against running for president this year.
One unknown is whether former GOP vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin will enter the presidential race – and how that would affect support for Bachmann. So far, though, has devoted much more effort to building a political team than has Ms. Palin.
Just to keep things interesting, Palin is slated to travel to Iowa on Tuesday to attend a premier of "The Undefeated," a movie about her political rise. It is the second time Palin has shown up after a potential rival has announced for the presidency. The last time was in New Hampshire after Mitt Romney announced his candidacy.


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(Portland, Ore.) December 4, 2013 — Portland State University (PSU) and the Portland State University Faculty Association (affiliated with the American Federation of Teachers) have reached a tentative agreement on a new labor contract that will affect 887 employees.
"I'm pleased that we were able to come to an agreement that allows us to continue educating our students and serving the community," said Wim Wiewel, president of PSU. "These are tough times, but the final result is fair and reasonable given the economic climate."
Compensation increases and health benefits were the most difficult issues for the parties to resolve. In the tentative agreement, the parties agreed to the following for year one and year two of the contract:
- A 3 percent increase in the minimum salary effective January 1, 2014. Also,
- A 1 percent salary increase for adjunct faculty above the new minimum salary.
Negotiators for the administration and faculty union signed the tentative agreement on 11/21/13, but it still needs to be ratified by both parties. The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) also agreed to a new two-year contract with the state of Oregon, including PSU, in September.
About Portland State University (PSU)
Located in Portland, Oregon, PSU has about 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students. PSU's motto is "Let Knowledge Serve the City," and it provides every student with opportunities to work with businesses, schools and organizations on real-world projects. Its downtown campus exhibits PSU's commitment to sustainability through green buildings and business practice. Sustainability is incorporated into much of PSU's curriculum.
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Jim Donini/First ascent of Basketcase. 1970
"Up rope I'm not moving!" First ascent of Basketcase.
When I first showed up in the Valley in 1970 the Spring monsoon was going full bore. Generator Crack had just been discovered and being one of the few overhanging pieces of rock in the Valley, it was the perfect place to get some exercise. My first time there I couldn't get up the damn thing, but the monsoon persisted and we soon began making daily pilgrimages. The days rolled on wet and cold and Generator Crack was tamed. First right side in, then left side in followed by right side in solo and on and on. Eventually I got to where I was soloing it with running shoes on. Finally the monsoon ended and damn- I could go wide.
A couple of years later I drove into Camp 4 and immediately bumped into TM Herbert. TM, in a whispered voice, told about his new secret project. "Donini, I've discovered one of the last good lines in the Valley. "I've been looking at it with my birding binoculars, let's do it." TM was pretty guarded about where this climb was, he told me to meet him the next day and that we would hike up and spend the night and do the climb the next day. "Don't worry," he said, "I really checked it out, I'll bring the gear, I know just what we need." FAMOUS LAST WORDS
The next day we started up the endless switchbacks leading up out of Mirror Lake. Eight long, hot, dusty miles later we came across a trail sign that said: Porcupine Flats 2 miles. TM looked at the sign, his jaw dropped, and he sprawled on the trail and began beating the ground with his fists: we now new a better way to the climb.
TM's plan was to bivouac above a steep, heavily wooded gully that led to the base of the climb. Good idea....except for the mosquitoes. TM immediately fell asleep, seemly impervious to the hovering swarms of mosquitoes. Not me, I spent the entire night slapping the damn things, and I nearly near took out my frustration on a blissfully sleeping TM with the piton hammer that lay nearby.
TM woke up in good humor and led us down the brush-choked gully to the climb. I'll never forget the look on TM's face when he looked up at the line, his jaw dropped as he sheepishly emptied his pack of the hardwear he had brought. Out fell knife blades, lost arrows, even a few rurps and precious few nuts hand sized or larger. This was way before Friends became available. Unfortunately, the impressive crack system that rose above us had a lot of very difficult looking wide sections. TM apologized for his mistake as I was suggesting he get new binoculars and that he have his eyes tested. Having endured a hot, dusty hike and a nearly sleepless night, I was in no mood to bail without giving it a try.
TM wasn't comfortable with wide cracks so the sharp end fell to me. There were some interesting run outs and a lot of back cleaning of the few pieces that we had that worked, but everything went okay until the crux pitch. As I recall this section was quite steep and it steepened even more near the top. I ended up doing some more sketchy back cleaning and a lot of strenuous climbing up and down to get the gear I needed. I never lowered off of a piece because I didn't think it was fair and also, frankly, I didn't completely trust some of my placements to hold body weight. Finally wasted by my efforts, I gave in, did a single point of aid and finished the pitch. What followed gave me the line that as a Medicare climber I now use as my only climbing command. TM, eyes wide, reluctantly started up the pitch. A fierce struggle ensued followed by weak "up rope" from TM. "What was that," I said, and a more forceful "up rope" floated up from below. I pulled the rope in tight, another "up rope." I pulled the rope tighter, "up rope" again, louder a little more desperate. "TM, I'm pulling the rope as tight as I can." The final plaintive plea from TM, "up rope, I'm not moving."
TM recovered nicely and led a steep, fingery near the top. Back in Camp 4 I ran into Bridwell and Klemons and made the tactical mistake of telling them about the easier approach from Porcupine Flats and also exactly what gear was needed...duh! The rest is history.


text:
Used 2017 KiaSportage SUV
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Dealer Notes
2017 Kia Sportage LX Sparkling Silver FWD 4D Sport Utility 2.4L I4 DGI DOHC 16V 6-Speed Automatic
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Proud owner. Smart Choice!
By Keyur on Wednesday, November 30, 2016Was skeptical to go with Kia at first, but this car is a beast. with 181 Hp, it delivers the power as described on paper. And ofcourse the price! Very good value for money. Excellent technolofy with android auto.
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By Rose on Friday, September 06, 2019This is a very well made, comfortable car. The interior quality is great and I love the styling. The one thing that it lacks a bit in is the mileage. Other SUV's in the class have slightly higher MPGs. I would still pick this car again though. Great buy.
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Birkbeck spelling error corpus / Roger Mitton
Mitton, Roger, 1946- (ed.)
Distributed by the University of Oxford under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
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This is a legacy resource. It is likely to be difficult to use, and is now mainly of interest for the study of the history of text encoding or digital humanities.
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English language -- Orthography and spelling -- Glossaries, vocabularies, etc.
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|Source Description
Birkbeck spelling error corpus Mitton, Roger, 1946- s.n. [London]: [1985]
Note: Contents: Part One. Native Speakers, CHES -- Misspellings of thirty words by about 200 ten-year-old children in England and Wales. These children were a random sample from the several thousand tested in the Child Health and Education Survey in 1980. -- NFER -- Misspellings made in two short dictations by about 80 adult literacy students in England and Wales – a sample from a survey conducted by the National Foundation for Educational Research in 1978-79. -- PERIN -- Three sets of material collected by Dr Dolores Perin in research conducted in the late 1970's: 1) A dictation and a piece of constrained writing from 36 secondary-school leavers and from six adult-literacy students; 2) Misspellings from free writing by six adult-literacy students; 3) A spelling test of forty words from about 170 students in London secondary schools. -- PETERS -- Two samples of the material collected by Dr Margaret Peters in primary and secondary schools in Cambridge in the 1960's: 1) Misspellings from about 150 children in spelling tests and dictations at the ages of 9, 10 and 11, and in a spelling test and a piece of free writing at age 15 (ie each child at four different ages); 2) Misspellings from short compositions by over 900 fifteen-year-olds. -- ASHFORD The complete text of 'The Young Visiters' (sic) by Daisy Ashford, a short novel written by a nine-year-old in Victorian England, the text contains many of her original misspellings. -- FAWTHROP -- Two files supplied in computer-readable form by David Fawthrop, collected in the course of his research into spelling correction at Bradford University: 1) A compilation of four collections of American spelling errors, already in published form; 2) A collection of misspellings from the writing of three British people, all of whom considered themselves to be poor spellers. -- GATES -- The most common misspellings of 3876 words taken from spelling tests given to schoolchildren in New York City in the 1930's; this material was taken from the book 'A List of Spelling Difficulties in 3876 Words', by Arthur I. Gates. -- HOLBROOK -- Passages taken from the creative writing of about 20 children in a British secondary school in the 1960's, published (with their original misspellings) in 'English for the Rejected' by David Holbrook. -- SHEFFIELD -- A list of about 380 misspellings, mostly keying errors, taken from typewritten or computer-terminal input, collected from staff and students in the Department of Information Studies of Sheffield University by Angell, Freund and Willett as part of a piece of research into spelling correction. -- WING -- Misspellings (mainly handwriting slips) from essays written by 40 candidates in the Cambridge University Entrance Examinations in 1976. This corpus was collected and put into computer-readable form by Wing and Baddeley and is described in their paper 'Spelling errors in handwriting : a corpus and a distributional analysis'. -- MASTERS -- Misspellings of about 260 words made in spelling tests by 600 students in Iowa in the 1920's – 200 8th graders, 200 high-school seniors and 200 college seniors – collected by H.V. Masters for his PhD research. This is the full set of data that he analysed, not just the examples he included in his published report. -- UPWARD -- Misspellings taken from answers to a questionnaire completed by about 160 15-year-olds in Nottingham. The material was supplied by Chris Upward of the Dept of Modern Languages, Aston University. Part Two. Non-native Speakers. EXAMS -- Misspellings taken from scripts submitted in English examinations by overseas students in 18 countries, with 50 or 100 scripts from each country. The scripts were made available for this exercise by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate and the University of London Schools Examinations Board. -- ABO -- Misspellings collected from Finnish-speaking Finns and Swedish-speaking Finns in a series of tests conducted in the 1970's by Dr Rolf Palmberg and Dr Hakan Ringbom of the Abo Akademi, Finland. -- APPLING -- Two files of data (APPLING1 and APPLING2) collected by students of the Applied Linguistics Department of Birkbeck College in the course of their work as teachers of English -- BLOOR -- Errors taken from a corpus of written English by 12 Algerian students. The file was supplied by Meriel Bloor of the Department of Modern Languages, Aston University. -- SUOMI -- Errors taken from test papers written by 60 Finnish speakers and 45 Swedish speakers aged 15–16 years. The data formed part of a thesis submitted by Riitta Suomi at the Abo Akademi, Finland. -- TELEMARK -- Errors taken from examination papers written by 145 advanced Norwegian students of English at Telemark College, Norway. They were recorded in a study by Dr Nils Rottingen. -- TESDELL -- Errors from 56 students taking an English Language Proficiency Test at Iowa State University in 1981–82. The material was collected by Lee S. Tesdell
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The decorative carvings are visible—and somewhat unusual. Instead of a willow, we see upside-down torches; instead of an urn, a flaming heart.
- An inverted torch is often understood to represent the end of life, although some draw a distinction between an extinguished torch (death) or one that still burns (life after death).
- A five-pointed star represent the Star of Bethlehem or the life of Christ.
- A flaming heart, sometimes thought to signify extreme ardor, more likely represents religious fervor.
Memory of
[Who departed this life]
|Click to enlarge
I am not forgetting the carvings at the top of the marker. I am just not sure what to make of them. Florets and—what? Stylized inverted torches? Maybe just a pretty design?
Glendale Cemetery, Morrow County, Ohio


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Key Benefits
The wide-stance parallel linkage on all of our applicators creates three distinct advantages. It enables the toolbar to apply fertilizer without the bar "walking" when higher ground speeds are reached, it allows the bar to be raised and lowered evenly and the wide stance parallel link reduces stress on the center section. These features add up to better placement for your fertilizer investment.
Every time you pull a piece of equipment through your field you risk crop damage, so Fast applicators are specifically designed to reduce crop damage with high-crop clearance of 21 1/2" and a wingkick feature that lifts the toolbar when turning on end rows.
Center-pull hitches are another way Fast applicators are specifically designed to reduce crop damage, over wider double tube designs.
Short-coupled trailers are another way Fast applicators are designed to reduce crop damage. Just as with our sprayers, the short-coupled trailer follows your tractor better than other designs, which results in less crop damage and greater yields.
When you make an investment in equipment, you want it to last, which is why Fast's equipment is all finished with baked-on powder coat paint. Powder coat paint gives equipment great resistance to harsh chemicals, which leads to a longer life and better resale value for you.
Tank/Cart Features
Fast designed their patented tanks (patent # 7,585,000) to include a large troughed sloped sump with an additional drop down for maximum cleanout of product so you can be sure there is no product left in the tank for an extended amount of time. The low center of gravity on Fast's patented "Stealth" tank design allows for incredible axle adjustability. This leads to less soil compaction and greater yields. The tanks low profile design also allows for better rear vision than traditional tank styles. The 8118 series offers a tank size of 1800 gallons.
The single reach tongue on all Fast applicators is specifically designed to reduce crop damage so the operator is able to have a sharper turning radius.
The 8118 is dual wheel capable with one option of 62"-120". The standard tires with the 8118 series are 380/90R46.
The Ace 205-304F is the standard pump on all 8118's. All pumps that are used on Fast equipment are field proven, durable and sure to have a long lasting life. Standard on all 8118 models is the pump hydraulic flow limiter that provides over-speed protection designed to give the pumps a longer lasting life.
At Fast we understand the importance of a heavy duty jack that can be used with ease. That is why all Fast fertilizer applicators come standard with a 2 speed heavy duty jack stand with safe and easy hooking and unhooking to get you where you're supposed to be, in the field.
Toolbar Features
The 8118 series is equipped with a 6"x4" double tube toolbar that is available in 60'. At Fast we try our best to equip all our products with as much versatility as possible which is why we have designed our 60' 8118 model to have an external hydraulic fold cylinder so the operator is able to fold the outer wing and have the ability to use the bar at 40' as well. The 8118 model is designed to have a trademarked wing kick feature, so when turning the wing will kick up so this will result in less crop damage. This along with our minimum 21.5" crop clearance helps prevent crop damage when turning on the ends.
One of the most important features on an applicator is the ability to keep all coulters in the ground consistently with constant down force. This will allow for a much more consistent application, which will result in higher yields and a higher return on investment that will be evident in the fall. All Fast applicators are designed to have hydraulic down pressure on the wings which will give the coulters better ground penetration and much more consistent application.
All Fast applicators are designed to have flex throughout the entire toolbar. The 8118 is unique because the bar is designed to have three sections allowing for flex throughout the entire toolbar. This flex will allow for much better ground penetration and even depth control and fertilizer placement in uneven terrain. The 8118 model comes standard with four gauge wheels that help with a more consistent application throughout the entire toolbar.
Standard on all Fast fertilizer applicators is the heavy duty Clymer coulters. Clymer coulters are field proven, durable and sure to have a long lasting life, which is why Fast equips all their fertilizer applicators with the reliable Clymer coulter. Coulters can be installed at any spacing the operator prefers and can choose between an injector style or the coulter mounted knife.
Key Options
Larger Single or Dual Tires
Help reduce soil compaction and increase flotation with larger diameter single tires such as 380/90R54 or upgrade to dual tires with 380/90R46 or 380/90R54 duals. Fast's "Stealth" tank and trailer design allows maximum flexibility with multiple dual spacing options from 62-120", 80-120", or 88-132".
Iso Ready Connection
Ensure that your Fast applicator is fully integrated with your in-cab ISO display (such as a John Deere 2630 or CNH AFS Pro 700). This enables operators to have the ability to control application rate, section and swath control, mapping, monitor the amount of product left in your tank, ect. all through one display screen and also helps reduce in-cab clutter.
Tall Gauge Wheel
Increase the flotation of your Fast toolbar with 6.7x15 gauge wheels. These gauge wheels have a larger diameter and narrower width that the standard Fast gauge wheels which is also important in both narrow row applications and softer soil conditions.
Yetter Viper II Coulter
Upgrade from Fast's standard 20" Clymer coulter to a Yetter Viper II coulter. The wiper/gauge wheel design will help reduce the amount of soil that is thrown to help reduce crop disturbance. This coulter also helps provide more consistent fertilizer placement.
Hypro Cleanload Chemical Eductor
Add a Pentair Hypro chemical eductor with 5.5 gallon hopper and 316 stainless steel venturi. Makes it much easier to mix liquid fertilizer in an easy to access location. Tank rinse nozzle mounted in the 12" hinged lid provides aggressive hopper clean out. Also includes an in-hopper bottle rinse system for rinsing chemical containers onsite.
Tank Agitation
Add tank agitation to keep your liquid fertilizer adequately mixed in your main tank.
|8000N Vertical Fold
|8100 Vertical Fold
|A18/A26 Side Fold (w Folding GW)
|8300 Vertical Fold
|8400 Side Fold
|Transport Height
|12'8" (15 coulters)
|Shipping Transport Width
|Working Transport Width
|Transport Length
|17'4" (1050 & 1350 gal) 21'1" (1800 & 2400 gal)
|Empty Weight (lbs.)
|8,100 (1350 gallon, 15 coulters)
|12,110 (23 coulters)
|18,250 (1800 gallon, 23 coulters)
|8,320 (1350 gallon, 15 coulters)
|15,378 (35 coulters)
|Hitch Pin-to-Axle Length
|13'1" (1050 & 1350 gal) 15'9" (1800 & 2400 gal)
|Tank Size(s) (gal)
|1050, 1350
|1800, 2600
|1050, 1350, 1800, 2400
|Toolbar Size(s)
|30', 40'
|60', 66'
|30', 40', 44'
|80', 88', 90'
|Standard Tires
|13.6x38" (1050 gal) 320/90R46" (1350 gal)
|380/90R46" (1800 gal), 380/90R46" Duals (2400 gal)
|Duals 380/90R46"
|Delivery Type
|Knive or Injection
|Knive or Injection
|Knive or Injection
|Knive or Injection
|Knive or Injection
|Toolbar Crop Clearance (in field position)
|Std Hydraulic Pump
|Ace 150-206F
|Ace 205-304F
|Ace 205-304F
|Ace 150-206F
|Ace 205-304F
|Toolbar Tube Size
|7"x7" single bar
|5"x7" double bar, single on outer wings
|5"x7" double bar, single on outer wings
|7"x7" single bar
|5"x7" double bar, single on outer wings
|Hydraulic Down Pressure
|Hydraulic WingKick
|Engine HP Required
|Quick Fill Size
8100 Literature/Pictures
Why Side-Dress?
There has been a lot of discussion on nitrogen timing and the best methods to apply nitrogen. The University of Missouri states it well, "The BMP for timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications is to apply fertilizer as close as possible to the period of rapid crop uptake (Figure 1). Managing N in this way will minimize losses of N from the field and will ensure adequate N availability to the crop during critical growth periods."
In addition, the University of Purdue states that ear size is first determined at V5-V6; "Kernel row number determination of the uppermost ear begins shortly after the ear shoot is initiated (V5 to V6) and is thought to be complete as early as V8."
Therefore, we know that the primary goals of applying nitrogen is to apply it as close to when your crops need it as possible and also to apply it in a way that will minimize your risk of nitrogen loss to ensure nitrogen is in the soil, available for your crops when they need it.
First let's take a look at nitrogen timing
- If you apply all your nitrogen in the Fall you will have around 7 months from when you applied nitrogen to when your crops need it. This seems to be a big gamble and puts you at the mercy of weather to ensure that your nitrogen is still there and available in the Spring. If you get heavy rains in the Fall or Spring, you could lose a very significant portion of your nitrogen through leaching, which is also not as environmentally friendly since this nitrogen has nowhere to escape but deeper into the soil.
- If you apply all of your nitrogen pre-plant you have cut down on some of your risk of nitrogen loss but you are still applying 1-2 months before your crops need it so there is still some unnecessary risk of nitrogen loss through leaching.
- If you wait to apply a significant portion of your nitrogen until mid-summer right before the reproductive stage, you may not have all of you nitrogen needs met at V5-V6 when ear size is determined and you may have starved your crops during the early critical growth stages that give a baseline for future yield. In addition, what individuals pushing late-season side dress do not mention is that the microbes and organic matter in your soil contain a significant amount of nitrogen that is naturally released as the soil warms up through the summer.
Therefore, early sidedress strikes the perfect balance between applying your nitrogen just before it is needed by your crops and also ensuring that all of your crops nitrogen needs are met during the critical growth stages.
Next, let's take a look at nitrogen application methods, Dribble vs. Injection
The University of Purdue states that as much as 15-20% of surface applied urea-based nitrogen may volatilize (lost) within a week after application. They also stated that this risk is essentially zero if the product is injected into the soil.
If your nitrogen is applied on top of the soil you are relying on rain to take the nitrogen down to the roots where it is need for uptake. If we have a dry period in the summer, you are subjecting your nitrogen to significant risk of volatilization as it will convert into ammonia gas and escape into the atmosphere, never to be utilized in boosting the yield of your crops.
Injecting your nitrogen in the soil helps reduce this risk of volatilization and helps ensure that the nitrogen that you apply will still be there when your crops need it most.
Our crops are dependent enough upon timely rain, why would we also build this into our Nitrogen Program? Inject your N with a FAST Applicator and minimize this risk!
The University of Purdue sums it up best by stating "One of the keys to managing costs of nitrogen fertilizer or maximizing nitrogen use efficiency is to manage N sources wisely to minimize the risk of nitrogen loss due to leaching, denitrification, or volatilization. The use of a sidedress application strategy remains one of the easiest and least expensive ways to maximize nitrogen use efficiency."
Invest in your operations with a FAST Applicator to maximize your nitrogen investment and yield by providing a boost of N just before ear size is determined and also minimizing your risk of N Loss by injecting your Nitrogen IN THE GROUND rather than taking an unnecessary risk and dribbling it on top.
Click Here to see Independent Yield Results and ROI - Four Year History showing an average ROI of $63.62 per year per acre through split application and side-dressing from V3-V6.
University of Purdue - https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/CornRespLateSeasonN.html
University of Missouri - http://plantsci.missouri.edu/nutrientmanagement/nitrogen/practices.htm
University of Purdue - https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/earsize.html
Montana State University - http://store.msuextension.org/publications/AgandNaturalResources/EB0209.pdf
University of Purdue - https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/pubs/2006NLossMechanisms.pdf


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We first told you about the half-headed man a little more than a year ago, when his bust in Miami for soliciting a prostitute produced the most bizarre mug shot of all time. The Miami New Times has been trying to track him down to tell his story ever since, and they've learned he's been arrested for assorted minor offenses in his neighborhood, including the theft of a songbird from a woman's porch. The charges never stick, though, and the paper says it's probably because he has half a head. The paper has also discovered a treasure trove of YouTube videos of the man smoking weed by the river, including the one you see above, in which he explains that his condition resulted from trying to drive while high on drugs. Oh, and people call him Halfy.
Half-Headed Guy From That One Mugshot Films "Drugness And Driving" PSA While Smoking A Blunt


text:
Marriage seems to be the trend this week in Hollywood as there's a lot of recent news pertaining to who's getting married, who wants to get married, and who wants to get back together once a marriage has split up. Who knows if the marriage trend has replaced the baby trend in Tinseltown but celebs […]
Entries Tagged 'Royston Langdon' ↓
The Latest in Celebrity Marriages
June 5th, 2008 — Fergie, Joel Madden, Josh Duhamel, Kelli Carpenter, Liv Tyler, Nicole Richie, Rosie O'Donnell, Royston Langdon, Shania Twain
This Week's Break-Up News
May 29th, 2008 — Bill Murray, Dylan McDermott, George Clooney, Liv Tyler, Robert Lange, Royston Langdon, Sarah Larson, Shania Twain, Shiva Rose
While many babies are being born in Hollywood this week and many couple's are announcing pregnancies, Tinseltown still has its fair share of heartache. Here are this week's most surprising, most predictable, and most talked about break-ups of our favorite stars this week! The most talked-about break-up news is probably that of and Sarah Larson. […]
Liv Tyler Divorcing a Leech
May 11th, 2008 — Liv Tyler, Royston Langdon, Steve Tyler
Liv Tyler is officially talking "divorce" from her husband, Royston Langdon, of five years. The two are parents of Milo, who is 3. Rumors started two weeks ago that the couple were going to be separated but Tyler's reps were keeping mum on the subject. From US, "Liv is doing great," Aerosmith's Steven Tyler told […]


text:
From Erights
A vow is a promise which will resolve to a near reference or a broken reference, as opposed to a far reference.
vow guard in the safeScope expresses this concept, though does not completely enforce it. (XXX write specification of vow guard here.)
- This page is a stub; it should be expanded with more information. If doing so, check the original E web site and the mailing list archives for content which could be moved into this page.


text: Iowa Supreme Court Justice David Wiggins, right, faces a retention vote Nov. 6. Charlie Neibergall/AP hide caption toggle caption Charlie Neibergall/AP It's All Politics Another Iowa Judge Faces Ballot Box Battle Due To Same-Sex Marriage Ruling Iowa Public Radio News September 26, 2012 A battle is under way in Iowa over whether a state Supreme Court justice can keep his job. Critics have launched an all-out campaign to throw him off the bench because of his ruling three years ago clearing the way for same-sex marriage. The judge's supporters are fighting back, in a fashion. Another Iowa Judge Faces Ballot Box Battle Due To Same-Sex Marriage Ruling Listen · 4:04 4:04 Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/161830542/161837366" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Transcript