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Smartphones Are Reinventing—And Ditching—the Keyboard
In the future, your smartphone won't auto-correct your errors. It will correct them before they're even made.
It will know you really meant to hit the "K" key on your screen when you hit the "L" key. Maybe even one day, there won't be a traditional keyboard at all, if some entrepreneurs have their way.
While Google Inc. and Apple Inc. AAPL -0.23% go after ways to make it easier to talk to your phone, a new fleet of scientists, startups and app developers are still attacking the problem of typing and input—perfecting how to understand what you want to type rather than what you literally typed.
Typing Prototypes
- PREDICTIVE: Using natural language processing, this technology takes cues from your typing history, Web presence and other elements to determine what you're trying to type and automatically predict words.
- GESTURE: Rather than using a traditional keyboard, this technology relies on nontypical gestures like gliding your finger or tapping regions of the screen, and determines what you're typing using what it knows about your habits.
- VOICE: Forget the keyboard —voice input uses technology to automatically (though sometimes clumsily) translate what you are saying into text and use that as your input, like Apple's Siri technology
Google lets developers build heavily customized keyboards for smartphones running its Android mobile operating system. That has opened the floodgates for startups like SwiftKey, which builds a predictive Android keyboard that tries to anticipate what a user is trying to type, and Snapkeys, a futuristic-style keyboard that consists of only four keys, to remake the keyboard on Android smartphones.
Gesture-based typing and predictive typing has been around for some time—SwiftKey was founded in 2008, for example. But the technology behind it has become so sophisticated that it is now becoming a selling point as smartphone makers take on Apple's iPhone.
Case in point, Samsung Electronics Co. will include SwiftKey's predictive technology in the new Samsung Galaxy S 4, which will be unveiled at an event in New York on Thursday, according to a person familiar with the matter.
"In the Android space where you have a lot of competition, a little thing like [predictive typing] can make a huge difference," said Rob Enderle, principal analyst at Enderle Group.
Related Video
This is more than a scientific question—it is a business one, too. Smartphone manufacturers want to reduce the time, or "friction" needed to input data, as a way of freeing up users to do more browsing, buying, and watching.
Mr. Enderle said the use of the standard Qwerty keyboard on the iPhone made such an approach the industry standard. But that won't last long, he said.
New-wave keyboards work to "infer" what the user is trying to type. They use evidence collected about the user, like typing history on social networks, where they are on the Web, or what terms are trending on the Web to determine what word to select next.
SwiftKey takes that one step further. "The way we do this is essentially by modeling the surface of the keyboard as a series of probability distributions," said Ben Medlock, chief technology officer at TouchType Ltd., the U.K. company behind SwiftKey. In other words, it knows where on a screen you are most likely to tap when pressing a certain key. Eventually, it will recognize that you mean to hit a "W," not a "Q."
SwiftKey is consistently among the top paid applications in the Android ecosystem and has been downloaded more than 15 million times. SwiftKey also licenses its technology to serve as the back-end processing for keyboards, such as the new BlackBerry BB -1.15% Z10.
Natural language processing—the technology that powers SwiftKey—goes beyond just typing and has applications in other areas, like search. Facebook Inc. FB -3.91% 's new search engine Graph Search uses it to understand what, exactly, people are seeking. Facebook also employs linguists that are constantly checking what users are searching for, and making sure Graph Search can account for those results.
"If you think about it, a keyword approach is going to miss a lot of subtleties—if you just type in "photos, Katherine," you might mean photos of Katherine, photos by Katherine, or photos Katherine is tagged in," said Amy Campbell, a linguist at Facebook. "There are a lot of ways to type that both in keywords and language, and it is important for us to deliver results that match their intent."
Snapkeys, an Israeli-based startup, takes things further by wiping out the traditional keyboard altogether. The experience is more akin to texting on an older cellphone, in which multiple letters were assigned to a single key.
Instead, the keyboard consists of four "keys" that represent three commonly-used letters each, and doesn't show letters that aren't often used. The idea is that small screens on devices like smartphones were never meant to have a full keyboard, so users should be able to see more of the screen when typing and interacting.
"Today our interaction on small devices are limited to a keyboard and a text box—nothing else beyond that," said Benjamin Ghassabian, CEO and founder of SnapKeys Ltd. "When you are interacting with someone, you don't see anything else—no images, no videos, no games, nothing is there. We are going to change that."
Only letters that are used more than 80% of the time are shown, and the rest of the keys are hidden to keep the user experience crisp, Mr. Ghassabian said. (The Z key is the least-frequently used, followed closely by the X key.) He says the system is up to three times faster than a traditional keyboard.
Google also has its own stylized predictive keyboard, which it introduced in a recent version of Android, called Gesture Typing. Users glide their finger over letters to build words, and the keyboard can anticipate what's next.
It still remains to be seen whether Apple will respond to the demand for next-generation keyboards. Unlike Google, it hasn't opened up its typing interface for experimentation from outside programmers. "We don't believe this would be the best customer experience," said Apple spokeswoman Natalie Kerris.
Added Dr. Medlock: "I think at the time, even the guys at Google didn't realize what an advantage it was going to be to have this differentiable input experience. Maybe if Apple could go back, given what we know now, they would do it differently."
—Yun-Hee Kim contributed to this article.
Write to Matthew Lynley at email@example.com
Copyright ©2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8


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Maker Faire 2011
Noisebridge booth
[1] is May 21 and 22 at the San Mateo County Expo Center. If you'd like to help set up/run the booth this year, please add your contact info below.
Mitch will be setting up a huge Hardware Hacking Area again this year.
Planned Transport Cars
Stef has offered a truck to transport people and materials. Sean C can bring the focus. Its not too huge, but it holds a lot :).
Projects/Items Displayed in the Booth
"If you'd like to bring something to show in the Noisebridge booth, please list it here and contact emprameen at gmail.com
Other Items to Bring
- NB flyers
- NB stickers
- NB t-shirts?
- easel
- whiteboard
- trashbags
- snacks for booth
- 1 or 2 camp chairs that can be folded up when booth is crowded
If you want to help out at the NB booth this year, please sign up on dates you are available. Include contact info so we can coordinate schedules.
Folks who want to help staff the booth: Elise, Adit, Al, Rikke, Stefano, Rameen, Danny Ken & Max, Sean C Rachel
Setup Friday May 20th
If you have a car that can transport projects please state so.
Stafano can help with transportation... Rachel McConnell can help with a car if necessary. Ken & Max can help with a car if necessary
Event Saturday May 21st
Event Sunday May 22nd
Ken & Max Available all day
- Rubin - Available after 2ish, greeting someone at SFO around noon.
Take down Sunday May 22ndd
If you have a car that can transport projects, please state so
- Ken & Max can help with a car if necessary
- Rubin - I've got a bike and some panniers
Members with Booths at Maker Faire
"Going to Maker Faire with another group? Let us know where you'll be!"

subset: commoncrawl


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Veteran film, TV, stage actor Al Ruscio dies
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Veteran character actor Al Ruscio, who appeared in countless film, television and stage productions across half a century, has died at age 89, said his longtime manager, Judy Fox.
Ruscio, who died Nov. 12 at his Encino, California, home following declining health, appeared in such films as the "Godfather, Part III" and "Guilty By Suspicion," and on some of the most memorable TV shows of all time, from "Sea Hunt" to "Seinfeld." His stage credits include "A Hatful of Rain" and "A View From the Bridge."
In addition, Ruscio taught college acting classes, wrote a drama text called "So Therefore ... A Practical Guide for Actors" and served on the board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild.
Ruscio is survived by his wife, actress Kate Williamson, four children and five grandchildren.


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As the web grows every day, so do online enterprises and online price comparison websites. These sites have become necessary and handy for shoppers everywhere. Why? It's simple. People like to spend their money. Companies offer more and more products to choose from. Whether it's about clothing or gadgets, tools or equipment, musical instruments or PC hardware, there will always be someone to buy them. And for many people, the best place to start searching is the web. Online shopping has become so popular due to the fact that it not only offers the shopper the opportunity to shop from the comfort of their own home, but also because it offers a greater variety of products and the chance to choose the best ones.
But what is online price comparison all about? Again, it's simple: a bunch of hard-working and determined people gather data and put together a website containing information about various products from many companies, all centralized in the same database, with plenty of information concerning value and other details. Usually, the given prices are the recommended retail prices, but every site states taxes and other additional payments.
So, online price comparison gives everyone the opportunity to find what they need quick and easy. There is no need to wander around the city searching for what suits them best. Also, for each and every person out there, with particular tastes and preferences concerning what clothes or perfumes they like to wear, what kind of food they like to eat and so on, the internet gives an easier alternative. Just a few clicks and you're set. You can find anything online. No more exhausting and inconclusive searches. No more rude clerks or impatient shopkeepers. No more heavy traffic. Worst case scenario is that you have to take a ten minute walk to the postal office to pick up your package!
Concerning product reviews, their existence is just as useful and as necessary as online price comparison. Nowadays, the ones who profit greatly from the online shopping experience are teenagers. Thank God, they like to buy! IPods, video games, cool clothes, you name it! Most of the elderly are more reserved, but young people, as much as their budget allows, will generally spend meaningful amounts of money for a good time. Naturally, the desire for knowledge of a certain product planned for future purchase always comes to the mind of the buyers. This leads to the necessity of another valuable option on shopping websites that always comes along with online price comparison: product reviews.
Product reviews are all about the specifications of a certain product. Users comment and blog their likes and dislikes during the usage of the product. The reviews are frequently and mostly posted by the webmasters and consist in comments, tips & tricks, pictures of the device and others details, but there are also external links to sites in that specific area of expertise and of course to the official site of the producer.
Another instance of product reviews is the consumer forums. This is where many people log in and share opinions about what they've bought, where they've bought it and how it's all been coming along since they've acquired that item. Even if forums like these are a good environment for information, it is better to listen to the advice of the product reviews. An item that has been bought and reviewed by the shopper will not have any outside influences in the official opinion.


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3D Realms drops its Duke Nukem Forever suit against Gearbox, issues apology
3D Realms had dropped its suit against Gearbox over unpaid Duke Nukem Forever royalties, stating a "misunderstanding" led to the suit being filed in the first place.
Apogee headlines
Rise of the Triad level editor to contain 1995 assets - video
Interceptor Entertainment has announced the level editor for Rise of the Triad will include classic assets.
Rise of the Triad rebuild looking grimdark in new screens
It's amazing how far graphics have come in a decade; check out how shiny the new Rise of the Triad is.
More Friday Shorts: L.A. Noire, Lucius, Apogee, Rock Band 3
It's Friday. Read these shorts before you go out on the town.
Duke Nukem: Critical Mass due in April
Apogee has put a date on Duke Nukem: Critical Mass. Will wonders never cease?
Bethesda no-comments Prey acquisition
Bethesda's issued a fat "no comment" on news this morning that its grabbed the Prey IP from Apogee. The 3D Realms shooter now appears to be in the publisher's hands, as you can see from this USPTO filing. Zenimax has also filed a new trademark on the property. New game? By id? Yes please, great […]
Prey rights shift to Zenimax, new trademark filed
Apogee's Prey now appears to be in the trusty hands of Zenimax, as you can see from this USPTO filing. Native American FPS still has a home, clearly. Zenimax has also filed a new trademark on the property. We'll check now. Thanks, superannuation.
Take-Two sues Apogee over Nukem delays
Take-Two's filed a suit against Apogee for continually delaying Duke Nukem Forever. The publisher is now $12 million to the bad after 3D Realms went bust, Forever never being delivered. "Apogee continually delayed the completion date for the Duke Nukem Forever," Take-Two said in the complaint. "Apogee repeatedly assured Take-Two and the video-gaming community that […]
Apogee latest
3D Realms drops its Duke Nukem Forever suit against Gearbox, issues apology
Rise of the Triad level editor to contain 1995 assets – video


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- Hip-hop music
- Full brunch menu from Mastiff Kitchen
- Sunday Funday! $1 off full pours of NPBC beers
- $4 mimosas, $16 carafes of mimosa
- $5 Signature GLITTER Guava-Pom Mimosas!
- One of a Kind, Made to Order Brew-Tails! Try our Bloody Covi, Radler or Shandy made with NPBC beer! Also available in a flight with one of our 'beer for breakfast' offerings!
- Happy Hour! $2 off full pours of all in-house NPBC beers
- Good times!
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: October 6Hops, Hash & Hip-Hop Brunch
Later Event: October 7SUNDAY FOOTBALL!


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Does Age Matter?
Have you ever seen an older man with a younger woman by his side and wondered, "Is he her father or her husband?" What would you think if a 38-year-old woman had an 18-year-old boyfriend? Can May-December romances succeed?
Reality Bites
Christopher, 49, and Adrianne, 25, met on the reality show, The Surreal Life 4, fell in love and planned their wedding on My Fair Brady. Just over a year into wedlock, they say their 24-year age gap is the cause of their conflict.
"We have blowouts every week."
Dr. Phil's Prediction
Adrianne says when they fight, Christopher says things that he knows will hurt her. Christopher admits he gets frustrated but doesn't mean what he says in anger. Dr. Phil reveals the one thing about a couple that he can use to predict divorce.
Is this a generational problem or something else?
Harmful Relationship?
Shelly, 38, has been involved with Mark, 18, for four months. They met through Shelly's 17-year-old son, who is Mark's good friend. Shelly says he makes her feel beautiful but wonders if she's causing him or her children harm.
"Mark is special because he's really innocent."
Mark says when he met Shelly, he couldn't stop looking at her because she was so beautiful. Dr. Phil questions him about his relationship with his mother and how that may be a factor in why he's drawn to an older woman.
Dr. Phil doesn't mince words in telling Shelly what he thinks.


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Texas A&M rolls past Sam Houston State
COLLEGE STATION - Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel, in a solid impersonation of the Manziel of "old," blazed around right end for a 6-yard touchdown run in the third quarter against Sam Houston State on Saturday night.
Manziel was deep in the end zone when a Bearkats defender knocked the ball out of his hands, and Manziel threw his arms out in disgust - all while making his way back to the A&M sideline.
No flags were thrown, and Manziel's night ended peacefully in the Aggies' 65-28 crushing of the Bearkats before 86,800 fans at Kyle Field. The maturity of Manziel, who received an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty a week earlier against Rice, was only one of many signs of growth for this seventh-ranked A&M squad - although plenty of questions remain about a defense that has surrendered 59 points against Rice and SHSU in the first two games.
Early showdown
In shoving aside the Bearkats, an FCS power, the Aggies also cleared the decks for college football's most hyped early season contest: No. 1 Alabama (1-0) at A&M (2-0) at 2:30 p.m. Saturday.
"It feels like another game," said Manziel, who made his first media appearance this season, including preseason camp, following an NCAA investigation. "It feels like Week 3 of the season. We've got to get better in every aspect. Like we did last year, week by week."
Manziel's coaches talked all camp about their Heisman Trophy winner working on his pocket presence, and that was evident against SHSU in his nearly three quarters.
"He was very efficient - there was some maturity shown in his scrambling, the ability to throw the ball away," coach Kevin Sumlin said. "Maybe last year he would have just slung it up in the middle of the field. We've got some playmakers around Johnny, and you see him utilizing everybody."
Manziel, who made his name a year ago primarily based on his scrambling, completed 29 of 42 passes for 426 yards, with three touchdown passes and an interception.
He tacked on 36 yards rushing on seven carries, with the highlight coming on his 6-yard jaunt that lifted Texas A&M to a 51-28 lead.
Asked if he preferred running or passing, Manziel said, "I just prefer scoring a lot of points."
A record in passing
The Aggies, who struggled defensively early just as they did against Rice, led only 30-21 before delivering a knockout punch in the third quarter, with five touchdowns en route to a school-record 500 passing yards (including 74 from freshman Kenny Hill late in the game).
But the most surprising of the scores occurred defensively, when senior receiver-turned-linebacker Nate Askew returned an interception 30 yards to push Texas A&M to a 58-28 lead.
Askew, who played receiver his first three years and saw limited action, added a tackle for a 5-yard loss on a quarterback draw in the first quarter.
"I went in there with an open mind," Askew said of his conversion to defense last spring.
The Aggies' defense is easily the biggest concern springing into the Alabama game.
SHSU running back Tim Flanders, a two-time Southland Conference player of the year, worked over A&M with an 11-yard touchdown run in the first quarter, a 33-yard TD reception late in the second quarter, and finally a 68-yard touchdown run early in the third quarter.


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{pronounced link-eh fleegul, meaning 'left wing' in Yiddish}
queer Jewish chicken farm & cultural organizing project
growing good space for culture & creativity to thrive
Millerton, New York
Join us for land-based gatherings for Shabbat & Jewish holidays, community work days on the farm and opportunities to learn and study together.
Our Judaism is old, new and queer. It is co-created, emergent, land-based, rooted in tradition and led by our values of a more just and beautiful world. We are of Ashkenazi descent and seek to create space for Jews of all lineages and traditions.
Back to All Events
Earlier Event: September 1Elul Work Day
Later Event: October 13Sukkot at Linke Fligl 5780


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Here's my list of 5 of the BEST recycling crafts with baby food jars EVER. After collecting hundreds (thousands?) of glass jars over the last few years, recycling them has become a personal challenge. There are lots of blogs that have posted ideas but some of them are super and some not so much. That's why I've started a top 10 list (ok, I've got 5 so far)!
My husband was always laughing and calling me a "hoarder" and the "jar lady" but he stopped laughing when he saw how much money we saved by decorating the jars and giving them as baby shower gifts. My focus is primarily on the environmental benefits of keeping the empty jars out of the landfill but cheap gifts are pretty cool, too.
Now, here's my list that has many creative uses for baby food jars and where to go to find the instructions and tutorials.
Number One - Decorating the Empty Jars to Give as Gifts
Here's one that I've used over and over again. Don't let the jars decorated for Halloween throw you, just substitute ribbons in the baby's nursery colors. But they also make cool Halloween baby shower or party favors. I suppose that's why I keep going back to this project; it's versatile.
Number Two - Making Party Lanterns Out of Empty Glass Baby Food Jars
But speaking of parties, Here are some instructions for how to transform those empty jars into lanterns! Imagine strings of these twinkling lanterns at your next backyard barbecue or pool party. Sock some citronella candles in there for bug control and you're all set!
Number Three - Etching the Glass Jars
If you run out of parties and showers to decorate and make gifts for, go here to see how this crafty blog used a glass etching technique to transform the jars into spice containers!
Number Four - Make a Chandelier with Baby Food Jar Globes
Another of my favorites (that I have yet to get around to actually making) is this chandelier decorated with globes that are actually; you guessed it, baby food jars! I can just imagine my husband's eyeballs rolling in his head if I asked him to help me with this one.
Number Five - Make Magnificent Christmas Window Decorations
Being a mom who is never afraid to let her freak flag fly, I made a Christmas tree out of baby food jars to display in our window. I have plans to make either another tree so that I'll have a matching set or stars for the upstairs windows. Here
are the instructions for the tree that helped me use up all the jars that so many of my neighbors and friends left on my steps when you thought I wasn't home.
This one didn't make my list but it's cool all the same.
And last of all of the crafts with baby food jars is this one a space-age looking chair made with LOTS of jars. Not very practical, but cool looking and you use up lots of your stash!
Please feel free to add your own favorites to my list of the
5 BEST Recycling Crafts with Baby Food Jars. Now, let the
baby food jar recycling begin and don't forget to come back and share your pictures!
Recycling Crafts with Baby Food Jars
Here's my list of 5 of the BEST recycling crafts with baby food jars EVER. After collecting hundreds (thousands?) of glass jars over the last few years, recycling them has become a personal challenge. There are lots of blogs that have posted ideas but some of them are super and some not so much. That's why I've started a top 10 list (ok, I've got 5 so far)!
Posted by Unique Baby Gear Ideas at 11:54 AM
Labels: crafts with baby food jars, fall crafts, recycling ideas, stuff to recycle
1 comments:
- Rebecca said...
Definitely great for presents - particularly if you are into making jam. We had great success with quince jelly this autumn and have some small jars put aside for presents at Christmas. Gret with toast, great with cheese.


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Mayor's Office
The Friends of the Pioneers Park Nature Center are seeking applicants for the first Artistic Birdhouse fund-raising project. The deadline for submitting designs is November 15, and 30 applicants will be chosen to create birdhouses for an auction at Nature's Market April 16, 2011. Proceeds will support the Nature Center's scholarship programs and animal care.
Nature Center Coordinator Nancy Furman said the Artistic Birdhouse Project replaces the successful Artistic Rain Barrel Project and auction sponsored by the Friends group the past two years. "Like the rain barrels, these birdhouses will be great for people to display in their backyards," she said.
Applicants will be asked to create a birdhouse that does not have to be functional, but can be whimsical, architectural and creative. The birdhouses can be built of any material, but environmental concepts are encouraged, and the total area can be no larger than four square feet. Photos of all 30 birdhouses will be displayed at lincoln.ne.gov and in all Nature's Market promotion. The birdhouses also will be displayed throughout the community March 5 through 31 and then brought together April 1 at the Grand Manse Gallery as part of the First Friday Art Walk. After the auction, the top three sellers will be featured in a Lincoln Journal Star advertisement.
"The competition is open to all ages, individuals and groups," said Katie Graf, Nature's Market auction coordinator. "We think this can be a good competition between architects, welders or hobbyists. "Plus, Lincoln has a great community of artists who always reach new levels of beauty and creativity." Birdhouses become the property of the Pioneers Park Nature Center.
Applications are available on the Parks and Recreation website, parks.lincoln.ne.gov; at the Parks and Recreation office, 2740 "A" St.; and at the Pioneers Park Nature Center, 3201 S. Coddington. More information is available on the website and by calling 441-8709.


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Tektro's R538 long drop callipers are aimed at big-tyred tourers and town bikes and they're a good quality unit with a couple of nice touches. The bolts get rusty quickly, and the pads are a bit scratchy, but they're pretty well-made for the money.
The R538s are a forged Aluminium dual pivot affair, and a fairly standard design with long drop arms that accomodate pad heights of 47-57mm, ideal for tourers and other bikes designed to take a big tyre. My set have been fitted to a town bike with a Kinesis training fork and full 'guards, and they're just the ticket in terms of reach. At 164g a wheel they're not heavyweights either.
The quick release has been redesigned on these brakes to allow a wider opening to remove your chunky tyres, and it works really well. The brakes will easily accomodate larger rubber, I've had up to 35mm tryes in the frame with no problems and they could go bigger depending on where the pads are set in the arms.
The pads themselves are probably the worst bit of the R538s - they feel cheap, hard and scratchy. They still stop you, but you'll be glad when you've worn through them so you can fit something a bit less noisy - I've swapped them for a set of Ashima's Pro Gs and they've improved the feel no end. My other main gripe is that a month of wintry road grime has already started to rust the bolts. It hasn't affected the performance of the brakes but they don't look so good any more, not that that's a major concern with a town hack.
Tektro have a reputation for offering good value braking kit, and the R538s are no exception. In terms of performance they're not outstanding but they do the job and they're a good option for a workhorse or tourer.
If you're thinking of buying this product using a cashback deal why not use the road.cc Top Cashback page and get some top cashback while helping to support your favourite independent cycling website
road.cc test report
Make and model: Tektro R538 long drop brakes
Size tested: Black
Did you enjoy using the product? Great for a town hack or tourer
Would you consider buying the product? Yes
Would you recommend the product to a friend? Yes
About the tester
Age: 36 Height: 190cm Weight: 98kg
I usually ride: whatever I\'m testing... My best bike is: Trek 1.5 with Ultegra 6700
I've been riding for: 10-20 years I ride: Every day I would class myself as: Experienced
I regularly do the following types of riding: time trialling, commuting, sportives, general fitness riding, fixed/singlespeed, mtb, Mountain Bike Bog Snorkelling, track
Dave is a founding father of road.cc, having previously worked on Cycling Plus and What Mountain Bike magazines back in the day. He also writes about e-bikes for our sister publication ebiketips. He's won three mountain bike bog snorkelling World Championships, and races at the back of the third cats.


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BEIJING (Reuters) - China's top policy priorities for 2014 will be improving the rural environment and maintaining food security, according to a a key policy document published by the official Xinhua news agency on Sunday.
The "number one document", issued every January by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, sets the country's policy priorities for the year, and has focused on rural matters every year since 2003.
This year's document also focused on the development of "modern agriculture" and laid out improvements to the way the countryside is governed. However, hopes that Beijing would explicitly relax a longstanding 95-percent food self-sufficiency target and open the floodgates for more imports appear to have been dashed.
The document said China would continue to pursue "basic grain self-sufficiency" while increasing the use of overseas markets and allowing an "appropriate" amount of imports, but it stressed it "would not relax domestic food production at any time".
Beijing has been preoccupied with cleaning up urban pollution following a spate of severe smog problems, but has also acknowledged that industrial contamination of water and soil, together with the overuse of pesticides and fertilizer, has caused severe environmental problems in the countryside.
The fight against rural pollution is also part of China's efforts to ensure it has enough farmland, water and rural labor to feed a growing urban population without having to turn to overseas markets.
Xinhua, citing the policy document, said China would seek to resolve environmental constraints such as water shortages.
It would also work over the rest of the year to strengthen food security, set up mechanisms to ensure sustainable rural development and deepen reforms to allow the transfer of land.
Around 3.33 million hectares of farmland is now too polluted to grow crops, China said at the end of last year.
Rejuvenating contaminated land will help China ensure that at least 120 million hectares of land is reserved for farming, a policy known as the "red line".
China's rapid urbanization has cut surplus farm labor and boosted incomes, but the government worries a dwindling rural workforce will be incapable of producing enough food to meet growing demand.
So it has sought ways to spur farmers to stay on their land, by providing subsidies and investing in rural infrastructure.
China has to work to improve conditions in the countryside in order to stop an exodus of rural workers into the cities, Agriculture Minister Han Changfu told Xinhua last year.
"Chinese farmers want to move to the cities, but it is not possible for them all to do so, and it is even less possible for them all to move into the big cities, so we must plan urbanization and rural construction accordingly and build homes that allow rural people to live a happy life," he said.
(The story fixes translation of quote in fourth paragraph)
Reporting by David Stanway; Editing by Clarence Fernandez and Simon Cameron-Moore


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+ Add kit to stash (beta) + Add new Blog/Work in Progress + Request instruction + Upload new instruction
"It is more blessed to give than receive"
Upload unique instruction to get 10 extra points right after my approve.
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Blogs Alert From now, You can share Your modelling Work in Progress at: Blogs section
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ACE Corporation
Latest stash update:
- F/A-20C Tigershark by avionazo2021
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- Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress by Salvo962
- B-29 Superfortress by Salvo962
- F/A-18F Super Hornet by Salvo962
- F-102 DELTA DAGGER CENTURY SERIES by Salvo962
- Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79 by Salvo962
- F-8 crusader by katefanfan
- Pz IV Ausf. G by
- US Airfield Fuel Truck - 2 .5 Ton 6x6 by MajorThom
- German 8.8cm Pak43/41 Anti-tank Gun by liquidcrow
- 3.7Cm Antitank Gun PAK 35/36 by liquidcrow
- Panavia Tornado GR4 / 4A by bt04
- XF5F SKYROCKET by
- La-7 by
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Soon in library:
- Pz.Kpfw.IV Ausf.F-1 DAK
(Dragon, 1:35, no.9044)
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35S64)
- M35A2 2 1/2 Ton Cargo Truck
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35004)
- U.S. M-18 Hellcat Tank Destroyer
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35015)
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(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35051)
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(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35124)
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(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35144)
- IDF Centurion Shot Mk.5 1960-Shot Mk.5/1 1967 (Six Day War)
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35159)
- British Infantry Tank Churchill Mk.III Dieppe Raid
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35176)
- Early type M42A1 self-propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun Duster
(AFV Club, 1:35, no.35192)
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text:
Integrated RF Circuits suit broadband communications systems.
Press Release Summary:
Operating from 100-2,500 MHz, ADRF6655 active mixer integrates fractional-N PLL synthesizer, VCO, and associated LDO regulator circuits. It operates on single +5 V supply and is intended for up- and down-conversion applications. As 2-channel, fully-differential baseband signal processing solution, ADRF6510 integrates matched pair of fully differential low-noise and low-distortion programmable filters and variable gain amplifiers. It replaces complex, discrete fixed function filters.
Original Press Release:
Analog Devices Delivers Radio Frequency ICs with Breakthrough Integration for Broadband Communications Equipment
- Monolithic RF IC products reduce component count by more than 75 percent in point-to-point radios, wireless base stations, cable infrastructure, and communications test equipment.
NORWOOD, Mass.-- Analog Devices, Inc. (NYSE: ADI), a global leader in high performance semiconductors for signal processing applications and leading supplier of RF ICs (radio frequency integrated circuits), announced today two new RF ICs for broadband communications systems that reduce component count by more than 75 percent, without compromising performance. The ADRF6655 active mixer or ADRF6510 dual programmable filter and VGA (variable gain amplifier) integrate multiple functions and discrete devices into a single monolithic chip, reducing component count by a factor of four when compared to traditional discrete RF designs. ADI is the only RF IC supplier to offer devices with this level of integration and with the capability to address multiple broadband communications markets, such as point-to-point microwave radios, wireless base stations, cable infrastructure, defense wideband and software-defined radios, cellular repeaters and relays, and communications test equipment.
"Designers of next-generation radio equipment constantly aim to reduce component count and system cost, without sacrificing performance. ADI's new ADRF6655 integrated broadband mixer and ADRF6510 dual programmable filter and VGA establish new benchmarks in integration, based on our performance-leading and field-proven PLL/VCO, mixer and amplifier technologies," said Peter Real, vice president, Linear and RF products, Analog Devices. "Both devices solve complex integration challenges for broadband RF system designers who have previously been constrained by the use of multiple discrete circuits and who can now realize new levels of performance and cost efficiency with these highly integrated and highly flexible monolithic RFICs."
About the ADRF6655 Active Mixer
Operating within the 100 to 2500 MHz frequency range, the ADRF6655 device is a highly-flexible, single-chip, broadband, active mixer with a fully integrated fractional-N phase locked loop (PLL) synthesizer, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and associated low dropout (LDO) regulator circuits. The ADRF6655 active mixer is a highly flexible device that provides exceptional performance for both up- and down-conversion applications. The PLL and VCO provide a fully integrated LO (local oscillator) circuit that can also be brought off-chip for external use. The ADRF6655 active mixer operates on a single +5 V supply and features input linearity IP3 (+29 dBm); input compression P1dB (+14 dBm); conversion gain (6 dB), noise figure (12 dB) as well as LO phase noise of -111 dBc at 100 kHz offset. Full specifications and a complete data sheet can be accessed at www.analog.com/pr/adrf6655.
About the ADRF6510 Dual Programmable Filter and VGA
The ADRF6510 is dual channel fully-differential baseband signal processing solution that integrates a matched pair of fully differential low-noise and low-distortion programmable filters and variable gain amplifiers onto a single chip. The ADRF6510 is the first monolithic IC that replaces complex, bulky discrete fixed function filters, saving considerable board area. The matched filter networks provide exceptional flexibility as the corner frequency is fully adjustable in 1 MHz steps, thereby enabling wideband and narrow band support within a single radio design, a key benefit since the available spectrum and bandwidth varies across markets and regions worldwide.
The ADRF6510 VGA provides an adaptable multi-stage adjustable gain control range of 50 dB, a pre-amp prior to the filters provide a 6 dB step; while the variable gain amplifiers that follow the filter networks provide gain range of -5 dB to +45 dB. This allows the user to select and optimize the gain range for high dynamic range radios and eases the drive requirements into the analog to digital converter.
The ADRF6510 is a unique industry first single chip solution that provides low distortion >60dBc IMD3 ideally suited for high order QAM modulation, quadrature (I-Q) communications systems supporting high bandwidth signals up to 56 MHz. A complete data sheet is available at www.analog.com/pr/adrf6510.
Pricing, Availability and Complementary Products
The ADRF6655 is available now in a 6 mm x 6 mm 40-pin LFCSP package and is priced at $9.98 per unit in 1,000-unit quantities. The ADRF6655 is complemented by ADI's RF/IF amplifiers such as the ADL5601, ADL5602 and ADL5320. The ADRF6510 is available now in a 5 mm x 5 mm 32-pin LFCSP package and is priced at $8.99 per unit in 1,000-unit quantities. The ADRF6510 is well-suited for use with ADI's ADL5380, ADL5382 and ADL5387 wideband demodulators.
ADI's RF IC Portfolio Covers Entire RF Signal Chain
Using a unique combination of design skills, system understanding and process technologies, Analog Devices offers the broadest portfolio of RF ICs covering the entire RF signal chain from industry-leading high-performance RF function blocks to highly integrated WiMAX and short-range, single chip transceiver solutions. The RF function blocks include PLL, integrated PLL/VCO and DDS synthesizers; TruPwr(TM) RMS power detectors and logarithmic amplifiers; variable gain amplifiers; power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers and other amplifiers; RF mixers and direct conversion modulator and demodulator products. These products are supported by a wide range of free design tools to ease the development of RF systems. For more information, visit www.analog.com/rf.
About Analog Devices, Inc.
Innovation, performance, and excellence are the cultural pillars on which Analog Devices has built one of the longest standing, highest growth companies within the technology sector. Acknowledged industry-wide as the world leader in data conversion and signal conditioning technology, Analog Devices serves over 60,000 customers, representing virtually all types of electronic equipment. Celebrating over 40 years as a leading global manufacturer of high-performance integrated circuits used in analog and digital signal processing applications, Analog Devices is headquartered in Norwood, Massachusetts, with design and manufacturing facilities throughout the world. Analog Devices' common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker "ADI" and is included in the S&P 500 Index. www.analog.com
Subscribe to ADI's News Feed.
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text:
Head coach Gianmarco Pozzecco of second-place Italian basketball team Orlandina Basket seemed disappointed with a 78-76 loss to FCM Ferentino, a team with a 9-10 record, on Feb. 1. But someone on FCM Ferentino apparently did something unsportsmanlike at some point, and it set Pozzecco off in the postgame conference.
Pozzecco's rage is impressive in that it's gradual. He crescendos as he explains his frustration, and the subtitles let you follow along. The climax of his tirade is perfect.
The entire postgame—without subtitles—wasn't as intense, beginning with Pozzecco reading from a statement. He seemed fine after his rant, though, giving a proper goodbye to the media.


text:
Groupe Park Avenue easily stands apart from the competition by offering one of the most impressive selection of MINI vehicles near Châteauguay. This Quebec automotive consortium offers a particularly compelling selection of premium MINI vehicles. Indeed, thanks to continually rotating inventory that includes more than 1000 vehicles, it has never been easier and faster to find a MINI for sale near Châteauguay.
Buying a vehicle is a particularly intriguing process, one that assuredly comes with a lot of questions. In order to provide their clients with complete peace of mind and a trust-based experience, all vehicles sold by Groupe Park Avenue are meticulously inspected and tested by experienced specialists working with the best possible equipment and technologies.Read More


text: Panel Discussion: Mark Baum: Life, Painting, Spirit Event Date: Saturday, February 27th 2016, 2:30pmDr. Elizabeth Peña, Executive Director of the GTU's Center for the Arts, Religion, and Education is among the panelists for a conversation about "Mark Baum: Life, Painting, Spirit" at Krowswork Gallery in Oakland. Other panel participants include: Billy Baum, Mark's son and executor Renny Pritikin, Chief Curator, Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco Jasmine Moorhead, Director, Krowswork Gallery Where: 480 23rd Street, Oakland, CA When: February 27, 2:30 pm For more information Center for the Arts & Religion (CARe)CARe | Center for the Arts & ReligionElizabeth Pena


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This Week on Xbox Live - Aliens vs. Monster-Planets, Season Passes, and Scrums
This week, we feature Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet, EA Sports Season Pass, Rugby World Cup 2011, and Red Faction: Armageddon DLC.
This week, we feature Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet, EA Sports Season Pass, Rugby World Cup 2011, and Red Faction: Armageddon DLC.
Season Ticket is an all-new program that provides premium benefits for a better gaming experience on five participating EA Sports titles.
Check out this video featuring Governor Perry in a Texas A&M uniform.
The road to glory begins in high school in this clip from NCAA Football 12.
Toledo works the outside in NCAA Football 12.
Purdue takes to the field and rallies the crowd against the Blue Raiders.
Make a new team and get ready to create your dynasty in NCAA Football 12.
NCAA Football 12 hits the field running in this video review with Tom Mc Shea.
Jody syncs you up on the Apple and Google invasion, 3DS Netflix, NCAA Football 12 and more!,
BYU kicks to Cal as they go to work at the 40-yard line.
The young top gun for the Lobos gets his arm into shape.
The Buckeyes and Cal work each other over in a game from Ohio.
Illogical answers will perplex you as you try to recruit players.
Check out this trailer for the four-part documentary series chronicling the process of making the award-winning game from start to finish.
Game designer Alex Howell gives us some tips to get you on your way to that Heisman Trophy in NCAA Football 12.
We get a very in-depth look at NCAA Football 12 in this Now Playing!
This week is all about football, magic, air-murder fitness, and lady bombs.
We were live from the EA Showcase 2011 and had demos of NHL 12, NCAA Football 12, Madden 12, Harry Potter, and more!
We show off some NCAA Football 12 at the EA showcase 2011.
Take a look at the kickoff between LSU and Auburn.
LSU and Auburn tear up the field in NCAA Football 12.
This week, we check out a new Half-Minute Hero, Pro Jumper! Guilty Gear Tangent!?, Galaga Legions DX, and Call of Duty: Black Ops - Annihilation.
This week we take a look at BackBreaker: Vengeance, Half-Minute Hero: Super Mega Neo Climax, and the Annihilation Map Pack for Call of Duty: Black Ops.
This Week on the PlayStation Network, we've got pinball, football, and Gatling guns with titles like Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, NCAA Football 12, and Beyond Good & Evil HD.
NCAA Football gameplay from the GameSpot Live stage show on the E3 2011 show floor.
NCAA Football gameplay from the GameSpot Live stage show on the E3 2011 show floor.
Check out our awesome demo of NCAA Football 12 from E3 2011.
This video highlights the upgrades made in NCAA Football 12's Dynasty mode.
Coming up next on On the Spot, we've got demos of Cave Story on the 3DS, Catherine, and NCAA Football 12. We also show you a starting block for Brink ...
Jody continues to bring news of the PSN issues, fills us in on some Marvel free-to-play action, and talks about White Knight Chronicles II, Driver SF, and more.
GameSpot's Shaun McInnis hits the Big Apple to have a quick chat with Top Prospects in the 2011 NFL Draft and get their thoughts on EA's upcoming football title, NCAA ...
Check out some of the upgrades in NCAA Football 12.
Check out the latest NCAA Football 12 enhancements in this trailer.
Ben Haumiller talks about his alma mater and the new physics system in NCAA Football 12.
Check out a quick teaser video for the upcoming NCAA Football 12 game from EA Sports.
This first-look video is all about the visual upgrades in NCAA Football 12.
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Karlgarin Pink on Black Mens & Boys Vest Set
Custom-made Vest Set
set includes the following:
1. Vest - select your size from the drop down menu (refer to the size chart for further information).
Infant/toddler/kids sizes from 6mth old (20"/51cm) through to 14yr old (32.5"/83cm)
Mens sizes from XXS (34"/87cm) through to a 16XL (66"/167cm).
Two real pockets (no pockets on infant sizes)
A plain polyester fabric at the back with an adjustable belt (no belt on infant sizes)
NB: Please measure both your waist and chest and add 2cm to your largest measurement (waist or chest) to select the size needed and ensure the best fit.
2. Hankie/Hanky (also known as a Pocket Square)
3. Tie - choose from a pre-tied Bowtie/Bow Tie or Cravat/Ascot
Delivery to your door is approximately 3-4 weeks from payment of your order.
If you would like to order a Vest, but it is needed sooner than this, please contact us.


text:
They were originally known as MacGibbon Burke. They gave their name to Ballymacgibbon in County Mayo. The Limerick FitzGibbon families are descended from John Fitzgerald, whose three sons became hereditary knights of Desmond in 1333.
Two branches of this family, known respectively as the knights of Glin and the knights of Kerry, remained Fitzgeralds. However, the third branch became known by the surname Fitzgibbon and was led by the White Knight, Maurice FitzGibbon, son of Sir Gilbert fitz John, eldest illegitimate son of John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond. The territory of this branch lay in the southeastern corner of Limerick near County Cork.
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Over the last 6 years, I have developed a number of projects using PHP and JavaScript. My core competency lies in development web, client-server and other applications. I have experience in creating W...
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Custom Size Openings and Custom Size Mats
Need an 'Opening Size' not listed? Easy, choose the Custom Opening option and type in what you want. Need a different 'Mat Board' size not listed? No problem, choose the next larger size mat and we'll cut it down to size for you. No extra cost for this.
Custom Opening SizesWe will cut the opening EXACTLY as you type it in. If you type 8x10, the opening will be exactly 8x10. Please note that if your paper size or artwork is 8x10 it may fall through the opening. In this case, you would want to specify an opening of say, 7.5x9.5, to allow for a .25" overlap on all four sides of the artwork/photo. Subtract .5" from the actual photo or paper size to get this number.
Custom Outsize Dimenison MatsTo order a custom size mat, round up to next "standard" size outside dimension mat listed. Example, if you want a custom size mat of 11x15, you would select a 12x16 mat size; if you want a 17x22 mat you would select a 18x24 mat size. Simply select the larger mat size and then, during the checkout process, in the Order Instructions Box, type in which mats you wnat cut to a custom size. "18x24 mat cut to 17x22 Outside Dimension or OD". We will then cut the mat down to that size for you. No extra cost. Make sure your Opening Size is not too large for the new custom mat board size.
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8x16 Economy Double Mat Board


text:
Three Resign From Williamstown Affordable Housing Committee
|Affordable Housing Committee members, from left, Cheryl Shanks, Catherine Yamamoto and Charles Bonenti each tendered a resignation this week.
WILLIAMSTOWN, Mass. — Two days after the Board of Selectmen declined to follow the recommendation of the Affordable Housing Committee on the development of two town-owned properties, three members of the committee have submitted their resignations.
Chairwoman Catherine Yamamoto, Vice Chairman Charles Bonenti and Secretary Cheryl Shanks each have resigned their positions on the committee, Town Manager Peter Fohlin informed the remaining five committee members in an email on Thursday.
Shanks sent her resignation to Selectmen Chairwoman Jane Allen in an email time-stamped 10:15 Tuesday evening, while the board's meeting was still in session. Allen said Thursday night she received copies of letters from Yamamoto and Bonenti dated April 17.
Allen said neither Yamamoto or Shanks specified a reason for their departures, but Bonenti directly cited Tuesday's Board of Selectmen vote.
" 'The Board of Selectmen's decision on April 15 to reject the unanimous recommendation of the Affordable Housing Committee to fully develop two town-owned sites ... is in my opinion timid and short-sighted,' " read Bonenti's letter, as read by Allen in a Thursday telephone interview. " 'It is a decision the town will regret. Since I cannot support it, I cannot in good conscience continue serving on the Affordable Housing Committee.' "
Allen said she appreciated all the service all three departing members of the committee gave to the town.
"Charles has been working on affordable housing perhaps the longest, although Cathy and Cheryl have worked for a long time, too," said Allen, who has sent replies to all three resigning members but has not had a chance to speak with any of them.
"You know, because you go the meetings, the commitment they made and the time and energy that goes into it."
Shanks' resignation was effective immediately, according to her email, Allen said. Effective immediately also are Shanks' resignations from the Williamstown Historical Commission, the Mobile Home Rent Control Board and the position of fence viewer.
Both Yamamoto and Bonenti gave an effective date of April 25.
Yamamoto, the recipient of the town's 2013 Faith R. Scarborough Community Service Award (largely for her work on the affordable housing issue) also resigned from the town's Affordable Housing Trust.
A week ago Thursday, the AHC unanimously recommended the Selectmen enter into negotiations with Boston's Arch Street Development on a plan to build subsidized housing on two brownfield sites: 59 Water Street and 330 Cole Ave.
On Tuesday night, after a lengthy deliberation that included testimony from Yamamoto and Bonenti, the Selectmen voted 3-2 to choose the only other proposal the town received from its request for proposals to develop the sites.
Instead of picking the two-site plan that proposed up to 85 units of housing that the AHC favored, the Selectmen went with a proposal that only uses the Cole Avenue site and proposes up to 46 units of housing.
On Wednesday, Yamamoto issued a statement on behalf of the committee praising the chosen development team (the Women's Institute for Housing and Economic Development and Berkshire Housing), thanking the Board of Selectmen for its "careful attention to the issue" and affirming the committee's commitment to work toward a successful development.
At Tuesday's meeting, both Yamamoto and Bonenti told the Selectmen that while the committee was impressed with the Women's Institute/Berkshire Housing proposal, the panel recommended the Arch Street plan because it maximized a scarce resource — buildable land near town water and sewer.
"We know the people at Berkshire Housing and the Women's Institute," Bonenti said on Tuesday. "I've known [BHDC CEO] Elton [Ogden] for more than 20 years. It's hard to go against people you know you can trust. Arch Street, an equally reputable firm, could provide more fully for the town's current and future needs.
"[Arch Street's proposal] fully utilizes the scarce resources we have left for affordable housing. We will be happy in the years to come that we provided affordable housing where we could for future generations.
Bonenti also argued that the Women's Institute/Berkshire Housing conceptual drawing of a single, three-story building would not be in keeping with the character of the Cole Avenue neighborhood.
"I don't see that as a family housing model," he said.
Attempts to reach the three resigning members of the committee and the senior remaining member of the committee, Van Ellet, were unsuccessful Thursday night.
Tuesday's vote marked the second time in seven months the Selectmen went against the board-appointed Affordable Housing Committee.
Last summer, at the request of the AHC, the Selectmen submitted a formal request to the town's Conservation Commission to consider releasing all or part of the town-owned Lowry and Burbank properties to use the land for the development of affordable housing.
But four weeks after making that request, the Selectmen voted to withdraw it on Aug. 12, 2013.
In the last few weeks, members of the Affordable Housing Committee have repeatedly referenced the idea that the Cole Avenue and Water Street sites were the only places left where the town would allow subsidized housing.
Fohlin's email to the remaining committee members asked them to continue the AHC's work.
"Forty-six units of much needed affordable housing is far from a reality at 330 Cole Avenue, and much work remains to be done," Fohlin wrote. "The need for neighborhood outreach by trusted members of our community is clear. We all want this new housing to lift up the neighborhood and the town. Both support and oversight of WIHED/BHDC will be necessary to assure the best possible outcome for future residents of 330 Cole Avenue. Community support for multiple funding sources will be crucial. You who have dedicated years of your life to affordable housing know as well as I the challenges we have chosen for ourselves."
Allen, one of three members of the five-person Board of Selectmen to vote against the recommendation of the Affordable Housing Committee, said it was a difficult decision and that Fohlin's letter to the remaining committee members was "outstanding."
"I think we have important work to do on affordable housing," Allen said. "If those members are willing to stay on and work on it, it would be great."
Tags: affordable housing, resignation,


text:
There is also a Burwood in Shropshire which dates back centuries. Burwardsley is found in Cheshire and dates back to the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was first listed as Burwardeslei. Literally this place name means "woodland clearing of the fort-keeper, or of a man called Buregweard." [1]CITATION[CLOSE]
Mills, A.D., Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-19-869156-4)
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text:
- collection
- 1996
Fonds consists of one paper co-authored by June Wu.
Wu, June
17 résultats avec documents numérisés Afficher les résultats avec des objets numériques
Fonds consists of one paper co-authored by June Wu.
Wu, June
Fonds contains a paper co-authored by Deborah Fels.
Fels, Deborah
Fonds consists of one paper authored by Maskeri.
Maskeri, Anila K.
Fonds contains a single article written by Guna Blums.
Blums, Guna
Fonds consists of a report authored by Lenora Butler for the Centre for Instructional Research at Ryerson.
Butler, Lenora F.
Fonds consists of a paper and a report authored by Pamela Hitchcock.
Hitchcock, Pamela
Fonds consist of a publication authored and published by Geza Zelinger.
Zelinger, Geza
Women in Engineering Committee
Fond contains records related to the Women in Engineering Committee, the Discover Engineering project, and the Discover Engineering Summer Camp Program.
Women in Engineering Committee
Design Archive photographic collection
Design Archive Inc. was the professional company of photographer Robert Burley, who established it in January 1987 and acted as president until January, 2000. Design Archive Inc. specialized in architectural photography: work is project-based, wit...
Burley, Robert
Fonds consists of papers, an article and a book authored and edited by Linda Cooper. Fonds has been divided into series based on content - Papers, Articles, and Books.
Cooper, Linda
Fonds contains articles authored and co-authored by Kathy Gates.
Gates, Kathy
Fonds contains articles and research studies co-authored by Sharon Wilson.
Wilson, Sharon
This fonds contains textual records partially documenting Ken Jones' academic and administrative output during his time at Ryerson. It includes books, articles, papers and other materials authored or co-authored by Ken Jones.
Jones, Kenneth G.
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This fonds contains the following files: F 28.01 - Registers: Student Marks, 1953-82. Restricted F 28.02 - Memorandum From Principal H.H. Kerr, 1961. Restricted. Records are not available for consultation. Users may submit a written request to Arc...
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text:
Wildfire Related Smoke Inhalation
Prevention +Herbal Therapeutics
While I have previously dealt with the side effects of smoke inhalation from wildfires in my practice, never in the volume, length or intensity of this year with the smoke from Wallow fire (as well as that from the Horseshoe and other surrounding fires this year). The issues experienced as a result of or triggered by the smoke were exacerbated by both the incredible dryness (1-5% humidity many days this Spring) as well as a hard, cold winter during which there was a higher incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia and related respiratory dysfunction than I've seen in my seven year practice here.
This post applies generally to any situation in which there is exposure to smoke, especially from a wildfire. You'll notice an emphasis hot, dry respiratory diagnostic patterns which is due to my climate and the conditions I see in clients most regularly here.
Overview & Etiology
Smoke is considered a noxious stimulant to the human respiratory system and can potentially trigger allergic type reactions especially in those with a existing respiratory or immune system vulnerabilities. Wildfire smoke is a combination of particles and gases, both of which can cause irritation and damage to sensitive mucosa.
One of the primary concerns when dealing with prolonged exposure to smoke is pulmonary irritation. This irritation can result in injury to the tissues and bronchial spasms as well as triggering inflammation as an immune response that can lead to a wide range of other symptoms. Joint pain, skin disorders and any autoimmune conditions (among myriad other issues) can flare up during exposure to smoke because of the immune response. Yes, that immune response can be an appropriate measure when the body is faced with such an irritant but those with chronic disease, weakened health and the very young or old may have difficulty adapting and thus fare better with herbal support and nourishment as well as appropriate nudges in the direction of health.
Those with preexisting conditions such as asthma, pulmonary obstructive disease, emphysema, heart disease, chronic sinusitis or even seasonal allergies will be extra susceptible to respiratory distress, as will the very old and very young.
Coughing, bronchial spasms, overall inflammation of the respiratory tract and fatigue are some of the most common symptoms seen in situations of either short term or long term exposure to smoke.
Irritation and injury from smoke inhalation can easily become chronic if not addressed immediately or better yet, prevented wherever possible. Here are a few of the common symptoms seen in this situation:
Coughing or wheezing
A scratchy throat
Irritated sinuses
Shortness of breath
Rapid heartbeat
Chest pain
Stinging, burning, watering eyes
A runny nose
Preventative Measures
Remain indoors. Yeah, you won't hear me say that very often but especially if there is a pre existing vulnerability, it can be very important to avoid unnecessary exposure to more smoke. I've also noticed that the air quality by the river among the trees seems significantly higher than in other areas. There is likely still some amount of particulate matter in the air, but it certainly seems lessened.
Don't increase particulate matter in the air – This includes not lighting candles, woodstoves, fireplaces, cooking food at high temperatures on the stovetop and not vacuuming. All of these activities either increase or create particulate density and circulation in the air.
HEPA filters or even air conditioners with filters and recirculating air can help cut down on particulate matter in the air indoors. Do NOT use an air conditioner or swamp cooler if it doesn't have air filters or it will only suck in smoke and make breathing conditions worse.
Dust masks – these help with larger particulate matter in the air but not with the gases and finer particulate matter. Firefighters give dust masks mixed reviews but in general I don't think they provide enough protection to justify exposing yourself to more smoke.
Stay hydrated. Instead of sports drinks or energy drinks, try a nourishing infusion or a cooling infused vinegar (berry and/or mint vinegars are great this way) diluted in cool water with or without a bit of honey. Lemon kvass is also a great choice.
Avoid unnecessarily exerting yourself. Heavy breathing means you're going to suck in more smoke. Avoid it if possible.
Take extra precautions to avoid cigarette smoke. This seems obvious but when I mention it to clients they often tell me "but it's a different kind of smoke" which is somewhat true but the cigarette smoke still serves to exacerbate the symptoms of wildfire smoke inhalation.
Be especially conscious of breathing conditions for children and pregnant women.
Leave the area. No one wants to leave their home, especially if it's in danger from the fire but some health conditions may require you take a temporary leave of absence in order to prevent greater risk to your respiratory/immune/cardiovascular systems.
Nutritional Considerations
Eat Well – I can't stress how important it is to be eating high quality whole foods such as bone broth whenever the body is under stress, especially any long term type of stress. The body will be in extra need of nutrients and minerals and as helpful as some supplements can be, they're no replacement for real food. I also think that daily nourishing infusions of herbs such as Oatstraw or Linden are exceedingly helpful here as well.
Anti-oxidants – Smoke causes inflammation via oxidative damage so anti-oxidants seem like an excellent choice here. In addition to your standard supplements, many herbs and plants foods contain copious amounts of Vit C and other anti-oxidants. Rose (leaf, petal, fruit), Elderberries and Stinging Nettles are all great choices that can be used as food, beverage and medicine.
Vit D3 – Supporting the immune system is especially important when dealing with smoke inhalation. 10,000 iu/day is a good daily dose for most adults, especially those who have been diagnosed with a deficiency.
There are many other options here, and you can figure anything that supports cardiovascular, immune and respiratory health will be helpful here.
Herbal Therapeutics
There are of course many more plants than those listed here that can be helpful in similar situations, my choices are made based on availability, sustainability and clinical experience. I'm also attempting to keep the list short and straight forward, primarily referencing common weedy plants or those that are widely available.
As per usual, I choose to share what I have personal experience with, and there are certainly more resources available with many great ideas. I love hearing new suggestions and ideas but I don't actually use them in my writings/teachings until I have firsthand experience with them.
Respiratory Demulcents
Elm – Ulmus rubra, Ulmus pumila and allied species – The mucilaginous bark of this amazing genera of trees is one of the most useful overall constitutional moistening tonics I've ever worked with. I harvest my own and find it fairly impossible to grind to a powder so primarily work with it as a cold infusion to extract the most mucilage possible. It's slimy and gooey but also mild and sweet tasting and wonderful as a daily nourishing infusion during fire season (and beyond). I especially like it mixed with Mulberry leaves for this purpose.
Mallows – Althaea/Malva and allied genera – Similar in many regards in this context to Elm but more cooling overall and easier to grind up. I use the dried leaves and flowers in infusions and the powdered root in honey pastes and as a gruel to help moisten the lungs and relax tense, dry tissues.
Respiratory Relaxants
Purple Sticky Aster/New England Aster – Dieteria bigelovii, Symphyotrichum (formerly Aster) novae-angliae – I'm not sure what other genera and species this action might apply to as my experience is limited to these two specific plants. In both cases, the plants are resinous, aromatic and sticky and it is at least partly this resin that seems to be responsible for their medicinal actions.
I first learned about Aster from jim mcdonald and he has a great writeup on Aster novae-angliae here http://herbcraft.org/aster.html.
He specifically says:
"The tincture seemed clearly indicated as a respiratory remedy, being uniquely clearing, relaxing & decongesting to the head & lungs. This effect is clearly apparent when taking a bit of the tincture. It seems to act very effectively to break up stuffy lung and sinus congestion, though as it's not especially astringent, it doesn't stop a drippy nose as well as, say, Goldenrod. It is, however, uniquely antispasmodic for the lung tissue; it relaxes and dilates the respiratory passages."
This seems equally true of our local Purple Sticky Aster, which smells like a cross between Lavender and some sort of sticky baby shampoo. This has been primary remedy in many respiratory cases with symptoms of respiratory tension and congestion both in this past cold season's bronchitis and related resp. distress as well as this year's fire season.
Clinically, I have seen a simple of Aster flower tincture both reduce and eliminate the need for inhalers during allergy and fire season. I've also seen it dramatically reduce chest tension, wheezing and shortness of breath in those with mild to moderate asthma during exposure to wildfire smoke. This often works well both symptomatically and long term. More on this plant soon, as I'm in the process of writing an entire monograph about it.
Lobelia inflata – Lobelia inflata isn't local to me but it's such an incredible respiratory relaxant/anti-spasmodic that I always keep it on hand. I use the seeding aerial tops in a great many respiratory tincture formulae but also as a straightforward simple for treating symptoms of respiratory tension, spasming and the inability to take a deep breath. Just a few drops can work its magic. Despite its lingering bad rep in some circles, Lobelia in a normal dose (2-7 drops) can be safe and effective in children. This fire season I've carried a bottle with me at all times which I often end up dispensing while in the village.
Mulberry – Morus alba – I first learned about the incredible usefulness of Mulberry leaves for smoke induced respiratory distress from herbalist Cory Trusty and have been grateful to her for it ever since. The dried leaves as a tea or the fresh leaves as an elixir or tincture are cooling and relaxing, helping to drain heat and relax tension from the whole respiratory tract. This is an herb used in TCM for the treatment of asthma with lung heat and I can't emphasize enough how useful it is during (or as a preventative measure before) exposure to wildfire smoke. Additionally, I find this to be a great (but gentle) diuretic for those who suffer from heat related edema in their extremities, especially that exacerbated by respiratory issues as well as systemic inflammation with heat signs. Other parts of the plant also make amazing medicine but I'll save that for another time, as this common plant certainly deserves a post all its own.
Peach – Prunus persica – Cool, sweet and moistening, Peach leaf is broadly applicable for all sorts of respiratory tension and heat as well as the immune hyperfunction that can occur in response to wildfire smoke. The tincture, elixir or even just the tea made with the dried leaves all serve admirably.
Respiratory Stimulants
Note: I tend to use respiratory stimulants such as Osha in formula rather than as simples during fire season since they're often somewhat warming and drying and can exacerbate symptoms if not used carefully and specifically.
Elecampane – Inula helenium – Many people consider Elecampane a general lung cure all and in deed its range of use is broad, deep and time-honored. Although most people tend to be dry and wheezy rather than wet and wheezy during fire season there are certainly cases where folks are having a hard time expectorating mucus and there's a sense of oppression and dampness in the lungs. This is a symptom pattern indicating Inula and here it can be used as a simple or in formula.
Ragweed – Ambrosia spp. – Ragweed is more neutral energetically and the aerial tops harvested pre-flowering can be a lifesaver for those with asthma accompanied by lax tissues and free-flowing secretions. Being an astringent as well as stimulating, it tends to be very effective in promoting expectoration while simultaneously lessening the overall volume of secretions.
Osha – Ligusticum spp. – Warming, drying, aromatic, bitter and diffusive, Osha is something of a magical plant (actually, I haven't met any non-magical plants yet) in many ways. In this context, it's excellent at preventing infection or chronic congestion during and after exposure to smoke. It's a strong herb and I tend to blend it with something moistening and cooling like Mallow during fire season.
Mucus Membrane Tonics
Spanish Needles/Beggar's Ticks – Bidens spp. – A common and often cursed weed, the cooling Bidens are called for where the mucuso has become dry, lost its pliability and elasticity and has become prone to infection and inflammation. Bidens, especially when taken consistently over time, has the ability to restore both "juiciness" (to quote Henriette Kress) and tone to the mucus membranes and thereby reduce discomfort, irritation, hyper-reactivity to allergens, excessive fluid loss and chance of infection. Mucus membrane tonics can also help reduce the occurence of nosebleeds (as can demulcents).
Goldenseal – Hydrastis canadensis – Not being local to me, I use Goldenseal very (as in extremely) rarely. When I do, it's because I need a cooling remedy that works as a mucus membrane trophorestorative, which is truly Goldenseal's greatest medicinal application as far as I have seen. Like Bidens, it helps to restore tone and function to the mucosa:
"The whole drug… appears to stimulate the respiratory and circulatory apparatus, imparting increased tone and power."
– King's American Dispensatory
Yerba Mansa – Anemopsis californica – Unlike the two previous herbs in this category, Yerba Mansa is warming and aromatic and I find it more appropriate to cases where long term mucosa infection or inflammation has caused the tissues to become boggy, drippy and achy. Where there are existing heat signs I'm apt to blend it with Bidens or some Mallow.
Immune System Tonics with Lung Affinities
American Spikenard – Aralia racemosa – This plant, especially roots or berries, seems to act as a mild adaptogen with a particular affinity for the mucosa and respiratory tract. It works best when given long term, especially where there are signs of fatigue, chronic inflammation and overall deficiency. I've used as a tincture, elixir, infused honey and decoction and all preparations work well, the key is consistency over time.
Reishi – Ganoderma lucidum – A strong decoction of Reishi is excellent for lessening inflammation and nervous system reactivity while increasing lung capacity, endurance and energy. Like Aralia, Reishi is an adaptogen with an affinity for the respiratory system. As such, it is best used consistently over time. Reishi has a huge arrange of application but is phenomenal in the context of wildfire smoke exposure because of the way it increases energy, decreases inflammation, calms the nervous system and serves to protect and heal the lungs.
Tissue Healing Herbs
There are a great many herbs that work as general tissue healers through various actions, any of these that suit you would be beneficial added to a nourishing infusion, here are a few to consider: Plantain, Evening Primrose (Oenothera spp.), Oatstraw, Nettle, Mullein, Elderflower, Rose petal/leaf, Alder leaf and so many more.