text:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Narrow passage to Jallianwala Bagh Garden through which the shooting was conducted.
Location of Amritsar in India
|Amritsar, British India
13 April 1919
17:30 (5:30)
|Mostly Sikhs, few Muslims and Hindus at a religious and political gathering
Attack type
Non-fatal injuries
|Several thousands
|British Indian Army unit under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer
Number of participants
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when a crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims, who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab were fired upon by troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer. The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres (28,000 m2) and was walled on all sides except for five entrances.[1] On Dyer's orders, his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to run out. The figures released by the British government were 370 dead and 1200 wounded. Other sources place the number of dead at well over 1000. This "brutality stunned the entire nation",[2] resulting in a "wrenching loss of faith" of the general public in the intentions of Britain.[3] The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger, leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920–22.[4]
On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings, however this notice was not widely disseminated. That was the day of Baisakhi, the main Sikh festival, and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh. On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, Dyer went with fifty Gurkha riflemen to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd. Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted; Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired, a number which seems to have been derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops.[5] Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead,[5] with approximately 1,100 wounded. The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 dead.[6]
Dyer was initially lauded by conservative forces in the empire, but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons.[7] He became a celebrated hero in Britain among most of the people connected to the British Raj,[8] for example, the House of Lords,[9] but unpopular in the House of Commons, which voted against Dyer twice.[10] The massacre caused a re-evaluation of the army's role, in which the new policy became "minimum force", and the army was retrained and developed suitable tactics for crowd control.[11] Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India,[12] although others believe that greater self-government was inevitable as a result of India's involvement in World War I.
Background 1
- Defence of India act 1.1
- Rowlatt act 1.2
- Prelude to the massacre 2
- The massacre 3
Aftermath 4
- The Hunter Commission 4.1
- Demonstration at Gujranwala 4.2
- Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer 4.3
Monument and legacy 5
- Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 5.1
- Regret 5.2
- Artistic portrayals 5.3
- See also 6
- References 7
- Further reading 8
- External links 9
Defence of India act
During World War I, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.25 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration.[13][14] Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst a number of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India, the United States and Germany. The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement, arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. In the scenario of the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India, the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed limiting civil and political liberties. Michael O'Dwyer, then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was one of the strongest proponents of the act, in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province.[15]
Rowlatt act
The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great. High casualty rates in the war, increasing inflation after the end, compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment, revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress, ended their differences to unify. In 1916, the Congress succeeded in establishing the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the All-India Muslim League. British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy after World War I began to change, with the passage of Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917.[16][17][18] However, this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement. Mahatma Gandhi, recently returned to India, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest. The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy, the presence of Mahendra Pratap's Kabul mission in Afghanistan (with possible links to then nascent Bolshevik Russia), and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a Sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt, an English judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915, was enforced in India which limited civil liberties.[15][19][20][21][22]
The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 precipitated large scale political unrest throughout India. Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah's assassination and institution of Amanullah in a system strongly influenced by the political figures courted by Kabul mission during the world war. In addition, in India Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. The situation especially in Punjab was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000."[23] In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. This situation deteriorated perceptibly over the next few days. Michael O'Dwyer is said to have been of the firm belief that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated uprising around May, on the lines of the 1857 revolt, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, as well as responses preceding and succeeding it, was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy.[24]
Prelude to the massacre
Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible, and they prepared for the worst. In Amritsar, more than 15,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. The British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Michael O'Dwyer, is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt around May, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, as well as responses preceding and succeeding it, have been described by some historians as the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy.[24] James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.[25]
On 10 April 1919, there was a protest at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, a city in Punjab, a large province in the northwestern part of India. The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been earlier arrested by the government and moved to a secret location. Both were proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. A military picket shot at the crowd, killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events. Later the same day, several banks and other government buildings, including the Town Hall and the railway station, were attacked and set afire. The violence continued to escalate, culminating in the deaths of at least five Europeans, including government employees and civilians. There was retaliatory shooting at crowds from the military several times during the day, and between eight and twenty people were killed.
On 11 April, Miss Marcella Sherwood, an English missionary, fearing for the safety of her pupils, was on her way to shut the schools and send the roughly 600 Indian children home.[9][26] While cycling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob, pulled to the ground by her hair, stripped naked, beaten, kicked, and left for dead. She was rescued by some local Indians, including the father of one of her pupils, who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh fort.[26][27] After visiting Sherwood on 19 April, the Raj's local commander, Colonel Dyer, issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees.[9][28] Colonel Dyer later explained to a British inspector: "Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her, too."[29] He also authorised the indiscriminate, public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of British policemen. Miss Marcella Sherwood later defended Colonel Dyer, describing him "as the 'saviour' of the Punjab".[28]
For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of the Punjab under martial law. The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly; gatherings of more than four people were banned.[30]
On the evening of 12 April, the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College - Dhab Khatikan. At the meeting, Hans Raj, an aide to Dr. Kitchlew, announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16:30 the following day in the Jallianwala Bagh, to be organised by a Dr. Muhammad Bashir and chaired by a senior and respected Congress Party leader, Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia. A series of resolutions protesting the Rowlatt Act, the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Drs. Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved, after which the meeting adjourned.[31]
The massacre
At 9:00 on the morning of 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, Colonel Reginald Dyer, the acting military commander for Amritsar and its environs, proceeded through the city with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave Amritsar, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi, but few paid it any heed or appear to have learned of it later.[32] Meanwhile, the local CID had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. At 12:40, Dyer was informed of the meeting and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it.[33]
By mid-afternoon, thousands of Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. Many who were present had earlier worshipped at the Golden Temple, and were passing through the Bagh on their way home. The Bagh was (and is) a large, open area of six to seven acres, roughly 200 yards by 200 yards in size, and surrounded by walls roughly 10 feet in height. Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh, and five narrow entrances opened onto it, several with locked gates. During the rainy season, it was planted with crops, but served as a local meeting-area and playground for much of the year.[34] In the centre of the Bagh was a samadhi (cremation site) and a large well partly filled with water and about 20 feet in diameter.[34]
Apart from pilgrims, Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers, traders and merchants attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair. The city police closed the fair at 14:00 that afternoon, resulting in a large number of people drifting into the Jallianwala Bagh. It was estimated that about 20,000 to 25,000 people had gathered in the Bagh by the time of the meeting. Dyer sent an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd.[34] By this time, both Colonel Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, were well aware of the meeting, but took no actions to prevent it or send police to peacefully disperse the crowds. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving.
An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16:30, Colonel Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of sixty-five Gurkha and twenty-five Balochi and Pathan soldiers. Fifty of them were armed with .303 Lee–Enfield bolt-action rifles; 40 with khukris. Dyer had specifically chosen troops from those ethnic groups due to their proven loyalty to the British and disdain for Indians. He had also brought two armored cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles were left outside, as they were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow entrances. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances. Most of them were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles.
Dyer—without warning the crowd to disperse—blocked the main exits. He explained later that this act "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience."[35] Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Cease-fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted, after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent.[5]
Many people died in stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque, placed at the site after independence states that 120 bodies were removed from the well. The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, as a curfew was declared, and many more died during the night.
The number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed. While the official figure given by the British inquiry into the massacre is 379 deaths, the method used by the inquiry has been subject to criticism. In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died.[36] This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area.[37] When interviewed by the members of the committee, a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher.[38]
Since the official figures were probably flawed regarding the size of the crowd (15,000–20,000), the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed.[39] The Government tried to suppress information of the massacre, but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919.
Colonel Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied: "Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves."[40] O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford.[41][42]
Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith however, openly condemned the attack. Churchill referring to it as "monstrous", while Asquith called it "one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history".[43] Winston Churchill, in the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920, said, "The crowd was unarmed, except with bludgeons. It was not attacking anybody or anything… When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square, with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, the fire was then directed down on the ground. This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion."[44] After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government.[45]
Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest".[46] In the repudiation letter, dated 30 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings"[47]
Gupta describes the letter written by Tagore as "historic". He writes that Tagore "renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Government to the people of Punjab", and he quotes Tagore's letter to the Viceroy "The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in the Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has, with a rude shock, revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... [T]he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen, surprised into a dumb anguish of terror. The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation..."[48] English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings Vol# 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter.[49]
Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons "thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India."[50]
The Hunter Commission
On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission. It was named after the name of chairman, Lord William Hunter, former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them".[51] The members of the commission were:
- Lord Hunter, Chairman of the Commission
- Mr. Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta
- Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court
- Mr W.F. Rice, member of the Home Department
- Major-General Sir George Barrow, KCB, KCMG, GOC Peshawar Division
- Pandit Jagat Narayan, lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces
- Mr. Thomas Smith, Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces
- Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State
- Mr H.C. Stokes, Secretary of the Commission and member of the Home Department[51]
After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October, the Commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks. Witnesses were called in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bombay and Lahore. Although the Commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law, meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath, its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning. In general, it was felt the Commission had been very thorough in its enquiries.[51] After reaching Lahore in November, the Commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar.
On 19 November, Dyer was called to appear before the Commission. Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry, Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone.[51] Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. Patterson says Dyer explained his sense of honour to the Hunter Commission by saying, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."[52] Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well".[51]
After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad followed, asking Dyer if
"supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns?"
"I think probably, yes."
"In that case, the casualties would have been much higher?"
Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout the Punjab and in doing so, reduce the moral stature of the "rebels". He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd dispersed, and that a little shooting would not do any good. In fact he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted.[53] He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting: "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there."[54]
Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and ill, Dyer was then released. Over the next several months, while the Commission wrote its final report, the British press, as well as many MPs, turned hostile towards Dyer as the extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known.[51] Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the Commission had been wound up. In the meanwhile, Dyer, seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis, was hospitalised.[51]
Although the members of the Commission had been divided by racial tensions following Dyer's statement, and though the Indian members had written a separate, minority report, the final report, comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer's actions.[51] In "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error."[55] Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was of the same view," they wrote, "(but) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed." The report concluded that:
- Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh in the beginning was an error
- The length of firing showed a grave error
- Dyer's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned
- Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority
- There had not been any conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab
The minority report of the Indian members further added that:
- Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed
- There were innocent people in the crowd, and there had not been any violence in the Bagh beforehand
- Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so
- Dyer's actions had been "inhuman and un-British" and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India.
The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council).[56] The Legal and Home Members on the Viceroy's Council ultimately decided that, though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way, military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons. However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March. He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920.
Demonstration at Gujranwala
Two days later, on 15 April, demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting the killings at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The Officer Commanding the Royal Air Force in India, Brigadier General N D K MacEwen stated later that:
I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns.[57]
Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer
On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and was himself wounded, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to be the main planner. Dyer himself had died in 1927.
Some, such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika, also made positive statements. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh. Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh and alleged Michael O'Dwyer to have been responsible for the massacre. Singh was termed a "fighter for freedom" and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as "an expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People".[58] In Fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous.[59] The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots."
At a public meeting in New Statesman observed: "British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?" Singh had told the court at his trial:
I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What a greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?[61]
Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. At that time, many, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the action of Udham as senseless but courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then Prime Minister) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement which had appeared in the daily Partap:
I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free.
Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed, a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion.
Monument and legacy
A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923, the trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by American architect Benjamin Polk, was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame was later added to the site.
The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park.
Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee
Shortly following the massacre, the official Sikh clergy of the Golden Temple conferred upon Colonel Dyer the Saropa (the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or, in general, humanity), sending shock waves among the Sikh community.[62] On 12 October 1920, students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa College called a meeting to demand the immediate removal of the Gurudwaras from the control of Mahants. The result was the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines.[63]
Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983, she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997:[64]
It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past – Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness.[64]
On 14 October 1997, Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30‑second moment of silence. During the visit, she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron, which was of religious significance to the Sikhs.[64] She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument.[64]
While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for being less than an apology.[64] Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen, saying that the Queen herself had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise.[64]
Winston Churchill, on 8 July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish Colonel Dyer.[44] Churchill succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Colonel Dyer, but Churchill would have preferred to see the colonel disciplined.[45]
In February 2013 [66]
Artistic portrayals
- 1977: A Hindi language motion picture called Jallian Wala Bagh was released. The film was written, produced and directed by Balraj Tah. Associate producer was Amarjit Singh Madan. The film is about the life of Udham Singh who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940. The film was partly filmed in the UK notably in Coventry and surrounding areas.[67]
- 1981: Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd, saved from the gunfire by a well-timed sneeze.
- 1982: The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox. The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Montague commission.
- 1984: The story of the massacre also occurs in the 7th episode of Granada TV's 1984 series The Jewel in the Crown, recounted by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she defied the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims.
- 2002: In the Hindi movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, the massacre is reconstructed with the child Bhagat Singh as a witness, eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement.
- 2006: Portions of the Hindi movie Rang De Basanti nonlinearly depicts the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters.
- 2009: Bali Rai's novel, City of Ghosts, is partly set around the massacre, blending fact with fiction and magical realism. Dyer, Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story.
- 2014: The British period drama Downton Abbey makes a reference to the massacre in the eighth episode of season 5. The characters of Lord Grantham, Isobel Crawley and Shrimpy express their disapproval of the massacre when Susan MacClare and Lord Sinderby support it.
See also
- Vidurashwatha
- British Raj
- Massacre of Chumik Shenko
- Indian independence movement
- List of massacres in India
- Bloody Sunday, A day of IRA assassinations in Ireland and revenge attacks by the Royal Irish Constabulary on a crowd at Croke Park and on prisoners at Dublin Castle.
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Jinnah
- ^ Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p 56.
- ^ Bipan Chandra etal, India's Struggle for Independence, Viking 1988, p.166
- ^ Barbara D. Metcalf and p.169
- ^ Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. pp. 398–399.
- ^ a b c Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer pp 266,337
- ^ Brian Lapping, End of Empire, p. 38, 1985
- ^ Manchester, William. The Last Lion: Winston S Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874–1932). Little, Brown. p. 694.
- ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, pp 130–164
- ^ a b c Jaswant Singh (13 April 2002). "Bloodbath on the Baisakhi".
- ^ Manchester, William. The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874–1932). Little, Brown. p. 694.
- ^ Srinath Raghaven, "Protecting the Raj: The Army in India and Internal Security, c . 1919–39," Small Wars and Insurgencies, (Fall 2005), 16#3 pp 253–279 online
- ^ Brain Bond, "Amritsar 1919," History Today, Sept 1963, Vol. 13 Issue 10, pp 666–676
- ^ Gupta 1997, p. 12
- ^ Popplewell 1995, p. 201
- ^ a b Popplewell 1995, p. 175
- ^ Majumdar 1971, p. xix
- ^ Dignan 1971, p. 60
- ^ Cole 2001, p. 572
- ^ Lovett 1920, pp. 94, 187–191
- ^ Sarkar 1921, p. 137
- ^ Tinker 1968, p. 92
- ^ Fisher 1972, p. 129
- ^ Swami P (November 1, 1997). "Jallianwala Bagh revisited". The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ a b Cell 2002, p. 67
- ^ Brown 1973, p. 523
- ^ a b Ferguson, Niall (2003). Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World. London: Penguin Books. p. 326.
- ^ Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Hambledon Continuum: New Edition. p. 234.
- ^ a b Banerjee, Sikata (2012). Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence, and Empire. p. 24.
- ^ Talbott, Strobe (2004). Engaging India : Diplomacy, Democracy, and the Bomb. p. 245.
- ^ Townshend, Britains Civil Wars. p137
- ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 246
- ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 252-253
- ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 253
- ^ a b c Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 254-255
- ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer p 255-58
- ^ Hunter Report, p116-117.
- ^ Nigel Collett (2007). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Hambledon and London. p. 263.
- ^ Hunter Report, p117
- ^ "Amritsar Massacre – ninemsn Encarta". Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
- ^ Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006) p. 267
- ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, p.142
- ^ Nigel Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006) p. 372
- ^ Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920," Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, p.131
- ^ a b "Hansard (House of Commons Archives)". Hansard: 1719–1733. 8 July 1920.
- ^ a b Manchester, William (1988). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Visions of Glory (1874–1932). Little, Brown. p. 694.
- ^ Rabindranath Tagore; Sisir Kumar Das (January 1996). A miscellany. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 982–.
- ^ "Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing". The Times of India (
- ^ Kalyan Sen Gupta (2005). The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 3–.
- ^ Rabindranath Tagore; Introduction By Mohit K. Ray (1 January 2007). English Writings of Rabindranath TagoreMiscellaneous Writings Vol# 8. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 1021–.
- ^ J. A. Cloake (1994). Britain in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Amritsar (India): Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 333–334.
- ^ Steven Patterson, The cult of imperial honor in British India (2009) P. 67
- ^ Nick Lloyd, The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day (2011) p. 157
- ^ Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar p. 337
- ^ Cyril Henry Philips, "The evolution of India and Pakistan, 1858 to 1947: select documents" p.214. Oxford University Press, 1962
- ^ Winston Churchill (8 July 1920). "Winston Churchill's speech in the House of Commons". Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ "Royal Air Force Power Review" (PDF). 1 (1). Spring 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ The Times, London, 16 March 1940
- ^ Public and Judicial Department, File No L/P + J/7/3822, Caxton Hall outrage, India Office Library and Records, London, pp 13–14
- ^ Government of India, Home Department, Political File No 18/3/1940, National Archives of India, New Delhi, p40
- ^ CRIM 1/1177, Public Record Office, London, p 64
- ^ Ajit Singh Sarhadi, "Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle", Kapur Printing Press, Delhi, 1970, p. 19.
- ^ Indian critiques of Gandhi – Google Books. Books.google.com. 2003.
- ^ a b c d e f Burns, John F. (15 October 1997). "In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919". New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ The Times Of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jallianwala-Bagh-massacre-British-PM-defends-decision-for-not-saying-sorry/articleshow/18594322.cms.
- ^ "David Cameron marks British 1919 Amritsar massacre". News (
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0322814/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
Further reading
- Brown, Emily (1973). (in Book Reviews; South Asia). The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3. (May, 1973), pp. 522–523. Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia.
- Cell, John W (2002). Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism, 1872–1969. Cambridge University Press.
- Collett, Nigel. The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer (2006)
- Draper, Alfred. The Amritsar Massacre: Twilight of the Raj (1985)
- Gupta, Amit K (1997). Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938.Social Scientist, Vol. 25, No. 9/10. (Sep. – Oct., 1997), pp. 3–27. Social Scientist.
- Hopkirk, Peter (1997). Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire. Kodansha Globe.
- Judd, Dennis. "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39," in Judd, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present (Basic Books, 1996) pp 258– 72 online edition
- Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day (2011)
- Narain, Savita. The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1919 (New Delhi, Spantech and Lancer, 1998) 76pp ISBN 1-897829-36-1
- Popplewell, Richard J (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924. Routledge.
- Sarkar, B.K. (1921). Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1. (Mar., 1921), pp. 136–138. The Acedemy of Political Science.
- Sarkar, Sumit (1983). Modern India, 1885–1947. Delhi:Macmillan.
- Swinson, Arthur. Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair (London: Peter Davies, 1964)
- Tinker, Hugh (1968). India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1918–19: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968). Sage Publications. pp. 89–107.
External links
- An NPR interview with Bapu Shingara Singh – the last known surviving witness.
- Churchill's speech after the incident.
- Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh Listen to the Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallian Wala Bagh.
- Amritsar Massacre as a turning point in the British Raj – Description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
- EngvarB from March 2014
- Use dmy dates from March 2014
- Coordinates not on Wikidata
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013
- Pages with citations lacking titles
- Pages with citations having bare URLs
- Conflicts in 1919
- Mass murder in 1919
- British India
- Protests in India
- Massacres in India
- Massacres committed by the United Kingdom
- Amritsar
- Political repression
- Military scandals
- Hindu–German Conspiracy
- 1919 in India
- History of Punjab, India
- Massacres of Sikhs
- Indian independence movement


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Representative Charles W. Dent (1960 - )In Congress 2005 - 2018
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- BILL1. H.R.1148 — 112th Congress (2011-2012) Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act Sponsor: Rep. Walz, Timothy J. [D-MN-1] (Introduced 03/17/2011) Cosponsors: (286) Committees: House - Financial Services; Agriculture; House Administration; Judiciary; Ethics; Rules Latest Action: House - 02/01/2012 Motion to Discharge Committee filed by Mr. Walz (MN). Petition No: 112-3. (Discharge petition text with signatures.) (All Actions) Notes: On 2/1/2012, a motion was filed to discharge the Committees on Financial Services, Agriculture, House Administration, the Judiciary, Ethics, and Rules from the consideration of H.R.1148. A discharge petition requires 218 signatures for further action. (Discharge Petition No. 112-3... Tracker:
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I have never played Dishonored. The entirety of my exposure to it has been articles posted on Kotaku. It places an emphasis on stealth, which I generally avoid. I also know that, should I play it, I will be treated to magnificent sights such as this one, and that's more than enough to get me to creep silently across a rooftop. Creepy masks not your cup of tea? Don't worry, there's more.
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Dishonored is set in an industrial English city around the beginning of the 20th century, where magic and technology collide. It's a place where the masquerade balls haven't quite gotten to the scantily-clad nurse/cat/devil/dental assistant stage, when the costumes had creepy class. That completely cancels out any misgivings I have about being sneaky.
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[Note: Dwight Silverman is on vacation, and Technology Bytes' Peter Hughes is handling the linkposts this week. Dwight will be back on June 26.]
• Hitachi G-Connect: A Wireless Hard Drive and Router for Your iPhone and iPad – expandable wireless storage for your mobile device can store 500 gigs and turn itself into a router.
• One-Fifth of Grandparents Use Social Networks [STUDY] – My Grandma, what a big social network you have!
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Boy finds mummified body of man hanging in wardrobe
DAYTON, OHIO // An adolescent boy found the mummified body of a man hanging in a wardrobe while exploring what appeared to be an abandoned house in southwestern Ohio.
The director of the Montgomery County coroner's office in Dayton said the body found Sunday had the hardened, leathery appearance of a mummy because 53-year-old Edward Brunton's tissue had dried up and was preserved in his home's cold, dark conditions.
Director Ken Betz said Brunton was homeless before inheriting money from his mother to buy the house in October 2009 and probably died soon after that. Mr Betz said Brunton's death was ruled a suicide caused by hanging by the neck.
Mr Betz said Brunton's house appeared vacant and the property was overgrown with weeds and posted with city clean-up warnings.
* Associated Press
Updated: June 18, 2014 04:00 AM


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WORCESTER � Jim and Lindsey Kersten's wedding Sunday was in many ways like every other wedding.
There was bad weather threatening to move the ceremony, held on the back steps of City Hall, indoors; the long lines at the bar; the funny and sweet best man and maid of honor speeches; and the calling up of tables to get to the buffet.
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The third floor of the Salem Square landmark performed admirably in its debut as a wedding reception venue, and library officials � including Mr. Kersten himself � hope it's a sign of things to come in offering the building for alternative uses.
"Worcester has given so much to Lindsey and I, we wanted to make sure our life together started in the cultural center of the city," Mr. Kersten said as he sat near a row of bookshelves.
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"We're grateful to have the opportunity to do this, but we hope it can help the library grow this in the future," Mr. Kersten said.
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Rand Paul: 'Sue the government'
Sen. Rand Paul is calling on the public to be a part of a joint lawsuit against the government for going through private citizens' phone records without due cause.
"We are asking people who have been affected by this spying if they want to sue the government and say, you know what, this is unconstitutional," the Kentucky Republican said on Fox News on Wednesday. "What we're saying is that the government has no right, through a single warrant, to search everyone's records. The government does have a right under the Fourth Amendment, if you are accused of a crime and there is probable cause, they can go after you and if your phone records lead to other people they can get warrants to go after them. That's good police work, but looking at everybody's phone records I think really goes against what we stand for as a free people."
Story Continued Below
Paul told Fox News' Neil Cavuto that he has lost trust in National Intelligence Director James Clapper.
( PHOTOS: Pols, pundits weigh in on NSA report)
"The intelligence director came before a Senate committee in March of this year and basically lied to us. He said they weren't collecting any of the data and it turns out, not only are they collecting it, they are collecting all of the data," Paul said. "There is a danger that phone calls could ultimately be used through this type of collection to track your movements because basically your cellphone is nothing more than a GPS transponder."
Paul said that the American people had a right to privacy, even from third parties, and also have the right to know what their representatives are supporting in Congress so as to make informed decisions as to whether they will vote for politicans "who have such a casual disregard for…privacy."
Paul told Cavuto that individuals interested in being a part of the lawsuit should go to his PAC's website to give permission to participate.
Paul will hold a press conference Thursday with about 86 different groups interested in privacy at the Capitol Hill Club. The press conference, which will be held at 1:15 pm, will formally announce the legal action they plan to take.


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I'm sure most of you know that Disney Pixar is coming out with another movie called 'Brave' that will be in theaters sometime in June of this year. It's about a young lady called Merida who is princess of a kingdom set in Scotland. This lesson is going to teach you how to create her mother who happens to be a graceful, wise and string queen who's only interest is to keep the people and her family happy. Today I will be showing you "how to draw Queen Elinor", step by step. She is a beautifully striking figure that has a very graceful appearance. Her husband King Fergus is more like a big child than anything else. I don't know how strong her role will be in the film, but she looks like she can hold her own. I wish I could tell you more, but I can't so what do you say we just get busy with drawing Queen Elinor from Brave instead. When a descriptive background becomes available to me, I will update this lessons description. For now enjoy the tutorial and let me know if you plan on seeing the film. Adios people and have fun!
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Ask John
Magners League winners, Naas Botha and Wales' youngest try scorer before Tom Prydie
John Griffiths
June 7, 2010
Tom Prydie is congratulated after scoring against South Africa © Getty Images
Welcome to the latest edition of Ask John where renowned rugby historian John Griffiths will answer any rugby-related query you have!
So, if there's something you've always wanted to know about the game we love but didn't know who to ask, or you think you can stump our expert - then get involved by sending us a question.
In this edition John answers questions on Magners League winners, Naas Botha's predecessor and Wales' youngest try scorer before Tom Prydie.
Who was Wales's youngest Test try-scorer before Tom Prydie? Anon
The youngest Welshman to score a Test try before Tom Prydie's effort against South Africa on Saturday was Tom Pearson, the Cardiff wing who crossed on his Test debut against England at Rodney Parade, Newport, on January 3rd, 1891.
Pearson was then 18 years and 238 days old. Keith Jarrett was 18 years and 332 days old when he scored his try (also on debut) for Wales against England at Cardiff in 1967.
Which players have won the most Magners League winners' medals? Michael O' Dwyer, Ireland
The Magners League was originally known as the Celtic League and started in 2001-02. The Ospreys, with their win against Leinster in the League Final on May 29th, became the first side to win the title three times.
Eight members of their winning side appeared in the club's three successful seasons in 2004-5, 2006-7 and 2009-10: Andrew Bishop, James Hook, Shane Williams, Paul James, Huw Bennett, Adam Jones, Jonathan Thomas and Ryan Jones. Hook, it should be noted, played only five minutes of Celtic League rugby in 2004-05, as a replacement against Cardiff Blues.
A ninth member of their side in this year's final, Lee Byrne, played for the Ospreys in the 2006-07 campaign and was a winner with Llanelli Scarlets in 2003-04.
Who did the legendary Naas Botha replace as Northern Transvaal (now Blue Bulls) fly-half way back in 1977? Gerhard Calitz, South Africa
Naas Botha began his first-class career with Northern Transvaal in 1977, succeeding J P (Joos) le Roux in the No.10 shirt.
Le Roux had been the regular fly-half for the province in the 1976 Currie Cup in which Northern Transvaal finished a disappointing third (behind Western Province and Natal) in Section One of the round-robin stage of the tournament. Western Province subsequently lost to the Section Two winners, Orange Free State, in that year's Currie Cup Final.
Le Roux's finest moment was in August 1976 when he kicked two conversions, two penalties and dropped a goal in Northern Transvaal's 29-27 victory at Loftus Versfeld against Andy Leslie's All Blacks. A fortnight earlier le Roux had landed 27 points in the province's 67-13 Currie Cup win against Rhodesia.
Le Roux was never awarded Springbok colours. Gerald Bosch was the Springboks incumbent at No.10 at the time. He lost his Test place to Western Province's Robbie Blair in 1977, Blair having impressed the Springbok selectors when playing against the young Naas Botha in WP's 16-14 home win against Northern Transvaal at Newlands in June 1977.
In his first season as a Blue Bull Botha was involved in their 41-26 spree against a strong World Invitation XV and guided them to a winning Currie Cup Final at Loftus Versfeld against Orange Free State in September. In 1977 he shared place-kicking duties with fullback Pierre Edwards who was employed for the longer-range kicks at goal.
How many teams have been coached by a former player who beat that team as a player? I know that, for instance, Warren Gatland was in the Waikato team that beat Wales in 1988. Paul Johns, New Zealand
Warren Gatland was Waikato's hooker in their 28-19 victory over Wales at Hamilton in the opening match of the 1988 tour. He is one of a small band of 2009-10 national head coaches who appeared as a player in a winning side against the team they now coach:
Robbie Deans (New Zealand) beat Australia in 1984
Scotland's current coach, Andy Robinson, played for England when they drew with Scotland at Twickenham in 1989.
I noticed a previous post regarding the history of jersey numbering. Are there any specific laws that this "must" be adhered to, or can teams (Super 14/15) break with tradition and have individual player numbers like soccer? David, Australia
The IRB took the lead regarding consistent jersey numbering back in 1967, prescribing for international matches the convention that still stands.
The only time when "squad" numbering was the vogue in rugby was during tours undertaken before 1967, when it was the norm for visiting players to wear their individual tour numbers, even during Test matches.
Below international level, clubs and provinces now follow bylaws that govern competitive rugby and fall in with the IRB's numbering convention. One consequence of this (relatively recent) change has been that there is no more alphabet soup when Bristol or Leicester club matches take place. Until recently both teams stuck to their age-old club conventions and wore letters.
What was the rule change that enabled defences to adopt the rugby league style defence we see these days? Peter Hughes, Wales
Not so much a rule change as a difference in emphasis led to this defensive aspect. It was the directive to referees to clamp down on the rucking of bodies that were lying on the wrong side of the ball that led to this feature of defensive play. With players reluctant to commit to rucks, the side taking the ball into the tackle found itself struggling to recycle possession quickly. Defences used the time and spare numbers to fan out rugby-league style across the field.
Dull rugby was a running sore for the first three-quarters of the season, before the Premiership took action from late March. Referees were instructed to adopt several measures designed to free-up the tackle area. Foremost (and most effective in wresting back the advantage to the attacking side) was the instruction that the tackler must immediately move away from the ball-carrier. Tacklers were instructed to release man and ball at the tackle before competing for it.
The upshot was that most agreed that matches played in April and May were far more entertaining and the stifling effects of defences were less evident.
© Scrum.com
Communication error please reload the page.


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ISMO BEACH, Calif. | Pismo Beach is on board with surfing goats. But grazing goats can be a bummer.
Three goats - Grover, Pismo and Goatee - have become celebrities in the city on California's Central Coast and on YouTube after owner Dana McGregor taught them to surf.
But McGregor has gotten pricey tickets recently for letting them graze within city limits, and he is violating codes by keeping them at all.
Goats are allowed on larger lots and for temporary clearing of plants, which is why McGregor got a goat in the first place.
The San Luis Obispo Tribune (http://bit.ly/1pa0AGF ) reports Tuesday the city is considering allowing up to three goats on smaller lots and allowing them in parks on leashes.
They remain legal and welcome at the beach.


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WASHINGTON, July 16 (UPI) -- U.S. diplomats aren't offering any lectures on democracy to any particular group in the interim Egyptian government, the U.S. State Department said.
Deputy Secretary of State William Burns met with interim political leaders in Egypt to discuss the country's post-revolutionary political crisis. Egyptian leaders are working to plot a new political course in the wake of the July 3 ouster of President Mohamed Morsi.
Burns said during a Monday news conference from Cairo the U.S. government remains "deeply committed" to Egyptian democracy.
"We want a strong Egypt; an Egypt which is stable, democratic, inclusive, and tolerant; an Egypt which addresses the needs and respects the rights of all of its citizens," he said in a statement. "That is the Egypt that Egyptians deserve."
State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said during her regular press conference Burns met with interim ministers, including former U.N. chief nuclear inspector Mohamed ElBaradei, but not with members of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamist organization from which Morsi hails.
Psaki said Burns was in Egypt to discuss an Egyptian-led process and was not there "to lecture anyone."
The U.S. government stopped short of describing Morsi's ouster as a military coup so that it would not have to amend its military aid relationship with the Egyptian government.
Psaki said the U.S. government is "concerned" by ongoing political violence in Egypt, "but we'll take it day by day and communicate our concerns and our urgings as needed."


text: Our shop is a family run business which was launched in 2003. We pride ourselves on our outstanding range of products sourcing individual pieces from home and abroad. Here you will find a range of inspired ideas. Every shelf is packed with unusual, stylish and exquisite gifts, Designer jewellery, beautiful glassware, fragrant toiletries and different items for the kitchen and garden. Mia harmoniously fuses traditional pieces with new modern ideas.


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Water Sports
From MeritBadgeDotOrg
Revision as of 02:20, March 4, 2008 by Milominderbinder2 (Talk | contribs)
|Waterskiing merit badge
|BSA Advancement ID:
|Requirements revision:
|2007 (not effective until 2008)
|Latest pamphlet revision:
Merit Badge Requirements
Waterskiing was rewritten in 2008 as Watersports.
- 1. Show that you know first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur while participating in water sports, including hypothermia, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, dehydration, sunburn, minor cuts and blisters.
- 2. Do the following:
- A. Identify the conditions that must exist before performing CPR on a person. Explain how such conditions are recognized.
- B. Demonstrate proper technique for performing CPR using a training device approved by your counselor.
- 3. Before doing the following requirements, successfully complete the BSA swimmer test.
- 4. Do the following:
- A. Discuss the BSA Safety Afloat policy. Tell how it applies to Water Sports.
- B. Name the different types of personal flotation devices (PFDs), and explain when each type should be used. Show how to choose and properly fit a PFD.
- C. Know the Water Sports Safety Code. Promise that you will live up to it and follow it in all water work for this badge. Know the safety precautions that must be used by the boat operator in pulling water-skiers and wakeboarders.
- 5. Show the following skier signals to the safety observer in the boat: skier safe, faster, slower, turns, back to dock, cut motor, skier in water.
- 6. Showing reasonable control while using two skis, one ski, or a wakeboard, do EACH of the following:
- A. Show how to enter the water from a boat and make a deepwater start without help.
- B. Show you can cross both wakes four times and return to the center of the wake each time without falling.
- C. Show you can fall properly to avoid an obstacle. Also, show that you can drop handle and coast to a stop without loss of balance.
- 7. While on shore, show that you now how to properly adjust the bindings on your ski(s) or wakeboard to fit yourself. Then, in deep water, show that you can adjust bindings to fit. Recover and put on your ski(s) or wakeboard that has come off during a fall.
Source: 2008 Boy Scout Requirements (33215)
Merit Badge Worksheets can help Scouts organize notes, listen actively, and document their work. Many worksheets also contain links to free, online video instruction.
- Merit Badge Worksheets
- Backup copies: usscouts.org
Per the BSA: You should read the merit badge pamphlet on the subject. Merit badge pamplets are available at your local Scout Shop or online at ScoutStuff.org.


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At the age of 21, Sergio has an undying love of politics. He has already interned for two state lawmakers and hopes to pursue a career in politics. He plans to commit himself to changing his community, but there is one catch: Sergio is in the country illegally; he can't even vote.
"It is something that I am really passionate about, but because of my position, it gets really frustrating," Sergio said.
A student at San Diego State University, Sergio graduated from San Diego High School with a 4.3 GPA and entered SDSU with a full, privately funded scholarship.
Sergio is an active student leader at SDSU. Over the past few years, he has traveled to Sacramento for various paid fellowships, including two at the state Capitol with California State Assembly Members Tony Mendoza (AD-56) and Assembly Member Marty Block (AD-78).
Sergio's outgoing personality has helped him make several connections and friendships, which have helped him jump over obstacles that could stop him from completing his education.
At his request, we are not using Sergio's real name to protect his identity. We came across Sergio while doing a story on students whose lives would be impacted by the passage of California's DREAM Act.
Sergio is one of an estimated 600 illegal immigrants attending college in California. Assembly Bill 540 allows undocumented students to attend college, and the DREAM Act allows them to get financial aid.
"I always figure out a way," Sergio said. "At some point, it has been working within the resources that I have. I have been grateful to make connections and make some really great friendships."
He says his friends tease him about going to work in politics but not being able to vote.
"I remember having a conversation with some of my friends and they were like, 'How is it that you are such a political freak and you haven't been able to vote here in the United States or in Mexico?'" Sergio said. "And I'm like, 'There are other ways in which I can actually influence the political atmosphere with a more direct way.'
"For example, when I was working with Assembly Member Mendoza or Assembly Member Block's office, I was actually advising the member on how to vote on certain things by collecting information, by analyzing bills, by doing things that other people are not able to do."
Sergio spent this past July in the Sacramento office of his local assembly member Marty Block. Sergio used his connections to find a place to stay during his internship. Sergio was lucky enough to find a place to stay with a staff member of a high-ranking assembly member.
Sergio's fellowships, both of which awarded a $3000 stipend, were administered by two private non-profit organizations, the Chicano Latino Youth Leadership Project and the Equality California Institute, and were funded by Comcast, which owns this website and television station.
During his time in Sacramento, Sergio spent time working with Assembly Member Block's legislative director Margaret Pena.
"It was analyzing the bills, the positions and how he would feel about it and all that kind of stuff," Sergio said. "It was awesome."
How does a student fearful of being caught and deported end up roaming the halls of the state Capitol? The answer can be found in Assembly Bill 540 and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).
Undocumented students like Sergio can enroll in public California universities and community colleges without fear of persecution.
Assembly Bill 540 allows students who meet residency requirements to pay in-state tuition regardless of their citizenship. FERPA makes sure all student records are sealed and used for educational purposes only.
Schools are not responsible for checking the citizenship of their students.
"We are not immigration officials. We don't go after people," said Lynn Neault, vice chancellor of student services for the San Diego Community College District. "We have to keep all students' information strictly confidential. We won't even provide it to law enforcement without a subpoena."
During Sergio's first fellowship with Assembly Member Mendoza, he says he made it known he was an undocumented student.
"On that first fellowship, I sent my application, (and) I said that I was undocumented," Sergio said. "I actually implied it. I do not say it directly, but people figured it out. And then they knew that I was undocumented. Pretty much all the staff at the Capitol and even the Member read it."
To Assemblyman Mendoza, Sergio's status did not outweigh his capabilities.
"He is one of the best and brightest our community has to offer, it would be a great loss if we don't embrace students like that," Mendoza said. "He did a great job in our office. These individuals deserve the right to be employed in our country."
In his next fellowship with Assembly Member Block, Sergio says he did not disclose his citizenship.
"In my second fellowship with the EQCAI (Equality California Institute), I didn't mention it and it wasn't an issue that was addressed whatsoever," Sergio said. "At some point, it didn't need to be addressed."
Assembly members are responsible for hiring their own interns and checking their qualification and background, said Jon Waldie, chief administrative officer with the Assembly Rules Committee.
"We leave that up to the office to make those inquires and try to find out their background," Waldie said. "In this day and age of people asking more for less, interns are a popular alternative."
Waldie says unless an individual is going to become a full-fledged employee, they probably wouldn't catch the person's citizenship status.
"If he was going to be an employee we would find out, but an intern, that would be highly unlikely," Waldie said.
When asked for a comment on Sergio's internship with his staff, Assembly Member Block sent NBCSanDiego a written statement that says the process of using interns is part of his duty to teach the next generation.
"Part of my responsibility as a legislator is to mentor students through various unpaid scholastic internship programs," Block said in a statement. "I have hosted dozens of young college students, recent college graduates, and even high school students in my capitol and district offices. It is a part of preparing our next generation for a role in politics and exposing them to what happens behind the scenes of government."
Under federal law, if either assembly member had called the school to check the legal status of their intern, the school officials would not have been able to tell them.
"I would not be able to tell the assembly member," Neault said. "In fact, I have had an assembly member call and question AB 540. FERPA trumps everything."
Unless assembly members require U.S. citizenship as part of their internship programs, the students would not be required to disclose their citizenship status.
Neault says students within the San Diego Community College are given requirements for all internships up front before they apply.
Sergio hopes to eventually become an assembly member or even governor.
"I do want to dedicate my life for public service, but because of the situation I am in right now, it is almost impossible for me to do it," Sergio said.
The key for Sergio is to finish college and then apply for his U.S. citizenship. He wants to wait for his diploma before taking the risk of being deported if his application is denied.
Keep up to date on breaking news: Follow us on Twitter @nbcsandiego, fan us on Facebook, sign up for our breaking news e-mail alerts or text SDBREAKING to 622339 to receive text messages for local breaking news. (Standard rates apply)


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The third day of competition at the MINI kiteboard World Cup in Mexico was action-packed. The day started with a full round of slalom won by Bryan Lake and Warenka Smunty. After the 1st race the wind was strong enough to start the freestyle old school / new school competition. Kevin Langeree and Smunty won the single elimination but Anthar Racca the young Mexican was the standout. A large crowd came out to watch all the action and cheer on the riders.
The Slalom course was setup with 5 marks that were close together to force the riders to really focus on the jibing. The quarter finals ran smoothly with all the top riders advancing into the semifinals. The first semifinal was won by Adam Koch and the second by Bryan Lake. The Final was close with all the riders being perfect at the start. A tight group gathered at the start and Lake pushed to the front with a perfect start. Koch was second followed by Kerneur and Withington. After the 3rd mark Koch crashed and Julien and Withington were able to pass him. Lake won, followed by Kerneur and Withington.
The women side was shorthanded when Withington and another kiter were disqualified for being in the triangle before the start. This left the door open for Smunty and Raquel Arroyo to make a run at the podium. Veronica was also able to improve her rankings and finished 3rd in the womens fourth race.
With the wind blowing a steady 15 knots the race director decided to start the freestyle competition. The format was a mix of old school and new school. After a quick round of trials to work the ladder down to the top 12, it was time to start the show. Tapia, Molk and gonzalez were the stand out of the first round landing nice slim's, 313's and BJ's. The next round the top four men Langeree, Pastor, Kerneur and Racca were the precedes and riders to beat. Kerneur Opened the round with some great handle passes, Board off's and 1440. Next Kevin started the heat with a massive flat 3 and some nice old school tricks. Racca came out and landed some technical passes to move into the next round were he met Alex Pastor who also won his heat.
The semifinal between Langeree and Kerneur was really entertaining, with their mix of old school and technical handle passes, Kevin won with his perfect back mobe and flat 3 and advances to the final. Racca put on a good show but Alex was too good for the 12 year old and also advanced to the final with a flat 5 and solid front blind. During the final the wind was getting lighter and Kevin used his 17m kite to land some good old school and new school tricks to win the single elimination. In the losers final Racca was very technical but did not land enough Old school tricks to defeat Kerneur.
The women freestyle was between Smunty, Withington and Nuessex. The heat was extremely close and Smunty and Nuessex had to go another heat to decide the winner. In the end Smunty got a back roll kite loop in to get the edge and win.
Sunday will be the last day of the MINI kiteboard Wolrd Cup in Mexico on the Riviera Nayarit. Many more slalom races will be completed and winners will be chosen. Lake and Smunty have a commanding lead but things can still change.
Follow on Facebook and Twitter for the latest news and updates.
Read original article: PKRA News:Langeree and Smunty win the Freestyle


text:
david chan necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 179 diseños de 32 diseñadores freelance.
Advanced Home Automation
We are an entertainment company looking for a new logo for out company. We like to idea of having the letters AHA somewhere in the logo that stands out without seeing the company's name, but of course the name needs to be part of the logo too. We design home theater, audio and video, commercial, and surveillance system. We don't want he logo to have anything to do with a house. We started the company with residential customers in mind, but because of the economy we had to diversified into the commercial arena. We want this logo to be very eye catchy, we will advertise in major college football areas so the winner will have exposure to the logo design.
We are trying to capture clients who appreciate what we do and a forever memory of our company.
Please check out these websites and get a better idea what we do
We are tarketing new and exisiting markets, commercial and residential
these people are technically savy
middle class income
young and internet savy shoppers
hi end clients with good taste in technologies
The logo will be on a truck wrap so this will go a long way as far as targeted audience
Clean logo with AHA and Advanced Home Automation
Logo itself should show immediate information to audience that this company is into entertainment, electronics, service
Open to color, something that won't be out of style tomorrow, seems like everyone is jumping into the green band wagon, but I am open, something sleek
we don't want any cartoon or funny pictures, the name of company can either blend with AHA or separate, but it has to be clean
our current site is
**Admendment: I have see this in another design of another company, it looks like a 3d cube, with AHA in the cube, with also some small logo representing this company does some type of audio and visual
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Califon Borough
Califon Borough
New Jersey
- Population: 1076
- Size: 1 sq miles (2.59 km2)
- Established: 1918
- Distance from NYC: 59
- Distance from Philadelphia: 73
- Distance from Newark: 44
Nearest Turpin Office
(908) 439-3300
Califon Borough, NJ real estate market
Market news - September 2019
Homes On
Avg. Days
On Market
*Source - Trendgraphix and Garden State MLS. Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
We've got you covered. Looking for more in depth market statistics? Contact us directly. Click to contact us
SectionsCalifon Borough Biography
Community Life
Real Estate
Local Attractions
Califon Borough Info
Related Communities
About Califon Borough
Norman Rockwell himself might have dreamed up Califon as an ideal all-American village. Within its one-square-mile boundary are charming Victorian-style homes on quiet streets-so quiet, in fact, the borough doesn't even have a traffic light. Set along the banks of the South Branch of the Raritan River, Califon is located in the beautiful rolling hills of Hunterdon County, bordering Lebanon and Tewksbury Townships.Back to top
The Califon Historical Society has over 150 structures registered with the National Register of Historic Places. In keeping with its Victorian heritage, the houses are marked with wooden plaques noting the builders' names and construction dates rather than street numbers.
The Borough was incorporated by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature in 1918. Its unusual name was shortened from the original choice, California, in honor of a resident returning from that state's Gold Rush. Mail addressed "California, New Jersey" was just too confusing for the post office to handle, so the named was shortened to Califon.
The High Bridge Branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey began service to Califon in 1875, where there was a wooden freight and passenger station. The rail line was abandoned in 1976 and now serves as Columbia Trail, a picturesque Hunterdon County-administered rail trail.Back to top
Community Life
Califon is a riverside village set on both banks of the South Branch of the Raritan River. This part of the river offers some of the best stream fishing in the state with an abundance of trout. Small shops and services are found along the borough's Main Street or in the Victorian Square shopping center on Route 513.
The village of Califon is just minutes from the towns of Chester and Long Valley, which offer over 100 shops, boutiques, art galleries and restaurants. Also located within several miles of Califon are golf courses, art museums, local theaters and nature preserves.
Nature and wildlife are part of this rural community's surroundings. Horses graze inside white-fenced pastures, while barns, small herds of deer as well as wild turkeys and native birds are common sights.Back to top
Students in kindergarten through eighth grade attend the Califon Public School at 6 School Street.
Public school students in grades 9 through 12 are served by the North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional High School District. Voorhees High School serves students from Califon Borough, Glen Gardner Borough, Hampton Borough, High Bridge Borough, Lebanon Township and Tewksbury Township.
Voorhees High School was the 30th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 316 schools statewide, in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2006 cover story on the state's top public high schools. In 2007, Newsweek ranked Voorhees High School as the 36th-highest ranked school in New Jersey.Back to top
Califon is a few miles north of Interstate 78, about 60 miles west of New York City, and less than an hour from Newark Liberty International Airport. A few miles east on I-78 brings you to I-287 which runs north toward Morristown and south toward the Garden State Parkway.
There is train service into New York City from High Bridge, about three miles south. Bus service runs from Clinton and Annandale along I-78 to both Newark Airport and New York City.
For long-distance travel, Lehigh Valley International Airport in Allentown, Pennsylvania is about 42 miles away, and Newark Liberty International Airport is about 47 miles from Califon.Back to top
Real Estate
In addition to the classic front porch Victorians in town, Califon has a mix of housing styles including waterfront homes on the river; Federal homes from the early 1800s; vintage homes dating from the early 1900s, sometimes with a detached garage building or small barn in the back; traditional Colonials; historic stone and clapboard homes; antique farmhouses and well-kept residences built in the second half of the past century.Back to top
Local Attractions
Ken Lockwood Gorge: Just down the river from Califon in High Bridge is Ken Lockwood Gorge, an area known for huge glacial boulders in the water, calm pools, bubbling rapids and tall hemlocks along the banks. It's popular among fly fisherman and those who appreciate the unique scenery.
Califon Historical Society Museum: Located at 25 Main Street, The Califon Historical Society shares the site with the town museum. Original station furniture, historic photos and antique uniforms donated by long-time residents are among the displays. The Central New Jersey Railroad built both a wooden freight and passenger station in town around 1875, and the citizens of Califon replaced it at their own expense with the existing stone structure.
Columbia Trail: The seven-mile long Columbia Trail passes through Califon, running from Lake Solitude and the South Branch of the Raritan River on to High Bridge. As a former railroad bed, the level trail has no grades higher than 2.5%, making it ideal for hiking, biking, horseback riding and cross-country skiing.
Fun Fact #1: Merv Griffin (1925-2007), television producer, once owned a farm a few miles outside of Califon. When he launched the game show Wheel of Fortune, he gave a nod to Califon when naming the production company which was expressly responsible for the show. To this day, Wheel of Fortune officially does business as Califon Productions, Inc., although the show is owned by Sony Pictures.
Fun Fact #2: In 2007, Alan Alda, Matthew Broderick and Virginia Madsen were spotted filming a movie titled "Diminished Capacity" in Califon.Back to top
Califon Borough Info
Size: 1 square mile
Incorporated: 1918
2000 Census Population: 1,055
Location: Hunterdon County
Distance from New York City: About 56 miles
Distance from Newark: About 44 miles
Distance from Philadelphia: About 60 miles
Parks: Califon Island Park in the center of town; The Columbia Trail, Ken Lockwood Gorge down river in High Bridge.
Local Sites/Attractions: Califon Historical Society Museum on the site of the former Central Railroad of New Jersey train stop; the landmark 19th century iron truss bridge crossing the river is one of the few remaining in the state.
Mass Transportation: New Jersey Transit offers connecting train service from nearby Whitehouse Station or Raritan to New York, Newark or Hoboken. New Jersey Transit buses depart from Whitehouse Station to Port Authority in Midtown Manhattan with several stops including Newark and Newark Liberty International Airport.
Housing: Antique farmhouses, antique Colonials, luxury real estate, Victorians, equestrian properties, contemporaries and a variety of other architectural styles spanning the centuries.Back to top
Related CommunitiesBack to top
Recently sold homes in Califon Borough, NJ
*Sold Property photos can only be shown through the listing company


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Student or Learner
As his lordship stared at the doctor another figure appeared, a girl of about fifteen with long, rather wild black hair. She was gauche in movement and in a sense, ugly of face, but with how small a twist might she not suddenly have become beautiful. Her sullen mouth was full and rich her eyes smouldered.
(M. Peake; Titus Groan)
Does 'in a sense' pertain to 'ugly of face'. If so why not put a comma after 'and': "She was gauche in movement and, in a sense, ugly of face..."