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Symphony debs, escorts have a ball
Dazzling debs ... Feted at a slew of stellar parties over the last several months, the 2010 Symphony League of Beaumont presented the 21 beautiful debutants at the 49th Debutant Ball at the Beaumont Country Club this past Saturday evening. The BCC was decorated from floor to ceiling - Who would expect anything less from ball chair Nicole Saba? - and debs, escorts, family and friends were truly impressed. Overall chairpersons Mary Jane Benning and Gina Crenshaw along with chairs Cathy Hawa, Melissa Cornwell, Kim Steinhagen, Gillian Maness, Stacey Crenshaw, Frances Bethea, Carol Smith, Bonnie Cokinos and other Symphony League members were thrilled with the enchanted evening. Darling debs Taylor Wolfrom, Hannah Swain, Lauren Straighter, Lauren Stout, Kathryn Phelan, Rachel Parker, Layla Nejad, Mary Margaret LeMasters, Madeline Kujawski, Madeline Horning, Catherine Holtmyer, Amanda Dykeman, Emily Dees, Mary Coffman, Mary Catherine Clark, Lauren Cain, Laura Broussard, Sarah Bean, Anne Bean and Yasmine Afshar made their family and friends very proud. During an excellent job escorting the debs were Trenton Almond, Carter Clarke, Caleb Cooper, Zachary Cross, Brookes Cunningham, Evan DeLord, Andrew Dunnam, Hunter Ewing, Eric Johnson Jr., Hunter Jones, Alan King, Gramm Klein, Lucas Mackan, Andrew Messina, Nima Motiee, Benjamin Peyton, Dennis Phelan, Cameron Roane, Crayton Strouse and Robert Wong. Memories of the fantastic night will stay with these future leaders for a lifetime!
Hopeful harvest ... The eighth annual Harvest of Hope Gala, the main fundraiser to benefit Catholic Charities of Southeast Texas, will be held Saturday, Nov. 13. This year's event will pay special tribute to 10 priests associated with the Diocese of Beaumont who are marking their Golden Jubilees (50 or more years in the priesthood) in 2010. The gala will begin with cocktails at 6 p.m. followed by dinner and a tribute to the honorees at 7 p.m. at the MCM Eleganté Hotel at Interstate 10 and Washington Boulevard in Beaumont. Martin Broussard will serve as this year's chair of the soiree and is elated about honoring the Rev. Msgr. Michael Jamail, the Rev. Telesforo Blanco, and the Rev. George Kalappura (all who have 50 years of service). In addition, other active clergy to be honored will be the Rev. Luis Urriza, the Rev. Msgr. James Vanderholt and retired priests the Rev. Msgr. Salvador Culotta, the Rev. Msgr. James Dempsey, the Rev. Msgr. John DiStefano, the Rev. Clement Iglesias and Rev. Msgr. Colonel Walter Montondon. Sharing master of ceremonies duties are 12 News KBMT anchors Jackie Simien and Kevin Steele. For ticket or table information, call Catholic Charities at (409) 924-4421.
Holiday greetings ... The Arc of Beaumont held its Holiday Card Kickoff this past Saturday as an enthusiastic crowd of high school students gathered for a morning neighborhood campaign orientation and pep rally. Joey Armstrong and Miss Teen Texas Sydney Datcher led the morning activities accompanied by the West Brook High School drum line and the awesome Stars. Honorary co-chairs Kelli and Bob Phillips emceed the festive evening dinner that honored 30-plus talented card artists and their generous sponsors. Greeting guests were Arc president, Paula Pratt, Brenda Sullivan and card chair Patrice Rabalais. Sponsors enjoying the holiday atmosphere were Sarah and Mike Matheny, Lynda Kay and James Makin, Elizabeth and Russ Waddill, Renee and Carl Hubbell, Janice and Mitch Watkins, Jean and Hans Sheridan, Cindy Bloodsworth, Wendy Robbins, Vivian Pieternelle, Lisa Sudela and Robert Bertrand. Precious artists seizing congratulatory moments included Gentry Lovett, Brandon Pieternelle, Matthew Bloodsworth, Timmy Schreck and Brandi Herron. As the memorable evening concluded, renewed holiday spirit was shared among Sallye Keith, Cary and Frank Coffin, and Laura and Kim McMurray. Kudos to Cooks Two Dozen for their dedication and delightful cuisine. Mark your calendar to purchase your cards at numerous locations in Southeast Texas including Market Basket stores, DuPont Goodrich Federal Credit Union branches, Fred Miller's and several other locations, or visit the Arc Web site at www.arcofbmt.org.
Candles and cakes ... Birthday wishes to Patricia Bullard, Janci Kimball, Rachel Carona, Brenda White, R.C. Tortorice, Carolyn Wood, Anne Winslow, Catherine Klein, Jo Vance, Mindy Eisen, Melody Parsons, Carter Christie, Kevin Chirafis, Brandon Gouthier, Mike Albanese, Brad Klein, Bart Owens, Elizabeth Waddill, Walker Reese, Mark Petkovsek and Cindy Busch.
Until the next R.S.V.P!


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Posted by Editoress on 06/8/12
PureBlack Racing, New Zealand's top road cycling team, will travel 11,000 kilmetres to Vancouver this summer to take on North America's best riders at BC Superweek (July 6-15) and the Global Relay Gastown Grand Prix presented by Allstream on July 11th.
Launched in 2010 with the aim of becoming New Zealand's first international UCI ProTour road cycling team, PureBlack has been racing on the UCI Asia Tour this year with notable successes, including Michael Torckler's victory at the inaugural Tour of Borneo, Louis Crosby's stage win at the Tour of Thailand and a tenth place on GC for Joseph Cooper at the Tour of Langkawi.
The team that will be travelling to North America includes Roman van Uden (Captain), Joseph Cooper, Louis Crosby, Taylor Gunman, James McCoy, Michael Torckler and James Williamson. Roman van Uden is already a veteran of BC Superweek, having raced here with Oregon's Team Rubicon.
As a past Director Sportif for teams such as Atlas Cold Storage/Italpasta, PureBlack DS John Harris also knows BC Superweek and Gastown well.
"I am really excited to be bringing this squad to one of the biggest little races in North America," said Harris. "The technical nature of the race results in a fantastic spectacle, and we're bringing the right guys to the line to bring home the bacon. This block of racing will help us build the foundation to win over in Australia."
During their time in Canada, PureBlack Racing will also be racing the Tour de Beauce in Quebec and the CHIN Picnic Criterium in Ontario.
New Zealand riders have a great history in Gastown, where we've had riders from Wanganui, Tauranga, Hamilton, Auckland, Christchurch, Cambridge, Nelson, Rotorua, Dunedin and Te Awamutu.
New Zealand Olympians Max Grace won the race in 1974 (and finished second in 1973 and third in 1975) and Gary Anderson won the race in 1987. On the women's side, recent New Zealand teams to race here have included Bike New Zealand and the Jazz Apple cycling team.
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Making Magic and Memories through Student Travel
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With WCV, you can count on a high standard of customer service and a trip you'll never forget!
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- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Throughput computing / serial and parallel farming
- 1.2 An example of the porting process
- 2 Semi-automated approaches
- 2.1 Overview
- 2.2 Command line
- 2.3 BASH scripting
- 2.4 Array jobs / Job Arrays
- 3 Fully automated serial farming
- 3.1 Overview
- 3.2 Small number of cases
- 3.3 Large number of cases
- 3.4 Additional information
- 3.5 Word of caution
Throughput computing / serial and parallel farming
Throughput computing is a method for solving computational problems in a short amount of time. The method involves decomposing a problem into independent work units, which are then submitted as a large number of independent jobs to a computer system and run concurrently in parallel. Key to this approach is the requirement that the jobs to contribute to the overall solution in parallel, without having to communicate any values amongst themselves during the calculation or return the results in a particular order. This is often referred to as decomposing the workload into independent chunks, embarrassingly parallel or perfectly parallel.
Serial farming is a concept closely related (essentially synonimous) to throughput computing. One can define it as running multiple instances of a serial code (serial jobs on a cluster), when the order of execution is not important (no data dependencies between the jobs). It can be trivially extended to cover batches of independent parallel jobs, which one might call "MPI farming", "OpenMP farming", "GPU farming" etc.
Why NOT to use MPI or a threading model
It's very important to note that while one could use an MPI wrapper or implement threads to partition and allocate the chunks, it is not necessary for throughput computation /serial farming and is actually less optimal than using a set of serial jobs. It's not robust (if one process/thread fails they will all fail) and it will typically take far longer for the system to start the job since it needs to free up a lot of processors at once, rather than having the jobs "fill the gaps" when other serial jobs vacate a slot on a shared node. As such, using a lot of serial jobs on systems that give them priority will lead to the fastest turnaround (time to solution) and should always be used when possible instead of writing a threaded or MPI master/slave wrapper around the non-communicating program. In other words, it is only necessary to move to MPI or threads when there is a significant amount of communication amongst the parallel threads or processes, which occurs during a significant portion of the program's runtime.
That being said, one can use a throughput job submission model with a threaded or MPI program ("parallel farming") if the underlying program necessitates or is justified by their use.
When to use
One common situation when serial/parallel farming is needed is when the code output depends on a few poorly constrained parameters, and the task is to either find a global solution(s), or the global maximum or minimum.
When the number of unknown parameters is small (say <5) one can attempt a brute force approach: running separate jobs corresponding to different points on a grid in the multi-dimensional parameter space.
How many grid points in each dimension depends on the expected properties of the solution: for a uni-modal situation one can use as few as three grid points per dimension. In a more general (multi-modal) case number of grid points will be determined by practical considerations (maximum number of cpu hours one can spare for the project).
In a larger dimensionality case (say >4) one can resort to Monte Carlo (random guessing) way of sampling the parameter space.
In either regular grid or Monte Carlo approaches, one can run just one batch of jobs, or run one, analyze the results, and then run the next batch, where one is zooming in onto the region(s) of interest in the parameter space.
Another typical situation when one needs serial farming is when one has to post-process multiple "snapshots" (from a time evolution) produced by a large parallel simulation code – to get some global quantitities, or perhaps to produce a movie. These tasks do not have data dependencies, so are perfect for serial/parallel farming.
An example of the porting process
The basic concept of throughput computing / serial farming is to submit multiple independent instances of a program to compute a portion of the answer. This can be facilitated in a batch queuing job system by writing an auxiliary shell script or program that can be used to submit and collect the results. It may require pre or post-processing to address running the jobs concurrently. The following walk-through example illustrates the porting process with a C program, using BASH shell scripting, and goes through the following steps:
- minor modifications to the original C program to compute a fraction of the total computation
- writing a BASH shell script to submit the jobs
- writing a second BASH shell script to accumulate the results after the jobs have completed
Not all of these steps are necessary and there are other ways of managing a large number of jobs (covered here in detail in the following sections), but the following example is a relatively straight-forward way to implement independent task parallelism in a portable way. There is no dependency on the underlying job management system or any other supporting libraries beyond access to the BASH shell. One could conceive of a more elaborate way to incorporate all of the required logic in the C program itself but that is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
Example C Code: Integrating PI
We begin with this simple C code that integrates arctan from 0:1 to calculate PI:
#include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double mypi,h,sum,x; int n,i; n=1000000; h=1.0/n; sum=0.0; printf("Calculating PI:\n"); for (i = 1; i <= n; i+=1 ) { x = h * ( i - 0.5 ) ; //calculate at center of interval sum += 4.0 / ( 1.0 + pow(x,2) ) ; } mypi = h * sum; printf("%f\n",mypi) ; return 0; }
Running it gives:
[sn_user@wha780 integration]$ cc pi_orig.c [sn_user@wha780 integration]$ ./a.out Calculating PI: 3.141593
Modifying the code to run in parallel
In order to solve this problem in parallel, we will partition the for loop into discrete chunks that each serial job will calculate, and then after all of the jobs are finished we can simply sum the individual answers to get the final answer. In particular, if we used 10 chunks, then each chunk would compute 0.1 of the integration path, ie, chunk one computes (0:0.1], chunk two computes (0.1:0.2], etc.
The modified C code, which reads the particular chunk to calculate and total number of chunks on the command line as standard input, follows:
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { double mypi,h,sum,x; int n,i,chunk,tot_chunks,chunk_size,n_low,n_high; n=1000000; h=1.0/n; sum=0.0; // check to make sure we've been given two arguments if (argc != 3) { printf("Usage: pi.x chunk tot_chunks\n"); exit(0); } // break up number of total intervals based on the // number of chunks and assign loop indexes for this // instance of the program to n_low and n_high chunk= atoi(argv[1]); tot_chunks= atoi(argv[2]); chunk_size=n/tot_chunks; n_low=(chunk-1)*chunk_size+1; n_high=chunk*chunk_size; if (chunk == tot_chunks) { n_high=n; } printf("Calculating PI for interval %d of %d from %d to %d \n", chunk,tot_chunks,n_low,n_high); // modify the loop to use n_low and n_high for (i = n_low; i <= n_high; i+=1 ) { x = h * ( i - 0.5 ) ; //calculate at center of interval sum += 4.0 / ( 1.0 + pow(x,2) ) ; } mypi = h * sum; printf("%f\n",mypi) ; return 0; }
There are smarter ways to decompose this workload (ie. spreading out the remainder instead of allocating it all to the final chunk), but this should suffice to get started.
BASH Job Submission Script
This script submits a series of jobs to the batch queue system via sqsub. It specifies 2 additional arguments to the executable: the current iteration, and the total number of iterations. The iterations are indexed from 1:N . (For more examples of BASH loops, see the section #Command line below).
It is expected that the executable would use these input arguments to decide which portion of the total workload it accounts for. The logic associated with partitioning the workload should be addressed in the executable program.
The following variables should be set appropriately before calling this script:
- path to the base directory for submission of the job
- it should exist and contain the executable
- name of the executable
- number of jobs to submit
- eg. integration intervals
- how long to let the job run for, in sqsub format
- optionally change the format to something more meaningful
The script follows - it should be put in a file (I've used sub_script below) and made executable by issuing the command chmod +x sub_script:
#!/bin/bash DEST_DIR=/work/merz/integration EXENAME=pi.x NUM_ITERS=20 RUNTIME=10m echo "${DEST_DIR}/${EXENAME}" if [ -e "${DEST_DIR}/${EXENAME}" ] then cd ${DEST_DIR} for z_interval in `seq 1 ${NUM_ITERS}`; do echo "Submitting interval: ${z_interval} of ${NUM_ITERS}" OUTFILE="OUTPUT-${z_interval}.txt" sqsub -r ${RUNTIME} -q serial -o ${OUTFILE} ./${EXENAME} ${z_interval} ${NUM_ITERS} done; else echo "couldn't find the above executable, exiting" fi
For brevity of the output, I've reduced NUM_ITERS to 4 and run the script with the modified program to illustrate. In practice, users will want to use a lot of chunks, in the tens to hundreds:
[merz@wha780 integration]$ pwd; ls; cc pi.c -o pi.x /work/merz/integration accumulate pi.c pi_orig.c sub_script [merz@wha780 integration]$ ./sub_script /work/merz/integration/pi.x Submitting interval: 1 of 4 THANK YOU for providing a runtime estimate of 10m! submitted as jobid 4109486 Submitting interval: 2 of 4 THANK YOU for providing a runtime estimate of 10m! submitted as jobid 4109487 Submitting interval: 3 of 4 THANK YOU for providing a runtime estimate of 10m! submitted as jobid 4109488 Submitting interval: 4 of 4 THANK YOU for providing a runtime estimate of 10m! submitted as jobid 4109489 <wait 30 seconds...> [merz@wha780 integration]$ sqjobs [merz@wha780 integration]$ ls accumulate OUTPUT-1.txt OUTPUT-2.txt OUTPUT-3.txt OUTPUT-4.txt pi.c pi_orig.c pi.x sub_script
Each of the OUTPUT* files will contain a portion of the answer, eg.
[merz@wha780 integration]$ cat OUTPUT-1.txt Calculating PI for interval 1 of 4 from 1 to 250000 0.979915 ------------------------------------------------------------ Sender: LSF System <lsfadmin@wha482> <snip>
So we need to write a post-processing utility that can quickly sum up the answer if we're going to use a lot of chunks.
BASH Post-Processing Script
In this case we just need a program or script to read in the second line of each of the OUTPUT files, and then sum the results. In this case it's pretty straight-forward and doesn't take a long time to run, so instead of writing a full program we'll just use a BASH script. The following script will calculate the answer (note the use of the bc command - there are no floating point numbers in BASH):
#!/bin/bash total=0; value=0; for file in OUTPUT*; do value=`head -2 $file | tail -1`; total=`echo $total + $value | bc`; done echo $total;
Copying this into a file (I've chosen accumulate), setting it executable with chmod +x accumulate and then running it in the directory where I submitted the job returns the correct answer:
[merz@wha780 integration]$ ./accumulate 3.141593
Semi-automated approaches
This section is for very casual serial/parallel farmers, and covers simple ways to organize your workflow when doing serial or parallel farming. In particular, it covers the BASH command line, BASH scripting, and Array Jobs approaches. For a fully automated approach, and for advanced serial farming features (like the ability to resubmit automatically all the jobs which failed or never ran, dynamic workload balancing, and meta-cluster - or grid - functionality), see the next section, #Fully automated serial farming.
Command line
sq* commands
In what follows we will be using extensively the SHARCNET's job manipulation scripts (sqsub, sqjobs, sqkill) plus BASH commands (loops etc.). For serial jobs, sqsub requires only two arguments (plus the path to the executable):
sqsub -r 1d -o out.log ./code
We will also need some optional arguments, like "--idfile", (for the full options' list, execute "sqsub -h"):
sqsub --idfile=idfile
Here "idfile" is the name of the file which will store the jobid.
For loop (sequentially numbered files)
To submit a batch of serial jobs from the command line, using BASH' "for" loop command, one can do something like this:
$$ for ((i=0; i<25; i++)); do sqsub -r 1d -o out.${i} ./code ic.${i}; done
Here it is assumed that 25 different initial condition files, with names ic.0 ... ic.24, are provided, and that the code is executed as "./code ic.xxx". It is very useful to use the "--idfile" option here; this will enable subsequent meta-job operations:
$$ \rm idfile; for ((i=0; i<25; i++)); do sqsub -r 1d -o out.${j} --idfile=id ./code ic.${i}; cat id >> idfile; done
Now we have file "jobid" containing all jobid's of the jobs in the batch. This file can be used to do query for the batch status:
sqjobs `cat jobid`
And we can kill all the jobs in the batch with a single command:
sqkill `cat jobid`
For loop (arbitrarily named files)
If we want to launch one job per each initial conditions file in the current directory (say, with names ic.*), we can use a different flavor of the "for" loop command:
$$ for name in ic.*; do sqsub -r 1d -o ${name}.log ./code ${name}; done
Here the standard output from each job will go to files "ic.*.log". As before, one can add "--idfile" stuff to enable meta-job manipulation.
Handling standard input (FORTRAN)
For FORTRAN codes (which typically use standard input instead of command line arguments), the previous example can be re-written as follows:
$$ for name in ic.*; do sqsub -r 1d -o ${name}.log -i ${name} ./code; done
Here we use the sqsub option "-i input_file" to provide the file for the job's standard input.
While loop (cases table)
In another common scenario – when arguments to be used in serial farming are stored in one text file, one line per job, it is convenient to use BASH's "while" loop command. E.g. your code needs three numbers as its command line arguments. Your IC table (say "IC.dat") might look like this:
10 4.5 1.1e9 20 3.7 7.5e8 ... 50 4.8 1.1e9
"While" loop can be used here as follows:
$$ i=0; while read a b c; do i=$(($i+1)); sqsub -r 1d -o out.${i} ./code $a $b $c; done < IC.dat
Here the standard output will go to files out.1 ... out.N (N – number of jobs). You can add "--idfile" as before. "read a b c" reads all the three columns from the file IC.dat to shell variables $a, $b, $c, one line at a time.
Using separate subdirectories
As the most complex (and perhaps the most realistic) scenario so far, let's consider the case when each job needs to run in a separate sub-directory (because it creates one or more output files with idential names). Expanding upon the previous example, we can accomplish this task as follows:
$$ i=0; while read a b c; do i=$(($i+1)); mkdir RUN$i; cd RUN$i; sqsub -r 1d -o out ../code $a $b $c; cd ..; done < IC.dat
BASH scripting
The previous example shows that the command line approach has its limitations; it becomes too difficult to deal with a single line when the number of commands becomes too large. Instead, one can put all these commands in a text file – BASH script. Instead of using the command line's separator ";", in a script one can place different commands on separate lines. The previous example, written as a BASH script, will become
#!/bin/bash i=0 while read a b c do i=$(($i+1)) mkdir RUN$i cd RUN$i sqsub -r 1d -o out ../code $a $b $c cd .. done < IC.dat
Here "#!/bin/bash" tells the OS that this is a BASH script (for Python you'd put "#!/usr/bin/python"). The script file (say, "metajob.sh") should be made executable:
$$ chmod u+x metajob.sh
Then one can run it as follows:
$$ ./metajob.sh
Command line arguments
BASH scripts can accept command line arguments. E.g. the previous script can be modified to accept two arguments: the full path to the code, and the directory where the script should run (where the file IC.dat is located). One would run the script like this:
$$ ./metajob.sh /home/user/bin/code /work/user/case1
The required changes to the metajob.sh file are:
#!/bin/bash # Reading the command line arguments: CODE=$1 WD=$2 cd $WD i=0 while read a b c do i=$(($i+1)) mkdir RUN$i cd RUN$i sqsub -r 1d -o out $CODE $a $b $c cd .. done < IC.dat
Job dependencies
If you have N jobs that must be executed in specific order, one after another (i.e. i-th job can only start after (i-1)th job has completed), you can use the -w flag of sqsub in your submitting script, which allows you to specify which jobs must complete before the job being submitted can start.
#!/bin/bash # number of jobs, adjust this to be the actual number of jobs in your run N=5 # first submission i=1 sqsub -r 2h -o run$i.log --idfile=jobid.$i your_executable.x JOBID=`cat jobid.$i` # subsequent submissions for i in `seq 2 $N`; do sqsub -w $JOBID -r 2h -o run$i.log --idfile=jobid.$i your_executable.x JOBID=`cat jobid.$i` done
When using a script like this, you should implement a checking mechanisms which allows a job to check that the input it requires generated by previous jobs has in fact been generated correctly.
Array jobs / Job Arrays
Job arrays provide an alternative method to repeatedly calling the underlying submission program in a loop in order to submit a large number of similar jobs. Details of how the jobs are specialized, unfortunately, differ between job submission systems, something that can be a fairly significant impediment to their utilization.
The recommended way to use these options is to first run your standard sqsub command with the -d option. This will display information about how sqsub is calling the underlying qsub (Torque -- most of the clusters) or bsub (LSF) commands. This gives you a starting bsub or qsub command to add the appropriate job array options to.
Under torque, the -t range option is used with qsub to specify a job array, where range is a range of numbers (e.g., 1-4 or 2,4-5,7) for versions 2.3 or later and a single number for earlier versions. The details are
- a job is submitted for each number in the range (or the specified number of times for pre-2.3 versions),
- the specified constraints and what not are applied independently to each job,
- individuals jobs are referenced as jobid-number, and the entire array can be referenced as jobid for easy killing etc., and
- each jobs has PBS_ARRAYID set to its number which allows the script/program to specialize for that job.
Please note that currently the only cluster still using LSF scheduler is "requin".
Under LSF, the -J "id[range]%max" options is used with bsub to specify a job array, where id is a arbitrary identifier (e.g., myarray) and range is a range of number with a :step option (e.g., 1-4, 2,4-5,7, or 1-6:2) and max is the maximum number of jobs that should run at once (e.g., 4 or nothing at all for no limits). The details are
- a job is submitted for each number in the range,
- the specified constraints and what not are applied independently to each job,
- individuals jobs are referenced as jobid[number], the entire array can be referenced as jobid for easy killing etc., and
- like %J expands to jobid, %I expands to number, which can specialize input and output.
Fully automated serial farming
In this section we describe our suite of scripts designed to fully automate throughput computing (serial/parallel farming) in SHARCNET. The same set of scripts can be used with little or no modifications to organize almost any type of farming workflow, including
- either "one case per job" mode or "many cases per job" mode, with dynamic workload balancing;
- either single cluster mode or meta-cluster (grid) mode;
- the ability to automatically resubmit all the jobs which failed or never ran;
- the support for serial, multi-threaded (OpenMP), MPI, CUDA etc. farming.
Small number of cases
Let's call a single execution of the code in a serial/parallel farm a "case". When the total number of cases, N_cases, is fairly small (say, <500) it is convenient to dedicate a separate job to each case – the way it was handled in the previous section (#Semi-automated approaches).
We created a set of BASH scripts utilizing both the "one case – one job" approach (works for cases when the number of jobs is <500 or so) and "many cases per job" approach (best for larger number of cases). The scripts can be found on our clusters in the following directory:
The two essential scripts are "submit.run" and "single_case.run".
submit.run script
"submit.run" has two obligatory command line arguments. The first one is the path to the cases table, containing information (command line arguments, and/or the name(s) of the input file(s)) for your code, each line corresponding to a case to be executed. The second argument (when used in the "one job per case" mode) should be "-1", e.g.
$$ ./submit.run /work/user/dir/cases.dat -1
single_case.run script
The other principal script, "single_case.run", is the only script which might need customization. Its task is to read the corresponding line from the case table, parse it, and use these data to launch your code for this particular case. The version of the file provided literally executes one full line from the case table (meaning that the line should start with the path to your code) in a separate subdirectory, RUNyyy (yyy being the case number).
... # ++++++++++++ This part can be customized: ++++++++++++++++ # $ID contains the case id from the original table # $COMM is the line corresponding to the case $ID in the original table, without the ID field mkdir RUN$ID cd RUN$ID # Executing the command: $COMM &> out.log # Exit status of the code: STATUS=$? cd .. # ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ...
Your "cases.dat" table can look like this:
/home/user/bin/code1 1.0 10 2.1 ./code2 < IC.2 sleep 10m ...
In other words, any executable statement which can be written on one line can go there. Note: "submit.run" will modify your cases table once (will add line number at the beginning of each line, if you didn't do it yourself).
Handling code exit status
What is "$STATUS" for in "single_case.run"? It is a shell variable which should be equal to "0" if your case was computed correctly, and >0 otherwise. It is very important: it is used by "resubmit.run" to figure out which cases failed, so they can be re-computed. In the provided version of "single_case.run", $STATUS only reflects the exit code of your program. This likely won't cover all potential problems. (Some codes do not exit with non-zero status even if something went wrong.) You can always change or augment $STATUS derivation in "single_case.run". E.g., if your code is supposed to create a new non-empty file (say, "out.dat") at the very end of each case run, the existence of such a non-empty file can be used to judge if the case failed or not:
STATUS=$? if test ! -s out.dat then STATUS=1 fi
In the above example, $STATUS will be positive if either code exit status is positive, or "out.dat" file doesn't exists or is empty.
Output files
The "submit.run" script will generate some files in the current directory:
- out.cluster.xxx files (one file per job): standard output from jobs;
- status.yyy files (one file per case): files containing the status of processed cases; yyy is the case number in the original table.
Also, every "submit.run" script execution will generate a unique subdirectory inside "/home/$USER/tmp" (it will be created if it doen't exist). Inside that subdirectory, some small scratch files (like files used by "lockfile" command, to serialize certain operations inside the jobs - see #Meta-cluster ("Grid") mode) will be created. These subdirectories have names "NODE.PID", where "NODE" is the name of the current node (typically a login node), and "PID" is the unique process ID for the script. Once the farm execution is done, one can safely erase this subdirectory.
Users normally don't need to access these files directly.
Auxiliary scripts
Other auxiliary scripts are also provided for your convenience.
- "list.run" will list all the jobs with their current state for the serial/parallel farm (no arguments).
- "query.run" will provide a one line summary (number of queued / running / done jobs) in the farm, which is more convenient than using "list.run" when the number of jobs is large. It will also "prune" queued jobs if warranted (see below).
- "kill.run": will kill all the running/queued jobs in the farm.
- "prune.run": will only kill queued jobs.
- "Status.run" (capital "S"!) will list statuses of all processed cases.
Resubmitting failed/not-run jobs
Finally, script "resubmit.run" is run the same way as "submit.run", e.g.:
$$ ./resubmit.run /work/user/dir/cases.dat -1
- will analyze all those status.* files;
- figure out which cases failed and which never ran for whatever reason (e.g. because of the 7d runtime limit);
- create a new case table (adding "_" at the end of the original table name), which lists only the cases which still need to be run;
- uses "submit.run" internally to launch a new farm, for the unfinished/failed jobs.
Notes: You won't be able to run "resubmit.run" until all the jobs from the original run are done or killed. If some cases still fail or do not run, one can resubmit the farm again and again, with the same arguments as before:
$$ ./resubmit.run /work/user/dir/cases.dat -1
Meta-cluster ("Grid") mode
Previous material described the situation when you run your farm on a single cluster. This is the default behaviour when the current directory doesn't have file "clusters.lst". If the file "clusters.lst" is present and is not empty, the scripts switch to the "meta-cluster" mode.
Proper "clusters.lst" file should contain a list of clusters which you wish to use for you serial farm, one cluster per line. E.g.:
kraken saw redfin
The current (local) cluster doesn't have to be in the list.
When you both use "-1" argument (one job per case mode) and provide "clusters.lst" file, "submit.run" and "resubmit.run" will submit 2*N_cases jobs across all the clusters in the list. Only the first N_cases jobs to start will do the computations; the rest will get pruned or die instantly.
This is how it works: The very first job which runs (on any cluster) will request a case to process (case #1 initially). The second job to run will ask for the next available case (#2), and so on. To accomplish this, certain operations need to be serialized (only one job at a time can do it):
- Read "currently served" case number from a file.
- Update it (add "1"), and write it back to the file.
To serialize file-related operations, you need a special binary program, "lockfile". It is included in the META package. It should be placed in a directory listed in your $PATH environment variable. You can accomplish this by
$$ mkdir ~/bin $$ cp lockfile ~/bin $$ echo 'export PATH=/home/$USER/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc $$ . ~/.bashrc
Large number of cases
The "one job per case" works fine when the number of cases is fairly small (<500). When N_cases >> 500, the following problems arise:
- There is a limit on the number of jobs submitted (for orca, it is 5000).
- Job submission becomes very slow. (With 5000 jobs and ~2s per job submission, the submission will last ~3 hours!).
- With very large number of cases, each case run is typically short. If one case runs for <30 min, you start wasting cpu cycles due to scheduling overheads (~30s per job).
The solution: instead of submitting a separate job for each case, one should submit a smaller number of "meta-jobs", each of which would process multiple cases. As cases can take different time to process, it is highly desirable to utilize a dynamic workload balancing scheme here.
This is how it is implemented:
As the above diagram shows, "submit.run" script in the "many cases per job" mode will submit N jobs, with N being a fairly small number (much smaller than the number of cases to process). Each job would execute the same script - "task.run". Inside that script, there is a "while" loop, for different cases. Each iteration of the loop has to go through a serialized (only one job at a time can do that) portion of the code, where it figures out which next case (if any) to process. Then the already familiar script "single_case.run" is executed - once per each case, which in turn calls the user code.
This approach results in dynamic workload balancing achieved across all running "meta-jobs" belonging to this farm. This can be seen more clearly in the diagram below:
The dynamic workload balancing results in all meta-jobs finishing around the same time, regardless of how different runtime is for individual cases, and regardless of whether all "meta-jobs" start at the same time (as the above diagram shows), or start at different times (which would normally be the case). In addition, this approach is very robust: not all meta-jobs need to start running for all the cases to be processed; if a meta-job dies (due to a node crash), at most one case will be lost.
To enable the "multiple cases per job" mode (with dynamic workload balancing), the second argument to "submit.run" script should be the number of "task.run" jobs requested, e.g.:
$$ ./submit.run /work/user/dir/cases.dat 32
If file "clusters.lst" is present, listing multiple clusters, one per line (which will enable the "meta-cluster" mode - see #Meta-cluster ("Grid") mode), the number of submitted jobs will be the above number x2, and is limited to 256*2=512 jobs.
Simple usage scenario
- Copy directory /home/syam/Serial_farming/META to your file space (usually in /work/$USER).
- Put "lockfile" utility on your $PATH (see #Meta-cluster ("Grid") mode).
- Copy your code and initial conditions files to the META directory (optional; you can use full paths instead).
- Create a cases table (text file, one case per line).
- Modify "single_case.run" accordingly (so it will parse all the information the code needs from a specific line in the cases table).
- Create file "clusters.lst" if you plan to use the meta-cluster feature. Don't put requin (it is not compatible with the scripts).
- Probably a good idea to initially run on a single cluster (no "clusters.lst" file), with just a few jobs, to see if everything works.
- To run another farm in parallel to the first one, create another directory - say, META1 - and repeat the above steps (except for the "lockfile" copying - you just need one copy on your $PATH for any number of farms).
Additional information
Passing additional sqsub arguments
What if you need to use additional sqsub arguments (like --mpp, -q mpi, -q threaded, -n etc.)? Simple: just add all those arguments at the end of "submit.run" and "resubmit.run" command line, and they will be passed to sqsub, e.g.:
$$ ./submit.run test.dat -1 -q mpi -n 4
You can also override the default job runtime value (encoded to be 7 days in "submit.run"), by adding a "-r" argument.
Multi-threaded farming
How to do "multi-threaded farming" (OpenMP etc.)? Add these sqsub arguments to "(re)submit.run":
-q threaded -n N
Here "N" is the number of cpu cores/threads to use. Nothing special needs to be done inside "single_case.run": run the code as in the serial case.
MPI farming
What about "MPI farming"? Use these sqsub arguments with "(re)submit.run":
-q mpi -n N --nompirun
and add "mpirun" before the path to your code inside "single_case.run", e.g.:
mpirun $COMM &> out.log
Alternatively, you can prepend "mpirun" on each line of your cases table:
mpirun /path/to/mpi_code arg1 arg2 mpirun /path/to/mpi_code arg1 arg2 ... mpirun /path/to/mpi_code arg1 arg2
FORTRAN code example: using standard input
You have a FORTRAN serial code, "fcode"; each case needs to read a separate file from standard input – say "data.xxx" (in /work/user/IC directory), where xxx goes from 1 to N_cases. Place "fcode" on your $PATH (e.g., in ~/bin, make sure /home/$USER/bin is added to $PATH in .bashrc). Create the cases table (inside META directory) like this:
fcode < /work/user/IC/data.1 fcode < /work/user/IC/data.2 ... fcode < /work/user/IC/data.N_cases
The task of creating the table can be greatly simplified if you use a BASH loop command, e.g.:
$$ for ((i=1; i<=10; i++)); do echo "fcode < /work/user/IC/data.$i"; done >table.dat
FORTRAN code example: copying files for each case
Finally, another typical FORTRAN code situation: you need to copy a file (say, /path/to/data.xxx) to each case subdirectory, before executing the code. Your cases table can look like this:
/path/to/code /path/to/code ...
Add one line (first line in the example below) to your "single_case.run":
\cp /path/to/data.$ID . $COMM &> out.log STATUS=$?
How to use contributed systems?
Some contributed systems (like brown and redfin) apparently still accept 7 day jobs, so use them as any other cluster. Many contributed systems (perhaps all in the future) will only accept short – up to 4h – jobs. To make full advantage of the contributed systems, add "-r 4h" argument to "(re)submit.run", and either use "-1" mode of "(re)submit.run" if your cases take between 0.5 and 4 hours to run each, or use "many cases per job" mode if each case takes <0.5h.
Word of caution
- Please use common sense when using the "meta-cluster" mode of the scripts.
Most of the jobs you submit should be expected to run (don't submit many more jobs than you might need - "just in case"). The "$Overcommit_factor" variable defined in "submit.run" (=2) was introduced to force you to be reasonably compliant with the above point. After submitting a farm to multiple clusters, regularly check its state with "query.run" script. It will keep you informed about the overall "health" of your farm, and if things don't look right you can do something about it. As importantly, "query.run" script will run "prune.run" script internally when it detects that you won't need the jobs which are still queued (because you already hit the maximum number of running jobs limit).
- Make sure your code only accesses /work or /home. This is critical when you use the "meta-cluster" mode, as /work and /home are the only SHARCNET's file systems which are accessible from any compute node on any cluster.
- Always start with a much smaller test farm run, to make sure everything works, before submitting a large production run farm.
- Stay away from orca (when using meta-cluster mode): it is very busy because of NRAC jobs. Don't include requin (the scripts don't work there).


text:
DRAKE, Colo. (AP) - Lifelong canyon resident Mary Myers hangs a painted sheet from her front porch overlooking the Big Thompson River.
On it is a list of who Myers thinks has helped her and who she thinks hasn't. There are big boxes with checks next to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Small Business Administration, and the word "Power." But the box next to the words "Larimer County" remains empty. Myers wants the county to tell her how it will replace the washed-out bridge that once led visitors to her riverside home.
Myers and many of her neighbors were stranded this fall when September's flood washed away U.S. Highway 34, 65 bridges and 1,500 homes in Larimer County. Now, as many work to rebuild without the benefit of flood insurance, canyon residents like Myers are waiting for their government to help with things they say they can't do alone.
Things like moving the Big Thompson River, restoring lost land and rebuilding bridges.
On Nov. 21, a sign of help and hope returned to Big Thompson Canyon. The Colorado Department of Transportation reopened U.S. 34, an arterial route that connects Estes Park and residents of the canyon back to the Front Range.
But after two catastrophic floods in less than 40 years, Big Thompson Canyon residents, like mountain-dwellers across the state, have become increasingly dependent on the government to protect and restore a landscape many see as a hazard. So one question continues to be posed as Colorado's mountain residents recover from two years of devastating wildfires and floods: Who should bear the burden of protecting their way of life?
This fall, a governor's task force suggested that residents of Colorado's wildfire zones should pay extra taxes to help cover the growing cost of disaster response. It's still too early to know if the state will work to prevent residents from building in areas prone to flood or fire, but the dangers of mountain living have come into clear focus for Colorado's leadership.
"On the Front Range of Colorado, if you are in the foothills of Colorado that's a very dangerous place to be," Colorado Department of Transportation Executive Director Don Hunt told a bipartisan panel of lawmakers appointed to look at flood recovery. "I don't know that we can ever have enough technology and warning systems to keep people safe in these canyons."
When Myers, 52, lost her job at Poudre Valley Hospital last fall, she and her husband, Mike, decided to leave Fort Collins and move into an old family cabin in Big Thompson Canyon.
Myers had grown up at the summer cabin, which her father had repaired after World War II. As a 15-year-old, Myers watched as a late-July rainstorm scoured the canyon, killing 144 people.
A Chinook helicopter airlifted Myers and her grandmother out of the canyon after the Big Thompson flood of 1976; it was months before they were able to return. This September, it was a Black Hawk that evacuated the Myers, their two dogs, and two of their cats.
"It took a lot longer to be able to come back in 1976," Myers recalled. "We were anticipating that we wouldn't be able to get back in here until spring."
Myers was wrong, thanks to an aggressive agenda set by Gov. John Hickenlooper's mandate that all state roads destroyed by the flood be repaired by Dec. 1. U.S. 34 beat the deadline by two weeks - much to the surprise of Hunt, who predicted that road would not be "a perfectly paved road by Dec. 1."
Myers moved back home two weeks ago, and when she drove the highway the morning of Nov. 20 it was perfectly paved, smelling of fresh asphalt. The Big Thompson River was calm, flowing in a monstrous new riverbed it carved in September; its banks are littered with trash, splinters of houses and the occasional piece of clothing.
But two large floods in her life haven't persuaded Myers or some of her neighbors to give up on "our canyon," she said. In fact, research shows that disasters rarely chase their victims permanently away from their homes, said Sarah McCaffrey, a forest researcher with the U.S. Forest Service's Northern Research Station in Illinois.
"People do move back, because by and large the values are still there that they lived there for," she said. "There is some evidence of disaster subcultures where you just sort of learn to live with it."
That holds particularly true in areas prone to flooding, McCaffrey added. For Myers, there used to be the belief that something like the 1976 flood wouldn't happen again for centuries, so why not move back?
"Hey, we all survived the flood of 1976. They just don't come any bigger," she thought before September.
Myers has launched into restoring her subdivision's land to what it was before the flood. Delighted with CDOT's job on the highway, she regularly passes out cookies to crews on the side of the road. She also keeps a thick address book of contacts - state and county engineers, mostly - to whom she sends letters and a PowerPoint presentation detailing what she wants of them.
She wants them to restore what the residents themselves cannot afford to cover. The Restu subdivision where she lives lost more than 100 feet of land between homes and the river, and its houses now hang off a cliff that wasn't there three months ago. Many subdivisions also lost bridges, built after the 1976 flood by Larimer County, which connected them to the highway. Myers' neighbors think the river needs to be moved back before other recovery work can begin, but none of them can afford to rent the right equipment to do it, they say.
The canyon residents have created a Facebook group to share their frustration. It's called: "We survived the flood. Now what?"
Myers said that question has baffled many engineers who were shocked to see the river hundreds of feet from where it used to be. After chatting with every worker and FEMA or government employee that comes her way, she hopes the subdivision will get the help.
"We kind of got the feeling from those bosses that they've got a heart for us," she said.
At the palpably joyous opening of U.S. 34 on Thursday, Hickenlooper pledged that the road's restoration would be the first of many for the canyon that will likely cost the state and Larimer County millions. CDOT has yet to tally the cost of all road repair projects throughout the state, officials said.
From the start, CDOT's Hunt knew that rebuilding post-flood was bound to be costly. CDOT received help through a federal highway reimbursement program, but eventually between 10-12 percent of those funds will have to be repaid, he told the committee of lawmakers in mid-November.
"I will be the first to admit that when you are in a disaster situation cost containment cannot be your first priority," he said.
Whether governments should continually help rebuild communities in disaster-prone zones is a controversial subject in the recovery world, said McCaffrey. Disaster victims expect the government to aid them, McCaffrey said, but after a year of catastrophic fires, floods, and hurricanes, rebuilding communities from Colorado to the New Jersey shore will be expensive.
"This is the big question. It comes up with hurricanes, it comes up with earthquakes," McCaffrey added. "Do we let them live there? Why do we help them rebuild there? Why am I living in the Midwest but funding people on the East Coast?"
For Daniel Aldrich, a professor at Purdue University who studies disaster recovery, the answers come down to politics. Humans have always lived in disaster zones and likely always will, and their governments support that choice with money, he said.
"Governments around the world will help subsidize homes for people living in these dangerous zones," Aldrich said. "The government subsidizes our choices. Why? Basically there is political will to help a bunch of people."
Refusing aid to disaster victims or taxing them based upon where they live are dangerous decisions for state politicians to make, Aldrich said. "These decisions can damage political careers," he added.
In his research, Aldrich has noticed a correlation between disasters and election years. Often, communities struck by disaster will receive more aid during an election year, he said.
Some states have considered what Aldrich says is an obvious solution - barring or restricting people from living in disaster-prone areas.
In parts of California, people who live in wildfire zones pay extra taxes. Hickenlooper's Wildfire Insurance and Forest Health Task Force proposed this fall a similar tax for Colorado residents. Across the world, some rural residents in New Zealand have been told that firefighters will not be deployed to fight a wildfire where they live.
But imposing new restrictions on a small group of homeowners will likely raise more of a rumpus than taxing many to help support the few, Aldrich said.
"If you tell homeowners they can't live somewhere, they will mobilize," he added.
Taxing or restricting homeowners in disaster zones is not fair until it's done across the board - from the California coast, through the wildernesses of Colorado, to the New Jersey shores, Aldrich said. Until a nationwide resolution is reached, disasters must be cleaned up and paid for.
"People go live off the grid until disaster strikes. Off the grid in some ways is very much on the grid in others," he said. "Most of us don't think of the additional costs."
© National Flood Services LLC 2018. All rights reserved. Terms and Conditions


text:
Even by Richmond City Council standards, which count controversy as a staple of life, last week's meeting at the Richmond Memorial Auditorium was quite a show.
Mayor Gayle McLaughlin, a crusader who would be lost without a cause, reiterated her support for using eminent domain to seize underwater mortgages at deep discounts and repackage them for distressed homeowners.
Councilman Nat Bates and Vice Mayor Corky Boozé, who instinctively push whenever the mayor pulls, were so troubled by the legal and liability exposure in this scheme that they moved it be dismissed.
Councilman Jim Rogers, carefully straddling the fence, moved that Mortgage Resolution Partners, the partner in the plan, be required to insure the city against legal damages before it takes another step down a blind path.
So the only thing the first four speakers could agree on was that they didn't.
Rogers' motion failed on a 5-2 vote. Ditto for Bates and Boozé. McLaughlin's proposal to establish a Joint Powers Authority in pursuit of her goal narrowly survived, with backing by Jovanka Beckles, Tom Butt and Jael Myrick.
Eminent domain — by which government entities seize private property for public use — has never been used in this way, and there's some doubt whether it can. Securing land to build a public roadway is far different from seizing a loan to reduce a borrower's payments.
What further muddies Richmond's plan is that it doesn't even clear the help-the-poor hurdle. Of the 624 home loans it targets, none are in foreclosure, most are up to date and many are for houses in Point Richmond, Brickyard Landing and Marina Bay, whose residents won't soon be passing the hat.
Add to this the curious misconception, shared by supporters in last week's crowd of more than 400, that seizing loans will strike a blow against the evil banks responsible for the mortgage crisis. These loans were long ago bundled as mortgage-backed securities and sold to investors. Richmond resident Joshua Genser tried to explain this to the council.
"These loans are not owned by banks," he said. "They're owned by our pension funds, IRAs, 401(k)s, and if you take value away from them by using eminent domain, it is we who get screwed, not the banks."
Genser is a real estate attorney and perhaps the only voice of reason in Richmond. Council members had to ask him how mortgage trusts worked. He scratched his head afterward.
"There's a lot of ignorance on the City Council about this plan," he said. "Until I raised the issue the other day, Jim Rogers didn't know the city is supposed to get $10,000 from each of these transactions."
Genser said the community risks access to future credit if it enacts this eminent domain plan — which, by the way, may be unconstitutional. It calls for seizing mortgages at less than market value and repackaging them at 100 percent. When properties are seized by eminent domain, full market value must be paid.
Wall Street, which convulses at uncertainty in the lending market, showed how it felt when $34 million in municipal bonds recently offered by Richmond went unpurchased.
The mayor is undeterred. She told the crowd it takes great fortitude to be a leader.
Some people think wisdom is also helpful.
Contact Tom Barnidge at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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President Barack Obama is winning the Catholic vote in the race to the White House by a country mile.
Obama may be taking flak from Catholic prelates but his popularity is growing with their flock.
New opinion polls commissioned by the Pew Research Center point to a 15 point lead for Obama over Mitt Romney.
Reports say the Pew poll left the 44th president with a 54-39 percent lead over Romney among American Catholics.
Analysts say Obama is running even with Romney among white Catholics but has overwhelming support with Latino Catholics.
The new poll is a major boost for Obama who led by only two points, 49-47 percent, among Catholic voters in June.
Catholic support for Obama is growing despite Romney's decision to run Paul Ryan, a Catholic, as his vice presidential nominee.
Obama's popularity is also growing amongst Catholics despite the move taken by America's bishops earlier this year when they went to court against a mandate that requires church-affiliated universities and hospitals to offer contraception coverage in health care plans for their employees.
The bishops also promoted a 'Fortnight for Freedom' campaign leading up to July 4th with demonstrations against alleged threats to religious liberty.
But reports say their actions were overshadowed by 'Nuns on the Bus', a 14-state tour by a group of Catholic nuns in protest at cuts in federal social services contained in a proposed budget of which Rep. Ryan is the prime sponsor.
Bishop John Paprocki of Springfield, Illinois, entered the Presidential debate this week when he accused Democrats of explicitly endorsing intrinsic evils like same-sex marriage and abortion rights.
The bishop claimed: "A vote for a candidate who promotes actions or behaviors that are intrinsically evil is gravelly sinful and makes you morally complicit and places the eternal salvation of your soul in serious jeopardy."


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The following sections provide additional information about commonly-used web technology tools.
A "cookie" is a small data file transferred by a website to your computer's hard drive. HP or its service providers send cookies when you surf our site or sites where our ads appear, make purchases, request or personalize information, or register yourself for certain services. Accepting the cookies used on our site or sites where our ads appear may give us access to information about your browsing behavior, which we may use to personalize your experience. Cookies are typically classified as either "session" cookies or "persistent" cookies.
You can find information on popular browsers and how to adjust your cookie preferences at the following websites:
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If you choose to receive marketing emails or newsletters from HP as specified in Your choices and selecting your privacy preferences, HP may automatically collect personal information about you. For example, through Web beacons and personalized URLs embedded in these emails or newsletters, HP can track whether you've opened those messages and whether you've clicked on links contained within those messages. For more information on embedded Web links, see below.
Emails from HP, Internet keyboard keys preconfigured by HP, and promotional icons preinstalled on your PC desktop often use links designed to lead you to a relevant area on the Web, after redirection through HP's servers. The redirection system allows HP to change the destination URL of these links, if necessary, and to determine the effectiveness of our marketing initiatives.
In emails, such web links may also allow HP to determine whether you have clicked a link in an email, and this information about the interaction may be connected to your personal identity. If you do not want HP to collect information about the links that you click, you can:
HP may use tools to collect information about your experience on some HP websites. These tools do not involve the use of Web beacons or cookies, but record your interaction with an HP website as captured by an HP server. Certain tools, used in some countries, may enable HP to replay customer web sessions. These tools are used primarily for troubleshooting purposes; information collected by these tools will be stored for a limited period of time.


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This question already has an answer here:
I have a quick question about the difference between the two concepts in the title. The question is basically ex.6 (b) in Hatcher's book titled "Algebraic Topology". Let $X$ be the subspace of $R^2$ consisting of the horizontal segment $[0,1] \times \{0\}$ together with the vertical segments $\{r\} \times [0,1-r]$ for $r$ a rational number in $[0,1]$. Now let $Y$ be the space that is the union of an infinite number of copies of $X$ arranged in a zig zag formation. See below -
Now my question is why can't one deformation retract $Y$ to a point in the darkened zig zag line? Surely the darkened zig zag line is homeomorphic to $\mathbb{R}$, which is deformation retractable to a point, and each of the vertical lines of each copy of $X$ deformation retracts to its segment of the zig zag line! I must be missing something here as one has to prove that $Y$ does not deformation retract to any point!


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The High School football postseason in Craven County is always a busy one for us here at the Sun Journal.
The High School football postseason in Craven County is always a busy one for us here at the Sun Journal.
With all of the quality athletes we cover, selecting our All-Area team can be as tough as judging the Miss America pageant.
Who do you pick?
While that team will come out in the paper around the first of the year, I thought it would be neat and creative, to offer up some awards of my own.
So, in the image of the Emmys or the ESPYs, I figured I would hand out the first-ever HONEYs for high school football excellence over the season.
We saw many games this year, including staying as spectators for the 4A and 4AA state title games this past weekend in Raleigh after Havelock had won its third straight 3A crown.
In my selection criteria for the winners, I am going off of a combination of statistics and most importantly, the eye test (70% eye test, 30% stats).
So, here goes, without further ado � the HONEY awards:
Best Team � Mallard Creek Mavericks. It is a widespread opinion among my colleagues that the Mavericks are the best team in the state, regardless of classification. Saturday, in seeing them dismantle Wake Forest for the 4AA title, I would have to concur. I tried, but I couldn�t find a weakness in Mallard Creek.
Best Player � Derrell Scott, running back, Havelock Rams. There is smooth and fluid on the football field and then there is Derrell Scott smooth and fluid on the football field. What sets Scott apart from many others is his elusiveness, his cutting ability. I haven�t seen too many at this level be able to plant, juke and cut like Scott. He showed it all in the Rams� 21-13 3A title game victory.
Best Defense � Dudley Panthers. I had heard so much about Dudley that I could not wait to see them play for myself. All I can say is WOW! A Scotland County team that scored 43 against New Bern and 53 versus J.H. Rose, was held to seven by Dudley � and that score was on a fumble return. The Scots managed only 31 rushing yards for the game. The most points the Panthers allowed all season was 20 to Southern Alamance on Oct. 18.
Best Dual-Threat QB � Mike Hughes, New Bern. Hughes was Mr. Versatility this season for the Bears. He threw for 1,959 yards and rushed for 1,224. He accumulated 14 passing touchdowns and 25 rushing TDs.
Best Pure-Passing QB � Travis Sabdo, Havelock Rams. No one, including myself, knew quite what to expect in Sabdo. He was playing his first full varsity season replacing a four-star recruit in Pharoh Cooper. He had the pressure of the world on his shoulders to lead Havelock back to a third-straight 3A state title. All he did - was throw for 2,600 yards, 36 touchdowns and just five interceptions.
Most Improved Team � Pamlico Hurricanes. The job Kevin Yost and his staff of Mike Twichell, Brandon Squires and Maurice King and company did in Bayboro this season is remarkable. After winning just one game with the same (albeit younger) players a year ago, they turned it around into nine wins and a trip to the third round of the 1A state playoffs this season.
Now, for a few other superlatives.
TNT Award � Dynamite comes in small packages they say and there was no better example of that than Havelock�s 5-foot-5 spark plug Matt Boykin.
�Whatever You Need Coach� Award � New Bern�s Cody Purdie was a star linebacker for the Bears with over 120 tackles in 2012. In 2013, he switched sides of the ball and ran for 1,261 yards and 10 touchdowns.
�Double-Headed Coin� Award � Alkeim Harley, QB/CB West Craven Eagles. West Craven kids must have iron lungs inside their chests or something. Most of the Eagles� more talented guys never come off the field and Harley was no exception. As a two-way player, he passed for over 1,000 yards and was among the team�s leaders in interceptions.
�Gene Pool� Award � The Bowman brothers, Micheal and Kyran of the Havelock Rams. Wide receivers that made it almost impossible for opposing secondaries to key on any one guy, these athletic specimens were crucial to Havelock�s success.
Thanks for reading any and all nominations for next year�s HONEYs can be directed to Jordan Honeycutt at 252-635-5670 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow Jordan on Twitter @JHONEYnbsj29


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Make a tax-deductible gift today to provide a future for our parks and the millions of Americans who enjoy them.
Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been the leading voice of the American people in the fight to safeguard the scenic beauty, wildlife, and historic and cultural treasures of the largest and most diverse park system in the world. Help us assure the future of our beloved national parks.
Already a member? Click here to make a renewal donation.
To donate by mail, send in our printable donation form.
To donate by phone, please call toll-free 800.628.7275800.628.7275, Mon-Fri 9:00-5:00 EST.
Your contribution to NPCA is tax-deductible as allowed by law. Charitable solicitation disclosures.
NPCA, 777 6th Street, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20001


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The Superintendent Whiteboard System, another innovation from Par Aide. Built directly with input from Superintendents, our whiteboards save you time, provide better flexibility and make daily communication with your crew more efficient than with homemade boards.
- 2 x 4 ft. individually framed, pre-printed whiteboard panels.
- High quality whiteboard material
- Artwork is printed on panels, then covered with dry-erase material – printing won't rub off.
- Mix and match to create the best whiteboard for your needs.
- Panels are simply placed next to each other and attached to the wall.
- Mounting hardware included.
- Available in magnetic material only.
7251–10 Magnetized


text: A makeshift shrine to the victims of the school shooting in Newtown, Conn. Slate and a citizen journalist are trying to track gun deaths across the nation since that Dec. 14 mass shooting. Emmanuel Dunand /AFP/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Emmanuel Dunand /AFP/Getty Images The Two-Way Tracking Gun-Related Deaths, One Tweet At A Time December 28, 2012 Slate and a citizen journalist are trying to report every gun-related death in the nation on a daily basis. There is no central clearinghouse for such information. The goal of the project, Slate says, is to provide key data for the post-Newtown debate over gun laws. Tracking Gun-Related Deaths, One Tweet At A Time Listen · 5:02 5:02 Toggle more options Download Embed Embed <iframe src="https://www.npr.org/player/embed/168204661/168219984" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" title="NPR embedded audio player"> Transcript


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Arte del Sol : Caribbean and Latin American Arts is designed as a library of reference images rather than as a museum. Some of the images collected here are from museum and library collections, but the majority are from personal collections. Most were collected by research faculty from a wide variety of fields during their travels thoughout the Caribbean and Latin America.
Arte del Sol, or "Art of the Sun" in English, is a collection of baskets and pottery, costumes and masks, textiles and other everyday objects. Many represent the culture of a particular region; so even among types of objects, differences can be seen easily.


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Olympics: Twitter's huge, varied impact
Social-media users having a huge effect on Olympic Games
For all the talk about Michael Phelps vs. Ryan Lochte, security concerns and unfilled seats, the trending topic at the Olympic Games might actually be Twitter.
The San Francisco microblogging service has made its omnipresence felt at these Games.
Among other things, it has played a role in the suspensions of two athletes. The International Olympic Committee has blamed loquacious Twitter users in London crowds for causing a broadcasting glitch. And its official partnership with Olympics broadcaster NBC may have led to the suspension of a journalist's account because he was critical of NBC's broadcast strategy.
London 2012 has cemented Twitter's role as both a global living room and a global water cooler that draws citizens of all sorts - from the athletes themselves to armchair judges at home - to participate in a communal discussion about the world as it happens.
More than ever before, Internet users have the choice of shifting between lives divided by time zones to ones where the world happens at once. No longer limited to the views of friends, family, reporters and announcers, they can tune into the instantaneous tweets of half a billion Twitter feeds across the globe.
"The social Web has equalized time zones in a way that people are grappling with," said Susan Etlinger, an analyst at business consulting firm Altimeter Group. "As people become more acclimated to sharing these world experiences on social media, we'll see a diversity of opinions that you can't get through traditional media."
Not that old media is being killed by Twitter. In fact, NBC posted record ratings throughout the Games' first weekend. The network has credited real-time social-media buzz for enticing more people to tune into its tape-delayed evening coverage.
Watch what you tweet
Twitter's growing presence has been apparent in more than half a dozen instances in opening days of the Games:
-- NBC drew outrage Friday, mainly through Twitter, for not telecasting an Opening Ceremony tribute to the victims of the July 7, 2005, terrorist attacks in London, replacing it with an interview of swimming star Phelps.
"ARE YOU KIDDING ME? NBC cut a tribute to victims of the 7/7 attacks? Because we're too dumb to remember them? Why?" San Francisco blogger Meg Keene posted to Twitter.
An NBC spokesman said its coverage is "tailored for the U.S. audience."
-- On Sunday, U.S. soccer player Hope Solo was chastised by her coach for using Twitter to question the knowledge of NBC soccer analyst Brandi Chastain, a former soccer star. A Twitter spokeswoman said employees met with U.S. athletes before the Games to offer thoughts on best practices for tweeters.
-- After a 2-1 loss to South Korea on Sunday, a Swiss soccer player posted a message on Twitter that basically called Koreans idiots and told them to burn. The team sent him home on Monday.
-- His gaffe followed that of a female Greek triple-jumper who was dropped from her team last week before the Opening Ceremony for posting a tweet that said mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus in Greece could feed off all the African immigrants in the country.
-- During Saturday's cycling events, Olympic organizers said they had trouble pulling data from GPS devices on bicycles because Twitter users and text message senders were overloading telecommunications infrastructure.
-- U.S. track athlete Sanya Richards-Ross has been leading a crusade - via Twitter hashtags #rule40 and #WeDemandChange - against an international rule that bans athletes from promoting their own sponsors through social media during the Games. She and others are sponsored by Nike, but only Adidas can be mentioned during the Olympics because it is the official sportswear sponsor. Nike, however, was one of several brands that advertised on Twitter over the weekend, and added about 8,000 followers.
-- The Associated Press reported that British police are looking into a tweet directed at British diver Tom Daley, who lost his father a year ago to cancer, that said he let his father down. If considered menacing, offensive or indecent, the tweet would be illegal under British law.
-- And Monday, Twitter, at the behest of NBC, shut down the account of Guy Adams, a Los Angeles correspondent for the British newspaper the Independent. In joining the chorus of complaints about NBC's decision not to stream the Opening Ceremony live online, Adams tweeted the publicly available e-mail address of an NBC executive. As is its policy, Twitter declined to comment on a specific user account. But in an e-mail to Adams, Twitter said he had been suspended for "posting an individual's private information."
Where the action is
The Games have proven a huge social-media subject. Procera Networks of Fremont said social-networking traffic was up 25 percent over normal levels last weekend, with the same amount of users posting more frequently to websites such as Facebook and Twitter.
Social-widget maker AddThis, which is crunching social-media data during the Olympics, said since Sunday that content including the term "Twitter" has been shared vigorously across the social Web, with terms like "dismissal," "gymnastics," "infographic" and "vieira" (NBC host Meredith) popping up alongside.
"What we think is interesting is Twitter is really part of the conversation right now," AddThis head of marketing Allison Tepley said.
While Twitter has helped bring average Joes closer to the Phelpses and Lochtes of the world, as well as to reporters, executives and fellow sports watchers from Brazil to Indonesia, its network provides a different kind of connection.
"You can connect with people online, but you can't sit down and have a beer with them," said Scott Campbell, a professor of telecommunications at the University of Michigan. "It's different type of values."
Campbell said big, dramatic events, such as the Olympics or the killing of Osama bin Laden, are so complicated and uncertain that many people still prefer having information explained to them rather than solely digging through a list of links.
"It might be easier to let the network tell them what the great big story is going to be," Campbell said.
Still the also-ran
And for all the buzz around Twitter, investors are most concerned with bottom-line realities. As a business, it still faces challenges as it competes with older and larger social-network Facebook for eyeballs and advertising dollars of small businesses.
About three times more content is shared through Facebook than via Twitter. Analysts and communications experts say Twitter must continue to lower the learning curve for new users, and create more curated and visual experiences.
Paresh Dave is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Nanotube-based supercapacitor-battery works in extreme conditions
August 23, 2011
Researchers at Rice University have created a solid-state, nanotube-based supercapacitor that promises to combine the best qualities of high-energy batteries and fast-charging capacitors in a device suitable for extreme environments.
The Rice team grew an array of 15–20 nanometer bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes up to 50 microns long. The array was then transferred to a copper electrode, with thin layers of gold and titanium to aid adhesion and electrical stability.
The nanotube bundles (the primary electrodes) were doped with sulfuric acid to enhance their conductive properties; then they were covered with thin coats of aluminum oxide (the dielectric layer) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (the counter electrode) through a process called atomic layer deposition (ALD). A top electrode of silver paint completed the circuit.
The supercapacitor holds a charge under high-frequency cycling and can be naturally integrated into materials. The researchers envision an electric car body that is a battery, or a microrobot with an onboard, nontoxic power supply that can be injected for therapeutic purposes into a patient's bloodstream.
They said the supercapacitor would be ideal for use under the kind of extreme conditions experienced by desert-based solar cells or in satellites, where weight is also a critical factor. Other potential uses span on-chip nanocircuitry to entire power plants, they said.
Ref.: Cary L. Pint, et al., Three dimensional solid-state supercapacitors from aligned single-walled carbon nanotube array templates, Carbon, 2011; 49 (14): 4890 [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.07.011]


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- News
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LONDON – Canada has been awarded the 2013 International Paralympic Committee world swimming championships, the first time the event has come to North America.
The announcement was made at the 2012 Paralympics where the Canadian swimming team had two gold medals and six silvers heading into Tuesday evening's finals.
"One of the things that our government is pressing all the time is to bring the world to Canada," said Pierre Lafontaine, CEO of Swimming Canada. "It's not just an honor [to host the championships], but an ability for us to develop and to keep moving Paralympic sport and Paralympic swimming in Canada and North America."
He said the sixth worlds, which are expected to attract more than 600 swimmers, will be held next August in a city to be determined.
There are six cities that have the necessary facilities, including two 50-metre pools, one for competition and a second for warm up and cool down. Those cities are Victoria, Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg, Quebec City and Montreal.
Lafontaine said Swimming Canada hopes to have a city selected by Oct. 1.
The last worlds were held in Eindhoven, Netherlands in 2010. The IPC is moving the biennial championships to odd numbered years to coincide with the FINA world championships. Canada last hosted those championships in Montreal in 2005.


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The Great Divide (race)
In Fall of 2006 my good friend Steevo and I set off to ride the Great Divide, a 2500-mile, 85% off-road mountain bike route along the Continental Divide from Canada to Mexico. Steevo's photos from his blog are here and here. I only managed to get one post up here.
The key word is 'ride'. We tried to do it in 29 days and fell a couple hundred miles short of official completion. But anything you can ride you can race. The Great Divide Race started in 2004. It follows the maps from Adventure Cycling exactly. There is no support, no entry fee and no prizes. Pretty cool. (before the official race John Stamstad, who I have written about previously blazed the course in 19 days on his own).
But the route was extended north into Canada so....see where this is going? Long story short, one of the previous years' winners, Matt Lee, suggested that the race also be extended. The GDR race organizer (apparently) did not think this was a good idea. So Matt started his own race: Tour Divide. And they are both happening at the same time right now. If useful website is a gauge to measure a race, then Tour Divide wins hands down. They have real-time GPS on every racer. I'll be keeping up on this and thinking about what it must be like to ride over a hundred miles a day, off-road, with no support for over two weeks.


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Learn more about who we are and how to engage with us.
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More than fifteen years ago we started GLG to help investors make better decisions and in the process transformed the way equity research gets done. Today, more than a million projects later, we have a broader mission – to transform the way all top professionals share expertise and learn about strategic and operational challenges.
Our mission and values make GLG not only a great place to work but also an essential business partner. Tens of thousands of professionals have joined us in our mission and that number continues to grow. We envision a whole new marketplace for peer-to-peer learning.


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Lots of people talk about a serious misconception in regards to the use and implementation of fire security alarms. A great fire alert process can save your lifestyle and safeguard your property. Many years ago, when fireplace security systems failed to can be found large fires burned huge properties, full local communities, and often destroy an entire town. The reason behind the injuries that fires have cost before was generally mainly because that a lot of structures were developed by timber, and that there seemed to be no form of flame alert program to prevent the fire from scattering.
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The present day blaze alarm program relies on a group of equipment and equipment that assist it to perform in a ideal way, a great way which means the complete excellent method of preventing a blaze, these power tools are generally made of some distinct factors and every one component needs to be in perfect shape. San Mateo
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Budget that you
The essential thing to learn about cigarette smoke and also heat sensors is simply because they are turned on by considerable alternation in temperatures, meaning there is a heat source anywhere in the home, naturally the high temperature detector would interpret that sign at all for fireplace developing within the room. Other detectors are programed to alarm once they recognize a having to worry level of specific dust or substances within the ambiance, it is an even more crystal clear identifier of the existence of fireplace in the area. http://rnsecuritycompany.com/
The high temperature
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- Before flame security alarms had been not that dependable inside the.


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xingj53 necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 365 diseños de 89 diseñadores freelance.
Michael Jin Photography
I'm a starting up wedding photographer in NY. I'm looking for a simple and elegant logo which is unique and catches viewers eyen and look professional. This is going to be on my business cards, website and watermarks for my photos. I also would like to just use Michael Jin for watermarks(without the word photography). I really like to include and emphasize on my initials MJ or Jin for logo. The full name on right hand side doesn't have to be too fancy. Its the logo on left that i am more interest to see. If you think your design is creative without the initials, I encourage you submit them as well. I love surprises.
future brides & groom
my current target audience are mainly young Asians couples. I'd like to attract people from various ages as my business grows. Of course not just limit to Asians.
Adobe photoshop format
Vector format
Simple & Elegant
Look Professional
have MJ or Jin in the design or surprise me with creative design
work both on dark and light background.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.