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With so many different choices to choose from, the thought of finding a high-quality phone service provider in Mullens, WV might seem scary. The best way to find an excellent provider is to compare all of the different options, and Wirefly lets you do just that. All consumers want a phone service that offers many features and doesn't cost too much. Before deciding on a particular service, it's important to consider the price, reliability and features. Several providers deliver phone services that have no restrictions and great call clarity. A residential phone service is nearly useless if it isn't reliable. VoIP has become a popular phone service, but it doesn't work well without a high-speed connection to the Internet. Compare home phone service providers in Mullens, WV below.
|Plan Details
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| Home Phone Service
* $15.00/mo. or $6.21/mo. with 2 year contract
$6.21 *
| Details
45 Reviews
| VoIP Phone Service
* $8.32/mo. with 12-month agreement
$8.32 *
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81 Reviews
| Home Phone Service
* $6.25/mo. 1-year prepay equals $75.00/year
$6.25 *
| Details
53 Reviews
| Home Phone Service
* $8.33 is monthly average with 1-year prepay
$8.33 *
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122 Reviews
VoIP is an acronym for Voice Over Internet Protocol. It is an advanced technology that enables people to use Internet Protocol (IP) networks in the transmission of voice and multimedia content. VoIP differs from Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) because it uses methodologies that deliver voice communication over enterprise local area networks, the internet, or wide area networks. A broadband connection enables customers in Mullens, WV, to enjoy VoIP services anywhere. Therefore, frequent travelers and visitors can use VoIP without any troubles.
VoIP is also advantageous for clients in Mullens, WV, because of customization. The use of VoIP allows the customers to choose an area code that they prefer without necessarily being there. In traditional telephone and wireless services, the client is not at liberty to choose their area code. The provider selects the area code of the customer depending on their geographical location. Therefore, VoIP avails the customers with other options that might be useful for business calls.
VoIP services have many beneficial features. The customers get to enjoy a wide variety of offers like call waiting, unlimited calling, caller ID, international calling, three-way calling, and call forwarding. Moreover, they get to enjoy call blocking and 24-hour customer service options. The cost of getting VoIP package with the fundamental features can be as low as $5.99 per month. For consumers who are concerned with price, the services are user-friendly and cost-effective.
Another great option for consumers in Mullens, WV, is DSL phone service. Unlike VoIP, DSL moves over copper lines. This is option has much more in common with traditional landline phone service, but there are some benefits that come with choosing DSL. The modem that is given to customers who choose DSL provides them with both internet and phone service, and the DSL phone service is typically much faster and more convenient than the phone systems of yesterday. Because both DSL internet and phone services utilize the same modem, providers usually offer these two services as part of a bundle. As a rule, monthly charges begin at $19.95 and increase depending on the internet speed selected by the customer. It should be noted that DSL providers sometimes insist that their customers enter into a contract for a certain time period in order to secure the lowest possible pricing.
Many consumers in Mullens, WV, choose DSL over traditional phone service because it gives them the option to purchase internet service with it. Unlike dial-up internet, DSL internet allows people to use the phone and the internet simultaneously. DSL internet is also many times faster than traditional dial-up service.
While there are many advantages to choosing DSL over landline phone service, it does have a tendency to be less reliable than the traditional option. Typically, customers who live closer to their provider will experience greater reliability than those who live further away. There are also times when too many people are using the DSL lines at the same time, which can cause some to hear busy signals when they attempt to access the system. Some people choose not to use DSL phone service because they fear it will not be available in emergency situations.
People have used landline phone service for over a century. It utilizes copper wires attached to jacks in customers' homes. Subscribers may connect corded telephones or cordless phones that work in the vicinity of their homes. Sophisticated extra features are available, such as caller ID and call waiting. However, they usually cost extra. An advantage of corded landlines is that they normally continue to work during power and Internet outages. This technology doesn't rely on wireless signals or Internet communications, so it's generally quite reliable.
Each landline account is only accessible in one house or apartment. Another drawback is that this option costs more than VoIP. Although basic local-only service is cheaper, most Mullens, WV subscribers spend around $50 per month. They can add basic dial-up Internet for about $10 more. A significant advantage of landline service is that it delivers the clearest audio, especially when both parties are using corded phones. This proves desirable for people who spend many hours on the telephone or need to make particularly important calls. For example, a traditional landline is best for radio interviews.
Today, many consumers are choosing wireless phone service because it offers a variety of features and benefits. One of the greatest advantages of going wireless is unmatched mobility. Consumers can use a wireless phone service to make calls from almost anywhere in the country. Cell phone services give consumers several options for payment plans, and the two major plans are prepaid and pay as you go. The prepaid service allows consumers to only pay for the minutes they use, and it's an excellent plan for people who don't make many calls. The other payment plan consists of monthly payments, and it can be a great choice for people who spend a lot of time talking on the phone. It's even a great choice for consumers who plan to use a lot of mobile data and access the Internet. Use the Wirefly cell phone plan comparison tool to compare cell phone plans in Mullens, WV and find the best plan in your area.
Many of the newest smartphones can be converted into a mobile hotspot, which broadcasts an Internet connection to family and friends. By choosing a wireless phone service in Mullens, WV, consumers can enjoy great flexibility while traveling. Wireless service is useful at home, but it can be even more convenient while traveling. The only downside of choosing to go wireless is the cost. A standard wireless plan can cost quite a bit more than the alternatives. However, it's usually the best option for people who're always using the Internet or talking on the phone. One of the potential downsides of wireless service is reliability, which isn't great in some areas. When searching for a home phone service in Mullens, WV, Wirefly makes it easy to compare many different service providers.
Wirefly offers great deals on a large selection of smartphones, cell phones, tablets, mobile hotspots, and other wireless devices for the nation's most popular carriers. Use Wirefly's innovative cell phone and plan comparison tools to ensure you are getting the best deal on the market. Shop with confidence knowing that Wirefly wants to help you find the best prices on cell phones, cell phone plans, TV, and Internet service.


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Keith Koehler is a busy man. Koehler is the PR director for NASA's Wallops Island flight facility. Nestled in the flatlands of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Wallops is home to several launchpads, three active runways, and a multitude of R&D buildings. But this week he is busy not because of the facilities themselves, but because he's expecting up to 20,000 visitors and guests to descend on this tiny facility. For the first time, it's being used to send hardware away from the Earth.
Soft-spoken yet assured, Koehler has handled thousands of inquires from the public, led the media on tours of the Minotaur V launch site, and introduced visiting dignitaries and VIPs to the project directors, all with aplomb. Our first day out had us introduced to their high altitude balloon research team. I was amazed at the number of highly successful missions launched from such remote places as McMurdo station and the Marshall Islands, done for a fraction of the cost of a conventional rocket launch.
"They are an order of magnitude cheaper" he says. These super balloons can fly longer and carry larger payloads for pennies on the dollar—they're cheap enough that many of the super balloons have carried private experiments for universities. The balloons can also be used again and again; several on display at the site have made dozens of flights. NASA is also big on recycling other technology to keep costs down. Their sounding rockets are made from retired military hardware (sans warheads, I've been assured). Built like LEGO, NASA stacks disparate parts into single rockets that fulfill specific needs, whether it's bringing private research to near-earth orbit, or flying on official NASA business.
Everywhere Koehler leads us, the group of a dozen or so 'media' (including hundreds of 'social media' people who are swarming the site), we are greeted with more evidence of the recycling ethos. Fiber optic lighting, bought for pennies, has been stripped down and grafted into equipment designed to simulate the light from far away stars. Empty plastic fruit cups are in use on custom-built electronics for purposes I can only guess at. In the main flight control facility, I find an utterly ancient SGI Indigo still in use as a telemetry server.
Meet the Minotaur
But nowhere is this more evident than the Minotaur-V rocket. Repurposed from a Reagan-era Peacekeeper ICBM, the newly reformed plowshare has now been used to send LADEE to the Moon. LADEE, or Lunar Atmosphere Dust Environment Explorer, is a modular probe built in conjunction with NASA's Ames research division and the University of Colorado. Once in orbit, it will fly close to the surface of the Moon (20 kilometers), scooping up dust from the exosphere for real-time analysis.
LADEE involves several firsts for NASA. The modularity, for example, is designed to maximize versatility and minimize costs, allowing the probe to be used for multiple purposes in the future: it's a base platform like a motherboard, where parts are easily added or removed as needed. Laser communications are another first for NASA. Rather than relying on traditional radio communication, LADEE has on board an LLCD, or Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration. That hardware fires off a 4cm beam back to tracking stations on Earth. This laser beam will allow LADEE to transmit more information at a faster rate than ever before.
LADEE can even send out e-mails to the flight director, informing him of its status. During the press conference, the project's director announced in a humorous voice that he'd just been e-mailed by LADEE, which let him know that all systems were go.
After the press conference came the science conference, where the details of LADEE's mission were explained. LADEE has three missions. One is to test the lunar dust in the moon's exosphere for composition and density. The second is the technology demonstration: is LLCD as effective or superior to radio (as well as superior in cost and weight)? Finally, the probe is set to analyze the process of offgassing, as material is released by the subsurface of the Moon. Once the tests are carried out and data sent home, NASA will slam LADEE into the Moon's surface.
After the conferences were done, we, the media people, were piled into a tour bus and driven out to the launch pad. The facility's three launchpads are situated on the shoreline, well away from any other people or buildings: "Just in case," I am told. It's not devoid of structures, though; like giant white mushrooms, mobile telescopes dot the area.
The main road winds through a lowland marsh, and along the way I spot deer, eagles, and other wildlife. Every effort has been made to minimize the footprint of man here; the concrete launch pads are no bigger than required, buildings are modular and moveable, and walkpaths, when required, are narrow and unobtrusive.
Out the window of the tour bus, I spot the gantry long before we reach the site. Like a steel monument, remote and forbidding, it stands as the last of the launchpads. We pass through another guard gate and then wind our way slowly past the second pad, equipped with steel spires at each corner—lightning rods to protect the hardware. They also pull double duty as part of the gantry, when needed.
As we inch forward (the road is narrow and dotted with parked vehicles) toward the Minotaur V pad, I cannot see the rocket. It's completely surrounded by a gantry that, like a giant hand, hides it from view. I am disappointed that we will get so close to the rocket and not see it, but as the bus finally pulls off to disgorge us, Keith smiles and announces they will be opening the gantry one last time so we can see the Minotaur V in full.
As we position ourselves, cameras at the ready, the gantry silently unfolds. So silently in fact, I missed the initial unsealing. Like Nosferatu emerging from his crypt, the Minotaur V rocket is revealed inches at a time. Where we stand it is difficult to gauge its size for lack of anything around to compare it to, but once the gantry is fully unsealed, we can see workers, like insects clambering about the rocket, performing final inspections and maintenance. As they help me accurately judge the size of this beast, it's obvious that it's huge. Even with a wide-angle lens set to 17mm, I have to step back several feet to fit it all in.
The golden light of the setting sun lends a majestic look to everything on the launchpad. The white paint gleams and the logos for NASA and other organizations shine brightly. Despite the shiny appearances, the whole project, from idea to final bolt, is built on a shoestring budget, and everyone is rightfully proud of what they have accomplished. There is a palpable joy emanating from every NASA employee I have met. The launch is set for the next day, but a party atmosphere prevails in the Center, even as countless last-minute details and procedures are checked and rechecked. As the hours count down, the anticipation rises. Big things are on the horizon.
The Launch
Eventually, launch day beckons. Stuffed with colorful brochures on every imaginable topic related to LADEE (and a few that are not) we are loaded into more tour buses to be brought to the media viewing site, a full two miles away from the launchpad we were so tantalizingly close to the day before.
Photographers are allowed first choice in spots, and they quickly fill up. I stake out my spot (one is as good as any at this distance) and prepare my gear. Never having shot a rocket launch before, I engage with others there on settings, figuring I'd treat this like a concert with high ISO and a quick shutter speed. No one seems willing to discuss what worked for them in the past, so I have to rely on my own experience. And then I have to wait.
And wait and wait and wait. We are three hours from launch, and the temperatures are rapidly dropping, from a sunny and mild 70s to a chilly and damp 50. Condensation forms on the lens and body. I re-check my focus, re-compose, and re-think my settings. Repeatedly. As the minutes tick by, and the temperature drops I wonder what I'll get. It's not like I can ask them to pause while I re-adjust my settings.
Finally, it's T-minus 10 minutes. Helicopters overhead make a final sweep for unauthorized personnel and fly away. As a good omen, a brief meteor shower streaks across the midnight sky.
Without much fanfare, a loudspeaker begins the countdown at the T-minus ten second mark. As the count hits zero, a flash of light like the birth of a sun lights up the night sky, and I immediately know my settings are off. With no chance to modify them, I shoot and hope for the best.
I have reached the limits of the frame and I sit back and watch the rest in awe, idly wondering where the roar of the engines is. Then it hits us like a slumbering dragon waking angrily. The rumble is a tactile thing, shaking the ground and vibrating our bones. A cheer erupts from the crowd, wild and jubilant, and I can no longer hear the announcers over the cheering.
The rocket's arc takes it away from us, over the curve of the Earth, which set off some worrying thoughts. Perhaps something has gone wrong, since the trail of fire seems to aim downward. Perhaps it's going to impact the Earth and explode. But no, it is just the glide time—Mission Control declares that everything is nominal.
The cheering dies down and we begin the arduous task of dismantling our gear and stumbling back to the bus. I dare not look at my camera for fear of the failure contained therein. Reflected on the faces of other photographers around me is plain evidence that their memory cards contain bad news. Back on the bus, a reporter carrying thirty grand in gear stares glumly at his laptop—every single shot is a solid wall of white, all beyond salvaging. With trepidation I ask him to look at mine, to see what I have. He does this for me, expression remaining unchanged, but he tells me my work is not a total loss.
The roads out of Wallops Island are jammed with cars, and it takes me until dawn to reach my home. As I collapse, utterly exhausted into my bed, I am reminded there is another launch soon, an Antares rocket that is calling my name, beckoning me to test my skills and endurance again.
Check out Erik Svensson's launch photos in Ars' companion gallery, LADEE launch gallery: Wallops aims for the Moon.


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Geographical entities
|Countries, regions, river basins
|Water resources
|Water uses
|Irrigation and drainage
|Institutional framework
|Other themes
Information type
|Summary tables
|Maps and spatial data
Info for the media
|Did you know...?
|Visualizations and infographics
|SDG Target 6.4
|UNW Briefs
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin
|Year: 2011
|Revision date: --
|Revision type: --
|Regional report:
|Water Report 37
The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river basin is a transboundary river basin with a total area of just over 1.7 million km2, distributed between India (64 percent), China (18 percent), Nepal (9 percent), Bangladesh (7 percent) and Bhutan (3 percent) (Table 1). Nepal is located entirely in the Ganges river basin and Bhutan is located entirely in the Brahmaputra river basin. The GBM river system is considered to be one transboundary river basin, even though the three rivers of this system have distinct characteristics and flow through very different regions for most of their lengths. They join only just a few hundred kilometres upstream of the mouth in the Bay of Bengal. Not only is each of these three individual rivers big, each of them also has tributaries that are important by themselves in social, economic and political terms, as well as for water availability and use. Many of these tributaries are also of a transboundary nature (Biswas, after 2006). The GBM river system is the third largest freshwater outlet to the world's oceans, being exceeded only by the Amazon and the Congo river systems (Chowdhury and Ward, 2004).
The headwaters of both the Ganges river and the Brahmaputra river originate in the Himalayan mountain range in China. The Ganges river flows southwest into India and then turns southeast, being joined by many tributaries. After flowing into Bangladesh, the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers join and flow into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna River. The Brahmaputra river (known as Yalung Zangbo in China) flows east through the southern area of China, then flows south into eastern India, turns southwest, then enters Bangladesh (where it is also called Jamuna) before merging with the Ganges and Meghna rivers. The tributaries of the Meghna river originate in the mountains of eastern India (the main one called Barak), flow southwest and join. The Meghna river flows southwest and joins the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers before flowing into the Bay of Bengal (McEwen, 2008).
Bangladesh has been formed as the greatest deltaic plain at the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers and their tributaries. About 80 percent of the country is made up of fertile alluvial lowland that becomes part of the Greater Bengal Plain. The country is flat with some hills in the northeast and southeast. About 7 percent of the total area of Bangladesh is covered with rivers and inland water bodies and the surrounding areas are routinely flooded during the monsoon.
It is estimated that at least 630 million people live in the GBM river basin. This is almost two-thirds of the population of Africa, while the size of Africa is about 18 times the size of the GBM river basin. In 2008, the total population in Bhutan, which is entirely located in the Brahmaputra river basin, was estimated at 687 000 inhabitants, of which 66 percent is rural. About 95 percent of the population lives in the southern subtropical zone or in the central mid-mountainous zone of Bhutan, mainly in the relatively gentle sloping areas of the river valleys. In Nepal, located entirely in the Ganges river basin, the total population was 28.8 million, of which almost 83 percent rural. The total population of Bangladesh is 160 million (73 percent rural) of which 122 million inhabitants live inside the GBM river basin approximately. The total territory of India has a population estimated at 1 181 million inhabitants (71 percent live in rural areas), of which 476 million inhabitants live inside the GBM river basin (WB, 2010). In the total territory of China, the population is about 1 345 million, of which 57 percent are living in rural areas. However, only 1.7 million inhabitants are estimated to be living in the GBM river basin (WB, 2010). Population density in the basin area ranges from 6 and 18 inhabitants/km2 in China and Bhutan respectively, to 195, 432 and 1 013 inhabitants/km2 in Nepal, India and Bangladesh respectively.
In 2008, access of population to improved drinking water sources reached 92, 88 and 80 percent in Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh respectively. In the total territory of India, 88 percent of the population had access to improved water sources and in the total territory of China this was 89 percent.
The GBM river basin contains the largest number of the world's poor in any one region. The population is increasing steadily, population density is very high in a large part of the basin, and, unless the current development trends are broken, poverty will become even more pervasive. The region is endowed with considerable natural resources that could be used to foster sustainable economic development. Water could be successfully used as the engine to promote economic development in the region, which has been hindered because the most populous part of the basin is shared by three countries - Bangladesh, India, and Nepal - which have in the past been unable to agree to an integrated development plan (Biswas and Uitto, 2001).
The GBM river basin is unique in the world in terms of diversified climate. For example, the Ganges river basin is characterized by low precipitation in the northwest of its upper region and high precipitation in the areas along the coast. High precipitation zones and dry rain shadow areas are located in the Brahmaputra river basin, whereas the world's highest precipitation area is situated in the Meghna river basin (Mirza et al., 2011).
Precipitation in the Ganges river basin accompanies the southwest monsoon winds from July to October, but it also comes with tropical cyclones that originate in the Bay of Bengal between June and October. Only a small amount of rainfall occurs in December and January. In the upper Gangetic Plain in Uttar Pradesh (India), annual rainfall averages 760-1 020 mm, in the Middle Ganges Plain of Bihar (India) 1 020-1 520 mm, and in the delta region 1 520-2 540 mm. The delta region experiences strong cyclonic storms, both before the commencement of the monsoon season - from March to May - and at the end of it - from September to October. Some of these storms result in much loss of life and the destruction of homes, crops and livestock (Ahmad and Lodrick).
Nepal, located entirely in the Ganges river basin, experiences tropical, meso-thermal, micro-thermal, taiga and tundra types of climate. Mean annual precipitation is 1 500 mm, with a maximum of 5 581 mm recorded in 1990 at Lumle in Kaski district at an elevation of 1 740 m and a minimum of 116 mm recorded in 1988 at Jomsom in Mustang district. There are two rainy seasons in Nepal: one in the summer from June to September, when the southwest monsoon brings more than 75 percent of the total rainfall, and the other in winter from December to February, accounting for less than 25 percent of the total. With the summer monsoon, rain first falls in the southeast of the country and gradually moves west with diminishing intensity.
During winter, rain first enters Nepal in the west and gradually moves eastward with diminishing intensity. Temperature increases from the high Himalayan region to the lowland terai (northern part of the Ganges plain). Extreme temperatures recorded are -14.6°C in 1987 in Lo Manthang (Mustang district), located at an elevation of 3 705 m, and 44°C in 1987 in Dhangadhi (Kailali district), located at an elevation of 170 m. Precipitation falls as snow at elevations above 5 100 m in summer and above 3 000 m in winter. Temperature is a constraint to crop production in the Himalayas and the mountain region where only a single crop per year can be grown. On the other hand, in the lowland terai three crops per year are common where the water supply is adequate. Single rice cropping is possible up to elevations of 2 300 m while double rice cropping is limited to areas below 800 m.
The climate in Bhutan, located entirely in the Brahmaputra river basin, is cold in the north, with year-round snow on the main Himalayan summits, temperate in the inner Himalayan valleys of the southern and central regions, and humid and subtropical in the southern plains and foothills. Bhutan's generally dry spring starts in early March and lasts until mid-April. Summer weather starts in mid-April with occasional showers and continues through the early monsoon rains of late June. Autumn, from late September or early October to late November, follows the rainy season. From late November until March winter sets in, with frost throughout much of the country and snowfall common above elevations of 3 000 m.
Temperatures vary according to elevation. In the capital Thimphu (elevation 2 320 m), temperatures range from approximately 14°C to 25°C during the monsoon season of June through September but drop to between about -4°C and 14°C in January. Most of the central portion of the country experiences a cool, temperate climate year-round. In the south, a hot, humid climate helps maintain a fairly even temperature range of between 15°C and 30°C year-round, although temperatures sometimes reach beyond 35°C in the valleys during the summer. Average annual precipitation is estimated at 2 200 mm, varying from a low of 477 mm at Gidakhom in Thimpu district to as high as 20 761 mm at Dechenling in Samdrup Jhongkhar district. The climate of the north is severe and cold with only about 40 mm of annual precipitation, primarily snow. In the temperate central regions, a yearly average precipitation of around 1 000 mm is more common and 7 800 mm has been registered at some locations in the humid, subtropical south, giving rise to the thick tropical forest. Western Bhutan is particularly affected by monsoons that bring between 60 and 90 percent of the region's precipitation. The winter northeast monsoon brings gale-force winds down through high mountain passes.
Bangladesh has a tropical monsoon climate with significant variations in rainfall and temperature throughout the country. There are four main seasons: i) the pre-monsoon during March-May, which has the highest temperatures and experiences the maximum intensity of cyclonic storms, especially in May; ii) the monsoon during June-September, when the bulk of rainfall occurs; iii) the post-monsoon during October-November which, like the pre-monsoon season, is marked by tropical cyclones on the coast; iv) the cool and sunny dry season during December-February. Average annual precipitation over the country is 2 320 mm, of which about 80 percent occurs in the monsoon. It varies from 1 110 mm in the extreme north-west to 5 690 mm in the northeast. The country is regularly subjected to drought, floods and cyclones. Mean annual lake evaporation is 1 040 mm, which is about 45 percent of the mean annual rainfall. Mean annual temperature is about 25°C, with extremes as low as 4°C and as high as 43°C. Humidity ranges between 60 percent in the dry season and 98 percent during the monsoon.
Surface water
The main Ganges river is the flow combination of two rivers, the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi, which meet at Deva Prayag in Uttarakhand State (India) within the mountain range of the Himalayas. During its middle course in an easterly direction, a number of large and small tributaries join onto the northern side (left bank) from the Himalayan sub-basin, namely, Ramganga, Sarda, Gomti, Ghagra, Gandak and Kosi, the last five originate within the mountain range of the Himalayas in Nepal. Therefore, the contribution of flow of these tributaries is from Nepal within the Himalayan range and from India on the southern side of the Himalayan foothills. Another tributary, Mahananda, joins the river in Bangladesh. On the southern, peninsular side (right bank), the tributaries are Yamuna, Kehtons, Son, Punpun and Kiul. Amongst the Himalayan streams, the Ghagra with its tributaries contributes the maximum annual runoff (about 94.5 km3) and the Gomti the minimum (about 7.4 km3). Amongst the peninsular streams, the Son contributes the maximum annual runoff (about 32 km3) and the Kiul the minimum (about 35 km3).
The Ganges river enters Bangladesh about 50 km below Farakka (left side falls in Bangladesh) and tributaries such as Mahananda, Punarbhaba, Atrai (Boral) and Karatoya, which originate in India, join the Ganges river on its left side. The river joins the Brahmaputra river another 220 km further downstream, near Goalanda Ghat in Bangladesh as the Padma and further down the combined discharge joins the Meghna river at Chandpur after travelling another 70 km. The combined stream is called the Meghna river, which 90 km further downstream discharges into the Bay of Bengal. The total length of the Ganges-Padma river from Deba Prayag to the sea is about 2 515 km (Parua, after 2001).
The Brahmaputra river originates on the northern slope of the Himalayas in China, where it is called Yalung Zangbo. It flows eastwards for about 1 130 km, then turns southwards and enters Arunachal Pradesh (India) at its northern-most point and flows for about 480 km. Then it turns westwards and flows through Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya for another 650 km and then enters Bangladesh. Then the river curves to the south and continues on this course for about 240 km until its confluence with the Ganges river. Within Bangladesh, the river varies considerably in width ranging from less than 2 km to more than 12 km. The Brahmaputra river is classed as a braided channel, while the Ganges river is basically a meandering channel.
During low flows the river becomes a multiple channel stream with sand bars in between and the channels shift back and forth between the main stream banks, which are 6 to 12 km apart. The discharge of the Brahmaputra river mostly comes from the snowmelt in China on the other side of the Himalayas before it enters Arunachal Pradesh. In Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya of India and Dinajpur and Mymenshingh districts of Bangladesh rainfall is quite heavy and this contributes substantially to the river flow. The river reach between Bahadurabad, where the river leaves India and enters Bangladesh, and Aricha, where the river joins the Ganges river, is popularly known as Jamuna in Bangladesh (Parua, after 2001). The total length of the river from its source to the sea is about 2 840 km.
The Meghna river system flows on the east of the Brahmaputra river through Bangladesh. The Barak river divides into two branches within the Assam state in India. The northern branch is called Surma, which flows southwards through the eastern side of Bangladesh next Sylhet town. The southern branch is called Kushiara, which flows through India and then enters Bangladesh. First the northern branch joins the Meghna river near Kuliar Char and then the southern branch joins the Meghna river near Ajmiriganj. The lower Meghna River is one of the largest rivers in the world, being the mouth of the three great rivers: Ganges-Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna. The total length of the river is about 930 km. The river is predominantly a meandering channel, but in several reaches, especially where small tributaries contribute sediment, braiding is evident with sand islands bifurcating the river into two or more channels (Parua, after 2001).
The annual flow of the Brahmaputra river basin from China to India is 165.40 km3 and from Bhutan to India 78 km3. The annual flow of the Brahmaputra river basin from India to Bangladesh is 537.24 km3. The annual flow of the Ganges river basin from China to Nepal is 12.0 km3. All rivers in Nepal drain into the Ganges river with an annual flow of 210.2 km3 to India. The annual flow of the Ganges basin from India to Bangladesh is 525.02 km3. The annual flow of the Meghna river basin from India to Bangladesh is 48.36 km3. This gives a total annual GBM river basin inflow into Bangladesh from India of 1 110.6 km3.
ABased on observations of the flood cycle in the Ganges river, the flow starts decreasing in October, is minimum between the last week of March and the last week of April and is maximum between the last week of August and the last week of September (Parua, after 2001).
Over 138 700 m3/s of water flows into the Bay of Bengal during floods through a single outlet of the GBM river in Bangladesh. This is the largest in the world for a single outlet to the sea and exceeds even that the Amazon discharge into the sea by about 1.5 times (Parua, after 2001).
The groundwater potential in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins is quite high but it is primarily confined to piedmont areas in India. It has been estimated that the Ganges river basin in India and Nepal has an annual groundwater yield of 108.5 km3, while the Brahmaputra river basin in Assam (India) has a yield potential of 10.7 km3. Compared to India, groundwater recharge potential is lower in Bangladesh, estimated at 21 km3/year. Except for a limited area in the northwest, the top soil in most places in Bangladesh is composed of old alluvium with a large percentage of clay materials. The old alluvium is dissected in old stream beds, which in turn are connected with the existing stream system (Fazal, 1990). The groundwater resources in Bhutan are probably limited and are drained by the surface water network, which means that they are more or less equal to overlap between surface water and groundwater.
Water quality
In all the countries of the GBM river basin, the deterioration of both surface water and groundwater quality is now a matter of serious concern. Water is essential to sustain agricultural growth and productivity. More than half of the morbidity in the GBM basin stems from the use of impure drinking water. Safe water supply and hygienic sanitation are basic minimum needs, which the GBM river basin countries are yet to meet in both rural and urban areas. A holistic approach is required to monitor the water quality in each country together with regional initiatives, both to prevent further deterioration and to bring about improvement in the quality of water. Monitoring of water quality in the GBM rivers is not as extensive as it should be except in the case of the Ganges river in India and the Buriganga river in Bangladesh. Setting up uniform standards, relating to water quality along with establishing an effective water quality monitoring network in all countries is important, as well as a review of their existing water quality/pollution laws. Coordination of their actions in order to deal with transboundary transmission of pollution and evolving a mechanism for real time water quality data exchange could lead to efficient water quality management (Biswas, after 2006).
In Bangladesh, irrigation water quality has deteriorated owing to pollution from agrochemicals, industrial waste and other sources. Arsenic contamination of groundwater has been reported in many government and donor agency documents (GoB, UNICEF, WB, FAO). Arsenic concentration has been found to be at a maximum within the upper 50 m depth of aquifers in most regions of the country (Water Aid, 2000). In many places concentration of iron and arsenic in irrigation water has gone beyond the limit of safe water quality standards of Bangladesh and WHO. Some diseases and health hazards such as arsenicosis, blindness, physical disability, occur as a result of arsenic toxicity to humans (RDA, 2001). Throughout the country, about 1.44 million tubewells have been affected by arsenic contamination and about 30 million people are exposed to arsenic toxicity (Ahmed, 2007). The mitigation of the additional problems of salinity and arsenic in Bangladesh involves special action plans. Saline intrusion in coastal areas could be addressed through dry season flushing of channels by means of methods such as storing monsoon water and resuscitating moribund channels. The Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project (BAMWSP) is presently engaged in assessing the extent, dimensions, and causes of the arsenic problem with a view to developing a long-term strategy for supplying arsenic-free water (Biswas, after 2006).
In Bangladesh, during the dry season groundwater has become an increasingly important source of water for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes. Some environmental hazards have been encountered in many areas and a number of adverse effects have emerged as a result of the over-abstraction of groundwater, such as lowering of water tables, reduction in dry season flows of rivers and streams, groundwater pollution, intrusion of saline water in coastal areas, ecological imbalance and possible land subsidence. There has been evidence of permanent lowering of groundwater levels in some locations, particularly in the Dhaka metropolitan area where the average annual decline in the groundwater level is about 3 m (BADC, 2006) and in the northwest region of the country.
In India, the water quality of rivers in their upper reaches is good, though the importance of water use for cities, agriculture and industries, and the lack of wastewater treatment plants in the middle and lower reaches of most rivers cause a major degradation of surface water quality. Groundwater is also affected by municipal, industrial and agricultural pollutants. The pollution control action plan of the Ganges basin was formulated in 1984 and has been enforced by the Ganges Project Directorate, under the Central Ganges Authority, to oversee pollution control and the consequent cleaning of the Ganges river. The water quality in the middle stretch of the Ganges river, which had deteriorated to class C and D (the worst class is E, the best A), was restored to class B in 1990 after the implementation of the action plan.
Climate change
The GBM rivers create flood problems in their respective basin areas during monsoon months almost every year. Bangladesh, being the lower riparian country, suffers most from such floods which cause enormous loss of life and property (Parua, after 2001).
Climate change may alter the distribution and quality of GBM river basin water resources. Some of the impacts include occurrence of more intense rains, changed spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, higher runoff generation, low groundwater recharge, melting of glaciers, changes in evaporative demands and water use patterns in agricultural, municipal and industrial sectors, etc. These impacts lead to severe influences on agricultural production and food security, ecology, biodiversity, river flows, floods, and droughts, water security, human and animal health and sea level rise.
Bihar is the worst flood hit state in India. Hardly a year passes without severe flood damage. With the onset of the monsoon, rivers come down from the Himalayan hills in Nepal with enormous force, causing rivers like Ghagra, Kamla, Kosi, Bagmati, Gandak, Ganges, Falgu, Karmanasa, Mahanadi to rise above the danger level. This results in severe floods in North Bihar. The Kosi river, popularly known as "the sorrow of Bihar", has not yet matured enough to settle on a course, and has changed its course 15-16 times the last time being as recent as August 2008. About 2.8 million people were said to have been marooned by these floods in Bihar.
Bangladesh is now widely recognized as one of the countries that is most vulnerable to climate change. Increased variability of temperatures and rainfall and increased occurrence of natural hazards are expected to affect the availability of both surface water and groundwater. Investments are needed to ensure a continuous and sustainable access to water resources.
Use of water of the Ganges river for irrigation, either by flooding or by means of gravity canals, has been common since ancient times. Such irrigation is described in scriptures and mythological books written more than 2 000 years ago. Irrigation was highly developed during the period of Muslim rule from the twelfth century onward, and the Mughal kings later constructed several canals. The canal system was further extended by the British. The cultivated area of the Ganges valley in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar benefits from a system of irrigation canals that has increased the production of cash crops such as sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. The older canals are mainly in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (doab meaning "land between two rivers"). The Upper Ganga Canal, beginning at Hardiwar, and its branches have a combined length of 9 575 km. The Lower Ganga Canal, extending 8 240 km with its branches, begins at Naraura. The Sarda Canal irrigates land near Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh. Higher lands at the northern edge of the plain are difficult to irrigate by canal, and groundwater must be pumped to the surface. Large areas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are also irrigated by channels running from hand-dug wells. The Ganges-Kabadak scheme in Bangladesh, largely an irrigation plan, covers parts of the districts of Khulna, Jessore, and Kusthia that lie within the part of the delta where silt and overgrowth choke the slowly flowing rivers. The system of irrigation is based on both gravity canals and electrically powered lifting devices (Ahmad and Lodrick).
Total area equipped for irrigation in the GBM river basin is estimated to be around 35.1 million ha, of which 82.2 percent in India, 14.0 percent in Bangladesh, 3.3 percent in Nepal, 0.4 percent in China and 0.1 percent in Bhutan. Area actually irrigated is estimated at 34.1 million ha. The equipped areas irrigated by groundwater and by surface water account for 67 and 33 percent respectively.
Of the 29 million ha equipped for irrigation in India inside the GBM river basin, 67 percent is irrigated by groundwater and 33 percent by surface water. The development of sprinkler and localized irrigation in recent years has been considerable, mainly the result of the pressing demand for water from other sectors, a fact that has encouraged government and farmers to find water-saving techniques for agriculture. The Government has offered subsidies to adopt drip systems. Drip-irrigated crops are mainly orchards (grapes, bananas, pomegranates and mangoes). Localized irrigation is also used for sugarcane and coconut. Investment in drainage has been widely neglected in India, and where such investment has been made, poor maintenance has caused many drainage systems to become silted up. On the eastern Ganges plain, investment in surface drainage would probably have a greater productive impact, and at a lower cost, than investment in surface irrigation.
In Nepal, which is entirely located in the Ganges river basin, the area equipped for irrigation was estimated at 1 168 300 ha in 2002, of which 79.5 percent was irrigated by surface water, 19.2 percent by groundwater and 1.3 percent by mixed surface water and groundwater. Seasonal canals accounted for 58 percent of the area irrigated by surface water, permanent canals for 39 percent, and ponds for 3 percent. In 1992, the area equipped for irrigation accounted for 882 400 ha and in 1982 for 583 900 ha. In 1994, 73.9 percent of the area equipped for irrigation was irrigated by surface water, 12.4 percent by groundwater and 13.8 percent by irrigation systems not fully identified. Most irrigation systems use surface irrigation (basin, furrow). Some areas in the hills and mountains use sprinkler irrigation, but no figures are available. In 2005, the harvested irrigated crop area covered around 1 335 000 ha, of which 47 percent consisted of wheat, 36 percent of rice, 4 percent of maize, 3 percent of vegetables, 2 percent oil crops, 4 percent of other annual crops and 3 percent of sugarcane.
China accounts for approximately 138 000 ha of area equipped for irrigation inside the GBM river basin of which 98 percent is irrigated by surface water.
In Bhutan, which is entirely located in the Brahmaputra river basin, most rivers are deeply incised into the landscape and hence the possibilities for run-of-the-river irrigation are limited. The irrigated areas are called wetland in the local classification. This means that they have been terraced for basin irrigation. In 2007, throughout the country these areas were estimated at 27 685 ha, which corresponds to actually irrigated area. In summer, almost all wetland is under rice cultivation. Double cropping of rice is limited to the lowest altitudes where the winter temperatures still allow its cultivation. Where rice cannot be cultivated, wheat, buckwheat, mustard and potatoes are cropped on wetland areas during the winter season. The wetland areas can be cropped during the winter season, though watering of these winter crops is generally limited to one irrigation at the time of land preparation. To a limited extent, farmers have started to irrigate horticultural crops, including orchards, using hose pipes and surface irrigation methods. In 1994, total irrigated cropped area was estimated at 27 900 of which 98 percent is rice and 2 percent potatoes.
In Bangladesh, though the country has abundant surface water resources, particularly in the monsoon season, its flat deltaic topography and the instability of major rivers make large gravity irrigation systems both technically difficult and costly. On the other hand, during the dry season irrigation using surface water has become difficult or practically impossible owing to limited availability. Therefore the use of groundwater for irrigation has become increasingly important. In 2008 the national irrigation coverage was 5.05 million ha, of which approximately 4.93 million ha inside the GBM river basin where groundwater covered 75 percent and surface water covered 25 percent of the total irrigated area. In 1993, the total area of wetlands throughout the country was 3.14 million ha, of which almost 1.55 million ha were cultivated and 1.38 million ha were drained by surface drains. Thus, total water managed area is estimated at 6.59 million ha. Surface irrigation is the only technology used in large irrigation schemes. In 2008, total harvested irrigated cropped area in Bangladesh was estimated at 5.98 million ha, of which the most important crops are rice accounting for 4.34 million ha (73 percent), wheat 0.31 million ha (5 percent), potatoes 0.26 million ha (4 percent) and vegetables 0.24 million ha (4 percent).
Because of the low-lying topography, each year about 18 percent of Bangladesh is inundated during the monsoon season. During severe floods the affected area may exceed 37 percent of the country and in extreme events like the 1998 flood about 66 percent of the country is inundated. Floods are caused by overspills from main rivers and their distributaries, overspills from tributaries and by direct rainfall. Flood control works can reduce floods from the first two, but only drainage can have any effect on the latter two. The basic benefit of drainage is water control – supply as well as removal.
The particular benefits can be: i) potential increase in cropped area through earlier drainage; ii) higher yields from transplanted Aman rice through early planting; iii) crop diversification in the wet season through better drainage; and iv) more control over crop calendars and patterns through control of the water regime. In 1964, a master plan was initiated for water resources development. This envisaged the development of 58 flood protection and drainage projects covering about 5.8 million ha of land. Three types of polders were envisaged: gravity drainage, tidal sluice drainage and pump drainage. Flood control and drainage projects have accounted for about half of the funds spent on water development projects since 1960. They include:
Total water withdrawal in the GBM river basin is estimated at 373.928 km3, of which 68 percent is groundwater and 32 percent surface water. Irrigation withdrawal accounts for 337.728 km3, or 90 percent of the total withdrawal. India's total withdrawal inside the GBM river basin has been estimated around 328.2 km3, of which 90.4 percent (296.7 km3) for agriculture. In Bangladesh, in 2008 total water withdrawal within the GBM river basin was estimated at about 35.0 km3, of which 88 percent (30.7 km3) was for agriculture, 10 percent for municipalities and 2 percent for industries. Approximately 79 percent of the total water withdrawal comes from groundwater and 21 percent, from surface water. In Nepal, in 2005 total water withdrawal was estimated at 9.79 km3, of which 98.2 percent (9.61 km3) for agriculture, 1.5 percent for municipalities and 0.3 percent for industry. In Bhutan, in 2008 total water withdrawal was estimated at 0.338 km3, all surface water. This represents a mere 0.43 percent of the annual renewable water resources. About 94 percent of this water withdrawn (0.318 km3) was used for agriculture, while the municipal and industrial sectors used 5 percent and 1 percent respectively. Total water withdrawal of China inside the GBM river basin has been estimated around 0.6 km3, of which 67 percent (0.4 km3) for agriculture.
In Nepal, total dam capacity is estimated at 85 million m3, although potential for at least 138 km3 exists. Hydroelectricity accounted for more than 96 percent of total electricity generation. Theoretical hydropower potential is estimated at about 83 000 MW. However, the identified economically feasible potentials are about 40 000 MW (Biswas, after 2006). The two main diversion barrages are the ones of Kosi and Gandaki reservoirs.
In Bhutan, several large dams were constructed for hydroelectric power generation. These include the 40 m high Chhukha dam (CHPP) on the Wang river in Chhukha district in the southwest, the 91 m high Tala-Wankha dam further downstream on the Wang (Raidak) river near Phuntsholing town, the 33 m high Kurichhu dam on the Kuri river in Mongar district in the east, the Basochu dam (BHPP) near Wangduephodrang town in the centre-west. The 141 m high Punatsangchu dam on Puna Tsang river downstream of Wangduephodrang town is under construction. Total hydropower generation capacity was 477 MW in 2006, of which 336 MW from the Chhukha hydropower plant, 60 MW from the Kurichu hydropower plant and 24 MW from the Basochu hydropower plant. Hydropower represented 96 percent of the country's electricity generating capacity and 99.9 percent of its electricity generation in 2006. With the commissioning of the first two units of the Chhukha hydroprojects in 1986, and the other two units in 1998, the electricity generation capacity has substantially increased and Bhutan became a significant exporter of electricity to India. With the commissioning of "Tala Hydro Power Project" in 2006, there is a substantial improvement in the energy generation of the country.
The expansion of hydropower production capacity in Bhutan has had an enormous impact as by the end of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007), the energy sector contributed to around a quarter of GDP. With a further doubling of capacity envisaged by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2014-2019), the energy sector will probably contribute close to half of GDP. The following hydroelectric projects have been identified for future development:
India controls the flow of the Ganges river with a dam completed in 1974 at Farakka, 18 km from the border with Bangladesh. The Farakka barrage is a not very high diversion structure and is not classified as a large dam. During the dry season it diverts water from the Ganges river to the Hooghly river through the Hooghly Canal. The Bhimgoda dam at Haridwar diverts melted snow from the Himalayas to the Upper Ganges Canal, which was built by the British in 1854. This water is used for irrigation and the flow of the river has been greatly diminished.
India is endowed with rich hydropower potential, ranking fifth in the world. The gross hydropower potential was estimated at 148 700 MW as installed capacity, to which the Brahamaputra, Ganges and Indus river basins contribute about 80 percent. The installed capacity of hydropower generation in India is about 22 000 MW (Biswas, after 2006). The total water storage capacity constructed in the country is estimated at 224 km3. Out of the seven larger dams with a reservoir capacity exceeding 8 km3 in India, only the Rihand dam is in the GBM river basin, on the Rihand river (10.6 km3).
No large dams exist in the GBM river basin in Bangladesh. Three barrages have been constructed across the Teesta, Tangon and Manu rivers, which are used as diversion structures for irrigation purposes only.
Table 2 shows important dams in the GBM river basin.
The problems in the GBM river basin are typical of those related to conflicting interests of upstream and downstream riparians. India has used its position of power in the basin to insist on a series of bilateral treaties rather than engaging in a multilateral negotiation (World Bank, 2010).
In 1875, an agreement between the British Government and the State of Jind was signed to regulate the supply of water for irrigation from the Western Jumna Canal. In 1893, the British Government and the Patiala State signed an agreement regarding the Sirsa branch of the Western Jumna Canal. In 1908, Great Britain and the Panna State signed an agreement respecting the Ken Canal (World Bank, 2010).
In 1905, an agreement between India and Bhutan took place regarding the Chhukha Hydroelectric Project. India financed the project with a 60 percent grant and 40 percent low-interest loan.
A joint commission for the exploitation of the Kosi river was set up between Nepal and India in 1954 and 1966, and another for the exploitation of the Gandak river in 1959. In 1978, Nepal and India signed an agreement on the renovation and extension of the Chandra Canal, Pumped Canal and distribution of the Western Kosi Canal (World Bank, 2010).
The Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission (JRC) was established on a permanent basis pursuant to the Joint Declaration of the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and India in March 1972. The Statute of JRC was accordingly signed in November 1972 to maintain liaison between the participating countries to ensure the most effective joint efforts in maximizing the benefits from common river systems to both the countries. Subsequently, the Government of Bangladesh established the Joint Rivers Commission Bangladesh (JRCB) to address the issues relating to the sharing and managing of the water from transboundary rivers with the co-riparian countries. The main activities of the JRCB are (JRCB, 2011):
As mentioned earlier, India controls the flow of the Ganges river through a dam completed in 1974 at Farakka, 18 km from the border with Bangladesh. The Farakka barrage was originally conceived by the British imperial government, however not implemented until after India's independence from British rule. This dam was a source of tension between the two countries, with Bangladesh asserting that the dam held back too much water during the dry season and released too much water during monsoon rains.
In 1977, an agreement between Bangladesh and India was signed on sharing of the Ganges waters at Farakka and on augmenting its flows (World Bank, 2010). In 1978, in the JRC, India and Bangladesh had placed separate proposals for augmentation of the Ganges river flow at Farakka. While the Bangladesh proposal concentrated on storage of Ganges water itself during floods by constructing dams and reservoirs to be located mostly in Nepal, the Indian proposal was based on inter-basin transfer of water from the Brahmaputra river basin to the Ganges river basin through a link canal as the Brahmaputra has plenty of water mostly untapped. This would also minimize the flood hazards as the floods in the Brahmaputra come more than two months before those of the Ganges.
However, none of the proposals materialized because of the objections from either side on various grounds. After the disastrous floods in Bangladesh in 1988, the Indian Government expressed concern about the damage and showed interest in regional cooperation for flood mitigation in both the countries through a joint action plan. The Bangladesh Government also came closer to India and had talks on river cooperation (Parua, after 2001). In 1996, India and Bangladesh signed the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, which regulates the Ganges sharing waters at Farakka. Bangladesh is ensured a fair share of the flow reaching the dam during the dry season.
In planning and management terms, it is simply impossible to consider the GBM river system as one system because of its sheer size, complexities and multinational character. Accordingly, following the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty between India and Bangladesh, the main focus of bilateral negotiations between these two countries has currently been on the Teesta river, an important tributary of the Ganges river. In 1983, a primary agreement between India and Bangladesh was reached on the sharing of the Teesta river waters (World Bank, 2010). These negotiations are ongoing, but no mutually acceptable framework for the management of the Teesta river is in sight (Biswas, after 2006).
Around 1980, Bhutan initiated a plan to develop the hydropower potential of the Wangchu Cascade at Chhukha, in close cooperation with India. Following extensive consultations, India agreed to construct a 336 MW run-of-the-river project at Chhukha, on the basis of a 60 percent grant and 40 percent loan. The project was commissioned in stages from 1988 onwards and was so successful that it had paid by itself by 1993. The generating capacity was later increased to 370 MW. Because of the Indian support to the planning and construction of the project, Bhutan agreed to sell excess electricity to India at a mutually agreed rate. A 220 kV transmission line was constructed, which linked the Bhutanese capital, Thimpu, and the city of Phuntsholing on the Indian border, from where electricity was subsequently supplied to four Indian states.
The agreement between the two countries is that the electricity generated will be first used to satisfy Bhutan's own internal needs. Before the construction of the Chhukha plant, electricity was generated by diesel and mini-hydro plants. Thus, total electricity generated was limited. Since the construction of the Chhukha project proved to be beneficial to both countries, they have agreed to expand their collaborative efforts to other new hydropower projects. Bhutan realized that the revenues from the development, use and export of its hydropower potential can accelerate the economic and social development processes of the country, and can contribute very significantly to poverty alleviation.
The arrangement has also been beneficial to energy-thirsty India, whose electricity requirements have been increasing in recent years at 8-9 percent per year. India and Bhutan have subsequently collaborated with the funding and construction of a 45-MW run-of-the-river hydropower station at Kuri river. Similar collaborative efforts have taken place, or are under active consideration, for Chhukha II (1 020 MW) and Chhukha III (900 MW, with a storage dam). In addition, the two countries signed an agreement in 1993 to study the feasibility of a large storage dam on the Sunkosh river. Considering the fact that its present population is only just over 2 million, this sale of hydropower to India means a very substantial income for this relatively small country (Biswas, after 2006).
In 1996, India and Nepal ratified a treaty on the Mahakali river, located on the border between the two countries. The treaty provides for equal entitlement in the utilization of water from the Mahakali river without prejudice to respective existing consumptive uses.
The Punatsangchu Hydroelectric Power Project (PHPP) is a proposed project between Bhutan and India signed in 2003. It is a run-of-the-river scheme along the course of the Puna Tsang river, downstream from Wangduephodrang town. It will have an installed capacity of 870 MW with an annual average generation of 4 330 GWh.
The Tala Hydroelectric Project Authority (THPA) is the largest Indo-Bhutan joint project, entirely funded by the Government of India by way of grants and loan and fully operational since 2007.
In September 2008, the third meeting of the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources (JCWR) took place, to resolve pending issues and pave the way both to mitigate the flood problems along the Nepal-India border and to enhance bilateral cooperation in the water sector. The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project was identified as a priority project and JCWR reviewed the current status of discussions on issues related to location of the regulating dam, unit size and installed capacity of the power plants, assessment of project benefits in terms of irrigation and power to India and Nepal and sharing of the project cost by the two sides. JCWR decided to set up a Pancheshwar Development Authority (PDA) at the earliest in accordance with Article 10 of the Mahakali Treaty for the development, execution and operation of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project.
In December 2008, the first meeting of the India-Nepal Joint Standing Technical Committee (JSTC) was held. During the above-mentioned third meeting of JCWR, it was decided to have three tier joint mechanisms to expedite the decision-making process and the implementation of decisions undertaken at the institutional interactions. Whereas a Joint Ministerial Commission on Water Resources would be headed by the Ministers of Water Resources of India and Nepal, a Joint Standing Technical Committee was constituted to rationalize technical committees and subcommittees that exist to cover issues in India and Nepal related to flood management, inundation problems and flood forecasting activities besides project specific committees on hydropower. The JSTC coordinates all technical committees and subcommittees under JCWR.
The fourth meeting of JCWR was held in March 2009 to discuss the issues of water resources development projects in a comprehensive manner, further strengthening the ties between the two countries. India and Nepal hoped that the works on the breach closure of the Kosi barrage would be completed in time with the cooperation of the two governments. Nepal informed of the demands of local people for the maintenance and rehabilitation of Main Gandak Western Canal and flood control structures. To date, no noticeable progress on these demands could be observed. India informed that short-term measures have already been implemented.
Table 3 lists the main historical events in the GBM river basin.
Ahmad N.& Lodrick D.O. 2011. Ganges river.
Ahmed, M. Feroze. 2007. Integrated water resources management in Bangladesh. RSS Workshop on IWRM, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Dhaka.
BADC (Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation). 2006. Groundwater zoning map and its application. A National Seminar Paper presented by Eftekharul Alam, April 9, Sech Bhaban, Dhaka.
Biswas, A.K. After 2006. Management of Ganges-Brahamaputra-Meghna system: way forward.
Biswas, A.K. & Uitto, J.I. 2001. Sustainable development of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.
Chowdhury R. & Ward N. 2004. Hydro-Meteorological variability in the greater Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basins.
Fazal M.A. 1990. Development of water resources of the Brahmaputra basin.
JRCB (Joint Rivers Commission Bangladesh). 2011. Basin map of the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna river.
JRCB. 2011. About Joint Rivers Commission Bangladesh.
McEwen, T. 2008. Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna/Barak basin.
Mirza M. Q. , Warrick, R. A., Ericksen N. J. and Kenny G. J. 1998. Trends and persistence in precipitation in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river basins.
Parua, P.K. after 2001. Flood management in Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin: some aspects of regional co-operation.
RDA (Rural Development Academy). 2001. Safe drinking water supply through RDA- developed low-cost deep tubewell. A Report prepared by M.A. Matin, M.H. Khan and M.N.I. Khan, RDA, Bogra, November 2001.
Water Aid. 2000. An overview of the arsenic issues in Bangladesh. Edited by M. Jones Elizabeth, Water Aid Bangladesh, Dhaka.
World Bank [WB]. 2010. Mapping the resilience of international river basins to future climate change-induced water variability.
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How Amash's NSA plan got a vote
If there is one episode that defines John Boehner's leadership style, it's how Rep. Justin Amash, the most defiant Republican in the House, won the right to offer a controversial amendment to curb the National Security Agency's ability to collect phone data from Americans.
The amendment — opposed by Boehner, several key committee chairman and the White House — was narrowly defeated after an intense floor debate. It marked the first test of lawmakers' support for sweeping NSA data collection programs exposed by Edward Snowden, the private contractor turned Moscow fugitive.
Story Continued Below
The vote scrambled the usual ideological fault lines in the House, with conservative Republicans siding with liberal Democrats. And it again showed Boehner's willingness to let members of his unruly conference have their say on the House floor.
( Also on POLITICO: NSA vote splits parties, jars leaders)
Amash voted against Boehner for speaker. He votes against the leadership team nearly every day on the House floor. On Monday, the speaker's office told Amash to approach Boehner in the House chamber to chart a course to offer the amendment to limit the phone data program. After that phone call, before he spoke to Boehner, Amash still took to Twitter to threaten leadership that he would bring the entire bill down.
Boehner opposes the NSA amendment. Leadership doesn't care much for Amash. But they were listening to complaints from a broad swath of Republicans who wanted to vote against the spying program that Snowden revealed.
And even after GOP leadership privately determined Amash's threats were likely empty — that he didn't have the votes to keep the defense appropriations bill from coming to the floor — top Republican aides spent the week holding Amash's hand, as they turned the unworkable amendment into language that would have limited one of the spy agency's most effective tools.
Leadership was not always on board. For the past few weeks, the process was slowed and stymied through procedural maneuvers . But by Monday, Boehner let Amash know that the amendment was going forward.
( Also on POLITICO: Amash prevails as amendment fails)
"Amash was out there acting like he was fighting against the leadership trying to shut us down," one Republican involved said. "The reality is [leadership was] twisting ourselves in knots for a week trying to craft language that was germane and got at the issue."
Wednesday evening, the amendment was defeated 205-217. So in the end, it was a way to allow members to blow off steam. But now, Republicans and Democrats will have to go home in August and explain their votes on the program.
But by embracing an amendment that many warned would harm national security, Boehner, Cantor and McCarthy's leadership team again showed that they are perfectly willing to let thorny, divisive issues get decided on the House floor instead of steering their conference in a certain direction. It's the evidence for Boehner's "let the House work its will" mantra.
( PHOTOS: Pols, pundits weigh in on NSA report)
With each day that went by since members of Congress were briefed about the NSA data collection program, the leadership trio and their aides heard complaints from the rank and file that they wanted a way to express disapproval with the controversial tactic.
GOP leadership sources say they were confident that they could've defeated Amash and his amendment, but given that so many Republicans were eager for the vote, there was a risk of truly dividing majority that's practically duct-taped together.
In the end, leadership didn't even whip against it — instead, they relied on committee leaders, like Mike Rogers (R-Mich.) of the Intelligence Committee, Buck McKeon (R-Calif.) of the Armed Services Committee and Bob Goodlatte (R-Va.) of the Judiciary Committee, to explain that it would harm national security. For instance, top members of Congress were told that the program stopped 54 terrorist attacks, according to lawmakers briefed on the activities. Committee leaders made phone calls all Wednesday.


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EuroSexParties – One for all
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The super sexy, French seductress, Anissa, was with us again and she was ready for her own personal Euro Sex Party. Anissa started to teasing us with her big, delicious, natural tits while she described what she wanted and how her pussy was always dripping wet. A little more teasing went a long way, as Anissa stripped down to reveal her golden tanned body and gorgeous ass. She continued to describe her desires as she got herself ready with various dildos. Soon enough, Anissa got everything she needed as James, Choky and George kept her filling her holes in every way. She effortlessly took on all three and easily outlasted them. They left her entire body covered and filled with cum from head to toe.


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Welcome To The Working Week – Music Quiz!
July 14 @ 19:00 - 22:00
Every Sunday evening an ever growing group of music enthusiasts gather to play the quiz on music to win concert tickets, shots, vinyl records, fries and ultimately a dinner, not to mention to have their name inscribed on the infamous Wall olf Fame. Some are better than the others, but they all have one thing in common – their love for music. You don´t have to be a music expert to join us. In fact, nobody is. Come and check your knowledge by answering musical trivia. Which band was that? Who sang that song? Form your own team (2 to 5 people), or join one there. Have fun!
Every Sunday starting at 7:00 pm at Posh Teckel, Pflügerstraße 4. U7 and U8 U-Bahn Hermannplatz or Schönleinstraße.


text: ShareStudent ActivitiesHonor Society of NursingSigma Theta Tau International Epsilon Tau at-Large Chapter Epsilon Tau at-large Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau, the International Honor Society of Nursing, was rechartered in 2011 to include both St. Anselm College and Rivier University. Both St. Anselm College and Rivier University have had Honor Societies for many years and the Chapter is celebrating its 30th Anniversary this year! According to Sigma Theta Tau International, The Honor Society of Nursing provides leadership and scholarship in practice, education, and research to enhance the health of all people. We support the learning and professional development of our members, who strive to improve nursing care worldwide. Officers President President Elect Deborah Dodge, MS, RN firstname.lastname@example.com Brady, MSN, RN firstname.lastname@example.com Vice President Amy Guthrie, MS, RN firstname.lastname@example.com Secretary Antonia Nelson, PhD, RNC, IBCLC email@example.com Treasurer Lorraine Parris, RN, BSN, ONC firstname.lastname@example.com Faculty Counselor - Saint Anselm Deborah McCarter-Spaulding, PhD, RNC email@example.com Faculty Counselor - Rivier University Janine Reale, MS, RN firstname.lastname@example.com Eligibility Senior nursing students who attain high scholastic standing, demonstrate leadership qualities, and show promise of continuing professional achievement are selected annually for membership by chapter members. Community leaders who have a baccalaureate degree and have demonstrated achievement in nursing are also nominated yearly for membership by chapter members. Membership Benefits Opportunities to participate in chapter activities and continuing education programs; subscription to the Journal of Nursing Scholarship and the Excellence Newsletter; opportunities to network with nurse leaders at society meetings and conferences; and access to the Registry of Nursing Research. Scholarships and Grants Please check back soon for scholarship and grant applications and information. Contact Us Epsilon Tau Honor Society c/o Amy Guthrie Saint Anselm College 100 Saint Anselm Drive Manchester, NH 03102 (603) 641-7080 Fax: (603) 641-7377 or c/o Debby DodgeRivier University420 South Main StreetNashua, NH 03060(603) 897-8470Fax: (603) 897-8884 Helpful Links Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of NursingEpsilon Tau-at-Large Chapter Website Stay Connected Find us on Facebook!


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Pilgrim's Progress tells the allegorical story of Christian, a pilgrim who journeys through life on his way to the Celestial City.
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Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ.


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Button Brooch - Lime Green
Button Brooch - Lime Green
Button Brooch made from large plastic button & cable ties - Lime Green.
One of girlwithbeads most popular products comes from our love of collecting buttons and the versatility of cable ties. The first one was made from a giant red button bought from Portobello market years ago and its still going strong.
The big button brooch comes in a whole range of colours, looks great on a winter coat or a school bag and makes a great gift for all ages.
Choose the colour of your 'stitches' from the options below and check out the additional images showing all the variations. If you fancy a different variation, maybe a different colour for each stitch, then contact me and I'll be happy to make them to your specifications.
Handmade with a metal safety pin on the reverse. Each brooch is presented on a hand stamped luggage tag with a pretty ribbon.
Approximate size: 5 cm in diameter.


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Ben Affleck: U.S. Can Do 'Huge Amount' to Help Resolve Conflict in Congo
(NEW YORK) -- Actor Ben Affleck — founder of the Eastern Congo Initiative – said Sunday morning on "This Week" that the United States can do "a huge amount" to help resolve the violent conflict in war-torn Congo that flared up as rebels seized control of the eastern city of Goma last week.
"There's a huge amount that the U.S. can do, frankly. I mean, we have a lot of levers there. We can engage in the kind of high-level, shuttle diplomacy that you saw be so effective in Gaza," said Affleck, who expressed concern about the deteriorating conditions in the African nation.
"I mean, one of the things we're hearing from our people there is that the schools that we fund, people are hiding out in. The hospitals are completely overwhelmed. They're offering free care for war victims. A shell just hit a camp and paralyzed a 5-year-old boy from the neck down. So you're hearing all kinds of — the kinds of brutal, terrible stuff that you hear about," Affleck said earlier in the interview.
Affleck was joined by Rep. Adam Smith, D-Wash., who argued that the United States — tied up at the moment by recent events in the Middle East — can and should exert influence in the troubled region in Africa.
"Well, we have a lot of influence in the region. I just want to emphasize that we are in a position to make a difference there. We have built relationships with Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, a lot of it around Somalia, Al-Shabaab, Lord's Resistance Army coming out of Uganda. We have influence in the region with key players. We need to get there in that type of high-level capacity," Smith said.
"And I think it isn't happening at the moment, because the attention is elsewhere. It's Gaza. It's Libya. But, look, it's all tied together in Africa," he said. "The instability in countries in Africa, the lack of governance that's in the Eastern Congo, leads to instability and leads to the type of problems that we're going to have to deal with. It's in our interest to get in there, broker a peace deal."
Affleck praised the Congolese people for their "resilience" and added that our foreign policy as a country, as he sees it, should represent our values.
"I mean, the amazing thing about the Congolese people is their degree of resilience and that they've been through this kind of stuff in the past. And so they're still dedicated and working hard, and we've seen our schools still open, hospitals, and so on," Affleck said. "I think our actions in foreign policy — and maybe I am naive — you know, represent our values and represent who we are. And if any American were to go to that country and stand and see what was happening there, they would insist that we do what we could."
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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What we know as the modern day strip club really started to gain popularity at the end of World War II, and ever since then the combination of booze and strippers has sort of become synonymous with post-Babylonian culture; a sexual haven for the common man who's looking for cheap thrills, a dollar at a time.
The reputation strip clubs have earned is due in part to their tendency toward controversy; they are often the target of litigation, a haven for organized crime and a plethora of other scandal. Drama breeds rapidly in whiskey conditions, and spawns both heretics and lunatics under strobe lights. Don't get us wrong, this is great; it provides us with a steady stream of seedy, bizzaro folklore. Here are ten of the craziest strip bar stories we've heard:
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It's All Fun and Games Until Someone Loses His Legs
It never fails – there always seems to be a couple of d-bags hanging out at the local strip joint, looking to stir up trouble instead of doing what the rest of us are there to do – drink beer and watch naked women grind on a steel pole.
Sometimes these fools do nothing more than mad dog each other from across the room, but there are those rare events when those godless fiends seem to have more cujones than brains, and end up running each other down like wild animals, scattering body parts throughout the city streets.
That is exactly what went down recently outside Sam's Hofbrau in downtown Los Angeles. Authorities say that a fight that started inside the club ended in disaster, after a drunken man by the name of Terrence Meeks used his BMW to run down a couple of Latino gentlemen in the parking lot – crushing them in between a Mini Cooper. Both men were transported to a local hospital where the medical staff had no choice but to amputate both of men's legs.
- 9
Lap Dance Job Fair - No Experience Required
When the bottom dropped out of the economy in 2008, the owners of the Foxy Lady strip club in Rhode Island decided to hold a job fair to help stimulate the local job market. The club began to actively seek out more than 30 competent and qualified strippers, waitresses, disc jockeys and bartenders to start working at their Providence club, as well as two others they operate in Massachusetts.
Foxy Lady owner Tom Tsoumas said that he believed that, what with the economy resting firmly in between the farthouse walls, there might be some women out there that had not considered stripping in the past who were ready to show a little skin, in order to make ends meet. We remember what it was like in 2008 - some of us around here were seriously considering becoming career strippers, but they said our backs were too hairy.
- 8
Man Attacks Strip Club Patrons With Bear Spray
Strippers will leave you alone if you ask them nicely, so there's really no need to bring weapons with you. Strip clubs are a place of peace, you know?
Unfortunately, police say they were dispatched to The Penthouse strip club in Thorold, Ontario when a 21-year-old man decided to unleash a furious bear spray attack on nearly 10 club patrons. While it is not known exactly what happened to send him into a fit of rage with a concoction made to repel grizzlies, we suspect that it was likely a jealous outburst caused after someone motor boated his old lady's chest a tad longer than he thought they should. Rule number one, fellas: If you date a stripper, never, ever visit them at work. Trust us.
Bonus: watch this moron douse himself in the face with bear mace!
- 7
Strip Club Flu Shots
When you think strip clubs and needles, the last thing that probably pops into your mind are images of senior citizens getting their annual flu shot. However, every year around September, Rachel's Gentlemen's Club opens up the main stage to seniors and veterans, for just that. Instead of entertaining them with booze and T&A, they serve them a free lunch buffet and give them all flu shots. It's the only time of year when pricks are the featured entertainment at this club, just north of Orlando, Florida. Ah, that explains it.
- 6
Man Uses Grandma's ATM Card to Finance a Stripper Bender
A Florida man was recently arrested after authorities say he stole his grandmother's ATM card to pay for a booze-fueled night at a local strip club. According to the police report, 22-year-old Bryan Keene swiped his grandmother's debit card from her purse and withdrew over $2,000, with the intention of dropping it all on the evils of women and wine.
When authorities finally caught up with him, he confessed to stealing the card and visiting the ATM 7 times, in order to get enough cash to party at his favorite strip club. Incidentally, the man said he would have gladly used grandma's debit card to tip the strippers, but the Square app is not yet G-string friendly. Your move, Apple.
- 5
Strip Club Goat Invasion
Though the patrons can get a little wild, it's not too common to see actual wild animals roaming freely inside of strip joints. We'd wager that not even the most backwoods, farm-friendly American is equipped enough to handle the intensive shock of seeing a wild-eyed, psychopathic goat blasting their way through the front doors like wrecking ball – This goat obviously misunderstood the concept of a cover charge.
The owner of the Lynx Gentlemen's Club says that he was surprised to learn about the presence of free-range goats in the vicinity of his newly purchased strip club in California, and even more surprised to find out that they are capable of doing so much damage - nearly $2,000 worth.
From our experience, if this goat would have torn through this strip club during mating season, at least two people would currently be undergoing some extensive therapy. Don't ask us why we know that.
- 4
If You Go to That Strip Club, You'll Go Blind
At the Hot Bodies strip club in Austin, Texas, a fierce brawl between seventeen strippers nearly rendered a man blind in one eye, after one of the girls unintentionally hit him in the face with one of her stilettos.
According to reports, Victoria Perez struck the man in the eye after a fight between the girls that started in the dressing room and spilled out into main area.
Unfortunately, he never saw it coming.
- 3
Lap Dances for Charity
In 2008 Marilyn's on Monroe -- a fully-nude strip club in Toledo, Ohio -- raised nearly $1,000 for the earthquake victims in Haiti, by publicizing that all of the proceeds from their lap-dances would be donated to the International Services of Hope. However, while fully-nude is perfectly fine in Ohio, lap-dances are a big legal no-no, which is confusing.
Instead of breaking the law for a good cause, Marilyn's decided to donate all of the money they collected from the $10 cover charge.
Representatives from Marilyn's say they feel confident that they could have raised more money for the Haitian earthquake relief effort if the city would have allowed them to give lap-dances - we have some other money-making ideas too, but no one ever asks us.
- 2
Excuse me, Bambi - Will You Watch My Baby While I Visit Candi?
Most of us have been drunk enough at one time or another to run out of a strip club without first remembering to grab our credit card. It happens-- but how many are guilty of leaving without their kid? That's a trick question, you imbeciles - babies aren't allowed in strip clubs! However, someone forgot to pass that information along to this guy.
Police say 26-year-old Kenneth Rowe strolled into The Sharklounge, a combo liquor store and strip club (read: heaven), and asked the clerk if she would look after his baby for a few minutes, while he went over to check out the dancers. After about 15 minutes passed, the clerk contacted the authorities because she said the child looked hungry, and was a lousy tipper.
Rowe was arrested and charged with neglect, which could earn him five years in the pokey. Perhaps he will ask the judge to watch his kid, while he does the time?
- 1
Amputee Strippers Gotta Dance Somewhere
While we've never actually witnessed it with our own two eyes, it's a universal truth that amputee strippers gotta dance somewhere. The only way this scene could be any more frightening is if the dancers were clowns. Seriously, this scares the hell out of us.


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As promised, here is my recap of the Using Social Media in Your Job Search presentation that took place on campus this afternoon in the University Union. The program, hosted speaker Nancy Thompson, a UWGB alum and partner at Signature Search, here in Green Bay.
We use social media in our personal lives. We build, maintain and rekindle friendships on sites such as Facebook and Myspace, but have you ever thought of using social media to build professional relationships?
LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking site that is based around developing those kind of professional "connections" as they call them. The network, launched in 2003, has 90 million users in over 200 countries.
Nancy began the program with a brief introduction of herself, we attendees, as well as the topic at hand, the LinkedIn network. Nancy, with a strong business background, has been working in the recruitment industry for over 15 years. She mentioned that she has seen first hand the benefits of using LinkedIn when searching for employment, and that she was excited to share this information with us. As attendees, we varied greatly. Many of the students in attendance were there to fulfill extra credit assignments, some were returning students and others soon-to-be grads. There were also a handful of faculty members that attended, which proves Nancy's second point about how relevant professional networking and social media are to the college campus and society in general.
After introductions, Nancy walked us through the LinkedIn system. At first LinkedIn reminded me of Facebook. After logging in, there was a "Newsfeed" homepage that displayed the latest updates from your "connections", or in the Facebook world, friends. Many of Nancy's connections posted things resembling status' and a large portion of them had linked their Twitter accounts to their LinkedIn, which were automatically displayed. LinkedIn also allows you to set up a profile, much like the ones on Facebook, but without all the nonsense "Wallposts" and pictures. Your LinkedIn profile is basically a less intense version of your resume with sections such as, 'Current Title', 'Past Titles, Jobs', 'Education', 'Recommendation' , and others similar. There is also a section to post an 'About Me' summary.
Groups are a huge part to LinkedIn. There are groups for everything imaginable, yet professional-related. The groups are used to network with others with shared interests and skills, as well as allow you to build connections through other connections–kind of like that "6 Degrees" theory. One group that Nancy recommends to students and young adults is the Young Professionals Network. This network is hosted by the local Chamber of Commerce as well as others around the state. "It is a great networking tool for young adults and new college grads," said Ms. Thompson.
Contacts or connections rather, are truly what makes this network such a unique resource. They represent a huge part of networking and allow you to share information and learn about jobs from the professionals working in those jobs. "Networking is not about what you know, it's who you know," stated a fellow attendee. It is true. Networking is about making connections between people. If you meet 5 people, and each of those 5 people, meet 5 people, your connections have just tripled.
Using LinkedIn in your job search is a valuable tool, but also is a huge factor in the "Social Media Era" that our society has entered. To find more information about LinkedIn and its benefits visit our website: www.uwgb.edu/careers, give us a call at 920-465-2361, or try it for yourself, LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com. Start making professional connections for YOUR future.


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Photos and Audio: Tonight on GLEE- JESUS CHRIST SUPERSTAR and More!
On tonight's episode of GLEE, The girls of the glee club organize a Sadie Hawkins dance at McKinley High, in which the girls ask out their dates, leading to interesting couplings among the members of New Directions. Meanwhile, Sam is convinced that the Warblers cheated at Sectionals, and he makes it his mission to find the evidence. Also, Kurt attempts to find his niche at NYADA. Check out full tracks from the episode below, which will include 'I Don't Know How to Love Him,' 'Locked Out of Heaven,' 'Baby Got Back,' 'Tell Him,' 'I Only Have Eyes for You,' and 'No Scrubs.'
Glee airs tonight at 9pm on FOX.
Glee is a musical comedy about a group of eager and ambitious students who strive to outshine their singing competition to win Nationals while navigating the cruel halls of McKinley High. Since its debut, Glee has become a bona fide cultural phenomenon, received prestigious honors including the Golden Globe and Peabody Award and singlehandedly made Glee clubs cool again.
In addition to the regular cast, Glee has featured guest appearances by a wide range of talented performers, including Kate Hudson, Sarah Jessica Parker, Gwyneth Paltrow (who won the 2011 Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series), Carol Burnett, Kathy Griffin, Cheyenne Jackson, John Stamos, Britney Spears, Kristin Chenoweth, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, Molly Shannon, Olivia Newton-John and Neil Patrick Harris, who won a 2010 Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his work on the show.
Photo Credit: Eddy Chen/FOX
Blake Jenner, Darren Criss, Kevin McHale, Chord Overstreet and Samuel Larsen
Cory Monteith, Chord Overstreet, Kevin McHale, Darren Criss, Melissa Benoist, Blake Jenner,Alex Newell and Heather Morris


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Teddy Roosevelt 1911 signed drawing
sold out
Teddy Roosevelt 1911 signed drawing
All drawings in this collection were made by W. Marchall and date from 1903-1918. Most all of the works are signed and dated. They follow the young artist Willie Marchall that lived in Gas City Indiana starting with his childhood drawings and onward. Interest range from popular car racers of the time, presidents, and mischief. Very charming works done with ink and pencil and some hand color applied. The paper is over 100 years old and delicate and wear and age varies from piece to piece.
Measures: 9 x 11"
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