text:
Broadband integrated tuner
A broadband integrated receiver for receiving input signals and outputting composite video and audio signals is disclosed. The receiver employs an up-conversion mixer and a down-conversion mixer in series to produce an intermediate signal. An intermediate filter between the mixers performs coarse channel selection. The down-conversion mixer may be an image rejection mixer to provide additional filtering.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/572,393, filed May 16, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,079,195 entitled "BROADBAND INTEGRATED TUNER," which is a continuation of U.S. patent application entitled BROADBAND INTEGRATED TUNER assigned Ser. No. 08/904,908, filed Aug. 1, 1997, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,964, all of assigned to a common assignee, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to television tuner circuits and more particularly to a broadband analog television tuner fabricated in a microcircuit device.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One of the most significant costs in television manufacturing is the cost of the tuner. The typical cost of a television (TV) tuner is in the neighborhood of $15.00, which, relative to the cost of the entire television set, is very substantial. Part of the solution to reducing tuner cost is to reduce the number of components in the tuner.
Traditionally, tuners have been comprised of two basic components. The first component performs high frequency to intermediate frequency (RF to IF) conversion. Subsequently, the second component performs IF to baseband conversion. The TV tuner was originally designed for broadcast television reception within a television set, which is essentially a stand-alone unit containing a cathode ray picture tube. So, TV tuners were originally integral parts embedded in a single-purpose device.
Presently, however, state-of-the-art consumer electronic devices use TV tuners that are not a built-in part of a television set. The tuner is a separate element that is connected to a cathode ray picture tube at some point, but the tuner is not an integral part of the monitor. For example, TV tuners may be fabricated on circuit boards and then installed in personal computer (PC) systems, thereby allowing the PC to function as a television set. These tuners convert a radio frequency television signal into a baseband (or low frequency) video signal which can then be passed on to other elements in the PC for video processing applications.
The circuit component that performs the RF-to-IF conversion typically comprises one or two integrated circuits and numerous discrete elements—inductors, capacitors and/or transistors. The IF-to-baseband conversion typically includes another integrated circuit, several filter elements, such as ceramic filters and SAW filters, a series of tuning and control elements, such as resistors and potentiometers, variable inductors and/or capacitors, and some other additional external components. Thus, the complexity of the tuner is fairly high and typically there may be between 100 and 200 elements on a circuit board. Furthermore, state-of-the-art TV tuners still require that each tuner be aligned by manual tuning before leaving the factory. This manual tuning is one of the most expensive costs associated with the manufacturing process and an important factor in the cost of tuners.
Broadcast television tuners of the past have gone through an evolution over a period of more than 60 years. The earliest tuners utilized vacuum tube technology and required that the minimum number of vacuum tubes possible be used due to their cost, power consumption and dimensions. Therefore, passive components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors and transformers, were used as much as possible in most designs. This style of design continued until about 1960 when TV tuner components, particularly vacuum tubes, began to be replaced by bipolar and MOS transistors. However, the active device count still defined the cost and size limits of TV tuners and active device count minimization continued.
In the early 1970's the integrated circuit became viable as an element in the television tuner and the design techniques were dramatically changed. Many functions of the tuner utilizing only one tube or transistor were being replaced with 4 to 20 individual transistors which could perform the same function with better precision, less space, less power, less heat generation and lower cost. The introduction of the integrated circuit was gradual, first encompassing only low frequency elements and then eventually high frequency active elements. Nonetheless, many passive elements external to the integrated circuits remained in TV tuner designs.
One advance, the SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter, made a significant change in that several manually tuned inductors and capacitors could be removed from the tuners and receive-filtering performance could be improved within a much smaller space and at reduced cost. However, the SAW filter, which is fabricated on a ceramic substrate, cannot be integrated on a silicon wafer with the rest of the active circuitry and must therefore remain a discrete component in the final design. The trend of the 1980's was to miniaturize all of the passive components and simplify their associated manual tuning at the factory. In recent years, TV tuners have been reduced in size from requiring fairly large enclosures, about 2″×5″×1″, to much smaller enclosures, about ½″×2″×⅜″. There is a high premium placed on small size because TV tuners are being used in smaller and smaller computers, television sets and VCRs. As the equipment in which tuners are used becomes smaller, the size of the TV tuner must decrease also.
As the size of the tuner goes down, and as tuners are used in a wider variety of devices, cost becomes more critical and must be reduced as much as possible in order not to represent a large portion of the final product cost. When a tuner is used in a television set, the tuner size is less critical because the television set inherently has a large mass. But when a tuner is used in other electronic equipment, space becomes a premium and the footprint of the tuner becomes critical.
Accordingly, it is one object of the invention to provide a TV tuner which has a relatively low cost and a small footprint for use on a printed circuit board.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a TV tuner that meets or exceeds the performance of state-of-the-art TV tuners while at the same time reducing the number of external components needed, thereby decreasing the complexity of the printed circuit board and the amount of circuit board area needed by the TV tuner.
It is the further object of the present invention to allow for computer control of the TV tuner by a serial bus so that the TV tuner may be controlled by a microcontroller imbedded in the television set, personal computer, or other video device.
It is the further object of the present invention to provide a TV tuner with computer-controlled output impedance characteristics to accommodate different load specifications.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other problems have been solved by a television tuner that receives a broad band of RF signals and converts a desired RF television channel to an IF signal having a picture carrier at 45.75 MHz. To accomplish this, an architecture was chosen to perform an up-conversion of the RF input signal to a higher internal frequency, which allows the present invention to have minimal filtering on the input stages of the receiver. The present invention is therefore able to operate without variable-tuned input filtering. This eliminates the need for precisely controlled variable tuned filters which must be mechanically aligned during manufacture and are subject to variation in performance due to age, temperature, humidity, vibration and power supply performance. This was a critical drawback of previous tuners that had to be eliminated because it is a source of tremendous error and distortion, as well as complexity.
The present invention allows a wide band of frequencies to enter the front end of the tuner circuit without removing frequencies in an input band pass tracking filter. An input filter allows RF signals, typically in the range from 55-806 MHz, to enter the circuit while rejecting high frequency signals above the television band. The input signal then passes through a low noise amplifier that controls the input signal level. Following the input filter and amplifier, the RF signal is converted to an IF signal in a dual mixer conversion circuit. The conversion circuit generally up-converts the RF to a first IF signal and then down-converts the first IF signal to a second IF signal having a 45.75 MHz picture carrier.
It is advantageous to have the up-conversion performed on-chip to avoid drive capability problems associated with high frequency signals and noise coupling problems resulting from integrated circuit external interconnections. Following the up-conversion, a first IF band pass filter performs coarse channel selection. The present invention next performs a down-conversion on the output of the first IF filter. The down-conversion may be accomplished by an image rejection mixing scheme that provides for a higher level of image rejection than that provided solely by the first IF filter. The use of an image rejection mixer for down-converting the first IF signal is optional depending upon the characteristics of the first IF filter and its ability to reject unwanted signals.
The present invention advantageously utilizes much less board space than previous designs (on the order of 5% to 10% of the prior art designs) and has the potential to dissipate less power. The present invention also advantageously operates on a single voltage level, as opposed to two or three levels for previous designs.
A further technical advantage of the present invention is that the need for a metal enclosure is reduced. Integration, by itself, allows for sufficient shielding to meet interference standards. The monolithic television (MTV) tuner embodied in the present invention is intended to replace the TV tuner modules presently used in most broadcast television receiver devices. The level of integration of the present invention dramatically reduces the cost of the basic TV tuner and enhances its manufacturability and reliability. The TV tuner of the present invention is controlled externally by a computer or controller via a digital serial bus interface, such as the (I2C) bus defined by Philips Electronics N.V. A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides an antenna input capable of being connected directly to a standard coaxial cable, thereby allowing both antenna and cable television applications.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is designed to operate on frequencies used for both over-the-air broadcasts and cable television with National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) encoded video. Receiver sensitivity is set to be limited by the antenna noise temperature for VHF systems. The present invention also employs a wide-range automatic gain control (AGC).
For analog television signals, the baseband video output of the present invention is leveled, or has minimal variation in video amplitude with respect to antenna RF signal level. Audio output is broadband composite to allow connection to an external MTS decoder.
Control is accomplished via a digital service bus interface. The bias and control circuits in a preferred embodiment of the present invention contain internal registers which can be updated via the control bus in response to changes in operating frequency, transmission standards such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM and MTS, power, and test modes. Status of the bias and control circuits can be checked via a status register accessible through the I2C bus interface. Status data include AFC error, channel lock and received signal strength indicator.
The operating frequency of the present invention is referenced to an external crystal or reference frequency generator. A minimum of external components are used in one embodiment of the present invention to reduce the need for tuning of any components.
The present invention may be implemented in Bipolar, BiCMOS, or CMOS processes. However, a preferred embodiment of the present invention employs a BiCMOS process to reduce the difficulty in developing the design by allowing maximum flexibility.
In the preferred embodiment, the present invention would be constructed entirely on a single integrated substrate. However, design, manufacturing and cost considerations may require that certain elements be embodied as discrete off-chip devices.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the integrated television tuner that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the monolithic television tuner will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Before discussing the monolithic television tuner of the present invention, it will be useful to discuss a state-of-the-art television tuner found in the prior art.
While there have been theoretical proposals to integrate TV tuners in a single microcircuit, none are known to have been implemented. The next best definition of the known prior art, then, is a highly miniaturized, but not fully integrated, tuner as shown in
Prior art television tuner 400 is comprised of three integrated circuits: preamplifier and mixer 405, IF and baseband signal processor 410 and frequency synthesizer and Inter Integrated Circuit (IIC or I2C) bus interface 415. Television tuner 400 is also comprised of a plurality of discrete components, including bandpass and image reject notch filter 404, bandpass and image reject notch filter 412, surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter 416, video carrier filter 424, and audio carrier phase shifter 460.
Television tuner 400 receives a standard television RF signal from either antenna 402 or a cable system connection (not shown) through bandpass and image reject notch filter 404. Bandpass and image reject notch filter 404 limits the signals entering TV tuner 400 so that a minimum number of undesired signals exist in TV tuner 400. Filter 404 therefore limits the image response caused by the first mixer, described later. Filter 404 also attenuates signals not in a fairly narrow (100 MHz) range about the desired signal. Finally, known interference signals, such as FM broadcast, shortwave service signals, signals in the intermediate frequency band and Citizen Band radio signals, are specifically rejected by filter 404.
Preamplifier 406 of preamplifier and mixer 405 receives the output of bandpass and image reject notch filter 404 and raises the signal level (10 dB) with minimum increase in the noise level (typically 8-10 dB). The gain of preamplifier 406 is controlled by automatic gain control (AGC) 438, so that when a very strong signal enters TV tuner 400, overall gain is reduced, resulting in less distortion in the preamplifier than without the gain reduction.
The output of preamplifier 406 is sent to bandpass and image reject notch filter 412, with the same basic requirement of minimizing the passage of potential interference signals. Filter 412 is external to preamplifier and mixer 405 and is comprised of a plurality of discrete elements, including capacitors, inductors and varactor diodes.
The output of bandpass and image reject notch filter 412 is then sent back to mixer 408 in preamplifier and mixer 405. Mixer 408 mixes the output of filter 412 with the output of a local oscillator, frequency synthesizer 442, which has a frequency chosen to be higher than the desired receiver carrier by 45.75 MHz. Thus, the output of mixer 408 is 45.75 MHz. There also is an image signal due to mixer 408 at 91.5 MHz above the input frequency, which is removed by filter 404 and filter 412. Therefore, as the frequency of frequency synthesizer 442 is tuned to receive signals of different carrier frequencies, the bandpass and image reject filters 404 and 412 must also be tuned to properly pass only the desired signals and not the mixer images.
Frequency synthesizer 442 receives an input frequency reference signal (usually 16 bits) and outputs the status signals AUTOMATIC FREQUENCY CONTROL (AFC) ERROR and FREQUENCY (FREQ) LOCK. Additionally, a tuning signal which is used by the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in frequency synthesizer 442 is output from frequency synthesizer 442 to bandpass and image reject notch filters 404 and 412. A local oscillator signal is output from frequency synthesizer 442 to mixer 408.
The 45.75 MHz output signal of mixer 408 then passes through SAW (surface acoustic wave) filter 416, which limits the bandwidth of the signal to only one (1) channel (6 MHz for NTSC standard) and applies a linear attenuation in frequency known as the Nyquist slope around the visual carrier frequency. The linear attenuation by SAW filter 416 converts the signal from a vestigial sideband signal to one which is equivalent to a single sideband with a carrier, so that the frequency response of the signal after demodulation is flat over the video bandwidth. SAW filter 416 is very "lossy" (on the order of 25 dB), so the input to SAW filter 416 is amplified by a preamplifier (not shown) by a corresponding amount to minimize noise effects.
The output of SAW filter 416 is input to intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier 420 in IF and baseband signal processor 410. IF amplifier 420 provides most of the overall gain of TV tuner 400 and receives gain control from AGC 448.
The output of IF amplifier 420 is sent to video detector 422 and is also sent off-chip to external video carrier filter 424. This is the stage at which video demodulation is performed. Video detector 422 is essentially a mixer with the local oscillator input connected to the output of video carrier filter 424 through carrier amplitude limiter 426. The output of the carrier limiter 426 is an in-phase representation of the video carrier signal without any modulation applied to it. The output of carrier limiter 426 is received by video detector 422, which mixes the output of carrier limiter 426 with the output of IF amplifier 420.
AFC frequency discriminator 440 is used in the prior art device to detect the difference between the carrier frequency contained in the output of carrier limiter 426 and a known valid carrier frequency reference. The output signal on the output of AFC frequency discriminator 440 is an error signal which is used to drive frequency synthesizer 442 in a direction that will reduce the error between the output of carrier limiter 426 and the known valid carrier frequency reference. The output of the video detector 422 is a baseband video signal combined with several high frequency mixing artifacts. These artifacts are removed by a video baseband filter 430. The output of video baseband filter 430 is fed to synchronization pulse clamp (sync clamp) 432, which sets the level of the sync pulses to a standard level.
Next, the output of sync clamp 432 is sent to noise invertor 434, which removes large noise spikes from the signal. The output of noise invertor 434 is sent to video buffer 436, which is configured to drive fairly high circuit board impedances of approximately 1000 to 2000 ohms.
The output of noise invertor 434 is also sent to AGC (automatic gain control) 438, which compares the level of the synchronization pulses to the signal blanking level to measure the incoming signal strength and generates a gain control signal which is used by IF amplifier 420 and RF preamplifier 406 to dynamically adjust the gain of the TV tuner 400 for the correct level at the final output.
The audio signal is an FM signal which follows the same path as the video through video detector 422. At the output of video detector 422, the audio signal appears as a subcarrier at 4.5 MHz, due to the fact that the audio signal comes into prior art TV tuner 400 4.5 MHz higher in frequency than the desired video carrier. The audio subcarrier is passed on to an FM quadrature demodulator. The FM quadrature demodulator is comprised of a mixer, audio second detector 450, and a 90 degree (at 4.5 MHz) phase shifter, audio carrier phase shifter 460. The output of the audio second detector 450 is a baseband audio signal, which is filtered by lowpass (30 kHz) filter 452 to remove any undesired high frequency components. The output of lowpass filter 452 is finally passed on to audio buffer 454, which drives an audio amplifier that ultimately drives a speaker. Serial digital interface 444 receives SERIAL DATA and SERIAL CLOCK inputs to provide control and update status for the prior art television receiver.
Baseband and image reject notch filters 404 and 412 are typically comprised of a plurality of capacitors, inductors and varactor diodes. Video carrier filter 424 is usually comprised of three discrete elements: an inductor and two capacitors. Likewise, audio carrier phase shifter 460 is also comprised of an inductor and two capacitors. In addition to the circuit elements shown as discrete components outside of circuit elements 405, 410 and 415 in
Turning now to
Following filter 101, the RF signal passes through delayed AGC amplifier 102 which operates in conjunction with IF AGC amplifier 116 to control the overall signal level in tuner 10. Amplifier 102 may be a variable gain amplifier or a variable gain attenuator in series) with a fixed gain amplifier. The preferred embodiment of amplifier 102 comprises a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a high linearity that is sufficient to pass the entire television band. Amplifier 102 functions to control high input signal levels in the received RF signal. Tuner 10 is capable of receiving signals from a variety of sources, such as an antenna or a cable television line. The cable television signals may have a signal strength of +15 dBmV and may comprise 100 cable channels. Amplifier 102 regulates the varying signal levels in this broad band of received channels.
Mixer 103 receives inputs from amplifier 102 and local oscillator 104. A first IF signal is generated in mixer 103 and provided to first IF filter 109. Filter 109 is a band pass filter that provides coarse channel selection in tuner 10. As a matter of design choice, filter 109 may be constructed on the same integrated circuit substrate as mixers 103 and 110 or filter 109 may be a discrete off-chip device. Filter 109 selects a narrow band of channels or even a single channel from the television signals in the first IF signal.
Following IF filter 109, mixer 110 mixes the first IF signal with a second local oscillator signal from local oscillator 111 to generate a second IF signal. Mixer 110 may be an image rejection mixer, if necessary, to reject unwanted image signals. The characteristics of first IF filter 109 will determine whether mixer 110 must provide image rejection. If the image frequencies of the desired channel are adequately attenuated by first IF filter 109, then mixer 110 may be a standard mixer.
Local oscillators 104 and 111 are controlled by tuning phase locked loop circuit 105. In the preferred embodiment, the local oscillator frequencies are selected so that the picture carrier of a particular channel in the RF signal will appear at 45.75 MHz in the second IF signal. However, it will be understood that the present invention is not limited to specific IF or LO frequencies. Tuning PLL circuit 105 receives reference signals from reference oscillator 106 which is driven by 5.25 MHz crystal 107. I2C 108 provides control inputs and monitors the status of tuner 10 and tuning PLL circuit 105.
In operation, the front end of tuner 10 receives the entire television band through filter 101 and amplifier 102. Following mixer 103, the RF input is converted so that a selected channel in the RF signal appears at a first IF frequency that is selected to pass through filter 109. The first IF frequency is then converted to a second IF frequency of 45.75 MHz at the output of mixer 110. The frequencies of the first and second local oscillator signals will vary depending upon the specific channel in the RF signal that is desired. In the preferred embodiment, the first local oscillator frequency is selected so that mixer 103 performs an up-conversion of the RF signal. Following filter 109, the first IF signal is then down-converted to 45.75 MHz in mixer 110.
Following mixer 110, the second IF signal is further processed by either digital or analog circuits. Second IF filter 113 may be constructed on the same integrated circuit substrate as the other elements of tuner circuit 10 or it may be a discrete off-chip device. When second IF filter 113 is a discrete off-chip element, then amplifiers 112 and 114 are used to provide proper impedances for filter 113 as well as to provide gain to maintain system noise performance. After amplifier 114, the signal either remains on-chip for further processing or it can be provided to an off-chip device, such as a decoder (not shown), through buffer 115.
If the signal is processed on-chip, then the second IF signal passes through IF AGC amplifier 116 which operates in conjunction with delayed AGC amplifier 102 to control the overall tuner gain. One output of amplifier 116 is provided to coherent oscillator (COHO) circuit 118. COHO 118 generates two reference signals, one that is in-phase with the 45.75 MHz second IF signal and another that is 90° out-of-phase with the second IF signal. A third output from COHO 118 is provided to frequency discriminator 120 which monitors the frequency of the signal that is processed in COHO 118 and generates a tuning error signal for I2C control 108.
AGC amplifier 116 also drives video detector 121 and audio detector 122. Video detector 121 mixes the second IF signal with the in-phase reference signal from COHO 118. AGC circuit 127 monitors the output of video detector 121 and adjusts the gain of amplifiers 102 and 116 in order to control the overall tuner gain. If an off-chip decoder is connected to tuner 10 through buffer 115, then the decoder can control the signal gain by providing an input directly to AGC 127.
The signal from video detector 121 passes through sound trap 124 which removes the audio carrier from the signal. The output of sound trap 124 drives noise clipping circuit 125 which removes large noise spikes which may be present in the video signal. Finally, a composite video signal is provided through buffer 126.
Audio detector 122 mixes the second IF signal with the 90° out-of-phase or quadrature signal from COHO 118. The output signal from audio detector 122 will contain an audio carrier at 4.5 MHz and a chroma carrier at approximately 3.6 MHz. Chroma reject filter 129 is a high pass filter that removes the picture and chroma carriers from the output of audio detector 122. The remaining audio signal is then mixed with a 5.25 MHz reference signal in mixer 130 to create a 750 KHz output. Sound filter 131 is a band pass filter that further filters the 750 KHz audio signal. FM demodulator 132 is a delay line type of demodulator which creates a standard composite audio signal from the 750 KHz FM audio signal. This audio signal is then provided as the composite audio signal through buffer 133.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of tuners 10 are placed on a single integrated substrate and a single RF input drives the plurality of tuners 10. This allows a single integrated device to concurrently provide different television channels through the output of each tuner. This embodiment could be used to drive a "picture-in-a-picture" display or any other display format that requires multiple tuners. In another alternative embodiment, the plurality of tuners on a single substrate are coupled to independent RF signal sources and provide independent television signals.
The present invention can be used in applications other than a conventional television receiver. Tuner 10 can be embodied as part of an "add-in" board or a component of a personal computer. This allows a user to receive and view television signals on the computer's display. The user could also record or capture television programs directly to the computer's memory. The computer could then be used to replay recorded programs or to manipulate or alter selected frames or segments of the captured video and audio signal, or the computer may capture data which may have been imbedded in the video signal.
Furthermore, the present invention will be understood to not be limited to an integrated substrate. Prior art tuners require the use of a narrow-band, tunable filter to eliminate undesired channels from the receiver. The present invention is distinguished over the prior art by allowing all frequencies in a desired band to enter the front-end of tuner 10 and by removing undesired channels through filtering of the IF signal.
Conversion circuit 20 has dual mixers 202 and 204 which receive LO signals LO1 and LO2 on lines A and B from local oscillator circuit 20.
In a television system, signals representing individual channels are assigned to specific frequencies in a defined frequency band. For example, in the United States, television signals are generally transmitted in a band from 55 MHz to 806 MHz. The received RF signals pass through a front-end filter 200. In the prior art, filter 200 usually was a bandpass tracking filter that allowed only a narrow range of frequencies to pass. In the preferred embodiment, filter 200 is a low pass filter that is designed to remove all frequencies above an input cutoff frequency. The input cutoff frequency is chosen to be higher than the frequencies of the channels in the television band. The output of filter 200 then passes through amplifier 201 to adjust the signal level that is provided to mixer 202. When conversion circuit 20 is used in a receiver circuit, amplifier 201 may be an automatic gain control (AGC) amplifier that is adjusted to maintain an overall receiver gain. Following amplifier 201, the RF signal is provided to mixer 202 where it is mixed with a local oscillator signal LO1 from local oscillator circuit 30. The output of mixer 202 is first intermediate frequency signal IF1. Typically, the frequency of LO1 is variable and will be selected based upon the channel in the RF signal that is being tuned. LO1 is selected so that mixing of LO1 and RF in mixer 202 generates an IF1 signal either at a specified frequency or within a narrow range of frequencies.
Following mixer 202, IF filter 203 is a band pass filter that is used to remove unwanted frequencies and spurious signals from the IF1 signal. The band of frequencies that are passed by filter 203 is a matter of design choice depending upon the IF1 frequency selected in each particular conversion circuit. In the preferred embodiment, IF filter 203 is centered at 1090 MHz and has a 14 MHz pass band. This allows the selected IF1 frequency to vary within 1083-1097 MHz. Mixer 204 receives both the filtered IF1 signal from filter 203 and a second local oscillator signal (LO2) from oscillator circuit 20. These signals are mixed to generate a second intermediate frequency (IF2) at the output of mixer 204. In the preferred embodiment, mixer 204 is an image rejection mixer that rejects image frequencies from the IF2 signal. LO2 may be a variable or fixed frequency depending upon whether IF1 is at a fixed frequency or if it varies over a range of frequencies. In either case, the frequency of LO2 is selected to generate a fixed frequency IF2 signal. The IF2 signal is provided through amplifier/buffer 205 to additional processing circuitry (not shown) to generate either digital or analog television signals. In the preferred embodiment, the frequency of IF2 is selected to be 45.75 MHz.
An additional consideration when using a dual mixer conversion circuit in a television receiver is the relationship of the picture, chroma and audio carriers in an analog television signal. This is discussed in the above-referenced applications.
For analog television signals, it is desirable to choose a combination of LO1 and LO2 so that the relationship between the picture, chroma and audio carriers is always the same in the IF2 signal. When the IF2 signal is further processed after amplifier 205, it may be a consideration that the analog processing circuits are able to find the chroma and audio carriers in the same place, either above or below the picture carrier, for every channel. In the preferred embodiment, LO1 and LO2 are selected so that the IF2 spectral relationship is the inverse of the RF spectral relationship. That is, the picture carrier is converted from an RF signal of 55-806 MHz to an IF2 signal at 45.75 MHz with the audio carrier 4.5 MHz below the picture carrier and the chroma carrier 3.6 MHz below the picture carrier.
The audio and chroma carriers are below the picture carrier frequency. This is accomplished by using the lower LO2 frequency (1041 MHz) with the higher LO1 frequency (1160.25 MHz) or using the higher LO2 frequency (1137.5 MHz) with the lower LO1 frequency (1018.5 MHz).
LO1 is generated in local oscillator circuit 30 (
Local oscillator circuit 30 and PLL1-4 31-34 are shown in greater detail in
The output of VCO1 31 is variable between 1145-1900 MHz on the high side and 572-1033 MHz on the low side. Frequencies below 572 MHz are not used in LO1 to minimize the introduction of interference frequencies into the conversion circuit. LO1 is chosen from within these ranges so that IF1 signal is within the 1090 MHz±7 MHz pass band of filter 303. The 5.25 MHz reference signal creates an output stepsize of 5.25 MHz in LO1 which is utilized for coarse tuning in conversion circuit 10. In the preferred embodiment, PLL1 31 has a bandwidth on the order of 500 KHz. A wide bandwidth is preferable to get good close-in phase noise characteristics.
Fine tuning (for example to the exact desired channel) is accomplished by LO2 which is produced by the operation of 3 phase lock loops PLL2 32, PLL3 33 and PLL4 34. PLL4 34 has the same basic configuration as PLL1 31. It has reference signal of 2.625 MHz which is input to phase comparator 335. The output of phase comparator 335 drives loop amplifier 332 which in turn drives VCO4 331. The output of VCO4 331 has frequency range of 220-440 MHz with a 2.625 MHz stepsize and is provided to two divider circuits. One output of VCO4 331 goes to a divider network comprised of ÷6/÷7 circuit 933 and ÷N circuit 334. The effect of divider network 333 and 334 is to divide the output signal of VCO4 330 back down to 2.625 MHz. This signal is then compared with the 2.625 MHz reference signal in phase comparator 335 to complete the phase locked loop. The other output of VCO4 331 is provided to ÷42 circuit 330. The output of divider 330 is a signal with a frequency range of 5.25-10.5 MHz and having a 62.5 KHz stepsize. The output of divider 330 serves as a reference signal for PLL2 32.
In PLL3 33, a 5.25 MHz reference signal is input to phase detector 322. Phase detector 322 drives loop amplifier 321 which in turn drives VCO3 320. The output of VCO3 33 is divided back down to 5.25 MHz by ÷N circuit 323 and then fed back into phase detector 322 to complete the loop. The output of VCO3 33 is selectable between 1128.75 MHz and 1034.25 MHz. The selection between these two frequencies determines whether LO2 is on the high side or the low side.
In PLL2 32, the signal from PLL4 34 is received by phase comparator 314 which in turn drives loop amplifier 313. The output of loop amplifier 313 controls VCO2 310. VCO2 310 provides the LO2 signal for mixer 204 over line B. The LO2 signal varies between 1134.75-1140.125 MHz on the high side and 1039.875-1045.125 MHz on the low side. Another output from VCO2 310 passes through buffer amplifier 311 and then drives image reject mixer 312. Mixer 312 receives its other input from PLL3 33. Since the signal from PPL3 33 is near the frequency of the LO2 signal in VCO2 310, it is important that the reverse isolation between mixer 312 and VCO2 310 is good to prevent the PLL3 33 signal from passing into the LO2 output of VCO2 310. The output of mixer 312 is provided to phase comparator 314 to complete the loop in PLL2 32.
In the preferred embodiment, the loop bandwidths of PLL2 32, PLL3 33 and PLL4 34 are all wide to provide good overall close-in phase noise. PLL2 32 and PLL3 33 have bandwidths of approximately 300-500 KHz. The bandwidth of PLL4 34 is approximately 200-300 KHz. These bandwidths give phase noise at 100 KHz that is satisfactory for most applications.
The architecture of the frequency synthesis system provides for several benefits with respect to the overall operation of the tuner system. These benefits are in providing a lower distortion detection means, immunity to injection locking, a frequency synthesis system that allows for wide bandwidth PLLs while preserving a small step size, and providing for a choice of reference frequency that is out-of-band and that can be directly used to down-convert the audio portion of the desired channel.
A wide loop bandwidth for LO1 and LO2 is preferred because this yields good close-in phase noise characteristics for these two signals. This is important because it allows the COHO to have a narrow loop bandwidth, which yields a lower distortion video detector. For example, certain content within the video signal, such as the horizontal sync signal at approximately 15 KHz, would be partially tracked by a wide band COHO leading to distortion in the detection process. If the bandwidth of the COHO is less than 15 KHz, then the COHO would not partially track the horizontal sync signal leading to a near distortion free detection process. In the prior art, the oscillators used for conversion to IF typically do not have good close-in phase noise characteristics, requiring a COHO with wide loop bandwidth to track out this noise. It is thus typical in the prior art to employ wider bandwidth COHO's, which have the undesirable trait of partially tracking strong signals in the video signal, such as horizontal sync, leading to distortion in the detection process.
It is generally known that the immunity of a phase locked loop to injection locking is determined by the product of the quality factor, Q, of the VCO and the loop bandwidth. For the case of a VCO implemented on a single chip, it is typically difficult to realize high Qs. This conflicts with the integrated circuit implementation of a RF system with PLLs in that the other circuitry sharing the common substrate is a source of spurs that then may be passed on to the PLLs output or lead to injection locking by the PLL. Since a high Q VCO is not feasible without external components, the benefit of a wide loop bandwidth of the PLL is more pronounced.
It is typical in the prior art to make the PLL reference frequency equal to the step size of the frequency synthesizer system. It is further typical of the prior art to employ a single loop frequency synthesizer to create the first LO in tuners. For example, if the step size of the system was 62.5 KHz, then the reference frequency to the single loop PLL would also be 62.5 KHz. It is highly desirable to suppress harmonics and spurs of the reference that are in band to a level below the noise floor of the VCO, requiring the loop bandwidth of the PLL to be less than the reference frequency. In the case where the reference is the step size, the loop bandwidth is rather narrow. Consequently, is a clear advantage of the frequency synthesizer described herein to provide both a small step size as well as a wide bandwidth for LO1 and LO2 providing for enhanced immunity to spurs as well as providing for a narrow bandwidth COHO.
A further advantage of the frequency synthesis system is that it can use a reference that is above the baseband frequencies. An example of such a frequency is 5.25 MHz. It should be noted that this 5.25 MHz reference is above the baseband signal of the system, thus avoiding in-band noise produced by the reference and its harmonics. A further advantage of this choice of reference is that it can be used directly by the audio subsystem to down convert the frequency modulated audio signal to a lower frequency usable by the sound filter and FM demodulator in the audio subsystem. This eliminates the need for a PLL to create this frequency.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
1. A receiver comprising:
- two or more dual conversion tuners, wherein each of said tuners comprises: a first mixer having a first input for receiving signals comprising a plurality of channels and a second input in communication with a first local oscillator signal, wherein said first mixer outputs a first intermediate signal; a first intermediate filter in communication with said first mixer wherein said first intermediate filter provides coarse signal selection by removing a first group of selected channels from said first intermediate signal; a second mixer having a first input in communication with said first intermediate filter and a second input in communication with a second local oscillator signal; and
- a second intermediate filter coupled to said second mixer, wherein said second intermediate filter provides fine signal selection by removing a second group of selected channels from said second intermediate signal, and wherein said first and second local oscillator signals are provided by a plurality of phase locked loops (PLLs); and
- a single RF input driving said tuners.
2. The receiver of claim 1 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter coupled to said first mixer and receiving said RF input.
3. The receiver of claim 1 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- a low noise amplifier providing input to said first mixer.
4. The receiver of claim 1 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter receiving said RF input, the output of said RF filter provided to a low noise amplifier coupled to said first mixer.
5. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said RF input provides antenna signals and cable television signals to said tuners.
6. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said receiver is included in a personal computer, thereby enabling said computer to receive and display television signals.
7. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said first and second mixers are constructed on a single integrated circuit substrate.
8. The receiver of claim 1 wherein said receiver is not entirely disposed upon an integrated substrate.
9. A receiver comprising:
- two or more dual conversion tuners, wherein each of said tuners comprises: a first mixer having a first input for receiving signals comprising a plurality of channels and a second input in communication with a first local oscillator signal, wherein said first mixer outputs a first intermediate signal; a first intermediate filter in communication with said first mixer wherein said first intermediate filter provides coarse signal selection by removing a first group of selected channels from said first intermediate signal; a second mixer having a first input in communication with said first intermediate filter and a second input in communication with a second local oscillator signal; and
- a second intermediate filter coupled to said second mixer, wherein said second intermediate filter provides fine signal selection by removing a second group of selected channels from said second intermediate signal, and wherein said first and second local oscillator signals are provided by a plurality of phase locked loops (PLLs); and
- two or more RF inputs, each driving at least one of said tuners.
10. The receiver of claim 9 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter coupled to said first mixer and receiving at least one of said RF inputs.
11. The receiver of claim 9 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises an amplifier in communication with said first mixer, wherein said amplifier receives said signals and passes said signals to said first mixer.
12. The receiver of claim 9 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter receiving at least one of said RF inputs, the output of said RF filter provided to a low noise amplifier coupled to said first mixer.
13. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said RF inputs provide antenna signals and cable television signals to said tuners.
14. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said receiver is included in a personal computer, thereby enabling said computer to receive and display television signals.
15. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said first and second mixers are constructed on a single integrated circuit substrate.
16. The receiver of claim 9 wherein said receiver is not entirely disposed upon an integrated substrate.
17. A receiver comprising two or more dual conversion tuners, wherein each of said tuners comprises:
- a first mixer having a first input for receiving signals comprising a plurality of channels and a second input in communication with a first local oscillator signal, wherein said first mixer outputs a first intermediate signal;
- a first intermediate filter in communication with said first mixer wherein said first intermediate filter provides coarse signal selection by removing a first group of selected channels from said first intermediate signal;
- a second mixer having a first input in communication with said first intermediate filter and a second input in communication with a second local oscillator signal; and
- a second intermediate filter coupled to said second mixer, wherein said second intermediate filter provides fine signal selection by removing a second group of selected channels from said second intermediate signal, and wherein said first and second local oscillator signals are provided by a plurality of phase locked loops (PLLs); said receiver included in a personal computer, thereby enabling said computer to receive and display television signals.
18. The receiver of claim 17 further comprising a single RF input driving said tuners.
19. The receiver of claim 18 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter coupled to said first mixer and receiving said RF input.
20. The receiver of claim 18 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- a low noise amplifier providing input to said first mixer.
21. The receiver of claim 18 wherein one or more of said tuners further comprises:
- an RF filter receiving said RF input, the output of said RF filter provided to a low noise amplifier coupled to said first mixer.
22. The receiver of claim 17 wherein said RF input provides antenna signals and cable television signals to said tuners.
23. The receiver of claim 17 further comprising two or more RF inputs, each driving at least one of said tuners.
24. The receiver of claim 17 wherein said receiver is included in a personal computer, thereby enabling said computer to receive and display television signals.
25. The receiver of claim 17 wherein said first and second mixers are constructed on a single integrated circuit substrate.
26. The receiver of claim 17 further comprising an amplifier in communication with said first mixer, wherein said amplifier receives said signal and passes said signal to said first mixer.
27. The receiver of claim 17 wherein said receiver is not entirely disposed upon an integrated substrate.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Jul 14, 2006
Date of Patent: May 26, 2009
Patent Publication Number: 20060256242
Assignee: Microtune (Texas), L.P. (Plano, TX)
Inventors: Vince Birleson (West Tawakoni, TX), Albert Taddiken (Farmersville, TX), Ken Clayton (Plano, TX)
Primary Examiner: Wesner Sajous
Attorney: Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.
Application Number: 11/486,706
International Classification: H04N 5/44 (20060101); H04L 7/00 (20060101); H04L 1/173 (20060101); H04B 7/00 (20060101); H04B 1/06 (20060101); H04N 5/50 (20060101);


text:
* (out of four)
After sleeping with blatantly terrible guys and then whining about how terrible they are, stunning beauties (Cameron Richardson of "Entourage," Sophie Monk of "Date Movie") decide the best way to get men is clonking them over the head with a surfboard and seducing them when they wake up. I don't get it, either.
The buzz: For the time being, "Hard Breakers" is opening only in Miami and San Diego before it arrives shortly on DVD. (Clearly Midwesterners can't understand a movie that in any way involves surfboards.) In pursuit of unintentionally bad camp, I just couldn't resist reviewing a movie whose supporting cast includes Tia Carrere, Tom Arnold, Sticky Fingaz, Alexis Arquette and Chris Kattan.
The verdict: Was the requirement for casting simply a proof of purchase at Hollister? This surfing sex comedy does no favors to any of those words, and words don't really seem to be familiar territory to most of these characters in the first place. The one star awarded to the film is only for Kattan's amusingly sleazy movie producer. Virtually every other moment of this awkward nonsense proves only how far certain stars have fallen and that beautiful people can, in fact, be so dumb that they're undateable. As if anyone didn't know that.
Did you know? The movie actually features a "boing boing" noise as Alexis (Richardson) elbows Lindsay's (Monk) breast. Really.
Watch Matt on "You & Me This Morning," Fridays at 7 a.m. on WCIU, the U

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Alphonse Mucha (July 14, 1860-July 24, 1939) was born in the Southern Moravian town of Ivan_ice in the present-day Czech Republic, and is widely considered to be the master of the Czech Art Nouveau style. Mucha's distinctive posters and advertisements, many featuring female figures, are notable for their creative use of color palettes, intricate gilding, and lettering. His love and study of drawing began at an early age, and his artistic education continued when, in 1887, he moved to Paris, to study and work producing illustrations for advertisements and magazines. In the early 1890s, Mucha began designing posters featuring the actress Sarah Bernhardt, gaining him widespread success. In addition to his advertisements for liquors, cigarettes, and theatrical events, Mucha is known for his serial prints, which cover a range of subjects such as the four seasons, the times of day, and the arts. Though his style was considered outdated at the time of his death, his lithographs and posters have become internationally recognized for their importance to the Art Nouveau movement. View all of Alphonse Mucha's work.
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Flat Sawn Walnut's wavy grain and array of knots bring warmth and character to any environment. Its rich heartwood coupled with pale ivory accent bands make Walnut a distinct domestic wood that is prized around the world.
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dudeabides brauchte ein neues Button oder Icon Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 21 Designs von 8 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
DudeAbides (company name withheld)
We are building a social game for the fantasy football market. We are looking for some generic, but appropriately stylish football-related badges designed for our first release. We are a growing startup and there is the possibility of additional work as we roll out the game mechanics via additional releases.
The 25-30M Fantasy Football players or NFL fans.
The deliverables will be 4 badges identical in size and style to the badges used on Foursquare. Transparent background and ideally saved via photoshop.
The Badge titles will be the following:
1) Rookie (in geek-speak, that means Newbie)
2) Mini-Camp/OTA (these are terms related to the offseason practices held by NFL teams)
3) Training Camp Junkie
4) Scout
The Training Camp Junkie and Scout badges will also have denominations, i.e., the user will get a Scout 5X badge for repeating that particular action 5 times. This should be the same design but can be any designation that signifies a 5X version of the accomplishment (possibly a different color? That's up to you.)
The specific additional denominations are:
Training Camp Junkie: 5, 25
Scout: 5, 10
Please ask if this is not clear.


text:
Words cannot describe how much I pity the journalist who has to try to write -- in roughly 18 inches of type -- a mainstream news report on the decision by Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams to step down from his beleaguered throne at the ripe old age of 61. Has there ever been a religious leader who disappointed so many different people in so many different ways?
Yet, even as I say that, I freely acknowledge that he will be remembered as the unlucky fellow who -- through his willingness to make Anglican compromise after Anglican compromise, to shout "Peace! Peace!" when there was known peace -- will be known managed to hold the global Anglican Communion "together," whatever that word means, when the odds were totally stacked against him.
This is precisely the reality that is captured in The New York Times story on this long-awaited announcement.
The lede is long, long, long and, brothers and sisters, it had to be.
LONDON -- After a decade of struggling inconclusively to keep the worldwide Anglican Communion from breaking apart over such intractable issues as women clergy, gay bishops and same-sex marriage, the Most Rev. Rowan Williams, the archbishop of Canterbury, announced on Friday that he will step down at the end of year to take up a high position Cambridge University, switching from a turbulent era in the church to academia.
This story has holes in it, in large part because of length issues. However, I am sure that many Anglicans -- on the left and right, for radically different reasons -- would have liked to have seen at least one paragraph that captured the degree to which Williams had once been a well-published voice in favor of the modernization of Anglican theological on sexual morality. I believe that it's likely that he will veer back to the candid left, now that he has stepped down.
However, he was willing to shelve many of his own views in order to accomplish one major goal, which was to avoid being the archbishop who sat in the throne of Canterbury while the Anglican Communion exploded into formal, as opposed to informal, schism. He is stepping down without having to look the queen in the eye and deliver that particular bad news.
The most serious flaw in this rather solid story is that it never delivers a fact paragraph or two containing the hard, cold statistics that face his successor in terms of life in local pews and at local altars.
As we have long stressed here at GetRelgion, coverage of the Anglican wars is incomplete without some acknowledgement that the conflicts are unfolding at the local, regional, national and global levels. In this case, at the very least, readers needed to know what is statistically going on (a) in the pews of British churches and (b) at the global level, where First World churches (mostly liberal in doctrinal approach) are in rapid decline, while Global South churches (mostly conservative on doctrine) are experiencing rapid growth.
Instead we simply read that Williams:
... will be leaving a church struggling with dwindling congregations and torn by corrosive debates over issues ranging from homosexuality to the role of women in the church. ...
In his decade in office, Dr. Williams has never seemed a confrontational figure, seeking consensus on the most contentious issues coursing through the church at a time when the institution has also been challenged by some secular Britons seeking the exclusion of faith from public life, akin to the concept of laïcité in France.
Indeed, a recent survey conducted by a secular group found that almost a half of those identifying themselves as Christians had attended no church services over the past year other than those for weddings, funerals and baptisms. Many were not familiar with the Bible, the survey found, and the proportion of Britons identifying themselves as Christians had slipped from around three-quarters to just over a half.
And then there's the slight confusion over the meaning of the word "liberal" in this description of the recent controversies over the "occupy" demonstrations near St. Paul's Cathedral.
Tell me, what does the word "liberal" mean in this context in terms of creedal doctrines?
Within days of setting up a tented camp, virtually on the cathedral steps, the occupiers drew adversaries from among many of the most powerful people in Britain, including Prime Minister David Cameron and the mayor of London, Boris Johnson -- who supported legal moves for the protesters' eviction -- and bankers and financiers who saw the camp as a threat to London's appeal as a financial center.
A rancorous debate within the Church of England had hard-liners retreating in the face of a powerful group of liberal theologians led by Dr. Williams, who argued for an acceptance of the protesters and their cause. The liberals saw the protest as an opportunity to steer the church toward a renewed embrace of Gospel teachings on social justice.
To me, that sounds like a clash between political liberals and political conservatives, not between doctrinal liberals and doctrinal conservatives. That's a completely different situation, in terms of traditions and ancient doctrines, than the clashes over the moral status of sex outside of marriage or the evolution of the Anglican priesthood. That's a different level of debate, compared with clashes over the Virgin Birth of whether Jesus Christ was raised from the dead.
However, like I said at the beginning, this was an almost impossible story to write for a daily newspaper on this side of the Atlantic.
So, how did the British papers do? Hold that thought. That's Father George Conger's beat.


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Tough Love in League - Be Fair, Beware, Be Warned
Brochure is attached at the bottom of the article.
* Automatic send off's for punching
* Zero tolerance of fighting
* Abandoning games for Melee's
* Minimum suspensions for violence
* Stamping out abuse of match officials
Be FAIR
The NSW Junior Leagues will crack down on violence in the Grassroots game. Leagues have agreed to the "Tough Love in League" regulations.
The program has the endorsement of the NSW Rugby League, and is documented in this brochure.
No longer will a minority ruin the Rugby League experience for the vast majority.
The "Tough Love in League" (TLIL) program was designed with four key objectives in mind:
1. To reduce the amount of violence in the Grassroots game.
2. To take pressure off young and inexperienced referees and match officials.
3. To make the Junior League experience safe, fair and fun for all.
4. To encourage increased participation in the game. Desired program outcomes, include:
* Reduced on field violence.
* Elimination of unsavoury behaviour towards referees.
* Stop "all in" melees.
* Remove repeat offenders from the game (both teams and individuals).
* Reduce the number of matches being abandoned because of poor behaviour.
* Stop spectators from entering the field.
* Educate players at a young age that violence in our game will not be tolerated.
1. Charge Sheets
1.1 All Leagues are encouraged to use standardised "send off charge sheets".
2. Legal Representation
2.1 A player may take legal representation into a judiciary hearing. However the Judiciary may suspend such a hearing until it retains legal representation on its own behalf.
3. Video Evidence
3.1 Junior Leagues are encouraged to provide video coverage at all Sunday JL games. This will assist with judiciary procedures, and for citing purposes.
4. On Field Violence
NRL Laws of the Game
Player's Misconduct - A player is guilty of misconduct if he: a) Trips, kicks or strikes another player. "When instances of misconduct occur, unless there is an advantage to the non-offending side, a penalty is awarded against the offender. Note: (a) is considered to be foul play and may warrant instant dismissal. They are not Sin Bin offences".
4.1 Zero tolerance of fighting on the field. Any player who throws a punch or "strikes" another during a match will be automatically sent from the field. If that player is subsequently found guilty at Judiciary, the MINIMUM penalty will be a one week suspension.
4.2 Any player found guilty of breaching rule 4.1 for the third time in a season will incur an automatic MINIMUM 12 month suspension from the game.
4.3 A "TIME OUT" system will be introduced whenever a severe "melee" occurs. A melee is considered to be misconduct involving more than two players in the game at any one time.
The referee will signal a "TIME OUT" period and call for the ground manager to bring both coaches' onto the field. Teams are to be taken to opposite ends of the field and spoken to by their respective coaches.
The referee will then dismiss from the field offending players under the TLIL policy (4.1).
The ground manager and referees will decide when play will resume. A repeat "melee" will result in the match automatically being abandoned.
If a match is abandoned after a time out period, the respective coach's from the offending teams will face a Code of Conduct panel hearing.
4.4 Penalties for abandoned games will be at the discretion of the local League as there can be many different circumstances to consider when judging such cases. The NSWRL would urge that in the majority of cases that games are not replayed, and teams are liable for loss of competition points.
4.5 Any team that has had more than two abandoned matches in a season will be automatically disqualified from that competition for that season.
4.6 Any player who runs onto the field of play from the team "bench" area during a match will be automatically sent from the field and incur a MINIMUM six week suspension if found guilty at Judiciary.
5. Match Official Abuse
5.1 Any player or official found guilty of touching a referee or official in an aggressive or inappropriate manner will be disqualified from the game for a minimum period of 12 months.
5.2 Any player or official who verbally abuses or intimidates a referee or match official will be dismissed from the field and face Judiciary for further judgment.
6. Spectators
6.1 Any spectator who enters the playing area with intent, will automatically be banned from attending any Junior League fixtures for a MINIMUM period of twelve months and will be liable to pay a fine under the ARL Code of Conduct.
6.2 If a person breaches a disqualification under rule 6.1, the team and or club that the person is associated with will be liable for penalty under the ARL Code of Conduct.
7. Trainers, Coaches and Managers
7.1 If a trainer, coach or manager touches an opposition player during a "melee" an automatic MINIMUM six week suspension will apply if that person is found guilty of such an offence.
For the "Tough Love in League" regulations to be successful, they will require the complete cooperation from all involved in the game at grassroots level. There will be pain before there is gain.
If our game is to flourish, we need to rid it of the element that ruins the enjoyment that so many people get from it week in and week out. We need to make it fair, safe and enjoyable for all involved.
Be FAIR
Comment Guidelines: The SportsTG Network is made up of players, families and passionate sports followers like you who have a strong opinion about sport. That's great - we want you to have your say and share your thoughts with the world. However, we have a few rules that you must follow to keep it fun for all. Please don't be rude, abusive, swear or vilify others. Apart from some pretty serious sport sanctions, we also can ban you and report you if things get out of hand. So play fair and have fun, and thanks for your contribution.


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Blame The Parents: White & Black Kids Being Bias Towards Lighter Skin! Adult Asks Them What Skin Color They Thought Were More Bad & More (Subconscious Racism Exists)
With CNN's Cooper
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A body found in a burnt-out car is that of a woman, police have confirmed.
West Midlands Police said a 34-year-old man arrested on suspicion of murder is continuing to be questioned.
Officers made the discovery after being called to reports of a car fire in Fentham Road in the Erdington area of Birmingham at around 8.30pm on Tuesday.
Post-mortem tests are due to take place later today.
The victim is yet to be identified.
Detective Inspector Warren Hines, of West Midlands Police CID, said yesterday: "We are in the very early stages of what is likely to be a very complex investigation into an exceptionally unusual crime.
"An arrest has been made and we are not looking for anyone else in connection with this matter.
"Officers and staff from a range of departments across the force are working hard to establish what has happened, but I am asking that anyone with information which may help gets in touch as a matter of urgency."
Anyone with relevant information is urged to call police on 101.
Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article.


text: RS17 0 Report post Posted May 2, 2012 Hi there! I'm new to the forum...I kind of nosed around and didn't see anything that could answer my question. Everyone seems so knowledgeable and friendly, so I'm diving right in. I have been put in charge of a school's ceramics program with an old tried-and-true Amaco gas kiln (9 cubic feet) for glaze firing. The previous teacher didn't leave any info or logs behind, so I've had to ask around to see what is best for glaze firing in gas kilns (but everyone seems to have electric kilns at schools these days!). I've been doing fairly well with glaze firings but it's been taking from 7 am to 5 pm to reach ^6 temp, and I'm stuck there after school waiting and waiting...is this a normal time frame for a glaze firing? How long should these glaze firings take? Can anyone out there give me a ballpark estimate as to what the temperature ramp over the length of the firing should be? I would appreciate it! Thanks! Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Human Resources -- Benefit Information
Employee Benefits
Full-time employees work 40 hours a week and receive the full complement of company benefits. Part-time employees are eligible for paid vacation. Those who work more than 1,000 hours a year may be eligible for holiday pay and participation in Paddock's retirement programs.
The Daily Herald offers employees a choice from two medical plans which provide a full complement of benefits to protect employees and their dependents against catastrophic medical expenses. Preventive maintenance is also covered. Coverage for new employees begins after one month of employment.
Employees may elect dental insurance after one month of employment. Which provides comprehensive dental benefits and offers routine exams and cleanings.
Life insurance provides benefits to your beneficiaries when you die. Accidental Death and Dismemberment insurance provides additional benefits when resulted from an accident. Coverage for new employees begins one month after employment.
Disability insurance provides financial protection for you and your family in the event that you become temporarily or permanently disabled.
We also offer flexible spending accounts that allow you to set tax-free dollars aside to pay for dependent care or medical, dental, and vision out-of-pocket expenses.
Employees are awarded paid vacation based on years of service with the company, and also have the option to buy one week of vacation. After six months of service, employees may take one paid personal day off each year.
401K enables employees to set aside from 1 to 50 percent of their pay in a tax deferred account.
The Employee Stock Bonus Plan funds are contributed by the company and are not dependent on your participation in the 401K program. Employees are eligible to participate in both plans the month after one year of service, if a minimum of 1,000 hours are worked in the year.
Full-time employees of the Daily Herald receive seven paid holidays after one month of employment; part-time employees who work 12 consecutive months with 1,000 hours are eligible for holiday pay.
Additional benefits include, but are not limited to the following: Discounts on classified ads, free newspaper daily at the office; or discount on home delivery.


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Police in Mississippi were preparing an arrest warrant Thursday for actor and former TV host Gary Collins for leaving the scene of a car accident.
Jackson officer Colendula Green said police were waiting for a judge to sign off on the warrant. She said there's no indication Collins was drinking when his Jeep rear-ended a Ford Focus at a stop light Tuesday afternoon in Jackson.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Celebs In Rehab
Collins attorney, Tom Royals, said he expects his client to face a misdemeanor charge not much more serious than a traffic violation.
"That's reasonable," Royals said.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Mug Shot Mania
Green said the 72-year-old Collins exchanged information with the other driver, but allegedly said it was taking too long for police to arrive and left. An officer went to his house and wrote him a ticket. The warrant was being prepared because the other driver pressed charges for him allegedly leaving the scene.
Royals said Collins "waited for a period of time and then left before police showed up," though he didn't know how long he waited.
Collins is married to Mary Anne Mobley, a former Miss America from Brandon, Miss. They spend some of the their time in the area, and Royals said they made this trip to Mississippi to handle the estate from the recent death of Mobley's mother.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Primetime Hunks
Collins was sentenced in 2007 to four days in jail over a car wreck in California. Police blamed that accident on the driver of the other car, but Collins pleaded no contest to misdemeanor driving under the influence.
Collins starred in the 1970s series "The Sixth Sense" and has made appearances on such series as "JAG," ''Yes, Dear" and "The Young and the Restless," as well as on "The New Hollywood Squares."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Hottest Hollywood Dads!
Collins hosted the talk show "Hour Magazine" in the 1980s, for which he won a daytime Emmy in 1983.
Copyright 2010 by Associated Press. All rights reserved.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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text: A cup of pumpkin ice cream with chunks of frozen candy cap mushrooms. The candy cap variety is said to have the fragrance of maple syrup. Jeff Moreau hide caption toggle caption Jeff Moreau The Salt Mushroom Ice Cream, Anyone? Chefs Turning To Veggies For Dessert December 7, 2012 Unafraid of the supposed barrier between sweet and savory, many chefs are incorporating vegetables like tomatoes, eggplants, and even mushrooms into new dessert recipes. But are they any healthier? Actually, yes, says a nutritionist.


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fxEconoStats: Regional Economic Statistics Analysis
See the big picture.
View the latest economic figures graphed against historical economic data for major economic regions. Figures are compiled from data from central banks, national statistics offices, and other official sources.
Zoom in on a particular time period, or zoom out to see movement over the past decade. View animations of weekly changes to yield curves. Save particular graphs, or email them to colleagues.
Quick Links
Quick Access to Regional Economic Data
fxEconoStats provides charts for a variety of economic figures for most major economies:
- Interest rates, including specific rates as available (such as overnight rates, discount rates, prime rates, minimum bid rates, yield curves, bond rates, and so on)
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Employment and unemployment
- Production and business activity figures such as retail sales and housing starts
- Price indexes such as Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Producer Price Index (PPI)
- International status figures such as current accounts and trade balances
- Commodity prices (with the ability to graph percentage price changes over time)
- Stock prices such as the S&P, NASDAQ and Dow, including these stock prices in Euro and Yen.
- Foreign exchange prices of all major pairs such as EUR/USD, GBP/USD, EUR/CHF, USD/JPY, etc.
Charts vary by country or region (depending on the data available).
User Guide
A quick user guide to better understand all fxEconoStats features.


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If you are Billy Devaney, general manager of the St. Louis Rams, you get to choose between hundreds of the prospects your front office deems draftable. Any player you want is yours. You can have the pick of the litter.
But really, you have no choice at all.
You have to take Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford. And you know it.
Why choose Bradford over other top rated prospects like Oklahoma defensive tackle Gerald McCoy or Nebraska defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh?
Because Bradford is a quarterback, silly.
If your team doesn't have a quarterback it believes it can win with, and the ratings are close between the top rated quarterback and a player at any other position, your team must take the quarterback. The value of the position offsets the fact that a player at another position might have a slightly higher grade.
"You can justify taking a lower-rated QB because of the importance of the position," said former NFL general manager Charley Casserly, who chose David Carr first overall in 2002 ahead of Julius Peppers. "If you don't have a quarterback, you're not going to win. Now, you have to make sure you are picking the right player and you're not forcing a guy to fill a need. Teams can fall into the trap of saying, 'If we don't get one now, we'll never get one.' But if your pick the wrong guy, well, you don't have one anyway."
The key is believing in the quarterback. And it's hard to find someone who does not believe in Bradford.
"You'd be crazy not to pick him first," one veteran college scouting director said. "It's been a long time since a kid worked out as well as him. He's a better athlete than you think. He has a strong arm, he's accurate and he's composed. They compare his intangibles to Peyton Manning's — off the charts."
If there had been any hesitancy about Bradford, it was because he sat out most of the season with a shoulder injury. But the shoulder has passed all the tests, and there is no reason to think any less of him now than before the injury. If he would have left school early in 2009, he probably would have been the first pick in the draft last year, ahead of Matthew Stafford.
With the Rams, Bradford is expected to be in a situation that will be foreign to him, however. The Rams were the worst team in the NFL last season. Oklahoma has been one of the best teams in the NCAA during his reign as a starter.
Among those who have helped him look good at Oklahoma are offensive tackle Trent Williams and tight end Jermaine Gresham, both of whom are expected to join Bradford as first-round picks, as well as former second-round pick Phil Loadholt, former third-round pick Juaquin Iglesias, former second-round pick Malcolm Kelly and former first-round pick Adrian Peterson.
He will have a heavier burden on his shoulders in St. Louis than he ever did in Norman. The hopes and dreams of an entire franchise will thrive or fade with Bradford.
And really, that's another reason why the Rams have to take him. The only way to give the limping Rams a shot of adrenaline is to take the quarterback. It's about perception as well as reality.
How excited could St. Louis get about a defensive tackle? And besides, Bradford probably has more potential for greatness than either Suh or McCoy.
"McCoy and Suh are good players, but I don't know they are as special as Bradford," said Casserly, who now works for NFL Network and CBS Sports. "I think Bradford is better at his position than they are at theirs."
So really, the only question is this: who should be picked second?
Q: What's going to happen to Jason Campbell?
— Shelia Fox, Alexandria, Va.
A: My educated guess is he's going to end up competing for a starting job elsewhere, perhaps in Oakland.
The Redskins are trying to trade him. So far, the trade market for him hasn't offered much. But that could change, either on draft day, or after the draft. It's also possible the Redskins will keep him as their backup, as coach Mike Shanahan has not dismissed this possibility.
Q: Why would Pete Carroll give Mike Williams a chance with the Seahawks? I know he was great for Pete at USC, but that just seems ridiculous.
— Josh D. Redmond, Wash.
A: Nothing wrong with window shopping — and that's all Carroll has done up to this point. Williams had enough talent to be the tenth player chosen in the 2005 draft. And he's only 26 years old.
But there is a reason Williams has been cut by three teams. He has not been able to control his weight or do the little things it takes to be successful in the NFL. Unless he has had an epiphany, Williams won't make it in Seattle either.
Q: Is Dez Bryant the best receiver available in the draft?
— Chuck, Lawrence, Kan.
A: Yes, and I say that with no reservations. He is the best package of size, speed and athleticism. The only knocks on Bryant have been regarding his personality.
And the latest information I have is many teams think the "character" concerns with Bryant have been overblown. They seem him more as an immature kid who came from a terrible background than as a troublemaker and recalcitrant.
Q: Why can't an onsides kick be fairly caught? In reading the rules, the kicking team is not allowed to interfere with the receiving team's reception, yet onsides kicks look to be a free-for-all. What gives?
— Mike Jackson, Lancaster, Penn.
A: Onside kicks usually are low kicks, or squib kicks. It's difficult to call for a fair catch on a kick that isn't high in the air. And onside kicks become free for alls after they bounce off of players on the receiving team.


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© 2016 - Warner Bros. Pictures
Running Time: 100 min.
Release Date: September 23, 2016
DVD: December 20, 2016
Blu-ray: December 20, 2016
Netflix: August 6, 2018
Current rating:
based on 62 votes and 17 reviews
Rate Movie | Read all user reviews
Cast: Andy Samberg, Kelsey Grammer, Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, Jennifer Aniston, Ty Burrell, Danny Trejo
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How big are they? An interactive guide to public sector cuts
The Newman government's cuts to the size of the public service have generated controversy. But what do the reductions look like visually?
Our interactive graphic, above, allows readers to see the shape and size of the public sector in June 2012 and compare it with the changes outlined in the September budget papers.
The departments are scaled to show their relative sizes. It's clear that Queensland Health and the Department of Education, Training and Employment are the two biggest employers in the state's public sector.
Select June 2012 to see the make-up of the public sector at the time of an audit by the Public Sector Commission and then toggle to September 2012 to see the shrinkage foreshadowed by the Newman government's first state budget.
Hover over each department to see how many employees are expected to remain working there this financial year following the cuts. The red number in brackets indicates the exact number of full-time-equivalent staff set to receive redundancies, according to the budget papers.
The bracketed number of redundancies is not the simple difference between staff numbers in June and September. The size of departments varies from month to month and some departments, such as the Queensland Police Service, will have growth in some areas but redundancies in other areas.
Delivering the budget, Treasurer Tim Nicholls confirmed cuts would lead to a 14,000 reduction in the number of full-time-equivalent positions in the public service.
About 10,600 of these would result in redundancy payouts – with other reductions to positions occurring either through non-filling of vacant roles or ending temporary contracts.
Mr Nicholls said about $800 million in government funds had been set aside for redundancy payouts.
But the cuts, combined with the former government's voluntary separation program and the new government's 3 per cent employee expenses cap, would produce a net saving $3.7 billion over the four-year budget cycle, he said.
In the graphic, we have used the redundancy figures outlined in the formal budget papers.
The budget refers to 4140 Queensland Health redundancies, but the government insists the overall Queensland Health reduction will be 2754 Health employees.
Health Minister Lawrence Springborg said the government had been looking for savings equivalent to 4142 positions but had reduced the figure by saving funds allocated for positions not yet created. He said a further 384 positions were added to accommodate growth, leaving a total reduction of 2754.
All figures in the graphic refer to full-time-equivalent positions. This is why the June 2012 audit figures include decimal places. A full-time worker counts as 1, while a part-time worker counts as less than 1 depending on what fraction of a full-time shift is worked.


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David Dickerson necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 190 diseños de 46 diseñadores freelance.
I am starting a orthopaedic surgery practice with a focus on sports medicine. I need an ideal logo to be used on our website, business cards, letterheads, and signage. I'm looking for something that symbolizes an active lifestyle and performance.
Performance Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine
I am starting an orthopaedic surgery practice with a focus on sports medicine. However, I do perform all orthopaedic procedures.
I would like a logo that conveys an active lifestyle, sports, and performance, but does not alienate the less active population. Having figures performing sports is not required, but is an option. I will leave the specifics of the design to a creative designer.
I prefer clean lines and the incorporation of a logo that can be separated from the name of the business as a watermark, etc. It should also be memorable, and easily recognizable.
Color Possibilities:- Dark Blue- Light Blue- Black and/or grey- But do not feel limited.
The text stating "Performance Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine" should be separable from the actual logo so they do not have to be used together.
The logo should reflect the motion and activity within my patient's lives, considering that we are a sports medicine practice.
Steer away from formal fonts. I prefer fonts that are smooth, with less jagged edges.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.