text:
Intake | Probation Services | Specialized Services | Residential Services | Educational Programs
Intake | Mediation | Home Study Investigations | Probation
Volunteer and Internship Program | Volunteer Interpreter Program | Victim's Services Program | Restitution Services
Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) Program | Victim Assistance Network | Fairfax County Women's Shelter | ADAPT Program | Volunteer Learning Program
A. Intake
Juvenile Intake handles all juvenile delinquency complaints and petitions concerning children in need of services; children in need of supervision; status offenders; abused or neglected children (petitions filed by Department of Family Services); commitment of mentally ill adults and children; and non contested third party custody cases.
Hours of Operation
- Central Intake Services - 8am to 10pm, Monday - Friday (general public); 8am - midnight for Police
- North, South, East County Intake Services - 8am to 4:30pm, Monday - Friday
- Extended hours available at Juvenile Detention Center for Police with youth in custody - Midnight to 7am, Monday - Friday, 24 hours on weekends
Diversion Programs: Juvenile Intake Services provides a variety of diversion programs in lieu of the formal court process. This is according to section 16.1-227 of the Code of Virginia, which describes the purpose and intent of the juvenile court to divert when possible, consistent with the protection of public safety, those cases that can be handled through alternative programs. Charges typically include minor misdemeanor cases which may be resolved by informal arbitration and sanctions.
A child participating in a diversion program may be required to attend a Diversion Hearing in which a hearing officer, the juvenile, the parents and/or the complainants discuss the situation. At the conclusion, the hearing officer imposes some type of sanction, which could include but is not limited to: STOP (Shoplifter Theft Offender Programs), SAFE (Substance Abuse Focused Education Program), Firestop Program, Community Service, Restitution and contributions to charitable organizations.
A child may also be required to participate in a 90 day Monitored Diversion Program in which in addition to an imposed sanction, they are monitored by a diversion counselor.
For a child to be diverted from the formal court process, probable cause that a crime has been committed must be present and the complainant must be willing to prosecute if the child fails their diversion. Additionally, the child and family must be willing to participate in any treatment programs or sanctions deemed appropriate by the hearing officer or diversion counselor. A court petition may be filed for non-compliance if either diversion program fails or if the child accrues an additional charge during their monitoring period.
Parents Support Group: The Fairfax Juvenile Court sponsors a Parents Support Group coordinated by the Court's Central Intake Services. The group meets in Room 201.1 at the Fairfax Courthouse each Tuesday evening at 7:30pm. The group is free of charge and is limited to parents or custodians and focuses discussion among parents and Intake Counselors on the following problems: runaway behavior, truancy, alcohol/drug abuse, and serious behavioral problems at home, school or community. Parents or custodians are welcome to attend whether or not their children are Court involved, and includes those families whose child/children may currently be on probation. For further information on this group, interested parties may contact the J&DR Court's Central Intake Unit at 703-246-2495.
B. Probation Services
The Code of Virginia requires all Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts (JDRDC) to provide probation services. When the court places a juvenile on probation, the Court refers the case to one of the Court's four Probation Services Units. When the Fairfax County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court places a juvenile on probation, the Court refers the juvenile's case to one of the following four Probation Services Units operated by the Court Services Unit.
- South County Services, 8350 Richmond Hwy, Suite 119, Alexandria, VA, 22309, Phone 703-704-6004
- North County Services, 1850 Cameron Glen Dr, Suite 400, Reston, VA, 20190, Phone 703-481-4014
- East County Services, 2812 Old Lee Hwy, Suite 100, Fairfax, VA, 22031, Phone 703-204-1016
- Center County Services, 4000 Chain Bridge Rd., Suite 2200, Fairfax, VA 22030, Phone 703-246-6500
As much as possible, cases are assigned to individual probation officers by the school a probationer attends. This practice allows for mutual support between school officials and Court Services staff, places emphasis on the importance of education to the productive future of probationers and provides the opportunity for an on-going exchange of information about probationers.
School Probation Officer Program: Jointly sponsored by the Court and the Fairfax County Public School Board, teachers in selected intermediate and high schools are designated as part-time probation counselors. They attempt to handle student problems through counseling and referral either before or after the students become involved with the Court. Court probation officers work closely with school staff to assist them in supervision of youth placed on probation.
C. Specialized Services
Effective reduction of future offenses by juveniles is of critical importance to the Court. Consequently, many specialized services have been developed to enhance Court intervention. These include parole; diagnostic services; community service, family counseling; and coordination of direct Court placements.
Parole: The parole unit provides supervision and case management to youth committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) and to those youth who have been discharged from the juvenile correctional centers. Youth are eligible for commitment after being convicted of one felony or four class one misdemeanors. Following commitment to DJJ, youth are transferred to the Reception and Diagnostic Center in Richmond for intake and evaluation. In the majority of committed cases, DJJ has the sole authority to determine the length of time a youth will stay in their custody. This length of stay is based on their committing offenses and any prior criminal history. The court can set sentences in more serious cases, as specified in the Code of Virginia. DJJ operates several juvenile correctional centers, and may assign youth to any of the centers depending on their age, sex, and individual circumstances. While committed, youth interact with their Parole Officer in order to maximize the services provided by the center, and prepare for their release. Parole Officers can obtain transitional services for youth including counseling and vocational services. Parole Officers also provide supervision to ensure compliance with parole rules and to provide for community safety. Parole staff may refer youth to halfway houses for those unable to return directly to the community. Parole staff also provide case management and counseling to youth while they are incarcerated.
SHOCAP (Serious or Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Plan) is a joint effort of the Court, local police departments, and allied social services agencies to enhance supervision and services to the SHOCAP program population. To qualify for SHOCAP, a youth must meet conviction criteria established by the Code of Virginia. Information about youth in the program may be shared between agencies to enhance services and supervision.
Interdisciplinary Team: Section 16.1-278.5 of the Code of Virginia necessitated the establishment of an interagency team to review and make recommendations on youth adjudicated to be Children In Need of Supervision (truants and runaways), prior to the Court making a final disposition. Members of the Inter-disciplinary Team include: mental health, public schools, alcohol and drug services, Court Services staff and the Department of Family Services. The team is coordinated by the Assistant Director of the Family Systems Counseling unit. The purpose of the team is to evaluate a youth's individualized service needs for the Court's consideration in its dispositional findings. Due to the interagency approach and early intervention strategies, the team is able to address a multitude of problems faced by the youth and families.
Psychological Services: Judges may order psychological evaluations as part of social investigations for juveniles within the purview of the Court. Probation counselors also may request such evaluations during the course of social investigations to aid in the formulation of treatment plans. Although private doctors and psychologists perform some of these evaluations, emergency cases are performed by staff psychologists from the Community Services Board assigned to the Court.
Diagnostic Team: The Diagnostic Team is an interagency group whose membership includes a psychologist assigned to the Court and, according to the particular case under consideration, representatives from the Health Department, the Department of Family Services (DFS), the school board, and other agencies. The group reviews especially difficult cases referred by judges, probation counselors, and DFS case workers, and reports its recommendations to the judges. Most juveniles whose cases come before the team have failed to respond to prior treatment efforts. The team considers a range of specialized diagnostic evaluations about each juvenile it sees and facilitates collaboration among the different agencies whose cooperation is required to implement recommended treatment plans. Special emphasis is placed on checking whether community resources have been exhausted before recommending the removal of any juvenile from the community.
Special Placements: In July 1993, in accordance with the implementation of the Comprehensive Services Act (CSA), funds for the purchase of residential placements and for non-residential services for Court youths were transferred from the State level to the local government level. Five Family Assessment and Planning Teams review the need for services and are responsible for ensuring that existing local resources have been used prior to approval of out-of-home placements. When a placement is approved, the team's emphasis is on selecting the least restrictive placement while still meeting the needs of the youth. The Court's two placement coordinators assume casework responsibilities for placements and provide probation/parole supervision to those youths. They visit youths in placement, work with the placement in achieving treatment goals, and work with parents toward changes that will ensure the youth's successful return to the community. Supervision continues for a minimum of six months once a youth returns home. Placement coordinators are also responsible for administrative functions (e.g., billing and encumbrances) for non-residential services approved under the CSA. Placement Coordinators also serve as standing members of the Family Assessment and Planning Teams, representing the Juvenile Court.
Juvenile/Adult Sex Offender Program: The Sex Offender Program is a treatment program provided by private providers and is available to juveniles and adults adjudicated by the Juvenile Court to be guilty of sex offenses. The Court may order the client to receive an assessment prior to final disposition.
Community Services Program: The Community Service Program (CSP) serves as a resource for the Informal Hearing Officer Program and as a dispositional option for the judges. The program assigns youth to work without pay in a governmental or non-profit agency. Youth are assigned a certain number of hours to perform according to the seriousness and number of offenses for which they are adjudicated not innocent. Those who fail to complete their hours are subject to a show cause order for contempt of court. The program also offers mini-CSP sites that operate on weekends under the supervision of court volunteers to probation violators who are referred for an informal sanction by their probation counselor. Four probation counselors serve as staff for CSP.
Pursuant to VA Code Ann. § 16.1-278 a juvenile convicted of various status and/or criminal offenses can be ordered to hours of community service. The number of hours to be worked is established by the judge at the time of sentencing. The program coordinator establishes and monitors the placement while day-to-day supervision is provided by the job site supervisor. Failure to complete the hours assigned results in a return to court.
The program is designed for and is most successful with first and second time misdemeanor offenders. The age range for the program is from 13 to 18 years of age. Job site supervisors are not able to handle chronic delinquent, assaultive, or emotionally disturbed youth. Community Service orders arranged by individuals, families, or attorneys are discouraged.
Generally, the Court has guidelines that establish the number of community service hours. The project discourages setting a specific time limit in which to complete the community service as this type of directive contravenes program procedures.
Evening Reporting Center: The Evening Reporting Center is a 30 day non-residential program designed to provide an alternative to detention for youth on probation who commit technical violations or other delinquent acts. It is a community-based program that is a part of the Juvenile Court continuum of graduated sanctions. The goal is to develop skills in youth that support pro-social behaviors. Admission Criteria consist of:
- Within the purview of the Fairfax County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court
- On probation or parole and living within the boundaries of the South County Probation Office
- Age 14-18 years (younger youth will be considered on a case by case basis)
- Facing court action for violation of probation/parole or new criminal offenses
- Agreeing to in lieu of a probation violation being filed
- Are of moderate to high risk to re-offend based on the Department of Juvenile Justice Risk Assessment
D. Residential Services
Zero Tolerance Policy
FCJDRDC Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) Policy - The Fairfax County JDRDC Residential Services has a Zero Tolerance Policy for any form of sexual abuse, sexual misconduct or sexual harassment. It is the policy of the FCJDRDC to ensure that sexual activity between staff and juveniles, volunteers or contract personnel and juveniles, regardless of consensual status, is prohibited and subject to administrative disciplinary action and/or criminal prosecution.
Resident to resident sexual activity, sexual assault, rape, sexual conduct and sexual contact as defined in this policy and within the Code of Virginia are also prohibited. All residents are expected to have a clear understanding that the FCJDRDC Residential Services strictly prohibits any type of sexual activity with another resident, staff member, volunteer or contract personnel which includes sexual abuse, sexual harassment and sexual misconduct. Any form of founded sexual activity is considered to be a serious breach of this policy and will not be tolerated. Engaging in a personal and/or sexual relationship may result in program related discipline and/or possible criminal prosecution.
To make sure that sexual misconduct is reported, the Fairfax County JDRDC Residential Services has several ways for parents and third parties to report. You may use the reporting method with which you are most comfortable.
- Contacting the PREA reporting hotline at 1-855-602-7001
- Emailing email@example.com
For emotional support services related to sexual abuse, contact Fairfax Office for Women & Domestic and Sexual Violence Services at 703-324-5730; 703-360-7273 (24-hour hotline)
|JDRDC 2016 Annual Report of PREA Sexual Abuse Incidents
JDRDC 2015 Annual Report of PREA Sexual Abuse Incidents
2016 Memorandum of Understanding
|pdf file - 0.43 MB
pdf file - 0.37 MB
pdf file - 0.56 MB
Supervised Release Services: Supervised Release Services (SRS) encompasses the Outreach Detention and Electronic Monitoring Programs. It provides highly structured supervision, monitoring, and services to juveniles who are awaiting adjudication or final disposition of charges, and might otherwise be detained at the Juvenile Detention Center or placed at the Less Secure Shelter. Judges may release juveniles to SRS at a detention hearing, or an adjudication or dispositional hearing, on the condition that they follow the rules established by the Court in conjunction with the SRS program. SRS staff meet with the assigned juveniles immediately after their release to SRS, or within 24 hours, to establish SRS rules as required by State minimum standards. Staff also orient juveniles and parents to other expectations, such as frequency and place of visits, and sanctions for rule violations. SRS staff visit juveniles four times per week, which include at least once every other day, weekdays, and weekends. Visits take place at a juvenile's home, place of employment, or school. Staff contact parents or guardians at least weekly. SRS also manages the Intensive Supervision Program.
Intensive Supervision Program: The Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) provides evening and weekend supervision to youth identified as serious or habitual offenders through SHOCAP and youth on parole/probation who have been identified as high-risk to reoffend through a risk assessment. ISP staff work rotating shifts so that at least one probation officer is monitoring the behavior of these youth in the community each night of the week. They conduct home visits to confirm adherence to curfews and administer urine screens and Breathalyzer tests. These probation officers provide crisis intervention counseling to families (if needed) submit progress reports to the supervising probation officers, share information with local police departments, and carry portable police radios. The service is an adjunct to standard probation supervision.
Residential Pre-Dispositional Placements: In more serious cases which are not informally diverted, the Court intake counselor must decide whether juveniles should be detained or placed outside of their home prior to a Court hearing or whether they can be released to parents or a guardian. If detention is necessary, the available options pending the Court's detention hearing are release to parents or responsible adult, placement in the Less Secure Shelter, or the Fairfax Juvenile Detention Center.
The decision by Intake to detain a juvenile outside of his/her home is made if the juvenile presents a danger to the community or to themselves, and the judge may decide to detain if it is determined that the juvenile is unlikely to appear for the Court hearing. In all cases in which juveniles are placed outside of their homes pending a Court hearing, a judicial determination to continue detention must be made by a judge the next working day after a juvenile is first detained to ensure that continued detention is appropriate.
The Juvenile Court runs two pre-dispositional placement facilities for juveniles: the Less Secure Shelter and the Fairfax County Juvenile Detention Center.
Shelter Care II (formerly Less Secure Shelter): The Shelter Care II is a non-secure facility serving boys and girls, ages 10-17, who are Children in Need of Supervision or Services, and delinquent offenders with minor criminal records. Youth are ordered into the program through a court order or a shelter care order. The program provides individual and group counseling, as well as a parent support/education group. The residents attend the on-grounds school staffed by Fairfax County Public Schools teachers. The facility provides a safe and structured environment where youth can start examining the behavior that prompted their removal from home, as well as their court involvement.
Juvenile Detention Center: The Juvenile Detention Center is a secure pre-dispositional holding facility originally opened in October 1982 with a capacity for 33 boys and girls. The facility expanded to a capacity of 44 beds in April 1991, 55 beds in October 1992, and to 121 beds in 1998. It is designed both architecturally and programmatically to reduce stress for the residents while providing control and safety. Security is maintained through physical surveillance and personal contact between staff and detainees, rather than through electronic equipment; the extensive use of internal windows facilitates surveillance without being obtrusive. A glass-lined circulation corridor surrounds an open inner courtyard with small-group living areas, each organized as a set of 11 bedrooms opening into a common day room, to replace the traditional cellblock. The building provides specialized single-purpose space for schooling, arts and crafts, physical exercise, dining, intake, reception, and administration. Special attention is paid to screening medical needs, and to providing a balanced low-sugar diet. The program has received numerous facility and employee awards for outstanding performance.
Residential Post-Dispositional Placements
Foundations (formerly the Girls Probation House or GPH): The Girls Probation House, established in 1975, provides court-involved adolescent females who exhibit chronic behavioral problems, an individualized, structured and rehabilitative treatment program in the local community. Now called the Variable Stay Program, it is family-oriented, short to moderate term, and has a capacity to serve 12 residents ranging in age from 13 to 17. The program serves both CHINS and delinquent female offenders placed in the facility by judicial order, but does not treat those with severe emotional, mental health, and substance abuse issues. The program provides a structured environment which emphasizes the acceptance of personal responsibility and accountability by residents through means of a 3-level program of behavior modification, positive peer culture, individual, group and intensive family counseling, and weekly parent/community groups. Based on the premise that girls need to gain a sense of independence, self control, and self confidence, treatment is designed to alter the cycle of dysfunctional behavior, foster healthy emotional functioning, strengthen family and academic functioning, and successfully facilitate the return of residents to their homes and communities. The Fairfax County Public Schools provides two teachers who address the educational needs of residents in an on-site daily school program.
A Shelter Care Program has been added to address the needs of shelter care residents placed in the facility by judicial order. Length of stay and intensity of treatment is based upon needs of residents, who are often then transferred into the Variable Stay Program.
Boys Probation House (BPH): BPH is a community based residential treatment facility for male probationers. The referral process starts with the probation officer or judge referring the juvenile for an interview. If he is appropriate for the program the judge then orders the juvenile to complete one of the two programs offered by the facility.
The Therapeutic Treatment Program has a capacity of sixteen boys. It is a highly structured program designed to reduce chronic delinquent behavior and emphasize the acceptance of personal responsibility by participants. This program accepts boys who are between fourteen and seventeen years of age and takes nine to twelve months to successfully complete. Program participants are assigned to one of two groups. Each group has eight members. Residents participate in program activities with the members of their assigned group. Major goals of treatment are to make residents more responsible for their behavior, help them learn to make better decisions in their lives, and promote an understanding and acceptance of the role of authority and its value in their daily lives. Parental involvement is required and considered crucial to successful treatment.
Beta Program: The Beta Program was created to address the issues and needs of juveniles sentenced under Code of Virginia 16.1-284.1. It is a therapeutic program which confines youth for up to six months in the Juvenile Detention Center and provides the Court an alternative to committing youth to the Department of Juvenile Justice (in accordance with 16.1-284.1). The Beta Program also has six months of aftercare after the youth has completed the six months of confinement component. Interventions are structured to address delinquency, behavioral/mental health, substance abuse and educational issues. Some of these treatment areas may be anger management, developing positive coping skills, maintaining healthy relationships, decision-making, moral reasoning, identifying and setting boundaries. Services include individual and group counseling, family therapy, a psycho-education, and substance abuse treatment. The Beta Program also utilizes the Nurturing Parent Program, Victim Impact Classes, and a creative art curriculum in address various delinquency issues. The program's Counseling, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse staff services the residents. An on-site Fairfax County Public Alternative School addresses the educational needs of all youth. Three full time teachers and additional educational staff within the Juvenile Detention Center staff the Beta Program School.
The 11-bed program accommodates male offenders ages 14 - 17. To enter the program juveniles must be referred by a probation officer and must complete an admissions assessment with Beta Program Administration to determine their appropriateness for placement following the youth being court ordered into the program. The Code requires that the youth must be 14 years of age or older, has not previously been and is not currently adjudicated delinquent of a violent juvenile felony or found guilty of a violent juvenile felony and has not been released from the custody of the Department of Juvenile Justice within the previous 18 months. Furthermore, the interest of the juvenile and the community requires that the juvenile be placed under legal restraint or discipline, and that other placements authorized under title 16.1 will not serve the best interest of the juvenile. The Code further requires that the court shall order the juvenile committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice if he is eligible but suspended such commitment and conduct mandatory review hearings at least once during each thirty-day period of confinement. The program does not accept youth who are psychotic or those requiring sex-offender treatment services.
E. Educational Programs
Alternative Schools: The Court and the Fairfax County Public School Board collaborate in operating or supporting a variety of alternative schools for youngsters who are unable to benefit from the ordinary public school experience. Five of these schools were created by joint action of the court and the School Board: the Falls Bridge School in Reston; the Hillwood High School, and Blackwell Middle School in Merrifield; the Sager School in Fairfax City; and the Gunston School in Mount Vernon. The Court provides facilities and administrative support and the School Board provides full-time teacher, books and supplies for each school. Each school has the capacity to handle from 8 to 10 students under probation supervision by the Court who have experiences behavior and/or attendance problems in school. Students are referred by their probation counselors who closely monitor their attendance in the alternative schools. Students received individualized remedial instruction, designed to enable them to either return to a regular school, obtain a high school equivalency diploma, or enroll in a vocational or work-study program within one year.
The Independent Study Program: In 1992, the Fairfax Juvenile Court and Fairfax County Public Schools developed the Independent Study Program with up to 35 youths on probation or parole. The program is designed to address the educational needs of youth who have been unable to benefit from traditional class room instruction or alternative school programs. The program's four teachers serve youths who are pending expulsion, or who have been expelled but permitted to attend the specialized program by the School Board. The Independent Study program has educational and work components. Youths meet with teachers twice each week for school assignments and individual instruction. They are encouraged to find employment to supplement their Education. Job placements are coordinated by each youth's probation counselor and teacher. Program participants can earn GEDs, or if possible, be mainstreamed back into their base school.
Volunteer Learning Program: The Volunteer Learning Program is an individualized tutoring program available to all residents of Fairfax County. In addition to the School Board, which provides one full-time coordinator and 3 part-time assistants, and the Court, which provides office space, the program is also sponsored by Fairfax County Public Libraries which provide space for tutoring and training activity. The program coordinators recruit, train, and supervise volunteers who serve as tutors for persons needing remedial assistance to pass the High School Equivalency Test. The program coordinators and their assistant also diagnose individual educational needs and match appropriate tutors to students and make referrals to Adult Learning Centers. Tutors and students meet one-on-one twice weekly, usually in a library, to work toward a selected academic goal. Tutors are also assigned to the learning centers and court residential programs. Many students are Court-referred; other referrals come from the public schools, other agencies, and other program participants.
The School Probation Officer Program: Jointly sponsored by the Court and the School Board, teachers in selected intermediate and high schools are designated as part-time probation counselors. They attempt to handle student problems through counseling and referral either before or after the students become involved with the Court. They also assist the assigned primary probation counselor in supervising court client in the school setting.
A. Adult Intake
Domestic Relations Adult Intake handles all adult criminal offenses against children or family members, and family complaints including child and spousal support disputes, child custody and visitation disputes, and family abuse. Domestic Relations Intake and Services are located on the 2nd floor of the Fairfax Courthouse, 4110 Chain Bridge Road, Fairfax, VA 22030, in Suite 202, phone 703-246-3040.
Hours of Operation - 8:00 am to 4:30 pm, Monday - Friday, it is best if you make an appointment.
For a family abuse situation, it is best to call early in the day to make an appointment. This way you may be able to come in the same day or the next day. Without an appointment, you may have to wait longer to talk to someone and may not be prepared with all the information you will need for the appointment. For custody, visitation, or support issues, call as soon as possible because it may take two weeks or more before you get an appointment. Intake services are available one day per week at the South County office. Intake interviews may be scheduled after 4:30 p.m. depending upon factual circumstances and the availability of an intake clerk.
Petitions and complaints are drafted and signed at the time of the initial intake interview and sent to be assigned a Court date. Petition forms for support, protective orders and other state forms are available to attorneys from intake personnel or from Virginia's Court Page.
B. Mediation
Mediation services are available through Domestic Relations Intake Services in support, custody, and other cases in which both parties agree to participate or in cases where mediation is ordered by the Court. The Virginia Code authorizes Court mediators to assess a fee at the discretion of the judge ordering the mediation. However, the general policy of the Fairfax Juvenile Court has been not to assess costs for Court mediation services.
C. Home Study Investigations
Home study investigations are conducted by Domestic Relations Intake Services only when ordered by the Court. A fee may be charged in each case based upon the income of the parties.
D. Probation
The adult probation officers of the Domestic Relations Services staff provide probation supervision to adults convicted of misdemeanor offenses against children or family members. A substantial proportion of adult offenders on probation have been convicted of spousal abuse or sexual offenses against children. Adult probation officers meet with probationers at least once per month. They monitor probationers' activities, assess treatment and services needs, tailor service plans to meet the needs, and monitor probationers' participation in court ordered treatment or services. Adult probation officers file probation violations against probationers alleged to be in violation of probation rules. Additionally, adult probation officers provide courtesy probation supervision to other courts.
III. Administrative Services
A. Volunteer and Internship Program
Applicants for volunteer and intern positions must be at least 21 years of age unless otherwise stated. Experience working with juveniles is preferred for relevant positions. An orientation to the court and on-the-job training is provided. Benefits include experience working with juveniles and families in the court system. Volunteer positions require a minimum commitment of six months or as otherwise stated.
Prior to beginning a volunteer or intern position with JDRDC, applicants must successfully pass a criminal history background check, which includes FBI fingerprint check, Child Protective Services (CPS) Registry check, criminal and driving record checks and personal reference checks.
Volunteer Positions
Attorney Advisement Day Assistant: Interview defendants; assist in processing paperwork to determine eligibility for court-appointed attorneys
Administrative Assistant: Work with administrative staff in various offices. Primary duties include answering phones and referring calls; distributing reports, mail, and other documents; copying and collating documents for distribution.
Court Administrative Assistant: Assist court clerks with administrative duties related to Driver's License ceremonies and in the financial office.
Community Service Program Assistant: Interview clients, set up community service sites, monitor client progress with community service assignment, and administrative duties such as data entry and filing.
Interpreter (Spanish): Facilitate communication between court staff and clients, primarily domestic relations' cases. 1 year commitment preferred.
Research Assistant: Assist court research staff in research activities including: providing support for research, evaluation and statistical reporting to support CSU programs; providing support on statistical analysis, customer satisfaction survey administration, and the production of the agency annual report and any other special projects assigned to the research analysts.
Supervised Visitation and Exchange Program Assistant: Primary duties include meeting and waiting with clients prior to visitation or exchange, escorting children to and from the car and visitation room, monitoring time and visitation with non-custodial parents, assisting to ensure rules of visitation are followed.
Internship Positions
One and two semester internships are offered to students seeking six to twelve hours of academic credit or a minimum of 250 total hours per term. Internships are offered during summer, fall and/or spring terms. Internships vary in length depending on the university program requirements and Court needs. Some internships may comprise more than one term. To request an application, please contact the Volunteer Services Coordinator at 703-246-4395. Applications are accepted and interviews are scheduled during the following months for the corresponding terms:
|Applications Accepted/Interviews Scheduled
|Fall (September-December)
|March - June
|Spring (January-April/May)
|September - October
|Summer (May-August)
|January - March
Assist intake staff in conducting client interviews and gathering information for writing Pre-Court Interdisciplinary (IDT) Reports. Assist staff in monitoring diversion cases. Assist clerical staff with various administrative tasks.
Minimum requirement: Junior level undergraduate student. Prefer undergraduate Administration/Criminal Justice students with exceptional writing skills. Prefer one semester commitment; spring term only.
Assist intake staff in filing petitions regarding custody, visitation, support, and family violence. Assist probation staff in providing supervision to adults convicted of misdemeanor offenses against children or family members. This may include learning the court process by attending a variety of court hearings including violation hearings, arraignments and trials. Learn the responsibilities of an adult probation officer which may include visiting adults in facilities, attending and participating in meetings and learning appropriate record keeping methods. Interview clients placed on probation, conduct investigations, assist in referring clients to appropriate resources and write reports.
Prefer senior level undergraduate student majoring in Administration/Criminal Justice or pre-law.
Assist in providing supervision to youths placed on probation. This may include learning the court process by attending a variety of court hearings to include violation hearings, detention hearings and trials. Learn the responsibilities of a probation officer which may include visiting youths in facilities, attending and participating in professional meetings and learning appropriate record keeping methods. Interview juveniles placed on probation, conduct investigations, assist in referring clients to appropriate resources, formulate plans for supervision and write reports.
Minimum requirement: Junior level undergraduate student. Prefer two semester commitment but will consider one semester interns.
Under supervision of a counselor, supervise residents, including monitor and document behavior in the facility log. Accompany and interact with residents in various activities in the community. Observe and process individual, family and group resident counseling sessions with staff; process learning opportunities, experiences, and or obstacles.
Prefer two-semester, Master-level social work or counseling students. Under certain circumstances will consider undergraduate students and one-semester interns.
Under direct supervision, monitors cases involving juvenile delinquents and assists in the rehabilitation of individuals. Reviews and obtains necessary signatures on rules of conduct, supervision plans, and confidentiality forms. Adheres to client and family contact standards, gathers information from parents, school officials, and other collateral contacts to provide appropriate case services. Prepares for detention hearings involving children not assigned to probation units by reviewing the Court's files, interviewing defendants, parents, the complainant, and collecting all information relevant to statutory criteria for detention. Records daily case activity and maintains case files in accordance with DJJ standards.
Prefer undergraduate Administration/Criminal Justice students. Prefer two semester commitment; available at least 16 hours per week, preferably Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
Under direct supervision, provides emotional support to the victim and advocates on behalf of the victim to the Commonwealth Attorney, in cooperation with probation staff, to insure their rights to participate in offender's sentencing. Provides advanced notice of court proceedings; prepares the victim for court. Assists in writing Victim Impact Statements and the filing of a Victim Statement for Financial Loss. Arranges victim/offender meetings. Provides resource referrals for counseling, medical or psychological services. Assists in obtaining compensation through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund, notification of offender status, and enforcement of Restitution orders. Assists in obtaining payee and payment information for restitution cases.
Prefer graduate level Administration/Criminal Justice or social work students. Prefer two semester commitment.
Under direct supervision, assists in client intakes, visitations and exchanges of families involved in the Court's Supervised Visitation program. Assists in modeling appropriate parenting, interaction and communication skills with children. Assists in linking clients to services based on client assessment. Documents supervised visits and exchanges as required by program. Documents and reports suspected child abuse per mandated requirements. Assists in completing and maintaining documentation in client files. Assists in gathering and reporting statistical information for future program planning and updating procedural manuals, parent information packets, etc. as needed.
Minimum requirement: Junior level undergraduate student. One or two semester commitment. Day, evening and weekend hours are required.
Under direct supervision, assists in providing supervision to youths placed with the Evening Reporting Center. Assists in interviewing referred clients, monitoring participant behavior and activities. Assists in writing daily reports to probation officers, writing court reports and discharge summaries, and learning appropriate recordkeeping methods.
Prefer undergraduate Administration/Criminal Justice students. One or two semester commitment. Day and evening hours are required.
For additional information or to apply, please contact the Volunteer Services Coordinator | Fairfax County Juvenile & Domestic Relations District Court | 4110 Chain Bridge Road | Fairfax, VA 22030 | Phone 703-246-4395 | TTY 711
B. Volunteer Interpreter Program
The Volunteer Interpreter Program (VIP) assists staff working with individuals for whom English is a barrier. This helps clients and visitors to access appropriate court services as well as court staff to more effectively process clients. The program currently provides Spanish language interpretation, and some other languages are available upon request. Volunteer interpreters are available for all units and facilities. However, courtroom service is limited to civil status hearings, protective order hearings, and criminal advisement hearings. Interpretation services consist of face-to-face interpretations between staff and clients as well as telephone interpretations. Translation services for written documents are also available. The Language Access Coordinator coordinates the program.
C. Victim's Services Program
The State of Virginia enacted the Virginia Crime Victim and Witness Rights Act (19.2-11.0 Code of Virginia) circa 1995 to address the needs of victims. In response, the Victim Services Program was developed to aid victims who have been victimized by juvenile offenders. Victim referral forms are completed by the complainant during the intake process and are forwarded to Victim Services by the Juvenile Intake staff. The victim, adult or juvenile, is contacted and afforded the choice to actively participate, with appropriate assistance, in all stages of the criminal justice process. Services provided to the victim include but are not limited to emotional support, advanced notice of court proceedings, preparing the victim for court, home visits, assistance in writing Victim Impact Statements and filing Restitution Claim Forms, arrangement of victim/offender meetings, resource referrals for counseling, medical or psychological services, assistance in obtaining compensation through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Fund and notification of offender status. Victim services staff advocate on behalf of the victim to the Commonwealth's Attorney, in cooperation with probation staff, to insure their rights to participate in an offender's sentencing and to have knowledge of any plea agreement being offered to the court. In addition, probation staff may call upon Victim Services to obtain information from the victim when preparing an Investigation and Report for the court or to request a probation meeting, with a probationer, for the purpose of victim impact education.
D. Restitution Services
If a defendant (adult or juvenile) is convicted of an offense which has resulted in property loss, property damage or personal injury, the court may order him or her to pay restitution to the victim. Restitution officers are responsible for enforcing restitution orders. The Restitution Office is part of the Court Administrative Services but is located in the Central Intake Office. A restitution officer meets with any defendant who owes restitution immediately after the restitution order is entered and explains the procedure for making restitution payments, and establishes a payment plan and schedule with the defendant. The defendant must send payments to the court so that the restitution officer can track the payments and monitor compliance with the court's order. The restitution officer records the payments and then forwards them to the victim.
A. Court Appointed special Advocate Program (CASA)
The CASA program started in Fairfax County in 1988; the Virginia General Assembly established a statewide CASA program in 1990. The CASA worker is a trained counselor volunteer who is appointed by a judge in abuse/neglect proceedings. As a child advocate, the CASA volunteer has 3 main responsibilities:
- Serve as a fact finder for the judge and Guardian ad litem by thoroughly researching the background of each assigned case;
- Represent the child's best interest to the court through the preparation and filing of a written report detailing the CASA's case investigations and recommendations; and
- Continue to interact with the child and family for the duration of the case, or as ordered by the court
The Fairfax CASA office is located at 4101 Chain Bridge Road, Fairfax, VA; their office number is 703-273-3526.
B. Victim Assistance Network
The Fairfax County Victim Assistance Network is sponsored by the Community Services Board and provides counseling and advocacy services for victims of sexual assault and domestic violence. 703-360-7273.
C. Fairfax County Women's Shelter
The Women's Shelter is another free program sponsored by the Community Services Board. It offers temporary housing, food, children's services, and custodial support to women and their children who need refuge from violence in the home. 703-435-4940.
D. ADAPT Program
Sponsored by the Community Services Board, the Anger and Domestic Abuse Prevention & Treatment (ADAPT) program offers counseling and treatment for men and women who have been physically or psychologically abusive to their partners or children. Services are offered in Annandale, Alexandria, Reston and Chantilly. The phone number for more information and registration is 703-968-4052.
E. Volunteer Learning Program
Sponsored jointly by Fairfax County Public Schools (FCPS) Office of Adult and Community Education, Fairfax County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court, and the Fairfax County Public Library System, Volunteer Learning Program is a tutorial program designed to advance the knowledge and skills of learners as they strive to obtain a diploma or a GED. One-on-one tutoring sessions assist learners in acquiring competency in reading, writing, mathematics, social studies, and science. For more information, please contact the Program Coordinator at 703-246-2139 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Planetary Resources
The Arkyd-101 space telescope, shown in this artist's conception, represents the first spacecraft to be developed by Planetary Resources as part of an asteroid scouting and mining venture.
Planetary Resources, the billionaire-backed private venture that's aiming to hunt down and mine near-Earth asteroids, is looking for suggestions about projects that could attract extra funding through Kickstarter-style campaigns.
In a Web posting, co-founder Peter Diamandis says that in the month and a half since the asteroid-mining project was unveiled, he and his colleagues "have been overwhelmed at the response from people begging to know how they can get involved." In an associated email blast, Diamandis and the company's other co-founder, Eric Anderson, say they've gotten hundreds of emails asking about the project.
The company — which counts Google billionaires Larry Page and Eric Schmidt, space billionaire Charles Simonyi and Texas billionaire Ross Perot Jr. among its investors — has said it plans to launch its first asteroid-hunting space telescope, the Arkyd-100, within two years. But what Diamandis and Anderson really want to do is launch 10 to 15 of the 44-pound (20-kilogram) telescopes in the next three years.
"To offer you a chance to actually get involved, we've been tossing around the idea of adding additional capacity in our production run, and either offering you access to a portion of our orbiting spacecraft — or — if there's enough demand, actually build you an additional Space Telescope for your own use," Diamandis wrote. "We'd probably do this through a Kickstarter campaign, but ONLY if there's enough interest."
Among the ideas that Diamandis is floating:
- $100 for a chance to direct the Arkyd-100 and take a high-resolution photograph of anyplace on Earth, or a celestial body.
- A desktop-scale model of the Arkyd-100.
- A half-day at the controls of a satellite, allowing you to take up to 50 photos from space.
- Invitations to the Planetary Resources launch party.
The suggestion box (which also serves as a ballot box for the suggestions) takes the form of a Facebook-style comment section on Diamandis' Web posting. Thirty comments, plus comments on the comments, piled up in the first hour since Diamandis issued his invitation.
Planetary Resources co-founder Peter Diamandis invites private citizens to submit suggestions for potential Kickstarter space-telescope projects.
Planetary Resources isn't the only venture trying to take advantage of the crowdfunding model. Last week I wrote about the ArduSat project, which involves another guy named Peter (high-energy physicist and former Wall Street investment manager Peter Platzer). ArduSat's organizers are seeking $35,000 in Kickstarter pledges for the development of a sensor-laden nanosatellite that could be run as an orbital time-share. As of this writing, the pledge amount is at $31,631 with 24 days to go — which means it's virtually certain ArduSat will hit its funding target.
I also mentioned the DreamUp project, which is offering space on the International Space Station's experimental racks for student-built experiments at rates as low as $15,500. DreamUp is a partnership involving NanoRacks and the Conrad Foundation, and has the added twist that American Express Membership Rewards points can be redeemed to cover the cost of flying an experiment.
Meanwhile, the nonprofit B612 Foundation says it's getting ready to unveil a privately funded, multimillion-dollar space telescope project to monitor the inner solar system for potentially threatening asteroids.
Am I crazy, or is there some sort of snowball effect kicking in? Let me know what you think by leaving a comment below.
More about unconventional space projects:
- Reality check for asteroid miners
- Donations revive the search for aliens
- Crowdfunding sought for $10,000 spacesuit
- Kickstarter project sends Trek dolls to stratosphere
- Kinect-controlled satellites heading to space
Alan Boyle is msnbc.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's Facebook page, following @b0yle on Twitter and adding the Cosmic Log page to your Google+ presence. You can also check out "The Case for Pluto," my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thursday, June 26, 2008
Jesse Litsch is a pink, round and efficient giant killer
(And bless you, Joanna, for coining that description of Litsch, which never gets old.)
Speaking of Jesse's pink roundness
On the radiocast this evening, both Tom and Alan kept giving Jesse these backhanded compliments about his defense, especially after a couple of nice plays in the middle innings. The funny thing about their compliments was that they were all couched in terms of: "You wouldn't think it to look at him, but Litsch is a really good fielder", or "You might not get that impression from looking at him, but Litsch has cat-like reflexes." You could almost sense that they were holding back, and that they really wanted to come out and say: "Jesse looks like Barbapapa, but he can still field like a Gold Glover."
Is it too soon into this "hot streak" to point out...
That Scott Rolen is the Greatest Blue Jay of All TimeTM? Because after watching him catch up on the basepaths with Stone Cold Matt Stairs after swatting his third homer in four games, we had no other choice but to shout this from the rooftops. (The pigeons seemed non-plussed, but we don't care to hear their 6 am rutting sessions outside our bedroom window either, so we guess that evens it all out.)
7 comments:
- Mono said...
It's akin to hearing those trite football announcers exclaim Peter Crouch is good with the ball, "for a big man". Frankly I'd rather listen to this guy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrrx5CgdZaA
than hear one more of those announcers drop that old cliche again
- June 27, 2008 at 1:20 AM
I don't think I've appreciated anything more than the out-of-the-blue Barbapapa reference.
Awesome. Kudos.
- June 27, 2008 at 10:02 AM
- Andrew said...
He plays the game right. He's a gamer. He doesn't clog the bases, even during boring rally killing home runs. He just shuts his car door, and goes to work. He's gritty.
He's the greatest Blue Jay of All Time.
- June 27, 2008 at 10:33 AM
- eyebleaf said...
maybe it's a St. Louis Cardinals thing, you know, the way Rolen and Eckstein whip around the base paths when they can jog/trot...
i heart rolen...*sigh*
- June 27, 2008 at 11:06 AM
- Torgen said...
Nothing kills a rally like a slow home run trot. That's why people complain about base clogging.
Also, there's a time limit on activating the bonus zone with the post-homer fist pump.
- June 27, 2008 at 11:44 AM
- Tao of Stieb said...
If you watch in slow motion, Stairs gives a look over his shoulder at Rolen, as if to say "what's your hurry, son?"
- June 27, 2008 at 3:31 PM
- MK Piatkowski said...
Love the Litch/Barbapapa connection. Wish I had thought of it.
- June 28, 2008 at 1:35 PM


text:
In November, a team of biologists journeyed to Maria Island, three miles off the Australian island state of Tasmania, taking with them 15 plastic cylinders. They loaded the cylinders into S.U.V.'s, drove them to an abandoned farm and scattered them in the fields.
Before long 15 Tasmanian devils emerged from the containers, becoming the first ever to inhabit the island.
"All indications are that they're doing very well," Phil Wise, a government wildlife biologist who leads the project, said of the devils — fierce-looking, doglike marsupials that have become an endangered species on the much larger island for which they are named.
This spring the team plans to take more devils to Maria (pronounced ma-RYE-uh). The goal is to establish a healthy colony that will endure for decades to come. The stakes of the project are high: the survival of the entire species may depend on it.
Many species are threatened with extinction, but the Tasmanian devil faces a singular enemy: an epidemic of cancer. A type of facial tumor has in effect evolved into a parasite, with the ability to spread quickly from one devil to another, killing its victims in a few months.
"We have very little time to save the species," said Katherine Belov, a biologist at the University of Sydney.
An international network of biologists has spent the past decade figuring out this new kind of disease. "It's been quite a struggle just to learn some of the basics," said Elizabeth Murchison, of the University of Cambridge in England.
But recently Dr. Murchison and other experts have gained important insights into how the cancer evolved into a parasite. Some scientists are now trying to translate that knowledge into a treatment, perhaps a cancer vaccine.
There is no guarantee that these projects will save the devils, so Mr. Wise and his colleagues are setting up a drastic Plan B: they are establishing Maria Island as a cancer-free refuge for wild Tasmanian devils.
Then, if the devils die out in Tasmania, Dr. Belov said, "the disease will be gone from the mainland, and then they can be introduced back in the wild."
Biologists first encountered the cancer in the late 1990s. The tumors grew on the devils' faces or inside their mouths, and within six months the animals were dead. The first cases appeared in eastern Tasmania, and with each passing year the cancer's range expanded westward.
When scientists examined the cells in the tumors, they got a baffling surprise. The DNA from each tumor did not match the Tasmanian devil on which it grew. Instead, it matched the tumors on other devils. That meant that the cancer was contagious, spreading from one animal to another.
There are only a few reports of humans developing cancer from other people's tumors hidden in transplanted skin or other organs. Only one other example of contagious cancer is known from the natural world, a tumor in dogs.
Dr. Murchison led a team of researchers who sequenced the entire genome of two tumor cells. They published the sequences last February, and since then they have launched a project to sequence hundreds more genomes of Tasmanian devil facial tumors.
Their studies and others like them are revealing how the Tasmanian cancer got its start. It probably originated in the 1980s or early 1990s in a single animal, most likely a female. A nerve cell in her face underwent a drastic mutation: its chromosomes shattered and then stitched themselves back together.
"The cell was still able to function, because there wasn't too much DNA lost," Dr. Belov said. "It's a bit of a freak of nature."
The cancer then spread to other devils by taking advantage of their behavior. The animals frequently fight, biting their opponents' faces. During these battles, Tasmanian devils sometimes bite off bits of a tumor. The cells slip into the attacker's own bloodstream and travel to its face. There they grow a new tumor.
Dr. Murchison and her colleagues have identified some 20,000 mutations in the tumors that are not found in normal Tasmanian devil DNA. But they do not know which of those mutations originally gave rise to the cancer.
Recent research is revealing that the cancer has been evolving. "Up until a year ago we thought the tumor was completely stable," Dr. Belov said. "But now we know that's not the case."
She and her colleagues recently examined cancer cells collected from Tasmanian devils in 2007 and 2008, comparing them with cells collected from 2010 to 2012. They surveyed molecular caps that cover some genes, known as methylation marks. These marks can keep genes from producing proteins.
In the Jan. 7 issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Dr. Belov and her colleagues reported that recent cancers have fewer methylation marks than older ones, suggesting that the cancer cells are unmuzzling genes and using their proteins to spread more efficiently. The cancer, she and her colleagues wrote, "should not be treated as a static entity, but rather as an evolving parasite."
Until recently, most scientists believed Tasmanian devils were uniquely vulnerable to contagious cancers. They have very little genetic diversity, and so they might not be able to recognize a tumor as foreign.
But if that were the case, their immune systems would not reject tissue from other devils. In fact, however, when devils were given skin grafts, "they all rejected really nicely," said Alexandre Kreiss, a research fellow at the Menzies Research Institute in Tasmania. "So we knew then there was something else to the tumor."
Instead, it turns out, the cancer cells camouflage themselves. They have stopped making a molecular identity badge that mammal cells normally produce.
All of the scientists studying the tumors know that they cannot afford to dawdle. The cancer has already wiped out 84 percent of the Tasmanian devil population and shows little sign of slowing. "You feel that the clock is always ticking," Dr. Murchison said.
But she sees some reasons for hope. In the far northwest corner of Tasmania, for example, a population of devils shows signs of resisting the cancer. Some of the animals appear to have destroyed their tumors. As a result, only about 20 percent of the devils there have died.
If the devils do not escape the cancer on their own, scientists may be able to help them. "I think the potential for a vaccine is pretty good if we can understand what is going on there," Dr. Murchison said.
But Dr. Kreiss warns that with 35,000 devils left in the wild, no vaccine can be a panacea. "Even if we had a perfect vaccine, we'd probably have to vaccinate every animal more than once," he said. "I don't see us doing that for the whole population."
In case no medicine works, the federal and Tasmanian governments are quarantining a so-called "insurance population" of devils. The program now has 500 cancer-free Tasmanian devils in zoos and sanctuaries. It is to ensure they do not become too tame to survive on their own that Mr. Wise and his colleagues are establishing the wild population on Maria Island.
While Tasmanian devils are the first species known to be threatened by a contagious cancer, they may not be the last. "It's quite likely that there are more out there that haven't been identified," Dr. Murchison said. "It might have led to the extinction of other species."


text:
b o t t o m s
Out the way world!! I've got my sassy pants on today
We would love to hear from you. Please fill out & submit the form below & we will get in touch with you shortly.
55 Birchwood Rd.
Northbrook, IL, 60062
United States
Here you can find great unique handcrafted items for your precious little one
We try to have a close relationship with our customers, so don't hesitate to contact us with any question you may have regarding some item, or whatever else you would like to know.
You can also follow us via Facebook or Instagram. Please visit us often for updates and new goodies. Reach out to us anytime at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Click here: Reporting Speech: When verbs don't follow the rules.
Let us know if you have additional questions.
Student or Learner
Dear professional grammar teachers,
Please, please tell me which of the following tenses (present or past) I should use in formal writing in English. I have been checking many grammar articles about "sequence of tenses (reported speech)" though, I am still confused somehow because I often see many articles in English not following the sequence of tenses. In my understanding, I believe that I should keep the verb of the subordinate clause "present"
1) when the subordinate clause is talking about a general truth and
2) when the fact stated in the subordinate clause is still in progress (continuing).
A) He said that he will continue the research as soon as he returns.
B) He said that he would continue the research as soon as he returned.
In the above B), it follows the sequence of tenses. However, in A), it is not, and I sometimes see this kind of sentence in newspaper articles.
Please tell me which of the sentences (case "A" or "B") native speakers would recommend me to use.
Click here: Reporting Speech: When verbs don't follow the rules.
Let us know if you have additional questions.
Thank you for your reference.
It was very informative and helpful for me to understand the use of the sequence of tenses. However, I have one question for you: In that website, it says "Also, a sentence in direct speech in a present or future tense can remain the same if what is said is still true or relevant. " Does this mean that the sentence could either follow or not follow the rules of the sequence of tenses? In other words, whichever you say can be correct, anyway?
If so, which is better for me to use in writing and also in speaking, in general? Please give me advice from the point of view of the native speakers.
Yes and no. It depends on the situation you're in; e.g., if it's an exam question on reported speech you might want to consider following the rules you learned in class.Originally Posted by gorikaz
Use what you know, the rules as well as their exceptions. Just make sure you know how to use the exceptions correctly. The website I gave you is a start.Originally Posted by gorikaz
All the best.
A site that starts out with an inaccurate definition isn't much of a site, Casi.
We are NOT usually talking about the past when we use reported speech. That too, is one of the old canards. Often the only thing that is finished is the actual saying and these reporting verbs are marked with a true past tense, eg. 'said' as in "She said".Definition
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example:
"I'm going to the cinema".
He said he was going to the cinema.
Verbs that are used in the indirect reporting portion of these sentences are not past tense verbs, they are past tense FORM verbs. This is an important distinction. The past tense FORM tells the listener that the speaker is giving an approximation of the speech rather than a direct quotation.
We know that these verbs do NOT represent a past time/tense situation because they can't describe a past tense/time situation. Let's use Gorikaz's examples.
A) He said that he will continue the research as soon as he returns.
B) He said that he would continue the research as soon as he returned.
Now in B, 'would' is said to be a past tense, matching the sequence of tenses rule. [There is no such rule in English; there are certain patterns that are followed sometimes to effect certain language meanings not having to do with tense]
Is 'would' really the past tense it's purported to be.
A: I'll continue the resarch as soon as I return.
B: He said that he would continue the research as soon as he returned.
[Six months later, he returns and B wants to remark on the statement made 6 months prior]
B1: *He would return to work just as he said he would.* [* denotes ungrammatical for the situation]
B2: He returned to work, just as he said he would.
A: "I'm going to the cinema".
B reports what A said: He said he was going to the cinema.
[the next day]
Can A say,
A: I was going to the cinema,
to described "going to the cinema". Of course not. In order to do that, A would say something like,
A: I went to the cinema.
Last edited by riverkid; 10-Mar-2007 at 23:07.
Thank you for discussing the matters I am concerned about.
Well, to tell you the truth, I am still a bit confused though, I guess that there is nothing wrong even if I follow the rules of the sequence of tenses when the fact stated in the subordinate clauses still hold the truth (=continuing situation) at the time of the speech. Therefore, for instance, I could say,
"He announed that he was going to marry next month"
instead of saying "He announced that he is going to marry next month."
However, according to some English grammar books/dictionalies, they mention that "when the fact in subordinate clauses still holds the truth at the time of the speech, the verbs in the subordinate clauses can remain as present tenses." In other words, they list it as one of the exceptions where sequences of tenses do/may not apply. (On the other hand, some grammar books/dictionalies do not mention this at all, too.)
Hmmm, ???
I am still confused...
In formal writing, is there anything wrong if I say "He announed that he was going to marry next month"? Also, can I say like this in daily speaking as well? Do I have a choice on whether to use the sequence of tenses when the fact in subordinate clauses still holds the truth at the time of the speech (both in writing and speaking)?
Please help me out!
You could probbably do it in this fashion your own English speaking life and you'd be fine. The only thing you'd miss is, in your own speaking, one of the nuances of language.
Thank you for clarifying the matter.
Yes, what you say--"the only thing you would miss is, in your own speaking, one of the nuances of language"--is exactly what I always feel. However, since you as a native speaker insists that there is nothing wrong to use a past tense form both in writing and speaking when the verb in the main clause is a past tense, I would probably use it in this way.
By the way, is this rule applied to the following cases as well? I just wondered...
1) At your age, I did not study so hard as you do.
2) Japan was more exciting place than it is today.
In the above 1) and 2) cases, is there anything wrong if I change "do" to "did" and "is" to "was," following the rules of the sequence of tense? As you said before, it is a matter related to the nuances of language though...
the BBC World Service offers this explanation and example. If the subordinate clause"relates to a point in time which is still in the future even when the original speech is reported", then no tense change is also possible.
- They explained that they're getting married on 4 July and have bought a house in Manchester.Right. For example,Originally Posted by gorikaz
- If the reported sentence deals with a fact or general truth, the present tense is (can be) retained. She said that the moon causes the tides.
- If the speaker reports something immediately or soon after it was said, the noun clause verb often remains as spoken.
A: What did the conductor say?
B: He said that the next stop is Northgate.
- If will is the modal in the reported utterance and expresses future time, and if the situation described in the quote still holds true at the time of the indirect report, the will may not be changed to would even though the reporting verb is in the past tense:
Mr. Arden said that a volcanic eruption will occur next year.
Which tells us the reported speech is in a state of flux at the moment, with different groups of speakers at different points on the continuum of change. There's even a blog about it here, Reported Speech; a tense issue, with 'tense' meaning stressful. According to the author, "some people accept" the following tendency as standard, whereas "others resist it":Originally Posted by gorikaz"tendency to retain the original tense when the action reported is known to still occur, or to have not yet occurred, at the time of reporting:
He said the sun rises in the east;
she said the national debt will be eliminated in 2005."
Moreover, there are academic papers on the topic; e.g., Constraints on tense choice in reported speech:In reported speech, a that-clause depending on a reporting verb in the past tense can under certain conditions use the present tense instead of the past tense: He said that his name was/is John. The conditions in question have often been discussed in the literature (see especially Riddle 1978). The present article concentrates on the factors that hamper or prevent the use of the present tense. Some of these have to do with the fact that a reporting verb creates an intensional domain, others are related to the speaker's choice of 'temporal focus'. All in all, the factors appear to be numerous and of many different types: they have to do with syntax, semantics, pragmatics, communication structure and context. The theoretical relevance of these findings is that they cast doubt on the traditional 'sequence of tense' analysis of reported speech and corroborate the analysis in terms of 'temporal domains' proposed in Declerck (1991).Some people accept the change, others do not. Reported speech is in a state of flux.
Here is a list of sources that talk about the exceptions:
Noun Clauses/Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
Additional Information and Exceptions in Reported Speech
Learning English | BBC World Service
Reported speech - English Grammar
I'm sure there are more. I just haven't had time to find them all for you.
It depends on the context. Moreover, it appears to follow the backshift rule;i.e., if the main verb is in the past, then the reported verb is backshifted. Thus: is going => was going; however, and here's one of the exceptions, "no tense change is also possible", especially if the subordinate clause "relates to a point in time which is still in the future even when the original speech is reported (BBC World Service)"; e.g., They explained they're getting married on July 4th; he announced he's going to marry next month.Originally Posted by gorikaz
In short, there are the rules and there are the exceptions to the rule. Some people accept them as standard, whereas others resist them. Now, the choice is up to you. You have to decide.
Be brave.
Thank you for your informative information and great details on this issue.
Thanks to all your help (those who gave me different comments and advice on this issue), I now believe that I will be able to have more confidence in reading/writing/speaking English. I see, the decision is up to me, in the end, though in general, it might be safer for someone like me (who is not an English native speaker) to follow the rules of the sequence of tenses if possible (particularly in an English exam which requires me to follow the rules of the sequence of tenses). Well, however I know that, even in an exam, I should be able to keep the present tense though, in a case like the one being discussed in my thread.
Once again, I would like to express my appreciation to all the people who participated in this thread.


text:
When the PlayStation 3 launched, there was a shooter released for the system called Blast Factor that showed that Sony was serious about downloadable games. The problem was that the game looked much like the 360 downloadable game du jour, Geometry Wars. Many gamers, including us, weren't necessarily nice to the title. Since then, the game has added multiplayer support and an expansion called Advanced Research that gives the game a complete facelift. I've been playing Advanced Research, and this is the game Blast Factor should have always been: it has much more personality and verve than the game that launched with the PS3. Andy O'Neil, President of BluePoint Games, was gracious enough to sit down with us and talk about launching, working with Sony, and those initial reviews.
Q: Blast Factor was one of the first games to be offered for sale on the PlayStation Network. Tell us how that happened, and what it was like working with Sony during the craziness of the PS3 launch.
Well, the first thing we learned is that everything takes longer than you think! We started the prototype for BF in April and presented it to Sony at E3 (May) 2006. They really liked the PC demo, and were looking for something that could be available at launch. We'd already put together a schedule for the finished game; it looked pretty straightforward to get it done for November '06, around 7 months total development time. We received devkits in June, and the conversion from the PC to PS3 was pretty straightforward—we had it running on PS3 after about a week, and spent about another 4 weeks moving code onto the SPU's and tuning the renderer for the PS3. However, from that point on, we underestimated the time we'd have to spend getting the general infrastructure required for any game completed. Implementing the front end, QA, managing contractors, integrating the audio, all that kind of stuff took more time than we thought. We worked a lot of hours to get the game completed for the Japanese launch.
Sony have been absolutely fantastic to work with. We got an enormous amount of support from Rusty Buchert and George Weising at Sony Santa Monica. Those guys gave us lots of suggestions and feedback, but also had a very 'hands off' approach when came to letting us make design decisions. It's pretty much been an indie developers dream working on a game for the PSN.
Q: You had to have been aware you were releasing something that at first blush looked very "Geometry Wars-ish." Was it hard to shake the me-too criticism? It seemed like, even though you offered some new thoughts like the wave mechanic and the blast shield, some gamers were a little dismissive based on the aesthetic similarities to Geometry Wars.
Yeah, the constant comparisons to Geometry Wars really did sting—it felt like people were taking a quick look at early screen shots and assuming we were ripping it off without playing the game. The biggest influence on Blast Factor is Robotron. I love that game, it's my all time favorite arcade machine. We had a real Robotron machine in the break room at Retro; I was always playing it whilst waiting for the coffee machine to finish brewing. Amazing how long it takes to make a cup of coffee sometimes!
Anyway, the design of Blast Factor came from the idea of a next-gen Robotron. What would Eugene Jarvis do if he was making Robotron with 10,000x more CPU than a 6809? Obvious stuff is the visuals: more particles, fancy shaders, etc., but that doesn't really add anything to the gameplay. So what we did was focus on the enemies and their interaction with the player. All the enemies in BF are running a rigid body simulation; this allowed us to do the repeller and tipping, basically forces that push the enemies around the arena. Most shooters, you only have limited interaction with the enemies—i.e. shoot them—we felt it was cool that you could manipulate them, give the player more control. We also added a combo/chaining mechanic: the 'Blast Factor' of enemy explosions causes the destruction of adjacent enemies and allows higher combo scores, a bit like Every Extend. This fit in nicely with the repelling and tipping, you could then manipulate the enemies to get higher scores.
The enemies themselves are actually doing some interesting things. As they're all running a physic simulation, we could apply interesting movement modifiers instead of just the usual bouncing/homing. The platelet enemies in the game are running a turbulence simulation to give the impression that they're moving about in a liquid. The Back_AR/Repel enemies are doing some interesting stuff with spring forces and Gaussian random, those guys are kind of passive aggressive, and won't kill the player directly. A lot of the other enemies do stuff like clustering and flocking. It's a blast writing this kind of stuff. It's not just technology for the sake of it—the whole idea is to have a useful toolbox of enemies from which to setup interesting combinations that either work with or against the player abilities.
Q: Blast Factor was also one of the first games many of us played that used the motion-sensing capabilities of the SIXAXIS. Was that something the higher-ups wanted specifically? Was there pressure to launch the game using that aspect of the controller?
Yes and no. When we went to E3 2006, we found out about the motion controller at the same time as the rest of the world. During our pitch meeting with Sony, George Weising, who's the Senior Designer at Santa Monica for PSN games, suggested that it would be cool if we could use the SIXAXIS motion control functionality in the game somehow. We were like, yeah, that could be cool, and we had a think about what we could do with it. We started off with a couple of ideas you guys have seen before in other games, aftertouch for projectiles etc, but we wanted something simple, obvious and binary, so we went with the tipping idea which complements the player repeller. We're really big on keeping the control interface very simple, we wanted to use the minimum number of buttons on the controller, and using the motion control was a cool way to add functionality without having to use additional buttons.
There were some interesting challenges implementing the motion control—reading the acceleration data and doing a prototype implementation was very straightforward, but refining it has definitely been an ongoing process. We think we've got it pretty well nailed in Blast Factor: Advanced Research; we've added some very fancy adaptive filtering to prevent false triggers and improve sensitivity; it's much improved over the original release.
Be sure to check back tomorrow for part two of this interview!


text:
The greatest song ever written
Monday, October 31, 2011
Freaking rip-off from this video by the axis of awesome (Australian musical comedy group)
yep, axis of awesome did this already (better too) :)
was JUST about to say that!
To be fair, she does give credit to the Axis on the YouTube video. Its not so much a rip off as a continuation of the same idea, to show off her own singing talents.
Sorry, I mean in the description for the video, she gives credit to the Axis of Awesome.
"With or without youuuuuuuu, with or without youuuuuuu"
She missed that one!
And no woman no cry.
This idea has been done too many times. And with the same chords. This needs to stop.
Overall good, I stopped listening after a while, BUT... "Love the Way You Lie" doesn't follow this chord progression. It's the other one: vi IV I V. The one used in this video is I V vi IV.


text:
Parent advice
From our panel of staff contributors
The only thing within your control is a discussion with your kids; just because others speak in a certain way does not make it OK for the kids to speak that way. This is a tough concept for children, but a good lesson to learn. They will hear and see a lot of bad behavior in lots of places as they grow up. If they know there are rules for them to follow that other people ignore, they may be more apt to check boundaries and limits with you as circumstances present themselves.
Use those potty-mouthed parents as a cautionary tale for your children. My father always warned us that swearing like a sailor was hard to curb once you got going down that road and that the wrong word uttered in the wrong place to the wrong people would be ruinous. All that would be remembered, he said, was the bad word — not the thread of our conversation. I think of that often, and not just while overhearing young kids. There are many examples of the danger in not knowing right from wrong when it comes to words.
My nephew was called into the principal's office for using the f-word when he was only in first or second grade. "Where did you learn a word like that?" demanded the nun. "My grandma," he truthfully replied. He's now an English professor and seems to have weathered the bad influence with no ill effects.
Expert advice
"Definitely talk to your in-laws," says family therapist Fran Walfish, author of "The Self-Aware Parent" (Palgrave Macmillan). "And start by saying, 'We are so thrilled to be here and so happy that the kids get to see you and have such a special relationship with their grandparents.' "
Then cut to the chase. (Politely, of course. Without any cursing.) " 'I don't know if you know, but John and I have decided to talk about the things that are valuable and important to us and not using foul language is one of them,' " Walfish suggests. " 'We understand they're going to hear it in school and on TV and in the movies, but if we can prevent it from flying around the house and within the family, we would really like to do that.' "
Their reaction could range from contrite to incensed, and that's out of your control. But you've done your part to address the behavior.
Now, you have a chat with the kids.
Latest Lifestyles
"Whatever age they are, you can say, 'Listen, Grandma and Grandpa use a lot of profanity, and I can't tell them what to do. They're over 21. But in our house, we don't use it. I know you're going to hear it, but understand that our rules still apply within our house and our family,' " Walfish says.
And don't let the in-laws question your resolve on this — or any other matter that you value.
"Every person who has a child is given the right to parent that child," Walfish says. "The grandparents had their turn when they were raising their children. This time the right belongs to the parents."
Have a solution? Other soccer parents loudly criticize your son's game. Should you go to the coach? Find "The Parent 'Hood" page on Facebook, where you can post your parenting questions and offer tips and solutions for others to try.


text:
Silverstone GD06 HTPC chassis review -
Over the years the personal computer segment got many purposes, professional usage, desktop usage, the internet, music, gaming, but with the rise of High Definition and powerful computer hardware supporting the new high-bandwidth content here in Europe media players and HTPCs (Home Theater PCs) have grown into a sizable market.
Personally I've been using HTPCs for years now and though the small MediaPlayers (often Realtek based) are on the rise, nothing can beat a good HTPC as you get to customize it towards your needs and requirements.
The good thing is that a HTPC beats anything image quality wise with what you throw at it. The negative side is of course the investment you need to make for the processor, motherboard, memory, storage, cooling and the chassis. A HTPC chassis is what we are reviewing today.
What people often do is transform their old PC into a fully functional HTPC, the downside however is... that mid tower PC looks like shyte in the living room.
Luckily in the past couple of years we've seen a new development, system on a chip. Yep, computer hardware is getting smaller allowing the manufacturers to put more and more components on one chip. And in the end that drives prices down.
Today we'll build the cutest little HTPC ever. We simply grab a A75 motherboard from MSI, pop on a A8-3800 APU from AMD, and start building a fully functional HTPC. With properly selected components you are looking at a 300 maybe 400 EUR budget, still quite a bit of money I know. But you'll notice you can build a relatively small HTPC that looks and performs amazingly cool.
As such we review the SilverStone GD06 HTPC chassis, aimed at the home theater DIY audience that has a need for stylish looks, good functionality versus a competitive price.
First let's check out the GD06, priced at only 100 EUR / 130 USD, and then head on over to the next page where we'll startup the review.
we review the Silverstone GD07 HTPC chassis. The Grandia GD07, an updated version which offers everything you ever wanted in for a HTPC, it's so spacious that you could even use it as a very cool desktop PC. I mean Extended ATX (EATX) sized motherboards fit (!), heck you can even throw in very long graphics cards in there as we'll show you.
Silverstone GD06 HTPC chassis review
We review the SilverStone GD06 HTPC chassis, aimed at the home theater DIY audience that has a need for stylish looks, good functionality versus a competitive price.
SilverStone 750 Watt ATX Power Supply
Today we will have a look at the Zeus 750 Watt continuous power supply from Silverstone. A really awe-inspiring power supply with four (yes four) +12 Volts rails and which is also an SLI ready power supply. We'll put it to the test buy using our quad SLI setup. The new Zeus is cool, literally, as up to 750W it'll maintain a temperature of 50°C. You get 60 AMPs combined (over 700W) for these four +12V rails alone, making the ST75ZF capable of powering any top of the line system available today and the near future.
SilverStone 600 Watt ATX Power Supply
It carries the label "Strider" and this model comes with a fantastic 600 Watts rating. It's supposed to be a a high-end PSU which is ready for SLI and Crossfire as it has quad 12 volts rails and active PFC, silent fan. We'll explain all that to you over the next pages though.


text:
Probably you are reading these words, because you are looking for a wedding photographer in Valencia, Spain, to capture the day meant to celebrate the two of you in the most beautiful way. Based in Germany, Europe, we are stoked that couples give us the chance to tell their stories no matter where it's taking place. If you are deep romantics and feel drawn to calm and poetic pictures with a fine sense of melancholy, we could be the perfect fit to capture your weddingday in Valencia in the extraordinary and unique way that it deserves.
From the documentary in Valencia to your own Fine Art Album
Our dedication is to capture all the genuine emotions and the candidness of not only the two of you, but also of your dearest friends and family. Your wedding day is very likely the one occasion in your lives where all these people will gather in one place - therefore this is not only a celebration if your love, but also of your journey with all those people involved. That story is not only meant to show how the day looked, but also how it felt.
"What wedding photographer would we want for our own wedding day?" Answering this question made us realize what is of real importance for us, for you on the wedding day. We not only want to honor that day with documentary photography, but we are also enamored with creating art that is worthy to hang on the walls of your living room. That your children will look at and think what a beautiful woman their mother is, what a soulful man their father is.
There's no better way to keep those memories than having them in a Fine Art Album of the highest quality. You will get your story on a 100% cotton album - paper of archival quality that does the meaning of that event justice. Our packages and wedding photography goes without compromises. And so should you. Our aesthetic has a special understanding of love - calm, tender and deep. A soul connection. A home.
Destination Wedding Valencia
We are Ronja and Victor, lovers, cake-eaters, nightwanderers and curious perfectionists. As a wedding photographer duo we not only work in Germany, our home, but across all Europe and beyond - this of course includes your chosen dream destination for your wedding in Spain. Our focus is your relationship - and this is what we want to treasure in elegant and sensitive photographs. Because we love to explore new places, we are looking forward to learn more about your wedding in Valencia!
Muse & Mirror
Ronja Joy Waßmuth & Victor Hamke
+49 177 7211837
Leipzig, Germany


text:
Janet Jackson got married. And we didn't get invited.
Pretty much no one did. The 46-year-old singer-actress confirmed to 'Entertainment Tonight' that she and billionaire beau Wissam Al Mana were married in 2012.
'The rumors regarding an extravagant wedding are simply not true,' the couple said in a joint statement. 'Last year we were married in a quiet, private, and beautiful ceremony.'
Jackson tweeted a solo holiday card amid engagement rumors
'Our wedding gifts to one another were contributions to our respective favorite children's charities,' they added. 'We would appreciate that our privacy is respected and that we are allowed this time for celebration and joy. With love, Wissam and Janet.'
Do you think they really mean that, the 'love' part?
This is the third marriage for Jackson, who was married to James DeBarge (1984) and Rene Elizondo Jr. (from 1991 to 2000). That last marriage was also secret for some time before the media found out.


text:
Omega Times New IOC Deal To Run Through 2020
September 25, 2009: The International Olympic Committee said that Omega has signed an extension to its current deal and would remain a partner through 2020. Financial terms were not disclosed.
Omega, the official timekeeper of the Olympic Games, joins Coca-Coca as the only IOC "worldwide partners" with deals that currently run through 2020. Atos Origin, Panasonic and Samsung have extended their partnerships until 2016. General Electric, McDonald's, Visa and Samsung have contracts with the IOC that each currently run through 2012.
Omega's deal ensures that the company would remain an IOC partner for the next six Olympic Games: Winter 2010 Vancouver, Summer 2012 London, Winter 2014 Sochi (Russia), Summer 2016 (site to be determined Oct. 2), Winter 2018 (site to be determined July 2011) and Summer 2020. By the end of the new deal, Omega will be the official timekeeper for 29 Olympic Games, dating back to the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, according to the IOC.
Analysts said that the IOC plans to raise more than $1 billion (U.S.) from its worldwide partners now through the 2012 Games. Another worldwide partner could be added in the near future.
"These days, everyone is uncertain, even about the next six months," Nick Hayek Jr., CEO of Omega's parent company, Swatch Group, said during a press conference at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne. "Here we are all, based on the experiences we've shared in the past, concluding an agreement for the next ten years. This sends an incredibly positive signal."
According to Gerhard Heiberg, chairman of the IOC marketing commission, "Omega's accuracy, technological competence and years of experience have contributed to the success of the modern Olympic Games. Omega works in close collaboration with our other technology partners to provide integrated technology support to the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games."
IOC President: 2016 City Bid Too Close To Call
IOC Launches Bid For 2018 Winter Games


text:
Welcome to my Sub-Forum!
Greetings everyone. I have introduced myslef on this forum elsewhere, now let me take a minute out of my time to do somewhat of a formal "bio" if you will. My name is Jeremy and I am the owner of The Target Man, LLC (www.thetargetman.com) based out of Tucson, AZ. Calusa/Williams, CA is somewhat of a second home for me. I have family that owns a business up there and I spend probably 2 months (cumatively) of the year up there. We always make it over to Fort Bragg for our annual abalogne dive!
I served in the Marine Corps from 1999-2004. I'm originally from S. Florida, but got stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma in middle 2000. Got out of the Corps in 2004 and stayed in Yuma until 2009. Moved out to Tucson in October of 09 and we just love it out here.
Anyhow, back to my business....The Target Man. I got in to CNC cutting a while back as a means to produce some off-road related parts. I have been an avid "recreational" shooter for many years and had a buddy request I cut him some targets. Basically he bought the sheet and gave me the second half of the sheet in exchange for the cutting. Figured I would give target selling a shot and before I knew it things took off.
Let's talk about cutting....all of The Target Man's targets are CNC plasma cut on a submersion table. Basically, half the target is submerged in water as I'm cutting. The water serves 2 purposes: to reduce smoke and keep the part nice and cool. I can immediately handle (by hand) my targets about 3-5 seconds after the cut is complete. The heat affected zone (also known as HAZ) is extremely minimal. The cut quality and HAZ is extrememly comparable to laser cut taragets. The advantage of the submersion table is a very high-end product, extrememly minimal HAZ, and an affordable price structure!
I don't make much money on anything I sell.... I just move a lot of material. That is more or less my business model. I have been in business for a couple of years and plan on sticking around for a while.
I plan on offering the Calguns community awesome pricing on high-quality AR500 shooting targets! Feel free to browse my subforum, submit target requests, or even make recommendations. I handle constructive criticism well as there is always room to improve.
Looking forward to many years of successful vending here on Calguns!
|Thread Tools
|Display Modes
Linear Mode


text: Dedicated to the love of Bryce, we proudly showcase the artists and the artwork created in all versions of Bryce. We endeavor to promote and help artists to achieve stunning graphics by sharing tips, tricks, and hints, through our works within this WebRing. This is also the place to display our work. This ring emphasizes beauty and positive values, leaving dark art for another venue.


text:
Morein Human Hair Kinky Curly Front Lace Bob Wig Short Wig With Baby Hair
$120.90 - $152.90
Bullet point
1.Hair Material :100% Virgin Human Hair,10A Raw unprocessed Brazilian hair ;
2.Hair color:Colorful color ,can be dyed, bleached , ironed and restyled;
3.Quality :No tangles, no shedding ,no lice or knit.No chemical processed. Soft, clean, healthy hair form young girl .No animal hair,No synthetic hair .Cuticle aligned hair;
4.Hair Weight& Length: 105-250G/wig, Multiple choices :10-16inch;
5.Delivery time :ship out within 24 hours during working days, 2-5 working days will arrive;
6.OEM/ODM service is available.
Brand Name:Morein
Unit Weight: 150-250g/piece
Material: 100% Human Hair/Unprocessed virgin hair/Remy hair
Human Hair Type: Brazilian Hair
Hair color : Natural Color
Related Color : 613/1B-613/Red/Pink/Yellow/Grey/green/Blue/27#/33#/99j etc
Available length :10″-16″
Related Products: Brazilian ,Peruvian ,Malaysian, Indian ,Mongolian, European,Russian Virgin Hair
Related Style:Straight/Natural Wave/Water Wave etc.
Feature:No tangle,no shed,soft, clean, healthy hair end, no lice or knit
Hair grade:10A
Package: PCV bag ,then with Box / Express bag
Delivery time:Goods will be sent out within 24 hours after your payment is done.1-3 working days to US; 2-4 working days to Europe ;3-5 working days to other country.
Shipping method :DHL /Fedex/EMS,TNT
Advantage :
1.100% human hair ,unprocessed Remy hair ,raw virgin hair ;
2.Healthy hair from one single donor ;Healthy hair from young girl with age from 18-30 .
3.Top quality virgin hair ; No shedding ,No tangling,No chemical treatment .
4.Soft,clean,healthy hair end ,no lice or knit
5.Customized color can be offered
1.Is the hair 100% unprocessed? Yes .
2.Are the cuticles going "100%" in the same direction? Yes .
3.Has the hair been bleached, dyed, through a acid bath or permed? No
4.How long does the hair last? 1-2 year with good care
5.Does the hair come from a doner with healthy hair? Yes
6.What is your warranty ?
1 Year. Normally our hair won't have problem as we have the strict quality checking system. All the goods will be double checked by our QC before we send .
7.Can the hair be bleached, dyed, flat iron with high heat and curled? Yes
8.Is the hair mixed with animal hair? No.
9.Is the hair mixed with synthetic hair? No.
10.Is the hair cut from a ponytail? Yes.
|0.5 kg
|200 × 200 × 200 cm
1 review for Morein Human Hair Kinky Curly Front Lace Bob Wig Short Wig With Baby Hair
|5 star
|4 star
|3 star
|2 star
|1 star
|Powered by Customer Reviews Plugin